text:
Recent EQ Map
Recent EQ List
Exotic Events
US Earthquakes
Canadian Earthquakes
Historic Catalog
Seismograms
Seismograms List
Volcano Seismicity
Mount Adams
PNSN Data & Products Overview
Spectrograms
What is a Spectrogram?
Spectrogram Examples
Spectrogram - Local Earthquake
Spectrogram - Regional Earthquake
Spectrograms - Teleseism
Spectrograms - Tremor
Spectrograms - Wind
Spectrograms - Glacier Noise
Spectrograms - Landslides, Rock-falls and Avalanches
Spectrograms - Calibration Signals
Spectrograms - Electronic Noise
Spectrograms - Sonic Signals
Near Real Time
Alarms & Notification
PNW EEW Workshops
EEW Workshop 2016
Waveform Data
Seattle Seahawks Overview
Hawk-o-Grams
RSAM Plots
Interpret Displays
Seahawks FAQ
2015 Green Bay at Seattle
2015 Carolina at Seattle
2014 San Francisco at Seattle
2014 New Orleans at Seattle
NetQuakes Data
Earthquake Impacts
Seattle SoundersFC
QuickShake FC
Sounder-Grams
Tremor Research
Tremor Overview
Tremor Map
ETS Research
Tremor Log
ETS Event of Summer 2019
ETS Event of Spring 2018
ETS Event of Winter 2017
ETS Event of Winter 2015-16
ETS Event of Fall 2013
Tremor Map (legacy)
About Earthquakes
Earthquakes Overview
EQ Waves
Locating EQs
Focal Mechanisms
Magnitude/Intensity
PNW Earthquake Sources
PNW Earthquake Sources Overview
Cascadia Subduction Zone
Land Level Change
Turbidite evidence
Deep Earthquakes
Crustal Faults
Volcanic Earthquakes
Earthquake Hazards
Earthquake Hazards Overview
Ground Motion
Site Effects
Surface Rupture
Seiche
Volcanic Hazards Overview
Ashfalls
Hazard Maps and Scenarios
Hazard Maps
NSHMP
Urban Seismic Hazard Maps
Landslide Hazard Maps
Tsunami Hazard Maps
Flood Plain Maps
Liquefaction Hazard Maps
Volcano Hazard Maps
Living with Earthquakes & Volcanoes
Native American Stories
Native American Stories Overview
Thunderbird and Whale
Thunderbird and Whale Stories
A story of the flood
Tales from the Hoh and Quileute
The Thunder-bird A Tillamook Legend
Serpent Spirit-power
James Swan's Diary
Makah Legend
Quilliute Myth
The Tsunami At ؛Anaqtl'a or "Pachena Bay"
Speelyai Fights Eenumtla
Pacific Northwest Indian Art
Native American Stories Resources
Earthquake Prediction Game
Seismology Lab Tours
PNSN Virtual Lab Tour
Welcome to the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network's Virtual Lab Tour.
Many of the topics covered in the PNSN Virtual Lab Tour, and the associated videos and pictures, are the same things you would see and hear in an actual tour the the PNSN Seismology Lab. The Virtual Lab Tour is designed to give a comprehensive overview of the PNSN and provide a general introduction to seismology.
The following sections will introduce you to several topics including; what is the PNSN, how do we locate and assign magnitudes to earthquakes, what causes earthquakes, what types of earthquakes occur in the Pacific Northwest, and what are some of the digital products the PNSN produces associated with seismic events in the region. Use the side bar on the left to navitage through the different sections or just keep scrolling down the page.
PNSN Virtual Tour
Introduction to the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network
What is the PNSN?
Where is the PNSN?
Who works at the PNSN?
Seismology: The Study of Earthquakes
Seismometers
Seismic Waves
Earthquake Location
Magnitude and Intensity
Earthquake Sources
Cascadia Earthquake Sources
Data Products and Seismic Analysis
PNSN Website
ShakeMaps
USGS Did you Feel It?
Earthquake Early Warning and USGS ShakeAlert
To monitor earthquake and volcanic activity across the Pacific Northwest, the University of Washington and the University of Oregon cooperatively operate the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network (PNSN). The PNSN is sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the U.S. Department of Energy, the State of Washington, and the State of Oregon. Beginning in 1969 with five seismometers, the PNSN has grown to more than 300 seismograph stations distributed across the region and has become the second largest seismic network in the United States. The PNSN is an organization dedicated to reducing impacts of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions in the states of Washington and Oregon by providing accurate and fast information about earthquakes and ground motions to scientists, engineers, planners, and the public.
Our headquarters is at the Department of Earth and Space Sciences at the University of Washington. However, we have offices and personnel in several locations in the region, seismic stations spread far and wide over the two states, and deep collaborations with other institutions inside and outside of Cascadia that make it a bit of a challenge to sharply define our organizational boundaries.
The locations of the seismic stations that the PNSN operates range from the flanks of Mount Rainier and remote areas of the Pacific Coast to schools and fire stations in the urban areas of Washington and Oregon. Check out the Seismograms Map page for the full picture and view data from our realtime stations.
The PNSN is comprised of USGS, University of Washington, and University of Oregon employees. In total there are nearly 30 employees, most of which work at the Univeristy of Washington. They can be divided into three main categories: Seismologists & Researchers, Field Engineers & Technicians, and Computing & Web Specialists. The PNSN and ESS Department at UW are also home to several graduate students and postdoctoral scholars who contribute to the network as well as undergraduate students who work in the Seismology Lab.
Return to Start Reread Section
The equipment used in the field to measure the ground motion is a device called a seismometer. The Pacific Northwest Seismograph network has over 300 seismometers in the field throughout Washington and Oregon continuously recording local earthquakes, larger regional earthquakes that send seismic signals vast distances across the surface, and teleseismic events which are very large earthquakes from all over the world that send energy through the interior of the earth.
There are different kinds of seismometers out in the field as well. There are what are called strong motion seismometers used for measuring earthquakes greater than a 2.0 magnitude, and there are short period instruments used for measuring smaller earthquakes and other various motions such as those caused by a rock fall. These short period stations are so sensitive that we can read when a person walks by one of them! Actually, anything that causes shaking of the ground will be recorded by seismometers if the motion is strong enough; avalanches, rockfalls, trains, trucks, fans in CenturyLink Field during Seahawks games, even sonic booms caused by jet airplanes can be recorded by our most sensitive instruments.
Short Period Instruments use a simple spring and mass to record motion. In the instrument below the the spring and mass are designed to record vertical shaking but short period instruments can also be set up to measure horizontal motion as well. They are best utilized for earthquakes with a magnitude lower than 2.0 or earthquakes at a great distance. The typical amplitude of earthquakes that are recorded by short period instruments ~1Hz.
Strong Motion Instruments are designed to do just that, record earthquakes that are greater than magnitude 2.0 up to magnitude 9.This range of magnitudes would be the range of shaking that humans can percieve all the way up to severely damaging. Typically they record on 3 channels, in three different directions of motion; vertical, horizontally in the N-S direction, and horizontally in the E-W direction. These instruments can also capture a broad range of wavelengths from 0-100Hz. Digital strong motion instruments require more power to operate than short period instruments. This coupled with the fact that they are designed to record strong shaking that may damage infrastructur and harm people mean most of the PNSN strong motion instruments are placed in the urban areas like the Puget Sound and Portland. They are also being placed along the coastline fully characterize the seismic energy released in large subduction zone events.
Earthquakes shake the ground because fault rupture releases vibrations that radiate in the form of seismic energy. These earthquake waves, also called body waves, come in two distinct forms: Primary or "P" waves and Secondary, Shear or "S" waves. These two waves are released simultaneously when an earthquake occurs. P Waves travel through the crust at rougly 6 km/s and S Waves travel at roughly 4 km/s. Each of these velocities change depending on the density of the material through which the wave travels. Keep these differing travel times in mind as they are the key to locating earthquakes.
When these body waves reach the free surface of the earth, some of their energy is converted into complex surface waves that are trapped near the surface of the earth and that produce generally lower frequency ground motions.
P Waves
P waves are compressional waves that do not produce much damage. They can move through any type of material and travel at almost twice the speed of S waves. High frequency P waves do not weaken or attenuate as rapidly as S waves so they retain higher frequencies when they arrive at seismic stations.
S Waves
S waves are shear waves that deform the ground perpendicular to their direction of travel. Unlike P waves, S waves are unable to pass through air and liquids such as water and magma. This is how we know Earth's outer core is molten – these waves cannot pass through it! When S waves deform the ground, it causes lateral or shear (back and forth) forces on structures. Older buildings were constructed primarily to withstand gravity (vertical forces); therefore they are more prone to fail due to the strong lateral loading experienced during a big earthquake.
When P and S waves arrive at the surface of the Earth, part of the energy is trapped and guided by Earth's surface. Their behavior is different than for body waves, so we say they are converted to Surface Waves. The two types are Love waves and Rayleigh waves.
Rayleigh waves produce a long rolling motion along the earth's surface much like the motion in a boat on the open sea. They travel a little slower than Love waves.
Love waves have horizontal motion that is perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling.
Earthquakes are located by calulating the arrival differential of the P & S Waves. Remember that the S Wave only travels at about 0.6 times the speed of a P Wave and both are released by an earthquake at the same time. The seismic stations and computer processing necessary for earthquake location depend heavily on very accurately timed data. Calulations on the P Wave arrival and S Wave arrival are determined down to the millisecond. The difference between the two arrivals is called the P-S Wave Differential. The longer the differential is the further away the epicenter of the earthquake must be.
Remember back to your high school math classes. If two trains (the P and S Waves) leave the station (epicenter) at the exact same time but one is traveling faster than the other they will of course arrive at their destination (seismic stations) at separate times. The further away the destination the further apart the trains becomes. By calculating exactly how far apart the arrivals of the P and S Waves are seismologist just do a backwards calculation to determin exactly how far away the epicenter had to have been. By doing this for several different seismic stations a very accurate location can be triangulated. See the example below.
For our purposes lets say the P-S Wave Differential time calculation for the first seismic station tells us that the earthquake occured 10km away from the station. The earthquake could have occured at any point that is 10km away from the station and thus the circle.
Now lets look at another station. We must measure the P and S-Waves to find out that the earthquake happend 5km away from the station. So we do the same thing, draw a circle around the station that is 5km in radius. We can now deduce that the earthquake happened at one of two points that satisfy both conditions; 10km from the first station and 5km from the second.
Now we take a third station and again do the same thing. The final station P and S-Wave Differential calculates to 8km from the station. Again, a third circle is drawn with a radius of 8km. Now, if we did this right, the three circles should intersect at one point. We have found the epicenter of the earthquake!
IRIS has a wonderful interactive demonstration of P-S wave travel time and location. Hover over both of the hand icons below the map to see spread of the waves and the math behind the wave propegation. Also, hover over the walk-run icon at the top for a similar active demonstration.
IRIS Interactive Earthquake Location Demonstration
Magnitude and Intensity of an earthquake are actually a reference to two separately measured characteristics. The USGS page related to Magnitude and Intensity states that Magnitude measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake. Magnitude is determined from measurements on seismographs. Intensity is determined from the effects on people, human structures, and the natural environment. The PNSN has an extensive section on Magnitude and Intensity. Our website has a more in depth section for the way magnitude is derived and the Mercalli Intensity Scale. In short, the difference between the two is that any given earthquake has a definitive magnitude, but the intensity at which it is felt decreases the further away from the epicenter you are. Therefore, for any number of locations the Mercalli Intensity will vary.
The magnitude scale most commonly thought of is the Richter Magnitude, referred to now as the Local Magnitude (ML), which is based on the recorded amplitude of seismic waves. This scale relies on a base-10 logarithm of peak amplitude, meaning each whole number increase on the scale corresponds to a 10x increase in amplitude.
The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is a better way to characterize the intensity of, or shaking felt from, an earthquake at any given location and distance away from the epicenter of the event. Rather than using the magnitude of the earthquake, which may be many miles away from the recording location, the MMI scale characterizes the motion felt by citizens and structures alike at any given location. This intensity of an earthquake, typically give in the Peak Ground Acceleration or the %g (percentage of gravity), correlates to a number (I-XII) and a description of the shaking felt from Weak/Not Felt to Extreme.
Plate tectonics describes the motions of the 15 to 20 large rigid and brittle tectonic plates into which the Earth's outermost layer (called the "lithosphere") is broken. It explains the distribution of most of Earth's earthquakes, mountains and other geological features, and a particularly good job at explaining features on the ocean floor. However, it is challenged to explain the details of the older rocks on the continents, and the occurrence of deformation an earthquakes off of plate boundaries.
Beyond merely describing current plate motions, Plate Tectonics provides an overarching framework that connects many elements of Earth science. Plate tectonics is a relatively young scientific theory that needed the advancement of observational and computing technology in the 1950s and 1960s to become fully elaborated. Its explanatory gravitas and the weight of observational evidence overcame much initial skepticism over how mobile the Earth's surface really is, and Plate Tectonics quickly became universally accepted by scientists throughout the world.
This animation shows, in a very exaggerated way, the sorts of movements Plate Tectonics implies. Plate Tectonics is a theory of motions at the Earth's surface, but to drive those motions, it relies on a planet with a very active inner life! It is important to remember that the one-minute-long movie actually represents millions of real Earth-years!
This is a map of the main tectonic plates that comprise the Earth's surface:
Faults are cracks within the Earth's crust where rock, due to the build up of stresses, periodically breaks and moves, releasing seismic energy in an earthquake.
Stresses in rock are usually in a state of equilibrium, meaning all the forces acting on the body of rock are balanced by opposing forces. The overall stress levels can increase slowly, ultimately due to the movement of crustal plates, so the equilibrium is disturbed. At weak spots or previously fractured spots within the rock (faults) a temporary disequilibrium of stresses during an earthquake causes slip. Rock on either side of fault is temporarily in motion as it accelerates until it relieves the pent-up elastic stresses then comes to a stop as the equilibrium is re-established.
The amount of slip along a fault correlates to the energy released i.e. magnitude of seismic events. Larger magnitude events are caused by greater amounts of slip. Therefore. larger fault lines are capable of producing larger magnitude earthquakes. For example, the Cascadia Subduction Zone can produce earthquakes of magnitude 9+ while the much shorter Seattle Fault can produce up to magnitude 7+ earthquakes.
There are three main types of faults; strike-slip faults, normal faults, and reverse faults.
Strike-Slip faults occur when the two sides of a fault line slip paste each other like you are rubbing your hands together. Neither side of the fault rises past the other, it is simply side to side motion. The most famous example of a strike-slip fault is the San Andreas fault in California.
<p> <p> <iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" scrolling="no" src="https://youtu.be/4b81nXSVA34" width="560">
Normal faults occur when two sides of a fault line are being extended or pulled away from each other. The dominant type of faulting in the Pacific Northwest is due to compression so there are very few normal faults in Washington and Oregon, but the eastern side of both states do have examples of this type of extensional tectonic motion.
Reverse faults occur when the two sides of a fault line are compressed together. One block moves up over the other. The Seattle Fault is a good example of a reverse fault. When earthquakes occur on the Seattle Fault the south side of the fault moves up relative to the north side. A thrust fault is a unique form of reverse fault that has a very shallow strike angle. The Cascadia Subduction Zone along the coast is an which is a reverse fault is an example of a low angle or thrust fault.
The image below is a snapshot from the PNSN Recent Earthquake webpage with the subduction zone fault line and other known crustal faults mapped onto it.
The Pacific Northwest is located at a convergent continental boundary between the North American and Juan de Fuca plates, where the two tectonic plates are colliding. This boundary is called the Cascadia Subduction Zone. It lies just offshore and runs from British Columbia to Northern California. The ocean plate is converging under the North American plate at a rate of about 3-4 cm/year (1-2 inches/year). This convergence cause elastic stress to accumulate in the rocks around the zone. Earthquakes are cause by the abrupt slipping on a fault that suddenly releases this slowly accumulated stress.
Seismologists categorize Cascadia region earthquakes into 4 different types, depending on where they occur, (their "source zones"). Three types, Cascadia Megathrust, Deep Intraplate, and Crustal Faulting earthquakes, may occasionally produce strong shaking that can threaten life and property. The fourth type, volcanic earthquakes, are generally too small and remote to cause damage directly, but they provide strong clues about potential volcanic eruptions.
While only one type (Cascadia Megathrust) actually ruptures a plate boundary, all of these earthquakes can be understood to result from Plate Tectonics.
In Cascadia strain arises from the interaction of three tectonic plates. The North America, Juan de Fuca, and (indirectly) the Pacific Plate all are moving with different trajectories. Offshore from British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and N. California, a young oceanic plate called the Juan de Fuca Plate is spreading away from the Pacific Plate and plunging beneath North America. [You might think of building a salami sandwich by holding 2 slices of bread together, and shoving the salami in from the side -- not very efficient, and you're likely to get Mayo everywhere!]. Temporarily locked together (since the great Cascade Subduction Zone Earthquake of 1700), strain is building in the locked interface between these two plates that will be released in future earthquakes. Read more about the Cascade Subduction Zone.
The crust of the Juan de Fuca plate consists basalt and marine sediments, is itself placed under strain as it is forced beneath North America and down into the Earth's mantle. The slab is bent and pulled by gravity. In a zone from near the coast line to the foothills of the Cascades but centered on the Puget Lowland, breaks in this subducting slab produce Deep Intraplate earthquakes. Most of the damaging historic earthquakes in Washington State were from this deep earthquake source.
Shallow or Crustal Earthquakes occur on faults in the North American Plate. Some are so shallow they can break or deform the ground surface. Others can occur up to 35 km deep and may not be associated with faults observed at the surface. Strain from the Cascadia Subduction Zone plays a role in some crustal earthquakes in Western Washington and Oregon but shearing of California as the Pacific Plate grinds along the western edge of the North American Plate to the south plays a bigger role in the generation of crustal earthquakes.
Volcanic earthquakes are triggered by changes in the magmatic system within and beneath the volcano. When magma is injected or removed from the system, surrounding rock will either shift to make room for the injected magma, or fill in a vacated area. These actions are the cause of volcanic earthquakes.
pnsn.org has many tools for accessing information about earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest.
The Recent Earthquakes Map displays all local events that occurred in the past two weeks. The control panel gives users the option to change the display of the earthquakes on the map and to draw cross sections in order to analyze the data.
QuickShake is a realtime display of seismic data, straight from the seismic monitoring instruments in the field. With QuickShake, PNSN employees and the public can view the same data, replay events, and search for earthquakes.
QuickShake is a work-in-progress that we aim to develop into a useful tool for earthquake science.
The Custom Earthquake Search allows users to search for PNSN events with any parameters that they choose. The most common filters are: magnitude range, date range, and a latitude/longitude bounding box.
ShakeMaps are produced by the USGS using data from regional seismic networks. The maps display ground motion and shaking intensity from earthquakes. ShakeMaps are a great demonstration of the decreasing felt intensity as the distance from the epicenter increases.
The ShakeMap from one of the most recent felt events in the PNSN regional boundary.
The ShakeMap from the 2001 M6.8 Nisqually Event.
The USGS Did You Feel It? maps display reports from people about shaking and damage from earthquakes. Did You Feel It maps are available on the PNSN event page for events that are large enough as well as the USGS page. These maps are generated by the resposes of citizens and help seismologists confirm that their instrument recordings and modeling actually reflect what people felt.
The image below is also from the Nisqually and was generated by tablulating the survey results from over 26,000 people. Compare the DYFI map below with the ShakeMap above.
Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) is a system being developed by the USGS and regional networks, like the PNSN, that will give people advanced warning about earthquakes that have occured and may be felt in their region.
Here in the Pacific Northwest, we are working to upgrade and install more stations in order to better our coverage and improve the reliability of EEW in the region.
Currently, the program ShakeAlert is used to send notifcations to users about earthquakes. This technology is still being developed.


The Sandman is a comic book series written by Neil Gaiman and published by DC Comics. Beginning with issue #47, it was placed under the imprint Vertigo. It chronicles the adventures of Dream of The Endless, who rules over the world of dreams, in 75 issues. It was published from 1989 until 1996. Gaiman's contract stipulated that the series would end when he left it.
The Sandman's main character is Dream, the Lord of Dreams, who is essentially the anthropomorphic personification of dreams. The storylines primarily take place in the Dreaming, Morpheus's realm, and the waking world, with occasional visits to other domains, such as Hell, Faerie, Asgard, and the domains of the other Endless.
The Sandman was initially published as a monthly serial, in 32-page comic books (with some exceptions to this pattern). As the series quickly increased in popularity, DC Comics began to reprint them in hardcover and paperback editions, each representing either a complete novel or a collection of related short stories.
DC first published "The Doll's House" storyline in a collection called simply The Sandman. Shortly thereafter, the first three volumes were published and named independently and also collected in an eponymous boxed set.
The issues in the collection first appeared in 1990 and 1991. The collection first appeared in paperback and hardback in 1992. The title is the opening phrase of John Keats' "Ode to Autumn".
It introduces Endless siblings Destiny and Delirium, and features Thor, Odin and Loki from Norse mythology; Anubis and Bast from Egyptian mythology; Susanoo-no-mikoto from Japanese mythology; Lucifer and the Angels Duma and Remiel from Christianity; Shivering Jemmy, a Lord of Chaos with the body of a child and the mind of a monster; Kilderkin, a Lord of Order who takes the form of a cardboard box, and the fairies Cluracan and Nuala, who will play important roles in later stories. Season of Mists marks the introduction of the Norse gods for the first time in the series.
Season of Mists is the first appearance of one of the central themes of the series, that of rules and responsibilities and whether we can lay them down. The gathering of the Endless family which opens the book makes the second reference to the "prodigal", an Endless sibling who abandoned his realm and responsibilities. The family gathering leads to Dream deciding that he must return to the underworld to right a wrong he committed, an event which triggers a major plot arc throughout the series.
Morpheus leaves his realm to travel to the underworld, where he imprisoned his former lover Nada, to release her. Having previously departed the realm with it very angry with him (in the first collection, Preludes and Nocturnes), Morpheus is apprehensive about the task. He sets about it, wanting to do what is right, but prepared for a confrontation which he knows he may lose.
Vertigo is an imprint of the American comic-book publisher DC Comics. Its books are marketed to a late-teen and adult audience, and may contain graphic violence, substance abuse, frank (but not explicit) depictions of sexuality, profanity, and controversial subjects. Although many of its releases are in the horror and fantasy genres, it also publishes works dealing with crime, social satire, speculative fiction, and biography. Each issue's cover carries the advisory label "Suggested for mature readers" (regardless of a specific issue's content). As of 2010, Karen Berger is the executive editor of the imprint, and has overseen it since its inception in 1993.
Vertigo comics series have won the comics industry's Eisner Award, including the Best Continuing Series of various years (Sandman, Preacher, 100 Bullets and Fables). Several of its publications have been adapted to film, including Hellblazer, A History of Violence, Stardust, and V for Vendetta.
"I'm not blessed, or merciful. I'm just me. I've got a job to do, and I do it. Listen: even as we're talking, I'm there for old and young, innocent and guilty, those who die together and those who die alone. I'm in cars and boats and planes; in hospitals and forests and abbatoirs. For some folks death is a release, and for others death is an abomination, a terrible thing. But in the end, I'm there for all of them."
Death, talking about herself, in Dream Country.


text:
The theory is that this privilege lasts for a period of time once the baby is born, and that's why thtransplant will be done as soon as possible after the Caesarean section delivery
The surgery is the first of its kind in this country in that the heart will not be matched to the baby's blood type, making the chances of finding a heart quickly that much better.
Before she is even born, Baby Arionna is fighting a rare heart defect called hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The defect occurs when the left side of the heart does not grow enough while a baby is in the mother's womb. It affects one in 5,000 babies born each year. The cause is not known. Treatment is risky and consists of either a heart transplant or a series of three heart operations.
Arionna's 19-year-old mother, Tiffany Ray, has opted for the transplant. She will wear a pager to notify her when a heart has been found. Arionna will then be delivered by Caesarean section in Colorado Springs and airlifted to Children's Hospital of Denver to have the transplant.
The baby's mother and her doctor, cardiologist Dr. David Boucek of Children's Memorial Hospital in Denver, spoke with the Early Show about the situation.
The operation is a daunting prospect, but Tiffany remains strong and is keeping a very positive attitude with the help of her family, co-workers, and neighbors. She felt overwhelmed to begin with but thinks that Arionna can feel everything she feels, and she doesn't want her unborn baby to have any doubts.
Although Medicaid will pay for the costs, Tiffany estimates housing and loss of wages will cost her $4,000 during her 3-month stay in Denver. They are not well off and have started a fund to pay for the expenses. People in the area have helped a lot already, if not with money then with prayers.
In the meantime, Tiffany is trying to keep her mind off the heart issue and focus on what most expectant mothers do--gathering baby items and decorating Arionna's nursery.
Since Arionna will probably be born a little smaller than other babies because her oxygen level is lower, she has a nickname picked out already--"Smurf"--because she'll be bluish when she is born due to the oxygen levels. Arionna will turn more of a reddish color after she gets her new heart.
Dr. Boucek says while it is common for a newborn to have a heart transplant, it is unusual for one to occur right at birth. Only one or two babies have had a heart transplant right after being delivered specifically for the purpose of a heart transplant.
The technique is trying to take advantage of the "immune privilege" that a baby has while in the womb--that is, its immune system doesn't fight back against the mother, who more than likely has a different blood type. The theory is that this privilege lasts for a period of time once the baby is born, and that's why thtransplant will be done as soon as possible after the Caesarean section delivery.
The only alternative to the transplant is a surgical technique to alleviate rather than cure the problem, says Boucek. It allows the baby to survive, but in a debilitated way. The odds for survival are not good for the baby in the three-part surgery.
The other benefit from this new transplant technique is that the baby waits in the protective custody of the womb for as long as possible. Her heart condition is not as severe before birth because she is supported by the mother. Babies that are born and wait for a heart get sicker and sicker as time goes on and their chances for survival are less. If she doesn't find a heart before she's born then she will revert back to that scenario--needing to match the blood type and having less of a chance of finding a heart.
Twice as many newborn transplants could be done using this new technique, because when it comes to shortages of donors, a lot of te times it's the blood type matching that makes the donor incompatible.
Transplantation always carries the risk of rejection, and it's a continuous risk for a long time after the surgery. Arionna will still take the immunosuppressive drugs to avoid that chance, but a limited regimen compared to adult transplants.©MMII CBS Worldwide Inc. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, 무료바둑이게임 or redistributed
안양출장마사지
구미출장마사지
asked 4 days ago by KathleenAldr (120 points)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Thanks to your donations, we were able to take in this young kitten and provide the life-saving medical treatment he needed for a severe upper respiratory infection. Here is a heart-warming picture of Dracula with his new dad. We wish him and his new family a long and happy life together.
Buddy was adopted!!! Thanks to your donations, we were able to get him the medical care he needed to mend a badly broken foot and then find him a new family. He is a special cat and we hope he brings his new family as much joy as he shared with us.
Canary and Spartan (siblings) were adopted!! Thanks to your donations, we were able to take in these beautiful, abandoned kittens. It is hard not to smile when you look at this picture – everyone looks so happy. We wish them all a long and happy life together.
Rosie was adopted!!! Thanks to your donations, we were able to take in this sweet stray. She is an easy-going, happy kitten who wanted nothing more than a home and a family to love. Now she has both! We wish her and her family a long and happy life together.
Update on Tess: She looks pretty happy in her new home! She was adopted last year after being found abandoned and frightened in an unfriendly neighborhood. Thanks to her new mom for giving her a wonderful new life.


Before the enactment of the Arbitration Law in 1994 (the "Arbitration Law"), arbitration in China was essentially regulated by the laws and regulations relating to domestic disputes. Some of this legislation still remains. In addition, general laws such as the Civil Procedure and Contract Law remain applicable for general principles for contractual disputes.
The promulgation of the Arbitration Law in 1994 defines the framework for both domestic and international arbitration disputes. The Arbitration Law was meant to set up a legal framework for international arbitration. The Arbitration Law was a requirement by the World Trade Organization to grant China membership status. In China's planned economy, authorities usually prefer to keep control of disputes arising from trade within China. To do so, China needed an internal arbitration centre and a legal framework that met international standards.
The development of arbitration in China is quite recent. The main arbitration centre was set up in 1956 and although the Arbitration Law has been in force since September 1st, 1995, few contracts opted for arbitration in China until 2000. Nowadays, arbitration clauses designating arbitration centres in China are not uncommon, and many foreign arbitrators sit on panels of the main arbitration centres and the arbitral proceedings can be conducted in English.


We thank our supporters who are building the world's first Inuit Art Centre.
with thousands of Inuit carvings.
Performers, Elders, storytellers, educators, filmmakers, artists and other knowledge carriers will share their voices. Technology will create connections to people and classrooms in the North, across Manitoba and beyond.
The largest single gallery space devoted to Inuit art and culture, featuring innovative programming and dynamic integrations of old, modern and contemporary works.
Next to its exhibition areas, most of the Inuit Art Centre's 40,000 square feet will be dedicated to school and public learning spaces.