text:
"""Functionality for interacting with the orders api"""
import asyncio
import logging
import time
from typing import AsyncIterator, Callable, List, Optional
import uuid
import json
import hashlib

from pathlib import Path
from .. import exceptions
from ..constants import PLANET_BASE_URL
from ..http import Session
from ..models import Paged, StreamingBody

BASE_URL = f'{PLANET_BASE_URL}/compute/ops'
STATS_PATH = '/stats/orders/v2'
ORDERS_PATH = '/orders/v2'
BULK_PATH = '/bulk/orders/v2'

# Order states https://developers.planet.com/docs/orders/ordering/#order-states
# this is in order of state progression except for final states
ORDER_STATE_SEQUENCE = \
    ('queued', 'running', 'failed', 'success', 'partial', 'cancelled')

LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)

class Orders(Paged):
    '''Asynchronous iterator over Orders from a paged response describing
    orders.'''
    ITEMS_KEY = 'orders'

class OrderStates:
    SEQUENCE = ORDER_STATE_SEQUENCE

    @classmethod
    def _get_position(cls, state):
        return cls.SEQUENCE.index(state)

    @classmethod
    def reached(cls, state, test):
        return cls._get_position(test) >= cls._get_position(state)

    @classmethod
    def passed(cls, state, test):
        return cls._get_position(test) > cls._get_position(state)

    @classmethod
    def is_final(cls, test):
        return cls.passed('running', test)

class OrdersClient:
    """High-level asynchronous access to Planet's orders API.

    Example:
        ```python
        >>> import asyncio
        >>> from planet import Session, OrdersClient
        >>>
        >>> async def main():
        ...     async with Session() as sess:
        ...         cl = OrdersClient(sess)
        ...         # use client here
        ...
        >>> asyncio.run(main())

        ```
    """

    def __init__(self, session: Session, base_url: Optional[str] = None):
        """
        Parameters:
            session: Open session connected to server.
            base_url: The base URL to use. Defaults to production orders API
                base url.
        """
        self._session = session

        self._base_url = base_url or BASE_URL
        if self._base_url.endswith('/'):
            self._base_url = self._base_url[:-1]

    @staticmethod
    def _check_order_id(oid):
        """Raises planet.exceptions.ClientError if oid is not a valid UUID"""
        try:
            uuid.UUID(hex=oid)
        except (ValueError, AttributeError):
            msg = f'Order id ({oid}) is not a valid UUID hexadecimal string.'
            raise exceptions.ClientError(msg)

    def _orders_url(self):
        return f'{self._base_url}{ORDERS_PATH}'

    def _stats_url(self):
        return f'{self._base_url}{STATS_PATH}'

    async def create_order(self, request: dict) -> dict:
        '''Create an order request.

        Example:

        ```python
        >>> import asyncio
        >>> from planet import Session, OrdersClient
        >>> from planet.order_request import build_request, product
        >>>
        >>> async def main():
        ...     image_ids = ['3949357_1454705_2020-12-01_241c']
        ...     request = build_request(
        ...         'test_order',
        ...         [product(image_ids, 'analytic', 'psorthotile')]
        ...     )
        ...     async with Session() as sess:
        ...         cl = OrdersClient(sess)
        ...         order = await cl.create_order(request)
        ...
        >>> asyncio.run(main())
        ```

        Parameters:
            request: order request definition

        Returns:
            JSON description of the created order

        Raises:
            planet.exceptions.APIError: On API error.
        '''
        url = self._orders_url()
        response = await self._session.request(method='POST',
                                               url=url,
                                               json=request)
        return response.json()

    async def get_order(self, order_id: str) -> dict:
        '''Get order details by Order ID.

        Parameters:
            order_id: The ID of the order

        Returns:
            JSON description of the order

        Raises:
            planet.exceptions.ClientError: If order_id is not a valid UUID.
            planet.exceptions.APIError: On API error.
        '''
        self._check_order_id(order_id)
        url = f'{self._orders_url()}/{order_id}'

        response = await self._session.request(method='GET', url=url)
        return response.json()

    async def cancel_order(self, order_id: str) -> dict:
        '''Cancel a queued order.

        Parameters:
            order_id: The ID of the order

        Returns:
            Results of the cancel request

        Raises:
            planet.exceptions.ClientError: If order_id is not a valid UUID.
            planet.exceptions.APIError: On API error.
        '''
        self._check_order_id(order_id)
        url = f'{self._orders_url()}/{order_id}'

        response = await self._session.request(method='PUT', url=url)
        return response.json()

    async def cancel_orders(self,
                            order_ids: Optional[List[str]] = None) -> dict:
        '''Cancel queued orders in bulk.

        Parameters:
            order_ids: The IDs of the orders. If empty or None, all orders in a
                pre-running state will be cancelled.

        Returns:
            Results of the bulk cancel request

        Raises:
            planet.exceptions.ClientError: If an entry in order_ids is not a
                valid UUID.
            planet.exceptions.APIError: On API error.
        '''
        url = f'{self._base_url}{BULK_PATH}/cancel'
        cancel_body = {}
        if order_ids:
            for oid in order_ids:
                self._check_order_id(oid)
            cancel_body['order_ids'] = order_ids

        response = await self._session.request(method='POST',
                                               url=url,
                                               json=cancel_body)

        return response.json()

    async def aggregated_order_stats(self) -> dict:
        '''Get aggregated counts of active orders.

        Returns:
            Aggregated order counts

        Raises:
            planet.exceptions.APIError: On API error.
        '''
        url = self._stats_url()
        response = await self._session.request(method='GET', url=url)
        return response.json()

    async def download_asset(self,
                             location: str,
                             filename: Optional[str] = None,
                             directory: Path = Path('.'),
                             overwrite: bool = False,
                             progress_bar: bool = True) -> Path:
        """Download ordered asset.

        Parameters:
            location: Download location url including download token.
            filename: Custom name to assign to downloaded file.
            directory: Base directory for file download. This directory will be
                created if it does not already exist.
            overwrite: Overwrite any existing files.
            progress_bar: Show progress bar during download.

        Returns:
            Path to downloaded file.

        Raises:
            planet.exceptions.APIError: On API error.
        """
        async with self._session.stream(method='GET', url=location) as resp:
            body = StreamingBody(resp)
            dl_path = Path(directory, filename or body.name)
            dl_path.parent.mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True)
            await body.write(dl_path,
                             overwrite=overwrite,
                             progress_bar=progress_bar)
        return dl_path

    async def download_order(self,
                             order_id: str,
                             directory: Path = Path('.'),
                             overwrite: bool = False,
                             progress_bar: bool = False,
                             checksum: Optional[str] = None) -> List[Path]:
        """Download all assets in an order.

        Parameters:
            order_id: The ID of the order.
            directory: Base directory for file download. This directory must
                already exist.
            overwrite: Overwrite files if they already exist.
            progress_bar: Show progress bar during download.

        Returns:
            Paths to downloaded files.

        Raises:
            planet.exceptions.APIError: On API error.
            planet.exceptions.ClientError: If the order is not in a final
                state.
        """
        order = await self.get_order(order_id)
        order_state = order['state']
        if not OrderStates.is_final(order_state):
            raise exceptions.ClientError(
                'Order cannot be downloaded because the order state '
                f'({order_state}) is not a final state. '
                'Consider using wait functionality before '
                'attempting to download.')

        info = self._get_download_info(order)
        LOGGER.info(f'downloading {len(info)} assets from order {order_id}')

        filenames = [
            await self.download_asset(i['location'],
                                      filename=i['filename'],
                                      directory=directory / i['directory'],
                                      overwrite=overwrite,
                                      progress_bar=progress_bar) for i in info
        ]

        return filenames

    @staticmethod
    def _get_download_info(order):
        links = order['_links']
        results = links.get('results', [])

        def _info_from_result(result):
            name = Path(result['name'])
            return {
                'location': result['location'],
                'directory': name.parent,
                'filename': name.name
            }

        try:
            info = list(_info_from_result(r) for r in results if r)
        except TypeError:
            LOGGER.warning(
                'order does not have any locations, will not download any ' +
                'files.')
            info = []
        return info

    @staticmethod
    def validate_checksum(directory: Path, checksum: str):
        """Validate checksums of downloaded files against order manifest.

        For each file entry in the order manifest, the specified checksum given
        in the manifest file will be validated against the checksum calculated
        from the downloaded file.

        Parameters:
            directory: Path to order directory.
            checksum: The type of checksum hash- 'MD5' or 'SHA256'.

        Raises:
            planet.exceptions.ClientError: If a file is missing or if checksums
                do not match.
        """
        manifest_path = directory / 'manifest.json'

        try:
            manifest_data = json.loads(manifest_path.read_text())
        except FileNotFoundError:
            raise exceptions.ClientError(
                f'File ({manifest_path}) does not exist.')
        except json.decoder.JSONDecodeError:
            raise exceptions.ClientError(
                f'Manifest file ({manifest_path}) does not contain valid JSON.'
            )

        if checksum.upper() == 'MD5':
            hash_type = hashlib.md5
        elif checksum.upper() == 'SHA256':
            hash_type = hashlib.sha256
        else:
            raise exceptions.ClientError(
                f'Checksum ({checksum}) must be one of MD5 or SHA256.')

        for json_entry in manifest_data['files']:
            origin_hash = json_entry['digests'][checksum.lower()]

            filename = directory / json_entry['path']
            try:
                returned_hash = hash_type(filename.read_bytes()).hexdigest()
            except FileNotFoundError:
                raise exceptions.ClientError(
                    f'Checksum failed. File ({filename}) does not exist.')

            if origin_hash != returned_hash:
                raise exceptions.ClientError(
                    f'File ({filename}) checksums do not match.')

    async def wait(self,
                   order_id: str,
                   state: Optional[str] = None,
                   delay: int = 5,
                   max_attempts: int = 200,
                   callback: Optional[Callable[[str], None]] = None) -> str:
        """Wait until order reaches desired state.

        Returns the state of the order on the last poll.

        This function polls the Orders API to determine the order state, with
        the specified delay between each polling attempt, until the
        order reaches a final state, or earlier state, if specified.
        If the maximum number of attempts is reached before polling is
        complete, an exception is raised. Setting 'max_attempts' to zero will
        result in no limit on the number of attempts.

        Setting 'delay' to zero results in no delay between polling attempts.
        This will likely result in throttling by the Orders API, which has
        a rate limit of 10 requests per second. If many orders are being
        polled asynchronously, consider increasing the delay to avoid
        throttling.

        By default, polling completes when the order reaches a final state.
        If 'state' is given, polling will complete when the specified earlier
        state is reached or passed.

        Example:
            ```python
            from planet.reporting import StateBar

            with StateBar() as bar:
                await wait(order_id, callback=bar.update_state)
            ```

        Parameters:
            order_id: The ID of the order.
            state: State prior to a final state that will end polling.
            delay: Time (in seconds) between polls.
            max_attempts: Maximum number of polls. Set to zero for no limit.
            callback: Function that handles state progress updates.

        Returns
            State of the order.

        Raises:
            planet.exceptions.APIError: On API error.
            planet.exceptions.ClientError: If order_id or state is not valid or
                if the maximum number of attempts is reached before the
                specified state or a final state is reached.
        """
        if state and state not in ORDER_STATE_SEQUENCE:
            raise exceptions.ClientError(
                f'{state} must be one of {ORDER_STATE_SEQUENCE}')

        # loop without end if max_attempts is zero
        # otherwise, loop until num_attempts reaches max_attempts
        num_attempts = 0
        while not max_attempts or num_attempts < max_attempts:
            t = time.time()

            order = await self.get_order(order_id)
            current_state = order['state']

            LOGGER.debug(current_state)

            if callback:
                callback(current_state)

            if OrderStates.is_final(current_state) or \
                    (state and OrderStates.reached(state, current_state)):
                break

            sleep_time = max(delay - (time.time() - t), 0)
            LOGGER.debug(f'sleeping {sleep_time}s')
            await asyncio.sleep(sleep_time)

            num_attempts += 1

        if max_attempts and num_attempts >= max_attempts:
            raise exceptions.ClientError(
                f'Maximum number of attempts ({max_attempts}) reached.')

        return current_state

    async def list_orders_aiter(self,
                                state: Optional[str] = None,
                                limit: int = 100) -> AsyncIterator[dict]:
        """Iterate over the list of stored order requests.

        Parameters:
            state: Filter orders to given state.
            limit: Maximum number of results to return. When set to 0, no
                maximum is applied.

        Returns:
            Iterator over user orders that match the query

        Raises:
            planet.exceptions.APIError: On API error.
            planet.exceptions.ClientError: If state is not valid.
        """
        url = self._orders_url()
        params = {"source_type": "all"}

        if state:
            if state not in ORDER_STATE_SEQUENCE:
                raise exceptions.ClientError(
                    f'Order state ({state}) is not a valid state. '
                    f'Valid states are {ORDER_STATE_SEQUENCE}')
            params['state'] = state

        response = await self._session.request(method='GET',
                                               url=url,
                                               params=params)
        async for o in Orders(response, self._session.request, limit=limit):
            yield o

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Zetela annectens is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Solariellidae, the top snails.

Distribution
This marine species is endemic to New Zealand and occurs off the Great Barrier Island at depths between 486 m and 655 m.

References

 Marshall, B.A. 1999: A revision of the Recent Solariellinae (Gastropoda: Trochoidea) of the New Zealand region. The Nautilus 113: 4-42

External links

annectens
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1999

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Connecting VPN without Network Manager I have functional OpenVPN server, and need to connect to it using Ubuntu 22.04. I have a working client configuration file.

*

*When I import this file to a network manager I can connect from GUI and everything works just fine.

*When I try to connect by using cli openvpn --config myfile.conf , the connection is established but no traffic is going through VPN.

*When I try to connect by placing the config file in /etc/openvpn/client/ folder and starting the service by using systemctl start openvpn-client@myfile - connection is established but no traffic is going throught VPN.
When I say that connection is established I mean that I see in logs messages about successful connection, routes to other side being added to routing table, tun interface being activated , etc.. everything I expect is there. Only problem is that I cannot see any traffic being able to go to the tunnel.
So the question is - why it only works when I use Network Manager?
My problem is that I need to use setup not supported by Network Manager (YubiKey and TOTP), and this is first step to be able to setup VPN tunnel without using NM.
How to setup VPN connection without using network manager? Any hint is appreciated.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Laravel 5.4 Eloquent and curl Is it posible that an Eloquent query can be affected by a request made with curl?
Here is what i mean, I have this controller method that returns an user's info
class TestController extends Controller
{
    public function test(Request $request)
    {
        $User= User::where('email','user@mail.com')->first();
        return response($User);
}

So when i go to the browser and request that method, it returns the user's info as expected. Now when i send the request using curl, it returns NULL.
Here is my curl:
    $ch = curl_init();
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_AUTOREFERER, 1);
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FRESH_CONNECT, 1);

    $result['content'] = curl_exec($ch);

Now here comes the really weird part, if i change this query:
$User= User::where('email','user@mail.com')->first();

to this
$User= User::first();

and send the request with curl again, it works.
It looks like somehow the Eloquent behaviour is affected when using curl, I don't understand why
(By the way the users table contains only 1 user)
Update
I have found something even more strange, when using curl this part
$User=User::first() is actually getting the user from the client db (i have the client app and the server app in the same machine but with different urls) not from the db that this api is using, although both applications have the correct db in their corresponding .env file. I even set the namespace to App/Api/User in the api and App/User in the client to avoid any namespace conflict, but the problem persists

A: I believe this is because you are not setting content type in your curl request, please try the following curl
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_AUTOREFERER, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FRESH_CONNECT, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, [
    'Content-Type: application/json',
    'Connection: Keep-Alive'
]);

$result['content'] = curl_exec($ch);


text:
17-Oct-2018 5:00 PM - 7:00 PM
Featuring Mike Nader, Executive Vice-President and Chief Operating Officer, UHN
The GTA Chapter of the Canadian College of Health Leaders (CCHL) is excited to present the final installment of its leadership development series, in partnership with University Health Network (UHN), for 2018. Please join us on Wednesday October 17, 2018 to hear Mr. Mike Nader, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, share his leadership journey and experience. Don't miss out on this opportunity to learn about Mr. Nader's journey to become a senior executive, and hear his insights on the future of health care.
Over 2017-18 and 2018-19, leaders from UHN shared stories about their professional journies, speaking candidly about their careers, while imparting advice for current and future leaders. Speakers also provided their thoughts and insights on the future of health care both at UHN and across the system. Following the presentation, guests will have an opportunity to engage with speakers in a Q and A session.
The event will take place in the Toronto Rehab – University Centre Auditorium (2nd Floor). Registration is free but as this session has limited capacity, please register above.
Mike Nader's Biography:
Mike Nader is the Executive Vice-President and Chief Operating Officer at the University Health Network in Toronto, Ontario. He has operational responsibility for clinical operations at the Toronto General and Toronto Western Hospitals, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, and the Toronto Rehabilitation Institute. He also oversees the patient experience and health professions portfolio, the Joint Department of Medical Imaging, the Laboratory Medicine Program, Pharmacy, UHN's Lean Process Improvement and the Office of Stewardship and Sustainability.
With 25 years of experience, prior to his current role at UHN, Mike held progressive leadership positions in Vancouver including as Chief Operating Officer at Vancouver Coastal Health for the Coastal Community of Care where he was responsible for the primary, acute, home and community, public health, and long term care services across a number of urban, rural and remote communities. He also served as the Chief Operating Officer in Richmond, British Columbia and the executive lead for the Clinical and Systems Transformation project. Prior to these roles, Mike served as the Executive Director of the Lower Mainland Medical Imaging Program, which was a shared service across Vancouver Coastal Health, Providence Health Care, Fraser Health, and the Provincial Health Services Authority.
In each of these roles, Mike worked quite closely with BC Clinical and Support Services Organization which is the provincial shared service organization responsible for delivering Supply Chain (including Accounts Payable), Technology Services, and Financial and Employee Services (Payroll, Employee Records and Benefits, Accounts Receivable).
Mike holds a Bachelor of Science and a Master of Business Administration from the University of British Columbia. In 2005, he obtained a Master of Arts in Health Care Leadership and Training from Royal Roads University. Mike also completed his Executive Lean Leader and Executive Lean Director designation in 2008 and 2010, respectively.
Mike has been a surveyor with Accreditation Canada since 2009 and has participated in surveys in a number of programs across Canada. He has served as a Board member on the Vancouver General Hospital Thrift Shop Society, the Lions Gate Hospital Foundation, the Richmond Hospital Foundation, Renfrew-Collingwood Seniors' Society, Canadian Hemochromatosis Society, and Canadian Crossroads International.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


operating your set and retain it for future reference.
Here are some tips that will help you to minimize the power consumption when you use the air conditioner.
is used for many hours.
Always comply with the following precautions to avoid dangerous situation and ensure peak performance of you product.
It can result in serious injury or death when the directions are ignored.
It can result in minor injury or product damage when the directions are ignored.
with safety procedures and equipped with the proper tools and test instruments.
or instruction concerning use of the appliance by a person responsible for theirs safety.
do so may result in electric shock or product failure.
off or deteriorated then it must be replaced. It may result in fire or electric shock.
to do so may result in fire, electric shock, or product failure.
so may result in explosion or fire.
• Contact an authorized service center when the air conditioner is submerged into water due to flooding.
Failure to do so may result in explosion or fire.
are used simultaneously. Failure to do so may result in explosion or fire, serious injury, or product failure.
to do so may result in death, serious injury, or product failure.
cause failure of product, fire, or electric shock.
• Make sure to check if there is a refrigerant leak after you install or repair the air conditioner.
Failure to do so may result in product failure.
inconvenience the neighbors. Failure to do so may result in conflict between neighbors.
box cover are removed or opened. Otherwise, it may cause fire, electric shock, explosion or death.
operating. It may result in electric shock.
• Use a sturdy stool or ladder when you clean, maintain or repair the air conditioner at a height.
Failure to do so may result in serious injury or product failure.
then consult a doctor. Failure to do so may result in serious health complications.
service franchisee/authorized service and sales dealer.
*The feature can be changed according a type of model.
Insert batteries before using the remote control.
The battery type used is AAA (1.5 V).
3. Slide the remote control into the holder.
3. Reattach the battery cover.
at the bottom of the air conditioner to operate it.
1. Choose a safe and easily-accessible place.
receiver of the air conditioner.
start or stop Mosquito Away operation.
inside of the indoor unit when turn off the power.
On/Off button : Turn the power On/Off.
Indoor fan speed button : Adjust the fan speed.
Timer button : Sets the start / end time.
Set/clear button : Sets or cancels functions.
Also set the current time if held for 3 seconds.
Reset button : Initialize the air conditioner settings.
- The temperature range is 16°C-30°C.
to maintain the optimal level of humidity.
repeatedly to adjust the fan speed.
then return to the setting temperature.
may not be supported, depending on the model.
of the air flow again.
to use the air conditioner more efficiently.
icon are displayed on the display screen indicating that the desired time is set.
to cancel all timer setting.
increases with up to 2°C from the preset temperature.
temperature of 18°C for 30 minutes.
cleaning function is in operation.
but you can set the air deflector to rotate automatically.
- Display screens are displayed like below.
during comfort vane operation will turn off the comfort vane feature.
up the auto swing of vertical direction.
and the fan speed low.
• The Mosquito Away performance can be different depending on the customer's environment.
power input during the cooling mode.
inadequate cooling capacity may occur.
• 'Active energy control operation' is memorized.
1. Open the Horizontal vane.
2. Press the On/Off button.
settings. This function is a factory default setting.
mode changes, depending on the room temperature.
twice and the lamp will blink 4 times.
Use a soft, dry cloth. Do not use bleach or abrasives.
panel vents (consult with technician).
• Do not washed the 3M filter with water, because the filter can be damaged.
• The location and shape of the filter may differ, depending on the model.
the coil may decrease the operational efficiency or increase energy costs.
the new filter once every 6 months.
2. Remove air filter.(See "Cleaning air filter").
and remove it from the unit.
• The air filter can be broken when it is bended.
in 2 second intervals. If this occurs, contact your local dealer or service center.
is plugged into the outlet.
strange sound coming from the unit.
even when the humidity level is low.
The air conditioner does not works. A power failure has occurred.
and then on the air conditioner.
The air conditioner does the room.
ventilation points in the room.
mode to the cooling operation.
mode in which you can adjust the fan speed.
time. Dirt may collect and may cause a fire.
3. Remove the batteries from the remote control.
When air conditioner is to be used again.
outdoor unit are not blocked.
Cooling Capacity Test Mode for Testing Purpose Only in Authorized Test Laboratories.


Norman Solomon betwixt the political sheets with Robert Kagan? How could that be? Has our political world turned upside down?
Driving south to Mountain View in my new home state of California, I tuned into KPFA, the Pacifica outlet in the Bay Area. Norman Solomon, longtime prominent figure in Progressive Democrats of America (PDA) and co-founder of "Roots Action" was being interviewed on a program called "Talkies." Just a few hours earlier Bernie Sanders had endorsed Hillary Clinton, betraying the millions who voted for him (and voted against her) and losing the respect of many millions more.
Then in almost the next breath Solomon called on Bernie's followers to support Hillary for President. No, not Jill Stein, but Hillary.
No sooner did he say that than a caller to the show got on air and asked a very pointed question. The caller asked Solomon why he was throwing in with Robert Kagan. Solomon seemed mystified. The caller reminded him that, by his own admission minutes before, he and Kagan were now backing the same candidate – Hillary.
It may seem harsh on poor Norm to point out the sleazy company he is now keeping. But facts are facts. Both Norm and Robert Kagan will be supporting Hillary. And the main reason for Kagan's opposition to Trump is quite clear. Trump is not a reliable warmonger. Thus Trump is a threat to the further depredations of the US Empire and the machinations of Israel which Kagan so loves.
It is fully understandable for progressives to back Jill Stein. It is a morally and ethically defensible position for a progressive – as is staying at home and not voting at all. In that regard the Bernie or Bust people have been right on the money. But backing a mass murderer like Hillary, who is intent on doing more of the same and threatens the whole human race with a bellicosity that may lead on to World War, is not morally defensible.
To be fair to Norm, he was not advocating a vote for Hillary in "safe states," ie., states where she is sure to win, but "only" in states, where she needs every vote she can get. In other words vote for Hillary wherever your vote will count. Mr. Kagan would certainly rub his bloated hands in satisfaction with Solomon's recommendation.
Some may feel that this is all very unfair to poor Norm and the many fake "progressive" leaders who will soon join him in embracing Kagan's candidate, Hillary – if they have not already done so. Watch for other "progressive" leaders to jump on board the Hillary bandwagon in the next few days and weeks. Norm is not alone. Progressives who do not like this kind of thing should speak up now and do so forcefully.
What makes such a position not only unethical but downright criminal is that Hillary has labeled Putin as "Hitler." You only do one thing with a Hitler. You go to war with him. So Hillary puts the entire human race at risk of nuclear conflict. There is no greater evil than that. Many people not just former DoD capo, William Perry, are pointing out that we are now closer to nuclear conflict than we have been since the Cuban Missile Crisis. And Hillary is the most likely to get us into such an Armageddon.
So Norman, as a leader amongst progressives where are you and others like you taking them?
This article was posted on Friday, July 15th, 2016 at 6:00am and is filed under "Third" Party, Democrats, Opinion.


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Two-time Minister for Finance, Kalu Idika Kalu, has disagreed with Shiekh Ahmad Gumi over his comment on the presidential candidate of the Labour Party, Peter Obi, and the agitation for Biafra.
Gumi had in a post, said that the emergence of Obi had slowed down the agitation for Biafra by IPOB members, claiming that the 'noise' about Biafran is all about South East clinching the presidency.
But in an exclusive interview with Vanguard, Kalu, said that Obi's background and upbringing had nothing to suggest what Gumi was insinuating.
He advised the Muslim cleric not to link Obi with any self determination agitation probably to de-market him.
Kalu argued that Obi's objective was to build more equitable economy that would take Nigeria out of the woods.
" I know Obi very well. He has worked with people from all parts of the country. His objective is to build a robust economy for the country."
The former Minister further reminded Gumi that IPOB had already denied any ties with Obi, wondering why he will be making unnecessary political capital out of Obi's ambition.
Kalu further argued that instead of making remarks that could worsen the tension in the land, Nigerians should rather appreciate God for pulling the country back from the brinks.
He said that few months ago, the country was headed for the precipice until God suddenly intervened " such that today we are talking of 2023 election".
" We should appreciate God for the miracle of saving us from crash. We were headed for destruction and he suddenly pulled us back. We should ask questions."
He advised Nigerians to properly assess the presidential flag bearers and make informed choice based on their capacity and antecedents.
The former Minister argued that Nigerians now have common problem and need somebody who would navigate the country out of the jungle.
According to him, the issues of insecurity, hunger, poor infrastructure, lack of job, etc are common among Nigerians of every tribe and religion, and the people need somebody with solution irrespective of his tribe.
Idika noted that he knew the candidates of the major parties but advised Nigerians to choose wisely based on competence.
" I know Peter Obi, I know Atiku Abubakar who was in the Customs when I was the Minister for Finance; I also know Bola Tinubu who I chaired his book launch.
" But I want Nigerians to vote based on competence."
He renewed the call to restructure the country to make it workable and more united.
Idika Kalu argued that there was nothing wrong with restructuring Nigeria in the interest of all.
" There is nothing sacrosanct about constitution. We need to restructure towards more effective and perfect union.
" If people are complaining that the Constitution is no longer workable. What is wrong if the people come together to discuss and agree on the way forward?"
KALU IDIKA KALU
Sheikh Gumi
Court adjourns Nnamdi Kanu's trial till Wednesday, 19th January, 2022, as FG files fresh charges


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Xmas with... Utah Saints
Článek | Prosinec 24, 2010 - 12:05pm | By Jonty Skrufff
Utah Saints / promo foto pro Skrufff.com
"I threw a drink over my girlfriend's (at the time) ex boyfriend at a Christmas party. I happened to see him walking up a staircase and I was a flight above and had perfect missile lock on his head: it was to good an opportunity to pass up."
19 years after they first burst into Britain's club and pop charts, Utah Saints duo Jez Willis and Tim Garbutt remain as active as ever, producing new music and DJing at clubs worldwide. Poignantly once described as 'the first true stadium house band' (by KLF impresario Bill Drummond) they enjoyed worldwide crossover hits with heavily sampled club cuts What Can You Do For Me" and 'Something Good' (http://bit.ly/Nwgod ), going on to play Wembley Stadium supporting U2.
Tim chatted to Skrufff this week about his Christmas plans . . .
Skrufff: What will you be doing on Christmas Day: where will you be?
Utah Saints (Tim): "On Christmas day this year I will be in the middle of nowhere. I moved out of Leeds about a year ago and over to the East coast and I now live in a small country village that has about 30 people in it. The nearest shop is 3 miles away.I spend half my time during an average week in the city and half in the countryside. I love the open space and the contrast between the city and the country. It keeps me sane. It is the ideal place to spend Christmas. Big open fires, long walks and not much else to do. Perfect."
I will stop working on about the 23rd December and then it will be no more work until New Years Eve when we have 2 gigs. One in Birmingham and one in Oxford. I normally attend church with the family as if the family doesn't go then the church is 30% less full as it is a very small church and right next door to where I live so there are no excuses really. It is more for my daughter really that we attend church as she is only 8 and after months of brainwashing on the television, I think it is important for her to know what Christmas is about and that it is not just about Wii's and Ipod's.
Skrufff: What's been the best Christmas you've ever had?
Utah Saints (Tim): "I think the best Christmas's have always been the ones when you were still young and believed in father Christmas. Once that myth has been shattered forever then it is never quite the same again. No one Christmas in particular stands out as they have all been great except . . .
Skrufff: And what's been the worst?
Utah Saints (Tim): "I guess when I had to fly to Australia on Christmas Eve and I arrived in Sydney at 8am on Christmas Day. I was absolutely shattered and everything was closed and I just checked into a hotel and went back to sleep until 3 in the afternoon. When I woke up, I couldn't find anywhere to get any food except McDonalds and that is always a very last resort for me. If I have to go in that place then I know I must have been very hungry. The day got better though as it was very warm and I went to Bondi late afternoon and DJed at a party on the beach. It felt very strange seeing all these people in shorts with their tops off and Santa hats on."
Skrufff: What's been the best Christmas present you ever got? and the worst?
Utah Saints (Tim): "The best Christmas presents are when people actually think about what I need. The worst present I have ever received was a foot spa. That went in the bin within 12 months having never been used."
Skrufff: What kind of Christmas shopper are you?
Utah Saints (Tim): "I am a last minute shopper. I try to work out exactly what I need to get everybody, make a list then go into town a few days before Christmas and go in very early and do it within two hours. The secret is to hit shops knowing what you are going to get everybody. It goes wrong when you start looking round for things. I also do a few bits now online as to be honest, I hate the mad rush towards the end and hate the crowds. This year I have set a maximum spend limit for everybody and will try and get things people actually need."
Skrufff: What's been the most excessive Xmas party you've attended?
Utah Saints (Tim): "Back in the day when we were signed to London Records, the Christmas parties were always good fun as they would take over a hotel and these parties would always get way out of hand. A lot of other bands would be there as well and things got very messy indeed and it was always good to see people that you would have normally have just seen in marketing meetings being very formal and then fall to pieces after a couple of drinks."
http://www.myspace.com/utahsaints
Jonty Skrufff: http://listn.to/JontySkrufff
Jonty Skrufff
CZ: Jonty je renomovaný žurnalista a klubový DJ, pocházející z Londýna, v současnosti žijící v Berlíně.
EN: Jonty is a renowned journalist and a club DJ, hailing from London and currently living in Berlin.


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text:
Lindholm Scores Twice as Flames Down Oilers 4-3 for Fifth Win in a Row
CALGARY — Elias Lindholm scored his 19th and 20th goals Saturday night as the Calgary Flames led early, fell behind twice, then came back to win 4-3 over the Edmonton Oilers.
Elias Lindholm, Calgary Flames (Amy Irvin / The Hockey Writers)
The Flames' fifth win in a row moves them into first place in the tight Pacific Division, one point up on both Arizona and Vegas. The Oilers are two points back.
Johnny Gaudreau and Dillon Dube also scored for Calgary (25-17-5). The Flames open up a three-game road trip in Montreal that will take them up to the all-star break and the team's bye week.
Ryan Nugent-Hopkins with a pair and Connor McDavid scored for Edmonton (24-18-5), which lost in regulation for the first time in six games. Kailer Yamamoto had two assists and Leon Draisaitl also had a helper to extend his point-streak to six games (3G-6A).
Tied 3-3 after two periods, Lindholm put the Flames back in front 39 seconds into the third with a power-play goal.
From just inside the face-off circle, Lindholm snapped a shot that beat Mikko Koskinen over his shoulder.
The goal came during the second of two roughing minors on Zack Kassian for an incident late in the second when he took offence to a hit from Matthew Tkachuk and through off his gloves and started punching the Flames forward, also tossing him to the ice twice. Kassian also got a 10-minute misconduct while Tkachuk was not penalized.
Zack Kassian, Edmonton Oilers (Jess Starr/The Hockey Writers)
Up until that point, there had not been a penalty called on either team.
Calgary finished 1-for-2 with the extra man. The Oilers No. 1 ranked power play didn't get a chance with the extra man until the latter half of the third period. They were unable to convert on that one opportunity.
Former Oiler Cam Talbot had 29 stops for Calgary. Starting a third straight game for the first time this season, he was busiest in the final 20 minutes when he stopped all 15 shots he faced.
With former Flame Mike Smith getting the night off after playing the first four games of the Oilers' road trip, Koskinen made 29 stops for Edmonton.
Tied 2-2 after one, Nugent-Hopkins gave Edmonton its second lead 1:24 into the second, as the Oilers took advantage of a sequence of bad luck for Gaudreau.
First, as last man back, Gaudreau lost an edge inside the blueline with the puck squirting free. After Kailer Yamamoto collected the loose puck and sent a cross-ice pass to Nugent-Hopkins, Gaudreau than had Nugent-Hopkins' shot carom off his skate and slip through the pads of Talbot.
Calgary tied it 3-3 at 11:34 of the second period when Dube got his stick on the puck at the top of the crease and chipped it over Koskinen's shoulder.
After scoring first, then falling behind, Calgary tied it 2-2 with 41 seconds left in the first on Gaudreau's goal.
Johnny Gaudreau, Calgary Flames (Amy Irvin / The Hockey Writers)
Edmonton took a 2-1 lead at 9:06 on a vintage play from McDavid, who chipped the puck past Noah Hanifin at the Oilers blueline then took off on a breakway. As he burst in on Talbot, he beat him with a little forehand chip shot into the top corner.
Calgary got off to a terrific start, pouring on the pressure in the early going. Shortly after Gaudreau was stopped on a breakaway, Lindholm spun in the slot and sent a shot past Koskinen. The goal at 4:04 came on the Flames' eighth shot.
But the Oilers tied it just over a minute later, perfectly executing an odd-man rush with Nugent-Hopkins burying a cross-ice pass from Yamamoto.
Notes: Sean Monahan had an assist giving him 399 career points, which moves him ahead of Paul Reinhart and into 14th on the Flames all-time list. Gaudreau had two points to tie him with Jim Peplinski (424 pts) for 11th.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Jan. 11, 2020.
Darren Haynes, The Canadian Press
Battle of Alberta
Elias Lindholm
Matthew Tkachuk
Zack Kassian


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Lathe (40374 views - Tooling)
A lathe is a tool that rotates the workpiece about an axis of rotation to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation, facing, turning, with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object with symmetry about that axis. Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, thermal spraying, parts reclamation, and glass-working. Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the best-known design being the potter's wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw threads or helices. Ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of incredible complexity. The workpiece is usually held in place by either one or two centers, at least one of which can typically be moved horizontally to accommodate varying workpiece lengths. Other work-holding methods include clamping the work about the axis of rotation using a chuck or collet, or to a faceplate, using clamps or dogs. Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include candlestick holders, gun barrels, cue sticks, table legs, bowls, baseball bats, musical instruments (especially woodwind instruments), crankshafts, and camshafts.
PARTcloud - Lathe
Mini wood latheby Nemanja Petkov
My latheby Nemanja Petkov
CNC wood latheby Nemanja Petkov
Chuck latheby Сергей Водянин
Mini lathe toyby Nemanja Petkov
3 Jaw Chuck 50 mmby Nemanja Petkov
Lathe Tool Holderby Goran Pekic
Boring Headby Stefan Köck
Not to be confused with Lath, a thin piece of wood.
For other uses, see Lathe (disambiguation).
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A lathe /ˈleɪð/ is a tool that rotates the workpiece about an axis of rotation to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation, facing, turning, with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object with symmetry about that axis.
Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, thermal spraying, parts reclamation, and glass-working. Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the best-known design being the potter's wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw threads or helices. Ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of incredible complexity. The workpiece is usually held in place by either one or two centers, at least one of which can typically be moved horizontally to accommodate varying workpiece lengths. Other work-holding methods include clamping the work about the axis of rotation using a chuck or collet, or to a faceplate, using clamps or dogs.
Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include candlestick holders, gun barrels, cue sticks, table legs, bowls, baseball bats, musical instruments (especially woodwind instruments), crankshafts, and camshafts.
2.1 Parts
2.2 Accessories
2.3 Modes of use
2.4 Varieties
3 Major categories
3.1 Woodworking lathes
3.2 Duplicating lathes
3.3 Patternmaker's lathes
3.4 Metalworking lathes
3.5 Cue lathes
3.6 Glass-working lathes
3.7 Metal-spinning lathes
3.8 Ornamental turning lathes
3.9 Reducing lathe
3.10 Rotary lathes
3.11 Watchmaker's lathes
3.12 Transcription, or recording, lathes
4.1 Examples of lathes
4.2 Examples of work produced from a lathe
5 Performance evaluation
The lathe is an ancient tool, dating at least to ancient Egypt and known to be used in Assyria and ancient Greece. The lathe was very important to the Industrial Revolution. It is known as the mother of machine tools, as it was the first machine tool that lead to the invention of other machine tools. [1]
The origin of turning dates to around 1300 BCE when the Ancient Egyptians first developed a two-person lathe. One person would turn the wood work piece with a rope while the other used a sharp tool to cut shapes in the wood. Ancient Rome improved the Egyptian design with the addition of a turning bow. In the Middle Ages a pedal replaced hand-operated turning, allowing a single person to rotate the piece while working with both hands. The pedal was usually connected to a pole, often a straight-grained sapling. The system today is called the "spring pole" lathe. Spring pole lathes were in common use into the early 20th century.
An important early lathe in the UK was the horizontal boring machine that was installed in 1772 in the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich. It was horse-powered and allowed for the production of much more accurate and stronger cannon used with success in the American Revolutionary War in the late 18th century. One of the key characteristics of this machine was that the workpiece was turning as opposed to the tool, making it technically a lathe (see attached drawing). Henry Maudslay who later developed many improvements to the lathe worked at the Royal Arsenal from 1783 being exposed to this machine in the Verbruggen workshop.[2]
During the Industrial Revolution, mechanized power generated by water wheels or steam engines was transmitted to the lathe via line shafting, allowing faster and easier work. Metalworking lathes evolved into heavier machines with thicker, more rigid parts. Between the late 19th and mid-20th centuries, individual electric motors at each lathe replaced line shafting as the power source. Beginning in the 1950s, servomechanisms were applied to the control of lathes and other machine tools via numerical control, which often was coupled with computers to yield computerized numerical control (CNC). Today manually controlled and CNC lathes coexist in the manufacturing industries.
A lathe may or may not have legs, which sit on the floor and elevate the lathe bed to a working height. A lathe may be small and sit on a workbench or table, not requiring a stand.
Almost all lathes have a bed, which is (almost always) a horizontal beam (although CNC lathes commonly have an inclined or vertical beam for a bed to ensure that swarf, or chips, falls free of the bed). Woodturning lathes specialized for turning large bowls often have no bed or tail stock, merely a free-standing headstock and a cantilevered tool rest.
At one end of the bed (almost always the left, as the operator faces the lathe) is a headstock. The headstock contains high-precision spinning bearings. Rotating within the bearings is a horizontal axle, with an axis parallel to the bed, called the spindle. Spindles are often hollow and have exterior threads and/or an interior Morse taper on the "inboard" (i.e., facing to the right / towards the bed) by which work-holding accessories may be mounted to the spindle. Spindles may also have exterior threads and/or an interior taper at their "outboard" (i.e., facing away from the bed) end, and/or may have a hand-wheel or other accessory mechanism on their outboard end. Spindles are powered and impart motion to the workpiece.
The spindle is driven either by foot power from a treadle and flywheel or by a belt or gear drive to a power source. In most modern lathes this power source is an integral electric motor, often either in the headstock, to the left of the headstock, or beneath the headstock, concealed in the stand.
In addition to the spindle and its bearings, the headstock often contains parts to convert the motor speed into various spindle speeds. Various types of speed-changing mechanism achieve this, from a cone pulley or step pulley, to a cone pulley with back gear (which is essentially a low range, similar in net effect to the two-speed rear of a truck), to an entire gear train similar to that of a manual-shift auto transmission. Some motors have electronic rheostat-type speed controls, which obviates cone pulleys or gears.
The counterpoint to the headstock is the tailstock, sometimes referred to as the loose head, as it can be positioned at any convenient point on the bed by sliding it to the required area. The tail-stock contains a barrel, which does not rotate, but can slide in and out parallel to the axis of the bed and directly in line with the headstock spindle. The barrel is hollow and usually contains a taper to facilitate the gripping of various types of tooling. Its most common uses are to hold a hardened steel center, which is used to support long thin shafts while turning, or to hold drill bits for drilling axial holes in the work piece. Many other uses are possible.[3]
Metalworking lathes have a carriage (comprising a saddle and apron) topped with a cross-slide, which is a flat piece that sits crosswise on the bed and can be cranked at right angles to the bed. Sitting atop the cross slide is usually another slide called a compound rest, which provides 2 additional axes of motion, rotary and linear. Atop that sits a toolpost, which holds a cutting tool, which removes material from the workpiece. There may or may not be a leadscrew, which moves the cross-slide along the bed.
Woodturning and metal spinning lathes do not have cross-slides, but rather have banjos, which are flat pieces that sit crosswise on the bed. The position of a banjo can be adjusted by hand; no gearing is involved. Ascending vertically from the banjo is a tool-post, at the top of which is a horizontal tool-rest. In woodturning, hand tools are braced against the tool rest and levered into the workpiece. In metal spinning, the further pin ascends vertically from the tool rest and serves as a fulcrum against which tools may be levered into the workpiece.
See also: Lathe center
Unless a workpiece has a taper machined onto it which perfectly matches the internal taper in the spindle, or has threads which perfectly match the external threads on the spindle (two conditions which rarely exist), an accessory must be used to mount a workpiece to the spindle.
A workpiece may be bolted or screwed to a faceplate, a large, flat disk that mounts to the spindle. In the alternative, faceplate dogs may be used to secure the work to the faceplate.
A workpiece may be mounted on a mandrel, or circular work clamped in a three- or four-jaw chuck. For irregular shaped workpieces it is usual to use a four jaw (independent moving jaws) chuck. These holding devices mount directly to the lathe headstock spindle.
In precision work, and in some classes of repetition work, cylindrical workpieces are usually held in a collet inserted into the spindle and secured either by a draw-bar, or by a collet closing cap on the spindle. Suitable collets may also be used to mount square or hexagonal workpieces. In precision toolmaking work such collets are usually of the draw-in variety, where, as the collet is tightened, the workpiece moves slightly back into the headstock, whereas for most repetition work the dead length variety is preferred, as this ensures that the position of the workpiece does not move as the collet is tightened.
A soft workpiece (e.g., wood) may be pinched between centers by using a spur drive at the headstock, which bites into the wood and imparts torque to it.
A soft dead center is used in the headstock spindle as the work rotates with the centre. Because the centre is soft it can be trued in place before use. The included angle is 60°. Traditionally, a hard dead center is used together with suitable lubricant in the tailstock to support the workpiece. In modern practice the dead center is frequently replaced by a live center, as it turns freely with the workpiece—usually on ball bearings—reducing the frictional heat, especially important at high speeds. When clear facing a long length of material it must be supported at both ends. This can be achieved by the use of a traveling or fixed steady. If a steady is not available, the end face being worked on may be supported by a dead (stationary) half center. A half center has a flat surface machined across a broad section of half of its diameter at the pointed end. A small section of the tip of the dead center is retained to ensure concentricity. Lubrication must be applied at this point of contact and tail stock pressure reduced. A lathe carrier or lathe dog may also be employed when turning between two centers.[4]
In woodturning, one variation of a live center is a cup center, which is a cone of metal surrounded by an annular ring of metal that decreases the chances of the workpiece splitting.
A circular metal plate with even spaced holes around the periphery, mounted to the spindle, is called an "index plate". It can be used to rotate the spindle to a precise angle, then lock it in place, facilitating repeated auxiliary operations done to the workpiece.
Other accessories, including items such as taper turning attachments, knurling tools, vertical slides, fixed and traveling steadies, etc., increase the versatility of a lathe and the range of work it may perform.
Modes of use
When a workpiece is fixed between the headstock and the tail-stock, it is said to be "between centers". When a workpiece is supported at both ends, it is more stable, and more force may be applied to the workpiece, via tools, at a right angle to the axis of rotation, without fear that the workpiece may break loose.
When a workpiece is fixed only to the spindle at the headstock end, the work is said to be "face work". When a workpiece is supported in this manner, less force may be applied to the workpiece, via tools, at a right angle to the axis of rotation, lest the workpiece rip free. Thus, most work must be done axially, towards the headstock, or at right angles, but gently.
When a workpiece is mounted with a certain axis of rotation, worked, then remounted with a new axis of rotation, this is referred to as "eccentric turning" or "multi-axis turning". The result is that various cross sections of the workpiece are rotationally symmetric, but the workpiece as a whole is not rotationally symmetric. This technique is used for camshafts, various types of chair legs.
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The smallest lathes are "jewelers lathes" or "watchmaker lathes", which are small enough that they may be held in one hand. The workpieces machined on a jeweler's lathe are metal. Jeweler's lathes can be used with hand-held "graver" tools or with compound rests that attach to the lathe bed. Graver tools are generally supported by a T-rest, not fixed to a cross slide or compound rest. The work is usually held in a collet. Common spindle bore sizes are 6 mm, 8 mm and 10 mm. The term W/W refers to the Webster/Whitcomb collet and lathe, invented by the American Watch Tool Company of Waltham, Massachusetts. Most lathes commonly referred to as watchmakers lathes are of this design. In 1909, the American Watch Tool company introduced the Magnus type collet (a 10-mm body size collet) using a lathe of the same basic design, the Webster/Whitcomb Magnus. (F.W.Derbyshire, Inc. retains the trade names Webster/Whitcomb and Magnus and still produces these collets.) Two bed patterns are common: the WW (Webster Whitcomb) bed, a truncated triangular prism (found only on 8 and 10 mm watchmakers' lathes); and the continental D-style bar bed (used on both 6 mm and 8 mm lathes by firms such as Lorch and Star). Other bed designs have been used, such a triangular prism on some Boley 6.5 mm lathes, and a V-edged bed on IME's 8 mm lathes.
Smaller metalworking lathes that are larger than jewelers' lathes and can sit on a bench or table, but offer such features as tool holders and a screw-cutting gear train are called hobby lathes, and larger versions, "bench lathes". Even larger lathes offering similar features for producing or modifying individual parts are called "engine lathes". Lathes of these types do not have additional integral features for repetitive production, but rather are used for individual part production or modification as the primary role.
Lathes of this size that are designed for mass manufacture, but not offering the versatile screw-cutting capabilities of the engine or bench lathe, are referred to as "second operation" lathes.
Lathes with a very large spindle bore and a chuck on both ends of the spindle are called "oil field lathes".
Fully automatic mechanical lathes, employing cams and gear trains for controlled movement, are called screw machines.
Lathes that are controlled by a computer are CNC lathes.
Lathes with the spindle mounted in a vertical configuration, instead of horizontal configuration, are called vertical lathes or vertical boring machines. They are used where very large diameters must be turned, and the workpiece (comparatively) is not very long.
A lathe with a cylindrical tail-stock that can rotate around a vertical axis, so as to present different tools towards the headstock (and the workpiece) are turret lathes.[5]
A lathe equipped with indexing plates, profile cutters, spiral or helical guides, etc., so as to enable ornamental turning is an ornamental lathe.
Various combinations are possible: for example, a vertical lathe can have CNC capabilities as well (such as a CNC VTL).
Lathes can be combined with other machine tools, such as a drill press or vertical milling machine. These are usually referred to as combination lathes.
Woodworking lathes
Woodworking lathes are the oldest variety. All other varieties are descended from these simple lathes. An adjustable horizontal metal rail – the tool rest – between the material and the operator accommodates the positioning of shaping tools, which are usually hand-held. After shaping, it is common practice to press and slide sandpaper against the still-spinning object to smooth the surface made with the metal shaping tools. The tool rest is usually removed during sanding, as it may be unsafe to have the operators hands between it and the spinning wood.
Many woodworking lathes can also be used for making bowls and plates. The bowl or plate needs only to be held at the bottom by one side of the lathe. It is usually attached to a metal face plate attached to the spindle. With many lathes, this operation happens on the left side of the headstock, where are no rails and therefore more clearance. In this configuration, the piece can be shaped inside and out. A specific curved tool rest may be used to support tools while shaping the inside. Further detail can be found on the woodturning page.
Most woodworking lathes are designed to be operated at a speed of between 200 and 1,400 revolutions per minute, with slightly over 1,000 rpm considered optimal for most such work, and with larger workpieces requiring lower speeds.[6]
Duplicating lathes
One type of specialized lathe is duplicating or copying lathe also known as Blanchard lathe after its inventor Thomas Blanchard. This type of lathe was able to create shapes identical to a standard pattern and it revolutionized the process of gun stock making in 1820's when it was invented. [7]
Patternmaker's lathes
Used to make a pattern for foundries, often from wood, but also plastics. A patternmaker's lathe looks like a heavy wood lathe, often with a turret and either a leadscrew or a rack and pinion to manually position the turret. The turret is used to accurately cut straight lines. They often have a provision to turn very large parts on the other end of the headstock, using a free-standing toolrest. Another way of turning large parts is a sliding bed, which can slide away from the headstock and thus open up a gap in front of the headstock for large parts.
Metalworking lathes
Main article: Lathe (metal)
In a metalworking lathe, metal is removed from the workpiece using a hardened cutting tool, which is usually fixed to a solid moveable mounting, either a tool-post or a turret, which is then moved against the workpiece using handwheels and/or computer-controlled motors. These cutting tools come in a wide range of sizes and shapes, depending upon their application. Some common styles are diamond, round, square and triangular.
The tool-post is operated by lead-screws that can accurately position the tool in a variety of planes. The tool-post may be driven manually or automatically to produce the roughing and finishing cuts required to turn the workpiece to the desired shape and dimensions, or for cutting threads, worm gears, etc. Cutting fluid may also be pumped to the cutting site to provide cooling, lubrication and clearing of swarf from the workpiece. Some lathes may be operated under control of a computer for mass production of parts (see "Computer numerical control").
Manually controlled metalworking lathes are commonly provided with a variable-ratio gear-train to drive the main lead-screw. This enables different thread pitches to be cut. On some older lathes or more affordable new lathes, the gear trains are changed by swapping gears with various numbers of teeth onto or off of the shafts, while more modern or expensive manually controlled lathes have a quick-change box to provide commonly used ratios by the operation of a lever. CNC lathes use computers and servomechanisms to regulate the rates of movement.
On manually controlled lathes, the thread pitches that can be cut are, in some ways, determined by the pitch of the lead-screw: A lathe with a metric lead-screw will readily cut metric threads (including BA), while one with an imperial lead-screw will readily cut imperial-unit-based threads such as BSW or UTS (UNF, UNC). This limitation is not insurmountable, because a 127-tooth gear, called a transposing gear, is used to translate between metric and inch thread pitches. However, this is optional equipment that many lathe owners do not own. It is also a larger change-wheel than the others, and on some lathes may be larger than the change-wheel mounting banjo is capable of mounting.
The workpiece may be supported between a pair of points called centres, or it may be bolted to a faceplate or held in a chuck. A chuck has movable jaws that can grip the workpiece securely.
There are some effects on material properties when using a metalworking lathe. There are few chemical or physical effects, but there are many mechanical effects, which include residual stress, micro-cracks, work-hardening, and tempering in hardened materials.
Cue lathes
Cue lathes function similarly to turning and spinning lathes, allowing a perfectly radially-symmetrical cut for billiard cues. They can also be used to refinish cues that have been worn over the years.
Glass-working lathes
Glass-working lathes are similar in design to other lathes, but differ markedly in how the workpiece is modified. Glass-working lathes slowly rotate a hollow glass vessel over a fixed- or variable-temperature flame. The source of the flame may be either hand-held or mounted to a banjo/cross-slide that can be moved along the lathe bed. The flame serves to soften the glass being worked, so that the glass in a specific area of the workpiece becomes ductile and subject to forming either by inflation ("glassblowing") or by deformation with a heat-resistant tool. Such lathes usually have two head-stocks with chucks holding the work, arranged so that they both rotate together in unison. Air can be introduced through the headstock chuck spindle for glassblowing. The tools to deform the glass and tubes to blow (inflate) the glass are usually handheld.
In diamond turning, a computer-controlled lathe with a diamond-tipped tool is used to make precision optical surfaces in glass or other optical materials. Unlike conventional optical grinding, complex aspheric surfaces can be machined easily. Instead of the dovetailed ways used on the tool slide of a metal-turning lathe, the ways typically float on air bearings, and the position of the tool is measured by optical interferometry to achieve the necessary standard of precision for optical work. The finished work piece usually requires a small amount of subsequent polishing by conventional techniques to achieve a finished surface suitably smooth for use in a lens, but the rough grinding time is significantly reduced for complex lenses.
Metal-spinning lathes
Main article: metal spinning
In metal spinning, a disk of sheet metal is held perpendicularly to the main axis of the lathe, and tools with polished tips (spoons) or roller tips are hand-held, but levered by hand against fixed posts, to develop pressure that deforms the spinning sheet of metal.
Metal-spinning lathes are almost as simple as wood-turning lathes. Typically, metal spinning requires a mandrel, usually made from wood, which serves as the template onto which the workpiece is formed (asymmetric shapes can be made, but it is a very advanced technique). For example, to make a sheet metal bowl, a solid block of wood in the shape of the bowl is required; similarly, to make a vase, a solid template of the vase is required.
Given the advent of high-speed, high-pressure, industrial die forming, metal spinning is less common now than it once was, but still a valuable technique for producing one-off prototypes or small batches, where die forming would be uneconomical.
Ornamental turning lathes
Main article: Ornamental turning
The ornamental turning lathe was developed around the same time as the industrial screw-cutting lathe in the nineteenth century. It was used not for making practical objects, but for decorative work – ornamental turning. By using accessories such as the horizontal and vertical cutting frames, eccentric chuck and elliptical chuck, solids of extraordinary complexity may be produced by various generative procedures.
A special-purpose lathe, the Rose engine lathe, is also used for ornamental turning, in particular for engine turning, typically in precious metals, for example to decorate pocket-watch cases. As well as a wide range of accessories, these lathes usually have complex dividing arrangements to allow the exact rotation of the mandrel. Cutting is usually carried out by rotating cutters, rather than directly by the rotation of the work itself. Because of the difficulty of polishing such work, the materials turned, such as wood or ivory, are usually quite soft, and the cutter has to be exceptionally sharp. The finest ornamental lathes are generally considered to be those made by Holtzapffel around the turn of the 19th century.
Reducing lathe
Many types of lathes can be equipped with accessory components to allow them to reproduce an item: the original item is mounted on one spindle, the blank is mounted on another, and as both turn in synchronized manner, one end of an arm "reads" the original and the other end of the arm "carves" the duplicate.
A reduction lathe is a specialized lathe that is designed with this feature and incorporates a mechanism similar to a pantograph, so that when the "reading" end of the arm reads a detail that measures one inch (for example), the cutting end of the arm creates an analogous detail that is (for example) one quarter of an inch (a 4:1 reduction, although given appropriate machinery and appropriate settings, any reduction ratio is possible).
Reducing lathes are used in coin-making, where a plaster original (or an epoxy master made from the plaster original, or a copper-shelled master made from the plaster original, etc.) is duplicated and reduced on the reducing lathe, generating a master die.
Rotary lathes
A lathe in which softwood, like spruce or pine, or hardwood, like birch, logs are turned against a very sharp blade and peeled off in one continuous or semi-continuous roll. Invented by Immanuel Nobel (father of the more famous Alfred Nobel). The first such lathes in the United States were set up in the mid-19th century. The product is called wood veneer and it is used for making plywood and as a cosmetic surface veneer on some grades of chipboard.
Watchmaker's lathes
Watchmakers lathes are delicate but precise metalworking lathes, usually without provision for screwcutting, and are still used by horologists for work such as the turning of balance staffs. A handheld tool called a graver is often used in preference to a slide-mounted tool. The original watchmaker's turns was a simple dead-center lathe with a moveable rest and two loose head-stocks. The workpiece would be rotated by a bow, typically of horsehair, wrapped around it.
Transcription, or recording, lathes
Transcription or recording lathes are used to make grooves on a surface for recording sounds. These were used in creating sound grooves on wax cylinders and then on flat recording discs. Originally the cutting lathes were driven by sound vibrations through a horn and then later driven by electric current, when microphones were used in recording. Many of these were professional models, but there were some used for home recording and were popular before the advent of home tape recording.
Examples of lathes
Small metalworking lathe
Large old lathe
Belt-driven metalworking lathe in the machine shop at Hagley Museum
Single Screw Lathe Machine
Examples of work produced from a lathe
Lathe exercise
Turned chess pieces
National and international standards are used to standardize the definitions, environmental requirements, and test methods used for the performance evaluation of lathes. Selection of the standard to be used is an agreement between the supplier and the user and has some significance in the design of the lathe. In the United States, ASME has developed the B5.57 Standard entitled "Methods for Performance Evaluation of Computer Numerically Controlled Lathes and Turning Centers", which establishes requirements and methods for specifying and testing the performance of CNC lathes and turning centers. [8]
Arbor support
Diamond turning
DrillCNC routerTool bitMachine toolSaw chainMetal latheShaperPower tool
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article "Lathe", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0. There is a list of all authors in Wikipedia
tooling,tool,drill,cam,manufacturing


The things we carry around in our wallets have drastically changed over the past years. The classic forms of payment have been adjusted by all kinds of "plastic-money". Aside credit- and debit cards, we carry around all kinds of customer cards, payback cards, membership cards, etc. All of those cards have our personal data saved on them.
On one hand, it is very easy to be solvent any place and any time, on the other hand though, the safety risk is steadily increasing. Sensible personal data can – whether during a payment or on the road – very easy become detected illegally without any recognition.
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I've been here 24 hours.
I made it to the American consulate (after getting lost for an hour and a half). Thanks to all the Chinese who gave me help along the way, once I asked for it. Turns out the consulate is only 1/2 mile from my apartment. The extra few miles I walked while I was lost will help me learn the streets in my neighborhood (and put blisters on my heels). So far, about 1 in 3 Chinese males under the age of 35 are willing to speak English with me. Because I don't want to startle or disturb anyone, I don't ask women or elderly.
The librarian at the consulate (a Chinese woman) was kind enough to find and call the local police station for me. We found out they were closed for the Mid-Autumn Festival, an important 3-day holiday also known as the Full Moon Festival. This year it is September 15-17. I was told by the librarian at the American consulate, that it is one of the most important family celebrations in China. Perhaps it is why I saw several ceremonies today as I walked around? I thought the ceremonies looked more serious, more like remembrance ceremonies of people who had passed away. In any case, I will have to wait to register with the police.
I got lost, again, on the way back to the apartment! But this time I was carrying the address, in Chinese, with me. A big thank you to all the helpful Chinese and hand signals! I happened by an outdoor market tucked away up a tiny street. I bought makings for dinners, including smoked and pressed tofu, fungus, bean sprouts, carrot, and little red peppers.
Sweaty and tired, I dropped off the produce at the apartment and asked the apartment manager where I could find bottled water, laundry detergent, rice, and a rice-cooker. I find it strange that the kitchen doesn't have one, but when I asked, none was offered. Instead, she pointed out the window half a block away and said, "There's a big supermarket on the corner." I went down to the corner and found… a Wal-Mart! And what a strange and exciting Wal-Mart it was! I tried to buy what I wanted, but there were no English labels, so I picked things that looked promising, including dried tiger lily blossoms, carbonated pineapple juice (I think), and white dry noodles. I wanted to get some rice, but there were so many kinds of rice it filled more than one complete isle. I watched as women touched the rice, smelled it, even bit into a dry kernel from open bins of the stuff, before deciding what to buy. So I'm starting off with the cheapest to see why the others are more expensive.
I didn't find any appliances in the store (maybe there was another floor?), so the rice cooker will have to wait. It didn't matter because I did something wrong with the rice I picked. It was confiscated at the checkout stand. Perhaps I should have put the price on the bag? Just outside the exit there was a woman selling grapes, so I got some to try to freeze in the little freezer section of the tiny refrigerator.
I got home, played a little guitar, and took a nap. Then made myself a stir-fry. The wok burner was great! It has three settings: off, jet-fuel, rocket-fuel! On the rocket-fuel setting I have to leave the pan on the flame or it blows so hard it blows itself out!
Dinner became a soup as I cooked the noodles in the same pan. I stirred in an egg and voila! Dinner! Those little red peppers turned out to be a lot hotter than I thought!


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Today we have all become much more reliant on our mobile phones in order to stay in contact with others. Most of us these days tend to spend quite a large amount of time not only receiving but also sending text messages. Not only is this expensive but also takes up a considerable amount of time. That is why using one of the many websites to send out a free SMS message online should be considered.
When it comes to using such websites there are certain benefits to be had from doing so. Of course you may be wondering just what reasons there are for you to start using such websites yourself now. Below we take a look at just a few of these.
1. If you were to use a website to send out your SMS message you will find typing it out takes far less time. This is because you are using a conventional size keyboard rather than the touch screen or keypad on your mobile phone. Plus of course you don't have to check everything that you are typing out, as there is no predictive texting feature to concern yourself with.
2. Another reason why you may want to actually use such websites is many now come with the facility to allow you to send out your message at a different time from that when you actually type it out. In fact many of these websites not only allow you to choose a specific time to send out your message but also a specific date. For businesses this can prove invaluable when they want to send out a message to customers about a special deal or sale they are running.
3. The biggest benefit of course to using websites that allow us to send free SMS messages is that it doesn't matter from which country you are either from Pakistan, USA, India, etc. they can be sent to anyone anywhere in the world. This is because these websites use specialist software that allows them to connect to the many mobile phone carrier services around the worldwide. Plus of course sending through these websites won't cost anything.
4. The next reason why you should consider using such websites to send out text messages is that they tend to allow you to type out much longer messages. Generally when typing out text messages on your mobile phone you find yourself limited to around 125 to 140 characters. However with some of these websites they offer the facility to allow you to send out text messages that contain up to 160 characters.
5. Even though you are typing out your messages using your keyboard they still allow you to include certain kinds of text speak within these messages ensuring that the what you have written comes across much better.
6. Finally of course the best reason for you to think about using such websites to send out a free SMS is that they don't limit how many you send, which cannot be said to be the same for when you use your mobile phone. Most of the mobile phone service providers will offer you the opportunity to send out free messages but they tend to be limited to mobile phones that are also registered with them. Plus they tend only to allow you a certain number of free SMS each month. Once you have used up these free messages then of course every message sent after that will be charged at the mobile phone service provider's standard rate.
Oliver Haas is the co-creator of Sms Sheep one of the few free SMS services that allows you to send text messages locally and internationally for free without the need to register an account with them first. If you'd like to guest post for US check out our Write for Us page for details about how YOU can share your knowledge with our online community.


text:
Operation Murder is a 1957 British crime film. It was described by Allmovie as "another of the multitude of inexpensive Danzinger Brothers productions, released throughout the English-speaking world by United Artists."

Premise
A scheme by two doctors to establish an alibi for a killing by switching roles in the operating theatre is foiled by the insight of a detective and the chance action of a small boy.

Cast
Dr. Wayne -	Tom Conway
Dr. Bowen -	Patrick Holt
Pat Wayne -	Sandra Dorne
Inspector Price -	John Stone
Julie -	Virginia Keiley
Head Nurse -	Rosamund John
Sgt. Vine -	Frank Hawkins
Larry Vinton -	Robert Ayres
Garage Attendant -	Gilbert Winfield
Harry Bright -	Timothy Fitzgerald
Williams -	Alastair Hunter

References

External links

1957 films
British crime films
Television shows shot at New Elstree Studios
1950s English-language films
Films directed by Ernest Morris
1950s British films


text:
Kenny & The Cadets (2)
Par dion1 le 5 February 2011 à 11:55
Kenny & The Cadets (2) (Hawthorne, California)
Brian Wilson (Lead)
Carl Wilson
Al Jardine
Audree Wilson
Val Poliuto (Bass)
1962 - What Is a Young Girl Made Of / Barbie (Randy 422)
Kenny & the Cadets were a strongly Beach Boys-related act, but not exactly the Beach Boys under a pseudonym -- a situation that has created some confusion for discographers over the years. In early 1962, during the Beach Boys' brief stay at Candix Records, producer Bruce Morgan had some of the members add vocals to a couple of instrumental tracks that he had recorded with other musicians.
Val Poliuto (The Jaguars)
On "Barbie," Brian Wilson sang lead and Carl Wilson, Al Jardine, and the Wilsons' mother, Audree Wilson, contributed to backup vocals, with Val Poliuto (The Jaguars) also adding bass backup vocals. (Mike Love and Dennis Wilson did not participate in this session.) On "What Is a Young Girl Made Of?," Brian Wilson again took the lead vocal, though none of the other Beach Boys participated.
The two tracks, "Barbie" and "What Is a Young Girl Made Of?," were both Bruce Morgan compositions and were issued as a single in early 1962 under the name of Kenny & the Cadets. "Barbie" was a typical early-'60s doo wop-influenced tune with a very high Brian Wilson lead vocal, while the more up-tempo "What Is a Girl Made Of?" was ordinary early-'60s teen pop. The single made no impact and in a few, the Beach Boys proper were recording for Capitol Records, making the Top Twenty for the first time in late 1962. The Kenny & the Cadets songs, however, have appeared on several compilations of their pre-Capitol Candix sessions.
Richie Unterberger, Rovi
What Is a Young Girl Made of Barbie
doo-wop - Comment créer un blog - Eklablog - Terms and Conditions - Report abuse -


Real estate transactions involve the purchase of land properties and generally, environmental issues are frequently considered before a sale is completed. Environmental issues are usually taken into account, be it a residential real estate property, or a huge industrial piece of land. Should environmental risks be associated in a particular real estate property, these are frequently manageable, but the more critical issue regarding environmental issues is the efficient identification and reaction to these environmental issues (Goeters, 1996).
Most problems arise after a real estate property sale because the environmental issues were not detected as early as possible.
The most common environmental issue that is associated with real estate is land contamination. Such environmental issues generally come from the activities of the present or past owners, or better categorized as on-site contamination. Another source of land contamination could be off-site, which involves the physical location of the real property to outside sources of contamination. It is important that the source of the contamination of the land be identified so that the amount of risk may be determined.
In addition, knowledge of the contamination source allows sanctions for property responsibility. Issues are considered severe when the water reservoir and its connecting waterways for drinking water are already affected or positioned near the real estate property. Another environmental issue that is considered as a major concern in real estate is mold contamination. The spread of pathogenic fungi and its spores frequently originate from buildings that are erected using low-quality standards and currently have poor ventilation.
Such fungi often generate spores that are usually air-borne and may be transmitted through wind and any air circulating system. These spores may also stick to the walls of an existing building that is situated on the real estate property. Not only do fungal spores cause future deterioration to a building, these spores may even cause upper respiratory tract infections, allergies and immune reactions in the individuals that frequent the area involved. Several lawsuits have accumulated in connection to personal injuries or diseases causes by exposure to these pathogenic fungi.
In addition, the insurance industry has lately been involved in cases that involve exposure to building-related real estate properties. Furthermore, fungal contamination involves all types of real estate properties, including residential, commercial and industrial buildings, and the effect of such contamination is doubly felt because the building's structure itself will continuously deteriorate unless treated, and the residents of the home or the employees of a commercial or industrial company make succumb to fungi-caused illnesses.
It has been strongly suggested that owners of real estate properties be cautious of the insurance coverage they procure for their employees should such untoward incident occurs in their company or industry. Asbestos is also an environmental issue that should be carefully considered in real estate. Asbestos is generally a component of pipes and boiler rooms, as well as in flooring materials and in roofs. Asbestos exposure cases are often higher in number in commercial and industrial companies, yet these cases may also occur in residential real estate properties.
The amount of money require to solve any presence of asbestos in a building is usually huge, hence it should always be kept in mind that any possible cause for asbestos exposure be pointed out as early as possible, before any exposure is determined to be chronic, which is turn results in more severe health problems among individuals associated with the real estate property. Individuals practicing in the real estate business should be sincere enough to advise the client about any information that may be associated with asbestos presence or exposure within a real estate property he is showing and selling.
Another element that has been identified as an environmental issue in real estate is radon. Radon gas shows no color or odor, and is very diffusible through water and air. This gas has been frequently reported in residential real estate properties, hence it is important that the water and air of a real estate property be tested for radon gas before any further step is taken towards the purchase or sale of a real estate property.
Unfortunately, the safe or tolerable level of radon gas has not been established to date, hence any tests for the presence of radon gas in the water or in the air is just to satisfy the need to know where radon gas is indeed present in a real estate property. Real estate properties such as buildings and houses are often presented to potential buyers as painted structures that are ready for occupancy. Hence, the environmental concern for lead in the paint used to coat the walls of the rooms of the real estate property is also an issue.
Individuals most affected by the presence of lead in the paint used to coat the walls are the young children who often play on the floor of the rooms of a residential establishment. Young toddlers often crawl around the house and unfortunately, ingest any little thing they find interesting in front of them. These little things may be lead paint chips that fall off from the wall and ceiling and land on the carpet, floor, or even the soil in the backyard.
Other families enjoy gardening and planting their own vegetables, hence the presence of lead in the soil may pose a bioaccumulation of lead in the people living in this contaminated real estate property. It is therefore important that pre-erected real estate structures be evaluated for the presence of lead before any further step in done towards the purchase of the real estate property. Should lead be detected in a real estate property, an abatement procedure may be performed before any family or individuals move into the real estate property.
Currently, there are several assays that may be employed in the identification and management of environmental issues associated with real estate properties (Spada, 1997). Hence, it is imperative that these environmental factors be tested before any purchase is done on a real estate property, because it these factors go undetected, the consequences on the personal health of the individuals that will live or frequently spend time within the real estate property will be affected.
Such undisclosed environmental issues often end up in lawsuits, as well as tarnished reputations in the real estate business. Hence, for those in the real estate business, it is of prime importance that reliable and specific information be obtained about the real estate property they are advertising and selling. Such caution regarding the collection of information will serve as a good method is preserving the real estate business of a company.
Certain real estate companies have established their own customized procedure in reviewing properties before they release these properties to the public and announce that this property is for sale. These customized procedures should be foolproof, robust and efficient in identifying environmental issues in a real estate property. Should this be kept in mind, there would probably be lesser cases of lawsuits and health illnesses in the future.


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Computational fluid dynamics is used to investigate the effects of cell deformability and viscoelasticity on receptor-mediated leukocyte adhesion to endothelium or a ligand coated surface in a parallel-plate flow chamber. In the three-dimensional numerical code, a leukocyte is modeled as a compound viscoelastic drop (a nucleus covered by a thick layer of cytoplasm). The nucleus, cytoplasm, and extracellular fluid are considered as Newtonian or viscoelastic liquids of high viscosity. The receptor-ligand interaction is incorporated into the code by using the spring-peeling kinetic model under the assumption that leukocyte receptors are located on the tips of cylindrical microvilli distributed over the leukocyte membrane. The code is based on the volume-of-fluid method, and the Giesekus constitutive equation is implemented in the code to capture viscoelasticity of the cytoplasm and nucleus. Numerical simulations demonstrate the formation and breakup of membrane tethers observed in vitro and suggest that the elasticity of the cytoplasm is responsible for a teardrop shape of rolling leukocytes in vivo. When viewed from the top, as normally occurs during shear flow experiments in vitro, little or no deformation occurs, a side view shows significant deformation in the contact region. We show that the leukocyte membrane can be extended and disrupted under high shear if the receptor-ligand bonds live in a stressed state for a sufficiently long time. If the shear rate is low, the leukocyte rolls along the surface. The rolling velocity of the viscoelastic cell is smaller than that of the Newtonian cell. This is due to the increased deformability of the viscoelastic cell and, as a result, the decreased torque acting on this cell. © 2005 American Institute of Physics.


Do we understand you correctly that the brother-in-law living in this house is the same person as the one who jointly inherited the house from your mother in law (his mother) when she died, and then signed his share over to your son (which is his nephew)?
It sounds like this brother-in-law once had a legal claim to the property because of it being his mom's house. However, your husband and his brother probably both feel that the brother didn't get anything in return for signing over the house to your son. But ethically and morally, it sounds to me like he is entitled to live there for awhile until he has used up the value of his "share" of the inherited house.
For example, if the house was worth 150,000 and 3 brothers inherited, technically they are entitled to equal thirds of the value if it were sold. However, it wasn't sold, and one of the brothers has died. But the surviving brother (the felon you mentioned) is entitled to something. It sounds like your husband has decided to compensate him by allowing him to live there for free.
Technically, legally, you can probably evict this brother-in-law, however, a judge could very easily decide it was NOT a rental/ tenant situation, since your BIL is entitled to some kind of compensation.
If it were me, I would let him live there, pay the utilities, property taxes, and any other expenses until the brother in law has been fully compensated in a way he and your husband think is fair.
Or, has he already received a monetary amount? If he's fully compensated, then I would have your husband ask him to move out. I wouldn't start eviction until your husband is sure his brother will not leave voluntarily.