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» News Archive February 2017
Italian brutal Death Metallers DEVANGELIC will release their sophomore full length "Phlegethon" on October 27, 2017 via Comatose Music. The album will be mixed / mastered by Sasha Borovykh at TsunTsun Productions and the artwork was created by Ken Sarafin (Sarafin Concepts). The complete tracklist reads as follows: 'Plagued By Obscurity', 'Mutilation Above Salvation', 'Of Maggots And Disease', 'Malus Invictus', 'Abominated Impurity Of The Oppressed', 'Condemned To Dismemberment', 'Wretched Incantations', 'Manifestation Of Agony', 'Decaying Suffering' and 'Asphyxiation Upon Phlegethon'. The limited digipak edition will feature 2 additional bonus tracks: 'He Who Sleeps' (MORBID ANGEL cover) and 'Abominated Impurity Of The Oppressed' (Promo 2016). More about DEVANGELIC at www.devangelic.com or www.facebook.com/devangelic.official
Defying Danger Records have just released the cassette version of WOUND's "Engrained" album. "Remnants…", the second full length from Californian Death Metallers RUDE, will also be released on tape (limited to 300 handnumbered copies) right on time for the "California Death Over Europe" tour in May 2017. On April 30, 2017 the label will furthermore release the vinyl edition of the SLEDGEHAMMER NOSEJOB debut "Stop! Hammertime!". More details and ordering information at www.defyingdanger.de
In April 2017 Terror From Hell Records will release NECROMUTILATOR's new mini album "Ripping Blasphemy" on 12" vinyl (limited to 400 copies on black vinyl, with silkscreen design printed on the B-side) and cassette (limited to 150 copies on black tape). The following tracks will appear on it: 'Ripping Blasphemy', 'Exhorted Sacrifice', 'Unholy Semen Of Doom' and 'Gate To Eternal Possession'. More about NECROMUTILATOR at www.facebook.com/necromutilator-221413121202401
Season of Mist have signed Norwegian Black Metallers 1349. The band had already been signed to the US department of the label and now the deal had been extended to a worldwide representation. For all additional 1349 information go to www.facebook.com/1349official
"Frost Image", the 1993 debut album from Mexican Death Metallers BLOODSOAKED, will be re-released on CD via Chaos Records on March 27, 2017. The album was originally only released on cassette through Rock'n'Roll Circus. The new CD edition will also feature the 3 songs from 1994's "The Omen" 7" EP. The album songs were remastered by Dan Lowndes at Resonance Sound in the UK (GRAVE MIASMA, CRUCIAMENTUM, QUESTION), the bonus tracks by Ted Tringo at The Ancient Way Mastering. More info and ordering details at www.chaos-records.com
INQUISITION will embark on the second leg of their "Bloodshed Across Europe" tour this April. The tour will kick off at the Royal Metal Fest in Aarhus, Denmark on April 07, 2017 and it ends on April 30, 2017 in Murcia, Spain. For all further details check out www.facebook.com/inquisition.official
Lycanthropic Chants have just released a limited tape edition (150 handnumbered copies) of the self-titled MINOTAUR HEAD debut full length. A sound sample can be checked out here. For ordering details go here: www.lycanthropic-chants.de
Brian Kingsland, guitarist for South Carolina Progressive Black Metallers ENTHEAN, has joined NILE as second guitarist / vocalist. He replaces Dallas Toler-Wade, who decided to leave the band in order to focus on his own plans and recordings. More about NILE at www.facebook.com/nilecatacombs
On April 08, 2017 Raw Skull Recordz will release a cassette edition of the new MORDBRAND full length "Wilt". The cassettes will be limited to 100 hand-numbered blue copies. For all further info check out www.rawskullrecordz.org
On February 27, 2017 Terror From Hell Records will release a vinyl edition of "Into A Pyramid Of Doom", the debut full length of German based INTO COFFIN. The album will be available as a 180 gram black vinyl double LP. For ordering details check out www.tfhrecords.com or www.facebook.com/terrorfromhellrecords. More about INTO COFFIN at www.facebook.com/intocoffin
German Death Metallers ANASARCA have signed a deal with Sevared Records for the release of their new album "Survival Mode". The recordings will start on March 29, 2017 with a release scheduled for May 25, 2017. If you want to pre-order the album and / or a shirt, just send an e-mail to order@anasarca.de with the subject "Survival Mode pre-order". All additional ANASARCA information you will find at www.facebook.com/anasarcadeathmetal
Swedish Death Metallers MORDBRAND are streaming their upcoming new full length "Wilt" in its entirety at this location now. The album was mixed and mastered by Lawrence Mackrory and the artwork was created by Nathalie Ziegler. "Wilt" will be released through Carnal Records on February 24, 2017. A lyric video for the song 'Delivering The Gods' can already be checked out here. More about MORDBRAND at www.facebook.com/officialmordbrand
The new GRÁ single "Ramsvarta Tankar" will be released on March 24, 2017 via Carnal Records. It features the following two tracks: 'Ramsvarta Tankar' and 'Osculum Obscenum' (LORD BELIAL cover). Besides Heljarmadr, Dimman and Maugrim the new line-up of GRÁ includes Natt (ex – HORDE OF HEL, ex – DARK FUNERAL, ex – WITHERSHIN) on guitars and Vediger (ex – DIABOLIC LUST, ex – SYMPHONY OF MALICE) on bass. For all further band information check out www.grahorde.com or www.facebook.com/graofficial
'A Ripping Strike', the first track off CRAVEN IDOL's forthcoming new album "The Shackles Of Mammon", is already streaming right here. The album will be released via Dark Descent Records on April 14, 2017. More CRAVEN IDOL info at www.facebook.com/pages/craven-idol/158945044134965
Ukraine based Death / Thrashers HELL:ON have released a video for the track 'Filth' at this location. The song is taken from their 2015 album "Once Upon A Chaos". More HELL:ON info at www.facebook.com/hellonofficial
Swedish Death Metallers THOSE WHO BRING THE TORTURE have just released their new full length "Necromancer" via Selfmadegod Records. It was recorded at The Rotpit Studio in 2016 and mixed and mastered by Brynjar Helgetun at Studio Brainjar (JOHANSSON & SPECKMANN, PUTREVORE, DOWN AMONG THE DEAD MEN). The artwork was created by Ironworks Gravefix (BONE GNAWER, PAGANIZER). The album's full tracklist reads like this: 'Dead World Disorder', 'Shotgun Lobotomy', 'Parasite Tales', 'Relics Of A Future Past', 'Necromancer', 'Equinoxer', 'Necromancer Pt.II', 'The Morons Are Running The Asylum', 'Atlantis Interceptor' and 'Humanity Has Left The Building'. More info at www.selfmadegod.com
In May 2017 Triumph Ov Death will release a limited edition MUTILATED compilation entitled "In Memoriam". It will be released as a double digipak CD with a 24 page full-colour booklet. CD 1 will feature all studio recordings from the band (including the 1987 "Omens Of Dark Fate" demo, which they still released as MUTILATOR) and the 1994 demo (which was released as ABYSSALS). CD 2 will come up with a bunch of rehearsal and live recordings that have been recorded on various locations from 1988 to 1993. Here's the complete tracklist: CD 1: MUTILATOR – "Omens Of Dark Fate" (Demo 1987): 'Omens Of Dark Fate', 'Unholy Church', 'Wish My Death', 'Apocalyptic Prophecy', 'Rabid Axeman Slaughtering' and 'Cabalistic Cryptograms', MUTILATED – "Psychodeath Lunatics" (Demo 1988): 'The Crown Of Death', 'Funerarium', 'Hysterical Corpse Dislocation' and 'Cabalistic Cryptograms' (bonus track), MUTILATED – "Resurrected" (Demo '91): 'Graves Of Rebirth' and 'Sorcery', MUTILATED – Unreleased 7" EP, 1993: 'Tormented Creation', 'Evil Scriptures', ABYSSALS – Demo 1994: 'Evil Scriptures', 'The Hole Of Souls' and 'Scarified'. CD 2: Rehearsals: 'Cabalistic Cryptograms' (May '88), 'Disincarnate Souls' (June '88), 'Funeral Slumber' (March '91), 'Tormented Creation' ('91), 'Al-Azif' (ABYSSAL rehearsal '94), 'Millenium Altar', 'Sorcery', 'Graves Of Rebirth' (February / March '91) and 'Evil Scriptures' ('92). Live recordings: 'Evil Scriptures' (Marseilles – April 16, 1993), 'Intro', 'Tormented Creation', 'Sorcery', 'Millenium Altar', 'The Crown Of Death', 'Funeral Slumber', 'Evil Scriptures', 'Graves Of Rebirth' (Lyon – December 13, 1992), 'Tormented Creation' (Verdalle – April 17, 1993), 'The Crown Of Death' (Paris – June 14, 1992) and 'Evil Scriptures' (Mulhouse – August 08, 1993). More MUTILATED information you will find at www.facebook.com/mutilateddeathmetal. For ordering details check out www.facebook.com/triumphovfvckingdeath or contact triumphovdeath@gmail.com
"Parthenope", the debut full length from Italy's symphonic Black Metallers SCUORN, will be released on March 01, 2017 via Dusktone. It was recorded, mixed and mastered at 6th Cellar Studio in Roma by Stefano Morabito (FLESHGOD APOCALYPSE, HOUR OF PENANCE) and the orchestral version has been handled by Riccardo Studer (STORMLORD). The album will be available in four different versions. For all additional information and ordering details check out www.dusktone.eu or www.facebook.com/dusktone. More about SCOURN at www.scuorn.com or www.facebook.com/scuorn
Soulseller Records have signed Swedish Death Metallers PALE KING for the release of their debut full length "Monolith Of The Malign". The album will be released on April 21, 2017 (on CD, limited LP and digitally). It features the following tracks: 'The Last Hour', 'Ominous Horrors', 'Monolith Of The Malign', 'The Curse', 'Dark Intentions', 'Inflicting Misery', 'Resurrected' and 'A Haunted Palace'. The title track can already be checked out at this location. PALE KING features WOMBBATH members Jonny Pettersson on guitar and vocals and Håkan Stuvemark on guitar. The line-up gets completed by Hannah Gill on bass and Jon Rudin on drums. For all further info check out www.facebook.com/paleking666
Finnish Death Metallers GOREPHILIA have premiered a second track off their upcoming new album "Severed Monolith". You can check out 'Return To Dark Space' right here. The CD edition of "Severed Monolith" will be released on March 03, 2017 via Dark Descent Records, the vinyl edition will be handled by Me Saco Un Ojo. More about GOREPHILIA at www.gorephilia.com or www.facebook.com/gorephilia
"The Blackest Volume: Like All The Earth Was Buried", the debut album from Michigan blackened Grinders SUNLIGHT'S BANE, is streaming in its entirety at this location now. It will be released on February 17, 2017 via Innerstrength Records. For all additional information and updates check out www.facebook.com/sunlightsbane
Five years after the release of their last album "Misanthropy" Polish blackened Death Metallers PANDEMONIUM have returned to the scene with a new album entitled "Nihilist". It was recorded, mixed and mastered at Heavy Gear Studio with Mariusz Konieczny and features nine tracks. "Misanthropy" will be released via Old Temple on February 15, 2017 on golden CDs, in a traditional CD case. All copies will be handnumbered. A full album stream is available at this location. More about PANDEMONIUM at www.pandemonium.metal.pl or www.facebook.com/pandemoniumpl
On May 12, 2017 Comatose Music will release "Methods of Resurrection Through Evisceration", the new full length from Italian Death Metallers ANTROPOFAGUS. The album will feature the following tracks: 'Whirlwind Of Initiation', 'Spawn Of Chaos', 'Chants For Abyzou', 'Praise To A Hecatomb', 'Methods Of Resurrection Through Evisceration', 'Omnipotent Annihilation', 'The Abyss (Chapter One)', 'Quintessence Of Suffering', 'Deception Of The Blood' and 'Living In Fear' (MALEVOLENT CREATION cover). A vinyl edition will be released via Everlasting Spew Records. More about ANTROPOFAGUS at www.facebook.com/antropofagus.official
Old Temple have just re-released "The Enlightenment", the 1999 debut album from Mexican Death Metallers SARGATANAS on hand numbered, golden CDs. The album is streaming in its entirety at this location. More SARGATANAS info at www.facebook.com/sargatanasmx.mexico
Swedish Death Metallers MORDBRAND will release their new album "Wilt" on February 24, 2017 via Carnal Records. It was mixed and mastered by Lawrence Mackrory and the artwork was created by Nathalie Ziegler. The complete tracklist reads as follows: 'Bleed Into Nought', 'Delivering The Gods', 'Worship Predation', 'At The Larvae Column', 'Throes Of Glorious Death', 'To Pursue Damnation', 'Venomous Myrrh', 'Wilt' and 'Give In To Oblivion'. A lyric video for the song 'Delivering The Gods' is already available at this location. More about MORDBRAND at www.facebook.com/officialmordbrand
Czech Death Metallers HYPNOS will release a new full length on March 24, 2017 via Einheit Produktionen. The album is entitled "The Whitecrow" and it is the first release of the band since "Heretic Commando – Rise Of The New Antikrist" from 2012. A lyric video for the title track can already be checked out here. More HYPNOS info at www.hypnos-cz.com or www.facebook.com/hypnoscz
On September 02, 2017 Raw Skull Recordz will re-release "Howling From The Deep", the debut full length from Russian Death Metallers GROND (it was originally released in 2012). The CD will include extra bonus tracks, a new artwork by Daemorph Evilartdominion and it will be limited to 500 copies of which, 50 will include an OBI strip (these will only be available at the Schoonebeek Deathfest). More about GROND at www.facebook.com/grondrus
Finnish Death / Thrashers RE-ARMED have released a video for 'Lullaby Of Obedience' at this location. The track is taken from the band's new album "The Era Of Precarity", which was released on September 30, 2016 via Finland's Saarni Records. For all additional information check out www.re-armed.net or www.facebook.com/rearmed
"Execration Diatribes", the upcoming debut full length from Portuguese Death Metallers PESTIFER, is already available for streaming in its entirety over here. The album will be released through Lavadome Productions on February 14, 2017. More PESTIFIER information you will find at www.facebook.com/pestiferofficial
NECROWRETCH have released an animated video for the title track of their forthcoming, third album "Satanic Slavery" at this location. The album, that will be released on April 14, 2017 via Season Of Mist, features the following eight tracks: 'Sprawl Of Sin', 'Tredeciman Blackfire', 'Satanic Slavery', 'Evil Names', 'Hellspawn Pyre', 'Bestial Rites', 'Curse Of Blasphemy' and 'Verses From The Depths'. For all additional NECROWRETCH info and updates check out www.necrowretch.net or www.facebook.com/necrowretch
Polish Black / Death Metallers AZARATH will release their new album "In Extremis" on April 07, 2017 via Agonia Records. It was recorded at various locations between March and November 2016, mixed and mastered by Haldor Grunberg at Satanic Audio and the album cover was created by Marta Prominska (Hypnagogic Painting). The full tracklist reads like this: 'The Triumph Of Ascending Majesty', 'Let My Blood Become His Flesh', 'Annihilation (Smite All The Illusions)', 'The Slain God', 'At The Gates Of Understanding', 'Parasu Blade', 'Sign Of Apophis', 'Into The Nameless Night', 'Venomous Tears (Mourn Of The Unholy Mother)' and 'Death'. More band information you will find at www.azarath.pl or www.facebook.com/azarathband
London's blackened Thrashers CRAVEN IDOL will release their second album "The Shackles Of Mammon" on April 14, 2017 on LP, CD and MC via Dark Descent Records. It was recorded at Priority Studios in Birmingham, engineered by Greg Chandler (ESOTERIC) and mastered by Dan Lowndes at Resonance Sound. The album artwork was created by Daniel Corcuera. More about CRAVEN IDOL at www.facebook.com/craven-idol-158945044134965
Italian Death Metallers POSTHUMAN ABOMINATION have been signed by Comatose Music. The band features members from DEVANGELIC, NATRIUM and XENOMORPHIC CONTAMINATION and their first-ever track 'Crafting Life' can be checked out here. POSTHUMAN ABOMINATION are currently working on their debut full length "Transcending Embodiment", which is scheduled for an early 2018 release. More information and updates you will find at www.facebook.com/posthumanabomination
Houston, Texas based Death Metallers DESECRATE THE FAITH have just released a new song from their forthcoming album "Unholy Infestation". You can check out 'Sacrilege Reborn' at this location. The album will be out on March 03, 2017 via Comatose Music. For all additional info go to www.facebook.com/desecratethefaithofficial
Swedish Death Metallers DERANGED have parted ways with their vocalist, Anders Johansson. He has been replaced by Johan Bergström (VISCERAL BLEEDING). In an official statement the band wrote: "Anders has left the band. He wishes to focus on his family, so we part as friends and wish him the best of luck! We have already found a perfect replacement. Johan is an old friend of ours, we've played with him before in different projects and there is no doubt he will take DERANGED's brutality to another level, onstage and in the studio! Anyone who has seen him perform in any of his other bands knows that he is a bloody powerhouse with one hell of a voice, and we're looking forward to lay waste to Europe this coming spring together." More about DERANGED at www.facebook.com/derangedband
Norwegian Black Metallers GJENDØD just posted the titletrack from their upcoming full-length "Nedstigning" over here. The album was recorded between April and August 2016 at Nord Stern Studios and features the following seven tracks: 'Til Høsten', 'Nedstigning', 'Håpet Falmer', 'Amputasjon Av Vranglæren', 'Kvalt Av Fornuft', 'Utrydd Den' and 'Ny Innsikt'. The CD edition will be released on February 24, 2017 via Hellthrasher Productions. The LP / MC version will follow later via Darker Than Black Records. For all further GJENDØD info check out www.facebook.com/Gjend%C3%B8d-1099509976778327
Swedish old school Black Metallers WAN will release their third full length "Wan Way To Hell" via Carnal Records on February 10, 2017. The album will feature the following tracks: 'Known As Dead', 'King Of Evil', 'Till Kamp', 'Igeltjärn', 'The Challenger', 'Wrought', 'As If', 'Spitfire Metal', 'Full Sving', 'Piss On Your Grave', 'Svarthäll', 'Inn I Ilden' and 'Wan Way To Hell'. A video for 'King Of Evil' can already be watched right here. More about WAN at www.facebook.com/theunholywan
French Black / Death Metallers VI, TEMPLE OF BAAL and THE ORDER OF APOLLYON will join forces on a split EP that will be released via Agonia Records on March 31, 2017. The recording will feature one brand new song from each of the bands, with a playing time close to 25 minutes. With the exception of the drums, all instruments have been recorded, mixed and mastered at BST Studios. The drums were recorded at Hybreed Studios and Studio Vallet, respectively. The split EP will be available on black vinyl (with laser etching on side B), a limited to 200 copies red edition (with similar laser etching) and a limited to 100 copies gold edition (with a patch and similar laser etching). To find out more about the bands, check them out through the following sites: www.facebook.com/vithdevotion, www.facebook.com/theorderofapollyon and www.facebook.com/temple-of-baal-20135072962
"Rites Of The Mangled", the second full length from Barcelona based Death Metallers MORBID FLESH, will be released on CD via Unholy Prophecies on April 24, 2017 (the vinyl edition will follow a bit later). The album was recorded, mixed and mastered at Moontower Studios (GRAVEYARD, CARNAL TOMB, TEITANBLOOD, NOMINON) and features guest appearances from Blasphemic Vomitor (INSULTERS), Xavi (TORT) and Xavier (CRANI SEPTIC / ASTIGARRAGA THROER / ÓSSERP). The complete tracklist reads like this: 'Circle Cursed', 'Burn The Entrails', 'Banished To Oblivion', 'Heretics Hammer', 'Feeding Mallows', 'Incantation' and 'Evil Behind You'. Additional info on MORBID FLESH you can find at www.facebook.com/morbidflesh
Italy's BLASPHEMER have added Nicolò Brambilla (EKPYROSIS) on second guitar to their line-up. The band released the following statement about their new member: "We are extremely proud to announce that the unholy trinity has found a true disciple in Hell: Nicolò Brambilla (founder member of EKPYROSIS) joined the crusade against Christianity and he's ready to summon the evil and kill that shit with us on stage, as well as on the upcoming releases. We already started the writing process and Nicolò immediately brought his old school background, which will be a strong part of our sound." BLASPHEMER's latest album "Ritual Theophagy" was released on Comatose Music last October. A promo video for the album track 'You Are Nothing' can be found here. More band information at www.facebook.com/blasphemerbrutalwww.facebook.com/blasphemerbrutal
Polish Black / Death Metallers AZARATH have signed a new record deal with Agonia Records. The release of a new album is scheduled for April this year. For all further info and updates check out www.facebook.com/azarathband or www.azarath.pl
"Born… Suffer… Die", the classic 1991 debut full length from Brazilian Death Metallers HEADHUNTER D.C., has been re-released as a special 25th anniversary deluxe digipak edition via Cogumelo Records (in co-operation with Mutilation Records). The CD has been remastered and features the entire "Hell Is Here" demo from 1989 and other rare studio and live songs as bonus tracks. An additionally included DVD offers the band's legendary show at the Sucata club in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil from February 15, 1992 (one of their first shows as a five-piece) plus a photo gallery with exclusive pictures from that particular show. The booklet features liner notes, old photos and further band memorabilia plus an English / Portuguese written text by Luiz "Angelkiller" Jr. from the now defunct 90s Death Metal band INFAMOUS from Salvador, Bahia and vocalist Sérgio Baloff's brother. The album is distributed in the US by Greyhaze Records. More about HEADHUNTER D.C. at www.facebook.com/headhunterdc.
The forthcoming re-release of THE MIST's 1989 "Phantasmagoria" album is now streaming its entirety at this location. It will be released via Greyhaze Records on February 03, 2017. For ordering details check out www.greyhazerecords.com


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Biblical Criticism & History Forum - earlywritings.com
Investigating the roots of western civilization (ye olde BC&H forum of IIDB lives on...)
Board index Christian Texts and History
Discussion about the New Testament, apocrypha, gnostics, church fathers, Christian origins, historical Jesus or otherwise, etc.
GakuseiDon
Re: What Happened?
Post by GakuseiDon » Thu Nov 26, 2020 11:40 am
John2 wrote: ↑
Come on, Ben, what do YOU think happened?
I second this call!
mlinssen
Contact mlinssen
Post by mlinssen » Thu Nov 26, 2020 12:12 pm
MrMacSon wrote: ↑
mlinssen wrote: ↑
Lovely history, I'll keep that!
I just responded to David, please read that as well.
Cheers. Will do.
I thought the Pharisees were gone after 70 CE, just about?
I think what happened within Judaism in the period after 70 CE and whether what the Jewish priests were doing and producing, eg. the Tosefta, had an influence on the gospel writers seems to have largely been overlooked. Hence that potted history and http://www.earlywritings.com/forum/view ... f=6&t=7348 (and previously a repository thread, http://www.earlywritings.com/forum/view ... f=6&t=3591)
Various identities of the early Tannaic/ Mishnaic period are said to be represented in the NT, eg. Aquila "Ponticus" of Sinope.
Some identify Simeon ben Hillel, the son of Hillel the Elder and father of Gamaliel I, with the Simeon of Luke 2 who blessed the infant Jesus.
Interesting threads, the flight back into the womb...
After having been made almost extinct, oral tradition gets written down - to preserve it for mankind?
That is one extreme, the other likely was to forget all about anything Judaic, and just fuggitall
And Christianity - because there's an innate need to be a religiot, I suppose - would have thrived because of it. But it would mean oceans of Jews flooding the poor infant religion, and your suggestion that contemporary Jews made it even into the gospels... would point to Christianity (really) coming into being because, and only because, the destruction of the Jewish temple
It almost all starts to make sense
MrMacSon
Post by MrMacSon » Thu Nov 26, 2020 12:13 pm
davidmartin wrote: ↑
There's definitely a bit of a paradox in Christianity's attitude to Judaism, both for and against at the same time!
If you look at the Samaritan history, and the Judean one, you see centuries of hate against one another.
Both were Jewish, unsure about whether they would be called Israelite, I'm unfamiliar with the exact definition of that over periods of time
The destruction of Mount Gerizim and its temple in 110 BC by John Hyrcanus, consequently being chased, enslaved and circumcised - the Samaritans fled as far as Egypt and almost became extinct.
Then their being denied to worship in the last remaining temple, Jerusalem, in 6 BC - that was grounds enough for the Samaritans rejecting everything Judaic including their religion.
And then the funny thing is, after 70 CE the Judeans go through the exact same ordeal!
So I see Thomas writing after 110 BC, but has to be under Roman rule given logion 100, so after 63 BCE at least.
Steve Mason has proposed, in A History of the Jewish War, A.D. 66-74, that Jewish activism in Caesarea, the provincial home of the Samarian dominated auxiliary forces and the provincial centre of the imperial cult since the demise of the Herod dynasty, was key to things that instigated the First Roman-Jewish War and the eventual fall of the Second Temple.
via Neil Godfrey's vridar blog -
Around the year 50 CE Samarian-Judean tensions again broke into violence (from p. 271):
An [Samarian] auxiliary soldier's provocative insults to Passover pilgrims in the temple court incites Judaean youths to rock-throwing, which gives the soldiers a pretext to react with force.
In a search for Judaean bandits in the Judaean countryside after a Judaean robbery, an auxiliary soldier finds a copy of the Torah and burns it.
One or more Galileans travelling to Jerusalem is/are killed in Samaria near modem Jenin (Ginae).
The last-mentioned "incident" becomes a microcosmic image of the later events that led to the final outbreak of war with Rome:
Judeans plead with the Roman governor to punish the Samarian murderers;
The Roman governor was believed to have done nothing in response;
Judeans take "justice" into their own hands and burn Samarian villages neighbouring Judea;
Meanwhile, Jerusalem elders plead with their people to stop attacking Samarians lest Rome intervenes against them;
The Roman governor responds by leading the Samarian auxiliary force against the Judeans . . . .
Mason concludes that had Judaean vigilantism against Samarians … escalated as it would a decade later ... . 'the Jewish revolt against Rome' could have begun there and then in the early 50s:
In that case it would have been clear that the war arose from regional aggravations. (Mason, 272)
Caesarea was a flashpoint, Mason writes. It was the home of the Samarian dominated auxiliary forces and the centre of the imperial cult. The Judeans were a minority there, and both prosperous and increasingly vulnerable, especially with Nero's reported contempt for Judeans and with Florus now entering to collect as much gold and silver as possible.
When Nero dispatched Gessius Floras to Caesarea in 64, the elements of a perfect storm were gathering. Florus' mandate for ruthless revenue collection from Jerusalem's temple with its world-famous wealth … made the nightmare scenario a reality. Judaeans now faced an auxiliary army itching to have free rein against them, with little constraint from the equestrian prefect if they resisted his efforts to seize temple funds, which they would inevitably do (War 2.277—344). Florus appears to have fully exploited the existing hatreds to intimidate and silence Judaeans or worse. (Mason, 275)
The Judeans in Caesarea desperately begged Rome to allow Caesarea to be recognized as a Judean city. But Nero flatly denied their request. Nero had no patience for Judean complaints about the Samarian force dominating and apparently showing unjust bias against them.
To protect the temple younger priests, ignoring the advice of their elders and the Pharisees, used the temple force to prevent all foreign access to the temple. This act broke with the custom of the temple having allowed sacrifices by all ethnic groups.
The new governor, Cestius, is barraged with complaints about Florus but Florus tells him that it is the Judeans who are in revolt against Roman authority.
https://vridar.org/2020/11/19/what-caus ... -66-74-ce/
The way they're said to have gone about it - discussions back and forward - makes one wonder how much they reinvented, and, besides the Tosefta and the Mishnah, other things are said to have been written down eg, the Ketuvim, the third and final section of the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible).
Significantly, there is no scholarly consensus as to when the Hebrew Bible canon was fixed: some scholars argue that it was fixed by the Hasmonean dynasty, while others argue it was not fixed until the second century CE or even later. Jacob Neusner has argued the notion of a biblical canon was not even prominent in 2nd-century Rabbinic Judaism or even later (Midrash in Context: Exegesis in Formative Judaism, pp.1–22; and Judaism and Christianity in the Age of Constantine, pp.128–145).
Moreover, the Ketuvim contains books that many considered to be key to key aspects of the NT: Daniel, Psalms, Ezra, and perhaps Chronicles.
After the Romans destroyed the Second Temple in 70 CE, the rabbis of the following century canonized the books of Ketuvim. Certain of the Ketuvim were associated with figures from Nevi'im (Prophets), probably from early on — Proverbs and Song of Songs with King Solomon, Lamentations with Jeremiah, and Psalms as a whole with King David.
https://www.myjewishlearning.com/articl ... -writings/
And the Nevi'im contains the books of prophets significant to the Christian Bible.
Post by John2 » Thu Nov 26, 2020 1:40 pm
MrMacSon wrote:
Josephus says there were twenty two books that were thought "to contain divine doctrines" in Ag. Ap. 1.8:
For we have not an innumerable multitude of books among us, disagreeing from and contradicting one another, [as the Greeks have,] but only twenty-two books, which contain the records of all the past times; which are justly believed to be divine; and of them five belong to Moses, which contain his laws and the traditions of the origin of mankind till his death. This interval of time was little short of three thousand years; but as to the time from the death of Moses till the reign of Artaxerxes king of Persia, who reigned after Xerxes, the prophets, who were after Moses, wrote down what was done in their times in thirteen books. The remaining four books contain hymns to God, and precepts for the conduct of human life. It is true, our history hath been written since Artaxerxes very particularly, but hath not been esteemed of the like authority with the former by our forefathers, because there hath not been an exact succession of prophets since that time; and how firmly we have given credit to these books of our own nation is evident by what we do; for during so many ages as have already passed, no one has been so bold as either to add any thing to them, to take any thing from them, or to make any change in them; but it is become natural to all Jews immediately, and from their very birth, to esteem these books to contain divine doctrines, and to persist in them, and, if occasion be willingly to die for them.
And I break down the twenty two books this way.
1. Five books of Moses = 1) Genesis; 2) Exodus; 3) Leviticus; 4) Numbers; 5) Deuteronomy
2. Thirteen books "from the death of Moses to the reign of Artaxerxes" = 6) Joshua; 7) Judges/Ruth (one book); 8) Esther; 9) 1 and 2 Samuel (one book); 10) 1 and 2 Kings (one book); 11) 1 and 2 Chronicles (one book); 12) Isaiah; 13) Jeremiah/Lamentations (one book); 14): Ezekiel; 15) Twelve Minor Prophets (one book); 16) Daniel; 17) Ezra/Nehemiah (one book); 18) Job
3. Four books that "contain hymns to God and precepts for the conduct of human life" = 19) Psalms; 20) Proverbs; 21) Ecclesiastes; 22) Song of Songs
I've not been persuaded by any arguments I've seen that the rabbis had a canon of books other than this. They may not have agreed if Ruth and Judges (etc.) should be one book or two or that this or that book should be read with clean hands or imparts unclean hands, but that's not exactly the same thing as having a different canon. I think it's safe to say that by Josephus' time the canon was fixed for normative Jews.
Last edited by John2 on Fri Nov 27, 2020 2:08 pm, edited 2 times in total.
Post by MrMacSon » Thu Nov 26, 2020 2:36 pm
2. Thirteen books "from the death of Moses to the reign of Artaxerxes" = 6) Joshua; 7) Judges/Ruth one book); 8) Lamentations; 9) 1 and 2 Samuel (one book); 10) 1 and 2 Kings (one book); 11) 1 and 2 Chronicles (one book); 12) Isaiah; 13) Jeremiah; 14): Ezekiel; 15) Twelve Minor Prophets (one book); 16) Daniel; 17) Ezra-Nehemiah (one book); 18) Job
There's more to the Ketuvim section of the Tanakh than that -
The following list presents the books of Ketuvim in the order they appear in most printed editions. It also divides them into three subgroups based on the distinctiveness of Sifrei Emet and Hamesh Megillot.
The three Poetic Books (Sifrei Emet)
Tehillim (Psalms) תְהִלִּים
Mishlei (Book of Proverbs) מִשְלֵי
Iyyôbh (Book of Job) אִיּוֹב
The Five Megillot (Hamesh Megillot)
Shīr Hashīrīm (Song of Songs) or (Song of Solomon) שִׁיר הַשִׁירִים (Passover)
Rūth (Book of Ruth) רוּת (Feast of Weeks)
Eikhah (Lamentations) איכה (Ninth of Av) [also called Kinnot in Hebrew]
Qōheleth (Ecclesiastes) קהלת (Feast of Tabernacles)
Estēr (Book of Esther) אֶסְתֵר (Feast of Lots)
Dānî'ēl (Book of Daniel) דָּנִיֵּאל
'Ezrā (Book of Ezra–Book of Nehemiah) עזרא
Divrei ha-Yamim (Chronicles) דברי הימים
The Jewish textual tradition never finalized the order of the books in Ketuvim. The Babylonian Talmud (Bava Batra 14b–15a) gives their order as Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Lamentations of Jeremiah, Daniel, Scroll of Esther, Ezra, Chronicles.
In Tiberian Masoretic codices, including the Aleppo Codex and the Leningrad Codex, and often in old Spanish manuscripts as well, the order is Chronicles, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Solomon, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations of Jeremiah, Esther, Daniel, Ezra.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketuvim#O ... _the_books
And, as quoted before,
After the Romans destroyed the Second Temple in 70 CE, the rabbis of the following century canonized the books of Ketuvim. Certain of the Ketuvim were associated with figures from Nevi'im (Prophets), probably from early on — Proverbs and Song of Songs with King Solomon, Lamentations with Jeremiah, and Psalms as a whole with King David. The Talmud records the rabbis' disagreements over whether to include Ecclesiastes and Song of Songs, and suggests that Esther too was not unanimously approved. https://www.myjewishlearning.com/articl ... -writings/
So it would seem things evolved after Josephus
Ben C. Smith
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Post by Ben C. Smith » Thu Nov 26, 2020 6:19 pm
GakuseiDon wrote: ↑
Okay, well, this is my best current guess.
Situated at the fuzzy juncture between the Essenes, a few baptismal sects in the Jordan valley, and the rebel groups Josephus nominates as a kind of Fourth Philosophy, there was a sect known as the Naṣoraeans (נוצרים), a coalition group premised on the idea, gaining ground at the time in Palestine, that the last generation, long prophesied, had finally begun; the kingdom of God was about to be consummated on earth.
The sect was rooted unambiguously in traditions based both upon the Law and upon the Prophets, but unique times call for unique measures, and those old traditions were developed in new directions around the core ideas implied by the arrival of the last generation. One of those core ideas was the Mosaic wish that all of the people of God could be prophets (Numbers 11.26-30), converted expressly by Joel into an eschatological prediction (Joel 2.28-32, 3.1-5 Masoretic). The growing class of prophets in the movement came to regard themselves as sent by God, just like Isaiah and others (Isaiah 6.8; Jeremiah 7.25); hence the concept of the apostle, or "sent one," essentially a prophet sent by God. These prophets, many of them itinerant, delivered by inspiration from the Spirit of God what they called Words of Yahweh = Words of the Lord; they were also themselves sometimes known as Brethren of Yahweh = Brethren of the Lord, which led later adherents to the sect to believe that they were physical brothers of the Joshua Messiah. While these prophets were speaking by the Spirit, they were to be treated as the Lord himself (Galatians 4.12-14; Didache 4.1; 11.1-4).
At some point, a Naṣoraean named Simon Caiaphas/Cephas had a vision which confirmed to him that one of the milestones of the eschatological calendar had been achieved: the descendant of Joseph and Ephraim, through Joshua son of Nun, had been slain as predicted in the scriptures. It is very difficult to determine the timeline for when and how exactly the legend of Messiah ben Joseph developed, but the rabbinical interpretations of the key prooftexts for the concept (Genesis 49.22-26; Deuteronomy 33.13-17; Isaiah 42.1–4; 49.1–6; 50.4–7; 52.13–53.12; Zechariah 12.6-14; et alia) confirm the Naṣoraean interpretations of those same passages, and some rebels, such as Theudas (Josephus, Antiquities 20.5.1-2 §97-104) and the Egyptian (Josephus, Wars 2.13.5-6 §261-265; Antiquities 20.8.6 §167-172), were imitating Joshua in their quest to bring the kingdom of God to fruition (and the dominion of the Romans to a close). It is also very difficult to determine whether the figure Simon Caiaphas/Cephas had in mind was an actual human being who had been slain ("that man, unbeknownst to you, was actually the Messiah ben Joseph") or was merely the assertion of the vision ("the Messiah ben Joseph has been slain; believe it, and spread the word"). In either case, the key characteristic of the figure was his obscurity: nobody knew at the time what was happening, and the only reason anybody knew even later was because of the visions. The psychological motivation for such a claim is clear enough: the more milestones that can be checked off, the closer the Day of Judgment.
Other Naṣoraeans had visions which confirmed that of Simon, and thus the foundations were laid for stories to grow about the recent career of an obscure Messiah figure. His name was not Jesus/Yehoshua/Yeshua during his lifetime, for that is the name he was given upon his exaltation (Philippians 2.5-11; Hebrews 1.1-4; Odes of Solomon 39.8; Origen, Homilies on Joshua 1.1). Guesses were made on all sides as to his human identity, including John the Baptist (Mark 6.14-16; 8.27-28), a certain ben Stada in the Talmud, and Jesus son of Ananus (Josephus, Wars 6.5.3 §300-309), this last of whom managed unwittingly to contribute a few details to the passion narrative.
Paul, not originally a Naṣoraean, either first converted to the sect and then had a vision or first had a vision and then converted to the sect. As mentioned, unique times call for unique measures, and Paul became the most famous of those for whom the measure taken was to preach the gospel — the good tidings that the eschaton was at hand, the last generation already being underway — to the Gentiles, since plenty of scriptural prophecies had predicted blessings upon them, as well. His desire was for the Naṣoraean leaders, whom he calls Pillars and names as Cephas, James, and John, to approve of his mission so as not to actively hinder him. Their reaction, however, was mixed, mainly because the Pauline notion that, on account of the prophesied eschaton having arrived, Gentiles could become full participants in the blessings of the chosen people without following dietary restrictions or being circumcised, was considered novel and strange.
Thus far, Naṣoraean texts had been an afterthought consisting mainly of set pieces: eucharistic prayers, a baptismal liturgy, catechismal materials, mission instructions, an eschatological scenario, hymns and odes, a rudimentary liturgical calendar, and other such traditional items transmitted mainly in oral form and supplemented in writing as needed; also, stories about the career and especially, at first, the execution of the Joshua Messiah were being told, based on the Hebrew scriptures and on notions of verisimilitude, though they were not yet nearly as numerous as they would later become. Also, sayings which had originally been uttered by a prophet or an apostle as a Word of the Lord started to be attributed to the Lord Joshua/Jesus. Paul wrote epistles to his Gentile congregations, but they, too, were considered to be occasional in nature. The beating heart of the movement, both for the Naṣoraeans and for their Gentile counterparts, was the core of shared rituals and traditions and preaching and teaching patterns which sometimes found their way into those listed set pieces, which church orders like the Didache would later collect. Paul himself probably edited a collection of four of his own epistles (Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, and Galatians: the Hauptbriefe), supplemented with passages he thought he ought to have thought to write at the time, during his own lifetime.
Disaster befell the Naṣoraeans. Jerusalem fell to the Romans, and the Temple was destroyed. The movement would never fully recover, especially since its role, however marginal, in the rebellion leading up to the events of 70 was viewed as suspect in some circles. The sect did continue to spread in small ways in Syria and to the East, but the numbers remained small. One notable offshoot in that direction was the Mandaean sect. The Gentile congregations founded by Paul and by other enterprising Naṣoraeans and Naṣoraean sympathizers, however, flourished, and their numbers continued to grow in the West. Called Christians by now, Christ being the proprietary translation for Messiah, they resembled those Greco-Roman mystery cults which claimed, whether truthfully or not, roots in faraway lands. The roots of Christianity did indeed grow from exotic Palestinian soil, but the connections were slender, especially since ambassadors like Paul had emphasized that Gentiles did not need to adopt Jewish cultural markers or customs. Greek Christians did not even get the name of their Semitic forbears right: they called them Nazoraeans or Nazarenes, evidently misunderstanding the term Naṣoraean as a reference to the Nazirite vow. But the core of the catechism and ritual which Christians still celebrated in their meetings derived from Naṣoraean materials, which is why a text like the Didache bears so many connections to so many different Christian writings (all four gospels, the Pauline epistles, the Johannine epistles, the Acts, the epistle of Barnabas, 1 Peter, and more): it collected materials which predated all of those writings and fed into the congregations which produced them.
(I want to insert a bit about how I think our focus is often mistaken in approaching these Christian texts, especially with respect to their genres. It seems to me that we tend to think of gospels, acts, epistles, and maybe even apocalypses as the beating heart of the movement right from the start; but I think that such texts would have been considered peripheral at the time. They came to loom large once canonicity became a main factor, obviously; by that time they were triumphant; but in the early going I think that the rites and rituals, the catechismal materials, the mission instructions, the prayers, the hymns and odes, and the other set pieces I have listed were more important to the average Christian. The gospels were written at least in part precisely in order to explain the origins of those set pieces and of the Christian religion overall; we can see this purpose most clearly in the etiological narrative of the Last Supper, a quasi-historical explanation for one of the main sacraments current in the church. The epistles were written mainly to help maintain order and good sense in the congregations. The acts were written in order to fill in the history of the movement from the point at which the gospels leave off, a purpose similar to that for which the gospels were written, yet one even more relevant to Christian congregations around the Mediterranean. All of these texts originally bolstered the local congregation as a meeting, worshiping, functioning instance of the movement as a whole. To the average early Christian, these texts were nice to know, but their main concerns were what transpired with other local members of the church at the meetings and meals and such. I have stated this very forthrightly, and if you think that maybe I have overstated it, I certainly understand; I just do not think it is a conceptualization that ought to be missed.)
The Messiah ben Joseph was principally a Northern hero, and his more famous Southern counterpart, the Messiah ben David, very quickly came to dominate the ideological landscape, especially after the humiliation of the rebels exemplified by the Galilean fighters, touted by Josephus as mighty warriors, whom Rome had defeated. Unlike the rabbis, Christians came to hold that all of the relevant Messiah texts from the Hebrew scriptures applied to only one figure, their own Jesus Christ; the rabbis, of course, divided the same basic list of texts up into two piles: one for the Messiah ben Joseph and the other for the Messiah ben David. Jesus Christ could not literally be the scion both of Joseph and of David, so the more influential David won that rigged fight, and Jesus had to remain the scion of Joseph merely in the figurative sense later implied by the likes of Tertullian. At the same time, it was emphasized that Jesus, the descendant of David, had not yet fulfilled his more Davidic role; that role remained for him at a future time, so no need to worry about us Christians, O Roman overlords; we will be good little citizens (Romans 13.1-7; 1 Peter 2.13-24), unlike those rebels who made trouble for you in Palestine.
It is at this stage that the more exotic views of Jesus Christ as a mystical Messiah (descending through the heavens one layer at a time and then reascending after having disarmed the authorities, and so on) become very popular, a spiritualizing reaction to the misunderstandings made possible by a Messiah filling the shoes of Joshua. The exotic views were always available from the wide range of messianic expectation and expression of the era, and they may have been applied to the Joshua Messiah earlier, but it is now that they really shine, since they replace an earthly focus on a tangible kingdom of God centered on Jerusalem with a heavenly focus better suited for living at peace with the Romans.
Unlike the Semitic side of the movement, which retained its principally oral transmission of materials for two or three centuries after the fall of Jerusalem, the Greek side of the movement began to add a plethora of texts to the tradition. Notably, a man named Mark wrote a text which would become the basis for what would eventually be known as a gospel; in this text Mark collected existing stories about the Joshua Messiah, created stories of his own, and tied them all together into a literary work modeled after the narrative books of the Hebrew scriptures; the first half of this work consisted of stories whose arrangement could be interpreted as almost random, aside from the baptism coming first, while the second half consisted of the passion narrative, which must necessarily proceed in a certain manner for the most part. The passion narrative was probably based upon a developing liturgical tradition designed to commemorate the death of Jesus. It included a reinterpretation of the Eucharist, which originated as just a slight modification of the Birkat HaMinim, but which now served to remind the participant of Jesus' death. The Naṣoraean version of this narrativization of a central ritual had led to the story of the feeding of the five thousand, in which the Eucharist plays a prominent role in salvation history, but death does not make an appearance.
At the same time, epistles of Paul not included in the Hauptbriefe (some of them genuine, others spurious) were being brought together in longer collections. One of these collections contained epistles addressed to seven different congregations; another contained ten epistles arranged in what was probably intended to be a chronological sequence. Pseudepigraphical epistles were also being penned after the fashion of the Pauline correspondence in the names of dead Naṣoraean luminaries: James, Cephas (known to the Greeks by a punning nickname, Peter), and Jude. The Johannine epistles, on the other hand, were not pseudepigraphical; they were written by a strange man known as John the Elder in Asia Minor.
As the purported last generation of humankind proceeded to die off, one by one, those original predictions about the last generation having been born had to be reinterpreted and modified. The motif of the unknown hour made an appearance. So did the notion that things actually had already happened, even the eschatological resurrection from the dead, but in a purely spiritual sense. Analogies exist with other groups who have made bounded predictions, such as the Millerites.
The text which Mark wrote, which I term proto-Mark for convenience, already included a few mild mitigations of the original prediction. This text was also controversial in some ways. Some questioned why a text was needed at all if there were still people around who could pass on information orally. (Their culture and ours are at odds on this point.) Others did not care for how Mark had treated various topics. Still others were convinced, based on some of that oral information, that Mark had not gotten the order of events right. This controversy resulted in a new edition of Mark (one close in content and sequence to our canonical version up to 16.8). It also resulted in the composition of at least two derivative texts: the gospel of Matthew and the gospel according to the Hebrews. Both of these texts hinted at having been penned by a fellow named Matthew or Matthias, and that distinction was claimed for both within the bubble of information passed alongside the average text circulating in antiquity. Who was Matthew/Matthias, really, and why did it matter to attribute gospel texts to him? I am not sure. He is said to have composed the Logia in Hebrew, and he may well have written something in Hebrew to spark such fame, but I am not at all sure that any of what he wrote, if he did, wound up in the Greek texts said to be translations of his work. (This entire matter is still very much a softer spot even than usual, if that were possible, for my reconstruction.)
The gospel of the Hebrews was based at least in part on proto-Mark; the gospel of Matthew was based at least in part both on Mark and on the gospel of the Hebrews (the latter of which may actually serve as at least some portion of the hypothetical text we call Q). Papias, in Asia Minor, knew all three of these texts, but he preferred the testimony of wandering Christians who could give him information about famous figures from that first generation. One text which Papias may not have known was a gospel based upon Mark, the gospel of the Hebrews, and possibly Matthew; this text was probably penned at about the same time as Papias was writing his Exegeses in five books, and I will call it proto-Luke. Its textual history tracks a time of great controversy in early Christianity concerning how Jewish, so to speak, the Greek manifestation of the movement was supposed to be. A gap began to widen between those who thought that the Greek congregations ought to basically cut ties with all things Judaic and those who thought that Christianity was the rightful heir of Judaism, almost in the sense that the rabbis claimed for themselves.
Proto-Luke was by no means devoid of Judaic influence, but passages were added to it which enhanced the Judaism already in place, thus creating something much like our canonical Luke. Acts was published as a companion to Luke within this general time frame, as well. Marcion became aware both of proto-Luke and of Luke and became concerned that the Christian movement was going in an unacceptably Judaic direction. He republished the originally anonymous proto-Luke, along with the Pauline collection mentioned above which consisted of ten epistles, as a way of drawing a line in the sand against Judaization. Both he and his followers became more and more vehement on this point until a breaking point was reached. One of the Pastoral epistles of Paul may have been penned against Marcion (1 Timothy 6.20).
Other controversies stemmed from similar issues concerning the relationship of Christianity to Judaism, most notably, perhaps, the idea that the Jewish God himself, the Demiurge, was not the God of Jesus. Such gnostic ideas may already have existed for a long time, but they were now being attributed to the newer wave of religious figures being revered: the Twelve Apostles and their peers, both male and female, on top of the older wave: the Patriarchs, mainly.
The gospel of John was penned at some point between proto-Luke and Justin Martyr. I still have many issues to pursue in this regard. It was, at least in part, an encapsulation of the oral traditions of Asia Minor, especially Ephesus, which city is the real powerhouse behind what we think of as Christianity. Before Rome exerted its primacy, before Alexandria exerted its intellectual influence, there was Ephesus. (Before Ephesus there was Antioch, and before Antioch Jerusalem, but neither of those cities would have meant as much to the West as to the East without the mutually uneasy influences of John the Elder and Paul the Apostle in Ephesus.)
The apocalypse of John was published along the way, as well, though it seems to have been structured upon an earlier apocalyptic text. And Christian texts began to be churned out left and right, many of them being attributed to apostolic figures. Epistles had always been susceptible to overt pseudepigraphy, but gospels for the most part had been written more subtly, eschewing forthright authorial claims within the texts themselves in favor of more covert indicators. But no more. Gospels such as that of Peter and that of the Ebionites (internally attributed to Matthew and possibly based upon the gospel of the Hebrews, thus explaining both its late features and some of its seemingly early features), as well as the protevangelia of James and of Thomas and a slew of others, were circulated. Apologies and harmonistic treatments were also coming very much into fashion, and many of these gospel texts were, in fact, harmonies disguised as gospels, a trend culminating in the Diatessaron.
I will leave off the reconstruction here, having arrived at the doorstep of Justin Martyr.
Usually within a year or two of having posted a wide ranging reconstruction like this one, I find myself agreeing with only around half of it. So, you know, caveat lector.
Post by Giuseppe » Fri Nov 27, 2020 1:48 am
Ben C. Smith wrote: ↑
Guesses were made on all sides as to his human identity, including John the Baptist (Mark 6.14-16; 8.27-28)
only a question, Ben: do you think that John the Baptist is definitely a historical figure?
Post by mlinssen » Fri Nov 27, 2020 1:55 am
Oh my! The drama, the intrigues, the possibilities for the Samarians now they "have the Romans on their side". Oh this is grand Mac, thanks a million. Steve is a fine mind and writer, and I'll certainly look up Neil's
https://www.myjewishlearning.com/articl ... -writings/[/box]
Well yes, but I thought there was wide concensus about the canonicals using the LXX as source, not anything Hebrew? Although I suppose that the writing down right here took place in the daily tongue
If you think about it, any scenario dealing with anyone copying anyone else, OT or NT - there must have been a relative abundance of scripture flying around
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Home News International News Obama's US Sponsored Buhari's Presidency To Sustain Boko Haram Insurgency–Eeben Barlow
Obama's US Sponsored Buhari's Presidency To Sustain Boko Haram Insurgency–Eeben Barlow
•Says Nigerian military under Jonathan recaptured most of the territories
There are new revelations that the Boko Haram terrorists which ravaged Nigeria for over a decade may have been aided by the actions of the United States under President Barrack Obama administration have emerged.
This was hinted by a private military contractor, Mr. Eeben Barlow, who recently revealed that the US government played a role that sustained the insurgency through sponsorship of President Muhammadu Buhari's election and emergence in 2015.
Barlow was contracted by Nigeria under the Goodluck Jonathan administration to rescue the Chibok Girls and to also train and improve capacity of Nigerian Army against Boko Haram, but said US interfered and the contract was terminated and operations against the Boko Haram terrorists aborted.
Barlow who disclosed this in an interview with Al-Jazeera on Sunday, said that the contract was terminated by president Muhammadu Buhari when he immediately came to power and whose campaign was funded by the US and his campaign manager also from the US.
He said even before the contract was aborted, his prior mission to rescue the Chibok girls was changed weeks after training a hostage rescue team.
According to him, the mission to eliminate Boko Haram which was almost achieved towards the end of Jonathan's Presidency was thwarted by the US through President Buhari who aborted the contract to finish their mission in the North East.
He said, "Our initial aim was not Boko Haram, it was to rescue the Chibok girls, that were kidnapped and the rescue response was #save the girls, that type of nonsense does not save girls. Unfortunately, these girls became victims of a situation where the security had broken down in a specific area.
"They were kidnapped and that was the first mission, rescue the Chibok girls and we then did the selection process of the Nigerian soldiers and they were trained in a very specific way to conduct hostage rescue operation and that requires a very specific type of person .
"However, approximately five or six weeks into training of the hostage rescue team, we were asked to change our mission and that mission was to go to a town called Maiduguri in North East Nigeria that has come under severe threat of boko haram. We then rapidly had to transition what we were doing and suddenly train a very offensive force with a minimum of equipment and we rushed to Maiduguri and we met with the 7 infantry division commander which we understood the pressure he was under and our suggestion was to him was this force that we had trained which we named the 72nd mobile strike force would actually spear head the division and that is precisely what we did.
"The operation was in three phases, the first phase was to actually cut a divided line across and book haram into two defined areas and the mop up one area in the south and after that was the mop up in the north, but we were never allowed to execute the entire operation because it came at a time when government was in the process of changing. The incoming President Buhari was heavily supported by a foreign government, and one of their first mission was to terminate our contract.
"The united States had actually funded Buhari's campaign and the campaign manager of president Buhari came from the US. I am not saying US is bad, I understand foreign interest, but I would have thought that a threat such as Boko Haram on the integrity of the state of Nigeria ought to be a priority, but it wasn't."
Barlow also disclosed that once into his operation in Maiduguri, territories as large as Belgium were recaptured from the Boko Haram terrorists as at the time president Jonathan was still in power but regretted that they were not allowed to finish the mission due to foreign interest.
He further expressed concern that most conflict in Africa was as a result of a clash between foreign interest and a state owned domestic interest and the conflicts has continued despite money, and resources thrown at it.
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Abiodun Borisade is a communication strategist. A UK trained Science Lecturer in Further & Higher Education, also UK Certified Environmentalist, Technical Assistant to Ekiti State Government on Job Creation and Employment matters. (2010)- (2013) Currently The Special Assistant (New Media) to the Governor of Ekiti State. Public Policy Analyst, Social Media Influencer & Grassroots politician advocating for political justice in Nigeria.
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<p:column selectionMode="multiple" style="width:40px; text-align:center">
    <!-- <p:ajax event="click" listener="#{form.abstractMTSBUExportTickets}" /> --> // first try
    <!-- <p:commandLink id="select" action="doSome" /> --> // second try
</p:column>

The purpose to use ajax is for making some button on page visible when at least one checkbox selected.
Firstly, I tried to insert p:ajax tag into column tag but got exception:
 <p:ajax> Unable to attach behavior to non-ClientBehaviorHolder parent

More obviouse way was to insert command link into but it simply did nothing.
So, is there any practice to do this? Thanks for answers in advance.

A: Yes you are close but what you what is Ajax on the Datatable and not on the checkboxes.  PF provides these two Ajax events on the datatable for being notified or boxes being checked or unchecked...
 <p:datatable>
       <p:ajax event="rowSelect" listener="#{dtSelectionView.onRowSelect}" update=":form:mybutton" />
       <p:ajax event="rowUnselect" listener="#{dtSelectionView.onRowUnselect}" update=":form:mybutton" />
       ...
</p:datatable>

See the Select Events example from the Showcase for more info: https://www.primefaces.org/showcase/ui/data/datatable/selection.xhtml
You can simply do something like in the Select and Unselect methods will trigger updating your selection and you can enable the button using EL expression like...
<p:commandButton id="mybutton" disabled="#{ticketForm.abstractMTSBUExportTickets.size > 0}" />

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Be Both Flexible & Strong! Become Flexible Steel!
Strength without flexibility is incomplete at best. Flexibility without strength is also incomplete- You must strive to attain and maintain a balance of both.
Flexibility training means the systematic practice of moving through a full range with strength, control, and fluid grace. This training encompasses all aspects of stretching including but not limited to mobility drills, dynamic warmups, isometrics, passive stretching etc, etc. Everything has a time and place the trick is all about timing and programming.
Beware of experts that say stretching is bad. Most are simply marketing something else and when you look into the alternative they are promoting it turns out to just be another form of stretching as defined in the previous insight. Do not throw the baby out with the bath water.
Make good use of counter stretching. Superset opposite movements. They will improve each other. Examples: Side splits & windmils or Jefferson curls superset with Dr. Mark Cheng's Sphinx.
Combined mini-contractions of the target muscles with longer static holds in series going deeper and deeper for a minimum of 3 cycles per set. Become strong in end ranges.
Program and cycle your flexibility training just as you would your strength training. Use sets and reps and rest periods between sets. Wave your load by putting in hard days, medium days and easy days. Use harder variations of the same stretch to vary intensity. If you just stretch as an after thought your results will reflect this.
This goes for all training: Seek challenge without struggle! Challenge means what you are doing is difficult enough to demand your full attention but you are able to complete the move without compromising form. Struggle means you have to resort to monkey business, bad form or other undesirable behavior to make the attempt.
If you owned a BMW chances are your would not or could not do mechanical work on this high performance machine yourself. But it is amazing how many people try to work on themselves …a much more expensive and complex machine. Do yourself a favor and hire an expert trainer. Checkout our Instructor Directory to find an expert near you.
These are just some insights into our system at Flexible Steel. If you are interested and want to take your training and knowledge to the next level join us at an upcoming live cert. I will be in New York City March 11th 2017 and would love to see you.
I just finished up teaching the first Flexible Steel Instructor Certification in Taiwan. The students loved it and they were thrilled with the results they saw that day and excited about the potential they will have to change the lives of their students.
Flexible Steel is truly world wide with several more countries coming onboard in the near future so you will be able to find an instructor in any corner of the world.
What would more usable range of motion do for your sports performance? Imagine not having to fight your own body. Imagine owning unhindered fluid movement that was at your beck and call.
How much more enjoyable would life be if you could recapture the vibrant mobility of your youth? Understand I am not talking about the weak flexibility of a guy who can tie himself into knots at the expense of his strength and power.Oh, no! I am talking about strong, powerful, usable flexibility that will aid you in your everyday life and sports performance. Interested?
Follow this simple 4 week program and I guarantee you will get amazing results and be well on your way to becoming like Flexible Steel. Give me four weeks (that's sixteen sessions total) and I will breathe new life into your high mileage body.
The late, great Jack Lalane could easily be considered the godfather of fitness. Jack was way ahead of his time. He did not train clients, he taught students. He did not work out, he practiced. His training sessions were called lessons not workouts. We can learn much from this seemingly random change in wording. It is in fact not random at all, but craftily chosen to make a very important point. Do not mindlessly chase sets and reps, poundage and times, rather go to the gym, field, track, whatever and try to get better at something. Try to learn a lesson try to improve your technique form. Try to learn something. What happens when we shift our thinking like this is we naturally hit PRs, we keep our mind and body engaged and we keep injuries at bay. It bears repeating go to a practice or a lesson, not to a workout. Learning keeps one young.
My friend and colleague Dr. Mark Cheng calls the hips and shoulders the four knots of the body. While this may be common knowledge in Eastern medicine, it is not so common here in the West. The four knots have several meanings. Let me explain: The shoulders and the hips tie the arms and the legs to your body, this is obvious. But to take the knot analogy further, in order to function properly a knot cannot be too loose – it comes undone and your shoe comes off, or it's too tight, in which case you cannot untie it and you cannot ever remove your shoe. In order to have a functioning knot you must have a perfect balance of strength and flexibility. You must be like Flexible Steel. Flexible Steel bends, but does not break.
For the next four weeks our lesson will be on gaining more flexibility and mobility in the hips, T-spine, and shoulders. Why? Because we will get a very big bang for our buck if we can make even small improvements in these key areas. It had been said "An athlete must move from their hips first." Gray Cook the founder of the Functional Movement Systems (FMS) calls the hips a BAD neighbor. Meaning if you do not have strong mobile hips your knees or lower back must compensate. Anyone's knees or lower back hurt?
The four week plan I am posting here is designed to be done in the morning before your normal training. You may still do whatever other exercise or activity is on your schedule, but do this first. Do not consider it a warm-up or a workout but rather a movement lesson or practice.
Dan John, author and strength coach extraordinaire, developed the Kettlebell Goblet Squat. We have found that a month or two of practicing this form of squatting has a dramatic opening effect on the hips and T-spine. It will boost your regular squat performance – no matter if front squats, back squats, or whatever other variation of the squat is your huckleberry.
Grab a kettlebell by the handle, kind of like grabbing onto a steering wheel. Pavel calls this "taking the bell by the horns." Squat down by sitting back and down between your heels.
Make sure your knees line up and stay lined up with your toes. Your knees must point the exact same way your toes do through the whole squat.
Keep your heels on the ground and your shins vertical.
Keep your back straight; do not allow your tailbone to tuck under at the bottom of the squat.
Keep a "big" chest, especially at the bottom.
At the bottom, place your elbows to the insides of your knees without losing the alignment of your back.
Use your elbows to push the knees out to help open your hips.
Your feet must stay firmly fixed to the ground.
Make sure when you ascend that your hips and shoulders come up at the same time.
Use the goblet squat as an exercise in mobility as well as stability. Hang out in the bottom position for a while. Rock side to side, make some small figure eights, really open the hips, and elongate the spine and try to make space inside your body.
One of the easiest and most effective stretches I know for the hamstrings is the Good Morning stretch and its several variations. Here is an extremely effective variant of the classic Good Morning.
Quick Tips: Stand completely upright, feet about shoulder width apart.
Hold a kettlebell behind your back so that it rests more or less on your tailbone.
Puff your chest out,big chest, and let your knees be "soft". It is not necessary or desirable to have them locked.
Do not worry about how far you bend over; this is not a toe touch. Just be concerned about how far back you can move the kettlebell. It is a hip hinge.
If you perform this move to the letter, you will feel a very intense stretch in the hamstrings just below your cheeks, not the ones on your face either.
Get into a lunge position by kneeling down on your right knee. The instep of your right foot will also be on the ground.
Make sure to align your knee and back foot so they fall on the same line. Your front foot will be on its own line and your left knee will be in the air.
Make sure your left shin, in this case, is vertical and your knee is tracking your front foot.
Do not let your knee get in front of your toes.
Keep your hips square. If you can imagine that you have headlights on the crests of your hips, just make sure they both shine straight ahead.
Now put your hands behind your back and push your hips forward. You should feel a stretch in the area of your front thigh and hip, kind of where your front pocket is.
Push into and back out of the stretch using a rhythmical movement. The tempo should be 1 second forward and 1 second backward.
Contract the glute of the stretching side to a) protect your back and b) relax the hip flexors through reciprocal inhibition.
If and when your knee begins to creep in front of your toes, simply re-position your front foot into a deeper lunge.
Sigh when you are moving into the stretch and this will help relax the target muscles.
Tilt your hips up, posterior tilt, before you even begin to stretch, to put the target muscles into a nice pre-stretch. This will further your efforts.
The effect of the Arm Bar on the shoulders, T-spine and all around posture is apparent as soon as you perform the movement. You can instantly feel a dramatic improvement and an opening throughout your entire body. Let's examine the classic Arm Bar technique. The Arm Bar starts out the same as its more familiar cousin the Turkish Get Up. I write this assuming you already know how to do a Get Up. If you do not know the Get Up then stop reading now and get thee to an Instructor and learn the Get Up.
Lie on the floor with a light kettlebell on your right side.
Grab the kettlebell with a pistol grip, right hand on the inside and left on the outside, pull your elbow to your ribs.
Roll onto your back prying the kettlebell up as you go. Now using both arms press the bell into the firing range position just as you would for the Get Up.
Things start to differ from the Get Up at this point.
Focus #1 -The kettlebell and working arm must maintain vertical (keep the kettlebell arm vertical in all planes without actually looking at the bell.) Rest your head on the left arm.
Focus #2 -Rhythmically begin pumping your hips, trying to get the right hip, in this example, to the ground. It will help to contract the right glute, and breathe, sighing into the extension. The timing should be one rep every two seconds.
Focus #3 -Try to make your right collar bone or chest area longer.
Focus #4 -Wiggle the left arm (the one on the ground) further and further behind you. Think of stretching the lat.
When you have had enough sloooowly reverse the above process under full control.
Grab a light kettlebell with both hands; hook your thumbs through the handle in such a way that allows the body of the bell to rest on the insides of your forearms.
Press the bell straight up over your chest – kind of like a bench press.
Engage your lats and lock your elbows. They must stay locked and your lats must stay on throughout the maneuver.
Now slowly lower the kettlebell back and down in an arc so it winds up above your head on the ground.
Take a breath contract and reverse the arc to "pullover" and end up above your chest. Repeat for between 5 and 10 reps.
Note: If you cannot make it all the way to the ground without your shoulders coming unpacked or without bending your elbows then go only as far as you can and do some contract/relax stretching letting the weight of the bell take you down several inches with each relaxation. Be conservative. You may go deeper on each consecution set. With time you will be able to handle the pullover proper.
The Tactical Frog is a magic bullet for gain some incredible control over your hips and improving your overall squatting performance. It has a dramatic effect on almost any athletic movement.
I will start this program off very easy because I would rather have something simple and 100-percent compliance than something complicated and half hearted adherence. Four sessions will be posted each week, for the next four weeks. Do them on whatever days suit you best, but do them. And have no fear, by the end of week four you will gain momentum and be doing the full program.
Flexible Steel is a mobility/flexibility system that does not sacrifice strength for mobility or mobility for strength.
Flexible Steel is a system of secrets for regaining your youthful mobility and mastering the art of flexible strength. Be both flexible and strong in perfect harmony.