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Chronologie du sport
 XVIIe siècle en sport -  en sport - années 1790 en sport

Aérostation
 : premier vol d'un homme en ballon. Les Français Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier et François Laurent Marquis d'Arlandes réalisent cette première sur un ballon conçu et réalisé par les Frères Montgolfier. Ce premier vol au-dessus de Paris dure 28 minutes et le ballon atteint les 1 000 m d'altitude.
 : premier vol en ballon d'une femme. La Française Élisabeth Tible monte à bord d'une montgolfière en compagnie d'un dénommé Fleurant, ils réalisent un vol de 45 min, s'élevant à 1 500 m et parcourant 4 km.
 : première traversée de la Manche de Douvres à Calais en 2 heures et 25 min, à bord d'un ballon gonflé à l'hydrogène par le Français Jean-Pierre Blanchard et l'Américain John Jeffries.

Alpinisme
 : première ascension officielle du mont Blanc par Jacques Balmat et Michel Paccard.

Aviron
1715 : première course d'aviron moderne en Angleterre.
1756 : l'hebdomadaire New York Mercury rapporte la tenue d'une course d'aviron à New York.
1778 : première course d'aviron en Huit. Chatham contre Invincible sur la Tamise.

Boxe
1719 : l'Anglais James Figgs fait figure de premier champion de boxe anglaise.
1730 : le champion de boxe anglaise James Figg prend sa retraite sportive après une carrière sans défaite en quelque 300 combats en onze ans! Tom Pipes prend le titre laissé vacant par Figg.
1734 : le boxeur anglais George Taylor s'empare du titre en battant le tenant Tom Pipes.
1740 : le boxeur anglais John « Jack » Broughton s'empare du titre en battant le tenant George Taylor.
 : le boxeur anglais John « Jack » Broughton affronte George Stevenson. Ce dernier, pourtant boxeur réputé, est mortellement blessé au cours du combat.
 : le boxeur anglais John « Jack » Broughton est battu par Jack Slack après une décennie de domination sans partage sur la discipline. Broughton se signale également en rédigeant un règlement (1743).
 : après une décennie de règne très controversé (matches arrangés…), le boxeur anglais Jack Slack est battu par Bill Stevens.
 : le boxeur anglais George Megg s'empare du titre en battant le tenant Bill Stevens.
 : le boxeur anglais George Millson s'empare du titre en battant le tenant George Megg.
 : le boxeur anglais Tom Juchau s'empare du titre en battant le tenant George Millson.
1769 : le boxeur anglais Tom Lyons s'empare du titre en battant le tenant Bill Darts. Tom Lyons ne combat plus par la suite et Darts récupère son titre par défaut.
 : le boxeur irlandais Peter Corcoran s'empare du titre en battant le tenant, l'Anglais Bill Darts. Ce combat est très suspect (match truqué ?).
 : l'impressionnant boxeur irlandais Peter Corcoran est battu par Harry Sellers. La rumeur évoque un match truqué qui cause beaucoup de tort à Corcoran.
Septembre 1780 : le boxeur anglais Duggan Fearns s'empare du titre en battant le tenant, Harry Sellers.
Mars 1784 : le boxeur anglais Daniel Mendoza devient champion d'Angleterre des poids welters en battant Tom Tyne.
 : Daniel Mendoza devient champion d'Angleterre des poids moyens en battant Richard Humphries.

Calcio florentin
  : dernière grande partie de Calcio donnée à l'occasion de la visite à Livourne de Frédéric  de Lorraine et de Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche.
 1741 : grande partie de calcio avec le roi

Cricket
1709 : premier match de cricket inter-counties en Angleterre : Kent contre Surrey.
1731 : incidents pendant une rencontre de cricket disputée au Chelsea Common. Bagarres entre spectateurs et joueurs…
1742 : la presse londonienne annonce la tenue du « plus grand match de cricket disputé depuis des années » : Slindon contre un onze de Londres. L'article appelle de plus les spectateurs à rester calme au cours de cette partie ; les débordements de supporters étaient en effet courants…
1744 : les premières règles unifiées de cricket sont adoptées en Angleterre. Le terme de « run » fait son apparition.
 : première trace d'un match de cricket féminin en Angleterre : Hambledon s'impose face à Bramley.
1748 : interrogée sur la question, la Justice Anglaise  tranche : le cricket n'est pas un jeu illégal.
1751 : premier match connu de cricket dans les colonies anglaises d'Amérique du Nord. La partie se joue à New York.
1751 :  spectateurs, soit un Londonien sur 50, assistent à un match de cricket au London Artillery Ground.
1752 : publication dans le New Universal Magazine des premières règles unifiées de cricket. Ces dernières sont en fait déjà en application depuis 1744.
1770-1791 : le club de cricket d'Hambledon se signale par les nombreux incidents générés par ses supporters… Le petit village d'Hambeldon, à 10 km de Portsmouth, devient la capitale du cricket anglais entre 1770 et 1791. Jusque-là, le Kent dominait les palmares.
1777 : l'entrée devient payante pour assister aux matches de cricket à l'Artillery Fields de Londres afin « d'éviter que les joueurs ne soient interrompus ». Le  est en effet marqué par de très nombreux incidents avec certains spectateurs. En instaurant l'entrée payante, les organisateurs de matches espèrent décourager certains fauteurs de troubles… Hélas, les incidents perdurent…
1785 : premier match de cricket au Canada ayant laissé trace jusqu'à nos jours. La partie eut lieu à l'Île Ste-Hélène au Québec.

Escrime
1750 : invention du masque d'escrime.
1752 : premier match d'escrime.

Football
1747 : le football (soule) est pratiqué en Angleterre dans les Public Schools comme Eton.
1749 : le football (soule) est pratiqué en Angleterre dans les Public Schools comme Westminster.

Golf
1744 : fondation du premier club de golf en Écosse : The Honorable Company of Edinburgh Golfers.
 : première partie de golf organisée par la Society of St-Andrews Golfers au golf de Saint-Andrews (Écosse). Voir l'article  Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews.

Gymnastique
1776 : le pédagogue allemand Johann Bernhard Basedow (1723-1790) instaure à l'école de Dessau (Principauté d'Anhalt-Dessau) une méthode éducative faisant entrer la gymnastique au programme. L'influence de Basedow sur la pédagogie et le sport allemand est considérable. Johann Simon, prof de gym à Dessau, passe ainsi pour le premier enseignant moderne d'éducation physique.

Jeu de paume
1740 : premier « Championnat du Monde » de jeu de paume. Le Français Clergé s'impose. Clergé est le premier « champion du Monde », tous sports confondus.
1760 : il ne reste que 13 salles de Jeu de Paume en activité à Paris. Plusieurs dizaines de salles de jeu de paume se sont muées en salle de billards ou furent recyclées en commerce ou entrepôt.
1765 : le Français Raymond Basson succède à Clergé comme « Champion du Monde » de jeu de paume.
1783 : publication en Neuchatel [= Lyon] de Traité sur la conoissance du royal jeu de paume…etc., par Louis-Claude Bruyset de Manevieux (1738-1793).
1785 : le Français Joseph Barcellon succède à Basson comme « Champion du Monde » de jeu de paume.
1789 : à la veille de la Révolution, il ne reste à Paris que 15 salles de jeu de paume pour 29 joueurs de haut niveau.

Joutes nautiques
Août 1704 : tournoi de joutes nautiques à Paris sur la Seine à l'occasion de la naissance du Duc de Bretagne.
 : tournoi de joutes nautiques à Marseille à l'occasion de la visite de la Duchesse de Modène.
1739 Tournoi de joutes nautiques à Paris sur la Seine.
 : première édition du Grand Prix de la Saint-Louis.
 : Louis XV assiste aux joutes nautiques de la Saint-Louis à Sète. Cette compétition symbole de la cité sétoise a toujours lieu aujourd'hui.
 : à la veille du tournoi de joutes nautiques donné à Sète à l'occasion de la fête de la Saint-Louis, on débat de la mise en place d'un règlement afin « d'éviter les différents trop nombreux entre les jouteurs ».
 : Barthélémy-Louis Aubenque survole les joutes nautiques de la Saint-Louis à Sète. Ne trouvant plus d'adversaires, il joute contre le pont, arrêtant net sa barque sans tomber !
 : le Roi de France Louis XV assiste à un tournoi de joutes nautiques au Havre.
 :  spectateurs assistent au tournoi de joutes nautiques à Lyon.

Omnisports
1746 : à la suite d'une révolte des Écossais contre l'occupant anglais, le « prohibition act » interdit les sports, coutumes et vêtements écossais en Écosse…
1770 : publication du Plan d'éducation physique de l'abbé Coyer qui dresse un tableau catastrophique de la pratique sportive dans les collèges français. Tandis que leurs homologues anglais pratiquent couramment football et cricket, notamment, les étudiants français, « Lumières » obligent, sont désormais totalement absorbés par leurs études. L'Angleterre qui considérait jadis le sport comme futile découvre ses vertus, tandis que les élites françaises, jadis férues de sport, se détournent de ces pratiques désormais jugées futiles… Le  est un siècle pivot dans ce domaine.
1782 : renouveau des Highland Games en Écosse à la suite de l'abrogation de la loi anglaise de 1746 interdisant les sports, coutumes et vêtements écossais en Écosse.

Patinage sur glace
1742 ou 1744 : fondation du premier club de patinage de vitesse : l'Edinburgh Skating Club.

Pelote basque
1755 : première mention d'une partie de Pelote Basque, version locale du jeu de paume.

Sport hippique
1750 : fondation en Angleterre du Jockey Club.
1752 : première course hippique de steeplechase à Cork, Irlande.
 : inauguration officielle en présence de la Cour du premier hippodrome permanent à Paris dans la plaine des Sablons (Neuilly).
1776 : première édition de la course hippique anglaise de Saint-Léger, à Doncaster.
1780 : première édition de la course hippique anglaise du Derby. Sam Arnull sur Diomed s'impose.

Sumo
1761 : première édition du grand tournoi de Sumo de Kanjin-Zumo à Edo (Tokyo).

Voile
1720 : fondation du Yacht Club de Cork (Irlande).

Naissances
 1704 :
 5 juillet : Jack Broughton, boxeur anglais. († 8 janvier 1789).
 1713 :
 ? : Maruyama, lutteur de sumo japonais. († 14 novembre 1749).
 1764 :
 5 juillet : Daniel Mendoza, boxeur anglais. († 3 septembre 1836).
 1769 :
 25 septembre : John Jackson, boxeur anglais. († 7 octobre 1845).
 1776 :
 15 novembre : Pehr Henrik Ling, pédagogue suédois. Inventeur et initiateur de la gymnastique. († 3 mai 1839).
 1778 :
 11 août : Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, éducateur allemand. Promoteur de la gymnastique. († 15 octobre 1852).
 1781 :
 15 avril : Jem Belcher, boxeur anglais. († 30 juillet 1811).
 8 juillet : Tom Cribb, boxeur anglais. († 11 mai 1848).

Décès
 1749 :
 14 novembre : Maruyama, 36 ans, lutteur de sumo japonais. (° 1713).
 1789 :
 8 janvier : Jack Broughton, 84 ans, boxeur anglais. (° 5 juillet 1704).

Notes et références

18


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DOE Announces $10 MM For Wave Energy Conversion Testing In Hawaii
By Andrew Burger	· Comments (0)	· Tuesday, April 29th, 2014
Some things, as well as people, just seem made for each other. The birthplace and world capital of surfing, Hawaii has long been famous for its waves. Now, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) intends to test the feasibility of harvesting the energy of ocean waves to generate clean, renewable electricity at the U.S. Navy's wave energy test site off Oahu.
The DOE on April 28 announced the opening of a $10 million funding opportunity to test prototypes of ocean wave energy conversion (WEC) devices offshore Marine Corps Base Hawaii in Kaneohe Bay. In doing so, the DOE and Navy can help diversify the U.S. energy mix, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other negative environmental and social impacts associated with conventional fossil fuel use. The project will also give a boost to the development of a fledgling offshore U.S. power industry.
The world's most isolated island chain, residents of Hawaii pay a high cost for their dependence on fossil fuel imports, not only in terms of monthly utility expenses, but in terms of environmental pollution and the degradation of human and environmental health and safety. Harnessing the energy of sun, wind and waves could change all that.
Harvesting the energy of Hawaii's sun, wind and waves
Though its per-capita energy use was the fourth-lowest in the nation in 2011, Hawaii imported 93 percent of its energy and had the highest electricity prices in the U.S. in 2013, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).
As does maximizing use of its solar and wind, not to mention geothermal, energy resources, harnessing the energy of Hawaii's ocean waves to generate clean, affordable and reliable renewable electricity seems like a natural fit. In fact, a 2010 study from the DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) concluded that Hawaii has more than enough in the way of solar and wind energy potential to meet all its energy needs.
The availability of $10 million in DOE funding to test two advanced-stage, near-full-scale WEC devices at the Navy's Wave Energy Test Site (WETS) off Oahu will help spur the potential transition from imported fossil fuels to local, clean, renewable energy resources.
Testing of the WEC devices is to take place at depths of 60 and 80 meters at the WETS sites in Kaneohe Bay on Oahu. The project will encompass "evaluation and comparison of performance, reliability and levelized cost of energy," (LCOE), the DOE explains in its funding announcement.
"Project results will be used to inform the Program's research and development portfolio planning, provide data for validating design and cost models and tools, and identify deployment issues that can be addressed through government action. Through this initiative, DOE and the Navy will collect important performance and cost data, while supporting the Department of Defense's renewable energy goals."
Besides testing ocean WEC devices, the DOE and Navy have also been testing another groundbreaking method of harnessing the ocean's energy to generate clean, renewable electricity that could rewrite the rules of the energy game. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) takes advantage of the temperature difference between cold, deep ocean waters and those at the surface to generate clean, renewable electricity 24×7.
Capable of providing "massive levels of energy," the Department of Defense (DoD) and DOE have been funding OTEC research and development in Hawaii for over 30 years, working with the Hawaii state government and private sectors partners including Lockheed and Makai Ocean Engineering to build prototype OTEC power plants. The first to generate electricity on a net-power basis was completed in 1979.
Clean energy pathfinders
Islands such as Hawaii are serving as pathfinders, and potential harbingers of changes to come, as we make the transition off of conventional fossil fuels. Such fundamental change raises genuine concerns, debate and controversy, and brings conflicts of interest to the fore.
Rapid growth in residential solar photovoltaic (PV) installations among Hawaiians, for instance, has pitted residents and communities against the state's electric utility and government regulatory authorities. Solar electricity generation in Hawaii skyrocketed nearly six-fold in 2013, according to EIA statistics.
The construction of wind farms on Maui caused protests from local residents, who objected, among other things, to the fact that much of the electricity generated would be sent over for use on Oahu. Residents living nearby the Puna geothermal power facility on the Big Island of Hawaii have been fighting in the courts regarding the health and environmental impacts of the plant's operations.
Ongoing debate, controversy and conflicts-of-interest are certain as the foundations of a new clean energy infrastructure emerge. With so much in the way of renewable energy resource potential, and so much to gain economically and socially, as well as environmentally, Hawaii, and Hawaiians can play an outsize role in shaping the energy future not only today in their own state, but across the U.S. and beyond for generations to come.
Image credit: U.S. Dept. of Energy, U.S. Dept. of Defense
Categories : Energy, Energy Policy, New Energy Economy, Renewable Energy
Tags : doe wave energy conversion funding, hawaii clean energy, hawaii renewable energy, hawaii wave energy, hawaii wind power, makai ocean engineering, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, ocean thermal energy conversion, us navy wave energy test site, wave energy conversion, wave power

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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'The fossil fuel economy has ended,' says European Commission
July 14, 2021 15 mcadmin
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European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen gives a press conference on the implementation of the European Green Agreement at the European Commission in Brussels, Belgium, July 14, 2021. | Photo: STEPHANIE LECOCQ / Agência EFE / Gazeta do Povo
Europe's fossil-fuel economy "has come to an end," said European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen during the presentation of the legislative proposal for the European Union (EU) to achieve climate neutrality by 2050.
"CO2 emissions must come at a price" which acts as an incentive to switch to cleaner technologies, said German policy, summing up a broad package of regulations that "combines emission reduction with measures to conserve nature and place jobs and balance at the heart of this transformation. "
The Brussels proposal will have to be negotiated with the Council of the European Union, which represents the Member States, and the European Parliament, so that the EU will reduce its emissions by 2030 by at least 55% compared to 1990, so as not to rely on CO2 by the middle of the century.
The ambitious legislative package includes 13 major proposals ranging from electric vehicles to energy taxation, including the CO2 emissions market and the development of sustainable biofuels.
"The aim is to make the EU the first climate neutral continent with a new growth strategy to achieve it," added Von der Leyen when presenting the proposal that shapes the EU's commitment from the 2015 Paris Agreement.
The Vice-President of the Commission in charge of the Green Deal, Frans Timmermas, admitted that it will be "difficult", but that it is the "obligation" of European citizens in the face of the emergence of an ecologically exhausted planet.
"Otherwise, we will fail our children and grandchildren. If we don't fix this, in my opinion, they will wage wars for food and water. The rest of the world is watching us, watching us, "he said.
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The undergraduate program in Gender and Women's Studies (GWS) is designed to introduce students to the intersectional analysis of gender, women, and sexuality, focusing on gender and sexuality as categories of analysis and on the workings of power in social and historical life. The department offers an introduction to feminist theory as well as more advanced courses that seek to expand capacities for critical reflection and analysis and to engage students with varied approaches to feminist research. The curriculum draws students into interdisciplinary and intersectional analysis of specific gender practices through investigating areas such as feminism in a transnational world, the politics of representation, feminist science studies, gender and work, gender and health, and queer visual culture. Students learn to apply methods derived from the social sciences, the humanities, and the interdisciplines to the study of gender. They explore a growing body of feminist and queer theory that revises our understanding of gender, sexuality, society, and culture.
Our students have a unique opportunity to interact with an amazing cadre of GWS faculty. The program allows our students to pursue a broad array of careers and interests after graduation. Gender and Women's Studies students get significant personalized attention. The department is known for its investment in the well-being of its students, and its smaller size produces a supportive community among students, faculty, and staff.
To declare the major, students must complete GWS 10 or GWS 20, and have a minimum grade point average (GPA) of 2.0. To complete the major, students must take two of the three gateway courses (GWS 10, GWS 20, LGBT 20AC) . For details on how to declare the major, please see the department's website.
Departmental honors in Gender and Women's Studies is awarded to students who have completed GWS 195 and GWS H195, the GWS Senior Honors Program. To receive honors in Gender and Women's Studies students must complete a senior honors thesis in this class with a minimum grade of A and have maintained a 3.3 overall GPA and a 3.5 GPA in the major. In addition, eligible students must write a brief proposal, to be approved by the faculty teaching GWS 195, and have a GWS faculty member or affiliate agree to chair the honors thesis by the beginning of the spring term. At the GWS commencement ceremony honor students will be awarded a gold honor cord (provided by the department) and the title of their honors thesis will be read as they receive their scroll. The level of honors achieved — Honors, High Honors, or Highest Honors — is determined after graduation, and will be noted on the student's diploma and final transcript. For further information, please see the department's website.
The department honors thesis prize is given to the student who has demonstrated excellence in research and writing of the honors thesis. The instructor of the honors thesis class will recommend the student to the faculty committee.
The Department of Gender and Women's Studies offers a minor in Gender and Women's Studies. For further information regarding minor requirements, please see the Minor Requirements tab on this page. Students must declare the Minor the semester before they intend to graduate. Once they have decided to minor in the program, they must complete and submit the GWS Minor Worksheet to the undergraduate adviser. After fulfilling all course requirements, students must complete a Completion of L & S Minor form and submit it to the GWS undergraduate adviser in 608 Social Sciences Building.
Other Minor Offered by the Department of Gender and Women's Studies
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Studies (Minor)
Choose two courses (in order to declare the major you must complete GWS 10 or GWS 20):
GWS 10 Introduction to Gender and Women's Studies 4
GWS 20 Introduction to Feminist Theory 4
LGBT 20AC Sexual Politics and Queer Organzing in the US 4
GWS 101 Doing Feminist Research 4
GWS 102 Transnational Feminism 4
GWS 195 Gender and Women's Studies Senior Seminar 4
Select five electives: 15-20
Three electives must be chosen from GWS/LGBT course offerings.
The other two electives may be fulfilled by courses offered in other departments, on the topics of gender, women, or sexuality.
Required theory courses (Choose at least 1 of the following):
GWS 20: Introduction to Feminist Theory
GWS 104: Feminist Theory
To declare the minor in Gender and Women's Studies students must complete the GWS Minor Worksheet to register the minor with the department once they have decided to minor in the program. After completion of the minor requirements, students must submit a Completion of L&S Minor form to the department's undergraduate adviser the semester the student plans to graduate. Please see the undergraduate adviser for advising while pursuing the minor program. All courses to satisfy the minor must be taken in the Gender and Women's Studies Department. Students must declare the Minor the semester before they intend to graduate.
Lower Division Prerequisite
or GWS 20 Introduction to Feminist Theory
Upper Division
Core courses, select one from the following: 4
GWS 101
Doing Feminist Research [4]
Transnational Feminism [4]
Electives, select four upper division GWS/LGBT courses. 15
Knowledge About the Field
Intersectionality: Analyze gender as it intersects with other relations of power such as race, ethnicity, sexuality, class, nationality, religion, geography, ability, and age; distinguish universalist understandings of gender, women, and sexuality from multi-dimensional analyses that recognize interconnectivity and mutual constitution of categories.
Gender issues: Recognize the social, political, economic, national, and cultural dimensions of gender as these relate to disparities in power and privilege. Become familiar with a range of past and present major issues pertaining to gender, such as race and citizenship, reproductive and sexual politics, media representation, understandings of masculinities and femininities, racialization of gender and sexuality, women's enfranchisement, gender and violence, identity politics, immigration, sex discrimination, changing families, gender and environment, labor, language, health disparities, gender and science, histories of colonialism, nation-state formations.
Feminisms, Feminist Theories and Feminist Research: Describe and distinguish a broad range of feminist theories and practices in their specific cultural and historical contexts both nationally and internationally; identify the contributions and limits of disciplinary, interdisciplinary and transdiciplinary feminist research and scholarship.
Historicization and contextualization: Articulate differences in sociopolitical contexts that inform opinions, theories, identities, subcultures and politics pertaining to gender and sexuality. Discuss issues of gender and sexuality in the context of their specific histories, knowledge frames, and politics. Work flexibly with a variety of epistemological approaches, recognizing each as culturally specific and inherently limited.
Ways of Communicating
Visual Media and New Technologies: Evaluate, interpret, and generate information from a variety of sources, including print and electronic media, film and video, and internet technologies.
Written and Verbal Communication: Express ideas effectively, both verbally and in written form, tailoring arguments and presentation styles to audience and context.
Critical Practice
Creativity: Bring together a variety of texts, ideas, theoretical, political, empirical, aesthetic, and rhetorical approaches in order to respond imaginatively to social, political, and intellectual issues.
Collaboration: Work collectively, take initiative, offer and receive constructive criticism, exchange ideas and creatively work together toward a common endeavor.
Engaged Practices: Engage in a variety of feminist approaches, linking theory with practice. Learn how to be an effective advocate informed by transnational, political, sociocultural, and philosophical contexts.
Knowledge production: Understand that social, cultural, and scientific knowledges are rarely pre-given, but produced. Demonstrate ways in which various cultural practices, including cultural traditions, academic practices, and information genres participate in and shape specific productions of knowledge, considering roles played by aesthetic forms, scientific journals, popular fiction, news media, the internet, and practices of citation.
Ethics: Articulate ethical positions of scholarly and activist theories of gender; that is, consider what approaches inform value judgments on specific gendered or feminist practices. Understand other ethical research concerns such as human subjects and plagiarism.
Critical self-awareness: Demonstrate self-reflexivity about one's ideas and social and political positions.
Critical analysis: Identify and evaluate arguments, rhetorical styles, synthesize ideas, and develop well-substantiated, coherent, and concise arguments.
Logical reasoning: Identify and follow a logical sequence or argument through to its end; recognize faulty reasoning or premature closure.
Abstract thinking: Generalize for a specific purpose and/or in a way that clarifies and heightens understanding of major issues at stake; identify the essential or most relevant elements of a concept, event, object, text, etc.
Argumentation: Marshal appropriate and relevant evidence in order to develop a clear claim or stance using specific rhetorical approaches.
Problem solving: Identify important historical and contemporary issues relating to gender and women's studies, evaluate various responses to them, and adapt the knowledge gained through this process to everyday situations.
Research Skills: Produce or locate resources and learn to build a research agenda. Read broadly in order to develop well-focused projects, using primary and secondary sources. Delineate key points in scholarly articles and respond to them. Use different modes of research, including empirical methods, scholarly literature, and theoretical and artistic engagement. Develop advanced library skills tailored to specific research projects, including facility with electronic databases, bibliographic reference materials, archival documents, and image and sound repositories.
Interdisciplinarity: Draw from multiple fields of study or define new fields; grasp means and significance of expanding, crossing, transgressing, or bridging disciplinary boundaries.
View the Gender and Women's Studies Major Map PDF.
The Department of Gender and Women's Studies Undergraduate Advising office provides students with support and assistance to help guide them through the academic bureaucracy and ensure that they have a successful undergraduate experience at Berkeley:
Counseling regarding their education and GWS courses
Assessing their progress in the major
Administrative concerns (i.e., course enrollment, add/drops, L&S policy)
Major information, courses, independent studies, Honors Program, GWS student group
Graduate programs and career information and referrals
The department strives to and is committed to providing a safe, inclusive environment for students. Students are welcome, feel supported, respected, and valued, and receive the ultimate advising experience to ensure academic advancement through the program.
The undergraduate adviser (UA), Althea Grannum Cummings, is located in 608 Social Sciences Building and her email address is cummings@berkeley.edu. Her regular office hours are Monday through Friday, 9 to noon and 1 to 4 p.m. Do not hesitate to contact her if some assistance is needed.
GWS Honors Program
GWS majors can pursue an honors thesis by successfully completing GWS195 and electing to move forward to GWS H195. To be eligible for the GWS honors program, students must have an overall 3.3 GPA and a 3.5 GPA in the major. Students must have a 3.6 for honors, a 3.8 for high honors, and a 3.9 for highest honors. In addition, the student must receive a minimum of an A in GWS H195.
Honors Thesis Prize
Departmental Citation
The Departmental Citation is an award recognizing undergraduate excellence in the UC Berkeley Gender and Women's Studies Department. Each year the department selects one graduating senior to receive this award for his/her outstanding accomplishments in GWS. A faculty committee reviews the materials of students who meet the following criteria:
Officially graduating in spring or summer of the current year, or who have finished their degree in summer or fall of the prior year and haven't previously applied.
Students are awarded the citation on the basis of scholarship with the criteria of an overall 3.5 GPA or higher and a 3.8 major GPA. The GPA includes the prerequisite courses taken for the major. All seniors can qualify to be considered for the Departmental Citation. When determining their selection, the faculty committee takes into consideration the overall GWS record and activities of qualified students, but it also focuses particular attention on the student's GWS research or project.
Excellence in Action Award
The department's Excellence in Action Award is given to the student who has demonstrated academic excellence and a commitment to community service. The faculty and staff will make recommendations to the faculty committee and the committee will review and select the student from the recommended candidates.
David Getman Memorial Award in LGBT Studies
The Getman Award is awarded to the student who achieves the highest academic excellence in the LGBT Minor. Prospective recipients will be identified, screened, and selected by a committee of faculty in Gender and Women's Studies appointed by the Chair.
David Getman Memorial Award in Global Women's Issues
The Getman Award in Global Women's Issues is awarded to a student who demonstrates a concrete commitment to the advancement of women's rights and issues worldwide. Prospective recipients will be identified, screened, and selected by a committee of faculty in Gender and Women's Studies appointed by the Chair.
Research Funding for Majors
Majors can apply for funding to help support the costs of GWS-related research or of presenting a GWS-related paper at a conference. Individual awards can be up to $250 for domestic travel or $300-$500 for international travel. Funding levels for other costs (e.g., copying, small payments for interview subjects, etc.,) will depend on the budget presented, but will generally range between $50 and $200. Applications will be accepted on a rolling basis until the year's funds are exhausted. Each major can receive funding up to two times over the course of their undergraduate career, although priority will be given to applicants who have not yet received funding. Recipients will be asked to write a very brief report summarizing how they used the funding. To apply, download the application from our website and email the completed form to the student services adviser.
Center for Race and Gender Undergraduate Student Grants Program
The Center for Race and Gender (CRG) at the University of California Berkeley, announces the availability of grants of $100 to $1,000 to fund undergraduates for research or creative projects that address issues of race and gender. Topics should be consonant with CRG's mandate to support critical student research on race, gender, and their intersections in a wide variety of social, cultural, and institutional contexts, especially on the Berkeley campus and its neighboring communities, but also in California, the nation, or the world.
Gender and Women's Studies supports students interested in studying aboard, both through the Berkeley Study Abroad Program or through a non-BSAP program. The department will work with students to ensure they have a productive and expansive experience, whether they are interested in taking courses for the major, in completing general education requirements, or in living/studying in another country and immersing themselves into that culture.
Undergraduate Research Apprentice Program (URAP)
UC Berkeley is well known for its dynamic research environment. As an undergraduate student there are many ways to participate in research on campus. One such program is URAP, which provides opportunities for students to work with faculty on cutting-edge research. By working closely with faculty, students can cultivate professional relationships, enhance their research skills, and deepen their knowledge and skills in areas of special interest. Applications are online. For a complete listing and description of research projects, visit the URAP website.
Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship/L&S
This program (SURF/L&S) allows UC Berkeley undergraduates in the College of Letters & Science to spend the summer doing concentrated research in preparation for a senior thesis. Application deadline generally is in the spring. See surf.berkeley.edu for more information.
Haas Scholars Program
The Robert & Colleen Haas Scholars Program funds financial aid eligible, academically talented undergraduates to engage in a sustained research, field study, or creative project in the summer before and during their senior year at UC Berkeley. Each year, twenty Haas Scholars are selected from all disciplines and departments across the University on the basis of the merit and originality of their project proposals. For more information, call 510-643-5374, consult the website, or visit the program office in 5 Durant Hall.
Ronald McNair Scholars Program
The McNair Scholars Program prepares selected UC Berkeley undergraduates for graduate study at the doctoral level. Twenty to thirty McNair Scholars are selected each year to participate in both academic and summer activities. The McNair Scholars Program aims to increase the number of students in underrepresented doctoral programs. For further information, please see the program's website.
Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship Program at Berkeley
The Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship (MMUF) program at UC Berkeley targets students with exceptional academic promise and potential for careers that will contribute to diversity and equal opportunity in the academy. The program supports fellows by providing guidance, role models and the environment and resources to strive for the highest academic goals. Fellows will realize their greatest potential as graduate students to later become extraordinarily successful faculty members and emerge as role models for future generations. For further information, please see the program's website.
Select a subject to view courses
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Studies
GWS N1B Reading and Composition 3 Units
Terms offered: Summer 2008 8 Week Session, Summer 2007 8 Week Session, Summer 2006 10 Week Session
Training and instruction in expository writing in conjunction with reading literature. The readings and assignments will focus on themes and issues in women's studies.
6 weeks - 8 hours of lecture and 1 hour of discussion per week
Subject/Course Level: Gender and Women's Studies/Undergraduate
Formerly known as: Women's Studies N1B
GWS R1B Reading and Composition 4 Units
Training and instruction in expository writing in conjunction with reading literature. The readings and assignments will focus on themes and issues in gender and women's studies. This course satisfies the second half of the Reading and Composition requirement.
Summer: 6 weeks - 7.5 hours of lecture and 2.5 hours of discussion per week
GWS 10 Introduction to Gender and Women's Studies 4 Units
Introduction to questions and concepts in gender and women's studies. Critical study of the formation of gender and its intersections with other relations of power, such as sexuality, racialization, class, religion, and age. Questions will be addressed within the context of a transnational world. Emphasis of the course will change depending on the instructor.
Introduction to Gender and Women's Studies: Read More [+]
6 weeks - 5-10 hours of lecture and 2-2 hours of discussion per week
Introduction to Gender and Women's Studies: Read Less [-]
GWS 14 Gender, Sexuality, and Race in Global Political Issues 4 Units
The production of gender, sexuality, and processes of racialization in contemporary global political issues. Topics and geographical foci may vary. Examples: the post-9-11 situation in the U.S. and U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq; Hindu-Muslim conflict in India; the wars in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda; the Israel/Palestine situation; global right-wing movements; state and social movement terrorisms and transnational "security" measures.
Gender, Sexuality, and Race in Global Political Issues: Read More [+]
Formerly known as: Women's Studies 14
Gender, Sexuality, and Race in Global Political Issues: Read Less [-]
GWS 20 Introduction to Feminist Theory 4 Units
Why study theory? How, and from where, does the desire to theorize gender emerge? What does theory do? What forms does theory take? What is the relationship between theory and social movements? This course will introduce students to one of the most exciting and dynamic areas of contemporary inquiry.
Introduction to Feminist Theory: Read More [+]
Summer: 8 weeks - 7.5 hours of lecture and 2 hours of discussion per week
Introduction to Feminist Theory: Read Less [-]
GWS 24 Freshman Seminars 1 Unit
The Freshman and Sophomore Seminars program has been designed to provide new students with the opportunity to explore an intellectual topic with a faculty member in a small-seminar setting. Freshman seminars are offered in all campus departments, and topics vary from department to department and semester to semester. Enrollment limited to fifteen freshmen.
10 weeks - 1.5 hours of seminar per week
GWS 39A Freshman Sophomore Seminar 2 - 4 Units
Freshman and sophomore seminars offer lower division students the opportunity to explore an intellectual topic with a faculty member and a group of peers in a small-seminar setting. These seminars are offered in all campus departments; topics vary from department to department and from semester to semester. Enrollment limits are set by the faculty, but the suggested limit is 25.
Freshman Sophomore Seminar: Read More [+]
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GWS 40 Special Topics 3 Units
The findings of feminist scholarship as they apply to a particular problem, field, or existing discipline. Designed primarily for lower division students and non-majors. Topics vary from semester to semester. Students should consult the Women's Studies announcement of courses for specific semester topics.
Special Topics: Read More [+]
Special Topics: Read Less [-]
GWS 50AC Gender in American Culture 3 Units
A multi-disciplinary course designed to provide students with an opportunity to work with faculty investigating the topic gender in American culture.
Gender in American Culture: Read More [+]
Formerly known as: Women's Studies 50AC
Gender in American Culture: Read Less [-]
GWS 84 Sophomore Seminar 1 or 2 Units
Sophomore seminars are small interactive courses offered by faculty members in departments all across the campus. Sophomore seminars offer opportunity for close, regular intellectual contact between faculty members and students in the crucial second year. The topics vary from department to department and semester to semester. Enrollment limited to 15 sophomores.
Sophomore Seminar: Read More [+]
Prerequisites: At discretion of instructor
10 weeks - 1.5-3 hours of seminar per week
15 weeks - 1-2 hours of seminar per week
6 weeks - 2.5-5 hours of seminar per week
Sophomore Seminar: Read Less [-]
GWS 97 Internship 2 - 4 Units
Internship Program: Field work in an organization concerned with women's issues plus individual conferences with faculty. Students must present a written scope of work to the supervising faculty members before enrolling. Credit earned depends on the amount of written work completed by students that interprets the experience through diaries, historical reports, and creative work done for the organization. Faculty supervisor and student must agree on assignments.
Internship: Read More [+]
6 weeks - 10 hours of internship per week
10 weeks - 10 hours of internship per week
Internship: Read Less [-]
GWS 98 Directed Group Study for Undergraduates 1 - 4 Units
Seminars for the group study of selected topics not covered by regularly scheduled courses. Topics will vary from year to year.
GWS 99 Supervised Independent Study and Research 1 - 4 Units
Individual research by lower division students only.
Prerequisites: Freshmen or sophomores only
Summer: 6 weeks - 2.5-10 hours of independent study per week
GWS 100AC Women in American Culture 3 Units
Terms offered: Spring 2022, Summer 2021 First 6 Week Session, Spring 2021
This course is designed to provide students with an opportunity to work with faculty investigating the topic women in American culture.
Women in American Culture: Read More [+]
Women in American Culture: Read Less [-]
GWS 101 Doing Feminist Research 4 Units
In this course, students will learn to do feminist research using techniques from the arts, humanities, social sciences, and sciences. The teaching of interdisciplinary research skills will focus on practices of gender in a particular domain such as labor, love, science, aesthetics, film, religion, politics, or kinship. Topics will vary depending on the instructor.
Doing Feminist Research: Read More [+]
Prerequisites: 10 and 20
Formerly known as: Women's Studies 101
Doing Feminist Research: Read Less [-]
GWS 102 Transnational Feminism 4 Units
An overview of transnational feminist theories and practices, which address the workings of power that shape our world, and women's practices of resistance within and beyond the U.S. The course engages with genealogies of transnational feminist theories, including analyses of women, gender, sexuality, "race," racism, ethnicity, class, nation; postcoloniality; international relations; post-"development"; globalization; area studies; and cultural studies.
Transnational Feminism: Read More [+]
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GWS 103 Identities Across Difference 4 Units
The course studies identity as a product of articulation and investigation of self and other, rather than an inherited marking. Emphasis, for example, may be placed on the complexities of the lived experiences of women of color in the United States and in diverse parts of the world.
Identities Across Difference: Read More [+]
Prerequisites: 10
Identities Across Difference: Read Less [-]
GWS 104 Feminist Theory 4 Units
Feminist theory examines the basic categories that structure social life and that condition dominant modes of thought. Feminist theory engages with many currents of thought such as liberalism, Marxism, psychoanalysis, postcolonial theory, and transnational feminist theory. In this course, students will gain a working knowledge of the range and uses of feminist theory.
Feminist Theory: Read More [+]
Feminist Theory: Read Less [-]
GWS 111 Special Topics 1 - 4 Units
This course is designed to provide students with an opportunity to work closely with Gender and Women's Studies faculty, investigating a topic of mutual interest in great depth. Emphasis in on student discussion and collaboration. Topics will vary from semester to semester. Number of units will vary depending on specific course, format, and requirements.
8 weeks - 1.5-6 hours of lecture per week
GWS 115 Engaged Scholarship in Women and Gender 4 Units
This class provides students the opportunity to do supervised community service with an organization that relates to women and gender. Students will be placed in an organization and complete an internship throughout the course of the semester. Students will also spend time reflecting on their internship experiences, connecting their service with concepts learned in gender and women's studies classes, and meeting as a group to evaluate and assess issues such as volunteer/unpaid labor, activism and the academy, and the political economy of gender and women's services.
Engaged Scholarship in Women and Gender: Read More [+]
Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 2 hours of lecture and 3 hours of internship per week
Summer: 6 weeks - 5 hours of lecture and 5.5 hours of internship per week
Engaged Scholarship in Women and Gender: Read Less [-]
GWS 116AC Queer Theories: Activist Practices 4 Units
This class will examine various forms of activist practices and create possibilities for students to participate in community projects that allow them to explore their own definitions of activism, community engagement, and social transformation. As a class, we will consider different types of interventions -- art, law, advocacy, and direct action -- and examine the limits and possibilities of these different forms of social engagement.
Queer Theories: Activist Practices: Read More [+]
Fall and/or spring: 15 weeks - 2 hours of lecture and 1 hour of internship per week
Queer Theories: Activist Practices: Read Less [-]
GWS 120 The History of American Women 4 Units
This course will survey the history of women in the United States from approximately 1890 to the present, a century of dramatic and fundamental change in the meaning of gender difference. We will examine such topics as work, the family, sexuality, and politics and be attentive to variations in the structure and experience of gender based on race, ethnicity, and class.
The History of American Women: Read More [+]
The History of American Women: Read Less [-]
GWS 125 Women and Film 4 Units
This course explores the role of women both in front of and behind the camera. It examines the socially constructed nature of gender representations in film and analizes the position of women as related to the production and reception of films. Emphasis is on feminist aproaches that challenge and expose the underlying working of patriarchy in cinema.
Women and Film: Read More [+]
Women and Film: Read Less [-]
GWS 126 Film, Feminism, and the Avant-Garde 4 Units
Focusing on the creative process while engaging in critical debates on politics, ethics, and aesthetics, the course explores the site where feminist film-making practice meets with and challenges the avant-garde tradition. It emphasizes works that question conventional notions of subjectivity, audience, and interpretation in relation to film making, film viewing, and the cinematic apparatus.
Film, Feminism, and the Avant-Garde: Read More [+]
Film, Feminism, and the Avant-Garde: Read Less [-]
GWS 129 Bodies and Boundaries 4 Units
Examines gender and embodiment in interdisciplinary transnational perspective. The human body as both a source of pleasure and as a site of coercion, which expresses individuality and reflects social worlds. Looks at bodies as gendered, raced, disabled/able-bodied, young or old, rich or poor, fat or thin, commodity or inalienable. Considers masculinity, women's bodies, sexuality, sports, clothing, bodies constrained, in leisure, at work, in nation-building, at war, and as feminist theory.
Bodies and Boundaries: Read More [+]
Bodies and Boundaries: Read Less [-]
GWS 130AC Gender, Race, Nation, and Health 4 Units
Examines the role of gender in health care status, in definitions and experiences of health, and in practices of medicine. Feminist perspectives on health care disparities, the medicalization of society, and transnational processes relating to health. Gender will be considered in dynamic interaction with race, ethnicity, sexuality, immigration status, religion, nation, age, and disability, and in both urban and rural settings.
Gender, Race, Nation, and Health: Read More [+]
Gender, Race, Nation, and Health: Read Less [-]
GWS 131 Gender and Science 4 Units
Examines historical and contemporary scientific studies of gender, sexuality, class, nation, and race from late 18th century racial and gender classifications through the heyday of eugenics to today's genomics. Explores the embedding of the scientific study of gender and sexuality and race in different political, economic, and social contexts. Considers different theories for the historical underrepresentation of women and minorities in science, as well as potential solutions. Introduces students to feminist science studies, and discusses technologies of production, reproduction, and destruction that draw on as well as remake gender locally and globally.
Gender and Science: Read More [+]
Gender and Science: Read Less [-]
GWS 132AC Gender, Race, and Law 4 Units
Focusing on the interconnected ways that race, gender, and sexuality are constructed through the law, this course will examine a wide range of historical texts, legal documents, literature, and critical theory. Throughout our course readings, we will be focusing on how these categories of difference inform legal constructions of nation, citizenship, immigration, masculinity, femininity, childhood, the public sphere, and everyday life. Throughout the course, we will be making connections between historical events and the contemporary moment through a consideration of interpretation and implications of legal arguments.
Gender, Race, and Law: Read More [+]
Repeat rules: Course may be repeated for credit up to a total of 1 time.
Gender, Race, and Law: Read Less [-]
GWS 133AC Women, Men, and Other Animals: Human Animality in American Cultures 4 Units
Explores various ways that human groups and interests, particularly in the United States, have both attached and divorced themselves from other animals, with particular focus on gender, race, ability, and sexuality as the definitional foils for human engagements with animality.
Women, Men, and Other Animals: Human Animality in American Cultures: Read More [+]
Women, Men, and Other Animals: Human Animality in American Cultures: Read Less [-]
GWS 134 Gender and the Politics of Childhood 4 Units
Explores gender and age as interrelated dimensions of social structure, meaning, identity, and embodiment. Emphasis on the gendered politics of childhood--for example, in the social regulation of reproduction; child-rearing, motherhood, fatherhood, care, and rights; the changing global political economy of childhoods and varied constructions of "the child"; child laborers, soldiers, street children; consumption by and for children; growing up in schools, neighborhoods, and families.
Gender and the Politics of Childhood: Read More [+]
Gender and the Politics of Childhood: Read Less [-]
GWS C138 Gender and Capitalism 4 Units
The 21st century has seen powerful critiques of both growing economic inequality and the troubling persistence of domination based on gender, race and other categorical differences. Gender has a distinctive role here for many reasons: the centrality of gender to social reproduction; the historical coproduction of male domination and capitalism; and the way gender operates in the constitution of selves. Insofar as capitalism is organized and distributes power and profits through gendered structures, and gendered meanings and identities are shaped by their emergence within capitalist logics, it behooves us to think gender and capitalism in tandem. Figuring out how to do that, and sorting out the consequences, is our project in this class.
Gender and Capitalism: Read More [+]
Also listed as: POLECON C138
Gender and Capitalism: Read Less [-]
GWS 139 Why Work? Gender and Labor Under Capitalism 4 Units
This course uses gender as a lens to examine the nature, meaning, and organization of work. Students learn varied conceptual approaches with which to probe such issues as gender and race divisions of labor, the economic significance of caring and other forms of unpaid labor, earnings disparities between men and women, race and class differences in women's work, transnational labor immigration, and worker resistance and organizing.
Why Work? Gender and Labor Under Capitalism: Read More [+]
Why Work? Gender and Labor Under Capitalism: Read Less [-]
GWS 140 Feminist Cultural Studies 4 Units
This course introduces students to the interdisciplinary field of feminist cultural studies. Drawing upon contemporary theories of representational politics, the specific focus of the course will vary, but the emphasis will remain on the intersections of gender, race, nation, sexuality, and class in particular cultural and critical practices.
Feminist Cultural Studies: Read More [+]
Feminist Cultural Studies: Read Less [-]
GWS 141 Interrogating Global Economic "Development" 4 Units
An introduction to women and gender in "development." Addresses theories of "development" (modernization, demographic transition, dependency, world systems, post-development, postcolonial, and transnational feminist): productions and representations of "underdevelopment"; national and international "development" apparatuses; "development" practices about labor, population, resources, environment, literacy, technologies, media; and women's resistance and alternatives.
Interrogating Global Economic "Development": Read More [+]
Interrogating Global Economic "Development": Read Less [-]
GWS 142 Women in the Muslim and Arab Worlds 4 Units
Examines differences and similarities in women's lives in the Muslim/Arab worlds, including diasporas in Europe and North America. Analysis of issues of gender in relation to "race," ethnicity, nation, religion, and culture.
Women in the Muslim and Arab Worlds: Read More [+]
Women in the Muslim and Arab Worlds: Read Less [-]
GWS 143 Women, Proverty, and Globalization 4 Units
This course examines new patterns of inequality as they relate to the feminization of poverty in a global and transnational context. It will give students the opportunity to enhance their critical knowledge of new forms of globalization and their impact on the least-privileged group of women locally and globally. It also provides an opportunity for students to work with a local or global non-governmental or community organization with a focus on gender and poverty, and to engage in a systematic analysis of the strategies and practices of these organizations.
Women, Proverty, and Globalization: Read More [+]
Women, Proverty, and Globalization: Read Less [-]
GWS 144 Alternate Sexualities in a Transnational World 4 Units
This course engages with contemporary narrations produced by and about lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transsexual postcolonial subjects through genres such as autobiography, fiction, academic writing, film, journalism, and poetry. Each semester the focus is geopolitically limited to no more than two countries to allow students to consider the conditions out of which the narrations are produced. Sites and subjects may vary from semester to semester.
Alternate Sexualities in a Transnational World: Read More [+]
Alternate Sexualities in a Transnational World: Read Less [-]
GWS C146A Cultural Representations of Sexualities: Queer Literary Culture 4 Units
Cultural Representations of Sexuality: Queer Literary Culture explores a variety of twentieth-century literary texts (poetry, fiction, drama) produced at key moments in the "queer past." Using sound recordings, visual art, and documentary film to enhance our encounter with literary texts, this course seeks to amplify the aesthetic dimensions of queer politics, sociality, culture and counter-culture, through sound and moving image. Over the course of the semester, students will learn to situate literary and text-based modes of expression and circulation within a broader field of cultural production.
Cultural Representations of Sexualities: Queer Literary Culture: Read More [+]
Also listed as: LGBT C146A
Cultural Representations of Sexualities: Queer Literary Culture: Read Less [-]
GWS C146B Cultural Representations of Sexualities: Queer Visual Culture 4 Units
This course examines modern visual cultures that construct ways of seeing diverse sexualities. Considering Western conventions of representation during the modern period, we will investigate film, television, and video. How and when do "normative" and "queer" sexualities become visually defined?
Cultural Representations of Sexualities: Queer Visual Culture: Read More [+]
Formerly known as: Women's Studies C146
Also listed as: LGBT C146B
Cultural Representations of Sexualities: Queer Visual Culture: Read Less [-]
GWS 155 Gender and Transnational Migration 4 Units
What economic, social, and cultural forces impel women to migrate and shape their experiences as immigrants? How does gender, together with race/ethnicity and class, affect processes of settlement, community building, and incorporation into labor markets? This course examines gender structures and relations as they are reconfigured and maintained through immigration. It emphasizes the agency of immigrant women as they cope with change and claim their rights as citizens.
Gender and Transnational Migration: Read More [+]
Gender and Transnational Migration: Read Less [-]
GWS C180Y Gender, Sex and Power 4 Units
Gender, sex, and power shape and influence our cultural and social world in obvious and in hidden ways. Bay Area artists and activists focus on illuminating, shifting, redefining, and making use of the juncture of gender, sex, and power to bring about new opportunities and new futures. We will first explore the terrain of academic definitions of gender, sex, power and the connections among them, emphasizing how gender/sex/power is interlinked with racism, classism, colonialism, and dis/ablism. Topics addressed will include: labor, migration and belonging; food, shelter, and land; health and health care; sexuality and love; and politics and political action.
Gender, Sex and Power: Read More [+]
Also listed as: L & S C180Y
Gender, Sex and Power: Read Less [-]
GWS 194A Unity Theme Program Seminar 2 Units
This course is designed to provide students with an introductory exploration of issues of sexuality and gender through community-centered praxis,
democratic education, and dialogue. In a culturally and socially diverse society, discussion of differences is needed to facilitate understanding and
build relationships among people, as well as to bring awareness to and address social inequities. Through this course, students will explore their
own and others' narratives in various social and institutional contexts, while learning from each other's perspectives in community. Students will also
explore ways of taking action to engage in social justice work and create social change at the interpersonal, community, and institutional levels.
Unity Theme Program Seminar: Read More [+]
Unity Theme Program Seminar: Read Less [-]
GWS 194B UNITY THEME PROGRAM SEMINAR 2 Units
This course is designed to provide students with an introductory exploration of queer theory and
its intersections with leadership development. Students will engage in a multifaceted approach
of learning through discussions in the academic seminar integrated with contextual education
taking place in the community. By integrating knowledge of and experiences with issues
affecting queer and trans communities, students will explore the importance of challenging
dominant leadership paradigms as they develop their own identities as leaders. Students will
also explore ways to turn social justice knowledge and conversation into tangible actions and
work to create social change at the interpersonal, community, and institutional levels.
GWS 195 Gender and Women's Studies Senior Seminar 4 Units
This seminar is required for all seniors majoring in gender and women's studies. The goal of the course is for students to produce a research paper of 25-30 pages that reflects feminist methods, interpretations, or analysis.
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GWS H195 Gender and Women's Studies Senior Honors Thesis 4 Units
Entails writing a bachelor's honors thesis pertaining to the student's major in gender and women's studies. Each student will work under the guidance of a faculty adviser who will read and grade the thesis.
Gender and Women's Studies Senior Honors Thesis: Read More [+]
Prerequisites: 15 upper division units in Gender and Women's Studies; 3.3 GPA in all University work and 3.3 GPA in courses in the major
Formerly known as: Women's Studies H195
Gender and Women's Studies Senior Honors Thesis: Read Less [-]
GWS C196A UCDC Core Seminar 4 Units
Also listed as: HISTART C196A/HISTORY C196A/MEDIAST C196A/POL SCI C196A/POLECON C196A/SOCIOL C196A/UGIS C196A
GWS C196B UCDC Internship 6.5 Units
Also listed as: HISTART C196B/HISTORY C196B/MEDIAST C196B/POL SCI C196B/POLECON C196B/SOCIOL C196B/UGIS C196B
GWS C196W Special Field Research 10.5 Units
Also listed as: HISTART C196W/HISTORY C196W/MEDIAST C196W/POL SCI C196W/POLECON C196W/SOCIOL C196W/UGIS C196W
GWS 197 Internship 2 - 4 Units
GWS 198 Directed Group Study for Advanced Undergraduates 1 - 4 Units
Seminars for group study of selected topics not covered by regularly scheduled courses. Topics will vary from year to year.
Prerequisites: Gender and women's studies major
GWS 199 Supervised Independent Study for Advanced Undergraduates 1 - 4 Units
Reading and conference with the instructor in a field that does not coincide with that of any regular course and is specific enough to enable students to write an essay based upon their studies.
Supervised Independent Study for Advanced Undergraduates: Read More [+]
Supervised Independent Study for Advanced Undergraduates: Read Less [-]
LGBT 20AC Sexual Politics and Queer Organzing in the US 4 Units
An introduction to varied dimensions of alternative sexual identities in the contemporary United States, with a focus ranging from individuals to communities. This course will use historical, sociological, ethnographic, political-scientific, psychological, psychoanalytical, legal, medical, literary, and filmic materials to chart trends and movements from the turn of the century to the present.
Sexual Politics and Queer Organzing in the US: Read More [+]
Credit Restrictions: Students will receive no credit for 20AC after taking Undergraduate Interdisciplinary Studies 20AC.
Subject/Course Level: Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender St/Undergraduate
Sexual Politics and Queer Organzing in the US: Read Less [-]
LGBT 98 Directed Group Study for Advanced Undergraduates 1 - 4 Units
LGBT 100 Special Topics 4 Units
This course is designed to provide students with an opportunity to work closely with LGBT faculty, investigating a topic of mutual interest in great depth. Emphasis in on student discussion and collaboration. Topics will vary from semester to semester. Number of units will vary depending on specific course, format, and requirements.
LGBT 145 Interpreting the Queer Past: Methods and Problems in the History of Sexuality 4 Units
This course examines interpretive issues in studying the history of sexuality and the formation of sexual identities and communities. Considering primary documents, secondary literature, and theoretical essays, we investigate specific historiographical concerns and raise questions about historical methodology and practice.
Interpreting the Queer Past: Methods and Problems in the History of Sexuality: Read More [+]
Formerly known as: Undergraduate Interdisciplinary Studies C145
Interpreting the Queer Past: Methods and Problems in the History of Sexuality: Read Less [-]
LGBT 146 Cultural Representations of Sexuality 4 Units
This course will draw upon a wide range of critical theory, film, music, literature, popular culture, ethnography, theater, and visual art to explore the relationship between cultural forms of representation and individual and collective forms of expression. Central questions for mutual consideration will include: Who/what constitutes the subject of queer cultural production? How are queer theories relevant (or irrelevant) to queer cultural and political practices?
Cultural Representations of Sexuality: Read More [+]
Cultural Representations of Sexuality: Read Less [-]
LGBT C146A Cultural Representations of Sexualities: Queer Literary Culture 4 Units
Also listed as: GWS C146A
LGBT C146B Cultural Representations of Sexualities: Queer Visual Culture 4 Units
Also listed as: GWS C146B
LGBT C147B Sexuality, Culture, and Colonialism 4 Units
Terms offered: Fall 2021, Fall 2020, Fall 2019, Spring 2019, Spring 2015
An introduction to social theory and ethnographic methodology in the cross-cultural study of sexuality, particularly sexual orientation and gender identity. The course will stress the relationships between culture, international and local political economy, and the representation and experience of what we will provisionally call homosexual and transgendered desires or identities.
Sexuality, Culture, and Colonialism: Read More [+]
Prerequisites: 3 or Sociology 3
Also listed as: ANTHRO C147B
Sexuality, Culture, and Colonialism: Read Less [-]
LGBT C148 Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality 4 Units
Course focuses on the production of sexualities, sexual identification, and gender differentiation across multiple discourses and locations.
Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality: Read More [+]
Also listed as: ETH STD C126
Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality: Read Less [-]
LGBT 198 Directed Group Study for Advanced Undergraduates 1 - 4 Units
Paola Bacchetta, Professor. Ethnicity, postcolonial theory, transnational feminist and queer of color theories, theories of the inseparability of gender, theories of the inseparability of sexuality, theories of the inseparability of, theories of the inseparability of class, theories of the inseparability of nation, theories of the inseparability of religion, global political and religious conflict (especially Hindu nationalism and racializations of Muslims and Islam), theories of resistance and transgression, right-wing movements, geographic areas of specialization outside the U S- India and France.
Mel Y. Chen, Associate Professor. Queer and feminist theory, Disability theory, Critical animal studies, Materiality studies, Cultural politics of race, sexuality, ability, and immigration, Critical linguistics, Paradigms of inter- and transdisciplinarity.
Minoo Moallem, Professor. Transnational and Postcolonial Feminist Studies, cultural studies, Visual and Material Cultures of Religion, Immigration and Diaspora Studies, Middle East Studies, and Iranian Studies.
Courtney Desiree Morris, Assistant Professor. Black women's social movements; state violence and authoritarianism; racial formations in Latin America, the Caribbean and the US; Critical race theory; Feminist and queer theory; environmental ethics; black visual culture and aesthetics.
Laura C. Nelson, Associate Professor. Gender, medicine, and politics, Cultural, political, and experiential aspects of breast cancer in South Korea, How, why, and to what effect constructions of gender, class, and race are mobilized and manipulated in South Korea, Structures of cultural temporality (future, present, or past orientation) and anti-poverty policies (US and South Korea).
Leslie Salzinger, Associate Professor. Political economy, feminist theory, finance, sociology of gender, Gender and Work, gendering of transnational processes.
Eric Stanley, Assistant Professor. Critical prison studies; Queer/trans social movements; Anti-colonial feminism.
Barbara A. Barnes, Lecturer.
Evelyn Nakano Glenn, Professor Emeritus. Labor, citizenship, undocumented students, caring work, settler colonialism, skin color bias.
Irene Tinker, Professor Emeritus. International development and women, Electoral quotas in legislatures for women.
Minh-Ha Trinh, Professor Emeritus. Gender and sexuality, womens studies, rhetoric, feminist postcolonial theory, film theory and production, music composition, ethnomusicology, contemporary critical theory and the arts.
Department of Gender and Women's Studies
Laura C. Nelson, PhD
lcnelson@berkeley.edu
Vice Chair for Research
Leslie Salzinger, PhD
lsalzinger@berkeley.edu
Vice Chair for Pedagogy
Eric Stanley, PhD
eric.stanley@berkeley.edu
Student Services Advisor
Althea Grannum-Cummings
cummings@berkeley.edu


Karben is a municipality in Hesse, Germany. It is located 18 kilometres north of Frankfurt on the banks of the river Nidda in the Rhein-Main-Gebiet Rhein-Main area. Karben as a unified city was founded in 1970, comprising some smaller villages Klein-Karben, Gross-Karben, Okarben, Kloppenheim, Rendel, Burg-Grafenrode and Petterweil. The city has population of 21,602 in 2004 and an area of 43.94 square kilometers.
Karben has two railroad stations Gross-Karben and Okarben on Frankfurt's local transportation network. It has access to the A661 autobahn and the highway B3. The town hall is located a newer district of Gross-Karben, as is a public swimming pool. The industrial district east of Gross and Klein-Karben hosts several companies of national and international stature.
The city has transformed itself from a bundle of independent villages living mostly of farming the rich soils of the Wetterau to a gradually integrating city providing housing for a rising population of commuters and space for numerous small and mid-sized enterprises, while maintaining a lot of its original rural charm. It is a city with endless recreational opportunities, rich history, and modern day luxuries.


My PC has gone slow.
Discussion in 'Windows XP' started by Stu_, Aug 6, 2006.
Hello, my pc has gone very slow the past couple of days. I would would use system restore, however this does not work, it just tells me to restart and try again. I've defragged, cleaned the registry, virus checked, spyware checked, ad-aware checked. Anyone know what else I can do? Its mainly slow at the start up, takes a few minutes.
Thank you. As much help as possible will be appreciated.
How old and what brand is the hard drive?
Its a Dell PC, erm, its i think coming upto 4 years old now :O feels like yesterday when it arrived. Okay i'll mention that i have stopped alot of things at start up, previously. And it had slowed down since my brother installed, "SmartBoard" then deleted it, i don't know if it left behind any crap like Sky Broadband did, i had to download this thing to remove this program that it left behind.
I would take Quick Time out of startup which is a hog and also dump the Ram Optimizer as that could be the whole problem.
Also where I was headed was a 4 year old hard drive as a Maxtor or Ibm is probably dying also and that is what Dell was using then..
Erm okay i agree about the Quicktime, but the Ram Optimizer was put in after :S i'll delete it no worries. Then i'll have a restart umkay.
I'll get back to you and tell you how it goes.
Erm, on MSCONFIG, here are two blank start up things, what could they be todo with?
I highlighted them in red for you.
Erm, that took like forever, lol, to be honest it seams longer. just stays there with just the wallpaper open, got any other ideas? if not im gonna have to call y neighbour round. Arg he hates it i can tell, i'll just get my bro to do it, as it happend when he downloaded something!.
If none of the log experts pick up on this then ask to have this moved to the security thread.
Pretty sure you need their help.
Okay, um i'll wait a day or two to see if anyone replies, thanks for your help.
when i did "run" and typed it in it bought it up no problem. Didn't know what to do so its still there, i did search it found f3initialsetup1.0.0.8-2.inf, note the "-2" part.
Also when i started in safe mode, there was not the usual choice "Administrator" which there usually is, just the normal accounts so i went on my mum and dads one.


This one-day conference will explore the nature of the science–art interface, the inspiration this interface provides to scientists and artists alike, and the impact of such interactions in areas of research and other human endeavors.
The morning session will feature a discussion of the current knowledge of vision, why we perceive art in certain ways, and emotional response to art. The afternoon session will focus on the interface of art and science and will include discussions with artists and scientists whose work represent the beauty and power of science.
Session 1: How Does the Brain See Art?
We greatfully acknowledge the support of the David Schwarz family and the National Science Foundation.


We have listed all of the non profit organizations in Cranford, New Jersey . Click on the non profit organization to view full details including maps and pictures. If you do not see your non profit in Cranford New Jersey listed below, you can add it to our database here - Add Your Non Profit. Cranford Non Profit Organizations.


text:
Soldier's Heart: Remembering Jacob George, Afghan War Vet Turned Peace Activist Who Took Own Life
Watch Full ShowNext Story
Soldier Suicides
Afghan Veterans Against the War Committee
Remembering Jacob George - Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Against the War
Listen to the entire song "Soldier's Heart" by Jacob George
Jacob George Celebration of Life Fund & Info Page
We air a remembrance of Jacob George, an Afghanistan War veteran and peace activist who took his own life on September 17. He was 32 years old. George co-founded the Afghan Veterans Against the War Committee, part of Iraq Veterans Against the War. George was also a musician who biked around the country playing music for peace, a campaign he called "A Ride Till the End." In 2012, at the NATO summit in Chicago, he was among the veterans who hurled their military medals toward the summit gates in an act of protest against the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. George spoke openly about his struggles with post-traumatic stress disorder and with getting Veterans Affairs counselors to understand what he saw as a "moral injury" from his time in Afghanistan. In a storybook that accompanied his musical album "Soldier's Heart," George wrote: "A wise medicine woman from Arkansas once told me that grief is pain trying to leave the body. If you don't allow yourself to grieve, it gets stuck. But once you grieve, the body can heal itself. I won't lie, some of this stuff is heavy. But telling my story is a part of my healing process. And it's not just veterans who need to heal: all of us need to heal from war and the roster of ailments produced by a nation at war." Hear George playing the banjo and singing his song, "Soldier's Heart."
StoryMay 21, 2012"No NATO, No War": U.S. Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Return War Medals at NATO Summit
AMY GOODMAN: We end the segment with a remembrance of Jacob George, an Afghanistan War veteran and peace activist who took his own life earlier this month. George co-founded the Afghan Veterans Against the War Committee, part of Iraq Veterans Against the War. In 2011, he and fellow veteran Brock McIntosh returned to Afghanistan to meet with young Afghan peace activists. McIntosh remembers George bonding with a 15-year-old Afghan boy, who, like George, was a farmer. Together, they discussed, quote, "the absurdity of poor farmers being sent to kill poor farmers while people are starving," McIntosh said. George was also a musician who biked around the United States playing music for peace, a campaign he called "A Ride Till the End." In 2012, at the NATO summit in Chicago, he was among the veterans who hurled their military medals toward the NATO summit gates in an act of protest against the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
JACOB GEORGE: My name is Jacob George. I'm from the Ouachita Mountains in Arkansas. I'm a three-tour veteran of the Afghan War, paratrooper and sergeant. And I have one word for this Global War on Terrorism decoration, and that is "shame."
AMY GOODMAN: Jacob George spoke openly about his struggles with post-traumatic stress disorder and with getting VA counselors to understand what he saw as a "moral injury" from his time in Afghanistan. In a storybook that accompanied his musical album, Soldier's Heart, Jacob George wrote, quote, "A wise medicine woman from Arkansas once told me that grief is pain trying to leave the body. If you don't allow yourself to grieve, it gets stuck. But once you grieve, the body can heal itself. I won't lie, some of this stuff is heavy. But telling my story is a part of my healing process. And it's not just veterans who need to heal: all of us need to heal from war and the roster of ailments produced by a nation at war," he said.
Jacob George killed himself on September 17th, one week after President Obama unveiled the new U.S. military mission against ISIS in Iraq and Syria. George was 32 years old. We go to break with Jacob George singing "Soldier's Heart."
JACOB GEORGE: [singing] Now, I'm just a farmer from Arkansas.
There's a lot of things I don't understand,
Like why we send farmers to kill farmers
In Afghanistan.
Now I did what I was told
For my love of this land,
And I come home a shattered man
With blood on my hands.
And now I can't have a relationship,
I can't hold down a job.
Oh, while some may say I'm broken,
I call it a soldier's heart.
Because every time I go outside,
I've got to look her in the eyes,
Oh, and knowing that she broke my heart,
And it turned around and lied.
Oh, I said red, white and blue,
I trusted in you,
And you never even told me why.
Now in the summer of 2002,
I just got off the Pakistan border…
AMY GOODMAN: Jacob George singing "Soldier's Heart." You can link to the whole song on our website at democracynow.org. He committed suicide on September 17th, an Afghan War veteran. This is Democracy Now!, democracynow.org, The War and Peace Report. I'm Amy Goodman.
Next story from this daily show
Ferguson Unrest Continues as Police Accused of Incitement & Michael Brown's Killer Remains Free
NEXTFerguson Unrest Continues as Police Accused of Incitement & Michael Brown's Killer Remains Free
"No NATO, No War": U.S. Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Return War Medals at NATO Summit


Faculty and staff of the Burke Neurological Institute ventured off-site to attend a two-day Annual Retreat at the Skytop Lodge, a majestic lodge in the Pocono Mountains of Pennsylvania. The serene wilderness displayed a beautiful setting for the 15th Annual Retreat. Faculty and staff reconnected and rejuvenated as they reviewed the Institute's values and mission and discussed this year's theme scientific career paths.
To open the retreat, Dr. Raj R. Ratan, executive director of the Institute, welcomed all faculty and staff and introduced keynote speaker Dr. Lynn Raymond, a professor and director from the University of British Columbia. Dr. Raymond presented "Altered Synaptic Plasticity in Prodromal Huntington Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets" and shared results from her lab that suggest new directions for improving cognitive function in prodromal and early stage Huntington disease. After a short break, the faculty and staff engaged in a discussion session on scientific career paths. Everyone in attendance shared thoughts and ideas on how to best nurture trainees to maximize their potential and mentor them in navigating critical, professional life choices.
On the second day, faculty and staff were all ears to keynote speaker, Dr. Timothy H. Murphy, a professor from the University of British Columbia as he presented "Mouse In Vivo Imaging and Optogenetic Tools for Elucidating Cortical Circuit Structure and Function Following Stroke". After a short break, Christine E. Hughes, vice president of institutional advancement, spoke about Brand Stickiness drawing upon the science hope demands. Following a short break, 26 flash talks spotlighting brilliant science and techniques being conducted to advance neurological treatments for motor, pain, sensory, cognitive, and vision impairments offered inspiration and hope to depart the retreat with several notions of possibilities. Before returning to Burke, faculty and staff enjoyed a relaxing lunch, having set high aspirations for themselves and the Institute's upcoming year.


СВАДЕБНЫЙ ТАНЕЦ ЕЛЕНЫ И АЛЕКСАНДРА 11.08.2012 год г. ПЕРМЬ ОТЖИГАЮТ РЕБЯТИШКИ!!!
I do not own any of the videos/pictures of Chinen (& other atists) and the music or song/s used in the fan video. Credits to the rightful owners!


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using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace VSCode.Editor
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Parameters provided to the <see cref="EditorMethods.ShowMessageRequest" /> method.
    /// </summary>
    public class ShowMessageRequestParams
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// A collection of <see cref="MessageActionItem" /> instances to offer to the user.
        /// </summary>
        public IEnumerable<MessageActionItem> Actions { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The message to display.
        /// </summary>
        public string Message { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The type of message to display.
        /// </summary>
        public MessageType Type { get; set; }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Budget 2021 marks a directional change for Indian economy: Sitharaman
New Delhi [India], February 4 (ANI): Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said on Thursday that the union budget presented earlier this month marks a clear directional change for the Indian economy and seeks to raise non-tax resources at a time when the country needs a lot of money to spend.
Addressing FICCI's national executive committee meeting via video conferencing here today she said infrastructure, health and agriculture were three large areas where big-ticket expenditure will happen.
"This budget marks a clear directional change for the Indian economy and that directional change is not what the government has offered as a sudden response, but it was something that was preoccupying the Indian minds for over 30 years," she said.
"It's a budget which raises resources but not on the back of increased taxation. There is a directional change in the budget which is so distinct that it will fuel the entrepreneurial spirit which the Indians show given the right opportunities," she added.
The Finance Minister said the government has not burdened any section of Indian society "with any additional demand for even an additional rupee".
She said the government has good confidence that revenue generation will improve through this year.
The minister said the government is confident that it will be bringing in non-tax revenue other than just disinvestments through various other monetization of assets.
She urged the industry to come forward to make investments.
"I hope the industry will understand the spirit with which the budget is placed before you and therefore also come forward to participate in this inevitable exercise. Industry, having cleared all its debts and finances, should now be in a position to invest money to expand and grow and clearly show signs that it is now ready to receive any joint ventures for the sake of technology that it prefers to have," she said.
The minister said the government alone, even if it brings bags full of money, cannot just meet the demand of the growing and aspirational India,"
Referring to Development Financial Institutions (DFI), Sitharaman said the government will enable one DFI and the entire financing of long-term infrastructure will happen in a very market-driven way. "That itself will bring in efficiency."
The government, she said, has taken a confident, trustworthy and transparent accounting statement in the budget.
"There is no patching up or whitewashing. It has an honest attempt to give an honest statement of the government's finances and with the reforms announced along with the stimulus. It is clear that this government is not sitting cautiously, and it is coming forward with faith in Indian industry and business leaders," the minister said.
According to an official release, FICCI President Uday Shankar said the most satisfying aspect of this budget is that they "did not see much tinkering of taxes" and this adds to policy certainty and investor confidence.
He said that the budget also continues the government's efforts towards enhancing the ease of doing business through easier compliances and faceless tax assessment. "This is a big relief to taxpayers and, in the long run, will help widen the country's tax base," he said. (ANI)
nirmala sitharaman union budget ministry of finance delhi


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Mini Buffalo Bills Fans Tailgate at Stadium For Adorable Photo Shoot
Polly Published: October 8, 2020
Photo Credit - Bella Blose Photography
Meet the cutest little Buffalo Bills fans, tailgating at the stadium.
Kristabelle, who everyone calls Bella, captured the adorable moment outside Orchard Park after a family friend asked her to capture photos of his little girl Amelia and her cousin Jack. "He was really interested in more of a Bills theme type of session," said Bella.
Tossing ideas around, Bella and the family decided the Bills stadium parking lot was the perfect fit. "With the help of both families (grandparents included), we made it an easy and fun experience to capture the best images possible."
The family provided a majority of the props needed for any tailgate party - cars, beverages, a helmet, a football, music, burgers and a grill to cook them on. "He had a vision, and threw what we had together to bring it to life."
Bella, who has been a photographer since 2013, in between working in the Radiology field, says the photo shoot allows us to relive fond memories of last season. "Since we're missing out on most of our Bills memories due to COVID19 (tailgating, in stadium games), what would be better than to live through the kids?"
Unique photos is nothing new for Bella. "I do enjoy thinking outside of the box," she said. "I always try to go above and beyond when it comes to setting up for my sessions."
Family sessions are Bella's favorite to shoot. "I am more of a natural lifestyle photographer, and believe in just being yourselves and capturing the most perfect candid memories."
Find more of Bella's great work at Bella Blose Photography on Facebook.
Source: Mini Buffalo Bills Fans Tailgate at Stadium For Adorable Photo Shoot
Filed Under: Buffalo Bills, orchard park
Categories: Photos, Sports