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Animal Diversity Web
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology University of Michigan
About Animal Names
Browse Animalia
Ovibos moschatusmuskox
By Sarah Marie Elder
Lifespan/Longevity
Communication and Perception
Food Habits
Ecosystem Roles
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
Ovibos moschatus is a circumpolar species native to Canada, Greenland, and up until the late 1800's, Alaska. The species was reintroduced to Alaska from animals captured in Greenland in the 1930's. Muskox have also been introduced into Russia, Svalbard, Norway, and Siberia. Some herds have also found their own way from Norway into Sweden. ("Muskox (Ovibos moschatus)", 1995; Groves, 1997)
Biogeographic Regions
palearctic
Other Geographic Terms
holarctic
Ovibos moschatus lives north of the tree line on the arctic tundra. Summers have a very short growing seasons of three to four months with lush and abundant vegetation. Winters are long and very cold with little precipitation and harsh winds. There is little vegetation in winter and shallow snow. ("Muskox (Ovibos moschatus)", 1995; Gray, 1990; Groves, 1997; Woodward, 1997)
Habitat Regions
Terrestrial Biomes
Many of the physical characteristics of O. moschatus can be attributed to arctic adaptations. Musk oxen have barrel-shaped bodies with short legs, and their entire bodies are covered with fur except for the small area between the nostrils and lips. Both sexes have cream-colored horns with black tips that grow together at the center of the head, drop down along side of head, then curve up to form sharp hooks. These horns grow with age. The tail is short (5 to 10 cm) and is entirely covered and hidden under the fur. Fur can be divided into two types: guard hair and qiviut (pronouced kiv-ee-Ute). Guard hairs are the continuously growing dark hairs that create the characteristic long, shaggy coat. This portion of the pelage can grow long enough to brush the ground on older muskoxen. This long hair is sometimes refered to as a skirt. The guard hairs act as protection against wind and precipitation, as well as insects. Qiviut is the insulating winter coat of muskoxen. It begins growing in the fall and is shed out through the guard hair in the spring. The back is marked by a lighter colored patch of brown or cream where the guard hairs are shorter. This is refered to as the saddle. Legs of these animals are white. Older adult muskoxen sometimes develop a large mane of fur that sits on the shoulders. (Gray, 1990; Groves, 1997; Rowell, 1990)
Subspecies include barren ground muskoxen, Ovibos moschatus moschatus, which are native to Canada and were native to Alaska until extirpation in the late 1800's. White-faced muskoxen, Ovibos moschatus wardi, are native to Greenland and have been introduced to many locations. Ovibos moschatus wardi tends to be slightly smaller than O. moschatus moschatus, but distinction between the two is based mostly on location of the animal. The two subspecies can interbreed. (Gray, 1990; Groves, 1997)
Calves are born in the early spring with very short guard hair and nubs where the horns will begin growing soon after. They are also born with a layer of baby qiviut and over the harsh winter are dependent on the cows for both additional body warmth and protection from the elements by standing in the skirt. (Groves, 1997)
Female weight ranges from 180 to 275 kg, with an average of 250 kg. Head and body length can vary from 135 to 200 cm. Muskoxen typically stand 120 cm at the shoulders. Females grow horns, but lack the extra thickness of a horn boss at the base of the horns. Hook size typically matches that of males. Ovibos moschatus has an udder with four teats, also covered in fur. (Gray, 1990; Groves, 1997; Rowell, 1990)
Males typically weigh an average of 320 kg, with a range of 300 to 400 kg. The combined head and body length varies from 200 to 250 cm. Males have a large horn boss, which is an extra thickness of the base of their horns at the top of the skull, that is between 15 and 20 cm thick. This feature protects them during mating behaviors that include headbutting. (Gray, 1990; Groves, 1997; Rowell, 1990)
Other Physical Features
endothermic
homoiothermic
bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism
male larger
Range mass
180 to 400 kg
396.48 to 881.06 lb
Average mass
627.75 lb
Range length
150 to 260 cm
59.06 to 102.36 in
Ovibos moschatus is considered a harem breeder in which one dominant male attempts to mate with all of the estrus females of the herd. Beginning in late summer and into fall, males compete for dominance using very ritualized behaviors. Males attempt to intimidate each other through posturing, roaring, head swinging, urinating on forefeet with strong scent markers, displaying broadsides to show size, and headbutting. During headbutting, males face each other up to 45 meters apart, then charge up to 20 or 25 miles per hour and crash together on the horn bosses. They can repeat this procedure up to 10 or 12 times or until one of the males cannot continue or runs away. This behavior is rarely fatal. Males that compete for dominance are typically between the ages of 6 and 8 years old. Older bulls are usually not strong enough, and younger males are typically not large enough, to compete. Competition between bulls sometimes results in solitary males. Once dominance is determined, a bull attempts to keep the females close together to defend them from other males. Dominant males may breed multiple times with each female during one season. Young muskoxen and non-dominant bulls typically keep their distance from the breeding harem. (Gray, 1990; Groves, 1997; Rowell, 1990)
Mating System
polygynous
Ovibos moschatus breeds from late August into September and gives birth between mid-April and mid-May. Muskoxen usually have single offspring after a gestation of about 8 months. Twins are very rare and do not usually survive. Generally within 45 minutes of birth, calves are standing and nursing. Calves typically weigh 9 to 11 kg at birth and can gain up to 0.5 kg a day. Though calves are born with a layer of baby qiviut and brown fat, they are dependent upon their mothers for warmth and food for the first winter of their lives, sometimes longer. Calves start eating adult food within weeks of birth, although they continue to nurse for 10 months to 1 year, sometimes longer depending on food availability, birth of a new calf, or temperament of the cow. Muskox calves follow their mothers and hide underneath the mother's skirt of guard hair.
Females typically reach sexual maturity between 1 to 4 years of age, depending on body condition, and will calve alternate years. Calving every year is possible if food sources are available. Males typically reach sexual maturity between 3 and 4 years. (Gray, 1990; Groves, 1997; Rowell, 1990)
Key Reproductive Features
iteroparous
seasonal breeding
gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
viviparous
Breeding interval
Female muskoxen breed once a year or once every two years, depending upon the availability of food.
Breeding season
Breeding occurs during late August and into September.
Range number of offspring
Average number of offspring
AnAge
Range gestation period
7.5 to 8.5 months
Range weaning age
Average weaning age
Range time to independence
Average time to independence
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
1.5 to 4 years
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Although they are fully furred and able to stand from birth, calves are dependent upon their mothers for milk, warmth from their bodies and fur, and protection. Though calves can generally eat adult food within weeks of birth, to gain sufficient body weight to survive through the winter they require milk from their mothers. For warmth, calves often lie with their mother, or stand underneath her skirt next to her belly. During attack from predators, the calves are often pushed behind the rumps of the adults, or into the middle of a circle formation. Mothers also teach calves the social hierarchy behaviors by playing "games" such as king of the mountain, and mock headbutting.
Males are not reported to directly care for the young. However, since these animals are social, it is likely that the adult male in a herd helps to protect the young in the herd. (Gray, 1990; Groves, 1997; Rowell, 1990)
Parental Investment
precocial
pre-fertilization
pre-hatching/birth
pre-weaning/fledging
pre-independence
post-independence association with parents
extended period of juvenile learning
Ovibos moschatus lives in very harsh climates and harsh winters may cause death for young calves as well as older adults. Females typically live 15 to 18 years though some older than 20 years have been recorded in the wild and in captivity. Males typically only live 10 to 12 years, as the breeding season is very strenuous. Adult muskoxen typically die through the inability to properly digest food because of excessive wear on molar teeth, or as a result of predation. ("Muskox (Ovibos moschatus)", 1995; Gray, 1990; Groves, 1997; Rowell, 1990)
Range lifespan
Status: wild
>20 (high) years
Average lifespan
Status: captivity
Typical lifespan
<1 to 18 years
Ovibos moschatus is a social species and much of the behavior is based on the harem breeding system. Muskoxen live in herds as small as 5 animals during the summer, and may join with other small groups to form herds as large as 60 individuals in the winter. These larger groups help provide for protection from both the elements and predators. Other advantages of such a large herd size are that during the long winters, it is easier for a lost muskox to locate a large heard in the dark than a few individuals. Also, younger animals may have the advantage of grazing more food supplies that have been uncovered under the snow. Most herds average between 10 and 20 animals. ("Muskox (Ovibos moschatus)", 1995; Gray, 1990; Groves, 1997; Rowell, 1990)
Muskoxen have many arctic adaptations to the cold (such as short legs, thick fur, and high body fat), that limit their mobility. Though muskoxen can run as fast as 25 miles per hour, they can easily overheat. For this reason, O. moschatus is generally slow moving and has very short migrations within the home range. However, under certain conditions (weather permitting), muskoxen calves as well as adults will play. This play can include chasing and king of the mountain. (Gray, 1990; Groves, 1997; Reynolds, et al., 2001; Rowell, 1990)
The social hierarchy in the herd is based upon dominance. Dominance among males is typically determined during the breeding season, and sometimes throughout the year through headbutting and chasing, as well as grunting and bellows. Sometimes males are forced out of the herds during the breeding season. Among females, dominance is determined by age and size, with the larger, older females typically exerting dominance over younger, smaller, females through pushing, shoving, and chasing. Calves are generally lowest in the hierarchy, although they determine dominance amongst themselves through chasing, mounting, and play. Generally, the higher the dominance status of the muskox, the better its food supply and breeding rights. (Gray, 1990; Groves, 1997; Rowell, 1990)
Key Behaviors
terricolous
motile
dominance hierarchies
Range territory size
23 to 223 km^2
Average territory size
70 km^2
Home ranges for muskoxen in Alaska are reported to be very large in the summer, averaging 223 square kilometers, and much smaller in the winter and calving seasons, ranging from 27 to 70 square kilometers. Muskoxen will typically stay in areas near water during summer months and then move to higher ground areas where wind will blow off much of the snow covering food supplies during the winter. (Reynolds, et al., 2001)
Ovibos moschatus has very interesting vocal abilities. Calves, when communicating with cows or each other, bleat. The pitch of the bleat lowers with maturity. Adults have deeper voices that sound closer to roars and rumbles that can be heard long distances. Adults also grunt and snort at each other, at calves, and at other animals. Pushing and shoving, as well as chasing and stomping, are used to communicate dominance. (Gray, 1990; Groves, 1997; Rowell, 1990)
Much of the non-vocal communication among muskoxen occurs during the breeding season when males compete for dominance and breeding rights. Males have very strong-smelling urine and urinate on their front legs and dribble urine during displays as warnings to competitors. They will also use a gland near each eye to mark objects by rubbing their faces against the item to be marked. Bulls also swing their heads, walk sideways, and horn the ground to gather chunks of earth to make themselves look larger. (Gray, 1990; Groves, 1997; Rowell, 1990)
Other Communication Modes
scent marks
Perception Channels
Muskoxen are generalized grazers. As calves, they are dependent upon the milk of their mothers for up to 1 year. Within weeks of birth, they begin incorporating the adult foods into their diet. In the summer months, the diet inculdes grasses, leafy plants, sedges, mosses, shrubs, herbs, and generally any vegetation available. The fecal matter of the animals at this time is very moist and still has high levels of nutrients available. In the winter months, the diet of muskoxen changes to willow, dwarf birch stems, roots, mosses, lichen, and any vegetation they can locate under or above the snow. The fecal matter during these months is very dry and has very few nutrients left after the animals have digested the food. (Gray, 1990; Groves, 1997; Rowell, 1990)
Primary Diet
folivore
wood, bark, or stems
seeds, grains, and nuts
The known predators of O. moschatus are polar bears, brown bears, and wolves. When faced with a predator coming head on, muskoxen line up with their heads down and horns facing the attacker. The calves are generally located behind the adults. When attacked by multiple predators, the herd creates a circle with horns pointed out and calves in the center of the herd. Larger adults may charge out to attack a predator. When a predator approaches the herd, the muskoxen attempt to headbutt or hook that predator with their horns. Muskoxen have been known to throw and trample wolves. As O. moschatus is adapted to arctic life, these animals can overheat easily and cannot run faster than wolves or bears long enough to escape from them. They therefore tend to stay in the circle formation as long as possible. (Gray, 1990; Groves, 1997; Rowell, 1990)
Grizzley or brown bear
Ovibos moschatus is herbivorous, and consumes plant life. It also provides a food source for arctic scavengers, wolves, polar bears, and brown bears. Muskoxen may help to disperse seeds as they graze. (Gray, 1990; Groves, 1997; Rowell, 1990)
Ecosystem Impact
disperses seeds
One of the arctic adaptations of muskoxen is the winter coat of underwool, called qiviut (pronounced "kiv-ee-Ute"). Qiviut is an Alaskan native word that has adapted many spellings. The wool is finer than cashmere and eight times warmer than wool. When collected from the few domestic muskox herds, it can be bought by companies or individuals to make garments, and can be sold raw. The rarity of the fiber and the garments makes it very valuable. Managers of 'domesticated' herds supply qiviut to companies and co-operations for use in making garments. A main producer of these garments is the Musk Ox Producer's Co-Operative. ("Oomingmak: Musk Ox Producer's Co-operative", 1996; Chambers, 1993)
Research is also performed at the Large Animal Research Station at the University of Alaska Fairbanks on nutrition and arctic adaptations which can be applied to wildlife conservation, biology, and many other aspects. LARS has a captive herd of approximately 40 muskoxen. (Groves, 1997)
In some areas, including Alaska, current laws allow hunting if the hunter is selected through a periodic lottery system, though laws vary across locations and countries. There are domestic herds of muskoxen that can be used for meat, though the qiviut of the animal is much more valuable and continually produced. (Groves, 1997)
Positive Impacts
body parts are source of valuable material
There are no known adverse affects of O. moschatus on humans.
Though herds of O. moschatus native to Alaska and parts of Europe were driven to extinction through hunting pressures and climate fluctuations in the late 1800's, the species has been successfully reintroduced from suviving populations in Canada and Greenland and is doing well, currently numbering greater than 60,000 world wide. Ovibos moschatus is currently not listed as a threatened species. (Gray, 1990; Groves, 1997; Reynolds, et al., 2001; Rowell, 1990)
US Federal List
No special status
Muskoxen actually have no musky smell. During the breeding season, the urine the males spray on themselves and the ground is rather pungent, but O. moschatus lacks a true musk gland. Also, it wasn't until recent genetic studies that it was discovered that the closest relatives to muskoxen are members of the Caprinae subfamily. It was previously suggested, based on appearance, that its closest members were cows, bison, or buffalo. (Groves, 1997; Rowell, 1990)
Sarah Marie Elder (author), University of Alaska Fairbanks, Link E. Olson (editor, instructor), University of Alaska Fairbanks.
Nancy Shefferly (editor), Animal Diversity Web.
living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.
living in the northern part of the Old World. In otherwords, Europe and Asia and northern Africa.
uses sound to communicate
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
active during the day, 2. lasting for one day.
ranking system or pecking order among members of a long-term social group, where dominance status affects access to resources or mates
humans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals. Ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals.
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
union of egg and spermatozoan
an animal that mainly eats leaves.
A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing.
An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.
a distribution that more or less circles the Arctic, so occurring in both the Nearctic and Palearctic biogeographic regions.
Found in northern North America and northern Europe or Asia.
referring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range, usually through human action.
offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
native range
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
the regions of the earth that surround the north and south poles, from the north pole to 60 degrees north and from the south pole to 60 degrees south.
having more than one female as a mate at one time
communicates by producing scents from special gland(s) and placing them on a surface whether others can smell or taste them
breeding is confined to a particular season
remains in the same area
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
sexual ornamentation
one of the sexes (usually males) has special physical structures used in courting the other sex or fighting the same sex. For example: antlers, elongated tails, special spurs.
associates with others of its species; forms social groups.
lives alone
uses touch to communicate
Living on the ground.
A terrestrial biome with low, shrubby or mat-like vegetation found at extremely high latitudes or elevations, near the limit of plant growth. Soils usually subject to permafrost. Plant diversity is typically low and the growing season is short.
uses sight to communicate
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female.
young precocial
young are relatively well-developed when born
1995. "Muskox (Ovibos moschatus)" (On-line). Wildlife Species Information: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Accessed November 18, 2004 at http://species.fws.gov/species_accounts/bio_musk.html.
Applied Microsystems, Inc. 1996. "Oomingmak: Musk Ox Producer's Co-operative" (On-line). Accessed November 18, 2004 at http://www.qiviut.com/store/index.cfm?target=home&CFID=341026&CFTOKEN=87725359.
Chambers, W. 1993. Qiviuq. Spin Off, Summer: 48-55.
Gray, D. 1990. Muskox Biology. Pp. 23-48 in B Holst, ed. International Studbook for Muskox: Ovibos moschatus .
Groves, P. 1997. Muskox. Alaska Geographic, 23/4: 56-86.
Reynolds, P., K. Wilson, D. Klein. 2001. "Arctic Refuge Coastal Plain Terrestrial Wildlife Research Summaries" (On-line). Accessed November 18, 2004 at http://www.absc.usgs.gov/1002/section7part1.htm.
Rowell, J. 1990. The Muskox. Pp. 2-22 in B Holst, ed. International Studbook for Muskox: Ovibos moschatus .
Woodward, S. 1997. "The Tundra" (On-line). Major Biomes of the World. Accessed November 12, 2004 at http://www.radford.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/tundra/tundra.html.
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Kingdom Animalia animals
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Phylum Chordata chordates
Chordata: information (1) Chordata: pictures (15057) Chordata: specimens (6829) Chordata: sounds (709)
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Class Mammalia mammals
Mammalia: information (1) Mammalia: pictures (4299) Mammalia: specimens (6622) Mammalia: sounds (13)
Order Artiodactyla even-toed ungulates
Artiodactyla: information (1) Artiodactyla: pictures (866) Artiodactyla: specimens (581) Artiodactyla: sounds (1)
Family Bovidae antelopes, cattle, gazelles, goats, sheep, and relatives
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Genus Ovibos muskoxen
Ovibos: pictures (6) Ovibos: specimens (7)
Species Ovibos moschatus muskox
Ovibos moschatus: information (1) Ovibos moschatus: pictures (6) Ovibos moschatus: specimens (7)
To cite this page: Elder, S. 2005. "Ovibos moschatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 19, 2019 at https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ovibos_moschatus/
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As most of you will know the Parish Blog was not established on Facebook as many parishioners did not wish to use the platform and many wanted a more 'private' space. Parish Voices continues as usual (in its own web domain) and seems to satisfy the needs of most stakeholders and organisations as well as particularly respecting the wishes of the Parish Council. I have made one change to further spread the process and I am pleased to announce that there is now a three-way Administration Team of Christine Johnson, Mandy Hart and myself (Gary Day-Ellison). You can approach any of we three musketeers if you have any concerns or need assistance!
However the Facebook Group set up by myself with Gordon Hurst for the Village Fair this summer proved very popular. The name has been changed to North Bovey Community and has many members. You can find it here, North Bovey Community, if you haven't already, but you will need to be on Facebook to do so. It is open to all parishioners and those directly involved with North Bovey.
I expect the Parish Voices to continue in it's current guise for the foreseeable future. The Facebook Group being more informal. Contact Gordon Hurst or myself about this if you need to – though all will be very familiar to Facebook users.


Can we take photographs and use mobile phones?
We encourage the use of photography in the workshops. We ask that you take into account the preference and privacy of the other students. Please do not disturb other guests with excessive phone use, we also ask that any videoing be kept to a minimum. We will often take photographs on the day at our courses which will be posted on Instagram, Twitter, Flickr and Facebook, please let us know if you would rather not be included. If you want to join in the conversation, like us on Facebook or look for us on Instagram and Twitter.
How is my cookery course booking confirmed?
Once you have booked a course with us you will receive confirmation of your order by email along with specific information about the running of the day. If you have purchased this as a gift for someone then please pass this on to them.
What happens if HHB Cookery School cancels a course booking?
In the unlikely event of the cancellation of a course by Hobbs House School, we will fully refund you or offer a swap to another course. We cannot be held liable for any third-party costs, such as travel bookings or accommodation.
What happens if I need to cancel a course booking?
Amendments to bookings can be made up to 28 days before the start of the course; we will happily swap you to a different course if you change your mind before this time. The course fee will only be refunded if we fill your space on the course. Each case will be considered individually.
What happens if I am having trouble booking?
What is the HHB School health & safety policy?
You will be given a full housekeeping overview at the beginning of your course, which will include information on the nearest fire exits, kitchen standards and toilets. We ask all attendees to wear shoes with flat, non-slip soles and covered toes as well as practical clothing. We will provide aprons. Hobbs House School and Bakery is a non-smoking building.
What do I do if I have a specific dietary requirement?
Please let us know two weeks in advance, if you have any dietary requirements, allergies or intolerances and we will do our best to accommodate your needs. We cannot guarantee that course content will be altered for specific requirements.
What do I do if I am ill or need to contact someone on the day of the course?
If you need to speak to us on the day of the course please call the school direct, which is situated above our shop in Chipping Sodbury on 01454 317525. No refund will be given for non-attendance due to illness.
Ingredients, utensils, knives, equipment and aprons are provided for all courses. We also provide refreshments throughout the day. Please check individual course details for more specific information.
Can I book my child onto an adult course?
Unless otherwise stated in the course details, the classes are not suitable for children and can only be attended by people over the age of 16.
Will the course content be the same as the description on the website?
We reserve the right to make amendments to any workshop or masterclass content and recipes without notice.


Discus and support Start up Repair from Windows RE environment never works on any of our pc's in Windows 10 Installation and Upgrade to solve the problem; how to make start up repair (from RE) work?... Discussion in 'Windows 10 Installation and Upgrade' started by map77_1, Sep 6, 2018.
how to make start up repair (from RE) work?
Use the power button to restart your computer three times. This will start the Windows Recovery Environment.
Click Advanced options and then click Command Prompt.
How to stop Windows 10 from re-opening applications on start up?


text:
The Future of TV
Kicking Television (Photo credit: dhammza)
Laura Martin and Dan Medina of Needham & Company, a branch of an investment banking and asset management firm have issued an analysis on the Future of TV. There has been a lot of other reporting about this report, most of which zeroed in on the fact that ESPN would need to charge $30 in an a la carte environment. I've written several other blogs about the a la carte issue and instead want to highlight some of the interesting facts from the report.
They say that TV is a bargain and that the average family spends 30 cents per hour to watch TV. This is based upon an average cost of $75 for a cable subscription and a family watching TV eight hours per day. I think they miss two points with this. The price of cable has grown much faster than inflation and there are now more and more homes who feel they can't afford the cost of the subscription. If cable rates keep climbing 6% per year, in only five years this same subscription is going to cost over $100 per month. Also, there are many households who do not watch TV eight hours per day. It is these two groups that are leaving the cable system, the first reluctantly and the second because it no longer feels like a bargain.
TV content is expensive to produce. The four main broadcast networks (ABC, CBS, FOX and NBC) spend an average of $2.5 million to create a prime time hour of programming. To contrast, all of the other 130 or so cable networks spend an average of about $100,000 per hour. But there are new rivals now producing programming. There are a number of companies now producing content for the web and this is expected to grow rapidly. For example, YouTube is spending about $100 million, NetFlix $200 million, Hulu $500 million. And both AOL and Yahoo have created web 'channels'.
They say that about 80% of content never pays for itself. The TV world is driven by hits since they draw the bulk of the advertising revenue. But hits are ephemeral and unpredictable. The broadcast networks have been geared for decades to product hits and it's obvious that even with the money that they spend that it's very hard to do. But the top shows garner the lion's share of ad revenues. To show the power of hits, the top 1% of movie hits account for 18% of movie rentals / views.
They recognize that TV viewing is shifting in a digital age. They cite the following statistics:
72% of viewers watch content only on a TV set.
11% watch content only on some digital medium such as computer, pad or smartphone.
17% of viewers watch some content in both ways.
61% of TV watchers now use the Internet while watching TV and 10 – 25% of those viewers go to the website of the show being watched (depends upon the network being watched).
29% of the viewers who use the web while watching TV are on Facebook.
The report estimates that over 1 million jobs are dependent upon the TV sector. These are mostly middle class jobs and include cable TV installers, customer service reps, people who work in various roles at the networks. Comcast alone has 126,000 employees. By contrast the new companies trying to make money from web content have very few employees. Hulu has 420 employees, YouTube has 650 and NetFlix has 2,348. The report thinks that most of the traditional cable TV jobs are at risk if we move to an a la carte system.
The public companies in the TV sector have about $400 billion in market cap (investable securities). The report estimates that at least half of that market cap would disappear under a la carte programming. They warn that even having the government looking at a la carte programming puts these investments at risk.
These are just a few of the many facts cited in the report, which is why I have included link to the full report for anybody who wants to read more. Oh, and at the end of the report they recommend buying CBS and AOL stock. If you buy them and it doesn't work out, you didn't hear it here.
Posted by CCGConsulting in Current News, The Industry
Tagged: Cable television, CBS, Comcast, Laura Martin, NetFlix, Pay television, Television, YouTube
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White House meets with top tech leaders to talk AI
Representatives from Google, Microsoft, IBM, Oracle and Qualcomm were invited to brainstorm ideas to ensure the US's ongoing dominance in AI
Efe Otokiti
The Trump administration invited a bevy of top tech executives to the White House for a "listening session" in an effort to come up with a plan to ensure the future of the US's technological dominance in emerging fields of tech such as AI.
CEOs in attendance included leaders from some of the largest US tech firms such as Sundar Pichai from Google, Microsoft CEO Satrya Nadella, IBM CEO Ginni Rometty, Oracle co-CEO Safra Catz and Steven Mollenkopf, CEO at Qualcomm. They were met by President Trump, however, the meeting was coordinated for the most part by the President's daughter and senior adviser, Ivanka Trump. Also present was US chief economic adviser Larry Kudlow, US Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer and US former secretary of state Henry Kissinger.
Visit Innovation Enterprise's Chief Data Officer Summit, part of the DATAx New York festival, on December 12–13, 2018
The Trump administration, specifically the President, has had a tense relationship with the tech industry since Trump's inauguration in January 2017. Most recently, the budding trade war with China caused Apple's stock to slide 10% in November 2018. Trump has also accused Google of deliberately stifling conservative voices and personally attacked Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos (who was absent from the meeting) multiple times on Twitter.
However, despite past tensions between those present, discussions were centered predominantly around emerging tech such as AI, quantum computing and 5G technology, and how the US can stay ahead of global competition. Google CEO Pichai called the meeting "productive and engaging".
The race to global AI dominance between the US and China has turned uglier in recent weeks. In mid-November, a congressional panel recommended both the US government and private companies avoid buying Chinese IoT tech while the US Commerce Department suggested that exporting AI tech to China was a "threat to national security".
How IT departments should evolve to deal with cyber-attacks


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Manitoba Provincial Parks
Energize for a Duck Mountain Logging Ban!
Eric Reder
It's Earth Day 2021, and we've got a job to finish. Logging corporation Louisiana-Pacific has held the Ducks hostage for 26 years, but on December 31, 2021 their licence will expire, giving Manitobans a chance to kick logging out of our parks once and for all.
The park was given over to clearcut logging in order to feed Louisiana Pacific's mill in 1995. It was one of the most contentious industrial projects ever authorized in Manitoba. The government biologist who said the logging would have too great an impact on the forest was dismissed. Banker boxes full of environment licence submissions from angry Manitobans still sit in the basement of our office.
Clearcutting destroys a forest, pulling decades of accumulated soil nutrients (logs on trucks!) out of the ecosystem. What grows back is simply not the forest it was before. Clearcutting creates a tree plantation, with less species and less biodiversity. While this is the necessary sacrifice to provide wood fibre for society, logging can not happen in parks.
The Wilderness Committee's history is tied directly to this campaign. From the moment our office opened in Winnipeg, we were working with Manitobans to stop logging in parks. We pushed back against the government and logging companies as they tried to convince us that logging in parks was good for nature. Since then, 23,000 Manitobans have raised their voices through our office and declared: no more logging our parks.
That energy changed the province. We won the battle. In the fall of 2008, the Manitoba government announced logging would cease in 12 out of 13 parks in this province. But the corporate logging control of Duck Mountain Provincial Park remained.
We need all that energy once again. We're talking big long-weekend-in-a-park energy. Kids-after-ice-cream-on-the-beach energy. First-day-of-your-backpacking-trip energy.
We've changed the province together before. From now until the end of the year we need your voice. Weekly. Monthly. Writing letters and making phone calls. Standing together in the streets and in the park when it's safe to do so. Our parks have cared for us during these trying times, it's time to return the favor.
Get started by writing this first letter to the provincial government, and tell them the get logging OUT of Duck Mountain Provincial Park!
Premier Stefanson's PC government sneaks through more park logging
Clearcut logging at Duck Mountain. Photo Credit: Eric Reder
Manitoba Conservation Vision
Report on private business development in provincial parks misses the mark for majority of Manitobans
World Rivers Day, mining and reconciliation
End park mining in Manitoba!


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The Ring Ouzel
A View from the North York Moors
Vic Fairbrother, Ken Hutchinson
...This is an invaluable book on a very important, but relatively little-known, species by two remarkably enthusiastic fieldworkers in a part of the country renowned for its beauty. I hope you enjoy reading it as much as I have. Extract from Foreword by Chris Rollie, RSPB Ring Ouzel Plan Manager, Chair of the UK Ring Ouzel Study Group
The first comprehensive account of this evocative and elusive upland bird
An inspiring account of the joys and rewards of observing the daily behaviour of the Ring Ouzel and its place in a habitat shared with other wildlife
A remarkable record of twenty years' fieldwork by two dedicated amateur ornithologists in the North York Moors
Reveals the impact of people on the behaviour of Ring Ouzels and in particular the bird's ability to adapt to the rich industrial heritage of the North York Moors
illustrated in full colour with c.115 photos, c.35 maps, diagrams, charts and sonograms
Using vivid extracts from field notebooks and profusely illustrated with photographs as well as paintings and sketches by wildlife artist Jonathan Pomroy, the reader is transported to the beautiful North York Moors National Park. We can share in the excitement as the first Ring Ouzels of the year return from their winter quarters in North Africa, witness their courtship displays, the establishment of territories and the female ouzel painstakingly building her nest and laying eggs. This is followed by the monitoring of the hatching and fledging of chicks and the levels of predation – noted in order better to understand the productivity and sustainability of this vulnerable and isolated population.
To hear the song of the Ring Ouzel carrying for a surprising distance across the high moorland in the early morning is one of the many delights of upland Britain. The authors have recorded and analysed both simple and complex songs in their study area and, following comparison with recordings from Scotland, Derbyshire and the Yorkshire Dales, have confirmed the suspected presence of local dialects.
Crucially this book is much more than a remarkable record of twenty years' fieldwork as it builds on earlier research elsewhere and relates local findings to the results of other current studies in England, Wales and Scotland. The contraction in distribution and number of Ring Ouzels breeding in Britain, the work of the Ring Ouzel Study Group, the introduction of conservation measures and the potential impact of climate change are all described. Attention is drawn to the first indications of Ring Ouzel decline in Switzerland.
As a migrant, the Ring Ouzel faces additional pressures and problems on passage and conditions in their wintering areas in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco are described. The importance of Britain as a stop-over and refuelling area for Fennoscandian birds on passage in Spring and Autumn is stressed. There is still much to learn and the early attempts to track Ring Ouzels on migration from Scotland to North Africa and back are described. This milestone publication brings the Ring Ouzel into sharp focus for the first time.
This will be of special interest to birders and will also appeal to everyone with an interest in wildlife and the natural world.
...It is superbly produced and illustrated, and is a great showcase for Ken and Vic's dedicated fieldwork... a real benchmark publication and key reference... The watercolours are a masterstroke and really round the book off beautifully. ... I cannot recommend the book highly enough... Chris Rollie, RSPB Ring Ouzel Plan Manager
...this is a beautifully illustrated book ... and peppered with superb watercolours. ... The well written prose is often full of observation so succinctly and poetically put across... Any birder will enjoy this book, and anyone with a serious interest in Ring Ouzels will need to refer to it often. FatBirder
'...a welcome addition. ...such extensive monitoring of a little-known species is always enriching'. ORNITHOS
...covers every aspect of the life of a ring ouzel in fine detail... is extremely well illustrated with photos and sketches of the bird itself, nests and nest sites, plus helpful graphs and diagrams. The Ring Ouzel is a high-quality ornithologist's book, as well as being a fascinating book for a reader with a generalist interest in birds. Alan Stewart, Wildlife Detective blog
...a fascinating read... is not only a great read but plays an important role in keeping records of the bird and the potential impact climate change can have on them.... A brilliant book for not only bird watchers, but for wildlife and nature lovers too. Rebecca Hay, UK Travel and Features Writer
'…is a thorough compendium of two decades worth of careful field study… it is also a love letter to the landscapes and wildlife of Yorkshire… this is a beautifully presented book, a treasure trove of knowledge and a great examination of Ring Ouzel ecology…will be a useful touchstone for the future monitoring and conservation of one of our most vulnerable thrushes'. BTO News
'Lots of photos, along with some beautiful paintings, accompany years' worth of observations and data. Anyone remotely interested in this cool-looking thrush or this area of Britain should enjoy this'. The Birder's Library
'This new and comprehensive study provides a rare and fascinating insight into the lives of one of our most vulnerable upland birds... The book is beautifully complemented by the paintings and sketches of wildlife artist Jonathan Pomroy. The Dalesman
'…is the first monograph on this species since Ian Appleyard's book… in 1994… A Vast amount of information is set out… Many colour photos add to the book's appeal, and it is a great addition to the book case'. Bird Watching Magazine
'...provides a fascinating insight into the life of the Ring Ouzel in one of its last remaining strongholds in the UK... I thoroughly recommend it to all interested in our uplands and the species which live in these special places'. Scottish Birds
'Since receiving my copy of the book I have hardly put it down. It is a great showcase for Ken and Vic's dedicated fieldwork, the species and the area - a real benchmark publication and key reference for anyone interested in ring ouzels. The watercolours are a masterstroke. I cannot recommend the book highly enough!' Chris Rollie, Chair of the UK Ring Ouzel Study Group
'This book, based on a 20-year local study by two amateur ornithologists, really packs a punch. With masses of original information and observations, it impressed the judges by its professional presentation and readability... This informative and attractive book sets the benchmark for future species studies of this nature'. British Birds
'...this account of the 'moorland Blackbird' in one part of its British breeding range is a really good read... and a great credit to the two authors'. British Birds
'Fascinating new book explores life of much-loved bird of the British uplands...an important new book... As well as studying this fascinating member of the thrush family for the past couple of decades, the duo have also pored through countless historic publications to enrich their research... This highly readable book'. Lincs Bird Club
'These two took this dedication to citizen science even farther. Their book details a lot of natural history, including some never-before-recorded courtship behaviours. But even more important, this information can help conservationists understand the birds' decline... conveys the joys of observation, of hiking and hiding in wild places, of making discovery'. Cool Green Science
'The book, as with the study itself, is clearly a labour of love... a well-produced and enjoyable account'. British Birds
'I constantly felt as though I was actually with Vic and Ken on the moors, experiencing their observations first-hand'... it could, because of the wealth of information it contains, be regarded as a monograph on the Ring Ouzel'. Teesmouth Bird Club
'...one of the most detailed and thorough single-species monographs out there. They cover every aspect of this enigmatic and elusive thrush's life:... This is a fascinating book, written by two dedicated naturalists who are amateurs in the best sense of the word, and deserves to be widely read'. American Birding Association
'This very interesting and fascinating volume... can be used as reference or just purely for a good read... a professional, well-presented and simple to comprehend attitude, comprehensively covering all areas of interest throughout'. Cambrian Ornithological Society
'...a remarkable monograph documenting their two decades of fieldwork... The book commemorates their dedication and perseverance in extraordinary detail'. Natural Areas Journal
'...is a welcome addition to our upland bird avifauna library... this is a delightful little book written by two proper amateur field ornithologitsts and will appeal to all fieldworkers... as well as those people just interested in the species itself... is complemented by some excellent artwork from Jonathan Pomroy whose lovely watercolour vignettes so accurately capture the essence or 'jizz' of the bird'. IBIS
Shorebirds in Action
Richard Chandler Common and Spotted Sandpipers
Phil Holland A Life of Ospreys
Roy Dennis The Hen Harrier
Don Scott Kestrels for Company
Gordon Riddle
"... book came immediately, many thanks. "
T.F, UK
"Book arrived this morning -thanks for prompt service."
A.C, UK
"...thanks for the excellent service."
L.C, UK


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text:
Shock As Man, 22, Strangles Mother To Death Using Copper Wire
Police in Kenya, Bomachoge Borabu in Kisii County have launched a hunt for a 22-year-old man who killed his elderly mother on Friday, December 11.
James Arumba used a copper wire to fatally strangle his parent, Teresa Moragwa, who refused to sell a parcel of land so that Arumba could use the proceeds to buy a motorbike for boda boda business.
The suspect's sister, Isabela Okindo, told K24 Digital that Arumba had, of late, been pressurising his mother to sub-divide the family land and give him his share so that he can sell it and buy a motorbike.
"When mum refused, my brother chased her out of her matrimonial home," said Isabela.
The elderly woman, Moragwa, went and stayed at her parents' home for a while. However, she recently returned to her matrimonial home, ready to stand her ground against her son's threats and intimidation.
"When it was raining yesterday (Friday, December 11), my brother went to our mother's house and, again, asked her to sub-divide the land so that he could benefit from selling his share, but our mother refused yet again," said Isabela.
"It was then that my brother reached for a copper wire and strangled our mother to death."
Isabela claims one of her paternal uncles has been pushing Arumba to claim his share of the land.
"He (uncle) had even found a buyer of the land should my brother successfully claim his share," she said.
Moragwa's body was taken to Lenmek Hospital morgue in Kisii Town as police look for Arumba.
Posted By cheatmaster On 07:30 Mon, 14 Dec 2020


Let's celebrate! This site has won the best forum dedicated to celebrities & stars by Forum Motion (the site that hosts us)!!
I freely admit that competition wasn't exactly intense, but it's lovely all the same!
all together from across the world.
Wow!!! That's great, congratulations, Katie!!
Whoopsie! Ahem, deliberate error to see if you were all paying attention. Ahem.
Congrats to Katie and all the mods for the recognition and for all your work to keep this place "humming"...you've all done such a great job and with practically no serious injuries! (JK)! And special thank you to all the posters who scour the internet to find us all things George!
Katie this layout is really great and you've done a wonderful job to keep it going! Special congrats to you!
great news! thanks to Kat and all of us !!!!
Well done to Katie and the team for keeping us all up-to-date with Georgie news! Well deserved!
Now they know what we all knew all along-- Katie Scarlett O'Dot and the Mods are the best in the world!!
that's nice congratulations katie and to all the other members .
so, my 17,000,001 votes took us over the top???? YAY!!!!!!!!!!!! Congrats to you Katie and to us all and THANK YOU GEORGE!!
Congratulations, Katie and everyone who helps make this such a great forum. Well deserved!
Thank you, thank you, thank you. I'd just like to thank my parents, my family, the producers, the - oh, that IS my Oscars speech.
Seriously, thanks to all of you who make this such a (mostly) friendly and fun place to be. Let's hope 2014 brings us more, much more, Clooney!


Director James Gunn has recently spoken about the abilities of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 character Ego the Living Planet, played by Kurt Russell.
As his name suggests, Ego the Living Planet is… well, a planet that is alive, a sentient being capable of all kinds of wonderful things.
The character will be brought to the big screen for the first time in the much anticipated sequel to Guardians of the Galaxy. We know that Kurt Russell will be playing the Ego – hold on, Gunn explains just how Russell can play a planet – and that the character is the father of Chris Pratt's Star-Lord.
It all sounds pretty out there but this is Guardians we're talking about. Just how Star-Lord's relationship with his planet father will play out remains to be seen, but all will be revealed soon when the movie hits cinemas.
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 is scheduled for release on April 28th 2017 in the UK and on May 5th in the States, with director James Gunn reuniting with returning cast members Chris Pratt (Star-Lord), Zoe Saldana (Gamora), Dave Bautista (Drax), Bradley Cooper (Rocket), Vin Diesel (Groot), Karen Gillan (Nebula), Michael Rooker (Yondu), Glenn Close (Nova Prime) and Sean Gunn (Kraglin) alongside new additions Pom Klementieff (Oldboy) as Mantis, Elizabeth Debicki (The Man from U.N.C.L.E.) as Ayesha, Kurt Russell (The Hateful Eight) as Ego the Living Planet, Chris Sullivan (The Drop) as Taserface and Sylvester Stallone (Creed) in as-yet-unrevealed role.


I tend to use streams quite often when using C#. They are very useful for reading from and writing to files. You can do it using just the StreamReader or StreamWriter classes, however I prefer to use them along with the FileStream class. E.g.
Don't forget to close the StreamReader and FileStream to prevent the file becoming locked up!


text:
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Home World News Science & Technology AV regulation could be delayed due to tech underperformance
AV regulation could be delayed due to tech underperformance
This story was delivered to Business Insider Intelligence Transportation & Logistics Briefing subscribers earlier this morning. To check to see if you already have access to Business Insider Intelligence through your company, click here.
Business Insider Intelligence
Recent news of how autonomous vehicle (AV) features are performing in real-world settings could set back timelines for scaled, commercial AV launches. Here are two recent incidents regarding AV technology that have been revealed recently.Tesla's Smart Summon feature is under federal scrutiny after highly publicizedunderperformance. With the latest V10 software update, Teslas got the ability to maneuver in parking lots without a driver inside the car. While Tesla says the feature should only be used in "private parking lots and driveways" with the vehicle visible and within 200 feet of the user, there have been reports of Smart Summon putting people in dangerous situations. These incidents have led the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to track incidents of Smart Summon underperformance. The agency said it "will not hesitate to act if it finds evidence of a safety-related defect."Pedestrian automatic emergency braking (PAEB) systems were found to performinconsistently by the AAA. For context, PAEB systems automatically apply a vehicle's breaks when a pedestrian is sensed in the vehicle's path. AAA's PAEB study, which involved vehicles from multiple manufacturers, found vehicles were unable to avoid collisions in a startling share of instances. For example, none of the test vehicles were able to avoid a collision when encountering an adult immediately after a right-hand turn. And a collision occurred 80% of the time when vehicles traveling at 20 mph, encountered two adults alongside the road. This type of negative press could ultimately lead legislators — who are still working through AV regulations — to adopt stricter rules. AVs have become part of the agenda for governments all across the US, with lawmakers weighing 112 bills related to AVs in 2019 alone. This is likely to continue in 2020, as a number of US states still have yet to adopt AV legislation — around 29 state legislative bodies have already enacted AV legislation.And it's an especially vulnerable time as US decision-makers are still in an exploratory phase — the US Department of Transportation is funding multiple AV projects that will provide safety data to inform regulatory decision-making. For instance, when asked about the next steps for regulations California state legislator Phil Ting said in May 2019, "I think we're just going to be watching to see how the technology develops." Any news that further highlights how autonomous technology could be underperforming or that shows the public isn't ready for these vehicles to be commercially available could spell trouble for companies in the AV space.Want to read more stories like this one? Here's how to get access: Join thousands of top companies worldwide who trust Business Insider Intelligence for their competitive research needs.>>Inquire About Our Corporate MembershipsExplore related topics in more depth.>>Visit Our Report StoreCurrent subscribers can log in to read the briefing here.
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I'm Anna, a thirty something mummy to 3 year old gorgeous twin girls, Tabitha and Poppy and baby Matilda. We live with my doting husband Tristan and little dog Flicka in the Essex countryside.
I met my husband, my world, in 2012. Well actually, no I didn't. I'd known him years. His mother was my ballet teacher, and we were Young Farmers together from 15, so we were really old friends. But with divorces behind us both, fate brought us together. He was and is my rock. We married in 2014. I was 33. It felt right and we were both couldn't wait for children and then boom – twins!
Having been a primary school teacher, and a deputy head in both Essex and Norfolk for 15 years, my time had come to stop looking after everyone else's children and bring up my own. It was now time to be a full time mummy. You would think my career would have made me a fully qualified mother too – NO, nothing, nothing prepares you for being a mother!
With a passion for travel, this was one thing we wanted to continue and have continued since the twins. Africa has to be the most beautiful place in the world – I have such a desire to travel this continent more one day with the children – truly and utterly amazing. We also love wine – the children love to whine and we love to drink wine!
So this is me, and this is us….
…..Follow and enjoy our journey of life and adventure with the twins as much as we do.


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Front Page » FYI Miami » FYI Miami: October 19, 2017
FYI Miami: October 19, 2017
Written by Miami Today on October 17, 2017
Below are some of the FYIs in this week's edition. The entire content of this week's FYIs and Insider sections is available by subscription only. To subscribe click here.
CONVENTION HOTEL VOTE: The Miami Beach City Commission will be asked Oct. 31 to vote on building a headquarters hotel for the Miami Beach Convention Center during a special agenda meeting. Originally scheduled for Sept. 13, Hurricane Irma caused the delay. City commissioners have said they will most likely approve the recommendation, allowing city voters to decide whether they want the hotel, which they have denied twice before at the ballot box. The recommendation was submitted by a seven-member panel who spent a year collecting data on what improvements need to be made to the hotel proposal to appease the public.
COUNTY RADIO: To reach more residents, Miami-Dade County is looking into acquiring a radio station. Legislation that commissioners passed this month directed the mayor's office to explore "the best method of creating a county radio broadcasting service … and other non-traditional means of communicating with the public, such as podcasting." Though no radio stations are available for purchase in the county right now, says Commissioner Javier Souto's legislation, it proposed three options: leasing from an existing radio station, purchasing brokered time, or broadcast meetings through WLRN radio. The mayor's office has 160 days to report back to commissioners.
SECURITY CHECK: Following the mass shooting at Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport this year, Mayor Carlos Giménez's office is to analyze current staffing levels for police, security, and other first responders at Miami International Airport and PortMiami, says legislation passed by Miami-Dade County commissioners this month. Though the 2017-2018 fiscal year budget was already passed, if the mayor finds that more personnel are required there will be a mid-year or end-of-year budget amendment to add personnel. "Airports and seaports have considerable security demands that are constantly changing and they are of vital importance to our economy and infrastructure," the legislation sponsored by Commissioner Rebeca Sosa says.
PARK PATROL: Miami-Dade commissioners Tuesday delayed for the second time legislation requiring residents to pay for a criminal background check to receive a special events permit to use county parks. Javier Souto urged fellow commissioners to vote yes, saying, "we don't want to become a media story if we rent the parks to a criminal." Daniella Levine Cava and Sally Heyman said that requiring organizations to pay for background checks might deter them from using county parks, reducing revenues generated and services provided through the parks that could benefit the community. Joe Martinez said the legislation was too broad and could prohibit residents with "minor misdemeanors" from volunteering at parks events.
FYI Miami: September 28, 2017
Miami-Dade looks at rolling circulator buses across county
FYI Miami: April 19, 2018
FYI Miami: November 30, 2017
Miami Beach commissioners likely to approve convention hotel
FYI Miami: February 21, 2019
Currency exchanges on decline but remain charity cash cows


Discussion in 'Price Drops, Must-Have Freebies, and Deals' started by pkpkppkk, Nov 18, 2014.
Catch the timing! It is a very exciting game, Simple but fun! Tap the screen, the dot will jump. The timing need perfect match! Very suitable for kill time!


Doing some spring cleaning here on the site, so over the next few days/weeks/years you'll probably see some changes and quirks.
The Kindle edition of my new collection 5 Short Tales of Strange New Beginnings is now available on Amazon. I'm offering this collection for free 3/15-3/17.
@EliseEcklund @plbederio How else do you address a group of people in the 2nd person?


text:
Router can use custom configuration to transfer custom parameters.

## When to use custom configuration

When the destination class uses custom initializers to create instance, router needs to get required parameter from the caller.

When your module contains multi components, and you need to pass parameters to those components. And those parameters do not belong to the destination.

For example, when you pass a model to a VIPER module, the destination is the view in VIPER, and the view is not responsible for accepting any models.

You need a module config protocol to store them in configuration, and configure components' dependencies inside the router.

## Module Config Protocol

Module protocol is for declaring parameters used by the module, conformed by the configuration of the router.

Instead of  `EditorViewInput`, we use another routable protocol `EditorViewModuleInput`  as config protocol for routing:

```swift
protocol EditorViewModuleInput: class {
    // Factory method for transferring parameters and making destination
    var makeDestinationWith: (viewModel: EditorViewModel, _ note: Note) -> EditorViewInput? { get }
}
```

Objective-C Sample

```objectivec
@protocol EditorViewModuleInput <ZIKViewModuleRoutable>
 // Factory method for transferring parameters and making destination
 @property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) id<EditorViewInput> _Nullable(^makeDestinationWith)(EditorViewModel *viewModel, Note *note);
 @end
```

In general, a module config protocol only contains `makeDestinationWith`, for declaring parameters and destination type. You can also add other properties or methods.

## Configuration Subclass

You can use a configuration subclass and store parameters on its properties.

```swift
// Configuration subclass conforming to EditorViewModuleInput
class EditorViewModuleConfiguration<T>: ZIKViewMakeableConfiguration<NoteEditorViewController>, EditorViewModuleInput {
    // Factory method. User is responsible for calling makeDestinationWith and giving parameters
    var makeDestinationWith: (viewModel: EditorViewModel, _ note: Note) -> EditorViewInput? {
        return { viewModel, note in

            // Prepare the destination
            self.__prepareDestination = { destination in
                let presenter = EditorPresenter()
                let interactor = EditorInteractor()
                destination.presenter = presenter
                presenter.view = destination
                presenter.interactor = interactor
                // Pass note to the data manager
                interactor.note = note
            }

            // Capture parameters in makeDestination, so we don't need configuration subclass to hold the parameters
            // MakeDestination will be used for creating destination instance
            self.makeDestination = { [unowned self] () in
                // Use custom initializer, pass view model to view
                let destination = NoteEditorViewController(viewModel: viewModel)
                return destination
            }

            if let destination = self.makeDestination?() {
                // The router won't make and prepare destination again when perform with this configuration
                self.makedDestination = destination
                return destination
            }
            return nil
        }
    }
}

func makeEditorViewModuleConfiguration() -> ZIKViewMakeableConfiguration<NoteEditorViewController> & EditorViewModuleInput {
    return EditorViewModuleConfiguration<Any>()
}
```

Objective-C Sample

```objectivec
// Configuration subclass conforming to EditorViewModuleInput
@interface EditorViewModuleConfiguration: ZIKViewMakeableConfiguration<NoteEditorViewController *><EditorViewModuleInput>
@end

@implementation EditorViewModuleConfiguration

// Factory method. User is responsible for calling makeDestinationWith and giving parameters
- (id<EditorViewInput> _Nullable(^)(Note *))makeDestinationWith {
    return ^id<EditorViewInput> _Nullable(EditorViewModel *viewModel, Note *note) {

        // Prepare the destination
        self._prepareDestination = ^(NoteEditorViewController *destination) {
            EditorPresenter *presenter = [EditorPresenter alloc] init];
            EditorInteractor *interactor = [EditorInteractor alloc] init];
            destination.presenter = presenter;
            presenter.view = destination;
            presenter.interactor = interactor;
            // Pass note to the data manager
            interactor.note = note;
        };

        // Capture parameters in makeDestination, so we don't need configuration subclass to hold the parameters
        // MakeDestination will be used for creating destination instance
        self.makeDestination = ^ NoteEditorViewController * _Nullable{
            // Use custom initializer, pass view model to view
            NoteEditorViewController *destination = [NoteEditorViewController alloc] initWithViewModel:viewModel];
            return destination;
        };

        // Set makedDestination so router will use this destination when performing
        self.makedDestination = self.makeDestination();
        return self.makedDestination;
    };
}

@end

ZIKViewMakeableConfiguration<NoteEditorViewController *> * makeEditorViewModuleConfiguration() {
    return [EditorViewModuleConfiguration new];
}
```

Swift generic class won't be in the `__objc_classlist` section of the Mach-O file. So it won't affect the app launching time.

Transferring parameters with `makeDestinationWith` block can reduce much glue code. We don't need to store parameters in some properties, just pass them through block.

## Without Configuration Subclass

If the protocol is very simple and you don't need a configuration subclass, or you're using Objective-C and don't want too many subclass, you can choose generic class`ViewMakeableConfiguration`and`ZIKViewMakeableConfiguration`:

```swift
extension ViewMakeableConfiguration: EditorViewModuleInput where Destination == EditorViewInput, Constructor == (EditorViewModel, Note) -> EditorViewInput? {
}

// ViewMakeableConfiguration with generic arguments works as the same as  EditorViewModuleConfiguration
// The config works like EditorViewModuleConfiguration<Any>()
func makeEditorViewModuleConfiguration() -> ViewMakeableConfiguration<EditorViewInput, (EditorViewModel, Note) -> EditorViewInput?> {
    let config = ViewMakeableConfiguration<EditorViewInput, (EditorViewModel, Note) -> EditorViewInput?>({ _,_ in})

    // Factory method. User is responsible for calling makeDestinationWith and giving parameters
    config.makeDestinationWith = { [unowned config] (viewModel, note) in

        // Prepare the destination
        config._prepareDestination = { destination in
            let presenter = EditorPresenter()
            let interactor = EditorInteractor()
            destination.presenter = presenter
            presenter.view = destination
            presenter.interactor = interactor
            // Pass note to the data manager
            interactor.note = note
        };

        // Capture parameters in makeDestination, so we don't need configuration subclass to hold the parameters
        // MakeDestination will be used for creating destination instance
        config.makeDestination = { () in
            // Use custom initializer, pass view model to view
            let destination = NoteEditorViewController(viewModel: viewModel)
            return destination
        }
        if let destination = config.makeDestination?() {
            // The router won't make and prepare destination again when perform with this configuration
            config.makedDestination = destination
            return destination
        }
        return nil
    }
    return config
}

```

Objective-C Sample

Generic class`ZIKViewMakeableConfiguration`has property`makeDestinationWith`with`id(^)()`type. `id(^)()`means the block can accept any parameters. So you can declare your custom parameters of `makeDestinationWith` in protocol.

```objectivec
// The config works like EditorViewModuleConfiguration
ZIKViewMakeableConfiguration<NoteEditorViewController *> * makeEditorViewModuleConfiguration(void) {
    ZIKViewMakeableConfiguration<NoteEditorViewController *> *config = [ZIKViewMakeableConfiguration<id<EditorViewInput>> new];
    __weak typeof(config) weakConfig = config;

    // User is responsible for calling makeDestinationWith and giving parameters
    config.makeDestinationWith = ^id<EditorViewInput> _Nullable(EditorViewModel *viewModel, Note *note) {

        // Prepare the destination
        config._prepareDestination = ^(id<EditorViewInput> destination) {
        	EditorPresenter *presenter = [EditorPresenter alloc] init];
            EditorInteractor *interactor = [EditorInteractor alloc] init];
            destination.presenter = presenter;
            presenter.view = destination;
            presenter.interactor = interactor;
            // Pass note to the data manager
            interactor.note = note;
    	};

        // Capture parameters in makeDestination, so we don't need configuration subclass to hold the parameters
        // MakeDestination will be used for creating destination instance
        weakConfig.makeDestination = ^ NoteEditorViewController * _Nullable{
            // Use custom initializer, pass view model to view
            NoteEditorViewController *destination = [NoteEditorViewController alloc] initWithViewModel:viewModel];
            return destination;
        };
        // Set makedDestination so router will use this destination when performing
        weakConfig.makedDestination = weakConfig.makeDestination();
        if (weakConfig._prepareDestination) {
            weakConfig._prepareDestination(weakConfig.makedDestination);
        }
        return weakConfig.makedDestination;
    };
    return config;
}
```

## Use Configuration in Router

Override`defaultRouteConfiguration`in router to use your custom configuration:

```swift
class EditorViewRouter: ZIKViewRouter<NoteEditorViewController, ZIKViewMakeableConfiguration<NoteEditorViewController>> {

    override class func registerRoutableDestination() {
        // Register class
        registerView(NoteEditorViewController.self)
        // Register module config protocol, then we can use this protocol to fetch the router
        register(RoutableViewModule<EditorViewModuleInput>())
    }

    // Use custom configuration
    override class func defaultRouteConfiguration() -> ZIKViewMakeableConfiguration<NoteEditorViewController> {
        return makeEditorViewModuleConfiguration()
    }

    override func destination(with configuration: ZIKViewMakeableConfiguration<NoteEditorViewController>) -> NoteEditorViewController? {
        if let makeDestination = configuration.makeDestination {
            return makeDestination()
        }
        return nil
    }

}
```

Objective-C Sample

```swift
@interface EditorViewRouter: ZIKViewRouter<NoteEditorViewController, ZIKViewMakeableConfiguration<NoteEditorViewController *>>
@end
@implementation EditorViewRouter {

+ (void) registerRoutableDestination {
    // Register class
    [self registerView:[NoteEditorViewController class]];
    // Register module config protocol, then we can use this protocol to fetch the router
    [self registerModuleProtocol:ZIKRoutable(EditorViewModuleInput)];
}

// Use custom configuration
+(ZIKViewMakeableConfiguration<NoteEditorViewController *> *)defaultRouteConfiguration() {
    return makeEditorViewModuleConfiguration();
}

- (NoteEditorViewController *)destinationWithConfiguration:(ZIKViewMakeableConfiguration<NoteEditorViewController *> *)configuration {
    if (configuration.makeDestination) {
        return configuration.makeDestination();
    }
    return nil;
}

}
```

If you're not using router subclass, you can register config factory to create route:

```swift
// Register EditorViewModuleInput and factory function of custom configuration
ZIKAnyViewRouter.register(RoutableViewModule<EditorViewModuleInput>(),
   forMakingView: NoteEditorViewController.self,
   making: makeEditorViewModuleConfiguration)

```

Objective-C Sample

```objectivec
// Register EditorViewModuleInput and factory function of custom configuration
[ZIKModuleViewRouter(EditorViewModuleInput)
     registerModuleProtocol:ZIKRoutable(EditorViewModuleInput)
     forMakingView:[NoteEditorViewController class]
     factory: makeEditorViewModuleConfiguration];

```

`ViewMakeableConfiguration` `ZIKViewMakeableConfiguration` `ServiceMakeableConfiguration` `ZIKServiceMakeableConfiguration`all conform to`ZIKConfigurationMakeable`. The `didMakeConfiguration` in these configuration will be automatically invoked.

## How to use

The user can use the module with its module config protocol and transfer parameters:

```swift
var viewModel = ...
var note = ...
Router.makeDestination(to: RoutableViewModule<EditorViewModuleInput>()) { (config) in
     // Transfer parameters and get EditorViewInput
     let destination = config.makeDestinationWith(note)
}
```

Objective-C Sample

```objectivec
EditorViewModel *viewModel = ...
Note *note = ...
[ZIKRouterToViewModule(EditorViewModuleInput)
    performPath:ZIKViewRoutePath.showFrom(self)
    configuring:^(ZIKViewRouteConfiguration<EditorViewModuleInput> *config) {
        // Transfer parameters and get EditorViewInput
        id<EditorViewInput> destination = config.makeDestinationWith(note);
 }];
```

In this design pattern, we reduce much glue code for transferring parameters, and the module can re-declare their parameters with generic arguments and module config protocol.

You can use the generic configuration to reduce subclass count. And You can also transfer complicated parameters with a configuration subclass, such as multi `makeDestinationWith` for multi situations.

```swift
protocol EditorViewModuleInput: class {
    var makeDestinationWith: (_ viewModel: EditorViewModel, _ note: Note) -> EditorViewInput? { get }
    var makeDestinationForNewNoteWith: (_ noteName: String) -> EditorViewInput? { get }
}

extension ViewMakeableConfiguration: EditorViewModuleInput where Destination == EditorViewInput, Constructor == (EditorViewModel, Note) -> EditorViewInput? {
    var makeDestinationForNewNoteWith: (String) -> EditorViewInput? {
        get {
            if let block = self.constructorContainer["makeDestinationForNewNoteWith"] as? (String) -> EditorViewInput? {
                return block
            }
            return { _ in return nil }
        }
        set {
            self.constructorContainer["makeDestinationForNewNoteWith"] = newValue
        }
    }
}
```
Objective-C Sample

```objectivec
@protocol EditorViewModuleInput <ZIKViewModuleRoutable>
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) id<EditorViewInput> _Nullable(^makeDestinationWith)(EditorViewModel *viewModel, Note *note);
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) id<EditorViewInput> _Nullable(^makeDestinationForNewNoteWith)(EditorViewModel *viewModel, Note *note);
@end

@interface ZIKViewMakeableConfiguration (EditorViewModuleInput) <EditorViewModuleInput>
@end
@implementation ZIKViewMakeableConfiguration (EditorViewModuleInput)

- (ZIKMakeBlock)makeDestinationForNewNoteWith {
    return self.constructorContainer[@"makeDestinationForNewNoteWith"];
}
- (void)setMakeDestinationForNewNoteWith:(ZIKMakeBlock)block {
    self.constructorContainer[@"makeDestinationForNewNoteWith"] = block;
}
@end
```

------

#### Next section: [Error Handle](ErrorHandle.md)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Herb Tanner served as the Director of the Violence Against Women Project for the Prosecuting Attorneys Association of Michigan (PAAM) from 2003 to 2016 where he trained two generations of prosecutors.
Herb Tanner began his career in private practice, where he was named Outstanding Young Lawyer of the Year in 1990 by the State Bar of Michigan. In 1994 he joined the Prosecutor's Office in Montcalm County, Michigan, and then went on to serve as the Director of the Violence Against Women Project for the Prosecuting Attorneys Association of Michigan (PAAM) from 2003 to 2016. During his tenure at PAAM he trained two generations of prosecutors. In 2003, he received PAAM's Distinguished Faculty Award.
Mr. Tanner is a frequent lecturer and instructor for state and national organizations that serve law enforcement professionals and prosecutors. He has presented on the impact of the Crawford v. Washington case, ethics, domestic violence prosecutions, sexual assault and the impact of trauma on investigation and prosecution, expert testimony in domestic and sexual assault cases, cross examination of experts, and DNA evidence. Mr. Tanner has lectured on sexual assault trial advocacy, ethics, and evidence-based domestic violence prosecutions for the National District Attorney's Association (NDAA). He has presented for national organizations including the Battered Women's Justice Project, and the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), both at its International Conference and as faculty for its Leadership Institute on Violence Against Women. He has also been faculty for IACP's Campus Leadership Institute on Violence Against Women, and the Train-the- Trainer Program.
Mr. Tanner's articles have been published in The Georgia Prosecutor, the American Bar Association's Criminal Justice Section Newsletter, the Michigan Bar Family Law Journal, NDAA's Prosecutor magazine, and the Sexual Assault Report. He co-authored PAAM's Michigan Prosecutors' Sexual Assault Manual, published in 2013, and wrote EVAWI's Training Bulletin entitled: Start by Believing to Improve Responses to Sexual Assault and Prevent Gender Bias. It was released to the field in August 2017.


text:
package uk.co.n3tw0rk.websocketregistration.threads;

import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.Socket;

import uk.co.n3tw0rk.websocketregistration.factories.WebsocketVersionFactory;
import uk.co.n3tw0rk.websocketregistration.structures.WebSocketVersion;
import uk.co.n3tw0rk.websocketregistration.wrappers.AbstractionThread;

public class SocketClient extends WebSocketClient
{
	protected Socket socket = null;

	protected StringBuilder input = null;
	protected byte[] output;

	protected InputStream inputStream = null;
	protected OutputStream outputStream = null;

	protected int buffer;

	protected boolean listen = true;

	protected WebSocketVersion webSocketVersion;

	public SocketClient( Socket socket )
	{
		this.socket = socket;
	}

	public void run()
	{
		try
		{
			console( "Client connected" );

			this.inputStream = this.socket.getInputStream();
			this.outputStream = this.socket.getOutputStream();

			this.input = new StringBuilder();

			reset :
			while( this.listen )
			{

				// Something has happened to the connection so kill off this connection and thread
				if( this.validateConnection() )
				{
					console( "Websocket Error" );
					this.listen = false;
					break reset;
				}

				do
				{
					// Causes the thread to wait until there is data available
					this.buffer = this.inputStream.read();

					// WebSocket Error as all data should be in single singed byte range ( 0 - 255 )
					if( -1 >= this.buffer || 256 <= this.buffer )
					{
						console( "Websocket Error" );
						this.listen = false;
						break reset;
					}

					if( this.handshakeComplete() )
					{
						this.webSocketVersion.request.setData( this.buffer );
					}
					else
					{
						this.input.append( ( char ) this.buffer );
					}

				}
				while( 0 != this.inputStream.available() );

				if( this.handshakeComplete() )
				{
					byte[] buffer = this.webSocketVersion.process();

					if( null != buffer )
					{
						this.outputStream.write( buffer );
						this.outputStream.flush();
					}

					if( this.webSocketVersion.response.isClosed() )
					{
						console( "Websocket Closed" );
						this.listen = false;
						break reset;
					}
				}
				else
				{
					// Invalid Header Sent so drop the connection
					if( 0 == this.input.length() )
					{
						this.listen = false;
					}

					this.webSocketVersion = ( new WebsocketVersionFactory( this.input.toString() ) ).getVersion();

					this.output = this.webSocketVersion.handshake.getResponse();

					if( null != this.output )
					{
						this.outputStream.write( this.output );
						this.outputStream.flush();
					}

					this.input = null;

					console( "Handshake Complete" );
				}
			}

			console( "Client disconnected" );
		}
		catch( Exception e )
		{
			e.printStackTrace();
		}

		try
		{
			this.inputStream.close();

			this.outputStream.close();

			this.socket.close();
		}
		catch( Exception e )
		{

		}
	}

	public boolean handshakeComplete()
	{
		return ( null != this.webSocketVersion && this.webSocketVersion.handshake.isEstablished( ) );
	}

	protected boolean validateConnection()
	{
		return ( !this.socket.isConnected() || this.socket.isInputShutdown() || this.socket.isOutputShutdown() );
	}
}


text:
Glee star Lea Michele is dating again
June 12, 2014 - 10:22 BST hellomagazine.com Glee star Lea Michele is dating Matthew Paetz - her first relationship since the death of Cory Monteith last July
Slowly but surely, Lea Michele is moving on. Almost a year after the death of her boyfriend Cory Monteith, the Glee actress is dating again.
Lea, 27, is apparently seeing Matthew Paetz, an aspiring actor and model who appeared in the music video for her single On My Way.
Lea Michele is reportedly dating Matthew Paetz
According to reports, the couple have been dating for the last couple of months after meeting on set. A E! News source said of Lea: "She's having fun, but it's not extremely serious".
Another insider said Matthew is "very sweet and a really great guy".
According to TMZ, Matthew used to work as a male escort on the site Cowboys4Angels.
Lea Michele's new man is said to be "very sweet and a really nice guy"
On his Twitter page, he describes himself as a "dating and lifestyle coach", and recently posted a message that read: "If this isn't what you have, Leave," alongside a link to a story about not settling for the wrong person.
"He will be great arm candy and he is a very nice guy, and is a lot of fun," a source said. Furthermore, "he is very into being in a relationship and loves being in one. He is the kind of person who will want to be with that person all the time, but in a good way. And he is a good listener."
It's Lea Michele's first romance since the tragic death of Cory Monteith
This is Lea's first relationship since the death of Cory last July. After his passing, she took some time out to grieve and recover.
"I feel like it's so important to make sure that I'm 100 per cent ok before I can get into a relationship," Lea told Glamour back in February. "But people have to understand that I can't be alone forever. Cory wouldn't want that."
More about lea michele
All the details on Glee star Lea Michele's intimate wedding to Zandy Reich
Exclusive: Downton Abbey's Allen Leech surrounded by co-stars on wedding day
Find out why Lea Michele planned to abandon her vegan diet
Lea Michele fights back tears in emotional Glee tribute episode clip
Lea Michele pays emotional tribute to Cory Monteith in special Glee episode
Lea Michele shares flawless photos for new album cover
Lea Michele: 'Grief is with me every day'
Lea Michele pays tribute to Cory Monteith on what would have been his 32nd birthday
Lea Michele posts pensive picture on set of Glee


text:
Dalian Iron Ore Surges 5 Pct On Rising Steel Prices, Anti-Dumping Plan
Iron ore futures in China surged more than 5 percent on Wednesday, supported by rising steel prices and a plan by Chinese miners to seek an anti-dumping investigation into imports of the raw material from Australia and Brazil.
More than 1,000 Chinese iron ore mines have shut since last year because of a huge volume of imported ore, according to a statement posted on the Metallurgical Miners' Association of China website on Tuesday.
"Anti-dumping duties – if introduced – would be price supportive as imports from Australia and Brazil would become more expensive," said Julius Baer analyst Carsten Menke.
Menke said the level of price support would depend on the actual level of duties.
The most-traded September iron ore on the Dalian Commodity Exchange rose as much as 5.2 percent to 464 yuan ($70) a tonne, a level last seen on July 18. It was up 4.9 percent at 462.50 yuan by 0237 GMT.
Iron ore miners from Australia and Brazil have embarked on massive expansion programmes in recent years to supply the Chinese market.
Australia's Fortescue Metals Group, the world's No. 4 supplier, on Wednesday set its shipment guidance for fiscal 2017 at 165 million to 170 million tonnes, little changed from the 169.4 million tonnes shipped in fiscal 2016.
The raw material was also buoyed by rising steel prices amid tighter supply due to fresh environmental inspections across eight Chinese provinces that have led to closures of some facilities, traders and analysts say.
"We've heard that some facilities have been asked to shut down because of environmental issues," said Richard Lu, analyst at CRU consultancy in Beijing.
"The current availability of steel is quite low."
Prior to the inspections, there had already been deeper mandated output cuts in Tangshan city in the top steel-producing province of Hebei to improve air quality ahead of Thursday's commemoration of a 1976 earthquake that killed at least 250,000 people.
The most-active rebar, a construction steel product, on the Shanghai Futures Exchange was last up 4.2 percent at 2,436 yuan a tonne, after earlier peaking at 2,449 yuan, also a 1-1/2-week high.
Firmer iron ore futures should push up bids further for physical cargoes, traders said, and lift the spot benchmark closer towards $60 a tonne.
Iron ore for delivery to China's Tianjin port .IO62-CNI=SI rallied 2.9 percent to $57.40 a tonne on Tuesday, the highest since July 15, according to The Steel Index.
Source : hellenicshippingnews.com


West Arundel Creative Arts will hold its first holiday show, "Joy Around the World," at 8 p.m. Dec. 4 and 5, 2 p.m. Dec 5 and 6, 8 p.m. Dec. 11 and 12, and 2 p.m. Dec. 12 and 13 at 2288 Blue Water Blvd., Suite 410 in Odenton. During "Joy Around the World," the audience can experience the holidays from India, Sweden, Ireland, Italy, and the U.S. from the viewpoint of World War I soldiers and nurses. Tickets are $12 for adults, $10 for students, military personnel and seniors, $5 for children younger than age 5, and free for infants in laps. The proceeds benefit local charities, including Sarah's House. To purchase tickets, call 443-827-1359 or visit www.WACArts.com.