text:
Maine's First Ship
Letter from Father Pierre Biard to the Reverend Father Privincial, at Paris
Port Royal, January 31, 1612
Father Pierre Biard, a French Jesuit, describes his first year in the new world. He is based in Port Royal in what is now Nova Scotia but undertakes several journeys including to the Kennebec River where he visits the site of Fort St George. He describes the French view of the native people and we should remember that the English view may have been less sympathetic. Parts of this text are distressing but we cannot change history; we can only hope to learn from it. During this time there was a major pandemic of European diseases devastating the native population in this area.
This comes from the publication "The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents Vol. II", 1896, State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Only one of the letters is included here. The translation from French to English was done at that time.
The sections on his time on the Kennebec River and the description of Fort St George three years after the abandonment of the Popham Colony are of most interest to people looking at Maine's First Ship documents. In his description of interactions with the native people, Father Biard tells us a lot about himself, much of which is relavent to the English as well.
I have included a few notes and comments enclosed in square brackets as an aid to the modern reader.
My Reverend Father,
The peace of Christ be with you.
Were we compelled to give an account before God and Your Reverence of our administration and our transactions in this newly acquired kingdom of the Son of God, this new France and new Christendom, from the time of our arrival up to the beginning of this new year, I certainly do not doubt that, in the aggregate and final summing up, the loss would exceed the profits; the foolish cost of transgression, the goodness and wisdom of obedience; and the reception of divine talents, graces, and indulgence would exceed their outlay and use in the royal and agreeable service of our great and so benign Creator. Nevertheless, inasmuch as (I believe) no one would be edified by our losses, or greatly benefited by our gains, it is better that we mourn our losses apart; as to our receipts, we shall be like the unjust steward commended by Our Lord in the Gospels, namely, by sharing our Master's goods with others we shall make them our friends; and in communicating to many what is edifying in these early foundations of Christianity, we shall obtain intercessors with God and supporters of this work. Yet in doing this we shall in no wise diminish the debt, as did the wicked Steward, giving out Our Master's goods with profit; but we shall, perhaps, by this prudence acquit ourselves of a part of the dues and interests. So be it.
Today, January 22nd, 1612, eight months have passed since our arrival in this new France. Soon after that, I wrote you in regard to the condition in which we found this infant Church and Colony. Here is what followed:
When Monsieur de Potrincourt went to France last June he left his son here, Monsieur de Biencourt, a young man of great integrity and of very estimable qualities, with about eighteen of his servants and us two priests of the Society. Now our duties and offices, in accordance with our calling as priests, have been performed while residing here at the house and settlement, and by making journeys abroad. Let us begin, as they say, at home, that is, at the residence and settlement; then we shall go outside.
Here then are our occupations: to say mass every day, and to solemnly sing it sundays and holidays, together with Vespers, and frequently the procession; to offer public prayers morning and evening; to exhort, console, administer the sacraments, bury the dead; in short, to perform the offices of the Curate, since there are no other priests in these quarters. And in truth it would be much better if we were more earnest workers here for Our Lord, since sailors, who form the greater part of our parishioners are ordinarily quite deficient in any spiritual feeling, having no sign of religion except in their oaths and blasphemies, nor any knowledge of God beyond the simplest conceptions which they bring with them from France, clouded with licentiousness and the cavilings and revilings of heretics. Hence it can be seen what hope there is of establishing a flourishing christian church by such evangelists. The first things the poor Savages learn are oaths and vile and insulting words; and you will often hear the women Savages (who otherwise are very timid and modest), hurl vulgar, vile, and shameless epithets at our people, in the French language; not that they know the meaning of them, but only because they see that when such words are used there is generally a great deal of laughter and amusement. And what remedy can there be for this evil in men whose abandonment to evil-speaking (or cursing) is as great as or greater than their insolence in showing their contempt?
At these christian services which we conduct here at the settlement, the Savages are occasionally present, when some of them happen to be at the port. I say, occasionally, inasmuch as they are but little trained in the principles of the faith—those who have been baptized, no more than the heathen; the former, from lack of instruction, knowing but little more than the latter. This was why we resolved, at the time of our arrival, not to baptize any adults unless they were previously well catechized. Now in order to catechize we must first know the language.
[Algonquin language]
It is true that Monsieur de Biancourt, who understands the savage tongue better than anyone else here, is filled with earnest zeal, and every day takes a great deal of trouble to serve as our interpreter. But, somehow, as soon as we begin to talk about God he feels as Moses did—his mind is bewildered, his throat dry, his tongue tied. The reason for this is that, as the savages have no definite religion, magistracy, or government, liberal or mechanical arts, commercial or civil life, they have consequently no words to describe things which they have never seen or even conceived.
Furthermore, rude and untutored as they are, all their conceptions are limited to sensible and material things; there is nothing abstract, internal, spiritual, or distinct. Good, strong, red, black, large, hard, they will repeat to you in their jargon; goodness, strength, redness, blackness—they do not know what they are. [In Algonquin languages, generic objects are not based on ideal object as they are in western European languages, they are based on extending a specific instance into the generic]. And as to all the virtues you may enumerate to them, wisdom, fidelity, justice, mercy, gratitude, piety, and others, these are not found among them at all except as expressed in the words happy, tender love, good heart. Likewise, they will name to you a wolf, a fox, a squirrel, a moose, and so on to every kind of animal they have, all of which are wild, except the dog; but as to words expressing universal and generic ideas, such as beast, animal, body, substance, and the like, these are altogether too learned for them.
Add to this, if you please, the great difficulty of obtaining from them even the words that they have. For, as they neither know our language nor we theirs, except a very little which pertains to daily and commercial life, we are compelled to make a thousand gesticulations and signs to express to them our ideas, and thus to draw from them the names of some of the things which cannot be pointed out to them. For example, to think, to forget, to remember, to doubt; to know these four words, you will be obliged to amuse our gentlemen for a whole afternoon at least by playing the clown; and then, after all that; you will find yourself deceived, and mocked anew, having received, as the saying is, the mortar for the level, and the hammer for the trowel. In short, we are still disputing, after a great deal of research and labor, whether they have any word to correspond directly to the word Credo, I believe. Judge for yourself the difficulty surrounding the remainder of the symbols and fundamental truths of christianity.
Now all this talk about the difficulty of the language will not only serve to show how laborious is our task in learning it, but also will make our Europeans appreciate their own blessings, even in civil affairs; for it is certain that these miserable people, continually weakened by hardships will always remain in a perpetual infancy as to language and reason. I say language and reason, because it is evident that where words, the messengers and dispensers of thought and speech, remain totally rude, poor and confused, it is impossible that the mind and reason be greatly refined, rich, and disciplined. However, these poor weaklings and children consider themselves superior to all other men, and they would not for the world give up their childishness and wretchedness. And this is not to be wondered at, for, as I have said, they are children.
[Christian conversion]
Since we cannot yet baptize the adults, as we have said, there remain for us the children, to whom the kingdom of heaven belongs; these we baptize with the consent of their parents and the pledge of the god-parents. And under these conditions we have already, thank God, baptized four of them. We instruct the adults who are in danger of death, as far as God gives us the means to do so; and experience has shown us that then God inwardly supplements the defects of his exterior instruments. Thus, an old woman, dangerously ill, and a young girl have been added to the number of the children of God. The woman still lives, the girl has gone to Heaven.
I saw this girl, eight or nine years old, all benumbed and nothing but skin and bone. I asked the parents to give her to me to baptize. They answered that if I wished to have her they would give her up to me entirely. For to them she was no better than a dead dog. They spoke like this because they are accustomed to abandon altogether those whom they have once judged incurable. We accepted the offer, so that they might see the difference between Christianity and their ungodliness. We had this poor skeleton brought into one of the cabins of the settlement, where we cared for and nourished her as well as we could, and when she had been fairly well instructed we baptized her. She was named Antoynette de Pons, in grateful remembrance of the many favors we have received and are receiving from Madame la Marquise de Guercheville, who may rejoice that already her name is in heaven, for a few days after baptism this chosen soul flew away to that glorious place.
This was also our firstborn, for whose sake we could say, as Joseph did about his, that God had made us forget all our past hardships and the homes of our Fathers. But in speaking of the Savages abandoning their sick, another similar occasion to exercise charity toward those who are deserted has had a more happy issue and one more useful in undeceiving these people. This occasion was as follows:
The second son of the grand sagamore Membertou, of whom we shall speak by and by, named Actodin, already a christian, and married, fell dangerously ill. Monsieur de Potrincourt, as he was about to depart for France, had visited him; and being a kind-hearted gentleman, had asked him to let himself be taken to the settlement for treatment. I was expecting this suggestion to be carried out; but they did nothing of the kind. When this became evident, not to leave this soul in danger, I went there after a few days (for it was five leagues from the settlement). But I found my patient in a fine state. They were just about to celebrate tabagie, or a solemn feast, over his last farewell. Three or four immense kettles were boiling over the fire. He had his beautiful robe under him (for it was summer), and was preparing for his funeral oration. The oration was to close with the usual adieus and lamentations of all present. The farewell and the mourning are finished by the slaughter of dogs, that the dying man may have forerunners in the other world. This slaughter is accompanied by the tabagie and what follows it—namely, the singing and dancing. After that it is no longer lawful for the sick man to eat or to ask any help, but he must already consider himself one of the "manes," or citizens of the other world. Now it was in this state that I found my host
I denounced this way of doing things, more by actions than by words; for, as to talking, my interpreters did not repeat the tenth part of what I wanted them to say. Nevertheless, old Membertou, father of the sick man, understood the affair well enough, and promised me that they would stop just where I wanted them to. Then I told him that the farewells and a moderate display of mourning, and even the tabagie, would be permitted, but that the slaughter of the dogs, and the songs and dances over a dying person, and what was much worse, leaving him to die alone, displeased me very much; that it would be better, according to their promise to Monsieur de Potrincourt, to have him brought to the settlement, that, with the help of God, he might yet recover. They gave me their word that they would do all that I wished; nevertheless, the dying man was not brought until two days afterward.
His symptoms became so serious that often we expected nothing less than that he would die on our hands. In fact, one evening, his wife and children deserted him entirely and went to settle elsewhere, thinking it was all over with him. But it pleased God to prove their despair unfounded; for a few days afterwards he was in good health and is so to-day (to God be the glory); which M. Hébert, of Paris, a well-known master in Pharmacy, who attended the said patient, often assured me was a genuine miracle. For my part, I scarcely know what to say; inasmuch as I do not care either to affirm or deny a thing of which I have no proof. This I do know, that we put upon the sufferer a bone taken from the precious relics of the glorified Saint Lawrence, archbishop of Dublin in Ireland, which M. de la Place, the estimable abbé d'Eu, and the Priors and Canons of the said abbey d'Eu, kindly gave us for our protection during the voyage to these lands. So we placed some of these holy relics upon the sick man, at the same time offering our vows for him, and then he improved.
Influenced by this example, Membertou, the father of the one who had recovered, as I have said before, was very strongly confirmed in the faith; and because he was then feeling the approach of the malady from which he has since died, he wished to be brought here immediately; and although our cabin is so narrow that when three people are in it they can scarcely turn around, nevertheless, showing his implicit confidence in us, he asked to be placed in one of our two beds, where he remained for six days. But afterwards his wife, daughter, and daughter-in-law having come, he himself recognized the necessity of leaving, and did so with profuse excuses, asking our pardon for the continual trouble he had given us in waiting upon him day and night. Certainly the change of location and treatment did not improve him any. So then, seeing that his life was drawing to a close, I confessed him as well as I could; and after that he delivered his oration (this is their sole testament). Now, among other things in this speech, he said that he wished to be buried with his wife and children, and among the ancient tombs of his family.
I manifested great dissatisfaction with this, fearing that the French and Savages would suspect that he had not died a good Christian. But I was assured that this promise had been made before he was baptized, and that otherwise, if he were buried in our cemetery, his children and his friends would never again come to see us, since it is the custom of this nation to shun all reminders of death and of the dead.
I opposed this, and M. de Biancourt, for he is almost my only interpreter, joined with me, but in vain; the dying man was obdurate. Rather late that evening we administered extreme unction to him, for otherwise he was sufficiently prepared for it. Behold now the efficacy of the sacrament; the next morning he asks for M. de Biancourt and me, and again begins his harangue. In this he declares that he has, of his own free will, changed his mind; that he intends to be buried with us, commanding his children not, for that reason, to shun the place like unbelievers, but to frequent it all the more, like christians, to pray for his soul and to weep over his sins. He also recommended peace with M. de Potrincourt and his son; as for him, he had always loved the French, and had often prevented conspiracies against them. A few hours afterward he died a christian death in my arms.
This was the greatest, most renowned and most formidable savage within the memory of man; of splendid physique, taller and larger-limbed than is usual among them; bearded like a Frenchman, although scarcely any of the others have hair upon the chin; grave and reserved; feeling a proper sense of dignity for his position as commander. God impressed upon his soul a greater idea of Christianity than he has been able to form from hearing about it, and he has often said to me in his savage tongue: "Learn our language quickly, for as soon as thou knowest it and hast taught me well I wish to become a preacher like thee." Even before his conversion he never cared to have more than one living wife, which is wonderful, as the great sagamores of this country maintain a numerous seraglio, no more through licentiousness than through ambition, glory and necessity; for ambition, to the end that they may have many children, wherein lies their power; for fame and necessity, since they have no other artisans, agents, servants, purveyors or slaves than the women; they bear all the burdens and toil of life.
He was the first of all the Savages in these parts to receive baptism and extreme unction, the first and the last sacraments; and the first one who, by his own command and decree, has received a christian burial. Monsieur de Biancourt honored his obsequies, imitating as far as possible the honors which are shown to great Captains and Noblemen in France.
Now, that the judgments of God may be feared as much as his mercies are loved, I shall here record the death of a Frenchman, in which God has shown his justice as much as he has given us evidence of his mercy, in the death of Membertou. This man had often escaped drowning, and only recently upon the blessed day of last Pentecost. He showed but little gratitude for this favor. Not to make the story too long, the evening before St. Peter's and St. Paul's day, as they were discoursing upon the perils of the sea, and upon the vows made to the Saints in similar dangers, this wretch began impudently to laugh and to sneer, jeering at those of the company who were said to have been religious upon such occasions. He soon had his reward. The next morning a gust of wind carried him, and him only, out of the boat into the waves, and he was never seen again.
But let us leave the water and come on shore. If the ground of this new France had feeling, as the Poets pretend their goddess Tellus had, doubtless it would have experienced an altogether novel sensation of joy this year, for, thank God, having had very successful crops from the little that was tilled, we made from the harvest some hosts [wafers for consecration] and offered them to God. These are, as we believe, the first hosts which have been made from the wheat of these lands. May Our Lord, in his goodness, have consented to receive them as fragrant offerings and in the words of the Psalmist, may he give graciously, since the earth has yielded him its fruits.
[Journeys]
We have stayed at home long enough; let us go abroad a little, as we promised to do, and relate what has taken place in the country
I made two journeys with M. de Biancourt, the one lasting about twelve days, the other a month and a half; and we have ranged the entire coast from Port Royal to Kinibéqui [Kennebec], west southwest. We entered the great rivers St. John, Saincte Croix [Saint Croix], Pentegoët [Penobscot], and the above-named Kinibéqui; we visited the French who have wintered there this year in two places, at the St. John river and at the river Saincte Croix; the Malouins at the former place, and captain Plastrier at the latter.
During these journeys, God often delivered us from great and very conspicuous dangers; but, although we ought always to bear them in mind, that we may not be ungrateful, there is no need of setting them all down upon paper, lest we become wearisome. I shall relate only what, in my opinion, will be the most interesting.
We went to see the Malouins; namely, Sieur du Pont, the younger, and captain Merveilles, who, as we have said, were wintering at St John River, upon an island called Emenenic, some six leagues up the river. We were still one league and a half from the island when the twilight ended and night came on. The stars had already begun to appear, when suddenly, toward the Northward, a part of the heavens became blood-red: and this light spreading, little by little, in vivid streaks and flashes, moved directly over the settlement of the Malouins and there stopped. The red glow was so brilliant that the whole river was tinged and made luminous by it. This apparition lasted some eight minutes, and as soon as it disappeared another came of the same form, direction, and appearance.
There was not one of us who did not consider this meteoric display prophetic. As to the Savages, they immediately cried out, Gara gara enderquir Gara gara, meaning we shall have war, such signs announce war. Nevertheless, both our arrival that evening and our landing the next morning were very quiet and peaceful. During the day, nothing but friendliness. But (alas!) when evening came, I know not how, everything was turned topsy-turvy; confusion, discord, rage, uproar reigned between our people and those of St. Malo. I do not doubt that a cursed band of furious and sanguinary spirits were hovering about all this night, expecting every hour and moment a horrible massacre of the few Christians who were there; but the goodness of God restrained the poor wretches. There was no bloodshed; and the next day, this nocturnal storm ended in a beautiful and delightful calm, the dark shadows and spectres giving way to a luminous peace.
In truth, M. de Biancourt's goodness and prudence seemed much shaken by this tempest of human passions. But I also saw, very clearly that if fire and arms were once put into the hands of badly disciplined men, the masters have much to fear and suffer from their own servants. I do not know that there was one who closed his eyes during that night. For me, I made many fine propositions and promises to Our Lord, never to forget this, his goodness, if he were pleased to avert all bloodshed. This he granted in his infinite mercy.
It was three o'clock in the afternoon of the next day before I had time to feel hungry, so constantly had I been obliged to go back and forth from one to the other. At last, about that time everything was settled, thank God.
Certainly captain Merveilles and his people showed unusual piety. For notwithstanding this so annoying encounter and conflict, two days afterwards they confessed and took communion in a very exemplary manner; and so, at our departure, they all begged me very earnestly, and particularly young du Pont, to come and see them and stay with them as long as I liked. I promised to do so, and am only waiting for the opportunity. For in truth, I love these honest people with all my heart.
[Journey to the Kennebec River]
But dismissing them from our thoughts for the time being, as we did then from our presence, let us continue our journey. Upon our return from this river Saint John, our route turned towards the country of the Armouchiquoys [Abinaki]. Two principal causes led M. de Biancourt to take this route: first, in order to have news of the English, and to find out if it would be possible to obtain satisfaction from them; secondly, to buy some armouchiquoys corn to help us pass the winter, and not die of hunger in case we did not receive help from France.
To understand the first cause you must know that, a little while before, captain Platrier, of Honfleur, already mentioned, wishing to go to Kinibéqui, was taken prisoner by two English ships which were at an island called Emmetenic [Allen Island], eight leagues from Kinibéqui. His release was effected by means of presents (this expresses it mildly), and by his promise to comply with the interdictions laid upon him not to trade anywhere upon all this coast. For the English want to be considered masters of it, and they produced letters from their King to this effect, but these we believe to be false. [It is quite possible the English here were fishing ships sent by Sir Frances Popham as John Smith reports in 1614 that they had visited the island every year for many years.]
Now, Monsieur de Biancourt, having heard all this from the mouth of captain Platrier himself, remonstrated earnestly with these people, showing how important it was to him, an officer of the Crown and his father's Lieutenant, and also how important to all good Frenchmen, to oppose this usurpation of the English, so contrary to the rights and possessions of his Majesty. "For," said he, "it is well known to all (not to go back any farther in the case) that the great Henry, may God give him absolution, in accordance with the rights, acquired by his predecessors and by himself, gave to Monsieur des Monts, in the year 1604, all this region from the 40th to the 46th parallel of latitude. Since this donation, the said Seigneur des Monts, himself and through Monsieur de Potrincourt, my very honored father, his lieutenant, and through others, has frequently taken actual possession of all the country; and this, three or four years before the English had ever frequented it, or before anything had ever been heard of these claims of theirs." This and several other things were said by Sieur de Biancourt to encourage his people.
As for me, I had two other reasons which impelled me to take this journey: One, to give spiritual aid to Sieur de Biancourt and his people; the other, to observe and to study the disposition of these nations to receive the holy gospel. Such, then, were the causes of our journey.
[Fort St George]
We arrived at Kinibéqui, eighty leagues from Port Royal, the 28th of October, the day of St. Simon and St. Jude, of the same year, 1611. Our people at once disembarked, wishing to see the English fort, for we had learned, on the way, that there was no one there. Now as everything is beautiful at first, this undertaking of the English had to be praised and extolled, and the conveniences of the place enumerated, each one pointing out what he valued the most. But a few days afterward they changed their views; for they saw that there was a fine opportunity for making a counter-fort there, which might have imprisoned them and cut them off from the sea and river; moreover, even if they had been left unmolested they would not have enjoyed the advantages of the river, since it has several other mouths, and good ones, some distance from there. [The only alternate mouth of the Kennebec is the Sasanoa River which connects to the Kennebec near Bath but does not take any of the flow of the Kennebec.] Furthermore, what is worse, we do not believe that, in six leagues of the surrounding country, there is a single acre of good tillable land, the soil being nothing but stones and rocks. [John Smith in 1614 has a similar comment about all of midcoast Maine, but at least he conceds that there might well be good farmland beyond the cliffs near the river]. Now, inasmuch as the wind forced us to go on, when the third day came, Monsieur de Biancourt considered the subject in council and decided to take advantage of the wind and go on up the river, in order to thoroughly explore it.
We had already advanced three good leagues, and had dropped anchor in the middle of the river waiting for the tide, when we suddenly discovered six Armouchiquois canoes coming towards us. [This is most likely in the Fiddler's Reach area]. There were twenty-four persons therein, all warriors. They went through a thousand maneuvers and ceremonies before accosting us, and might have been compared to a flock of birds which wanted to go into a hemp-field but feared the scarecrow. We were very much pleased at this, for our people also needed to arm themselves and arrange the pavesade. In short, they continued to come and go; they reconnoitred; they carefully noted our numbers, our cannon, our arms, everything; and when night came they camped upon the other bank of the river, if not out of reach, at least beyond the aim of our cannon.
All night there was continual haranguing, singing and dancing, for such is the kind of life all these people lead when they are together. Now as we supposed that probably their songs and dances were invocations to the devil, to oppose the power of this cursed tyrant, I had our people sing some sacred hymns, as the Salve, the Ave Maris Stella, and others. But when they once got into the way of singing, the spiritual songs being exhausted, they took up others with which they were familiar. When they came to the end of these, as the French are natural mimics, they began to mimic the singing and dancing of the Armouchiquois who were upon the bank, succeeding in it so well that the Armouchiquois stopped to listen to them; and then our people stopped and the others immediately began again. It was really very comical, for you would have said that they were two choirs which had a thorough understanding with each other, and scarcely could you distinguish the real Armouchiquois from their imitators.
In the morning we continued our journey up the river. The Armouchiquois, who were accompanying us, told us that if we wanted any piousquemin (corn), it would be better and easier for us to turn to the right and not, with great difficulty and risk, to continue going up the river; that if we turned to the right through the branch which was just at hand, in a few hours we would reach the great sagamore Meteourmite, who would furnish us with all we wanted; that they would act as our guides, since they themselves were going to visit him. [This is the Sasanoa River and the native settlement was in the area of Robinhood cove].
It is to be supposed, and there were strong indications of it, that they gave us this advice only with the intention of ensnaring us, and making an easy conquest of us by the help of Meteourmite, whom they knew to be the enemy of the English, and whom they supposed to be an enemy of all foreigners. But, thank God, their ambuscade was turned against themselves.
However, we believed them; so a part of them went ahead of us, part behind, and some in the barque with us. Nevertheless Monsieur de Biancourt was always on his guard, and often sent the boat on ahead with the sounding-lead. We had not gone more than half a league when, reaching a large lake, the sounder called out to us: "Two fathoms of water; only one fathom, only one fathom everywhere," and immediately afterward, "Stop! stop! cast anchor." Where are our Armouchiquois? Where are they? Not one. They had all silently disappeared. Oh, the traitors! Oh, how God had delivered us! They had led us into a trap. "Veer about, veer about." We retrace our path. [This is known today as Hell Gate and you need to be very certain of the tides to make it thru, of course the depth it is not a problem in a canoe].
Meanwhile, Meteourmite having been informed of our coming, came to meet us, and, although he saw our prow turned about, yet he followed us. It was well that Monsieur de Biancourt was wiser than many of his crew, whose sole cry was to kill them all. For they were as angry as they were frightened: but their anger made the most noise.
Monsieur de Biancourt restrained himself, and not otherwise showing any ill-will toward Meteourmite, learned from him that there was a route by which they could pass; that in order not to miss it, he would let us have some of his own people in our barque; that, besides, if we would come to his wigwam he would try to satisfy us. We trusted him, and thought we might have to repent it; for we traversed such perilous heights and narrow passes that we never expected to escape from them. In fact, in two places some of our men cried out in distress that we were all lost. But, thank God, they cried too soon.
When we arrived, Monsieur de Biancourt armed himself, and thus arrayed proceeded to pay a visit to Meteourmite. He found him in the royal apparel of savage majesty, alone in a wigwam that was well matted above and below, and about forty powerful young men stationed around it like a bodyguard, each one with his shield, his bow and arrows upon the ground in front of him. These people are by no means simpletons, and you may believe us when we say so.
As for me, I received that day the greater part of the welcome; for, as I was unarmed, the most honorable of them, turning their backs upon the soldiers, approached me with a thousand demonstrations of friendship. They led me to the largest wigwam of all; it contained fully eighty people. When they had taken their places, I fell upon my knees and repeated my Pater, Ave, Credo, and some orisons; then pausing, my hosts, as if they had understood me perfectly, applauded after their fashion, crying Ho! ho! ho! I gave them some crosses and pictures, explaining them as well as I could. They very willingly kissed them, made the sign of the Cross, and each one in his turn endeavored to present his children to me, so that I would bless them and give them something. Thus passed that visit, and another that I have since made.
Now Meteourmite had replied to Monsieur de Biancourt that as to the corn he did not have much, but he had some skins, if we were pleased to trade with him.
Then in the morning when the trade was to take place I went to a neighboring island with a boy, to there offer the blessed sacrament for our reconciliation. Our people in the barque, not to be taken by surprise under pretext of the trade, were armed and barricaded, leaving a place in the middle of the deck for the Savages; but in vain, for they rushed in in such crowds and with such greediness, that they immediately filled the whole ship, becoming all mixed up with our own people. Some one began to cry out, "Go back, go back." But to what good? On the other hand, the savages were yelling also.
Then our people were sure they were captured, and there was nothing but cries and confusion. Monsieur de Biancourt has often said and said again, that several times he had raised his arm and opened his mouth to strike the first blow and to cry out, "Kill, kill;" but that somehow the one consideration that restrained him was that I was outside, and if they came to blows I was lost. God rewarded him for his good-will by saving not only me but also the whole crew. For, as all readily acknowledge at this hour, if any foolish act had been committed none of them would ever have escaped, and the French would have been condemned forever all along the coast.
God willed that Meteourmite and some other captains should apprehend the danger, and so cause their people to withdraw. When evening came and all had retired, Meteourmite sent some of his men to excuse the misconduct of the morning, protesting that all the disorder had originated not with him, but with the Armouchiquois; that they had even stolen a hatchet and a platter (a great wooden dish), which articles he herewith returned; that this theft had so displeased him that immediately after discovering it he had sent the Armouchiquois away from him; that, for his part, he was friendly towards us and knew very well that we neither killed nor beat the Savages of those parts, but received them at our table and often made tabagie for them, and brought them a great many nice things from France, for which courtesies they loved us. These people are, I believe, the greatest speech-makers in the world; nothing can be done without speeches.
[Stories of the Popham Colony from the Wabanaki]
But as I have spoken here of the English, someone perhaps will wish to hear about their adventure, which was related to us in this place. So here it is: In 1608 [actually 1607] the English began to settle at one of the mouths of this Kinibéqui river, as we have said before. They had then as leader a very honest man, who got along remarkably well with the natives of the country. They say, however, that the Armouchiquois were afraid of such neighbors, and so put the captain to death, as I have said. These people make a practice of killing by magic [there is no known dark magic among the Wabanaki]. But the second year, 1609 [actually 1608], the English, under another captain, changed their tactics. They drove the Savages away without ceremony; they beat, maltreated and misused them outrageously and without restraint; consequently these poor, abused people, anxious about the present, and dreading still greater evils in the future, determined, as the saying is, to kill the whelp ere its teeth and claws became stronger. The opportunity came one day when three boat-loads of them went away off to the fisheries. My conspirators followed in their boat, and approaching with a great show of friendliness (for they always make the greatest show of affection when they are the most treacherous), they go among them, and at a given signal each one seizes his man and stabs him to death. Thus were eleven Englishmen dispatched. The others were intimidated and abandoned their enterprise the same year; they have not resumed it since, being satisfied to come in the summer to fish, at this island of Emetenic, which we have said was eight leagues from the fort they had begun building.
So, for this reason, the outrage to which captain Platrier was subjected by these English having been committed upon this island of Emetenic, Monsieur de Biancourt decided to go and reconnoitre it, and to leave there some memento in assertion of his rights. This he did, erecting at the harbor a beautiful cross bearing the arms of France. Some of his crew advised him to burn the boats which he found there; but as he is kind and humane he would not do it, seeing they were fishermen's boats and not men-of-war.
[Return trip]
Thence, as the season was advancing, it being already the 6th of November, we turned our ships towards Port Royal, stopping at Pentegoët [Penobscot], as we had promised the Savages.
The Pentegoët is a very beautiful river, and may be compared to the Garonne in France. It flows into french Bay [the bay of Fundy] and has many islands and rocks at its mouth; so that if you do not go some distance up, you will take it for a great bay or arm of the sea, until you begin to see plainly the bed and course of a river. It is about three leagues wide and is forty-four and one half degrees from the Equator. We cannot imagine what the Norembega of our forefathers was, if it were not this river; for elsewhere both the others and I myself have made inquiries about this place, and have never been able to learn anything concerning it.
When we had advanced three leagues or more into the current of the river we encountered another beautiful river called Chiboctous, which comes from the northeast to discharge its waters into the great Pentegoët. [The area described here is now Castine Maine]
At the confluence of these two rivers there was the finest assemblage of Savages that I have yet seen. There were 80 canoes and a boat, 18 wigwams and about 300 people. The most prominent Sagamore was called Betsabés, a man of great discretion and prudence; and I confess we often see in these Savages natural and graceful qualities which will make anyone but a shameless person blush, when they compare them to the greater part of the French who come over here.
When they had recognized us they showed their great joy during the evening by their usual demonstrations; dancing, singing and making speeches. And as for us, we were very glad to be in a country of safety; for among the Etechemins, as these are, and the Souriquois, as are those of Port Royal, we are no more obliged to be on our guard than among our own servants, and, thank God, we have never yet been deceived in them.
The next day I went to visit the Savages, and followed my usual custom, which I have described in speaking of Kinibéqui. But there was more to be done here, as they told me they had some sick; I went to visit them; and as priest, it being thus ordained in the Ritual, I recited over them the holy Gospel and Orisons, giving to each one a cross to wear around the neck.
Among others I found one stretched out, after their fashion, before the fire, wonder expressed in his eyes and face, great drops standing out upon his forehead, scarcely able to speak, so severe was the attack. They told me that he had been sick for four months and, as it appeared, he could not last long. Now I do not know what his malady was; whether it only came intermittently or not I do not know; at all events, the second day after that I saw him in our barque, well and happy, with his cross around his neck. He showed his gratitude to me by a cheerful smile and by taking my hand. I had no means of speaking to him, as the trading was then going on, and for this reason the deck was full of people and all the interpreters were busy. Truly I was very glad that the goodness of God was beginning to make these poor and abandoned people feel that in the sign of the holy and salutary Cross there was every good and every blessing.
Finally, not to continue repeating the same story, both in this place and in all others, where we have been able to talk with these poor gentiles, we have attempted to impress upon them some of the simplest conceptions of the grandeur and truth of Christianity, in so far as our means would permit. And to sum it up in a word, this has been the result of our journey. We have begun to know and to be known, we have taken possession of these regions in the name of the Church of God, establishing here the royal throne of our Savior and King, Jesus Christ, his holy altar; the Savages have seen us pray, celebrate the mass, and preach; through our conversations, pictures, and crosses, our way of living, and other similar things, they have received the first faint ideas and germs of our holy faith, which will someday take root and grow abundantly, please God, if it is followed by a longer and better cultivation.
And indeed such is about all we are accomplishing, even here at Port Royal, until we have learned the language. However, it comforts us to see these little Savages, though not yet christians, yet willingly, when they are here, carrying the candles, bells, holy water and other things, marching in good order in the processions and funerals which occur here. Thus they become accustomed to act as christians, to become so in reality in his time.
No need is felt except that we ought to be better workers for Our Lord, and ought not to divert from ourselves and others so many of his blessings by our many sins and great unworthiness. As for me, truly I have good reason to severely reproach myself; and all those who are imbued with earnest charity ought to be deeply touched in their hearts. May Our Lord, by his sacred mercy, and by the prayers of his glorious mother and of all his Church; both heavenly and militant, be moved to compassion!
Particularly I beg Your Reverence and all our Reverend Fathers and Brothers to be pleased to remember in your most earnest devotions both us and these poor souls, miserable slaves under the tyranny of Satan. May it please this benign Savior of the world, whose grace is denied to no one, and whose bounty is ever beyond our merits, may it please him, I say, to look down with a pitying eye upon these poor tribes, and to gather them soon into his family, in the happy freedom of the favored children of God. Amen!
From Port Royal, this last day of January, 1612.
While I was writing these letters, the ship which was sent to our assistance has, thank God, arrived safe and sound, and in it our Brother Gilbert du Thet. He, who knows the dangers and necessities we were in, will appreciate the joy we felt and that we feel at its arrival. God be praised. Amen.
Of Your Reverence, the son and very humble servant in Our Lord.
Pierre BIARD
©2023 Maine's First Ship
Bath Maine 04530
✉ info@mfship.org
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As I grown up,everything had changed
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The Strad Magazine
Since 1890, The Strad magazine has been the trusted authority in the world of string music. With expert music reviews, the latest news in instrument technology and exclusive interviews with some of the industry's biggest stars, it has become the must-have companion for string players, instrument makers, teachers and students all around the world.
From in-depth analysis and research to music masterclasses and playing techniques, The Strad magazine delights and informs all level of readers, covering every aspect of string music. Whether you're a world-renowned instrument maker, a budding student trying to master the craft or just a casual string music lover, The Strad has something for you.
Whether you're playing, making or simply listening, enhance your music experience with a subscription to The Strad digital magazine - the must-have magazine for the string music world.
Single Digital Issue - September 2010 issue
The Strad | &nbspSeptember 2010 issue
The Strad September 2010 issue
For over 125 years, The Strad magazine has dedicated itself to the world of string music and has been a faithful companion for all lovers of the beautiful craft. Over the years, this magazine has boasted exclusive contributions from some of the world's most renowned stars, including Joshua Bell, James Ehnes, Alban Gerhardt and Hilary Hahn, to name but a few. Each month The Strad magazine continues to deliver unparalleled and unique coverage of all things string!
In each issue, you'll find all the latest news and updates in instrument research and technology, interviews with the world's finest players, conductors and makers, uncompromising performance and recording reviews, invaluable playing technique guides and a whole host of exclusive features!
Whether amateur or professional, since day one, The Strad has been for all lovers of string music and is dedicated to enhancing your enjoyment of this fine craft. So if you love string music you'll love a subscription to The Strad Digital magazine!
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Great clips! Reviewed 02 June 2014 SUBSCRIBER
I bought the May issue to see what the fuss was about. It was great to be able to hear sound clips from Thomas Ades' violin concerto while reading the article about it, and the clips form the top CD reviews too. The full-page photo gallery for the viola da gamba is interesting as well. And nice that it's cheaper than the usual version!
The Strad | September 2010 issue
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Mariah Carey And Ariana Grande Similarities, Find Out The Diva Request The Stars Have In Common
Jessica Dafoe
Due to their familiar sound and music style, Mariah Carey and Ariana Grande have been compared over the years. Carey may state that she doesn't know who Grande is, but the pint-sized powerhouse vocalist has certainly made her mark on the industry, much like her seasoned competitor. Although Carey has more hits under her belt and has reached a superstar status that sets her far and above many other singer-songwriters and performers, Grande is a force to be reckoned with and the two are similar in more than just their vocal stylings.
Mariah Carey and Ariana Grande have something in common https://t.co/fhFOYu5etd
— VANITY FAIR (@VanityFair) December 9, 2016
It's been reported by Vanity Fair that Grande and Carey share the same diva demand when attending photo shoots or film sets. The publication makes a note of this strange request, although it is one that seems fitting when it comes to these two starlets.
"Mariah Carey is not Ariana Grande, and Ariana Grande is not Mariah Carey. The fans of either will tell you so much. But is there a middle section to the Mimi-versus-Ari Venn diagram? Absolutely. There lies a particular quirk: they each have a side from which they prefer to be captured in pictures."
Mariah's new docu-series Mariah's World is a reality series that gives details about the private life of the "Honey" singer. In a clip from an episode of the show, the singer told a story about how she came to be aware that she should only be captured from her right side. As a 19-year-old a "record label lady" explained why she should only be photographed from this angle. The said lady is reportedly also known for her minor character on The Sopranos.
During the clip, Carey's makeup artist attempts to reason with the songstress to which Mariah admits that when it is well lit, she doesn't mind her left side as much. People shares the words of the MUA during the clip, and Mariah's response to the comments.
"Maybe you had a crappy photographer," makeup artist Kristofer remarks as the mother of two replies, "I think I did and makeup artist. So I stuck to it because that was her job." Adding, "[Everyone] knows about [the left side] but I don't hate it when it's well-lit, they just have to light it.
"No creo que esa tal Ariana Grande llegue a ser como yo algun día pero por lo menos es la mejor de su generación"
-Wil pic.twitter.com/R91HO5vsiB
— Ariana Grande ARG (@ArianaGrandeAO) November 27, 2016
Mariah has reportedly "fought for" her right side ever since this advice was given to her. She even did her best to almost break her neck while on American Idol trying to make it through a short interview.
Ariana Grande also has a side and made a diva demand that let the whole world know that her best side is her left.
"Grande is one of these humans. In 2014, Giuliana Rancic of E! News recalled how the singer diva-ed out (like 'Hulking out' but with better eyelash extensions) on her while on the American Music Awards red carpet. Grande's team asked the E! interviewer to switch sides so the audience would be treated to Grande's best side, her left side. The left side does have the dimple on it," VF notes.
Interestingly enough, research has actually been conducted to discover what side humans prefer to look at. Behavioral researchers at Wake Forest found overwhelming evidence that humans prefer to gaze at the left side of the face.
"Our results suggest that posers' left cheeks tend to exhibit a greater intensity of emotion, which observers find more aesthetically pleasing."
Mariah and Ariana's preferences mean that if they are ever photographed side-by-side, the question of who stands where has an easy solution. Mariah Carey's new series has been met with a great response and drew in 4 million viewers for the premiere episode.
[Featured Image by Theo Wargo/Getty Images for M.A.C]


Final Payment is due in full by June 7, 2019 For bookings made after June 7, 2019 payment in full is required at the time of booking.
Frontier Bus Lines Ltd. Reserves the right to cancel any trip with less than 20 persons. We reserve the right to make any changes in plans which may be necessary due to local conditions, or which may add to the comfort and well-being of the group.


Shortbread is a type of biscuit of Scottish origin. It is made with just four ingredients .Its traditionally made with 3 part of flour, 2 part of butter and 1 part of sugar. It is usually baked at a low temperature to avoid browning.
1. In a bowl add in the room temperature butter and the powdered sugar. Beat well with a whisk until the butter becomes creamy and they are mixed well.Now add in the vanilla essence and beat again until well combined.
2. In another bowel sieve together all purpose flour and salt . Now add this slowly into the creamed butter and sugar mixture. Mix together and form a soft dough. Now add in the funfetti sprinkles and mix again .
3. Now cover the dough in a plastic wrap and refrigerate for about 1 hour. After removing from the refrigerator ,Place the parchment paper/butter paper in a slightly floured surface and roll the dough using a rolling pin to a uniform thickness about ¼ inch. Now cut into desired shape using a cookie cutter. If the cookie cutter is sticky dip in flour and then cut into desired shapes.
4. Collect the scrapes and repeat the process until all the flour have been used to cut into desired shapes. Meanwhile preheat the oven in 177 deg C for about 10 min. Line cookie tray with parchment paper/butter paper and place the cut cookie and bake in 177 deg C for about 10-12 mins or till the edges of the cookie turn golden brown.Once baked cool them in a wire rack. The cookie may appear soft when they come out of the oven but become crisp when they cool down.
1) It may appear soft immediately after baking but will become crisp after it cools down.
2) It is not too sweet.
4) You can even add Choco chips,tutti fruity to this basic recipe.


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LONDON - Camden Town is to get a Hollywood-style walk of fame, which will honour pop music greats linked with the area such as Pink Floyd, Oasis and Amy Winehouse.
Endorsed by the Los Angeles movie-star original, Camden's will honour music's greatest performers with a bronze and stone disc, presumably to mimic a vinyl record, set in the pavement. Each disc is set to cost about £500.
Those chosen will be split into five groups: influential artists; innovative artists; unsung heroes; and industry types. After a committee has come up with a shortlist, we all get the chance to vote on the Music Walk of Fame's website.
The shortlist hasn't been decided yet, but hints have been dropped that among those in the first tranche will be Pink Floyd, Soft Machine, The Doors, Marc Bolan, The Move, Cream, Hawkwind, Blur, Oasis, Pulp, Supergrass, Suede, Madonna, Radiohead and Public Enemy.
The list is to be announced in May.
Meanwhile, Noel Gallagher thinks to be Bob Dylan. Another old demo "She must be one of us"... seriously, how can they like that shit? it hurts my ears. His fans are totally blinded, he's making them sick as he is, with brains scans and glandular fever. His music is either depressing or hurting.
"That was fucking terrible. Gallagher doing Dylan? How about Gallagher doing Gallagher?"


U.S. Envoy to Afghanistan and Pakistan, Richard Holbrooke is in critical condition today at George Washington University after undergoing surgery to repair what is being called a "tear in the aorta." The 69 year old veteran diplomat is probably best-known for brokering the 1995 Bosnian peace accords in Dayton, Ohio, that ended the ended the bloody ethnic conflict in the former Yugoslav republic. Holbrooke became ill yesterday, while in a meeting with Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at the State Department.
A tear in the aorta is medically known as an aortic dissection. Readers of this website will recall that this is the condition that killed actor John Ritter in 2003. Since that time, Ritter's wife Amy Yasbeck has become an advocate for people with this disease, and has established the John Ritter Foundation for Aortic Health. This organization is working to increase public awareness of new Treatment Guidelines for Thoracic Aortic Disease released in March of 2010, part of which includes what are now called the Ritter Rules, life-saving reminders to recognize, treat and prevent thoracic aortic dissection.
The standard and most common type of surgery for aortic aneurysms is open abdominal or open chest repair. It involves a major incision (cut) in the abdomen or chest and is performed under general anesthesia. The aneurysm is removed, and the section of aorta is replaced with a graft made of material such as Dacron® or Teflon.® The surgery takes 3 to 6 hours, and patients typically remain in the hospital for 5 to 8 days.
For more information, click here to go to the Resounding Health Casebook on aortic dissection.
It is reported tonight that Richard Holbrooke has died. The 69-year-old diplomat was admitted on Friday to George Washington University Hospital in Washington. Holbrooke underwent a 21-hour operation on Saturday to repair an aortic dissection (see above). he . He had additional surgery on Sunday and remained in very critical condition until his death.
President Obama called Holbrooke "a true giant of American foreign policy… [He was]a truly unique figure who will be remembered for his tireless diplomacy, love of country, and pursuit of peace." Obama also said that Richard Holbrooke deserves credit for much of the progress in Afghanistan and Pakistan.


After 15 years of lethal construction work in the Swiss Alps, the Gotthard Base Tunnel (rail link) was finally completed when a giant drilling machine, cut through the last remaining rock to connect both ends.
Nagaland capital Kohima city's parts are going to be connected by cable cars by ferrying people from one place to the other in the city. The project will be implemented in association with a local partner under the guidance of architect Alfredo Brillembourg, who chairs architecture and urban design at the Swiss Institute of Technology in Zurich.
The Zurich Airport Management has shown interest in developing the proposed international airport in Navi Mumbai.Maharashtra Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan, who is currently in Davos attending the World Economic Forum, met officials of Zurich Airport and discussed the airport development plans in Pune, Nagpur and Navi Mumbai.
The state government extended the time for bidders to submit request for proposals to construct the greenfield international airport at Mopa by another 13 days.
After receiving one bid for development of Navi Mumbai International Airport (NMIA) recently, CIDCO has extended the deadline for submission of financial bids to January 25, 2017. MIAL (GVK Group) was the only qualified bidder to submit its bid on January 9, forcing Cidco to set a fresh deadline for the Rs 16,700-crore project.
As reported, 13 international and national companies, including Ramky, Essel, GVK, GMR, ADPI (France), NIIF (with Fraport), Oberoi, AECOM of America, BIAL, Reliance with Zurich Airport, Italy Group (EPC and minor stake in airports) participated in the pre-bid conference related to request for proposals for the development of a greenfield international airport at Bhogapuram in Andhra Pradesh.


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Bussines Dialogue
Mr Sci. Dr Nemanja Popović, owner and director, Dental practice Dr Popović
Patients are looking for safety and quality
Success Stories 30 January 2023
With a tradition of more than 35 years, dental surgery Dr Popović is the only one in Serbia with Temos accreditation and a recommendation...
Vadim Smirnov, Deputy CEO, NIS
NIS Relies On Foundations Of Sustainable Development
Success Stories 23 December 2022
NIS has long since ceased to be just an oil company, as it has taken strides to enter into the production and trade of...
Aleksandra Stojanović, Investment Director And Chief Corporate Affairs Officer MK Group
MK Group Engaged In New Real Estate Projects
MK Group has brought completely new real estate concepts to the market during the past year. They showed just how much expertise in tourism...
Slobodan Vasilijević, Owner And Director At Slovas
Great Plans For Jubilee Year
Čačak-based company Slovas, a leader in trade in the stainless steel industry and the production of processing equipment, has spent a full three decades...
Marija Popović, Chief Corporate Affairs Officer, Ananas e-commerce
The First Marketplace At The Right Time
The crisis that emerged as a consequence of the pandemic brought new perspectives in many areas of business, and e-commerce was certainly no exception....
H.E. Christian Ebner, Ambassador Of Austria
Looking Ahead With Optimism
https://cordmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/speaker/post-193316.mp3?cb=1671818074.mp3
We will succeed in making a breakthrough for peace, in developing new sources of energy to free ourselves of dependence on a few states, in realising new projects for economic recovery, climate protection, as well as in achieving the next steps for Serbia on the European path ~ Christian Ebner
Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine, the energy crisis and inflation will continue to present us with major challenges in 2023. It will also be important to launch initiatives in the areas of climate and the environment, because we must not lose sight of climate protection either. Still, I am convinced that we should all look towards 2023 with optimism, because optimism is an attitude to life with the positive side effect of seizing new opportunities, by placing trust and hope in a positive outcome.
And that's why I trust that we will together succeed in making a breakthrough for peace, in developing new sources of energy to free ourselves of dependence on a few states, in realising new projects for economic recovery, climate protection, as well as in achieving the next steps for Serbia on the European path. All of this, however, requires not only optimism, but also political will and foresight, as well as the readiness of all stakeholders. We all have to contribute to this.
Christian Ebner
CorD 219
Embassy of Austria
The Embassy of India India in Belgrade celebrated the 74th Republic Day of India on 26 January 2023 to commemorate the coming into force of the Constitution of...
Edward Ferguson To Be His Majesty's Ambassador To Serbia
Great Britain appointed Edward Ferguson as the new ambassador to Serbia. Mr Ferguson will take over from the current ambassador Sian MacLeod in July 2023. During...
Djokovic's Historic Australian Open Win Extends 'Big Titles' Lead
Novak Djokovic claimed a record-tying 22nd Grand Slam title on Sunday when he won the Australian Open, extending his...


text:
Insulin and insulin-like peptides
Insulin superfamily of peptide hormones in humans consists of insulin, insulin-like growth factors IGF-1 and IGF-2, and the members of relaxin-like peptide family. These all are derived from an ancestral gene early in vertebrate evolution, and homologous peptides can be found in other species. The peptides are produced as a single-chain pre-prohormone, which contains four or five functional segments: N-terminal secretion signal peptide; evolutionally conserved B chain; non-conserved C peptide; and C-terminal A chain; an additional D peptide is translated and included in IGF-1 and IGF-2. The prohormone is formed at the translation site by loss of the signal peptide. Two disulphide bonds are formed between the A- and B-chain segments, and one disulphide bond is formed within the A-chain segment. This completes the formation of insulin, IFG-1, and IGF2, but maturation of other insulin superfamily peptides includes proteolytic cleavage of the intermediary C peptide, leading to heterodimeric A-B peptides.
Insulin is produced in β-cells in islets of Langerhans in pancreas, and released into the portal vein. In the β-cells storage granules insulin is packed as hexamers around Zn2+. IGF-1 is produced in the liver and other organs, and IGF-2 mainly in the liver.
Insulin circulates in the blood as a free peptide. IGF-1 and IGF-2 in the circulation are bound to IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-1 - IGFBP-6). IGFBPs either inhibit or potentiate the binding and action of IGF-1 on its receptors IGF-1R and IGF-2R. IGFBPs can be degraded by proteolysis in the tissues or bound to extracellular matrix (ECM), increasing local concentration of IGF-1.
Insulin, IGF-1, and IGF-2 bind and activate tyrosine kinase receptors (TKRs), while relaxin-like peptide hormones bind and activate G protein coupled receptors.
Insulin receptor (IR) is a homodimer, consisting of two extracellular α-subunits and two β-subunits that form transmembrane segment and intracellular domain, which has tyrosine kinase activity and two phosphorylation sites for regulation. The extracellular subunits have two insulin binding sites, and can also bind IGF-1 with low and IGF-2 with high-to-intermediate affinity. There are two isoforms of insulin receptor, IR-A and IR-B, which have different affinities for insulin and IGFs.
IGF receptor type 1 (IGF-1R) is very similar to the insulin receptor, and can form functional hybrid receptors with both IR-A and IR-B. IGF-1R binds IGF-1 and IGF-2, and IGFBPs. IGF-1R is overexpressed in many cancers. Drugs that block IGF-1 binding to IGF-1R could be used to treat certain cancers, and metabolic and endocrine disorders. IGF-1 has been labelled with 125I, but strong protein-binding limits its use in imaging. IGF-1R targeted mAbs and affibodies have been been labelled with 125I, 111I, 89Zr, and 64Cu, and these have shown promising results in animal tumour models, for example in gliomas and prostate cancer (Hong et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2017; Prabhakaran et al., 2017).
IGF receptor type 2 (IGF-2R) is monomeric glycoprotein; its extracellular domains contain one binding site for IGF-2 and two binding sites for mannose-6-phosphate (therefore IGF-2R is also called cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor). Intracellular domain does not participate in signalling, but bound IGF-2 is internalized and degraded. IGF-2R binds and internalizes also proteins and enzymes that contain mannose-6-phosphate.
IGF-1 binds to IRs with low affinity. Binding to IGF-1R stimulates cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and protects from apoptosis. IGF-1 has only low affinity to IGF-2R.
IGF-2 binds with high affinity to IGF-2R and IR-A, with intermediate affinity to IR-B, and with low affinity to IGF-1R.
Tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors (TKRIs) can be labelled and used for imaging IR and IGF-1R, which contain the intracellular TKR subunit. Based on rodent studies, [18F]BMS-754807 is a promising IGF-1R/IR PET radioligand outside the brain (Prabhakaran et al., 2017). [11C]GSK-1838705A can penetrate the BBB, and could thus be used to brain tumour imaging (Solingapuram Sai et al., 2017).
Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration by increasing glucose uptake into skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue, by increasing glucose storage as glycogen and usage in fatty acid and protein synthesis, and by decreasing gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidneys and glycogen breakdown into glucose. Insulin suppresses glucagon secretion from α-cells of the pancreas.
IGF-1 acts as endocrine hormone when excreted into blood, and locally as paracrine and autocrine growth factor. Insulin and pituitary growth hormone (GH) stimulate the synthesis of IGF-1.
IGF-2 has important roles in muscle and bone development, and in placental development and foetal growth.
Relaxin-like peptides have important roles in reproductive, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and renal systems. Relaxin-2 inhibits inflammation and collagen synthesis, thus reducing fibrosis. Relaxin-2 may indirectly stimulate angiogenesis and vasodilation. Antagonists of relaxin-2 may be useful in treatment of certain types of cancers.
Insulin resistance (IR) is a pathological state where cells have attenuated response to normal levels of insulin hormone (reduced insulin sensitivity). It is present in metabolic syndrome and obesity, and precedes type 2 diabetes (T2D). Calorie imbalance results in lipid accumulation in the liver and skeletal muscle, reducing their insulin sensitivity. Lipolysis in white adipose tissue is increased, leading to increased fatty acid and glycerol uptake in the liver, causing hepatic steatosis, and increasing gluconeogenesis (Samuel & Shulman, 2016). Inability of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue to take up glucose, and liver to stop glucose production, leads to increased blood glucose levels. Initially, pancreatic insulin production is increased to compensate for the reduced insulin sensitivity of tissues, but glucolipotoxicity and other factors will lead to β-cell failure and progression to T2D (Samuel & Shulman, 2016).
Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp can be used to assess insulin resistance of the whole body. [18F]FDG PET, performed during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (DeFronzo et al., 1979), can be used to assess the insulin sensitivity of specific organs (Nuutila et al., 1993; Johansson et al., 2017). The whole body insulin sensitivity can be measured simultaneously as the M value by dividing the mean glucose infusion rate by the lean body mass. PET can also be used to measure fatty acid metabolism in insulin resistance.
Animal models of insulin resistance are reviewed by Sah et al (2016).
Insulin secretion
Hyperglycemic clamp technique involves continuous intravenous glucose infusion, varying the infusion rate so that plasma glucose concentration stays at 125 mg/dL above its basal level. Glucose infusion rate is an index of insulin secretion and glucose metabolism, and can be used to assess the capacity of insulin secretion.
Insulin secretion rate can be calculated by deconvolution from the plasma concentration of C peptide (Van Cauter et al., 1992), often during hyperglycemic clamp. The β-cells normally respond to the start of glucose level increase by a rapid peak of increased insulin secretion. After a rapid drop to almost baseline level, insulin secretion rises again rapidly above the baseline level, then staying stable or slowly increasing with time. Dose-response can be calculated as the ratio of increase in insulin secretion and the difference in plasma glucose levels. In graded glucose infusion test the level of plasma glucose level is increased, leading to increasing insulin secretion, and the slope of the insulin secretion plotted against glucose concentration gives the β-cell dose-response (Byrne et al., 1996). Also the basal insulin secretion can differ between groups (Mari et al., 2010).
In glucose tolerance test (GTT) glucose bolus is given either orally (oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT) or intravenously (IVGTT), and its clearance from blood is measured. Glucose tolerance is dependent on both insulin sensitivity and β-cell glucose sensitivity (Ferrannini et al., 2005). When combined with measurement of C peptide and insulin secretion with time after the glucose bolus, insulin resistance and beta;-cell response can be assessed more accurately (Mari et al., 2002).
Enteroendocrine cells in small intestine secrete incretin peptides GLP-1 and GIP, which potentiate insulin secretion ("incretin effect"). OGTT includes the incretin effect and is thus clinically more relevant than IVGTT.
Leptin inhibits insulin synthesis and secretion from β-cells.
LeRoith D (ed.): Insulin-like Growth Factors and Cancer - From Basic Biology to Therapeutics. Humana Press, Springer, 2012. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0598-6.
Litwack G (ed.): Insulin and IGFs. Academic Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-12-374408-1.
Natali A, Nesti L. Vascular effects of insulin. Metabolim 2021; 124: 154891. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154891.
Petersen MC, Shulman GI. Mechanisms of insulin action and insulin resistance. Physiol Rev. 2018; 98(4): 2133-2223. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00063.2017.
Poretsky L (ed.): Principles of Diabetes Mellitus, 3rd ed., Springer, 2017. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-18741-9.
Tags: Pancreas, Glucose, Diabetes


I've written about the Saylor Foundation before and noted its mission to provide open textbooks, including one on geography. I found that Saylor.org offers free courses "built by professors" and one is titled Geography 101: World Regional Geography. It's a course where you work through the material on your own and take an exam at the end, so it's not a MOOC per se. Students who score 70% or higher receive a certificate. And a few schools will accept a certificate for credit.
World Regional Geography was designed by Ken Yanow, Professor of Geographical Sciences, Southwestern College. I know Yanow from his work at the GeoTech Center and on the Esri Education Advisory Board. Saylor hires professors to write the courses; there are about 300 courses currently available.
I don't know when the course was posted, but I see queries from May 2013. Some queries on access to a reading from students from late last year were answered by a Saylor administrator on Jan 14, 1014.
Add this to your kit of free tools for teaching and learning world regional geography!
OpenGeography.org http://www.opengeography.org is the site of "movement" toward OER geography resources and texts. There are a few texts at various states of completion. The site is from R. Adam Dastrup, another educator working with the GeoTech Center.


text:
.class Landroid/widget/NumberPicker$1;
.super Ljava/lang/Object;
.source "NumberPicker.java"

# interfaces
.implements Landroid/view/View$OnClickListener;

# annotations
.annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/EnclosingMethod;
    value = Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;-><init>(Landroid/content/Context;Landroid/util/AttributeSet;II)V
.end annotation

.annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/InnerClass;
    accessFlags = 0x0
    name = null
.end annotation

# instance fields
.field final synthetic this$0:Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;

# direct methods
.method constructor <init>(Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;)V
    .locals 0

    .prologue
    .line 665
    iput-object p1, p0, Landroid/widget/NumberPicker$1;->this$0:Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;

    invoke-direct {p0}, Ljava/lang/Object;-><init>()V

    return-void
.end method

# virtual methods
.method public onClick(Landroid/view/View;)V
    .locals 2
    .param p1, "v"    # Landroid/view/View;

    .prologue
    .line 667
    iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/widget/NumberPicker$1;->this$0:Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;

    # invokes: Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;->hideSoftInput()V
    invoke-static {v0}, Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;->access$000(Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;)V

    .line 668
    iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/widget/NumberPicker$1;->this$0:Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;

    # getter for: Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;->mInputText:Landroid/widget/EditText;
    invoke-static {v0}, Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;->access$100(Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;)Landroid/widget/EditText;

    move-result-object v0

    invoke-virtual {v0}, Landroid/widget/EditText;->clearFocus()V

    .line 669
    invoke-virtual {p1}, Landroid/view/View;->getId()I

    move-result v0

    const v1, 0x1020347

    if-ne v0, v1, :cond_0

    .line 670
    iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/widget/NumberPicker$1;->this$0:Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;

    const/4 v1, 0x1

    # invokes: Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;->changeValueByOne(Z)V
    invoke-static {v0, v1}, Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;->access$200(Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;Z)V

    .line 674
    :goto_0
    return-void

    .line 672
    :cond_0
    iget-object v0, p0, Landroid/widget/NumberPicker$1;->this$0:Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;

    const/4 v1, 0x0

    # invokes: Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;->changeValueByOne(Z)V
    invoke-static {v0, v1}, Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;->access$200(Landroid/widget/NumberPicker;Z)V

    goto :goto_0
.end method

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Lake Geneva teen who returned home last week after an E. coli diagnosis overseas described his experience and thanked supporters in a pair of videos Monday.
Nathan Dyer started feeling sick during a trip to Morocco and was taken to a Paris hospital where he was in a coma for a period of time. Doctors later diagnosed him with E. coli.
He returned home where he is still recovering. He's feeling neurological and physical effects of being in a coma. Doctors in Paris said he should make a full recovery.
Oh, and E. coli doesn't work that fast. It takes a couple of days.
Book chapter: McDonald's is not the source of most foodborne illness. It's a fairy tale.
About once a month we take our kids to a local fast food place that my friend owns and let them run wild in the play area. They go in and out and part of my struggle as a parent is getting them to go wash their hands before they dive into their lunch.
A while ago I asked my friend about cleaning and sanitizing the playground and what happens if some kid pukes or poops in there. He told me that his routine staff works on the room every night using a bunch of cleaning and sanitizing compounds Not risk elimination, but definitely reduction. He also said that the poop/puke events are infrequent, but they do happen and his staff are trained on how to contain, look for spray/smear and what special compounds to use (and their concentrations).
We've never had one of our kids come screaming out with a bunch of puke or poop on their hands. Unlike Justina Whitmore, who according to Boston 25, had to deal with her kid being covered in human waste after playing at a McDonalds.
A New Hampshire woman is demanding an apology and is raising questions about the cleanliness of a Manchester McDonald's after her son became covered in human waste in the play pen.
Justina Whitmore said that when she let her son play, she knew he may be covered in germs.
She said she never imagined her 5-year-old would emerge from the yellow slide covered in another child's waste.
Gabriel said he was playing tag with another child, who apparently had a soiled diaper.
But it's what happened after the incident that the mother finds even more outrageous.
There was no soap in the bathroom, and when she asked employees for help she said they just laughed at her.
For 10 minutes Justina said she was pleading for assistance only to have employees ignore her and take smoke breaks, or act like a child.
Playgrounds, particularly outdoor ones (with sand or surface bark) have been linked to outbreaks in the past. Pathogens can stick around and persist in soil (especially something hardy like Salmonella) and on fomites like slides (norovirus).
Five known cases of Hepatitis A have surfaced in Seneca County, where health officials have diagnosed two food service workers with the illness in recent weeks.
Health department leaders say food service workers at a McDonald's and a Mark's Pizzeria in Waterloo were both diagnosed with Hepatitis A, and county-run vaccination clinics were held for people who may have eaten at the restaurants.
When I was about 7 I poured a bowl of cereal, added milk and started to chow down. I freaked out when I chewed something that wasn't a Honey Nut Cheerio; I looked down and saw three maggots in the bowl.
I didn't eat cereal for a few months after the incident.
According to the Sun, a Dublin McDonald's patron, Anna Potterton, found a maggot in a fry.
The revolted customer said she bought the Happy Meal from the McDonald's branch on Grafton Street in Dublin.
A spokesperson from the fast food chain said: "McDonald's Ireland has been contacted by a customer regarding an apparent potato defect in a serving of fries in our Grafton Street Restaurant. The matter is now being looked into. McDonald's Ireland sources real, whole potato fries from our longstanding supplier McCain's in the UK.
Take your sheep to McDonald's?
The man said the sheep was from his farm and that he just wanted to take it out with him while he grabbed a burger at McDonald's. "Some people take their dogs in their cars, I take my sheep," he reportedly told the officers who pulled him over.
"He seemed fine to be honest — although he obviously felt a little sheepish when we pointed out the two bald tires," Chris Marlow, one of the officers, told the Echo, earning a round of applause from pun lovers everywhere.
At a McDonald's plant outside Mumbai, 200 workers walk through air dryers and disinfectant pools, then get to work making the day's 25,000 patties from chicken painstakingly sourced in a country with one of the world's worst food safety records.
To safeguard its multibillion-dollar brand, McDonald's says more than 100 checks it applies across its international operations are then carried out after that.
India's tainted water, patchy cold storage network and a retail sector made up of tiny local grocers present a major risk for international food brands, whose reputation can suffer globally from one local slip.
This can mean educating hundreds of small, often illiterate, farmers – critical in a fragmented farming sector that in some cases still uses "night soil", or human faeces, for composting.
"There are thousands of farmers you need to reach out to, each with maybe an acre, two acres of land," said Vikram Ogale, who looks after the supply chain and quality assurance for McDonald's India.
Swiss food group Nestle is currently battling India's biggest food scare in a decade and an unprecedented branding crisis in the country, after regulators reported some packets of its noodles contained excess lead, a finding the company disputes.
Its woes have laid bare the risks of operating in a country where it is difficult to build a watertight supply chain, and where state food safety infrastructure is minimal, at best.
Nestle uses external audit firms to check suppliers.
Wal-Mart, which operates as a wholesaler in India, says its checks mean rejecting 10-11 percent of produce daily.
Nestle is now pushing ahead with India's first ever national recall, pulling some 27,400 tonnes of its popular Maggi noodles off India's shelves, a process that will take at least 40 days.
One of McDonald's UK guests who bought McMuffin for breakfast was left dismayed after finding beard trimmings on her meal.
On her disappointments, the mum-of-two spontaneously announced the grubby treat on social media.
The beautician then wrote on Facebook: "This was my sausage and egg McMuffin from McDonald's in Kilmarnock this morning. I had eaten half of it and opened it up to put more sauce on and noticed it was full of hair shavings. Disgusting!
The spokesman of McDonald's said: "Food safety is our highest priority and both our restaurants and our suppliers place enormous prominence on food hygiene and following accurate standards in order to evade imperfections in our foodstuffs.


Kpop girl group Lovelyz (러블리즈) performing at Vivaldi Park Riding Concert in December 2015. Vivaldi is best known for its ski resort in winter season; but its summer water park, the Ocean World, is quite popular too.
Korean girl group Lovelyz performing at a public broadcast event for Byeok's Bounce Bounce radio show at Seoul's Yeouido Park in April 2015. The rookies made their debut last November.


text:
What to Know If Your Flight Is Overbooked
If you don't volunteer, the airline owes you some freebies.
By Brad Tuttle , Brad Tuttle / Money and Money April 10, 2017
Credit: Scott Olson/Getty Images
This story originally appeared on Money.com.
Over the weekend, passengers on a United Airlines flight from Chicago to Louisville found out how ugly things can get when someone is bumped from an overbooked plane.
As a shocking video making the rounds on the Internet shows, security officials surrounded one man who had apparently been ordered off the flight Sunday because it was overbooked. The man screams and flails as one security guard drags him up the aisle and off the plane — to the horror of other passengers.
Related: Amazon Is Hiring 5,000 People to Work From Home
While it's extremely unusual for security officials to be called in during overbooking episodes, most airlines routinely sell more tickets than there are seats on the plane. When a flight is overbooked, the airline must figure out then which passengers aren't going to make it on board — and how it will get them to change their plans.
The process generally starts with some nice incentives — hundreds of dollars in flight credits for those missing the flight. Depending on when the next flight is leaving, the airline may also throw in food vouchers and hotel stays to sweeten the deal. But if no one volunteers to get bumped, the airline will deny passengers from boarding against their will. And yes, they'll do so by force if necessary.
In Sunday's incident, according to the (Louisville) Courier-Journal, United needed seats on the plane for some airline employees who had to be in Louisville for work. The airline initially offered all passengers on the overbooked Chicago-Louisville flight $400 and a hotel stay if they agreed to stay over and fly instead on Monday afternoon, the paper notes—and when not enough passengers bit, the airline upped the offer to $800.
Passengers should note that the vouchers or free tickets offered during overbookings generally expire within 12 months — so if you don't travel much, it might not be worth your while. On the other hand, some travelers actively seek out overbooked flights so they can try to snag freebies by volunteering to get bumped.
A study by MileCards.com shows that Delta and United are the airlines most likely to be overbooked, offering compensation to 10 and 7.2 volunteers, respectively, for every 10,000 passengers — compared to just 0.5 for JetBlue. (The overall industry average is 6.6.)
Related: Three Reasons We Just Had the Worst Jobs Report in 10 Months
When the airline can't get enough customers to give up their reservations voluntarily, it can deny passengers boarding against their will. How do they figure out who gets bumped? American Airlines, for example, says it decides based mainly on who checked in last, but also using factors such as the airfare paid and a passenger's status in the carrier's loyalty program. In other words, a passenger with a cheap seat in coach who isn't a loyalty club member and checked in late will be the first one involuntarily bumped from an overbooked flight.
Anyone involuntarily bumped must be compensated, per Department of Transportation regulations. If the new flight gets you to your destination within one to two hours of the originally scheduled arrival, the airline must pay 200% of the price of the one-way fare, up to a maximum of $675. If you're delayed to the final destination by more than two hours within the U.S. (or four hours on international flights), the airline must fork over 400% of the one-way fare, maxing out at $1,350.
Unfortunately for travelers, there is no required payout if you're bumped and yet still arrive at your final destination within one hour of your original arrival time.
Related: L.L. Bean Just Gave This Classic a Makeover
Yet it's always worth asking for larger airfare credits, later expiration dates, or even more food vouchers. Airlines tend to have a bit of leeway when flights are overbooked — if for no other reason than because they don't want to turn off customers in the long run — so by all means haggle hard if your flight plans are going to be ruined.
As evidenced over the weekend, the process is far from perfect and can turn very ugly. United issued a statement apologizing for the overbooked Chicago-Louisville flight, but took no responsibility for the confrontation on its plane. "After our team looked for volunteers, one customer refused to leave the aircraft voluntarily and law enforcement was asked to come to the gate," United said, according to the Courier-Journal. "Further details on the removed customer should be directed to authorities."
By Brad Tuttle / Money
By Money
This Story Originally Appeared On
By Brad Tuttle , Brad Tuttle / Money and Money


Associated Students special election ballot initiatives have resulted in four changes to the constitution, including changes in requirements for potential AS presidential and vice presidential candidates.
"Every single thing passed, and they passed by huge margins, except for the [student representation fee]," said Yacob Zuriaw, director of student advocacy and financial support. "And even the fact that it wasn't pushed, it still managed to lose by a little amount. It was almost 50-50."
Zuriaw estimates that around 600 people came out to vote. According to the data, no initiative received higher than 550 votes.
The five new initiatives include giving the Inter-Club Council Communications officer the right to vote on the AS Board of Directors, creating a new position for director of student advocacy, and requiring that presidential and vice presidential candidates have leadership experience in AS.
"I think it's good because we have more accurate representation of the school," said Jasmine Jafari, commissioner to the ICC communications officer and vice-chair of the elections committee, as well as the incoming ICC chair.
"I think this really ensures that the students really do have somebody good," said Michelle Olivarez, student trustee, about the new requirements for running.
"I think it does mean that the clubs will get more representation," Jafari said. "There will be another person who is actually allowed to vote on behalf of all of our campus clubs."
Additionally, the director of sustainability can now serve as a voting member on the AS Finance Committee.
The ballot initiatives were originally planned for inclusion in the representative elections, but there was a conflict between the time of release and the AS Constitution. AS rules state that any constitutional changes to be voted on need to be publicized at least two weeks in advance in The Corsair.
The initiative that received the most support, the establishment of a new director of student advocacy position, passed at 84.2 percent.
Since the student representative fee was a statewide initiative, it needed two-thirds, or 66 percent, of the vote in order to pass, and at least 1,700 votes total. It received 53.5 percent of the popular vote.
"There are a lot of community colleges that don't have it, but it's sad to say that our college doesn't have it, because we're so great," said Olivarez.
But it still goes to show that a majority voted in favor for the optional student representation fee.
"If left to their own devices, students want more representation; they wouldn't mind paying a little bit extra," said Zuriaw.
"All the little changes benefit SMC as a whole," Jafari said.


It was a hot and sunny day in Florence, I enjoyed that. At the show, there weren't as many people in the audience as I had seen at last year's shows. But the audience was good, very energetic, and it was a standing general admission show, which I really prefer over numbered seats. It's a rock concert, after all.
To me, the show was (and is) beautiful, I loved every moment of it. I really don't think I have ever seen the band as tight as they are now. The interaction between Steve, Jeremy, Dave and Philip is amazing. They don't even have to look at each other, and they create a seamless flow of musical communication among them that is truly stunning. I couldn't help but marvel at how much each one of them has grown in all these years.
The setlist is ravishing, but if I had to point out *some* of my favorite moments, then I would have to say Racing the World, Velorum, Gravity Storm, Weeping China Doll (this one, especially how it ends, almost moves me to tears), Answers (watch for the intro to this one!), Whispering A Prayer, The Animal (this one is overflowing with good moments, especially between Steve and Dave), The Moon and I (which on this tour has been rearranged for the acoustic set), the vocal improv on Rescue Me Or Bury Me (which is absolutely amazing), actually the whole acoustic set is great, then definitely Frank and also Taurus Bulba. But in reality, there are a lot of wonderful little moments in every song, the moments where Steve adds something new to one of the songs, like the improvised part at the end of Tender Surrender, Building the Church, or For The Love of God. The moments of expansion, so to speak. The Audience is Listening has probably the most fiery performance of Steve's. Dave's solo is so great, too, and the audience was really into it. Jeremy's solo was mind-blowing! It seems to me that he still is the most powerful drummer I've ever seen, but within the energy and power he's becoming more and more "fine-tuned" to the music he feels, so to speak. It's hard to put into words, but there's a lot of great little things that he does and you really have to see him play to understand. My favorite drummer ever. I also got the feeling that Steve is more comfortable now (compared to last year) when performing The Ultra Zone, which is not easy the way it is presented. It comes out very well. The Build me a Song part of the show is very funny - anything can happen, really.
The show is three good hours, but it feels like much less than that. It flows very quickly, and that of course means that it's really a great show. The sound was good, and Steve gave all of himself on the stage, which I always find very moving. I believe that to go see one of these shows is the best thing anybody can do, and it really makes you feel good. Steve, thank you so much for coming back to Italy again! On to Nonantola.