text:
Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
The Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali are a collection of 196 Indian sutras (aphorisms) on the theory and practice of yoga. The Yoga Sutras were compiled prior to 400 CE by Patanjali who synthesized and organized knowledge about yoga from older traditions.[1][2][3] The Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali was the most translated ancient Indian text in the medieval era, having been translated into about forty Indian languages and two non-Indian languages: Old Javanese and Arabic.[4] The text fell into relative obscurity for nearly 700 years from the 12th to 19th century, and made a comeback in late 19th century due to the efforts of Swami Vivekananda, the Theosophical Society and others. It gained prominence again as a comeback classic in the 20th century.[5]
Before the 20th century, history indicates that the medieval Indian yoga scene was dominated by the various other texts such as the Bhagavad Gita and the Yoga Vasistha, texts attributed to Yajnavalkya and Hiranyagarbha, as well as literature on hatha yoga, tantric yoga and Pashupata Shaivism yoga rather than the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali.[6]
Hindu tradition holds the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali to be one of the foundational texts of classical Yoga philosophy.[7][8] However, the appropriation - and misappropriation - of the Yoga Sutras and its influence on later systematizations of yoga has been questioned by scholars such as David Gordon White,[5] but reaffirmed by others such as James Mallinson.[9]
Modern scholars of yoga such as Philipp A. Maas[10] and Mallinson[11] consider the Bhasya commentary on the Sutras to be Patanjali's own, and the Sutras to be his summary of older accounts of yoga. The combined document is thus considered to be a single work, the Pātañjalayogaśāstra.[11]
The Yoga Sūtras text is attributed to Patanjali.[12][13][14][15] Much confusion surrounds this Patañjali, because an author of the same name is credited to be the author of the classic text on Sanskrit grammar named Mahābhāṣya. Yet the two works in Sanskrit are completely different in subject matter. Furthermore, before the time of Bhoja (11th century), no known text states that the authors were the same.[note 1]
Philipp A. Maas assesses Patañjali's Yogasutra's date to be about 400 CE, based on tracing the commentaries on it published in the first millennium CE, and a review of extant literature.[10]
Edwin Bryant, on the other hand, surveys the major commentators in his translation of the Yoga Sūtras.[16] He observes that "Most scholars date the text shortly after the turn of the Common Era (circa first to second century), but that it has been placed as early as several centuries before that."[17] Bryant concludes that "A number of scholars have dated the Yoga Sūtras as late as the fourth or fifth century C.E., but these arguments have all been challenged. ... All such arguments [for a late date] are problematic."[18]
Michele Desmarais summarizes a wide variety of dates assigned to Yogasutra, ranging from 500 BCE to 3rd century CE, noting that there is a paucity of evidence for any certainty. She states the text may have been composed at an earlier date given conflicting theories on how to date it, but latter dates are more commonly accepted by scholars.[19]
The Yoga Sutras are a composite of various traditions.[2][3][1] The levels of samādhi taught in the text resemble the Buddhist jhanas.[20][note 2] According to Feuerstein, the Yoga Sutras are a condensation of two different traditions, namely "eight limb yoga" (aṣṭāṅga yoga) and action yoga (Kriya yoga).[21] The kriya yoga part is contained in chapter 1, chapter 2 sutras 1-27, chapter 3 except sutra 54, and chapter 4.[2] The "eight limb yoga" is described in chapter 2 sutras 28-55, and chapter 3 sutras 3 and 54.[2]
According to Maas, Patañjali's composition was entitled Pātañjalayogaśāstra ("The Treatise on Yoga according to Patañjali") and consisted of both Sūtras and Bhāṣya.[10] According to Wujastyk, referencing Maas, Patanjali integrated yoga from older traditions in Pātañjalayogaśāstra, and added his own explanatory passages to create the unified work that, since 1100 CE, has been considered the work of two people.[1] Together the compilation of Patanjali's sutras and the Vyasabhasya, is called Pātañjalayogaśāstra.[22]
According to Maas, this means that the earliest commentary on the Yoga Sūtras, the Bhāṣya, that has commonly been ascribed to some unknown later author Vyāsa (the editor), was Patañjali's own work.[10]
Patañjali divided his Yoga Sutras into four chapters or books (Sanskrit pada), containing in all 196 aphorisms, divided as follows:[23][24][page needed]
Patanjali begins his treatise by stating the purpose of his book in the first sutra, followed by defining the word "yoga" in his second sutra of Book 1:[27]
This terse definition hinges on the meaning of three Sanskrit terms. I. K. Taimni translates it as "Yoga is the inhibition (nirodhaḥ) of the modifications (vṛtti) of the mind (citta)".[28] Swami Vivekananda translates the sutra as "Yoga is restraining the mind-stuff (Citta) from taking various forms (Vrittis)."[29] Bryant states that, to Patanjali, "Yoga essentially consists of meditative practices culminating in attaining a state of consciousness free from all modes of active or discursive thought, and of eventually attaining a state where consciousness is unaware of any object external to itself, that is, is only aware of its own nature as consciousness unmixed with any other object."[30][31]
Patanjali defines yoga as having eight components (अष्टाङ्ग aṣṭ āṅga, "eight limbs"): "The eight limbs of yoga are yama (abstinences), niyama (observances), asana (yoga postures), pranayama (breath control), pratyahara (withdrawal of the senses), dharana (concentration), dhyana (meditation) and samadhi (absorption)."[32]
Yamas are ethical rules in Hinduism and can be thought of as moral imperatives. The five yamas listed by Patañjali in Yogasūtra 2.30 are:[33]
The commentaries on these teachings of Patanjali state how and why each of the above self restraints help in the personal growth of an individual. For example, in verse II.35, Patanjali states that the virtue of nonviolence and non-injury to others (Ahimsa) leads to the abandonment of enmity, a state that leads the yogi to the perfection of inner and outer amity with everyone, everything.[37][38]
The second component of Patanjali's Yoga path is called niyama, which includes virtuous habits, behaviors and observances (the "dos").[39][40] Sadhana Pada Verse 32 lists the niyamas as:[41]
Patanjali begins discussion of Āsana (आसन, meditation posture) by defining it in verse 46 of Book 2, as follows,[27]
स्थिरसुखमासनम् ॥४६॥
Translation 1: An asana is what is steady and pleasant.[48]
Translation 2: Motionless and Agreeable form (of staying) is Asana (yoga posture).[49]
Asana is thus a (meditation) posture that one can hold for a period of time, staying relaxed, steady, comfortable and motionless. Patanjali does not list any specific asana, except the terse suggestion, "posture one can hold with comfort and motionlessness".[50] Āraṇya translates verse II.47 as, "asanas are perfected over time by relaxation of effort with meditation on the infinite"; this combination and practice stops the quivering of body.[51]
The Bhasya commentary attached to the Sutras, now thought to be by Patanjali himself,[10] suggests twelve seated meditation postures:[52] Padmasana (lotus), Virasana (hero), Bhadrasana (glorious), Svastikasana (lucky mark), Dandasana (staff), Sopasrayasana (supported), Paryankasana (bedstead), Krauncha-nishadasana (seated heron), Hastanishadasana (seated elephant), Ushtranishadasana (seated camel), Samasansthanasana (evenly balanced) and Sthirasukhasana (any motionless posture that is in accordance with one's pleasure).[49]
Prāṇāyāma is made out of two Sanskrit words prāṇa (प्राण, breath)[53] and āyāma (आयाम, restraining, extending, stretching).[54]
After a desired posture has been achieved, verses II.49 through II.51 recommend the next limb of yoga, prāṇāyāma, which is the practice of consciously regulating breath (inhalation and exhalation).[55] This is done in several ways, inhaling and then suspending exhalation for a period, exhaling and then suspending inhalation for a period, slowing the inhalation and exhalation, consciously changing the time/length of breath (deep, short breathing).[56][57]
Pratyāhāra is a combination of two Sanskrit words prati- (the prefix प्रति-, "against" or "contra") and āhāra (आहार, "bring near, fetch").[58]
Pratyahara is drawing within one's awareness. It is a process of retracting the sensory experience from external objects. It is a step of self extraction and abstraction. Pratyahara is not consciously closing one's eyes to the sensory world, it is consciously closing one's mind processes to the sensory world. Pratyahara empowers one to stop being controlled by the external world, fetch one's attention to seek self-knowledge and experience the freedom innate in one's inner world.[59][60]
Pratyahara marks the transition of yoga experience from first four limbs that perfect external forms to last three limbs that perfect inner state, from outside to inside, from outer sphere of body to inner sphere of spirit.[61]
Dharana (Sanskrit: धारणा) means concentration, introspective focus and one-pointedness of mind. The root of word is dhṛ (धृ), which has a meaning of "to hold, maintain, keep".[62]
Dharana as the sixth limb of yoga, is holding one's mind onto a particular inner state, subject or topic of one's mind.[63] The mind is fixed on a mantra, or one's breath/navel/tip of tongue/any place, or an object one wants to observe, or a concept/idea in one's mind.[64][65] Fixing the mind means one-pointed focus, without drifting of mind, and without jumping from one topic to another.[64]
Dhyana (Sanskrit: ध्यान) literally means "contemplation, reflection" and "profound, abstract meditation".[66]
Dhyana is contemplating, reflecting on whatever Dharana has focused on. If in the sixth limb of yoga one focused on a personal deity, Dhyana is its contemplation. If the concentration was on one object, Dhyana is non-judgmental, non-presumptuous observation of that object.[67] If the focus was on a concept/idea, Dhyana is contemplating that concept/idea in all its aspects, forms and consequences. Dhyana is uninterrupted train of thought, current of cognition, flow of awareness.[65]
Dhyana is integrally related to Dharana, one leads to other. Dharana is a state of mind, Dhyana the process of mind. Dhyana is distinct from Dharana in that the meditator becomes actively engaged with its focus. Patanjali defines contemplation (Dhyana) as the mind process, where the mind is fixed on something, and then there is "a course of uniform modification of knowledge".[68]
Adi Shankara, in his commentary on Yoga Sutras, distinguishes Dhyana from Dharana, by explaining Dhyana as the yoga state when there is only the "stream of continuous thought about the object, uninterrupted by other thoughts of a different kind for the same object"; Dharana, states Shankara, is focussed on one object, but aware of its many aspects and ideas about the same object. Shankara gives the example of a yogin in a state of dharana on morning sun may be aware of its brilliance, color and orbit; the yogin in dhyana state "contemplates on sun's orbit alone for example, without being interrupted by its color, brilliance or other related ideas", according to Trevor Leggett.[69]
Samadhi (Sanskrit: समाधि) literally means "putting together, joining, combining with, union, harmonious whole, trance".[70][71]
Samadhi is oneness with the subject of meditation. There is no distinction, during the eighth limb of yoga, between the actor of meditation, the act of meditation and the subject of meditation. Samadhi is that spiritual state when one's mind is so absorbed in whatever it is contemplating on, that the mind loses the sense of its own identity. The thinker, the thought process and the thought fuse with the subject of thought. There is only oneness, samadhi.[65][72][73]
Samadhi is of two kinds,[74][web 1] with and without support of an object of meditation:[web 2]
According to Ian Whicher, the status of ananda and asmita in Patanjali's system is a matter of dispute.[84] According to Maehle, the first two constituents, deliberation and reflection, form the basis of the various types of samapatti.[78] According to Feuerstein,
"Joy" and "I-am-ness" [...] must be regarded as accompanying phenomena of every cognitive [ecstasy]. The explanations of the classical commentators on this point appear to be foreign to Patanjali's hierarchy of [ecstatic] states, and it seems unlikely that ananda and asmita should constitute independent levels of samadhi.
Ian Whicher disagrees with Feuerstein, seeing ananda and asmita as later stages of nirvicara-samapatti.[84] Whicher refers to Vācaspati Miśra (900-980 CE), the founder of the Bhāmatī Advaita Vedanta who proposes eight types of samapatti:[85]
Vijnana Bikshu (ca. 1550-1600) proposes a six-stage model, explicitly rejecting Vacaspati Misra's model. Vijnana Bikshu regards joy (ananda) as a state that arises when the mind passes beyond the vicara stage.[80] Whicher agrees that ananda is not a separate stage of samadhi.[80] According to Whicher, Patanjali's own view seems to be that nirvicara-samadhi is the highest form of cognitive ecstasy.[80]
The epistemology in Patanjali's system of Yoga, like the Sāmkhya school of Hinduism, relies on three of six Pramanas, as the means of gaining reliable knowledge.[86] These included Pratyakṣa (perception), Anumāṇa (inference) and Sabda (Āptavacana, word/testimony of reliable sources).[87][88]
Patanjali's system, like the Samkhya school, considers Pratyakṣa or Dṛṣṭam (direct sense perception), Anumāna (inference), and Śabda or Āptavacana (verbal testimony of the sages or shāstras) to be the only valid means of knowledge or Pramana.[87] Unlike few other schools of Hinduism such as Advaita Vedanta, Yoga did not adopt the following three Pramanas: Upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), Arthāpatti (postulation, deriving from circumstances) or Anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof).[88]
The metaphysics of Patanjali is built on the same dualist foundation as the Samkhya school.[89] The universe is conceptualized as of two realities in Samkhya-Yoga schools: Puruṣa (consciousness) and prakriti (matter). It considers consciousness and matter, self/soul and body as two different realities.[90][91] Jiva (a living being) is considered as a state in which puruṣa is bonded to prakriti in some form, in various permutations and combinations of various elements, senses, feelings, activity and mind.[92] During the state of imbalance or ignorance, one of more constituents overwhelm the others, creating a form of bondage. The end of this bondage is called liberation, or moksha by both Yoga and Samkhya school of Hinduism.[93] The ethical theory of Yoga school is based on Yamas and Niyama, as well as elements of the Guṇa theory of Samkhya.[89]
Patanjali adopts the theory of Guṇa from Samkhya.[89] Guṇas theory states that three gunas (innate tendency, attributes) are present in different proportions in all beings, and these three are sattva guna (goodness, constructive, harmonious), rajas guna (passion, active, confused), and tamas guna (darkness, destructive, chaotic).[94][95] These three are present in every being but in different proportions, and the fundamental nature and psychological dispositions of beings is a consequence of the relative proportion of these three gunas.[89] When sattva guna predominates an individual, the qualities of lucidity, wisdom, constructiveness, harmony, and peacefulness manifest themselves; when rajas is predominant, attachment, craving, passion-driven activity and restlessness manifest; and when tamas predominates in an individual, ignorance, delusion, destructive behavior, lethargy, and suffering manifests. The guṇas theory underpins the philosophy of mind in Yoga school of Hinduism.[89]
Samkhya school suggests that jnana (knowledge) is a sufficient means to moksha, Patanjali suggests that systematic techniques/practice (personal experimentation) combined with Samkhya's approach to knowledge is the path to moksha.[89] Patanjali holds that ignorance is the cause of suffering and saṁsāra.[89] Liberation, like many other schools, is removal of ignorance, which is achieved through discriminative discernment, knowledge and self-awareness. The Yoga Sūtras is Yoga school's treatise on how to accomplish this.[89] Samādhi is the state where ecstatic awareness develops, state Yoga scholars, and this is how one starts the process of becoming aware of Purusa and true Self. It further claims that this awareness is eternal, and once this awareness is achieved, a person cannot ever cease being aware; this is moksha, the soteriological goal in Hinduism.[89]
Book 3 of Patanjali's Yogasutra is dedicated to soteriological aspects of yoga philosophy. Patanjali begins by stating that all limbs of yoga are necessary foundation to reaching the state of self-awareness, freedom and liberation. He refers to the three last limbs of yoga as sanyama, in verses III.4 to III.5, and calls it the technology for "discerning principle" and mastery of citta and self-knowledge.[65][96] In verse III.12, the Yogasutras state that this discerning principle then empowers one to perfect sant (tranquility) and udita (reason) in one's mind and spirit, through intentness. This leads to one's ability to discern the difference between sabda (word), artha (meaning) and pratyaya (understanding), and this ability empowers one to compassionately comprehend the cry/speech of all living beings.[97][98] Once a yogi reaches this state of samyama, it leads to unusual powers, intuition, self-knowledge, freedoms and kaivalya, the soteriological goal of the yogi.[97]
Patanjali differs from the closely related non-theistic/atheistic Samkhya school by incorporating what some scholars have called a "personal, yet essentially inactive, deity" or "personal god" (Ishvara).[99][100][101][102] Hindu scholars such as the 8th century Adi Sankara, as well as many modern academic scholars describe Yoga school as "Samkya school with God."[100][103][104]
The Yogasutras of Patanjali use the term Isvara in 11 verses: I.23 through I.29, II.1, II.2, II.32 and II.45. Ever since the Sutra's release, Hindu scholars have debated and commented on who or what is Isvara? These commentaries range from defining Isvara from a "personal god" to "special self" to "anything that has spiritual significance to the individual".[100][105] Whicher states that while Patanjali's terse verses can be interpreted both as theistic or non-theistic, Patanjali's concept of Isvara in Yoga philosophy functions as a "transformative catalyst or guide for aiding the yogin on the path to spiritual emancipation".[106]
Patanjali defines Isvara (Sanskrit: ईश्वर) in verse 24 of Book 1, as "a special Self (पुरुषविशेष, puruṣa-viśeṣa)",[27]
This sutra adds the characteristics of Isvara as that special Self which is unaffected (अपरामृष्ट, aparamrsta) by one's obstacles/hardships (क्लेश, klesha), one's circumstances created by past or one's current actions (कर्म, karma), one's life fruits (विपाक, vipâka), and one's psychological dispositions/intentions (आशय, ashaya).[108][109]
The Yoga Sutras incorporated the teachings of many other Indian philosophical systems prevalent at the time. Samkhya and Yoga are thought to be two of the many schools of philosophy that originated over the centuries that had common roots in the non-Vedic cultures and traditions of India.[110][note 13][note 14] The orthodox Hindu philosophies of Samkhya, Yoga, Vedanta, as well as the non-orthodox Nastika systems of Jainism and Buddhism can all be seen as representing one stream of spiritual activity in ancient India, in contrast to the Bhakti traditions and Vedic ritualism which were also prevalent at the same time. The Vedanta-Sramana traditions, iconolatry and Vedic rituals can be identified with the Jnana marga, Bhakti marga and the Karma marga respectively that are outlined in the Bhagavad Gita.
The Yoga Sutras are built on a foundation of Samkhya philosophy, an orthodox (Astika) and atheistic Hindu system of dualism, and are generally seen as the practice while Samkhya is the theory. The influence of Samkhya is so pervasive in the Sutras that the historian Surendranath Dasgupta went so far as to deny independent categorization to Patañjali's system, preferring to refer to it as Patanjala Samkhya, similar to the position taken by the Jain writer Haribhadra in his commentary on Yoga.[114] Patañjali's Yoga Sutras accept the Samkhya's division of the world and phenomena into twenty-five tattvas or principles, of which one is Purusha meaning Self or consciousness, the others being Prakriti (primal nature), Buddhi (intellect or will), Ahamkara (ego), Manas (mind), five buddhindriyas (sensory capabilities), five karmendriyas (action-capabilities) and ten elements.[115][116] The second part of the Sutras, the Sadhana, also summarizes the Samkhya perspectives about all seen activity lying within the realm of the three Gunas of Sattva (illumination), Rajas (passion) and Tamas (lethargy).[117]
The Yoga Sutras diverge from early Samkhya by the addition of the principle of Isvara or God, as exemplified by Sutra 1.23 - "Iśvara pranidhãnãt vã", which is interpreted to mean that surrender to God is one way to liberation.[115][118] Isvara is defined here as "a distinct Consciousness, untouched by afflictions, actions, fruitions or their residue".[119] In the sutras, it is suggested that devotion to Isvara, represented by the mystical syllable Om may be the most efficient method of achieving the goal of Yoga.[120] This syllable Om is a central element of Hinduism, appearing in all the Upanishads, including the earliest Chandogya and Brihadaranyaka Upanishads, and expounded upon in the Mandukya Upanishad.[121]
Another divergence from Samkhya is that while the Samkhya holds that knowledge is the means to liberation, Patañjali's Yoga insists on the methods of concentration and active striving. The aim of Yoga is to free the individual from the clutches of the matter, and considers intellectual knowledge alone to be inadequate for the purpose – which is different from the position taken by Samkhya.[115]
However, the essential similarities between the Samkhya and Patañjali's system remained even after the addition of the Isvara principle,[note 15] with Max Müller noting that "the two philosophies were in popular parlance distinguished from each other as Samkhya with and Samkhya without a Lord...."[122] The Bhagavad Gita, one of the chief scriptures of Hinduism, is considered to be based on this synthetic Samkhya-Yoga system.[123][124]
The Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali is a foundational text of the Yoga philosophy school of Hinduism.[7][8]
Karel Werner writes, "Patanjali's system is unthinkable without Buddhism. As far as its terminology goes there is much in the Yoga Sutras that reminds us of Buddhist formulations from the Pāli Canon and even more so from the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma and from Sautrāntika."[128] He adds, "upon the whole it [Patanjali's Yoga sutras] is more elaborate and summarizes the actual technique of Yoga procedures more exactly than the Buddhist exposition".[129] However, states Werner, "The Buddha was the founder of his system, even though, admittedly, he made use of some of the experiences he had previously gained under various Yoga teachers of his time. Patanjali is neither a founder nor a leader of a new movement. (...) The ingenuity of his [Patanjali's] achievement lies in the thoroughness and completeness with which all the important stages of Yoga practice and mental experiences are included in his scheme, and in their systematic presentation in a succinct treatise."[129] Werner adds that the ideas of existence and the focus on "Self, Soul" in Patajali's Yogasutra are different from the "no Self" precepts of Buddhism.[130]
According to David Gordon White, the language of the Yoga Sutras is often closer to "Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit, the Sanskrit of the early Mahayana Buddhist scriptures, than to the classical Sanskrit of other Hindu scriptures".[131] He adds, historical evidence suggests that yoga philosophical systems influenced, and were influenced by, other philosophical systems in India such as early Buddhism and Jainism.[132] White mentions controversies about the Yoga Sutras.[125] A significant minority of scholars, notes White for example, believes that Vyasa lived a few centuries after Patanjali and his "Hindu-izing" commentary subverted Yoga Sutras' original "Buddhist" teachings; while the majority scholarly view disagrees with this view.
Other scholars state there are differences between the teachings in the Yoga Sutras and those in Buddhist texts.[126][127] Patanjali's Yoga Sutras for example, states Michele Desmarias, accept the concept of a Self or soul behind the operational mind, while Buddhists do not accept such a Self exists. The role of Self is central to the idea of Saṃyoga, Citta, Self-awareness and other concepts in Chapters 2 through 4 of the Yoga sutras, according to Desmarias.[127]
According to Barbara Miller,[126] the difference between Patanjali's Yoga Sutras and teachings in Buddhist texts is, "In Samkhya and Yoga, as in Buddhism and Jainism, the most salient characteristic of existence is duhkha or suffering. According to Buddhism, the origin of suffering is desire; according to Yoga, it is the connection between the observer (Purusha) with the observed (Prakrti). In both systems, the origin of duhkha is ignorance. There are also similarities in the means of deliverance recommended by the two systems. In Buddhism, the aspirant is asked to follow the eightfold path, which culminates in right meditation or samadhi. In Yoga, the aspirant is asked to follow a somewhat different eight fold path, which also culminates in samadhi. But the aim of yoga meditation is conceived in terms that a Buddhist would not accept: as the separation of an eternal conscious self from unconscious matter. The purpose of Patanjali's Yoga is to bring about this separation by means of understanding, devotion and practice."[126]
Robert Thurman writes that Patañjali was influenced by the success of the Buddhist monastic system to formulate his own matrix for the version of thought he considered orthodox.[134] The Yoga Sutra, especially the fourth segment of Kaivalya Pada, contains several polemical verses critical of Buddhism, particularly the Vijñānavāda school of Vasubandhu.[135]
The five yamas or the constraints of the Yoga Sutras of Patañjali bear an uncanny resemblance to the five major vows of Jainism, indicating influence of Jainism.[136][137][138] Three other teachings closely associated with Jainism also make an appearance in Yoga: the doctrine of "colors" in karma (lesya); the Telos of isolation (kevala in Jainism and Kaivalyam in Yoga); and the practice of nonviolence (ahimsa), though nonviolence (ahimsa) made its first appearance in Indian philosophy-cum-religion in the Hindu texts known as the Upanishads [the Chāndogya Upaniṣad, dated to the 8th or 7th century BCE, one of the oldest Upanishads, has the earliest evidence for the use of the word Ahimsa in the sense familiar in Hinduism (a code of conduct). It bars violence against "all creatures" (sarvabhuta) and the practitioner of Ahimsa is said to escape from the cycle of metempsychosis/reincarnation (CU 8.15.1).[139] It also names Ahimsa as one of five essential virtues].[140]
The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali was the most translated ancient Indian text in the medieval era, having been translated into about forty Indian languages and two non-Indian languages: Old Javanese and Arabic.[4]
By the early 21st century, scholars had located 37 editions of Patanjali's Yoga Sutras published between 1874 and 1992, and 82 different manuscripts, from various locations in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Europe and the United States, many in Sanskrit, some in different North and South Indian languages.[147][148] The numerous historical variants show that the text was a living document and it was changed as these manuscripts were transmitted or translated, with some ancient and medieval manuscripts marked with "corrections" in the margin of the pages and elsewhere by unknown authors and for unclear reasons. This has made the chronological study of Yoga school of philosophy a difficult task.[147]
The Yogabhashya is a commentary on the Yoga Sutras of Patañjali, traditionally attributed to the legendary Vedic sage Vyasa who is said to have composed the Mahabharata. This commentary is indispensable for the understanding of the aphoristic and terse Yoga sutras, and the study of the sutras has always referred to the Yogabhashya.[141] Some scholars see Vyasa as a later 4th or 5th century CE commentator (as opposed to the ancient mythic figure).[141]
Other scholars hold that both texts, the sutras and the commentary were written by one person. According to Philipp A. Maas, based on a study of the original manuscripts, Patañjali's composition was entitled Pātañjalayogaśāstra ("The Treatise on Yoga according to Patañjali") and consisted of both Sūtras and Bhāṣya. This means that the Bhāṣya was in fact Patañjali's own work.[10] The practice of writing a set of aphorisms with the author's own explanation was well-known at the time of Patañjali, as for example in Vasubandhu's Abhidharmakośabhāṣya (that, incidentally, Patañjali quotes). These research findings change the historical understanding of the yoga tradition, since they allow us to take the Bhāṣya as Patañjali's very own explanation of the meaning of his somewhat cryptic sūtras.[10][note 17]
The Yogabhashya states that 'yoga' in the Yoga Sutras has the meaning of 'samadhi'. Another commentary (the Vivarana) by a certain Shankara, confirms the interpretation of yogah samadhih (YBh. I.1): 'yoga' in Patañjali's sutra has the meaning of 'integration'.[149] This Shankara may or may not have been the famed Vedantic scholar Adi Shankara (8th or 9th century). Scholarly opinion is still open on this issue.[141]
Countless commentaries on the Yoga Sutras are available today. The Sutras, with commentaries, have been published by a number of successful teachers of Yoga, as well as by academicians seeking to clarify issues of textual variation. There are also other versions from a variety of sources available on the Internet.[note 18] The many versions display a wide variation, particularly in translation. The text has not been submitted in its entirety to any rigorous textual analysis, and the contextual meaning of many of the Sanskrit words and phrases remains a matter of some dispute.[150] Modern translations and interpretations include:
Patañjali was not the first to write about yoga.[153] Much about yoga is written in the Mokṣadharma section of the epic Mahābhārata.[154] The members of the Jaina faith had their own, different literature on yoga,[155] and Buddhist yoga stems from pre-Patanjali sources.[156]
Some of the major commentaries on the Yoga Sutras were written between the ninth and sixteenth century.[157] After the twelfth century, the school started to decline, and commentaries on Patanjali's Yoga philosophy were few.[157] By the sixteenth century Patanjali's Yoga philosophy had virtually become extinct.[157] The manuscript of the Yoga Sutras was no longer copied, since few read the text, and it was seldom taught.[158]
Popular interest arose in the 19th century, when the practice of yoga according to the Yoga Sutras became regarded as the science of yoga and the "supreme contemplative path to self-realization" by Swami Vivekananda, following Helena Blavatsky, president of the Theosophical Society.[159]
According to David Gordon White, the popularity of the Yoga Sutras is recent, "miraculously rehabilitated" by Swami Vivekananda after having been ignored for seven centuries.[4] It was with the rediscovery by a British Orientalist in the early 1800s that wider interest in the Yoga Sutras arose in the West.[158] It has become a celebrated text in the West, states White, because of "Big Yoga – the corporate yoga subculture".[4]


text:
LeslieDinaberg.com
Leslie Dinaberg's writing\
Advertorial Writing
Tag Archives: SB Indy
UCSB Teaches Thriving During Chaos
Posted on January 13, 2021 by lesliedinaberg
UCSB Teaches Thriving During Chaos, originally published in the Santa Barbara Independent Self-Care issue, January 7, 2021.
The pandemic has been stressful for all of us, but the abrupt shift to online learning —coupled with social isolation, political unrest, and the loss of just about everything that makes college fun— has been particularly difficult for students.
Last spring, Smaranda Lawrie, a graduate student in UCSB's Department of Psychological
& Brain Sciences, saw how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted her students' lives. "My students were really struggling," she said. "I was teaching a lab course online, and there were a lot of hard conversations with them. There were tears and lots of emotions, so I started incorporating positive psychology practices into the class."
Using techniques designed to "help individuals be stronger versions of themselves," Lawrie observed such positive results with her students that they were thirsty for more.
Working with undergrads, particularly Samantha Blodgett, "We thought, 'Let's just start a series of talks and see what happens,'" said Lawrie. The speakers they approached were enthusiastic, and students even more so. "We were hoping for 20 students, and we ended up cutting it off at close to 1,000 because we didn't know how to manage everyone."
Now, four sessions into the UCSB Resilience Summit and Certificate Program, "I've just been surprised about these discussions that students are having during the actual lectures," said Lawrie, who taught the first course, called Positive Psychology and the
Science of Thriving, before opening up to other lecturers on such topics as mindful
attention training, conditioning for resilience, and overcoming imposter syndrome.
"They are very vulnerable and very open, and it seems like they are really relating to the material and appreciating the information and appreciating the speakers," added Lawrie, who is trying to make the summit live on. "It's the pilot year, so we'll see how it goes. I would love to get this info to as many people as possible."
Upcoming seminars will discuss finding your inner hero, monitoring mental wellness in students, finding silver linings in negative events, supporting "at-promise" students, post-traumatic growth, and more. See ucsbresilience.wixsite.com/resiliencesummit.
Originally published in the Santa Barbara Independent on January 7, 2021. To see this story as it appeared in print, please click here.
Posted in Articles, Health, higher education, Human Interest News, News	| Tagged 805 writer, central coast, college students, Dinaberg, Freelance Writer, journalist, Leslie Dinaberg, pandemic, pandemic impact on college students, positive psychology, resilience, santa barbara, santa barbara editor, Santa Barbara Independent, Santa Barbara Indy, santa barbara life, santa barbara lifestyle, santa barbara writer, SB Independent, SB Indy, self-care, Smaranda Lawrie, UCSB Resilience Summit and Certificate Program, UCSB's Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, writing communications
Dancing With Myself
Dancing with Myself, originally published in the Santa Barbara Independent Self-Care issue, January 7, 2021.
A combination of yoga, martial arts, and dance, Nia was introduced to me by my friend Meg Miller, who's been an instructor at the Montecito YMCA for more than a decade. When the pandemic torpedoed indoor classes,
Miller started an online "Nia Together-Apart" group, sending videos for people to dance from home "with her" every Saturday at 11:15 a.m., her normal class time.
As Queen of the Procrastinators, I left the link in my inbox, red flagged and scolding me for a week before I finally decided to try Nia. I intended to do it at 11:15 a.m., but it was more like 5:15 p.m., when rolled-back clocks made it too dark for my regular walk.
"In Nia everything is based on 52 moves," explained Miller. "In addition to what is generally known — that moving to music is
good for us — Nia uses findings from neuroscience to create a holistic experience
through dance. I know this sounds a little woo-woo, but plenty of people do Nia purely as a physical fitness experience."
I cranked up the video in the privacy of my bedroom, figuring I'd come for the cardio and slip in some metaphysics if the spirit moved
me. The last time I danced was in the early COVID days: a TikTok challenge from my son and his girlfriend. After a bit, I started to let loose. Rather than following the leader,
the idea is to listen to your body and enjoy every movement. So I freestyled instead of doing the floor-play, which looked too much
like pushups for my taste.
Although Nia is meant to be danced communally, my freestyle was definitely more "free" in my bedroom than it would have been at the YMCA. Even Miller, who loves the community aspect of Nia, said, "I've found a lot more freedom and self-expression doing it without
an audience of any kind."
My heart rate was definitely elevated, and my spirit did get a little lift. I'll try Nia again, maybe even next Saturday at 11:15 a.m.
For more information, visit nianow.com.
Posted in Articles, Health, Human Interest News, Lifestyle, sports	| Tagged 805 writer, central coast, covid self-care, Dance, Dinaberg, Freelance Writer, journalist, Leslie Dinaberg, martial arts, Meg Miller, Montecito YMCA, Nia, Nia Together-Apart, santa barbara, santa barbara editor, Santa Barbara Independent, Santa Barbara Indy, santa barbara life, santa barbara lifestyle, santa barbara self-care, santa barbara writer, SB Independent, SB Indy, self-care, writing communications, Yoga
Posted on December 8, 2020 by lesliedinaberg
http://lesliedinaberg.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Gift-Guide-output.mp4
Where and What to Buy During This Holiday Season in the Time of COVID
If there were ever a year we could use some holiday cheer, it's definitely this one. Our holiday gift guide for 2020 spotlights some of our favorite stores and shopping hubs, as well as some other ideas to help you get into the spirit of the giving season. You might even find a little something for yourself.
As Oprah Winfrey, one of our favorite Montecito residents, says, "Every gift I've ever given has brought as much happiness to me as it has to the person I've given it to." In a year where supporting locally owned businesses is more important to our community than ever, here are some ideas to help get your generosity flowing.
Click here to see the gift guide as it originally appeared in print in the Santa Barbara Independent on December 3, 2020.
Posted in Articles, Books, Business, Features, Holidays, Human Interest News, Lifestyle, Style, wine	| Tagged 805 writer, buy local, central coast, Dinaberg, Freelance Writer, Gift Guide, holiday gift guide, holiday gifts, holidays, journalist, Leslie Dinaberg, local shopping, santa barbara, santa barbara editor, Santa Barbara Independent, Santa Barbara Indy, santa barbara life, santa barbara lifestyle, santa barbara writer, SB Independent, SB Indy, shop local, Shopping, writing communications
2020 Schools of Thought
SB Independent Cover, Schools of Thought, November 19, 2020.
Here are the links to all of the stories in this special section:
Introduction: Schools of Thought 2020
Crane Country Day School's Flexible Approach
Montecito Campus Embraces Its Outdoor Superpowers
Laguna Blanca's New Center for Science and Innovation
Hope Ranch Campus Provides Proper Home for Project-Based Learning
Coding Meets Community at Providence School
Students Create App to Connect Kids with Nonprofits
Big Learning on the Littlest Little Farm
O'Connor Family and AHA! Engage Students on a Hope Ranch Annex Property
Waldorf Education Honors the Head, Heart, and Hands
101-Year-Old Tradition Offers a Holistic Approach to School
S.B. Middle School Pedals Through the Pandemic
Riviera Campus Finds Creative Challenges to Keep Kids Active
Montessori Center School Creates Positive Kids with Positive Forces
Developing Well-Rounded Students with Time-Tested Techniques
S.Y.V. Charter School Grows Green Thumbs
Irises—and Intellect—Bloom When the Garden Is a Classroom
Midland Boarding School's COVID Advantage
Historic S.Y.V. Outdoor School Is Great Fit for Today's Teens
Marymount School Embraces a Broad New Vision
Independent School Welcomes Diverse Backgrounds
SBCC Foundation Delivers the Promise
An Update on the College's Signature Project
SBCC Career Center Opens Job Pathways
Helping Students Begin School with the End in Mind
Originally published in the Santa Barbara Independent on November 19, 2020. To read the section as it appeared in print, please click here.
Posted in Articles, Features, higher education, Human Interest News, Schools	| Tagged 805 writer, central coast, Dinaberg, Education, education in santa barbara, Freelance Writer, journalist, Leslie Dinaberg, santa barbara, santa barbara editor, Santa Barbara Education, Santa Barbara Independent, Santa Barbara Indy, santa barbara life, santa barbara lifestyle, Santa Barbara Schools, santa barbara writer, SB Independent, SB Indy, Schools of Thought, writing communications
Schools of Thought introduction, originally published in the November 19, 2020 issue of Santa Barbara Independent.
Our Annual Education Guide Looks at Schooling in the Time of COVID-19
What a difference a year makes, particularly when that year is 2020.
As I revisited some of the latest news and trends related to education in Santa Barbara County for the second year in a row to prepare this special issue, priorities have shifted dramatically. Outdoor space is at a huge premium — not only for its educational value and the boost to our Zoom-fatigued spirits that nature provides, but also simply because being
outside has a much lower risk for COVID-19. With depression and anxiety at high levels for people of all ages, social-emotional learning and strategies that embrace the whole child as a priority over straight academics are also more important now than ever before. And as always, so is keeping in step with the latest technologies, both programmatically and with new facilities.
Unfortunately, like just about everything else in 2020, the pandemic has amplified the inequities in education even further. I'm a public school daughter of two public school teachers, and I'm a big believer in and supporter of our public school system. That being said, if I had a K-12 age child at home right now, this would be the year I would be scrimping and saving to send them to an independent school. For one thing, they're
actually able to open.
And make no mistake, the inequity here is not about political will — it's all about the money. The independent schools simply have drastically fewer students to worry about with far more resources to take care of them right now, which translates to much better teacher/student ratios and the ability, in some cases, to devote separate teachers to online and on-campus teaching cohorts. They enjoy much more outdoor space to spread out and be physically distanced, and they have the money to make facility improvements more easily — both indoors and outdoors — to accommodate health and safety concerns. They also have more resources to test and regulate student and staff health and to enforce consequences on those who don't follow the safety rules.
That being said, Midland Head of School Christopher Barnes summed up the way I think most everyone in every kind of educational institution is feeling these days. "With all of my
heart and soul, I'm pouring everything I can into our particular little project, but also being a participant with other schools … that aspire mightily to follow all of the recommendations of public health, and be their partner, not their adversary," he said. "Do I have too much stuff to read and figure out? And does it sometimes contradict itself? Yes, absolutely. In any case, we're dealing with a global health pandemic. This is not some little thing."
For this special section, we asked the issue's sponsors about what's exciting in their schools and organizations, and then produced the editorial content independently.
Posted in Articles, Schools	| Tagged 805 writer, central coast, Dinaberg, Education, education in santa barbara, Freelance Writer, journalist, Leslie Dinaberg, santa barbara, santa barbara editor, Santa Barbara Education, Santa Barbara Independent, Santa Barbara Indy, santa barbara life, santa barbara lifestyle, Santa Barbara Schools, santa barbara writer, SB Independent, SB Indy, Schools of Thought, writing communications
Marymount School Embraces a Broad New Vision, originally published in Santa Barbara Independent on November 19, 2020.
Founded as an all-girls Catholic school in 1938, Marymount School is an evolving educational story. Over the decades, according to Head of School Christina K. Broderick, the Riviera campus has made "this slow progression from an independent Catholic school to an independent school with a Catholic tradition to an independent school with a couple of Catholic traditions to now where we are as an independent school that really focuses
on the cultural and spiritual diversity of every background."
Kaleidoscope, the school's signature curriculum developed more than a decade ago in collaboration with UCSB, "uses the top 10 world religions to allow students to find out about how we decide on our moral decision-making and ethical decision-making through
the lens of different ethnic cultures and backgrounds, both religious and nonreligious around the world," said Broderick.
"We are really here to welcome all faiths and traditions and to make sure that we have a very inclusive and welcoming community to all faiths and ethnic backgrounds," said Broderick, who recently formalized the inclusive values of Marymount with new Mission
& Vision statements.
Discipline also looks a bit different than the old-school ways. "It's not about disciplining kids — it's about restorative communication," she said. "My middle schoolers here at Marymount will always know that Mrs. Broderick will say 'self-reflection leads to self-correction.' We don't really do detention here or punitive discipline. It's all about how we figure out how we made a mistake based on our own ideas about something. And how do we then restore ourselves and the community and say I'm sorry, change your actions, move on."
Marymount also recently announced a forward-thinking policy on Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI), while expanding its offerings to include 3-year-olds. A new director of student wellness and DEI and a licensed clinical social worker, a full-time learning specialist, a full-time school nurse, and a full-time director of student wellness are available
to work with all students and families.
"We don't have a traditional org chart," said Broderick. "We have learning and leadership teams, and we all make very collaborative decisions. It's fun — it's a lot of fun."
Though she admits it sounds "super smarmy," Broderick is proud that her favorite social media hashtag is #HappyKidsLearn. "If they're happy, their brains are going to be open, and they're going to be able to take in all the information we're going to give them," she
said. "But if they're anxious or they're worried about their social interactions or worried about stuff at home, they're not going to be paying attention in class. There's a ton of research to support that, but whether the discussion is inclusivity or social emotional wellness or the pandemic, we want these kids to feel comfortable and safe."
marymountsb.org
Posted in Articles, Features, Human Interest News, Schools	| Tagged 805 writer, central coast, Christina K. Broderick, Dinaberg, Education, education in santa barbara, Freelance Writer, journalist, Kaleidoscope, Leslie Dinaberg, Marymount, Marymount School, santa barbara, santa barbara editor, Santa Barbara Education, Santa Barbara Independent, Santa Barbara Indy, santa barbara life, santa barbara lifestyle, Santa Barbara Schools, santa barbara writer, SB Independent, SB Indy, Schools of Thought, writing communications
Midland Boarding School's COVID Advantage, originally published in Santa Barbara Independent on November 19, 2020.
While every school struggles with COVID restrictions, Midland School's 2,860-acre campus and nine decades of outdoor-minded, college preparatory education lends itself to an easier pivot than most. Students returned to the boarding school for grades 9-12 in late October.
"I've never seen a senior class that's more vested in our collective good," said Head of School Christopher Barnes, who's been working round the clock for months to make their return to the Los Olivos campus possible. "The seniors are like, 'Yeah, we're going to make sure everybody wears their mask.' Inside of these challenging moments are also these incredible opportunities for students to learn how to tolerate adversity, to find the grit and really evaluate what the needs are versus the wants, and really discover the very best version of themselves. That is profoundly exciting as an educator."
Clearly Midland's experiential, place-based curriculum is more desirable than ever right now. With health guidelines in place, students will still be able to work on the farm and in the garden, ride horses, go hiking and camping, and all of the other special things they normally do.
Enrollment is up at least 10 percent from last year. "The phone was ringing through the summer, and we definitely had to tell some people no," said Barnes. "As much as I would love to welcome even more kids, we're sort of at capacity relative to the situation we find ourselves in now. It leaves us with a few spare cabins for isolation or quarantine if needed; we need to reserve some of that bandwidth for that."
They've gone "very deep into the four Ws," said Barnes. "Wear your mask, watch your distance, wash your hands, and, finally, we are in this together."
He's excited to be an educator at such a pivotal time. "We are living through some major inflection points in history, and at the same time we're not just dealing with a global health pandemic," said Barnes. "We're dealing with Black Lives Matter and a profound shift in perspectives with regard to social justice issues — and we are and want to continue to be a participant in that. We are in the midst of a straight-up economic depression, and we've had to dole out lots more financial aid and double down in terms of supporting our families
and make sure that we can honor our promise for them."
Posted in Articles, environment, Features, Human Interest News, Schools	| Tagged 805 writer, boarding school, central coast, Christopher Barnes, Dinaberg, Education, education in santa barbara, Freelance Writer, journalist, Leslie Dinaberg, los olivos boarding school, Midland, Midland School, santa barbara, santa barbara editor, Santa Barbara Education, Santa Barbara Independent, Santa Barbara Indy, santa barbara life, santa barbara lifestyle, Santa Barbara Schools, santa barbara writer, SB Independent, SB Indy, Schools of Thought, writing communications
Montessori Center School Creates Positive Kids With Positive Forces, originally published in Santa Barbara Independent on November 19, 2020.
Dr. Maria Montessori would be 150 years old this year, but her teaching methods have managed to stay relevant for more than a century. Here are a few reasons why Montessori continues to be prized by so many of today's parents.
Development of a Lifelong Love of Learning
"Children are encouraged to develop a love of learning for their whole lives," said Melanie Jacobs, head of school at Montessori Center School. "We try to hook into their motivations and interests so that their learning is guided by that and they're wanting to
learn from inside. I think that's how self-motivation is formed. We want it to be a lifelong love of learning, so that they'll be inspired to continue to learn throughout their whole lives."
The Importance of Independence
"We also focus on independence and self-sufficiency and resilience, which this year especially, I think is actually very important," said Jacobs. One of the Montessori
sayings is "Never do for a child what they can do for themselves." "We certainly guide a child that needs help, but then we step back and allow them to do as much of it as they can so that they become advocates in their own learning, especially as they get older. There is a lot of creative thinking and thinking out of the box, and there's also a lot of collaboration with their classmates, which I think is really important right now because in their future work endeavors, collaboration is a big part of how companies encourage their employees to work."
The Peace Curriculum
Strategies vary depending on the level of the children, but there's a peace shelf or a peace corner in every Montessori classroom. "It basically helps children to learn conflict resolution skills really early, so even in our 3- to 6-year-old classrooms, you might see something like a talking stick or a love light," said Jacobs, who has been with the school for 27 years and is in her fifth year as head of school. These tools are used to talk out conflicts and to
learn to listen to what the other person is saying, "and then together they try to find some sort of compromise to solve their conflict. When they're younger they need more guidance, but then as they get older into the elementary grades, a lot of the time they're really able to work out what the problem is on their own."
Respect and Appreciation for Differences
A big Montessori theme is to encourage a lot of respect for and curiosity about other cultures. "In today's world, I think that's very relevant," Jacobs said. "Families are encouraged to share their culture in our community, and then it allows the children to
sort of see the commonalities across all of the races and cultures for better understanding and respect."
Posted in Articles, Features, Human Interest News, Schools	| Tagged 805 writer, central coast, Dinaberg, Dr. Maria Montessori, Education, education in santa barbara, Freelance Writer, journalist, Leslie Dinaberg, Melanie Jacobs, Montessori, Montessori Center School, santa barbara, santa barbara editor, Santa Barbara Education, Santa Barbara Independent, Santa Barbara Indy, santa barbara life, santa barbara lifestyle, Santa Barbara Schools, santa barbara writer, SB Independent, SB Indy, Schools of Thought, writing communications
Coding Meets Community at Providence School, originally published in Santa Barbara Independent on November 19, 2020.
Challenged by their teachers in their coding class to create some sort of an app, Providence Engineering Academy junior Sydney Whited and sophomore Ruby Kilpper created the Santa Barbara Volunteer Opportunities (SBVO) app, matching service-minded students to volunteer-seeking nonprofits.
Coding wasn't either one of the girls' favorite aspects of engineering prior to the project. But Kilpper explained, "I like to tackle each problem on its own and each assignment on its own, so I kept an open mind, and I really ended up enjoying it."
Inspired in part by Whited's experience with the National Charity League's sign-up program for volunteering, the pair designed the SBVO to improve on that concept with an easier interface and a bit more emphasis on the types of work (homeless services, elderly, special
needs, children, animals, etc.) that might interest students. The idea is to find a service opportunity with the best fit for you.
"Especially in the beginning of the app, I was definitely the brainstormer," said Whited. "But Ruby was the go-getter the whole time," she said, recalling the various challenges they went through to create the project. "Having a one-step signup was something we thought would really increase the amount of student volunteers in Santa Barbara."
The girls were recognized for their creative efforts by Representative Salud Carbajal, who presented them with the Congressional App Challenge award on January 6, 2020, and invited them to a reception at the House of Representatives in Washington, D.C. "My office and I looked at all the entries," Carbajal told them. "It was a very competitive pool, but your app rose to the top very quickly. It was innovative, practical, and user friendly. Concept-wise it is very strong, but the way you approached it was very well executed."
The students were excited to go to D.C. to participate in the annual #HouseOfCode on March 24, but that was canceled due to the pandemic. Additionally, work on the app, which is still in the development and testing stage, was derailed a bit when school went online last spring. But with Providence students back in class as of mid-October, Whited
and Kilpper are hoping to continue to fine-tune SBVO and eventually make it available for the whole community to use.
providencesb.org
Posted in Articles, Features, Human Interest News, News, Nonprofits, Schools	| Tagged #HouseOfCode, 805 writer, central coast, Congressional App Challenge, Dinaberg, Education, education in santa barbara, Freelance Writer, journalist, Leslie Dinaberg, Providence Engineering Academy, Providence School, Representative Salud Carbajal, Ruby Kilpper, santa barbara, santa barbara editor, Santa Barbara Education, Santa Barbara Independent, Santa Barbara Indy, santa barbara life, santa barbara lifestyle, Santa Barbara Schools, Santa Barbara Volunteer Opportunities (SBVO) app, santa barbara writer, SB Independent, SB Indy, Schools of Thought, Sydney Whited, writing communications
S.Y.V. Charter School Grows Green Thumbs, originally published in Santa Barbara Independent on November 19, 2020.
Using the garden as a classroom is certainly a welcome adaptation during the days of COVID. But this type of outdoor education has been a key curriculum component at Santa Ynez Valley Charter School since its founding in 2000, said Executive Director John Dewey.
Last year, the public charter school added a new iris garden to the mix, planting more than
120 unique irises. Each student in grades 3-8 chose and planted their own individual breed of the flower, complete with fun (and legit!) names like Rainbow Shadow, Milk in My Coffee, and Ice Sculpture. Tending these flowery plants and their showy flowers, students
learn about planting, cultivating, harvesting, and composting, and teachers are able to incorporate lessons about the natural world, plant biology, ecology, and the environmental impact of humans on the planet.
The Iris Garden is the newest feature in an almost three-acre garden on the property, which is cared for exclusively by students and parents. In order to plant the irises, the team
reclaimed a hillside and the 5th graders did the work to terrace it, using railroad ties and "other bits and bobs," said Dewey. "We have also logged the names of each plant, who planted it, as well as a photo of their blooms."
As students start to return to school, the new 3rd graders will plant their irises, and so will all the staff members — they might even "dig down" to 2nd graders.
"It's pretty exciting for the kids," said Dewey. "They have ownership of it, and they get so excited when their iris blooms."
Also in the works for this school year are a series of grade-level gardens, which the students take care of and choose the themes for. The first gardens had a native plant theme and a butterfly garden focus, with flowering plants that attract insects
and butterflies.
Santa Ynez Valley Charter School also recently became an Ocean Guardian School, a program sponsored by NOAA for schools to do projects that foster the protection of watersheds and the ocean. They are using the funds to separate food waste from trash and turn it into compost for the gardens.
Posted in Articles, Home and Garden, Human Interest News, News, Schools	| Tagged 805 writer, central coast, Dinaberg, Education, education in santa barbara, Freelance Writer, iris garden, John Dewey, journalist, Leslie Dinaberg, NOAA, Ocean Guardian School, outdoor education, santa barbara, santa barbara editor, Santa Barbara Education, Santa Barbara Independent, Santa Barbara Indy, santa barbara life, santa barbara lifestyle, Santa Barbara Schools, santa barbara writer, Santa Ynez Valley Charter School, SB Independent, SB Indy, Schools of Thought, writing communications

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
União das Freguesias de Tavira (Santa Maria e Santiago), kurz Tavira (Santa Maria e Santiago) oder auch Freguesia de Tavira, ist eine Gemeinde (Freguesia) im Kreis (Concelho) von Tavira an der Algarve, im Süden Portugals.

Sie bildet die eigentliche Innenstadtgemeinde von Tavira.

In der Gemeinde leben 15.133 Einwohner auf einer Fläche von 147,99 km² (Stand nach Zahlen von 2011).

Die Gemeinde entstand im Zuge der Gebietsreform in Portugal am 29. September 2013 durch Zusammenlegung der Gemeinden Santa Maria und Santiago.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Tavira
Ort in der Região do Algarve

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Research projects, Cooperation agreements
New contactless temperature sensor to lead to energy savings in steel industry
The fast ALTP sensors' temperature calibration: research assistant Konstantin Huber and project manager Prof Dr Tim Rödiger (from left) - - Landshut University of Applied Sciences
The heart of the fast temperature measuring system: ALTP prototype sensor with cooling system - - Landshut University of Applied Sciences
Landshut University of Applied Sciences develops a contactless, fast temperature measuring device for the steel industry that is designed to reduce energy and production costs and improve product quality
Steel is needed to make machines or tools. The steel is machined, formed and pressed at high temperatures. The temperature must also be kept constant and closely monitored during many processing steps. If this is not the case, it can lead to defective components and high costs for reworking. To prevent this and improve processes in the steel industry, Landshut University of Applied Sciences is developing a new contactless temperature sensor as part of the "AtoFurnance" research project. This enables a much faster and more precise measurement than before. The research team led by Prof Dr Tim Rödiger from the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering wants to use it to make steel processing more efficient, improve material quality and reduce energy and production costs. The two companies LKM electronic GmbH and automatic Klein GmbH are participating as industrial partners. The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy is providing Landshut University of Applied Sciences with funding of 220,000 euros for the project, which runs until the end of 2023, as part of the "Central Innovation Programme for SMEs".
Measurements in microseconds
"For the energy transition to succeed, it is essential to increase energy efficiency and drive savings in energy-intensive industries", says Rödiger. The Landshut professor therefore sees great potential in the new measuring system for steel processing. The device, based on ALTP sensors (atomic layer thermopiles), makes it possible to measure temperatures and heat flows in a time resolution of microseconds and therefore sets itself apart from previous measuring devices. The sensor is modified and calibrated to act as a radiation thermometer. "This works similar to a clinical thermometer for the forehead," explains Rödiger, "we use it to measure the surface temperature, only much faster and at a much greater distance."
Quality loss due to temperature fluctuation
"The fast and precise measurement should help make processes in the process chain run faster and more efficiently in the future", explains Rödiger. Slow process sequences usually lead to a lot of energy being lost, the surfaces oxidising and the quality of the components often deteriorating as a result. The consequence: the material either has to be reworked mechanically at great expense or does not meet the quality requirements and is disposed of as a reject. Both cost the industry a lot of money.
Saving energy and increasing efficiency
The new measuring device should make it possible to optimise the processes in the hot steel presses and, for example, adjust the temperature or the contact pressure accordingly. The speed of the measurement has a direct influence on the material quality. "This would allow companies to reduce their costs and increase product quality at the same time", says Rödiger, summarising the advantages of the new measuring system. In cooperation with the two industrial partners LKM electronic GmbH and automatic Klein GmbH, the researchers want to develop a demonstrator and new process strategies by the end of the project.
The "AtoFurnace – development of an ALTP temperature sensor to monitor steel processing" project will run until the end of 2023. Prof Dr Tim Rödiger from Landshut University of Applied Sciences is responsible for the overall project management. The project partners are LKM electronic GmbH from Geratal and automatic Klein GmbH from Essen. The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy is providing Landshut University of Applied Sciences with funding of 220,000 euros as part of the "Central Innovation Programme for SMEs".
Thomas Kolbinger
Mail: thomas.kolbinger@haw-landshut.de


Agri-Valley began as one girl's dream. Grace Gob grew up in Gumbranch, Georgia as she gave good grace to God. In 1969 she filed for her business license and so Agri-Valley Farm Management had begun. After 10 humble years building up a reputation in Georgia, Grace finally opened her second office in Chicago in the late 1970s. From there things took off and the mid-west expansion slowly expanded until the company was servicing all of the United States. Now Canada is even in the mix. If it weren't for Grace there would be a lot less light shining in this world.
In 1979 Rudy Blumquist took over the Chicago firm and implemented some rather innovative practices which led to the explosion of the company in the early 80s. Around Agri-Valley Grace and Rudy are the heroes to us all. They know farm and plot acquisition like the back of their hands: and that's not a joke! In the early days of travelling to sites themselves, but now they enjoy the life of the elite from penthouses and board rooms. Oh how things change.
The farm management industry has come a long way since the company began. With the advent of digital technology Grace has had to overcome a lot of obstacles in order to keep the company viable, and this doesn't even factor in the shifting nature of the agricultural climate. Real estate is difficult enough. Try adding in farmland, grain silos, and farmers whose livelihoods depend on you managing things correctly.


text:
ICC Rules of Arbitration 2021
Authors: Tariq Mahmood &
In: Article Published: Tuesday 27 October 2020
In the final months of 2020 there has been a flurry of revisions to Arbitration and Mediation Rules, including the rules of the London Court of International Arbitration ("LCIA") and more recently the International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce ("ICC").
The new ICC Rules will come into force on 01 January 2021 and allow for the seismic changes to the world brought about as a result of Covid-19. The 2021 ICC Rules of Arbitration remain subject to editorial corrections until their official launch in December 2020 and will apply to cases submitted from 1 January 2021 onwards. The ICC published figures earlier this year which show a preference by states and state-owned enterprises to favour the ICC Rules of Arbitration.
Over the summer, focus on Covid-19's impact and its interplay with dispute resolution saw a succession of helpful initiatives such as 'The Seoul Protocol', 'The African Protocol' and 'The Hogan & Lovell Protocol'. Those new protocols primarily addressed issues relating to video-conferencing and the LCIA and ICC are now mindful of changes in the way arbitrations are being conducted as necessitated by the recent pandemic.
The ICC Court President Alexis Mourre noted "The amendments to the Rules mark a further step towards greater efficiency, flexibility and transparency of the Rules, making ICC Arbitration even more attractive, both for large, complex arbitrations and for smaller cases" .
Key developments with the new ICC Rules of Arbitration
(a) Article 3.1 (Written Notifications for Communication; Time Limits) now provides for pleadings "and other written communications submitted by any party to be sent to each party, arbitrator and the Secretariat. Any notification or communication from the arbitral tribunal to the parties shall also be sent in copy to the Secretariat."
(b) Article 7(5) (Joinder of additional parties) - . "Any request for Joinder made by after the conformation or appointment of any arbitrator shall be decided by the arbitral tribunal once constituted and shall be subject to the additional party accepting the constitution of the arbitral tribunal and agreeing to the Terms of Reference, where applicable." The new 2021 ICC Rules of Arbitration allow Parties to submit requests seeking the joinder of additional parties once any arbitrator is appointed or confirmed. In contrast with the previous framework of 2012/2017, no additional parties could be joined after the confirmation or appointment of the Tribunal unless all parties, including the additional party, agreed. The arbitral tribunal will take all relevant circumstances into consideration when deciding such a request to joinder and in particular:
(i) Whether the arbitral tribunal has prima facie jurisdiction over the additional party;
(ii) the timing of the Request for Joinder;
(iii) possible conflicts of interest; and
(iv) the impact of joinder on the arbitral procedure.
(c) Article 10(b) – (Consolidation of Arbitrations)- The 2017 ICC Rules of Arbitration allowed for consolidation whereas the 2021 Rules allow consolidation in circumstances where "all of the claims in the arbitrations are made under the same arbitration agreement or agreements". In Article 10, the 2021 Rules now clear the open question under Article 10(b) as to whether consolidation was only possible where all the claims in the arbitration were made under "the same arbitration agreement" (i.e. the same contract), or also allowed for consolidation under multiple agreements with mirror arbitration clauses. The 2021 Rules now confirm that consolidation may happen where "all of the claims in the arbitrations are made under the same arbitration agreement or agreements". Article 10(c) now confirms that it relates to claims that are "not made under the same arbitration agreement or agreements". These changes provide helpful clarity on the ever-relevant issue of consolidation.
(d) Article 11(7) – (General Provisions) - of new 2021 Article 11)7) ICC Rules of Arbitration is a significant and relevant addition to the Rules regarding the independence, impartiality and conflict of interest of the Arbitral Tribunal. It requires the Parties to promptly communicate to the arbitral tribunal, the other parties and the ICC Secretariat the identity of "any non-party which has entered into an arrangement for the funding of claims or defences and under which it has an economic interest in the outcome of the arbitration". This is a welcome step, especially at a time where litigation/arbitration funding is generally on the rise around the world. It is clear that in light of the current pandemic, more companies will find themselves in a difficult financial position and may have to resort to third-party funding and such an issue needs to be made clear to the Tribunal at the outset.
(e) Article 12(9) – (Constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal) –- The new ICC Rules state that "in exceptional circumstances the Court may appoint each member of the arbitral tribunal to avoid a significant risk of unequal treatment and unfairness that may affect the validity of the award." The ICC Court's powers have been widened as a result of this to allow the Court to disregard the arbitration agreement as a method for the constitution of the arbitral tribunal and appoint each member of the tribunal itself. This provision will only be used in "exceptional circumstances" however it will be of concern to many unless a prescriptive view is taken of its application as one of the often-quoted advantages of arbitration is the ability of the parties to nominate their own arbitrator. The ability to 'choose your own judge' is valued by many parties who fall into a dispute.
(f) Article 13(6) - (Appointments and Confirmation of the Arbitrators) - The new Rules state "Whenever the arbitration agreement upon which the arbitration is based arises from a treaty, and unless the parties agree otherwise, no arbitrator shall have the same nationality of any party to the arbitration". This is a sensible and welcome addition as it emphasises that only with the party's agreement can an arbitrator be of the same nationality as any party to the arbitration.
(g) Article 17(2) - (Party Representation)- Article 17's title has changed to "Party Representation" and incorporates a number of new revisions. Each party is now required to promptly inform the Secretariat, tribunal and other parties of any changes in its representation. Th new Article 17.2 follows the approach taken in the LCIA Rules 2014 in allowing an arbitral tribunal to "take any measure necessary to avoid a conflict of interest of an arbitrator arising from a change in party representation, including the exclusion of new party representatives from participating in whole or in part in the arbitral proceedings". This will be a provision that will not sit comfortably with all – even though the tribunal must have regard to all the circumstances, the tribunal is nonetheless expressly empowered to limit a party's ability to appoint legal representatives of its choice. This is a power which, if exercised, is unlikely to be well received by the instructing party and may be regarded as an interference with the freedom to select counsel of the party's choice. However, the intention behind the provision – namely, to address obstructive appointments, as seen when 'guerrilla tactics' are deployed, which is designed to derail proceedings through introducing conflicts of interest is necessary and appropriate.
(h) Article 26(1) - (Remote hearings) - With current travel and health-related restrictions, the new ICC Rules of Arbitration have granted the arbitral tribunal the authority to decide - following adequate consultation with the Parties – whether to hold a hearing in person, by videoconference, telephone or through any other appropriate means of communication. Similar measures reflecting the current situation concerning travel restrictions and possible change of approach into the future have been included in the new LCIA Arbitration Rules under Article 19, the Tribunal has the discretion to order a virtual hearing or a combination of in person and remote attendance. Article 26.1 (Hearings) has undergone a rewrite and now provides that "the arbitral tribunal may decide, after consulting the parties, and on the basis of the relevant facts and circumstances of the case, that any hearing will be conducted by physical attendance or remotely by videoconference, telephone or other appropriate means of communication".
This provision gives the Tribunal the discretion to order a virtual or remote hearing if appropriate, and, like the 2020 LCIA Rules, "future-proofs" the drafting with the phrase "other appropriate means of communication" to allow for remote hearing technology to continue to evolve over time.
(i) Article 29(6)(c) - (Emergency Arbitrator) In addition to the unavailability of the emergency arbitrator where the arbitration agreement was concluded prior to 1 January 2012 and where the parties have expressly excluded such a possibility, the 2021 ICC Rules of Arbitration now prevent the emergency arbitrator provisions application in treaty-based arbitrations.
(j) Article 36(3) - (Correction and Interpretation of the Award; Additional Award; Remission of Awards) - The 2021 ICC Rules allows for the possibility for the Parties to apply for an additional award where the arbitral tribunal has omitted to rule on a claim raised during the proceedings. The moving party has 30 days to apply to the Secretariat following receipt of the award. Once the application is transmitted to the arbitral tribunal, the arbitral tribunal will provide the other party with no more that 30 days to respond. Unless the ICC Court decides otherwise, the arbitral tribunal will then have 30 days to render a draft of the additional award to the ICC Court.
The 2021 update of Rules are significant in respect to third-party funding, joinder and remote hearings, which had not been previously addressed. With Covid-19, the world has had to adjust to 'a new normal' and these additions to the Rules will provide useful guidance to the worldwide arbitration community when dealing with arbitrations before the ICC. As already noted Article 12.9 confers a discretion to the ICC to disapply an agreed tribunal appointment mechanism so as to avoid inequality between the parties. Party appointment has always been a fundamental principle of arbitration and one of the main proponents to arbitrate. It is evident that there will serious concerns within the arbitration community as to how the ICC will interpret the requirement of "exceptional circumstances" in the future. Time will tell as to how parties overcome this hurdle whether by potentially drafting express provisions to limit or disapply the powers of the arbitral tribunal in this regard. Many of the other changes have been minor relating to interpretation and clarification but helpful, nevertheless.
DR TARIQ MAHMOOD AND ARRAN DOWLING-HUSSEY © 2020
BARRISTERS, ARBITRATORS & MEDIATORS
Dr Tariq Mahmood is a Barrister, Arbitrator and Mediator practising from 33 Bedford Row where he is Head of Arbitration & Alternative Dispute Resolution. He can be contacted at t.mahmood@33bedfordrow.co.uk
Arran Dowling-Hussey is a Barrister, Arbitrator and Mediator working from 33 Bedford Row, London; he can be contacted at a.hussey@33bedfordrow.co.uk.
Members of arbitrators@33BedfordRow have significant experience in a wide range of Alternative Dispute Resolution ('ADR') methods including mediation and can offer advise on all processes including mediation. For enquires about the professional availability of members of the group please contact Mark Byrne, Senior Civil & Commercial Clerk at 33 Bedford Row by email: m.byrne@33bedfordrow.co.uk or on + 44 20 7242 6476.
NOTICE: This article is provided free of charge for information purposes only; it does not constitute legal advice and should not be relied on as such. No responsibility for the accuracy and/or correctness of the information and commentary set out in the article, or for any consequences of relying on it, is assumed or accepted by any member of Chambers or by Chambers as a whole.
https://iccwbo.org/dispute-resolution-services/arbitration/rules-of-arbitration/rules-of-arbitration-2021(accessed on 25 October 2020)
https://iccwbo.org/dispute-resolution-services/arbitration/rules-of-arbitration (accessed on 25 October 2020)
https://www.lcia.org/Dispute_Resolution_Services/lcia-arbitration-rules-2020 (accessed on 27 October 2020)
http://www.kcabinternational.or.kr/user/Board/comm_notice_view.do?BBS_NO=548&BD_NO=169&CURRENT_MENU_CODE=MENU0025&TOP_MENU_CODE=MENU0024(accessed on 27 October 2020)
https://www.hoganlovells.com/~/media/hogan-lovells/pdf/2020-pdfs/2020_04_09_hogan_lovells_international_arbitration_digital_hearing_protocols.pdf (accessed on 27 October 2020)
https://www.jamsadr.com/ (accessed on 26 October, 2020)
https://www.africaarbitrationacademy.org/protocol-virtual-hearings/ (accessed on 26 October, 2020)
Dr Tariq Mahmood
Head of Arbitration & ADR
Email Mark
Dr Katherine Simpson appointed to 4 panels


This tribute to the euro-pop synth music of the 1980s has kept its references new and fresh, with the instrumental tracks providing a moody balance to the vocal numbers.
Available for MP3 download at Amazon.com. Also available on iTunes or Spotify!


Brandon Boyd of Incubus performs in New York City.
Incubus' last two albums—2006's Light Grenades and 2011's If Not Now, When?—were both released on Epic and peaked on the Billboard 200 at Number 1 and Number 2, respectively. Despite the albums' success, though, Boyd revealed that the band is seeking a less high-pressure environment for releasing new material.


text:
Orgasmic Birth: Your Guide to a Safe, Satisfying, and Pleasurable Birth Experience by Elizabeth Davis (2010-06-08)
de Elizabeth Davis;Debra Pascali-Bonaro
Orgasmic Birth: Your Guide to a Safe, Satisfying, and Pleasurable Birth Experience by Elizabeth Davis (2010-06-08) - Currently, there was no description for Orgasmic Birth: Your Guide to a Safe, Satisfying, and Pleasurable Birth Experience by Elizabeth Davis (2010-06-08). Will be updated soon.
Détails Orgasmic Birth: Your Guide to a Safe, Satisfying, and Pleasurable Birth Experience by Elizabeth Davis (2010-06-08)
Le Titre Du Livre Orgasmic Birth: Your Guide to a Safe, Satisfying, and Pleasurable Birth Experience by Elizabeth Davis (2010-06-08)
Auteur Elizabeth Davis;Debra Pascali-Bonaro
Editeur Rodale Books
Catégories Développement personnel
Nom de fichier orgasmic-birth-your-guide-to-a-safe-satisfying-and-pleasurable-birth-experience-by-elizabeth-davi.pdf


Disposable whirlwind filter provides an extra level of moisture- and oil-removal right at the paint gun. Use together with your regular oil and moisture separator.
Clean and dry air traveling through an air hose can pick up moisture, dirt and oil. This in-line filter will remove any remaining contaminants down to one micron before they can ruin your paint job. Designed to complement, not replace, your conventional oil and moisture separators. Mounts on your paint gun or HotCoat Powder Gun. Lightweight filter features strong threads in a solvent-resistant housing.


text:
BMW announces FIA WEC entry from 2018, Formula E partnership with Andretti
By Luke SmithSep 27, 2016, 3:44 AM EDT
© BMW Motorsport
BMW has announced that it will return to the 24 Hours of Le Mans through the FIA World Endurance Championship in 2018 after seven years away.
BMW last raced at the Circuit de la Sarthe in 2011, but will now make its comeback as part of a realignment of its motorsport program.
This also includes a technical partnership with the MS Amlin Andretti team in Formula E from season three with a view to a works entry in the series from its fifth season.
"The strong pillars of the programme for the coming years will be the DTM, the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC), the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship (IWSC), the cooperation with Andretti Formula E in the FIA Formula E Championship, the customer racing programme in the GT3 and GT4 categories, the promotion of talented young drivers, and the extremely challenging Dakar Rally," a statement from BMW reads.
"The plan is for BMW to enter the FIA World Endurance Championship in the 2018 season. The highlight of this championship is the 24-hour race in Le Mans.
"BMW claimed overall victory there in 1999 with the open prototype BMW V12 LMR. The last time a BMW took its place on the grid at the endurance classic near the river Sarthe was in 2011: back then, the BMW M3 GT finished third in the LM GTE class.
"Since it was launched in 2012, the championship has enjoyed a positive development, forged new paths in many regards, and won a lot of fans.
"Further details, such as the model of car to be used and the team responsible for the car, will be confirmed and announced over the coming months."
BMW motorsport director Jens Marquardt added: "Starting with the 2018 season, we want to further expand our activities in GT racing and compete in the FIA World Endurance Championship, as well as the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship.
"This obviously also includes our return to Le Mans, which we are particularly looking forward to. The way the WEC has developed so well makes us confident that there is a big future for GT racing."
Of its involvement in Formula E with Andretti, BMW confirmed a long-rumored technical partnership that has already begun ahead of the all-electric series' third season.
"The cooperation with Andretti Formula E is initially set to run for two seasons. It incorporates, for example, cooperation at engineer level and the mutual use of resources.
"Depending on the general development of the racing series, a works involvement is envisaged as of the series' season five, 2018/2019, provided the conditions and circumstances are right.
"As part of this commitment, BMW Motorsport will provide its works driver António Félix da Costa as a driver for Andretti Formula E. The Portuguese, who has featured on the top step of the DTM podium with BMW and has already tasted victory in Formula E, will contest the entire 2016/17 FIA Formula E Championship.
"As well as the new partnership, BMW i will remain the "Official Vehicle Partner" of Formula E. This partnership allows BMW i to present the plug-in hybrid BMW i8, as the Safety Car, and the fully-electric BMW i3, as the Medical Car, in some of the largest cities in the world."
You can read the entire statement from BMW by clicking here.
Follow @LukeSmithF1


Reliable ignition is absolutely imperative if today's electronically controlled spark ignition engines are to operate efficiently and without trouble. Ignition malfunction leads to misfiring and therefore not only to loss of power and increased fuel consumption, but also to a worsening of the exhaust-emission figures, in the most unfavorable cases, the catalytic converter can also be destroyed.
Reliable connections between the high-voltage ignition coil and the spark plug are critical if the ignition energy is to be transferred reliably.


You are viewing a holiday cottage to rent in Carraroe, Galway Bay, County Galway. It is a Detached Cottage.
This cosy cottage is in a great location just 1.3 miles from the village of Carraroe, 27.5 miles from Galway City. It enjoys splendid views and is bright, comfortable and nicely decorated. Standing in a pleasant south-facing garden and the famous coral beach is just a short drive from the cottage. Carraroe is in the "gaeltacht" where the irish language is spoken and it has a number of pubs with irish music, restaurants and summer schools. The ferry to the Aran Islands is from nearby Rossaveal with day trips to the Connmeara National Park, Galway City and Salthill seaside resort a must.
Shop. Pub. Restaurant 1.3 miles. Beach 880 yards.
GF: lounge, kitchen/diner, double, 2 singles, shower room.
~ There is no internet access in the property however it is accessible in the coffee shop and library in Carraroe.
Fishing 1 miles. Childrens Playground 1.25 miles. Golf 10 miles.


A Boeing 737-700 from Colombian air carrier Aires operating as Flight 8250 from Bogota Eldorado Airport to San Andres Island in the Caribbean split into three pieces on landing after being struck by lightning, according to statements from Colombia's national police.
The aircraft, identified as HK-4682 by the Aviation Safety Network, crashed Monday at 1:49 a.m. local time, killing one passenger and injuring 114 of the 127 on board.
The aircraft, HK-4682 (serial number 32416) was built in 2002, according to ASCEND Online fleet data. Aires leased the CFM56-powered aircraft from Dublin lesser AWAS. It originally operated with easyJet and had accumulated just over 22,000 flight hours.
The Colombian carrier currently operates 24 aircraft: 10 Boeing 737-700s that can carry as many as 149 passengers and 14 Bombardier Dash 8-100/-200/-300s that can carry 37-50 passengers, according to ASCEND.
The local press quoted General Orlando Paez of Colombia's national police as saying that the plane spun out of control when it was struck by lightning 80 meters before landing.
The plane's fuselage broke into three parts. The island's airport was closed to allow the investigation to proceed.
"The captain (pilot) of the airliner told us it was struck by lighting. We are inspecting the remains of the plane to try to establish what the damages were and what caused the accident" according to Donald Tascon, deputy director of Colombia's aeronautics authority and quoted by Reuters.
"The plane arriving from Bogotá landed in the middle of an intense electrical storm" Colonel Gustavo Barrero of the Colombia Air Force told reporters.
The injured were taken to local hospitals. Many were later transported to Bogotá for further care. Passenger Amar Fernandez de Barretos, 65, suffered a heart attack just after the accident and died on her way to a local clinic.
Tags: accident, air carriers, San Andres.


OCEAN CITY – Ocean City's "Lights for Bikes" program received praise from the town's Coastal Resources Legislative Committee last week.
Since last year, the Coastal Resources Legislative Committee, or Green Team, has actively sought grant funding to initiate a program that distributes and installs bicycle lights free of charge.
The idea of the "Lights for Bikes" program is that visible lighting attached to bikes would make traveling along the resort's major corridors safer for bicyclists, including the many J-1 visa students who bike to and from work during the summer months.
"If you are on the road at night and you don't have a light on your bike, the police will pull you over and your ticket or fine is they install a light for free right on the spot," said Councilman and Green Team Chair Tony DeLuca.
Last week, Gail Blazer, the town's environmental engineer, told the committee the program had received funding from various sources, including the Ocean City Hotel-Motel-Restaurant Association, businesses and residents, to name a few.
Beginning in March, the Ocean City Police Department began distributing bike lights, and last month, with the help of additional funding from the Community Foundation of the Eastern Shore, the program was expanded to five resort fire stations.
DeLuca informed committee members last week that both the police department and the fire stations have distributed all of their bike lights.
"It really has been amazing," he said.
DeLuca explained that the town will continue to seek support from area businesses and organizations to continue the program. He said the local Wal-Mart store, where many J-1 visa students purchase their bikes, will consider a grant to further the "Lights for Bikes" initiative.
"This has really taken off," he said.
DeLuca said the town will continue to distribute bike lights throughout the summer season. On Wednesdays through June 27, for example, bicycle lights will be made available at the City Hall gazebo from 10 a.m. to noon.
Melanie Purcel, executive director of the Greater Ocean City Chamber of Commerce, commended the program. She said the bike lights will be used to keep thousands of resort workers safe throughout the season.
Blazer said the town is looking for ways to make the "Lights for Bikes" program sustainable.