Simon Shimshilashvili guards an empty building. Since summer 2016 the former farmer holds the key of Georgia's third largest synagogue, which sits lonely in Oni, a town nestled in the Caucasus mountains. The wooden benches of the lavish, an eclectic-style temple, dating back to 1895, have been deserted for years as the once-thriving Jewish community is now reduced to barely 12 people in the town of 6,100. As Judaism requires a minimum of ten men to open the synagogue for worship, the building remains empty and is locked most of the time. Shimshilashvili routinely goes around to make sure all is fine.
Most of his relatives have moved to Israel and Shimshilashvili himself contemplates about traveling back and forth between the two countries. But not everyone wants to abandon these mountains. Suliko Shimshilashvili (not related to Simon) is adamant about staying, although her children and grandchildren have long left for Israel as well. Now 76, she remembers the vibrant community in the 1960s when Jews outnumbered ethnic Georgians in town. In the whole of Georgia, Jews totalled up 80,000 as early as the 1970s, but at the fall of Soviet Union many opted to move to Israel as the 2002 census recorded 3,541 people of Jewish faith. Today the number is believed to be much smaller.
Forty-nine year old Ismail Amshikashvili, employed at the local water supply company, is battling between his desire to remain in his native Georgia and the call of his faith to Israel. "I am afraid I would not fit," he fears.


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The Roman names of the fort at Castlesteads and the neighbouring fort to the east along the Wall at Birdoswald, have been the subject of intense debate over the years. There are a number of ancient documentary and epigraphic sources which name these forts: the Ravenna Cosmography, the Notitia Dignitatum, a couple of Roman Souvenirs and an indirect reference on an Altarstone to Silvanus.
The Ravenna Cosmography places an entry named Banna between Esica (Great Chesters, Northumberland) and Uxelludamo (Stanwix, Cumbria). We know from archaeological evidence that there are two large forts on the Wall between these sites, namely Castlesteads and Birdoswald, but unfortunately there is nothing in the Cosmography to indicate which of these two forts is to be identified with the Banna entry.
The waters of investigation are further muddied by the appropriate section of the Notitia Dignitatum, which lists between Magnis (Carvoran, Northumberland), and Petrianis (Stanwix, Cumbria) the entry: Tribunus Cohortis Primae Aeliae Dacorum Amboglanna, Tribune of the First Aelian Cohort of Dacians at Camboglanna. Again, we could not be sure whether the Amboglanna entry refered to the fort at Birdoswald or the fort at Castlesteads.
The question seemed to have been settled with the discovery of a decorated bronze drinking-vessel at Rudge in Wiltshire and another similar vessel at Amiens in France. These artifacts, thought to have been Souvenirs of the Wall, list the names of places along the line of Hadrian's Wall from west to east, they were: Uxelodunum (Stanwix, Cumbria), Camboglan[ni]s, Banna and Esica (Great Chesters); these pieces of souvenir cookware indicated that the name of Castlesteads fort was Camboglanna and that of the Birdoswald fort Banna.
The initial lack of epigraphic evidence from either of these two sites meant that this view became firmly ingrained into the history books produced over much of the twentieth century. It was not until the latter part of the last century that extensive excavations were conducted at the Birdoswald site and these unearthed evidence that the garrison was the First Aelian Cohort of Dacians, which is the unit associated with the name Camboglanna in the N.D.. This discovery seemingly overturned the evidence from the Rudge and Amiens artifacts and once more opened the discussion over the naming of these two forts.
Adding further fuel to the Banna / Camboglanna controversy, an altarstone to Silvanus the Roman god of the forest (RIB1905) was subsequently found at the Birdoswald fort, dedicated by a group calling themselves the Venatores Bannienses, or 'the Hunters of Banna'. It is very likely that these men formed an irregular auxiliary cavalry unit garrisoned at Birdoswald sometime during the fourth century, from which posting their unit name was derived.
The Solution? - Blame it on the Scribes!
This small and intuitive amendment was later championed in The Place-Names of Roman Britain by A.L.F. Rivet and Colin Smith (Batsford, London, 1979) and seems to have settled the matter - until the next piece of controversial evidence turns up.
The first mention of the Castlesteads fort is contained within the Notitia Dignitatum, the 'Register of Dignitaries' of the late-4th/early-5th centuries. In this document Castlesteads is listed as Amboglanna, between the entries for Magnis (Carvoran, Northumberland) and Petrianis (Stanwix, Cumbria).
The fort is also mentioned in the seventh century Ravenna Cosmography, where it is seemingly listed twice; the first and most-likely entry is named Gabaglanda (R&C#131), and occurs between Magnis (Carvoran, Northumberland) and Vindolande (Chesterholm, Northumberland), whereas the second entry Cambroianna (R&C#167), is listed between the unidentified stations Locatreve and Smetri.
The accepted name Camboglanna could be Welsh/Gaelic in origin and if so would translate as 'Crooked Glen', which refers, no doubt, to the fort's spectacular setting overlooking the valley of the Cam Beck, a convoluted tributary stream of the River Irthing.
the Century of Marcianus [made this]."
The Hastatus Posterior was the fourth-highest ranking centurion in a Roman Legion, usually serving in the First Cohort but in this instance seemingly placed in temporary command of the Fourth Cohort during construction work at the Castlesteads fort. The name of the legion in which Marcianus served is not recorded.
The small fort at Castlesteads is thought to have been added to the fortifications on Hadrian's Wall at the same time as the Vallum was built. The fort is unique, as it is the only garrison fort which is detached from the Wall itself and lies a short distance to the south, between the Wall and the Vallum. The fort's northern defences are roughly aligned with the line of the Hadrianic barrier, which here bows out north-westwards away from the direct line taken by the Vallum, which here runs from east-north-east to west-south-west.
The Wall fort is thought to have been preceeded by another fort of turf-and-timber built upon a different alignment, traces of which have been found by excavation beneath the south-eastern Hadrianic foundations during the 1930's. It appears likely that the presence of this earlier encampment may have influenced the placing of the Hadrianic fort away from the line of the barrier wall.
The north-western side of the fort platform has succumbed over the passage of time to the eroding effects of the Cam Beck, giving the surviving platform a rectangular outline, although it is thought that Camboglanna was originally square in plan, measuring about 400 feet (c.122m) on each side and covering an area of about 3¾ acres (c.1.5ha).
The remains of an extra-mural military bath-house were excavated beside the Cam Beck about 220 yards (c.200m) north of the fort in 1741. It is thought that the fort's parade ground may have been in the area about 330 yards (c.300m) north of the fort, just south of the site of Turret 56b, where a number of martial altarstones have been recovered (namely RIB 1979, 1981 and 1991).
"The Sixth Victorious Legion made this."
The presence of the Sixth Legion at Castlesteads may be attested by a building stone (RIB 2000) found in 1732 near the eastern gateway of the fort.
in command of the Second Cohort of Tungrians, placed this."
The short-lived Gordian dynasty lasted from the accession of Gordian I in January 238AD until the murder of Gordian III in February 244.
The presence of the Twentieth Legion appears to be attested by an inscribed slab (RIB 1999) recovered from a hypocaust at Castlesteads. In the text the legion is styled Gordiana or Gordian's Own, which was awarded to/adopted by units to show alligence to this emperor. The slab also mentions the third-century garrison unit Cohors Secundae Tungrorum (see below), and from the restored text it appears that the building work may have been carried out by this auxiliary unit under the supervision of a senior centurion on secondment from the Twentieth.
part-mounted, under the command of [...]"
Two inscribed altars recovered from Castlesteads show that the earliest recorded unit at the site was Cohors IIII Gallorum Equitata, a mixed unit of infantry and horse recruited from among the many Gaulish tribes of central France. The stones contain no clues in their textual content which may be used to positively date this unit's period of tenure, but it is generally assumed that they represented the Hadrianic garrison, although they may have been moved here during the time of Antoninus Pius (120-160AD). ????
commanded by Volcacius Hospes, Prefect of Horse"
The second century garrison of Castlesteads was possibly Cohors I Batavorum Equitata, a one-thousand stong mixed cavalry and infantry unit originally recruited from among the Batavi tribe inhabiting an island at the mouth of the River Rhine in Belgic Gaul. This unit is also recorded on building stones recovered from Carvoran nearby.
"For Jupiter Best and Greatest and the Spirit of our Emperor, the Second Cohort of Tungrians, Gordian's Own,¹ part-mounted with Latin rights, under the command of Tiberius Claudius Claudianus, during the administration of governor Publius Aelius Martinus.² [Dedicated on] the first of January when the Emperor our Lord Gordianus Augustus, for the second time, and Pompeius were consuls.³"
This unit also took the emperor Gordian's name as a show of support for his rule. (see RIB 1999 by the Twentieth Legion, above).
The governorship of Publius Aelius Martinus is known only from this stone.
Imperator Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius Augustus (II) and Pompeianus were consules ordinarii for the year 241AD (a.u.c. 993).
An inscription on an altarstone (RIB 1983) dated to January 1st 241AD records the Castlesteads garrison as Cohors II Tungrorum Milliaria Equitata, a one-thousand strong mixed unit of cavalry and infantry recruited from amongst the Tungri tribe inhabiting the Ardennes region of modern Belgium.
"For Jupiter Best and Greatest, the Second Cohort of Tungrians, one-thousand strong, part-mounted, with Latin rights, commanded by Alb[inus] Severus, Prefect of the Tungri, during the administration of governor Victor Severus.¹"
"For Jupiter Best and Greatest, the Second Cohort of Tungrians, one-thousand strong, part-mounted, with Latin rights, commanded by Aurelius Optatus, Prefect of Tungrians, under the direction of the princeps Messius Opsequens.²"
The administration of governor Victor Severus is known only from this single inscription.
Likewise, this single stone remains the only record of the tenure of governor Messius Opsequens.
"For Emperor Ceasar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius, Father of his Country, three times consul, under [...]"
There are 40 latin texts recorded in the R.I.B. for the Castlesteads fort, many of which are given and translated on this page.
Geophysical surveys conducted between 1999 and 2001 recorded the course of the Vallum passing close by the southern defences of the fort and also revealed details of a civil settlement or vicus on the southern slopes of the hill, directly opposite the south-eastern gateway of the fort where there was a causeway across the Vallum. These same surveys revealed traces of Roman field-boundaries in the area to the immediate east of the settlement.
Only four tombstones have been recovered from the Castlesteads area, one of which (RIB 2005) is beyond any hope of translation, being too heavily damaged; the others are shown below.
"To the spirits of the departed (and) Gemellus, the quartermaster.¹ His heir, the Centurion Flavius Hilario, had this made.²"
Based on the expansion C[ustos] A[rmorum], literally 'the Custodian of the Armoury'. The abbreviation C A may also be expanded C[uram] A[gente], or 'responsible for conducting [things]' (see note#2 below).
The second part of this inscription may also be translated as: '... His heirs saw to the making of this [memorial] through the agency of Flavius Hilario the centurion'.
"To the spirits of the departed [...] lived for [...] years [...] five days [...] Aur[elia] his wife."
"[...] wife of the very purest and [...]"
"For the God Neptune [...]"
There have been twenty-one inscribed altarstones and religious texts recovered from the environs of the Castlesteads fort, comprising: seven to Jupiter Best and Greatest, including one shared with the Numinibus Augustorum (RIB 1983) and another shared with the Genius Loci (RIB 1984); three to Sol invictus / Mithras; two to Belatucader, including one shared with Minerva (RIB 1976); two to Sanguine Mars, including one shared with Num Aug (RIB 1987); two to the Mother Goddesses; also single stones dedicated to the deities Neptune (vide supra), Victory, Vanauntis, Discipline and one unknown god (RIB 1996; not shown).
Of the seven altarstones dedicated to Jupitter Optimus Maximus the king of the Roman pantheon, five are given above as they name military units, one is given below. The remaining stone is fragmentary, only the top part surviving, which simply reads: I O M VOTVM ..., 'To Jupiter Best and Greatest a vow ...', which is hardly worth the bandwidth.
"For Jupiter Best and Greatest"
"To the god Sol Invictus, Sextus Severius Salvator the Prefect willingly and deservedly fulfills his vow."
Three altarstones to this Persian god have been found at Castlesteads, the texts of two are given here while the remaining stone (RIB 1994; now lost) is not shown as it is quite damaged and offers no further useful information.
"To the god Mithras the Invincible Sun, the prefect Marcus Licinius Ripanus willingly and deservedly fulfills a vow."
"For the God Belatucader [in the] shrine of Minerva"
Two altarstones belonging to this Germanic god have been found at Castlesteads; both are given here.
[... S]ullinus a vow fulfilled."
(the Prefect?) willingly and deservedly fulfills his vow."
There are two altarstones from Castlesteads dedicated to Sanguine or 'Bloody' Mars, both are given here.
Paconius Saturninus the Prefect of Horse, set this up."
Based on the expansion S[acris], 'holy, sacred', but in light of the other Mars stone it is possible that this should be expanded S[anguini], 'sanguine, bloody'.
"For the Mother Goddesses of all nations, the temple at this time collapsed though old age, was restored by the centurion Gaius Julius Cupitianus, in command.¹"
The centurion Cupitianus appears to have been in temporary command of the fort's garrison at the time this stone was inscribed. Based on the expansion P[rae]P[ositus], literally 'he who is placed first'.
The Mother Goddesses are mentioned on a couple of altarstones, both of which are given here. The temple of the Matres lay just outside the Castlesteads fort to the south-east.
"For the Mother Goddesses across the sea."
"For the Discipline of the Emperor(s)."
Aurelius Armiger the Decurion in Command [dedicates this]."
"For the Victory of the Emperor."
The Castlesteads fort lies just south of the line of the Wall above the Cambeck stream in the grounds of Castlesteads House. Visitors to the Castlesteads area will be disappointed if they expect to see any remnant of Hadrian's Wall thanks to the founding of Lanercost Priory in 1169. This project needed a massive amount of building stone and the Augustinian monks at Lanercost merrily swiped all they required from the Hadrianic rampart wall, leaving not two Roman stones in situ for many miles to east and west. Many of the Castlestead Fort's stones were also robbed-out to be used in the fabric of the monastic retreat and all of the remaining stones from Wall and Fort were used in the construction of Castlesteads House by a rich merchant in 1779, the fort itself, since it provided a ready-made levelled area was converted into gardens. Nothing now remains to be seen of Camboglanna apart from the south-eastern side of the fort's construction platform. All traces of the vallum were eradicated at the same time Castlesteads House was built, so, unless you have access to a magnetometric gradiometer you will not be able to see that either.
Page Citation: Kevan White (2018) "Roman Britain: CAMBOGLANNA - CASTLESTEADS"


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text:
Dans la théorie des codes, le code à longueur variable est un code qui associe les symboles de la source à un nombre variable de bits.

Les codes à longueur variable peuvent permettre à la source d'être compressée et décompressée avec une erreur nulle: il s'agit d'une compression sans perte. L'opération inverse du codage est alors possible pour chaque symbole. À partir d'une bonne stratégie de codage, une source i.i.d peut être compressée arbitrairement proche de son entropie, ce qui permet par exemple d'associer des mots longs aux symboles sources les moins fréquents. C'est la différence avec les méthodes de codage à longueur fixe.

Ce code est surtout utilisé dans la compression d'image et de vidéo. Les applications directes les plus connues sont les suivantes : le codage de Huffman, le codage de Lempel-Ziv et le codage arithmétique.

Voir aussi
 Codage entropique
 Compression de données
 CAVLC

Références

Codage entropique
Théorie des codes
Compression de données

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Shortest path of a graph after modifying its weights. Given an undirected G(V,E) with positive weights $$e_1 \leq e_2 \leq \dots \leq e_n $$  and a shortest path P from vertex s to vertex u, is P going to change or is it going to change if we modify the weights to be $$2^{e_1} \leq 2^{e_2} \leq \dots \leq 2^{e_n} $$To be honest I think the path will remain the same in terms of vertices as all edges grow the same and the number of edges of the path does not affect it.To prove it I thought of assuming that the path will change and somehow come to a contradiction using the formula of $$\sum 2^n =2^{n+1} -1$$ but that didn't do the trick so a bit of insight would be really useful.Thanks in advance.

A: No.

*

*Path A:  $1$, $4$

*Path B:  $2$, $2$, $2$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
"use strict";

var sira = require('sira');
var assert = require('chai').assert;

var _describe = {};
var _it = {};
var _beforeEach = {};
var helpers = exports = module.exports = {
    describe: _describe,
    it: _it,
    beforeEach: _beforeEach
};

function merge(into, obj) {
    if (!into) return into;
    var objs = [].slice.call(arguments, 1);
    objs.forEach(function (obj) {
        if (obj) {
            Object.keys(obj).forEach(function (key) {
                if (obj.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
                    into[key] = obj[key];
                }
            });
        }
    });
    return into;
}

_beforeEach.withSapp = function (sapp) {
    if (sapp.models.User) {
        // Speed up the password hashing algorithm
        sapp.models.User.settings.saltWorkFactor = 4;
    }

    beforeEach(function () {
        var test = this;
        test.sapp = sapp;
    });
};

_describe.staticMethod = function (methodName, cb) {
    describe('.' + methodName, function () {
        beforeEach(function () {
            var test = this;
            test.method = methodName;
            test.isStaticMethod = true;
        });
        cb();
    });
};

_describe.instanceMethod = function (methodName, cb) {
    describe('.prototype.' + methodName, function () {
        beforeEach(function () {
            var test = this;
            test.method = methodName;
            test.isInstanceMethod = true;
        });
        cb();
    });
};

_beforeEach.withArgs = function () {
    var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0);
    beforeEach(function () {
        var test = this;
        test.args = args;
    });
};

_beforeEach.givenModel = function (modelName, attrs, optionalHandler) {
    var modelKey = modelName;

    if (typeof attrs === 'function') {
        optionalHandler = attrs;
        attrs = undefined;
    }

    if (typeof optionalHandler === 'string') {
        modelKey = optionalHandler;
    }

    attrs = attrs || {};

    beforeEach(function (done) {
        var test = this;
        var sapp = test.sapp;
        var model = sapp.model(modelName);
        assert(model, 'cannot get model of name ' + modelName + ' from app.models');
        assert(model.schema, 'cannot test model ' + modelName + ' without schema');
        assert(typeof model.create === 'function', modelName + ' does not have a create method');

        model.create(attrs, function (err, result) {
            if (err) {
                console.error(err.message);
                if (err.details) console.error(err.details);
            } else {
                test[modelKey] = result;
            }
            done(err);
        });
    });

    if (typeof optionalHandler === 'function') {
        beforeEach(optionalHandler);
    }

    afterEach(function (done) {
        this[modelKey].destroy(done);
    });
};

_beforeEach.givenUser = function (attrs, optionalHandler) {
    _beforeEach.givenModel('user', attrs, optionalHandler);
};

_beforeEach.givenLoggedInUser = function (credentials, optionalHandler) {
    _beforeEach.givenUser(credentials, function (done) {
        var test = this;
        test.user.constructor.login(credentials, function (err, token) {
            if (err) return done(err);
            test.loggedInAccessToken = token;
            done();
        });
    });

    afterEach(function (done) {
        var test = this;
        test.loggedInAccessToken.destroy(function (err) {
            if (err) return done(err);
            test.loggedInAccessToken = undefined;
            done();
        });
    });
};

_beforeEach.givenAnUnauthenticatedToken = function (attrs, optionalHandler) {
    _beforeEach.givenModel('accessToken', attrs, optionalHandler);
};

_beforeEach.givenAnAnonymousToken = function (attrs, optionalHandler) {
    _beforeEach.givenModel('accessToken', {id: '$anonymous'}, optionalHandler);
};

_describe.whenCalledLocally = function (uri, data, cb) {
    if (cb == undefined) {
        cb = data;
        data = null;
    }

    var uriStr = uri;
    if (typeof uri === 'function') {
        uriStr = '<dynamic>';
    }

    describe('handle ' + uriStr, function () {
        beforeEach(function (cb) {
            if (typeof uri === 'function') {
                uri = uri.call(this);
            }

            var test = this;

            if (typeof uri === 'object') {
                data = uri.data;
                uri = uri.uri;
            }

            var payload = data || {};
            if (typeof data === 'function') {
                payload = data.call(this);
            }
            payload = merge({}, test.data, payload);

            var rek = test.sapp.rekuest(uri).payload(payload);

            if (this.loggedInAccessToken) {
                rek.prop('accessToken', test.loggedInAccessToken);
            }

            rek.send(function (err, result) {
                test.err = err;
                test.result = result;
                cb();
            });

        });

        cb();
    });
};

_describe.whenLoggedInAsUser = function (credentials, cb) {
    describe('when logged in as user', function () {
        _beforeEach.givenLoggedInUser(credentials);
        cb();
    });
};

_describe.whenCalledByUser = function (credentials, uri, data, cb) {
    describe('when called by logged in user', function () {
        _beforeEach.givenLoggedInUser(credentials);
        _describe.whenCalledLocally(uri, data, cb);
    });
};

_describe.whenCalledAnonymously = function (uri, data, cb) {
    describe('when called anonymously', function () {
        _beforeEach.givenAnAnonymousToken();
        _describe.whenCalledLocally(uri, data, cb);
    });
};

_describe.whenCalledUnauthenticated = function (uri, data, cb) {
    describe('when called with unauthenticated token', function () {
        _beforeEach.givenAnAnonymousToken();
        _describe.whenCalledLocally(uri, data, cb);
    });
};

_it.shouldBeAllowed = function () {
    it('should be allowed', function () {
        assert.notOk(this.err);
    });
};

_it.shouldBeDenied = function () {
    it('should not be allowed', function () {
        assert(this.err);
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            this.sapp && this.sapp.get['aclErrorStatus'] ||
            401;
        assert.equal(this.err.statusCode, expectedStatus);
    });
};

_it.shouldNotBeFound = function () {
    it('should not be found', function () {
        assert(this.err);
        assert.equal(this.err.statusCode, 404);
    });
};

_it.shouldBeAllowedWhenCalledAnonymously = function (uri, data) {
    _describe.whenCalledAnonymously(uri, data, function () {
        _it.shouldBeAllowed();
    });
};

_it.shouldBeDeniedWhenCalledAnonymously = function (uri, data) {
    _describe.whenCalledAnonymously(uri, data, function () {
        _it.shouldBeDenied();
    });
};

_it.shouldBeAllowedWhenCalledUnauthenticated = function (uri, data) {
    _describe.whenCalledUnauthenticated(uri, data, function () {
        _it.shouldBeAllowed();
    });
};

_it.shouldBeDeniedWhenCalledUnauthenticated = function (uri, data) {
    _describe.whenCalledUnauthenticated(uri, data, function () {
        _it.shouldBeDenied();
    });
};

_it.shouldBeAllowedWhenCalledByUser = function (credentials, uri, data) {
    _describe.whenCalledByUser(credentials, uri, data, function () {
        _it.shouldBeAllowed();
    });
};

_it.shouldBeDeniedWhenCalledByUser = function (credentials, uri, data) {
    _describe.whenCalledByUser(credentials, uri, data, function () {
        _it.shouldBeDenied();
    });
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Premium Upgrade your Power Grid with this houses premium tokens.
The components are almost the same size that the original wooden tokens house come with the game.
Power Grid is the updated release of the Friedemann Friese crayon game Funkenschlag. The latest cooperative publishing effort from Friedemann Friese and Rio Grande Games, removes the crayon aspect from network building in the original editionwhile retaining the fluctuating commodities market like McMulti and an auction round intensity reminiscent of The Princes of Florence.


Dog Rescue Newcastle and The Star have partnered to provide a weekly column of some of the area's most eligible K9s in need of a home.
I'm looking for a home where I can be really useful.
If you've got a tennis ball that needs fetching or a jogging buddy to help with your fitness, I'm your guy.
I also specialise in looking after kids, I'll keep them safe and play with them in the yard for hours.
It's kinda my thing, and I'm darn good at it.
DRN are helping me find a new home because me sister's picking on me.
I don't want to argue with girls, but enough is enough if you know what I mean. It's time for me to go and find a new home that's right for me.
FULL OF BEANS: Jake will fetch a ball or be your running partner if you're looking to keep fit.
I'm an outside kinda guy. I sleep outside, eat outside, play outside. I just need shelter from the rain and sun.
I've gotta admit that inside life looks pretty sweet though.
If me new family thought that an hour or two inside at night was a fair trade for all the babysitting and personal training lessons I offered during the day, then that would be a pretty sweet deal.
I'd be pretty happy with that hey!
I can't read a book or noth'n, but I'm smart and I learn real quick.
I like people and I listen when I'm spoken to.
Sid would love to be your faithful companion!
He came into foster care through no fault of his own when his family situation changed.
Sid does have some arthritis and is on a small dose of Meloxicam but with daily exercise and weight control his condition should be easily kept at bay.
FAITHFUL: Sid loves a bone now and then to keep his teeth clean.
It doesn't restrict him in any way at all. He's not on any special diet, just dry dog food, and loves a bone now and then to keep his teeth clean.
Sid doesn't have any behavioural issues, and would be okay with another dog his size but not smaller.
Sid is housetrained and would be suitable for a full-time worker as he could cope with being an only dog.
Dog Rescue Newcastle (CFN 21652) is an organisation based in Newcastle but operates right across the Hunter.
Harley: This pooch is happy to be outside through the day but will need a home where she can sleep inside and cuddle on the lounge with her family.
Josie: This pup is a low energy, medium size dog who weighs approximately 20kgs.
MARLEY: Dog Rescue Newcastle is helping her owners to find a new home for her.
SUPER SMART: Hercules, 12 months, loves belly rubs.
THAT FACE: Chloe loves attention and is happy to couch surf with a loving arm around her or chase toys with her friends.
SWEET AND SENSITIVE: It is hoped that with the support of DRN and a loving, permanent home Laika will continue to come along min leaps and bounds.
FUN LOVING: Jasper loves to run and play in the yard and is quite happy being outside most of the day.
ENERGETIC: A ball is Raja's toy of choice and fetch is his favourite game.
Take a look at some of the previous dogs featured in the Dog Rescue Newcastle Pet of the Week.


text:
Mattierzoll ist ein Ortsteil der im Landkreis Wolfenbüttel (Niedersachsen) gelegenen Gemeinde Winnigstedt. Mattierzoll liegt an der B 79 auf halbem Weg zwischen Halberstadt und Wolfenbüttel unmittelbar an der Landesgrenze Niedersachsen/Sachsen-Anhalt. Der Ortsname leitet sich von Mattier ab, einer Zahlungseinheit zum Überqueren des Hessendamms nach Hessen am Fallstein.

Grenzgebiet

Mattierzoll lag seit Jahrhunderten im Grenzbereich verschiedener Territorien, insbesondere zwischen dem Herzogtum Braunschweig und dem Bistum Halberstadt bzw. später Brandenburg-Preußen. 1941 erfolgte eine bedeutende Grenzbereinigung zum Zwecke der Neuordnung zusammenhängender und geschlossener Verwaltungsbezirke, bei der der Nachbarort Hessen von Braunschweig an Preußen abgegeben wurde.

Die Grenze war zu allen Zeiten durchlässig und wurde erst nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg immer unüberwindbarer. Hier grenzten die sowjetische und die britische Besatzungszone aneinander, was zur stark gesicherten innerdeutschen Grenze führte. Die frühere Reichsstraße 79, nunmehr im Westen B 79 und auf dem Gebiet der DDR Fernverkehrsstraße 79, wurde zwischen Mattierzoll und dem Ort Hessen unterbrochen. Auf westlicher Seite bestand sie als schmale, kopfsteingepflasterte Straße bis an die Grenzanlagen. Neben ihr wurde ein Informationspunkt über die Grenzanlagen und den Todesstreifen eingerichtet.

Am 12. November 1989 um 7.58 Uhr öffnete sich durch die Wende in der DDR die Grenze und die B 79 wurde wieder durchgängig befahrbar. Heute erinnern nur noch ein erhalten gebliebener Grenzwachturm und der Informationspunkt an die ehemalige Grenze.

Eisenbahngeschichte
Mit dem Bau der Hauptbahn Jerxheim–Börßum der Herzoglich Braunschweigischen Staatsbahn bekam Mattierzoll 1868 eine Bahnstation. Die Fertigstellung der Privatbahn nach Heudeber 1898 sowie der Braunschweig-Schöninger Eisenbahn im Jahr 1902 machte den Ort zum kleinen Eisenbahnknotenpunkt. Mit der deutschen Teilung war östlich von Jerxheim die Strecke nach Oschersleben in die Sowjetische Besatzungszone unterbrochen, ebenso die Verbindung nach Heudeber (heute Sachsen-Anhalt). Der Bahnverkehr lief nahe der damaligen innerdeutschen Grenze bis 1975 weiter und beschränkte sich auf die Strecken nach Jerxheim/Helmstedt bzw. Börßum. Mittlerweile sind in Mattierzoll alle Gleise der ehemaligen Bahnstrecke Jerxheim–Börßum und die der Bahnstrecke Heudeber–Mattierzoll abgebaut. Das Bahnhofsgebäude steht unter Denkmalschutz.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Private Seite mit Informationen zur Geschichte von Mattierzoll

Ort im Landkreis Wolfenbüttel
Winnigstedt


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Most memorable meal of 2013
In August 2013, Simon, Gareth, David, and I were the guests of our friends Jimmy and Graham at their home in south London for a spectacular meal courtesy of Graham and the AGA. Graham works at Suzanne James catering and is knowledgable about--among other things!--British cookery of past eras.
Here was the evening's excellent menu. We enjoyed the meal in their home that features Victorian and Edwardian design. The veal was simply the best I have ever tasted!
Giles Coran and Sue Perkins, eat your Supersizers hearts out. :)
Parmesan Shortbread
Wild Rice Blinis with Smoked Wye Valley Trout, Creme Fraiche & Dill
To Start
Eggs Drumkilbo (salad of poached Lobster, Prawns, Quails Eggs and Marie Rose Sauce) served with Miniature 3 Seed Loaves
Cucumber & Gin Granita
Devon Rose Veal
English Broad Beans, Peas & New Potatoes
Roast Kent Cherry Bavarois with Rose Lemonade Jelly & Coconut Ice Cream
Pumphrey's 1780 Blend Coffee & Chocolates
Blessed AGA....
December 31, 2013 in Food & drink, UK | Permalink | Comments (0)
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''The Journey of Snow White'' (1971) by Al Carmines
Allan Kozinn's review from The New York Times of a 1990 performance of the operetta The Journey of Snow White, which was composed by Al Carmines, formerly of The Judson Memorial Church in Greenwich Village, NYC. (My friend the late Wayne Eley of Atlanta, Georgia produced a video of the original production of the operetta.)
The Judson Memorial Church has for decades been a home for offbeat art exhibitions and music, theater and dance productions that reflect the spirit of its Greenwich Village neighborhood. This year, the church is celebrating its centennial with a varied schedule of events, including revivals of three shows by one of its former ministers, Al Carmines.
Mr. Carmines, who has moved uptown to the Rauschenbusch Memorial Church, is a prolific composer with eclectic tastes. His 1971 quasi-operatic musical comedy, ''The Journey of Snow White,'' was presented at the Judson Memorial Church (55 Washington Square South) through last night.
In this amusing fantasy, Mr. Carmines freely embellishes the fairy tale. In his version, Queen I - Snow White's mother - predicts her death in a melancholy Purcellian recitative. But before leaping into the grave, she persuades the King to marry Queen II. While not overtly evil, as wicked stepmothers go, Queen II is unusually attached to her mirror (a character here), and the Queen turns on Snow White only when the mirror voices a preference for the younger woman.
When Queen II discovers that Snow White is living in the woods with the seven dwarfs (actually, there were six in the performance on Sunday evening, the seventh singer having sustained an injury), she commissions three witches to kill her. Instead of a single, charming prince who can wake Snow White with a kiss, Mr. Carmines sends three: an opera singer, a cowboy balladeer and a rock star who acts like a young Elvis Presley.
None of them rouse her, and the rock-and-roll prince's aria is lewd enough to get him ejected by the dwarfs. In the end, the full court and the ghost of Queen I turn up, and Snow White is rescued by the mirror, who has decided that he would prefer to be human.
The mood of the work is suggested in some of the aria titles: the two oddest are ''Love Is Our Epistemology,'' sung by the dwarfs, and ''The Impression on Our Retina Has Gone,'' sung by the woodland creatures. But there are serious notions beneath the layers of overt silliness. Mr. Carmines takes his tongue out of his cheek long enough to show the power of love as a transforming force, and his finale is a gorgeous choral paean to free will.
The work's musical side has its charms as well, one being Mr. Carmines's organized approach to eclecticism, in which parodied styles are intrinsic to characterization. Snow White's agile, sugary music would be at home in a Lehar operetta. Queen I hops between moody Baroque settings and a bright cabaret style. Queen II and the mirror are more straightforwardly theatrical, and the King's music bears traces of Gilbert and Sullivan.
The menu also includes the diverse arias of the princes, a blues tune from a witch and Mr. Carmines's best moments, the exquisitely harmonized choral writing that turns up intermittently.
The production by Russell Treyz is endearingly homespun, with Nan Childress's robust piano playing, and Steve Hull's flute, clarinet and saxophone lines serving as the orchestra. Mary Ann Lee's lithe soprano and wide range is perfectly suited to Snow White's music. She was supported ably, if vocally more modestly, by the two Queens (Ann Harvey and Robin Manning), the King (Robert Sevra), the huntsman (Fred Einhorn) and the large community of animals and dwarfs.
Other notable members of the cast were Karl Heist, who as the country-and-western prince yodeled his way through his aria to his own guitar accompaniment; David Edwards, who contributed a fine tenor parody as the operatic prince; Robert McNamara, as the rock-and-roll prince, and Karen Cooper Smith, as the witch who sang the blues.
Photo: Rev. Al Carmines, photo by Gene Bagnato
December 21, 2013 in New York, Photos, film, TV, webisodes, Web whorls & eddies | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Jack Kemp, happy warrior, "bleeding-heart" conservative....
I was intrigued by a recent segment on Up w/ Steve Kornacki that was a retrospective on Rep. Jack Kemp (1935–2009) within the context of new Republican Party outreach efforts to racial minorities.
I met Jack Kemp three or four times in 1988 in Iowa while he was campaigning for the Republican Party's presidential nomination. I was the founding President of the Kossuth County Teenage Republicans and wanted the GOP's nomination to go to either George H. W. Bush, then Vice-President under Ronald Reagan, or Congressman Kemp who represented New York's 38th District, a long-standing GOP New York "Eastern Establishment" stronghold (since 1939). It was represented in 1959–1963 by Jessica M. Weis (in 1948 she was the first woman to second the nomination for a presidential candidate by doing so for Thomas E. Dewey at the national convention in Philadelphia) and in 1963–1968 by liberal Republican Charles Goodell.
I went from teenage Republican to Democrat by the time I was old enough to register to vote and in less than a handful of years. In the late 1980's, my interest in politics was an end in and of itself. Politics for me wasn't entirely or even mainly about ideology except insofar as I was something of a Cold War warrior in mentality. I liked realpolitik internationalist types who fit a sort of JFK-shaped mold I had in mind. To me, Bush and Kemp fit that mold. Certainly, one of their competitors for the party's nomination did not: Pentecostal television preacher Pat Robertson. I found him totally off-putting. But Robertson would go on to place second in the Iowa Caucuses with 25% of the vote behind Rep. Bob Dole with 37%. Bush and Kemp garnered 19% and 11% respectively.
Robertson's success, though short-lived within the '88 nomination cycle itself, was a sign of things to come for the GOP. I know exactly when I started to dislike Pat Robertson and it pre-dated his run for office. Though I couldn't have known it at the time, the moment that I came to thoroughly dislike Robertson was also a small but very sure step--perhaps the first--along a path to Democratic Party membership. It was when I heard Robertson gravely warn of the Satanic nature of the game Dungeons & Dragons (D&D). Yep.
It was during a broadcast of the 700 Club, a religious television show he hosted on his own network. The show usually included a heavy emphasis on politics, human interest stories, and Robertson's prophecies. He also miraculously healed unnamed people through their television screens, sometimes of hemorrhoids.
It's an unlikely sort of political consciousness-raising moment. But, it was telling: Robertson was a public political figure, a leader of the religious right-wing, and therefore strongly focused on societal issues...even tabletop games. I had played role-playing games similar to D&D, and what Robertson said that evening on the 700 Club, like countless other of his comments before and since, was asinine. But, stunningly, Republicans in the future would later beat Robertson on the asininity scale: charges of Bill Clinton "body counts," cries of Affordable Care Act "death panels," conspiracy theories of Barack Obama being a foreign-born crypto-Muslim, and--along the way--other everything from Tinky Winky's purple triangular antenna to SpongeBob SquarePants's supposed gay agenda.
Robertson was the future of the GOP mindset that would be fuelled further by conservative PACs and think tanks as well as a conservative media echo chamber that includes sermons and conversations in conservative evangelical churches and Bible studies, and the massive conservative Christian media empire spanning radio, television, print, and online. The likes of Jack Kemp would become fewer. And not because Kemp was liberal, either. He was no liberal. But because Kemp's social conservatism was actually interested in governance, policy, and notions of community. He was comfortable with racial diversity. He understood the importance of America's cities. He was also a happy warrior. His work for conservative ideals was not based in anger or resentment. These qualities certainly wouldn't sit well with today's Tea Party.
From the religious right of the 1980s to the Tea Party of today is not as long or as complicated of a political evolutionary path as you might think. Studies by Pew and other institutions and academics have revealed the close connection between the Tea Party and the religious right-wing.* Tea Party leaders stress that the movement is about libertarianism. Maybe it is, to a point, but look just under the surface and it's often much about social conservatism, too.
Before Kemp, liberal Republican Charles Goodell had been ousted from that same Congressional seat by a challenger from the right. Kemp's election solidified the district's solidly conservative Republican reputation. But, nowadays, Kemp himself would probably be in the cross-hairs of the Tea Party. Kemp just wasn't the sort to despise a president or government so much as to shout "You lie!" during our republic's head of state's annual address to Congress.
Maybe the religious right's best days are behind it, and maybe the Tea Party movement has crested, too. John Boehner certainly seems fed-up with it. And Politico is asking, "Is Paul Ryan the GOP's Next Jack Kemp?" We'll see.
*See "Shocker: Tea Partiers More Evangelical, Socially Conservative", "Crashing the Tea Party?", and "Exposing Religious Fundamentalism in the U.S.".
Photo: Jack Kemp, former Congressman and United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
December 15, 2013 in Democrats; progressivism, Religion; church & state, Republicans; conservatism | Permalink | Comments (0)
British Conservatism: The Grand Tour
Small-c conservatism. It's a very strong thing in Britain, and Anne McElvoy of The Economist (and self-described "Gymnast Germanophile" in her Twitter profile) does a marvellous job examining the history of British conservatism in the BBC Radio 4 series, British Conservatism: The Grand Tour.
Below is an audio clip teaser for the series' first program, about how "the guillotine kick-started British 'small c' conservatism.'" Episode guide here. Alternatively, here's a week's worth of episodes at a time: the first week's omnibus ("from the French Revolution to the beginnings of mass democracy") and the second ("from a riot in Birmingham in 1901 to the rise of Mrs Thatcher").
December 02, 2013 in History, Politics, Radio, UK | Permalink | Comments (0)
Best martini ever?
I recently made for a friend and me the best martini I've had.
I followed Robert Hess's proportions (from his The Essential Bartender's Guide) for the original dry martini: one part dry vermouth to three parts gin. Here dry means not sweet; that's the classic definition of a "dry martini." It came about as a variation because the pre-Prohibition martini used sweet vermouth.
I used Dillion's Unfiltered Gin 22, which combines twenty-two botanicals, a rather unusually large number, Dolin's dry Vermouth de Chambéry, and Dillon's Bitter Pear bitters instead of orange bitters, and a twist of lemon. (When cocktail recipes call for a twist, remember to cut the fruit's skin over the drink so essential oils enter into it.)
I'm not a martini fan, frankly. But, this was surprisingly good. Alas, Dillon's Distillery, based in Beamsville, Ontario, is not yet distributed in the U.S.A. It's sort of like Prohibition all over again: spirits trapped north of the border.
Robert Hess's recipe for the original, dry martini:
2 1/4 ounces (67ml) gin
3/4 onuce (22ml) dry vermouth
Dash of orange bitters
Stir with ice and strain into a cocktail glass.
Garnish with a lemon twist or olive.
I prefer all my cocktails shaken if the recipe calls for stirring. I like the nearly imperceptibly tiny flecks of ice and the slight diluting that may result. I also think shaking gets the drink colder, but I can't prove it. The main purpose for stirring instead of shaking a cocktail is to ensure clarity. With the above martini ingredients especially, I say shake away: Dillon's gin, being unfiltered, is ever so slightly cloudy, so stirring won't preserve ideal clarity anyway.
December 01, 2013 in Food & drink | Permalink | Comments (0)
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Today it's all about staging. And while that may seem to be a bit over the top or border on the grounds as to "is this really necessary", staging your home will highlight and bring to focus the necessary amenities that are important to potential Buyers. Living in our houses day in and day out, we tend not to notice the attributes that a buyer will notice.Good or bad, as a Seller, we don't want potential Buyers to focus their attention on anything that may need sprucing up. Buyers see what is in front of them and while some buyers may have the vision to see past things that may be a negative, in the end, they are not going to pay top dollar for something that they know that they are going to have to update or remodel. While you may not have the money or the resources to do a kitchen or bath remodel, there are some easier fixes that can have a significant impact and do a lot to help your bottom line.
How we live in a home and preparing your home for sale are two different things. So, first and foremost we want to get rid of the "unnecessary things" to eliminate clutter. The more things that you have on counters and shelves will actually make your home look smaller.And when a home "looks smaller", Buyers starts looking for the necessary space that they feel that they will need to consider your house as a possible choice to be their next home.Perception is reality. If a Buyer doesn't feel that there is enough storage space, then the Buyer will eliminate your home as a possible contender and move on to the next house. Pack away those items that you know you will not have any need to use while your house is on the market.After all, you are moving and it's never too early to start packing.So, if you don't have the space to store the items that are sitting on your counters, whether in the kitchen or the bathrooms, get rid of or pack away those items that you know you will not be needing.
If you have any plumbing issues like leaky faucets, now is the time to have them fixed.Buyers pay attention to flooring and they can be critical of its condition.Refinishing hardwood floors (if necessary) and replacing worn carpets eliminates those items that Buyers will object to. If you have rooms in your home that may need painting, fresh paint on the walls of your home can go a long way and add a lot to a home's appearance and your bottom line. Pet and food odors can be a turn-off and need to be addressed, if necessary. Let the sun in!Make sure you open all window treatments. A bright home that offers a lot of natural sunlight is a definite plus. Along with the floors of your home, windows also need to sparkle.
Curb appeal is also important, if not even more so.A lot of times, Buyers drive by NEW listings.You never want Buyers to drive by and quickly eliminate your home before they even had a chance to see the inside.The condition of the outside will determine whether a Buyer will want to take the next step and see the inside.You never want a Buyer to eliminate your home from competition based on the things that you can change and it's the outside of your house is the first thing that a Buyer sees. First impressions will go a long way.
If a Buyer feels that they need 4 bedrooms and you have only 3, that Buyer may still look at your home. They may end up eliminating your home as a possible choice if a comparable 4-bedroom home came on the market that met all their criteria.Obviously, that is something that you have no control over.However, a Buyer looking for a 4-bedroom home may consider AND buy a 3-bedroom home if the 3-bedroom home shows better than a preferred 4-bedroom home. We can sometimes easily change the way our home looks without changing the footprint.Adding a 4th bedroom is something that, as a Seller, we really can't control.But, we can control and change the appearance which could, in turn, make all the difference in the world.
In the end, appearance matters. It matters a lot and it will be a huge benefit to your bottom line.


text:
\section{Introduction}
The parameters of a physical system are often subject to a sudden change, as for example
fast cooling or heating or the switching on or off of an external field. In material science
these processes are used to prepare new types of (glassy) states of matter. After such a
quench the systems are out of equilibrium and their dynamical properties can be completely different
from those known in the equilibrium situation. The phenomena of aging and rejuvenation are
typical examples of such glassy dynamics\cite{kr03,buch1}.

In a theoretical approach a simple and often studied example\cite{godr,ritort,cg04} is a $d$-dimensional
ferromagnet, which is quenched
from its high-temperature (paramagnetic) phase to a temperature $T$ which is below or at
the critical temperature $T_c$. For $T<T_c$ we have phase-ordering kinetics where order
grows through domain coarsening\cite{bray}. For a critical quench, $T=T_c$, the domains are fractals, and
the growth and dynamics involve critical exponents\cite{fisher} such as the
magnetization scaling dimension $x=\beta/\nu$ ($\beta$ and $\nu$ are the critical exponents
of the magnetization and the correlation length, respectively)
and the dynamical exponent $z$.

In this case one often measures the autocorrelation function\cite{huse89},
$G(t,s)=\langle \sigma(t)\sigma(s) \rangle$,
where $\sigma(t)$ is the operator of the magnetization and $t$ and $s$ are the observation
time and the waiting time, respectively. Aging is manifested by the fact that $G(t,s)$ is
nonstationary, but instead has the scaling form $G(t,s)=t^{-2x/z} \tilde{G}(s/t)$, where the scaling
function for small argument behaves as $\lim_{\tau \to 0} \tilde{G}(\tau)\sim \tau^{(d-x_i-x)/z}$.
Here $x_i$ is a new nonequilibrium exponent, the anomalous dimension of the initial magnetization\cite{jans92}.
The autocorrelation function for $t \gg s$ behaves as $G(t) \sim t^{-\lambda/z}$, where
the autocorrelation exponent satisfies the relation $\lambda=d-x_i+x$.
Another common measurement after a critical quench concerns the relaxation of the magnetization\cite{jss89},
$m(t)=\langle \sigma(t) \rangle$, where the system is initially prepared in a state with a small initial
magnetization $m_i$. Here we have asymptotically $m(t) \sim t^{\theta}$, where the
initial slip exponent is given by $\theta=(x_i-x)/z$.

In critical nonequilibrium dynamics the initial state might contain some kind of correlations.
In the case of a perfectly correlated initial state the relaxation process involves only
equilibrium exponents. Here we have $m(t) \sim t^{-x/z}$, and, similarly, for
$t \gg s$, $G(t) \sim t^{-x/z}$. The dynamic crossover between the ordered and the
disordered cases has been the subject of a recent series of papers \cite{Cal06,Cal07,Pau07}.
Another possibility is given by initial states that display
quasi-long-range order, i.e. where correlations decay as a power law. This happens for the
two-dimensional XY model
if both the initial temperature, $T_i$, and the final temperature of the quench, $T$, are below the
Kosterlitz-Thouless temperature, $T_{KT}$. If $T_i<T \ll T_{KT}$, we have
according to spin-wave theory\cite{Berthier,abriet}
$G(t) \sim t^{-(x(T)-x(T_i))/z}$, where $x(T)$ is the value of the anomalous dimension at the given
temperature. Other recent studes have focused on the $d$-dimensional spherical model with an initial state
of prescribed correlations\cite{picone} or on the Ising model with initial states generated through random
field effects\cite{epl}.

In the present paper we consider quenches during which the temperature of the
system remains the same, but where the form and the local symmetry of the interactions are changed.
Interestingly, the recent progress in the experiments on phase transitions in optical lattices
could make this type of investigations possible.
We here consider the case of Ising spins on a square lattice
with different types of interactions.
The phase transition encounterd in the Ising model is considered to
be the paradigm of an order-disorder transition since the exact solution of Onsager\cite{onsager}
of the standard model with nearest neighbor couplings.
The same model, however, with three-spin product interaction for each elementary triangle
belongs to a different universality class. According to the exact treatment by Baxter and Wu\cite{BW}
the (static) critical exponents of this so called Baxter-Wu (BW) model are the same as those of the
four-state Potts model\cite{baxter82}. Still another self-dual model
has been introduced by Turban\cite{turban1,n3t,turban}
and others\cite{gruber,n3a}
that has nearest-neighbor interactions in the vertical direction, but $n$-spin product
interactions in the horizontal direction. Of course, for $n=2$ we recover the Onsager problem,
whereas for $n=3$, according to symmetry arguments, approximate mappings and numerical
investigations, the system belongs to the four-state Potts
universality class. For $n \ge 4$ the phase transition is of first order.

In our study we prepare the system in an initial state that is an equilibrium critical
state of the BW-model or of the multispin model with $n=3$ and $n=4$.
In the initial state of the BW-model and that of the $n=3$ model there are
the same type of critical correlations, since the two models belong to the same
universality class. On the other hand for the $n=4$ model we have
phase coexistence at the phase transition point between the ordered and the disordered phases.
Having prepared the system in this way, we change
at time $t=0$ the form of the interaction and then let the system evolve according
to spin-flip dynamics with nearest neighbor interactions. We thereby measure the relaxation of
the magnetization and the decay of the autocorrelation function and determine the exponents
$\lambda/z$ and $\theta$.

The structure of the paper is the following. In Sec. \ref{sec:model} we define the models
and describe their critical properties. The results of nonequilibrium relaxation are presented
in Secs. \ref{sec:second} and \ref{sec:first} where the initial state corresponds to
an equilibrium state of a second order
or of a first order transition point, respectively. We discuss our results in the final section.

\section{Models and their critical properties}
\label{sec:model}

We consider in the following Ising spins, $\sigma_{i,j}=\pm 1$, at the sites of a square lattice
with different types of ferromagnetic interactions.

\paragraph{Ising model.}

The standard Ising (or Ising-Lenz) model only contains nearest neighbor ferromagnetic couplings,
so that the Hamiltonian is given by
\begin{equation}
{\cal H}_I=-\sum_{i,j} J \left( \sigma_{i,j}\sigma_{i,j+1}+\sigma_{i,j}\sigma_{i+1,j} \right)\;.
\label{H_I}
\end{equation}
where $i$ and $j$ label the lattice sites, whereas $J$ is the strength of the couplings.
The critical point is given by the condition\cite{onsager}
\begin{equation}
\sinh(2J/kT_c)=1\;,
\label{crit_I}
\end{equation}
which separates a two-fold degenerate ordered phase from a paramagnetic phase. The static critical
exponents are known exactly, whereas the dynamical exponent $z$
and the nonequilibrium exponents $\lambda/z$ and $\theta$ are calculated numerically with
high precision. The values of these exponents are collected in Table \ref{table:1}.

\paragraph{Baxter-Wu model.}

In the Baxter-Wu model we have three-spin product interactions with strength $J_{BW}$ between spins located
on elementary triangles, and the Hamiltonian is given by
\begin{equation}
{\cal H}_{BW}=-\sum_{i,j} J_{BW} \left(
\sigma_{i,j}\sigma_{i-1,j}\sigma_{i,j-1}+\sigma_{i,j}\sigma_{i+1,j}\sigma_{i,j+1}\right)\;.
\label{H_BW}
\end{equation}
The ordered phase of the system is four-fold degenerate,
with the majority spin orientations in the three equivalent sublattices being given by :
$\uparrow,\uparrow,\uparrow$; $\uparrow,\downarrow,\downarrow$;
$\downarrow,\uparrow,\downarrow$; and $\downarrow,\downarrow,\uparrow$.
According to exact results the critical point of the system is located at\cite{BW}
\begin{equation}
\sinh(2J_{BW}/kT_c)=1\;,
\label{crit_BW}
\end{equation}
and the static critical exponents are the same as for the four-state Potts model\cite{baxter82},
but without logarithmic corrections to scaling. Numerical results indicate that
universality also holds for the dynamical exponent, $z$. The nonequilibrium
exponents, $\lambda$ and $\theta$, however, seem to be different, see Table \ref{table:1}.

\paragraph{Turban model.}

In this model we have nearest neighbor interactions with strength $J_2$ in the vertical
direction and $n$-spin product interactions with strength $J_n$ in the horizontal direction, so that the
Hamiltonian is given by
\begin{equation}
{\cal H}_n=-\sum_{i,j}\left(J_2 \sigma_{i,j} \sigma_{i,j+1} + J_n \prod_{k=0}^{n-1} \sigma_{i+k,j}\right)\;.
\label{H_turban}
\end{equation}
The ordered phase of the system is $2^{n-1}$-fold degenerate.
The model is self-dual \cite{gruber,turban1,turban} and the self-dual point is located at
\begin{equation}
\sinh(2J_2/k T_c)\sinh(2J_n/k T_c)=1\;.
\label{crit_turban}
\end{equation}
It is known from numerical studies that a single phase transition takes place in the system, thus the
phase transition temperature coincides with the self-duality point. In
the following we take $J_2=J_n$ ($= J = J_{BW}$), so that
all models described in this Section have the same critical temperature, see
Eqs.(\ref{crit_I}), (\ref{crit_BW}) and (\ref{crit_turban}). As already mentioned in
the introduction the Turban model with $n=3$ has a continuous phase transition which
belongs to the (static) universality class of the four state Potts model
\cite{n3t,n3a,n3b,n3c,n3d,n3e}, even the logarithmic corrections are expected to be
of the same form for the two models. The numerical estimates of the dynamical exponent
of the two models are somewhat different, although they could be the same within the
error of the calculation. The same conclusion holds also for the nonequilibrium exponents,
$\lambda$ and $\theta$, see Table \ref{table:1}.

The model for $n \ge 4$ has a first order transition\cite{n4,blote}. Detailed numerical
studies are available for the $n=4$ case which exhibits a latent heat of $\Delta/k T_c=0.146(3)$ and a
jump of the magnetization from zero to $m_c=0.769(6)$. Nonequilibrium relaxation studies of this
model have been performed recently\cite{pi07}. The autocorrelation function
has thereby been found to approach its limiting value, given by
the magnetization in the ordered phase at the transition point, $m_c$, through a stretched
exponential decay. On the other hand relaxation of the
magnetization starting with an uncorrelated initial state with a small magnetization, $m_i$,
has been shown to approach zero with an asymptotic power law time dependence,
thus from a nonequilibrium point of view the transition is continuous.

\begin{table}
\caption{
Upper part: static and dynamic critical quantities of the Ising model, the Baxter-Wu model
and the Turban model with $n=3$ and $n=4$.
$x$: bulk scaling dimension, $z$: dynamical scaling exponent, $\lambda$: autocorrelation
exponent, $\theta$: initial slip exponent. For $n=4$ the phase transition is of
first order: $^{(a)}$ discontinuity fixed-point value, $^{(b)}$ stretched exponential decay.
Lower part: nonequilibrium critical exponents of the two-dimensional Ising model starting with an initial
state corresponding to the critical state of the Baxter-Wu model
and the Turban model with $n=3$ and $n=4$.
\label{table:1}}
 \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}  \hline
   & $x$ & $z$ & $\lambda/z$ & $\theta$ \\ \hline
  Ising & $1/8$ & $2.17$ & $0.74(2)$\cite{chatelain04} & $0.187$ \\
  BW& $1/8$ & $2.29(1)$\cite{adf03} & $1.13(6)$\cite{chatelain04} & $-0.186(2)$\cite{adf03} \\
  $n=3$ & $1/8$ & $2.3(1)$\cite{sdf01} & $0.98(2)$\cite{chatelain04} & $-0.03(1)$\cite{sdf01} \\
  $n=4$ & $0.^{(a)}$ & $2.05(10)$\cite{pi07} & $\infty^{(b)}$ & $-1.00(5)$\cite{pi07} \\ \hline \hline
  BW&  &  & $0.17(1)$ & $0.18(1)$ \\
  $n=3$ &  &  & $0.165(10)$ & $0.18(1)$ \\
  $n=4$ &  &  & $0.475(10)$ &  \\ \hline

  \end{tabular}
  \end{table}

\section{Relaxation from second order transition points}
\label{sec:second}

In the following we present results of the relaxation of the critical Ising
model where we start from a critical state
of the BW model and of the $n=3$ Turban model. The two models
have the same static critical exponents and, interestingly, the decay of the
critical correlations is the same as in the critical Ising model. We start to
present first the results for the BW model.

\subsection{Relaxation from a BW critical state}
\label{sec:BW}
In the actual calculations we used finite systems composed of $L \times L$ spins, with $L$
ranging from 60 to 240.
We set the temperature to the critical value
given in Eq.(\ref{crit_BW})
and then let the system evolve under the Hamiltonian ${\cal H}_{BW}$, see Eq.(\ref{H_BW}), using
the cluster-flip Monte-Carlo algorithm\cite{sw}. After equilibrium is reached the critical BW-states are
extracted and sorted by magnetizations. For each magnetization, $m_i$, we have selected $1000$ independent
starting states. A typical starting configuration for $m_i=0$ is shown in the left panel of Fig. \ref{Fig:figure1}.

\begin{figure}[h!]
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=3.3in,angle=0,clip=]{figure1.ps}
   \end{center}
   \caption{
Typical initial state of the BW-model (left) and the $n=3$ Turban model (right)
with $L=120$ having a magnetization $m_i=0$.
The initial state is a mixture of the pure phases.}
   \label{Fig:figure1}
 \end{figure}

After having selected the initial state, we subject the system to the heat-bath dynamics of the critical Ising
model, i.e. the relaxation is performed at the same temperature as the initialization but the
couplings between the spins are changed. For a given
starting configuration the relaxation is repeated with typically a few hundred independent sets of random numbers.

\begin{figure}[h!]
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=3.3in,angle=0,clip=]{figure2.ps}
   \end{center}
   \caption{
(Color online) (a) Relaxation of the magnetization starting with a critical $BW$ state with
different initial magnetizations $m_i$ (from top to bottom, $m_i = 0.33$, 0.16, 0.08, 0.04, and 0).
The data shown have been obtained for $L=60$.
(b)  Relaxation of the magnetization starting with a critical $BW$ state with
initial magnetization $m_i=0$ in a log-log scale for different system sizes.
}
   \label{Fig:figure2}
 \end{figure}

Fig. \ref{Fig:figure2} shows the time dependence of the magnetization for different
starting magnetizations $m_i$.
It is seen in Fig. \ref{Fig:figure2}a that for small times the magnetization
is monotonously decreasing, yielding for $m_i < 0.08$ negative values. The
asymptotic dependence of $m(t)$ is studied in more details
in Fig. \ref{Fig:figure2}b for $m_i=0$ where we plot the magnetization
vs. time in a log-log scale. According to this figure the absolute value
of the magnetization has a power-law dependence. For times shorter than some size-dependent time $t_1(L)$
there is an effective exponent, $\theta_1 =0.13(1)$, which turns to a different value, $\theta=0.18(1)$,
for $t>t_1(L)$.
The available time-scale is restricted by the finite size of the system, through $t_{m} \sim L^z$,
$z$ being the dynamical exponent of the critical Ising model, see Table \ref{table:1}. The cross-over
behavior seen in Fig. \ref{Fig:figure2}b is attributed to the structure of the initial state. As seen
in Fig. \ref{Fig:figure1}a the initial state can be described as a composition of the four different
pure ordered phases of the $BW$ model, one with magnetization, $m=1$, and three others each
with magnetization, $m=-1/3$. In the early time steps these pure phases relax and the relaxation
of the mixture of the $m=-1/3$ phases has an effective exponent, $\theta_1 =0.13(1)$. This
assumption is in accordance with the effective exponent measured in Fig. \ref{Fig:figure2}a for $m_i=1/3$.
Then for $t>t_1(L)$ the remains of the pure $m=-1/3$ phases are dissolved and we are in the true
asymptotic regime.

Next we consider the nonequilibrium autocorrelation function, $G(t)$, calculated from a
critical BW state with vanishing magnetization, $m_i=0$. The autocorrelation function
is thereby defined by
\begin{equation}
G(t) = \frac{1}{L^2} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{L^2} \langle \sigma_i(t) \sigma_i(0) \rangle
\end{equation}
where we average both over initial states and different realizations of the noise.
According to the numerical results
shown in Fig. \ref{Fig:figure3}a, the autocorrelation
function in a finite system of linear size $L$ is well described by the functional form
\begin{equation}
G(t)=A t^{-\lambda/z} \exp(-t/\tau_L)\;,
\label{G_exp}
\end{equation}
where the characteristic time, $\tau_L$, is a monotonously increasing function of $L$, so
that in the thermodynamic limit $G(t)$ has a power law dependence. We tried to fit
the measured $\tau_L$ in the form $\tau_L \sim L^{\zeta}$ and for small $L$
the obtained
exponent $\zeta$ is compatible with the dynamical exponent of the Ising model, as
listed in Table \ref{table:1}. For larger $L$, however, when the characteristic time becomes
larger than $t_1$, the measured
$\zeta$ is found to decrease below $1.5$. A possible explanation of this behavior is that
the relevant length scale in the problem, the typical size of the clusters of pure phases, $\xi$, see
Fig. \ref{Fig:figure1}a is smaller than $L$.

\begin{figure}[h!]
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=3.3in,angle=0,clip=]{figure3.ps}
   \end{center}
   \caption{
(Color online) (a) Autocorrelation function starting from a critical BW initial state for different system
sizes.
In the semi-log plot the asymptotic slope is proportional to the inverse characteristic
time $\tau(L)$. (b) The corrected autocorrelation function, $\tilde{G}(t)=G(t)\exp(t/\tau_L)$,
in a double-logarithmic scale for the same system sizes.
The slope of the curves corresponds to the exponent $\lambda/z$.
}
   \label{Fig:figure3}
 \end{figure}

In order to deduce the autocorrelation exponent, $\lambda$, from the numerical data we
have calculated the corrected autocorrelation function, $\tilde{G}(t)=G(t)\exp(t/\tau_L)$, in
which we used the estimate for $\tau_L$ calculated from Fig. \ref{Fig:figure3}a.  $\tilde{G}(t)$ is plotted
in Fig. \ref{Fig:figure3}b in a double-logarithmic scale for different system sizes.
Clearly, the curves are seen to approach an
asymptotic curve for large $L$.

Here, as for the relaxation process, one can observe an
early time period in which case the effective exponent is $\lambda_1/z \approx 0.14(1)$.
In the true asymptotic range the measured autocorrelation exponent is somewhat
larger, $\lambda/z=0.18(1)$. Interestingly, this value is much smaller than the value $0.74$
obtained when starting from a fully disordered initial state.

\subsection{Relaxation from an $n=3$ critical state}

For the case of the $n=3$ Turban model we proceed as for the BW case.
Using Glauber dynamics, we generate equilibrium critical states of the Hamiltonian
(\ref{H_turban}) with three-spin interactions.
After equilibrium is reached the initial states are
sorted by magnetization (see Fig. \ref{Fig:figure1}b for an example). These initial states are
then subjected to the heat-bath dynamics of the critical Ising model. The linear sizes of the system
used here are the same as for the BW-relaxation described in Sec. \ref{sec:BW}.

Starting with initial states with $m_i=0$ the magnetization relaxes to negative values.
To obtain a qualitative estimate of the initial slip exponent $\theta$ we plot in Fig. \ref{Fig:figure4}a
the absolute magnetization vs. time in a log-log scale. From the asymptotic slope of this curve we
obtain $\theta=0.18(1)$, which is within error bars the value obtained from a BW initial state
in Sec. \ref{sec:BW}.

\begin{figure}[h!]
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=3.3in,angle=0,clip=]{figure4.ps}
   \end{center}
   \caption{
(Color online) (a) Relaxation of the magnetization starting with a critical $n=3$ state with
initial magnetization $m_i=0$ in a log-log scale for different system sizes.
(b) The corrected autocorrelation function, $\tilde{G}(t)=G(t)\exp(t/\tau_L)$,
in a double-logarithmic scale for the $n=3$ model.
The slope of the curves corresponds to the exponent $\lambda/z$.
}
   \label{Fig:figure4}
 \end{figure}

For the autocorrelation function the same ansatz as given in Eq.(\ref{G_exp}) works in this
case too, and the characteristic time, $\tau_L$, has a similar size dependence as for the
BW-model. Having estimated $\tau_L$ for each size we have calculated the corrected
autocorrelation function, $\tilde{G}(t)$, which is plotted in Fig. \ref{Fig:figure4}b in a
log-log scale. From the asymptotic slope of these curves we have estimated the autocorrelation
exponent as $\lambda/z=0.165(10)$, which is consistent , within the error of the calculation,
with the value obtained from BW initial states in Sec. \ref{sec:BW}.

\section{Relaxation from a first-order transition point}
\label{sec:first}

The Turban model with four-spin product interaction, $n=4$, has an eight-fold degenerate
state in the ordered phase, and this degeneracy is lifted at the first-order transition
point at $T=T_c$. The transition point is
characterized by the phase coexistence of the paramagnetic phase and
the ordered phase, yielding a state that has a completely different structure as the equilibrium critical states
of the $n=3$ model or the BW model considered in the previous section. Since the order-parameter
is non-zero even at $T=T_c$, we consider in the following only the nonequilibrium autocorrelation function.
Starting with an initial state of the $n=4$ model at $T_c$ we have used heat-bath dynamics
of the critical Ising model.

\begin{figure}[h!]
  \begin{center}
     \includegraphics[width=3.3in,angle=0,clip=]{figure5.ps}
   \end{center}
   \caption{
(Color online) (a) Autocorrelation function starting from a first-order transition equilibrium state of the
Turban model with four-spin product interaction for different system
sizes.
In the semi-log plot the asymptotic slope is proportional to the inverse characteristic
time, $\tau(L)$. (b) The corrected autocorrelation function, $\tilde{G}(t)=G(t)\exp(t/\tau_L)$,
in a double-logarithmic scale for the same system sizes.
The slope of the curves corresponds to the exponent $\lambda/z$.
}
   \label{Fig:figure5}
 \end{figure}

The nonequilibrium autocorrelation function of this system is shown in Fig. \ref{Fig:figure5}a.
The decay of the autocorrelation is again well described by the same functional form
(\ref{G_exp}) that we have already observed for the two cases discussed before.
From the system size dependent characteristic times $\tau_L$ we infer a value $z \approx 2.1$ for the
dynamical exponent, in good agreement with the literature value 2.17 for the two-dimensional critical
Ising model. The corrected autocorrelation $\tilde{G}(t)=G(t)\exp(t/\tau_L)$ displays a power-law decay as
shown in Fig. \ref{Fig:figure5}b, but with an exponent $\lambda/z = 0.475(10)$ that is much larger then the value
we have obtained when starting from the critical BW or $n=3$ Turban model. Interestingly, the value of
$\lambda/z$ is compatible with $1/z$, yielding the value $\lambda=1$ for the autocorrelation exponent.

In the following we present a simple scaling argument which could explain the origin of this
numerical finding. First we note that the initial state at $t=0$, being the state of a system at a
first order transition point, is a mixture of clusters of the pure phases and the typical size
of the clusters, $\xi$, is finite and given by the correlation length at the first order
transition point. Now, for $t>0$, we change the form of the interaction and let relax the
system during which correlated domains of typical size $\ell(t) \sim t^{1/z}$ are created.
In the correlated volume, ${\cal V}(t) \sim \ell(t)^d$, due to random fluctuations, a given initial pure phase
has an excess volume $\Delta {\cal V}(t) \sim \ell(t)^{d/2}$ (compared to the average).
Consequently the (corrected) autocorrelation decays as $\tilde{G}(t)\sim \Delta {\cal V}(t)/{\cal V}(t)
\sim t^{-d/2z}$, so that $\lambda=d/2$, in agreement with the numerical results.

\section{Discussion}
\label{sec:disc}
In this paper we have considered a relaxation problem during which the form (and the symmetry)
of the interaction between the particles is suddenly changed, whereas the temperature of
the system is kept constant. In particular we studied such cases when the system before
and after the quench is at a critical temperature, but nevertheless belongs to different
universality classes. We have then studied well-known questions in nonequilibrium
dynamics, such as the relaxation of the magnetization and the decay of the autocorrelation
function. It is known\cite{cr97} that nonequilibrium critical dynamics at time $t$,
after a quench at $t=0$
from a state with $T_i=\infty$, is analogous to the static critical behavior of a semi-infinite
system at a distance $y$ from a free surface located at $y=0$. The analogous static
critical problem to our dynamical problem here is the interface critical behavior at a distance,
$y$, from a straight interface, which separates two coupled semi-infinite critical systems
which belong to different universality classes\cite{bti06,lti07}.
According to our numerical calculations the nonequilibrium critical behavior in our problem is the
result of the interplay and competition between the critical fluctuations of the two systems.

The specific problem we studied is the Ising model on the square lattice, with different
types of multispin interactions in the initial states, but with nearest neighbor interactions
after the quench. Two initial models, the BW model and the $n=3$ Turban model, belong to the
same static universality class. Interestingly, the magnetization scaling dimension of these
models, $x=1/8$, coincides with that of the normal Ising model. Nevertheless due to the quench,
the change of the symmetry of the interaction has a strong effect on the nonequilibrium
dynamics. Our main observation is that
nonequilibrium dynamics has the same asymptotic behavior when we start
from initial states of different models that are in the same
(static) universality class.
For the specific problem we considered here, the nonequilibrium exponents are found to satisfy the relation
$\theta=\lambda/z$ within the error of the calculation.

The third initial model we considered, the $n=4$ Turban model, has a first-order phase transition,
thus the structure and the topology of the initial state is completely different from the
previously discussed cases. Also the
asymptotic behavior of the nonequilibrium autocorrelation function is described by a different
exponent $\lambda = 1$.
This exponent is expected to have the value $\lambda=d/2$ and therefore to depend only on the
dimension of the system, but to be universal otherwise, i.e. not dependent on the type of the
initial state, provided it corresponds to a first-order transition point.

\begin{acknowledgments}
This work has been supported by the Hungarian National Office of Research and
Technology under Grant No. ASEP1111, by a German-Hungarian exchange
program (DAAD-M\"OB), by the Hungarian National Research Fund under
grant No OTKA TO48721, K62588, MO45596. We are indebted to F.\'A. Bagam\'ery for cooperation
in the initial period of the project. Some part of the simulations have been done
on Virginia Tech's System X.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
New acquisition and investment in Northern Mexico
By Stuart Radnedge2013-09-23T16:45:00+01:00
Air Liquide continues its rapid growth in Northern Mexico, and today announces new agreements with Altos Hornos de Mexico (AHMSA) for the acquisition of an Air Separation Unit (ASU).
Air Liquide has also secured a new investment of more than €45 i(approximately 60m USD) for Air Liquide's construction and operation of another ASU, both located on AHMSA's Monclova, Coahuila, Mexico site.
AHMSA, one of Mexico's largest steel producers, is a fully integrated steel company whose production ranges from raw materials to finished higher value added products. These new agreements follow Air Liquide's recent inauguration this spring of another ASU on the same site in Monclova, Coahuila, located approximately 200 kilometers northwest of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
The total production capacity of Air Liquide Mexico's 4 ASUs (3 in Monclova, Coahuila and 1 in Pesqueria, Nuevo Leon, Mexico) will reach approximately 3,000 tonnes of oxygen and more than 100 tonnes of argon per day. This will establish Air Liquide as a major source of oxygen in the North of Mexico and the major source of argon in the country.
The three ASUs in Monclova, Coahuila will provide oxygen, nitrogen and argon for AHMSA, while strengthening Air Liquide's supply to other industries and customers in the region, including metal fabrication, oil and gas, automotive, glass, food and beverage, as well as healthcare sectors.
With these new investments, Air Liquide will have invested nearly €200m (approximately 250m USD) in Mexico by the end of this year, since its entry in the country in 2011, establishing its leading market position in the northern region, as well as its presence and market potential throughout th e other regions of the country.
Michael Graff, Senior Vice-President Americas and a member of Air Liquide's Executive Committee commented: "We appreciate AHMSA's confidence and trust in our ability to continue to deliver safe and reliable products to help drive growth and prosperity for industry and citizens throughout Mexico. As the group remains focused on leading market positions in high potential markets, Mexico and the developing economies of the surrounding region are strategic growth areas for Air Liquide."
Air Liquide joins H2USA program
Air Liquide has announced it has joined H2USA, a public-private partnership launched by the US Department of Energy (DOE) focusing on advancing hydrogen infrastructure to support the development of new transportation options for US consumers.
Air Liquide selected as technological partner
Iris Challenger II, the first hot air balloon powered by electricity, will attempt to cross the English Channel. Air Liquide is a technological partner in this grand adventure.
SEPPIC wins award for hydrotope
SEPPIC, a subsidiary of the Air Liquide Group, is this year's recipient of the Pierre Potier Award for its SIMULSOL®SL7 G innovation. Each year, the Pierre Potier Award singles out the best innovations in the chemical industry that promote sustainable development.
More West Europe
Edwards honoured at SEMICON
Edwards' Mike Czerniak was one of three industry leaders who developed new standards for reduced energy consumption in production equipment.
Air Liquide acquires SEPRODOM
Increasing life expectancy and the rise in chronic diseases are major public health issues. Air Liquide is continuing to develop its home healthcare activity in France with the acquisition of SEPRODOM, a key player in home healthcare and monitoring of patients with chronic diseases in the French overseas departments and ...
Chart in another LNG first
Chart Industries, is proud to be the first LNG vehicle tank manufacturer to obtain European ECE R110 certification for a range of its products.


text:
Should Churches Strive to Be Multi-Ethnic?
by Adelle M. Banks, RNS
Video Courtesy of The Gospel Coalition
For two and a half years, Ja'mel Armstrong and Matt Ness have jointly led One Church, a congregation striving to be diverse in a neighborhood in Louisville, Ky., that is more interracial than most.
It's a work in progress, they acknowledge, but the African-American and white co-pastors say they believe their congregation, which is close to 50 percent black and 50 percent white, is more fulfilling than the more racially segregated churches they used to lead.
"On our own, we just didn't feel like that's who we were meant to be," said Ness, who formerly led a mostly white church. "The picture we believed in was much broader than the local church I was pastoring and the local church Ja'mel was pastoring."
The co-pastors' congregation is part of the Evangelical Covenant Church — a small denomination that claims to be one of the most diverse in the country. One Church is part of a trend reported by scholars this month: Multiracial churches are on the rise and so is the percentage of U.S. congregants who attend them.
The percentage of U.S. multiracial congregations almost doubled between 1998 and 2012, from 6.4 percent to 12 percent, according to a study published in June in the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. In the same period, the percentage of U.S. congregants attending an interracial church has reached almost one in five, advancing from 12.7 percent to 18.3 percent. The 2012 statistics are the latest available.
Co-authors Kevin Dougherty, a sociology professor at Baylor University, and Michael Emerson, provost at North Park University, defined multiracial congregations as ones in which no single racial or ethnic group constitutes more than 80 percent of the people in the pews.
But the co-authors point out that interracial congregations have long faced a number of challenges. And their recent findings show that while the average percentage of black congregants in multiracial congregations has increased, the percentage of Latinos in those kinds of churches has decreased in the same period.
"When you bring groups, different ethnic groups, together in a congregation, they come with different cultures, and those cultures include all types of expectations," said Dougherty, citing music styles and food choices. "To help them develop a sense of shared identity above and beyond those cultural differences is a key part of the adaptability necessary for a multiracial congregation to succeed."
Ness, co-pastor of the Louisville church, alternates preaching with Armstrong. He said before One Church opened its doors, they formulated a nontraditional approach to music. The worship team includes a gospel-style keyboardist, a blues, rock and country guitarist and a jazzy drummer and bassist. Singers represent a range of genres.
Ja'mel Armstrong is a pastor at One Church, an interracial congregation of the Evangelical Covenant Church, in Louisville, Ky. Photo courtesy of One Church
"We didn't want to be defined by a particular style and so we didn't tell you to stand up. We didn't tell you to lift your hands. We didn't tell you how to worship," said Armstrong. "The goal was: If you are naturally contemplative in your worship style, then you be that. If you are naturally expressive, then you be that."
It didn't work for everyone. Armstrong said there was a gradual "mass exodus" from the 250-attendee first service in January 2016, with the congregation dropping to about 50. The congregation has since doubled to 100 after attracting new congregants.
The Rev. Michael Davis, the African-American teaching pastor at 10-year-old Downtown Church in Memphis, Tenn., said intentionality is key to multiracial churches. His congregation strives to have leaders of different races regularly preaching and making announcements. The church avoids identifying with political parties and instead seeks to foster an environment where various viewpoints can be aired.
"So nobody is trying to suffocate the identity of any of our minorities," said Davis, who co-leads the fledging congregation with its white founder, Richard Rieves. "It's intentionality, it's empowerment and it's sacrifice."
The congregation, which Davis calls a "multiracial/class plant" or offshoot of the mostly white Second Presbyterian Church, meets in Clayborn Temple, a historic church that once housed a predominantly white congregation and later a mostly black one.
But Davis acknowledges that his Evangelical Presbyterian Church congregation that is 70 percent white and 30 percent minority (mostly blacks but including some Asians and Latinos) hasn't achieved all its milestones toward integration, including among its smaller community groups attended by some of the 300 who worship together on Sunday.
"Are we doing it perfectly?" Davis said. "No. Because there are some times where I have to talk to some of my groups that are predominantly white and say, 'How do we get more diversity?'"
As they strive for inclusiveness, leaders of multiracial churches say they sometimes feel like they are on their own without many role models.
Worshippers gather at the Downtown Church, a multiracial congregation of the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Memphis, Tenn. Photo courtesy of Downtown Church
Ness, 39, who has pastored for 16 years, said, "I feel like I'm brand new at my job when I started this." Armstrong, 38, agreed that the nontraditional church stands out from others: "We almost feel a lot of times that we're on an island."
The Rev. Susan Brooks Thistlethwaite, a Chicago Theological Seminary professor, informally polled former students and found they have seen evidence of the new survey's findings about the growth of interracial congregations.
"One woman graduate who identified as white indicated that she had 'pastored a black church for seven years,'" said Thistlethwaite, whose seminary is affiliated with the United Church of Christ. "A number of graduates emphasized, however, that there have been congregations that have been racially diverse for many years, with racially diverse pastoral leadership."
The survey, based on data from the National Congregations Study, also found an increase in black clergy leading multiracial congregations, rising from less than 5 percent in both 1998 and 2006 to 17 percent in 2012.
The Rev. Cheryl Townsend Gilkes, professor of African-American studies and sociology at Colby College, said the willingness of white congregants to join churches with black pastors is a positive sign, given the long history of segregated Sunday morning services.
"Although white people have always been willing to appropriate style and music from black churches, they have resisted black leadership," Gilkes said. "This new moment in American religious life could be quite helpful in countering many negative current events in the area of race relations."
Despite the challenges of interracial cooperation, Davis said, he sees rewards as he helps lead his Memphis congregation.
"I experience the body of Christ more, the wider scope of it, and so it broadens my perspective of who the Lord is," he said. "Being in a multiracial church, you see the beauty of different cultural backgrounds, different walks of life."


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White Bear Township
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Below is some general information about White Bear Township:
White Bear Township is a township in Ramsey County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 10,949 at the 2010 census. The township was established in 1858. Over the years, the cities of White Bear Lake, Vadnais Heights, Gem Lake, and North Oaks were carved out of the township's original 36 square miles (93 km2). It now comprises four discontiguous parcels over an area of 9.3 square miles. It is the only remaining township in Ramsey County.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 10.8 square miles, of which 7.5 square miles is land and 3.4 square miles, or 31.12%, is water. Interstate Highway 35E, U.S. Highway 61, County Highway 96, and State Highway 96 are four of the main routes in the community.
As of the census of 2000, there were 11,293 people, 4,010 households, and 3,151 families residing in the township. The population density was 1,513.7 people per square mile. There were 4,086 housing units at an average density of 547.7/sq mi. The racial makeup of the township was 97.14% White, 0.41% African American, 0.22% Native American, 1.20% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 0.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.19% of the population.
In the township the population was spread out with 29.0% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males.
Source: White Bear Township on Wikipedia