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IV. ALGEBRAIC CONCEPTS
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1 IV. ALGEBRAIC CONCEPTS Algebra is the language of mathematics. Much of the observable world can be characterized as having patterned regularity where a change in one quantity results in changes in other quantities. Through algebra and the use of variables and functions, mathematical models can be built which are essential to personal, scientific, economic, social, medical, artistic, and civic fields of inquiry. Wisconsin Model Academic Standards The Praxis II Middle School Content Examination emphasizes your ability to apply mathematical procedures and algorithms to solve a variety of problems that span multiple mathematics content areas. The content area of algebraic concepts accounts for 10% of the mathematics component of the Middle School Content Examination and includes the following topics. Algebraic Representations: Examinees will represent algebraic concepts in a variety of ways including expressions, equations, formulas, tables, graphs and other representations. Number Patterns: Examinees will describe patterns by writing or identifying a formula. Algebraic Properties: Examinees will recognize and apply the field properties of real numbers such as the associative, commutative, and distributive properties; the additive and multiplicative inverses; and the special properties of zero and one Algebraic Procedures: Examinees will be able to simplify algebraic expression and solve algebraic equations (in one or two variables) and inequalities. They will apply these procedures and other algebraic formulas to solve a variety of problems. Algebraic Functions: Examinees will represent linear functions in graphical form and understand the concept of slope and y-intercepts. They will be able to interpret the graphical representation of other types of functions. Algebraic thinking is often referred to as generalized arithmetic. Using the tools of algebra, we can discover and describe patterns and relationships between quantities. Algebra can be used as a mathematical language to represent these patterns and relationships in words, symbols, tables, and graphs. Number patterns and relationships can be generalized through the use of a variable in algebraic expressions and equations. A variable, defined as a quantity whose value may change, demonstrates the dynamic nature of algebra. This dynamic aspect allows us to describe change and make predictions through functional relationships that describe how a change in one quantity can produce a change in another (e.g., amount of postage and the weight of a package.)
2 Topic A: Algebraic Representations h c A major objective in algebra is to learn to translate among words, tables, graphs and variables as shown in the example below. Words: Barbara has a snow shoveling business. She charges $4 for each hour that she shovels. Table: # Hours (h) h Total Cost (c) $4 $8 $12 $16 c = 4h Graph: Variables: Let c = cost and h = number of hours. Algebraic Equation: c = 4h Algebraic expressions and equations both involve the use of variable(s) and allow us to describe patterns and relationships in a generalized manner. For example, the algebraic equation c = 4h means that the total cost that Barbara charges is related to the number of hours (h) she shovels. That is, the total cost is 4 times the number hours.
3 Algebraic Expressions: An expression is a representation that involves variables and numbers and operations symbols. It is different than an algebraic equation because it does not contain the equality sign. Translating words into algebraic expressions and understanding those expressions is a critical component of the algebraic curriculum. The table below examines common translations. Operation Key Words Algebraic Expression + Addition The sum of 7 and a number. 7 + y Ten more than a number 10 + n A number increased by 6 m Subtraction 7 minus a number 7 n The difference of 5 and y 5 y 9 less than a number m 9 A number decreased by 6 x 6 Operation Key Words Algebraic Expression x Multiplication Four times a number 4n The product of -3 and a number -3y 25% of a number 0.25x Two-thirds of a number 2/3m Division The quotient of a number and 5 20 divided by a number n 5 or 5 n 20 m or m 20 Combining Operations Nine less than three times a number 3n 9 The quotient of a number increased n + 5 by 5 and 7 7 The phone company charges $40 a m month plus 17 per minute for long distance calls Algebraic Equations and Inequalities: Once we learn how to translate phrases into expressions we can translate sentences into equations. Two algebraic expressions with the same value form an equation, symbolized with the equal sign =. Therefore, an algebraic equation is a statement of equality. In a mathematical sentence, the word is is translated into the equal sign =. Using the same key words above, we can translate the following sentences into algebraic equations using one or more variables. Inequalities are algebraic expressions that are related by the less than (<), less than or equal to ( ), greater than (>) or greater than or equal to ( ). Sentence Algebraic Equation The sum of 7 and a numbers is y = 15
4 The sum of 7 and a numbers is greater than 15 The length (L) of a rectangle is three less than twice its width (W). Twice the larger of two numbers is the quotient of three more than five times the smaller number and y > 15 L = 2W 3 Let l = larger number and s = smaller number 3 + 5s 2l = 7 Evaluating Algebraic Expressions, Equations, and Inequalities: To evaluate an algebraic expression, we can substitute a specific value for each variable and perform the indicated operations. For example, we can evaluate the expression 7 + y for y = 5 by plugging in 5 for y and performing the addition operation: = 12. Evaluating expressions is a helpful tool for checking to see if we translated words into symbols correctly or filling in a table or making a graph that represents a numerical pattern or relationship. When we evaluate an equation or inequality, we are determining the truthfulness of a numerical sentence. For example, we could ask ourselves if y = 5, gives the correct solution to the equation 7 + y = 15. By plugging in y = 5, we see that In other words, y = 5 is not a solution to the equation 7 + y = 15. Note y = 8 is a solution to the equation since = 15. We will use these fundamental skills to form and verify algebraic expressions and equations found in number patterns To practice translating words into algebraic expressions, equations and inequalities please visit the Variable Expression Learning Object or take the Translation Challenge. Topic B: Number Patterns Many people describe mathematics as the science of patterns. This is not surprising since patterns are all around us. In mathematics, we use the language of algebra to identify and generalize patterns. We can use these generalizations to predict the next number or object in the sequence or the 50 th number. In mathematics, a sequence is a list of numbers or objects. Consider the sequence of numbers 4, 7, 10, 13,. We call each number in the sequence a term. That is the first term (n = 1) is 4, the second term (n = 2) is 7, and so on. We can describe this sequence in words or an algebraic expression. We can also represent a sequence using tables or graphs. Words: Each term in the sequence is 4 more than the previous term. Algebraic Expression: Let n = term number, then this sequence is represented by 3n + 1. Graph and Table: Term number (n) n Term n + 1
5 The sequence given by 4, 7, 10, 13, is called an arithmetic sequence because each term is found by adding the same amount to each previous term. In other words, an arithmetic sequence is a sequence in which the difference between any two consecutive terms is the same. Another common type of sequence in mathematics is a geometric sequence. In a geometric sequence, each term is found by multiplying the same amount to each previous term. For example, the sequence given by 4, 8, 16, 32, is a geometric sequence determined by multiplying by two to get to the next term. Problem solving with patterns often ask us to find the missing term in a sequence or to verify an expression for the given sequence. The two problems below demonstrate these types of problem solving skills. Look at the number pattern: 8, 15, 22, 29, Problem 1: What is the next number in this in the pattern? a. 30 b. 35 c. 36 d. 41 Problem 2: Which expression represents the next number in the pattern, where n is the term number in the pattern? a. 8n b. 8n + 7 c. 7n + 1 d. 7(n + 1) For more practice with patterns, please visit the Number Pattern Learning Object or the Sequences Learning Object. Topic C: Algebraic Properties Addition and multiplication of real numbers exhibit a number of different properties. Using the language of algebra we can generalize these properties as algebraic rules and equations. The following tables represent these field properties for real numbers a, b, and c. Field Property for Addition 1. Closure: a + b is a real number. The sum of any two real numbers is a unique real number. Arithmetic Examples = 7 1/5 + 2/3 = 13/15
6 2. Commutative Property: a + b = b + a. The order of the addends does not affect the sum. 3. Associative Property: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c). The grouping of addends does not affect the sum. 4. Additive Identity: a + 0 = 0 + a = a. The sum of any real number and 0 is that number. 5. Additive Inverse: a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0. The sum of a real number and its opposite is 0. Field Property for Multiplication a x b = ab 1. Closure: ab is a real number. The product of any two real numbers is a unique real number. 2. Commutative Property: ab = ba. The order of the factors does not affect the sum. 3. Associative Property: (ab)c = a(bc). The grouping of addends does not affect the sum. 4. Multiplicative Identity: a x 1 = 1 x a = a. The product of any real number and 1 is that number. 5. Multiplicative Inverse: a x 1/a = 1/a x a = 1. The product of a real number and its reciprocal is Distributive Property of Multiplication Over Addition: a(b + c) = ab + ac To multiply a sum by a real number, multiply each addend by that number, then add the two products = = 7 1/5 + 2/3 = 2/3 + 1/5 = 13/15 (5 + 2) + 3 = 5 + (2 + 3) = 10 (1/5 + 2/3) + 1/3 = 1/5 + (2/3 + 1/3) = = 5 1/5 + 0 = 0 + 1/5 = 1/5 5 + (-5) = (-5) + 5 = 0 1/5 + (-1/5) = (-1/5) + (1/5) = 0 Arithmetic Examples 5(2) = 10 1/5(2/3) = 2/15 5(2) = 2(5) = 10 1/5 x 2/3 = 2/3 x 1/5 = 2/15 (5x2) x 3 = 5 x (2 x 3) = 30 5x1 = 1x5 = 5 1/5 x 1 = 1 x1/5 = 1/5 5 x 1/5 = 1/5 x 5 = 1 2/3 x 3/2 = 1 5(2 + 3) = 5x2 + 5x3 = 25 To identify these properties in other examples, please visit the Properties of Real Numbers Learning Object. Topic D: Algebraic Procedures Consider the following problem: Mark is the younger brother of Mike who is two years older. Six less than four times Mark s age is equal to three times Mike s age. How old in Mark? In order to solving this problem, we must be proficient at performing algebraic procedures. Two common procedures are simplifying expressions and solving linear equations. Before we return to solving the task above, we will examine these types of algebraic procedures. Simplify Expressions: We use the field properties in Topic C, to simplify algebraic expressions. Often the goal of simplifying polynomial expressions is to combine like terms. To begin, we need some common terminology. A term in a polynomial expression can be a constant, a variable or the product of a number and variable(s). Here are some terms in a polynomial expression 5, 3x, 5y 2, -2ab. Through addition, subtraction, or multiplication we can form polynomial expressions.
7 The table below illustrates the ideas behind simplifying polynomial expressions. Combining Like Terms: 3x 2 2x + 5 3x + 4 2x 2 = x 2 5x + 9 Multiplying by a Constant: 2(3x 2) = 6x 4 Multiplying Polynomials: (x + 1)(3x 2) = 3x 2 2x + 3x 2 = 3x 2 + x - 2 Distributing the Negative: 3x (2x 4) = 3x 2x + 4 = x + 4 Factoring out the GCF: 6x + 9 = 3(2x + 3) Factoring Polynomials: x 2 + 7x + 12 = (x + 4)(x + 3) To practice these techniques, visit the Simplifying Algebraic Expressions Learning Object. Solving Linear Equations: In order to solve word problems, we must apply our skills in translating words into equations, as well as using the techniques above. Common word problems on the PRAXIS II examination are of two forms: linear equations in one variable and linear equations in two variables. A linear equation in one variable can be written in the form ax + b = c, where a, b, and c are real numbers (a 0). This type of equation is also called a first-degree equation because the greatest power on the variable is one. We often solve these types of equations by undoing the order of operations through the addition property of equality and the multiplication property of equality. These two properties state that what we do to one side of the equation, we must do to the other side of the equation. The goal of these procedures is to isolate the variable term on one side. See if you can follow the steps for solving the linear equation in one variable given by 4x 2x 5 = 4 + 6x + 3. Steps 4x 2x 5 = 4 + 6x + 3 2x 5 = 6x + 7 2x 5 = 6x Justification Combine Like Terms Addition Property of Equality (Add 5 to each side) 2x = 6x x = 6x x -6x -4x = 12-4x = x = -3 Check: 4(-3) 2(-3) 5 = 4 + 6(-3) = 4 + (-18) = - 11 Addition Property of Equality (Add -6x to both sides or subtract 6x from both sides) Multiplication Property of Equality (Multiply both sides by -1/4 or divide both sides by -4)
8 Try to solve a word problem as a linear equation in one variable: Mark is the younger brother of Tom who is two years older. Six less than four times Mark s age is equal to three times Tom s age. How old in Mark? To practice solving word problems involving linear equations, visit the Story Problem Learning Object or the Subsets Learning Object. Topic E: Algebraic Functions Reflect back on Barbara s snow shoveling business. She charges $4 for each hour that she shovels. If she shovels for 4 hours, she will charge $16. If she shovels for 7.5 hours, she will charge $30. In general, Barbara will charge more money for her services as the number of hours she spends shoveling increases. In other words the amount the Barbara charges for her services is a function of the number of hours she works. If we let the variable h represent the number of hours and let c represent the total cost of the job, then the rule for this function is given by c = 4h. We often call this type of equation a linear equation in two variables. We encounter many functional relationships every day. Here are a few more examples: The number of wheels in a parking lot is a function of the number of cars. The amount of postage on a first-class package is a function of the weight of the package. The cost of filling up at a gas station is a function of the amount of gasoline you purchase. We can express each functional relationship by a rule or algebraic equation in two variables. This rule describes the relationship of a dependent variable (e.g., cost of filling up) as a function of the independent variable (e.g., amount of gasoline purchased). This rule can be also expressed in words, tables, graphs, or through function machines. Viewing a function as a machine provides insight into the dynamic nature of the rule. That is, we can investigate how the change in the independent variable (the input) elicits change in the dependent variable (the output). In algebra, we often chose x to represent the input variable and y to represent the output variable. Below is one example of function machine. The function rule given above by y = 2x + 1 can also be expressed in a table or as a graph.
9 In problem solving tasks involving a functional relationships we are often given the input and output values and are asked to determine the algebraic rule. Which equation expresses the relationship between x and y as shown in the accompanying table and graph? a. y = x 3 b. y = 3x 5 c. y = 2x 3 d. y = x + 1 The two functional relationships above represent linear functions. More specifically, these rules represent the slope-intercept form of the equation of line given by y = mx + b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept. The slope gives us an idea of the direction and steepness of the line. We can also view the slope as the rise over run. In the linear equation y = 2x + 1, the slope is m = 2 = 2/1, which means a rise of 2 units for every run of 1 unit. That is, as x increases by 1, y increases by 2. The y-intercept, b, is the value for which the graph crosses the y-axis. At this point, the x-coordinate is x = 0. From a graph or table, the equation of a line can be found by determining the slope and its y-intercept. To find the slope, we need two points (x 1, y 1 ) and (x 2, y 2 ) on the graph or in the table
10 The slope is defined as the change in the y-coordinates divided by the change in the y2 y1 corresponding x-coordinates as shown in the formula m =. x x By examining slopes of two lines we can determine whether those lines intersect or not. Two non-intersecting lines are called parallel and these lines must have the same slope. Two lines that intersect at a right angle (90 degrees) are called perpendicular and these lines have slopes that are opposite reciprocals. That is, a line perpendicular to y = 2x + 1 is given by y = -1/2x + 5. To practice these skills regarding the functions and the slopes and y-intercepts of linear equations, please visit the following learning objects. Points on a Line XY Plane Perpendicular Lines Step Functions 2 1
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Q: can we have Telerik DatePicker by default in Year Mode I am using Telerik Date Picker for ASP.Net MVC Razor Form.
In this form for Date of Birth field i am using Telerik Control.
code is as Below
@(Html.Telerik().DatePicker()
                                .Name("DOB")
                                .Value(Model.DOB))

My requirement is when we click on the calender icon of Date Picker, it will show the day from there we have to navigate to month and year.
to avoid this. I want the calender to show years first and navigate from there.
Is it possible?

A: This is not currently supported by the Telerik date picker.
Day view is always the default.

A: Someone has posted a solution on their forums, as a workaround: http://www.telerik.com/community/forums/aspnet-mvc/datepicker/set-datepicker-default-view-to-year-selection.aspx

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Economists aren't all bad
'Some research on students suggests economics either attracts or creates sociopaths'
Justin Welby, the Archbishop of Canterbury, recently bemoaned the way that "we are all reduced to being Homo financiarius or Homo economicus, mere economic units … for whom any gain is someone else's loss in a zero-sum world."
The remarks were reported on the 1st of April, but I checked, and the Archbishop seems serious. He set out two ways to see the world: the way a Christian sees it, full of abundance and grace; and the way he claims Milton Friedman saw it, as a zero-sum game.
Whatever the faults one might find in Friedman's thinking, seeing the world as a zero-sum game was not one of them. So what do we learn from this, other than that the Archbishop of Canterbury was careless in his choice of straw man? The Archbishop does raise a troubling idea. Perhaps studying economics is morally corrosive and may simply make you a meaner, narrower human being.
That might seem to be taking the economics-bashing a bit far but there is a hefty body of evidence to consult here. (Two recent short survey articles, by psychologist Adam Grant and by economist Timothy Taylor, provide a good starting point.) Several studies have compared the attitudes or behaviour of economics students or teachers with those of people learning or teaching other academic disciplines.
Typically, these studies find that economists are less co-operative in classroom games: they contribute less to collective goods and they act selfishly in the famous prisoner's dilemma (where two people have a strong incentive to betray each other but would collectively be better off if both stayed loyal). In 1993, Robert Frank (an economist) and Thomas Gilovich and Dennis Regan (both psychologists) surveyed academics and found that although almost everyone claimed to give money to charity, almost 10 per cent of economists said they gave nothing.
Frank and his colleagues also gave hypothetical dilemmas to students. Would they correct a billing error in their favour? Would they return a lost but addressed envelope containing cash? (And what did they think other people would do in these situations?) Those studying traditional microeconomics classes were less likely than other students to give the honest response, and slightly less likely to expect honesty from others. Most students said they would return an addressed envelope with cash in it but economics students were more likely to admit to baser motives.
Reading such research suggests economics either attracts or creates sociopaths – and that should give economics instructors pause for thought.
Yet I am not totally persuaded. Economists did actually give more to charity in Frank's survey. They were richer, and while they gave less as a percentage of their income they did give more in cash terms.
What about those hypothetical questions about envelopes full of cash? Were economics students selfish or merely truthful? Anthony Yezer and Robert Goldfarb (economists) and Paul Poppen (a psychologist) conducted an experiment to find out, surreptitiously dropping addressed envelopes with cash in classrooms to see if economics students really were less likely to return the money. Yezer and colleagues found quite the opposite: the economics students were substantially more likely to return the cash. Not quite so selfish after all.
Most importantly, classroom experiments with collective goods or the prisoner's dilemma don't capture much of economic life. The prisoner's dilemma is a special case, and a counter-intuitive one. It is not surprising that economics students behave differently, nor does it tell us much about how they behave in reality. If there is a single foundational principle in economics it is that when you give people the chance to trade with each other, both of them tend to become better off. Maybe that's naive but it's all about "abundance" and is the precise opposite of a zero-sum mentality.
In fact, some of the more persuasive criticisms of economics are that it is too optimistic about abundance and peaceful gains from trade. From this perspective, economists should give more attention to the risks of crime and violence and to the prospect of inviolable environmental limits to economic growth. Perhaps economists don't realise that some situations really are zero-sum games.
Economists may appear ethically impoverished on the question of co-operating in the prisoner's dilemma but they seem to have a far more favourable attitude to immigration from poorer countries. To an economist, foreigners are people too.
This viewpoint infuriates some critics of economics, to the extent that it earned the famous nickname of "the dismal science". Too few people know the context in which Thomas Carlyle hurled that epithet: it was in a proslavery article, first published in 1849, a few years after slavery had been abolished in the British empire. Carlyle attacked the idea that "black men" might simply be induced to work for pay, according to what he sneeringly termed the "science of supply and demand". Scorning the liberal views of economists, he believed Africans should be put to work by force.
Economics puts us at risk of some ethical mistakes, but with its respect for individual human agency it also inoculates us against some true atrocities. I'm not ashamed to be a dismal scientist.
Also published at ft.com.
15th of April, 2014 • Undercover Economist	• Comments off
Rory Sutherland says:
Unusual as it is for me to leap to the defence of economists, the one charge I think you can't level with them is that of zero-sum thinking.
If there is one significant benefit to the study of economics, it is surely that people understand the mutual benefits of voluntary exchange, and emerge rather better people for it.
On the subject of cooperation, he may also be wrong and for similar reasons. Where he may have more of a point is that economics may view markets as perfectly efficient when they are not – and may also value efficiently too highly when it needs to be weighed against other, sometimes competing, virtues such as fairness or trust.
15th of April, 2014
CdrJameson says:
Possibly a misunderstanding of what a zero sum game actually means. There is still a problem with extreme rational economic thinking, but that's not it.
The problem is in determinedly pursuing individual benefit at a cost to wider society.
Freeloading is economically rational.
Exploiting negative externalities is economically rational.
Theft is economically rational, for most configurations of chance of being caught and level of punishment.
A model of everyone as rational economic actors working only to maximise their self-interest is literally anti-social.
The Prisoner's Dilemma of course illustrates this point. It is economically rational for every individual participant to defect, but this drastically lowers the overall wealth in the system, which would be maximised if everyone cooperated.
Fortunately in the real world people people tend to cooperate more than purely rational economical thinking would suggest, in line with what evolution would suggest as a cooperative society will out-compete a selfishly rational one.
Perhaps he meant to suggest that Christian thinking emphasises taking a personal cost to yourself in exchange for a larger benefit for other people?
Here's a paper looking into why economists are different using a binary trust experiment. The author recently did a talk at my university.
Besides looking at nature vs. nurture, it also considers gender. Surprisingly, it has quiet an impact.
Female economics students are already the least trustworthy at the beginning of their studies, only to become even less trustworthy over the course of their studies. Furthermore the findings are compared to law students, where nurture results in an exactly opposite development.
http://www.dice.hhu.de/fileadmin/redaktion/Fakultaeten/Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche_Fakultaet/DICE/Discussion_Paper/DP-136_Haucap_Mueller.pdf
David Sweet says:
I was directed to this interesting summary by Simon Wren Lewis.
I'm sorry, but as someone who has described himself as an economist I'm still not convinced. While I agree the Archbishop was well off the mark with his 'zero sum' comment, the point made by an earlier commenter – A model of everyone as rational economic actors working only to maximise their self-interest is literally anti-social. – is nearer the mark. Moreover (motive of my original comment) it seems to me that the emphasis on micro-foundations and the refusal by mainstream economists to consider issues of distribution is making the situation worse.
In a way, your remark "Economists did actually give more to charity in Frank's survey. They were richer, and while they gave less as a percentage of their income they did give more in cash terms." seems to sum up the problem. Economists are more selfish but they're richer so that's all good then (in the context of charitable giving). NO that is not all good. If economics makes its adherents richer and relatively meaner (which you seem to concede) there is something wrong with the discipline and a lot wrong with those of us who support it. There is some hard thinking to do, but it's much easier to study inter-temporal optimization than to think about the value of what is being optimised.
TickyW says:
Er,…. most economists do not advocate immigration out of compassion. They advocate it because immigration fuels growth in the host economy.
So far from being ethical, as Mr Harford would have us believe, economists actually advocate immigration because immigrants are seen as a means to growth, and are not perceived as an end in themselves.
I look forward to the day when economists advocate unselective immigration such that low-skilled and no-skilled people from the undeveloped world are invited here, even though they have no economic value.
drsolly says:
Has anyone done a study on the incidence of sociopaths in the population of bishops?
Tim Harford says:
Ticky – you might want to look at the work of Philippe Legrain, or Michael Clemens, or my approving column about Michael's work. Then you won't need to look forward any more.
David – "so that's all good then" is a straw man. It's not what I wrote. Frank's research is often glibly summarised as "economists give less to charity" and that's not a very complete account of what Frank et al found.
21st of April, 2014
Thank you for reading! says:
This isnt 100% in line with the point you were making regarding straw men and evidence from experiments, etc but it may still be broadly relevant:
Some people's values are so unsystematic that it is hard to catch the moral flaws in their worldviews.
For example, Ive learned from experience that a lot of people who rail against US factories closing dont seem to care at all that a similar factory will be opened in Vietnam and thus thousands of Vietnamese workers will get jobs they desperately need.
Yet these are the people who come off as caring and moral, while the private equity fund that is moving the factory to Vietnam comes off as vile and inhumane.
Of course, the anger at the factory closing doesnt take place within any kind of systematic, global intellectual framework (i.e. the economics of international trade) so there is no mechanism by which the inconsistency in the thinking becomes immediately apparent.
Economics has a fairly systematic worldview and so its much easier to identify "unsavory" moral conclusions within in.
Meanwhile, countless moral failures on the part of much less systematic worldviews go undetected every day.
23rd of April, 2014

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Jasmine Villegas has been busying herself with motherhood ever since her daughter with Ronnie Banks, Ameera Reign, was born in February. They're a happy, gorgeous family, so this may come as a surprise, but they haven't really shared a family photo together — until now.
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Illinois Personal Injury Lawyer Blog
Articles Posted in Product Liability
FDA Warns of New Cancer Risk from Breast Implants
December 6, 2022 | Margaret Collins
The FDA recently issued a safety communication warning about a link between breast implants and certain cancers that can develop in the scar tissue around implants.
This new agency warning does not include Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma which has previously been linked to certain Allergan textured breast implants. Those textured implants were recalled after being linked to 600 illnesses and 33 deaths.
Now the FDA is warning women about squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and lymphomas that are linked to all types of implants, regardless of whether they are saline or silicone filled, smooth or textured. These cancers form in the capsule, or scar tissue, around the implant. Currently, the FDA is aware of 20 cases of squamous cell cancer and 30 cases of lymphoma in the capsule around breast implants. The agency issued this statement as part of its safety communication, "While the FDA believes that occurrences of SCC or various lymphomas in the capsule around the breast implant may be rare, health care providers and people who have or are considering breast implants should be aware that cases have been reported to the FDA and in the literature. Currently, the incidence rate and risk factors for SCC and various lymphomas in the capsule around the breast implants are unknown."
Margaret Collins
Posted in: Consumer Product safety, Personal Injury and Product Liability
Tagged: breast cancer, breast implants, cancer and FDA
September Product Recalls
October 6, 2022 | The Collins Law Firm, P.C.
Baby strollers and other children's products top the list of items recalled in September.
Recalled: Cityscape Travel Jogger Strollers
Cityscape Travel Jogger strollers (Model TJ75B12A) are being recalled because the parking brake can fail, posing fall and injury hazards to children.
Posted in: Consumer Product safety and Product Liability
Tagged: Baby product recalls, defective products, product recalls and recalls
Updated: October 6, 2022 2:12 pm
Necrotizing Enterocolitis Linked To Infant Formula
June 3, 2022 | Margaret Collins
The product liability attorneys at The Collins Law Firm are investigating claims from the parents of premature infants who were fed Similac or Enfamil baby formula while in the hospital and then developed necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).
What is NEC?
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious intestinal illness–typically affecting premature infants—that can cause permanent damage to a baby's gastrointestinal system. The word "Necrotizing" refers to cell damage and death. "Entero" means the intestine, and "Colitis" means inflammation of the colon. NEC typically happens after the first 2 weeks of life in premature babies who are fed cow's milk-based formula instead of breast milk. NEC develops when the tissue in the large intestine becomes inflamed due to a bacterial infection. The infection and inflammation cause sections of the intestine to become necrotic and die. When this happens, it can create a perforation (or hole) in the intestine which allows bacteria to escape into the abdomen and pass into the bloodstream. Unfortunately, NEC usually strikes suddenly and can progress rapidly. If not treated immediately, it may put a baby's life in danger.
Tagged: Abbott, Enfamil, infant formula, Mead Johnson, NEC, Necrotizing enterocolitis, NICU, premature babies, Preterm infant and Similac
Updated: June 3, 2022 12:40 pm
Air Fryers Recalled Due to Fire Risk
May 13, 2022 | The Collins Law Firm, P.C.
On April 21st, 2022, Best Buy issued a recall of nearly 775,000 Insignia air fryers and air fryer ovens due to multiple consumer reports of the devices catching fire, burning, or melting. The fryers, which have the brand name Insignia on the top or front of the appliance, were sold in the U.S. and Canada between November 2018 and February 2022.
These air fryers pose a potential risk to consumers and may cause severe injury if something goes wrong. If you are currently using an Insignia air fryer, you should stop using it immediately and register here (or call Best Buy at 800-566-7498) to return the appliance and receive a Best Buy credit.
The devices that are being recalled are:
Posted in: Product Liability
Tagged: Air fryers, Best Buy, defective products, Insignia and Recall
Updated: May 13, 2022 11:10 am
Procter & Gamble Recalls Dry Shampoos and Conditioners, Its Second Recall in Months
January 8, 2022 | Margaret Collins
Procter & Gamble has issued a voluntary product recall of more than 30 aerosol spray dry shampoos and dry conditioners, warning that the products could contain benzene, a cancer-causing chemical linked to leukemia.
Benzene has been classified as a "known human carcinogen" by the EPA and the International Agency for Research on Cancer based on sufficient evidence that it causes leukemia. It has also been linked to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.
The recall includes aerosol spray products from Pantene, Herbal Essences, Aussie, and Waterless, in addition to several discontinued aerosol dry shampoo products from Old Spice and Hair Food. The products are being recalled by Procter &Gamble after benzene was detected in some products.
Posted in: Air pollution, Benzene, Environmental Contamination and Product Liability
Tagged: Aussie, Benzene, Dry Shampoo, Herbal Essence, Pantene, Procter & Gamble, Recall and recalls
Updated: January 8, 2022 2:06 pm
Deadly Bacteria in Recalled Walmart Aromatherapy Room Spray
October 28, 2021 | The Collins Law Firm, P.C.
On October 22nd, 2021, Walmart issued a recall of approximately 3,900 bottles of their Better Homes and Gardens-branded Essential Oil Infused Aromatherapy Room Spray with Gemstones due to the presence of a potentially deadly bacteria in the product. The CDC tested the room spray and determined that it contained the extremely rare and dangerous bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei which causes melioidosis, a condition that is difficult to diagnose and can be fatal. So far, there have been four confirmed cases of melioidosis and two deaths, including that of a child. The cases have been reported in Georgia, Kansas, Minnesota, and Texas. The recall includes 6 different scents:
84140411420 Better Homes and Gardens (BHG) Gem Room Spray Lavender & Chamomile
84140411421 Better Homes and Gardens (BHG) Gem Room Spray Lemon and Mandarin
Tagged: Aromatherapy room spray, Bacteria, defective products, Melioidosis, Recall and Walmart
Instagram Contributes to Teen Girls developing Eating Disorders, Depression, and Suicidal Thoughts, According to Documents Leaked by Whistleblower
October 6, 2021 | Margaret Collins
In explosive and damaging testimony, whistleblower Frances Haugen told Congress that internal research proves that Facebook and Instagram knowingly showed teens and young women content that caused them to develop eating disorders, depression, and suicidal thoughts.
Sit down and let that sink in.
Facebook and Instagram (which is owned by Facebook) allegedly knew from their own research that their content was potentially causing irreparable damage to young women and teen girls but continued to push that content for profit. "Facebook knows that they are leading young users to anorexia content," said Ms. Haugen, adding that, "I am here today because I believe Facebook's products harm children."
Tagged: Facebook, Facebook whistleblower, Frances Haugen, Instagram and Teen mental health
Updated: November 3, 2021 9:25 am
Boppy Loungers Recalled Due to Suffocation Risk
September 30, 2021 | Margaret Collins
On September 23rd, 2021, the Boppy Company issued a voluntary recall of 3.3 million baby loungers after eight infants suffocated while sleeping on the pillow between 2015 and 2020. The three baby loungers being recalled are:
Boppy Original Newborn Loungers
Boppy Preferred Newborn Loungers
Posted in: Consumer Product safety, Product Liability and Uncategorized
Tagged: #Consumer Product Safety Commission, Boppy lounger, defective products, infant safety and Newborn lounger
WARNING for Women with Allergan's Biocell Breast Implants: Do Not Sign Anything from Allergan Without Consulting an Attorney
May 6, 2021 | Shawn Collins
After Allergan's textured breast implants were linked to breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL), the FDA asked Allergan to voluntarily recall the implants in July 2019. BIA-ALCL is a rare form of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that appears almost exclusively in women who have textured breast implants, Allergan's Biocell implants in particular.
BIA-ALCL is typically found in the scar tissue and fluid surrounding the implants, and if left untreated, can spread to other parts of the body. The symptoms of the cancer include pain or swelling near the implant, a lump in the breast, or a hardening of the breast. So far, 481 women with Allergan textured breast implants have been diagnosed with BIA-ALCL, and 33 have died.
Since the recall, women have been consulting with their doctors about the best course forward for them, including discussing whether removing the implants and replacing them with a safer type of breast implant is the best option. Many women, with the advice of their doctor, have decided to go this route.
Shawn Collins
Tagged: Allergan, Allergan Biocell, Allergan Biocell breast implants, Allergan Biocell implants, Allergan textured breast implants, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, BIA-ALCL, Biocell textured breast implants, breast implants and textured breast implants
Updated: May 6, 2021 9:42 am
Peloton Recalls Treadmills After Denying Responsibility for Child's Death and Other Injuries
May 5, 2021 | Margaret Collins
Peloton is recalling its Tread+ and Tread treadmills, less than a month after fighting with the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) over the agency's "urgent warning" about the potential dangers of the treadmills and request for a recall of the machines. The warning urged consumers to stop using the treadmills after they were linked to the death of one child and the injuries of 29 others.
On Wednesday, the company said that it will offer full refunds for the treadmills, which cost $4,295, and will stop selling them. The recall comes with an apology from Peloton CEO, John Foley, who said that the company "made a mistake" in fighting the commission's request for a recall.
The commission issued the warning and recall request because it had received 72 reports of children, pets, and other objects being pulled under the treadmill. Twenty-nine of those reports involved children who were injured by the treadmill, including children with broken bones, brain injuries, and cuts. One six-year-old child died from his injuries. The potential dangers of the exercise machines were highlighted in a video showing a child being pulled under a Pelton treadmill which was posted to YouTube.
Tagged: #Peloton, #Peloton Tread+, #treadmill, #treadmill dangers, defective products and peloto
Updated: May 5, 2021 12:36 pm
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***SOLD*** Like-new 4 bedroom, 2 bath home in Savanna Pointe. This move-in ready property offers many recent updates and has been meticulously maintained inside and out. Great curb appeal with newly painted exterior, fresh landscaping, updating outside coach lights and brand new entry door. Foyer is graced with custom tile work, basket weave entry light and a useful coat closet. Great room design provides an open and roomy layout along with vaulted ceiling, new wood grain laminate flooring, matching ceiling fan and sliders leading to the screened back porch. Kitchen is finished with stainless appliances, breakfast bar, eat-in area, closet pantry and plenty of room for storage and prep. Comfortably sized 14'x15′ master suite with two walk-in closets, dual sinks, jetted tub and tiled walk-in shower. The guest bedrooms are split from the master each with ample closet space and easy access to the full guest bathroom. Convenient tiled inside laundry room just off the two car garage. Screened porch has slate tile flooring and overlooks the spacious backyard providing plenty of room for family, friends and pets. Other notable features and recent updates include: new attic stairs, inside and outside paint, new ac condenser, new bathroom lighting, new hallway and entry lighting, new dining light, new kitchen tile, new laminate wood grain floors, new entry tile floors, new porch screen, new cabinet hardware and a brand new front door. Not much to do, but move in!


[on playing the strong-willed, feisty Violet in "American Horror Story" (2011)] The horror aspect, the scary parts, are easy for me. I mean I can get into that pretty easy, because I get scared. You have to invest yourself in these characters.


It is a Boomless (spider quad, gem quad)design. It uses Glassfibre arms (a must). It uses a single coax line to a homebrew antenna switch. From there, a seperate feedline goes to each of the Driven Element feedpoints. There is a homebrew Choke Balun at each feedpoint. how to build a lable stand with paper How To Build A Router Table Plans 8 Foot Picnic Table Plans Separate Benches Plans And Diagram For Building A Coffee Table Big Green Egg Large Table Plans Micro Adjust Router Table Fence Plans Building a separate room or shed in your backyard that can used for any planting activities or your tools is a rewarding internet business.
It is a Boomless (spider quad, gem quad)design. It uses Glassfibre arms (a must). It uses a single coax line to a homebrew antenna switch. From there, a seperate feedline goes to each of the Driven Element feedpoints. There is a homebrew Choke Balun at each feedpoint.
The ground station. To fly FPV, you will need a video receiver, and a way to display the video while you fly. This equipment is known as the ground station.


To interfere or clash with something. Wait, no, I can't meet with you at 3:00—that conflicts with a conference call I have. I cannot support you in this action, sir, as it conflicts with my religious beliefs.
to clash with something. (Does not refer to fighting.) This date conflicts with my doctor's appointment. As far as I can tell, the date you suggest does not conflict with anything.
Conflict exists on a continuum from mild disagreements or diverse opinions with little volatility to extremely destructive, dysfunctional conflict with intense, excessive volatility.
This study found that (1) process conflict between salespeople was positively related to process conflict between a salespeople and an engineer; (2) when relationship perceive relationship conflict, the salespeople who transmit sales information relatively more often will have relatively stronger relationship conflict with the engineer ; (3) when salespeople perceive strong process conflict, the salespeople who transmits information relatively more often will have relatively stronger process conflict with the engineer; and (4) a salespeople's information transmission positively affects process conflict between that salespeople and engineers.
The WTO round aims to give preference to the trade agendas of developing countries which conflicts with COOL OMC needs to address the impact the environmental policy in conflict with trade, such as the case of tuna and dolphin case resulting from the Marine Mammal Protection Act.
Overall, subjects reported positive attitudes about conflict with almost ninety percent indicating that they viewed conflict as an opportunity to solve problems and bring about change.
My interest in spending time with my children may conflict with my interest in writing this paper, but this does not constitute a conflict of interest, for I am not required to exercise judgment on another person's behalf.
The practitioner should also evaluate the potential litigation risk related to performing services for parties with actual conflicts, and review the conflict with his or her insurance carrier.
We had multiple agencies with jurisdictional requirements and missions that were sometimes in direct conflict with those of other agencies," she says.
The Conflict Tactics Scale measures the actions one might take in conflict with another family member; and in this study, the scores represented the number of times the action was reported to have occurred over the past six months.
Certain H/B situations may cause OSCs to select options or tactics that conflict with the perspectives and recommendations of one or both teams, which may be due to their past experiences or political mandates outside of the OSC's control.
More specific guidelines for managing conflict with peers, supervisees, and authority figures are outlined in Figure 3.
Walton (1969: 87) clarifies this transformation of task conflict into person conflict with the help of a psychological need for consistency: "If one dislikes the position another takes .
Thus, emotional conflict had a negative effect on performance and satisfaction, regardless of the type of conflict with which it was associated.
There are distinctive strategies, techniques, and tactics for dealing with conflict with each orientation.
Good team members do not get into conflict with others.


1st place of his stallion test in Avanches, Switzerland, with an index score of 137.33 in dressage and 133 in jumping.
His sire Apartos WF, a paternal half-brother to the Canadian mount Money Talks, Moet et Chandon, Airport, the stallions April and Alcatraz; was himself a very successful Grand Prix level jumper that was also shown up to Prix St. George level in dressage. In addition to Apanarde CH, Apartos WF produced the show and breeding stallions Apartigene von Schloesslihof CH and Apadol CH. His offspring earned him more then a $150,000.
The dam Narde CH is a daughter of the Selle Francais stallion Natif de Signet SF. Producer of many open level jumpers. She combines the very best French bloodlines of Ibrahim, Alme and Que d'Espoir.
Apanarde CH won his stallion test in 1995 with the remarkable index scores of 137.33 in dressage and 133 in jumping. He was successfully shown up to the 145cm classes until a tragic hot walker accident in 2000 shortened his show career.
Apanarde's first foals where born in 1997 and distinguished themselves through their athletic type and extraordinary movements. He is the sire of Apriso CH, Apparence CH, Special Edition CH and Lady Seven CH to name a few of his successful offspring.


Blank leaves not reproduced digitally.
Binding: early 17th century limp vellum.
Manuscript on paper of notes and quotations, in two hands. Notes in a secretary hand include instruction for the branle and tables of """"The rates of ffynes for Respitt of homage"""" and other fees. Notes in an Italic hand include comments on witchcraft, didactic phrases and sentences, and notes on geography and cosmology.


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Explore AI Ethics
Reports | Gender | July 1, 2019
< Newer | Older >
Gender Diversity in AI Research
Report prepared by Nesta. Written by Kostas Stathoulopoulos and Juan Mateos-Garcia. 32 pages.
Lack of gender diversity in the Artificial Intelligence workforce is raising growing concerns, but the evidence base about this problem has until now been based on statistics about the workforce of large technology companies or submissions to a small number of prestigious conferences.
We build on this literature with a large-scale analysis of gender diversity in AI research using publications from arXiv, a widely-used preprints repository where we have identified AI papers through an expanded keyword analysis, and predicted author gender using a name-to-gender inference service. We study the evolution of gender diversity in various disciplines, countries and institutions, finding that while the share of female co-authors in AI papers is increasing, it has stagnated in disciplines related to computer science. We also find that geography plays an important role in determining the share of female authors in AI papers and that there is a severe gender gap in the top research institutions. We also study the link between female authorship in papers and the citations it receives, finding a strong, positive correlation in research domains related to the impact of information technology on society. Having done this, we examine the semantic differences between AI papers with and without female co-authors. Our results suggest that there are significant differences in machine learning and computer ethics between the United States and the United Kingdom as well as differences in the research focus of papers with female co-authors. We conclude by reporting the results of interviews with female AI researchers and other important stakeholders aimed at interpreting our findings and identifying policies to improve diversity and inclusion in the AI research workforce.
Data collection and pre-processing
Geocoding affiliations
Gender classification
AI labelling
Discipline clustering
Descriptive analysis
Drivers of gender diversity
Effects of gender diversity
Interview results
References and endnotes
Lack of gender diversity in the artificial intelligence (AI) workforce is raising growing concerns. Our analysis shows that there is a gender diversity gap in AI research, in a larger and more comprehensive corpus than those which have been used to study this important issue before.
There is a serious gender diversity crisis in AI research.
Only 13.83 per cent of authors are women and, in relative terms, the proportion of AI papers co-authored by at least one woman has not improved since the 1990s.
Location and research domain are significant drivers of gender diversity
Women in the Netherlands, Norway and Denmark are more likely to publish AI papers while those in Japan and Singapore are less likely to. The UK is 22nd on this list, with 26.62 per cent of AI papers having at least one female co-author. Women working in physics, education, computer ethics and other societal issues, and biology, are more likely to publish work on AI in comparison to those working in computer science or mathematics.
There is a significant gender diversity gap in universities, big tech companies and other research institutions
Apart from the University of Washington, every other academic institution and organisation in our dataset has less than 25 per cent female AI researchers. In big tech, only 11.3 per cent of Google's employees who have published AI research on arXiv are women. The proportion is similar for Microsoft (11.95 per cent) and slightly better for IBM (15.66 per cent).
There are important semantic differences between AI papers with and without a female co-author.
When examining publications on machine learning and societal topics in the United Kingdom in 2012 and 2015, those involving at least one female co-author tend to be more semantically similar to each other than those without any female authors. Papers with at least one female co-author also tend to be more applied and socially aware, with terms such as fairness, human mobility, mental, health, gender and personality being among the most salient ones.
Our blog, How diverse is the workforce of AI research, looks in more detail at interviews we carried out with experts in the field. We discuss how our findings resonated with their experience in the sector and explore the cultural and institutional factors that determine gender diversity in AI research.
Additional information at https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/gender-diversity-ai/
The Human Brain Project—Synergy between neuroscience, computing, informatics, and brain-inspired technologies
Technology could change how we address mental health, if we can navigate the ethical dilemmas
Educate and Advocate for Ethical AI
© Explore AI Ethics


This paper examines the ways in which rhetorics of Blackness and civil rights have been deployed by Whites positioned on both sides of modern gay rights discourse in the United States. The authors argue that the contemporary deployment of Blackness by both gay and anti-gay movements concurrently is linked to the longstanding use of race on both sides of anti-gay referendum and initiative campaigns since the late 1970s, as well as to the even longer history of the racialization of homosexuality in Europe and the United States. The paper offers a brief history of the late nineteenth-century racial construction of homosexuality, which sets the stage for the later pairing of political discourses linking Blackness and homosexuality in the twentieth-century. Drawing on research of gay rights referendums and initiatives from 1977 to 2000, the paper then demonstrates how White religiously-motivated anti-gay activists relied upon divisive arguments about whether homosexuality is 'like race' to secularize and legitimize their campaigns. Furthermore, the authors show that White gay activists have adopted varying strategies as the lesbian and gay movement has evolved - from coalitional approaches that refused simplistic 'like race' arguments at the height of the gay liberation period, to color-blind 'human rights' frameworks in the 1990s, and more direct uses of race in the 2000s that mirror religious right rhetoric. The paper concludes with a discussion of the origins and effects of 'gay rights versus Black rights' discourses more broadly, and their implications for contemporary gay marriage debates.


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Alcazaba of the Alhambra
The Alcazaba of the Alhambra constitutes the defensive point from which a Nasrid palatine city (Madīnat al-Ḥamrā) was developed from the 13th to the 15th century, giving rise to what we currently know as the monumental complex of the Alhambra of Granada.
From its beginning, around 9th century, to the Castilian Conquest (1492), but especially during the Andalusian Period, it underwent many changes in order to be adapted to diverse uses and ways of understanding defensive systems. This fact has resulted on a wide repertoire of typological elements that makes this Alcazaba one of the most complete examples of the different fortification systems developed in Spain, since Early Middle Ages until Modern Age.
Some of the constructions included on the guided tour dates from the 11th century, such as the towers situated in the northern wall. Nevertheless, most of the architecture that conforms this part of the Alhambra corresponds to the Nasrid period (13th – 15th centuries). This is the case, for example, of the Puerta de las Armas, one of the main accesses of the palatine city, which constitutes an adaptation of the albarrana tower typology. Other notable constructions are the Torre de la Vela and the Torre del Homenaje, relevant examples of housing-tower.
In the Alcazaba we can find also the remains of a residential area that responds to a higher complexity than those that a military function requires, counting with basins and baths.
Finally, the system of bastions that were incorporated during the Catholic Monarchs period, and also during the Kingdom of Charles V, allow to recognize the innovations introduced as a result of the development of the artillery and the Italian modern fortification systems.
The visit will take place in the entire enclose of the Alcazaba, with the possibility to access at some spaces, such us the Puerta de las Armas and the Baluarte, that are not usually included in the public visit of the Alhambra.*
* Access permit to the Puerta de las Armas and the Baluarte is pending approval.
Alcazaba of Salobreña
The Alcazaba de Salobreña is one of the main fortresses of the coast of Granada. It is situated on a hill at 95 m.a.s.l., dominating the extensive beaches west of the Guadalfeo River estuary.
This construction, as well as the associated town, denominated in Arab sources such as Šalawbīnya, Šalawbīniyya or Šalawbāniya, had its main moment of development during the Nasrid Kingdom (XIII-XV centuries), when the village became an important coastal madīna, and its citadel the summer residence of the sultans.
The fortress is composed of three enclosures that had well differentiated uses. The location of the three doors that allow access to the interior responds to a sophisticated system of relationship and control of the surrounding territory: the port, the madīnaand the countryside.
The palatine area was located at the highest level. During the last archaeological excavations, in this area has been identified what should have been the main residence, with a large tower (qubba), and an annex bath located to the Northeast. The remains of both buildings, especially those of the bathroom that are in better conditions, reveal a spatial distribution that follows the model of the Comares Palace of the Alhambra.
After the annexation of Salobreña into the Kingdom of Castilla (1489), the fortress experienced numerous adaptations to the new needs arising from the use of artillery.
After having undergone several restorations during the 20th century, between 2014 and 2016 an archaeological study and a relevant restoration have been carried out, both conducted by the research group of the Laboratory of Archeology and Architecture of the City (LAAC), led by the architect Antonio Orihuela Uzal and the archaeologist Julio Navarro Palazón.
Walls of Madīnat Garnāṭa
The visit will be carried out by the members of this team, who will explain the research carried out in the whole complex of the Alcazaba.
The foundation of the palatine city of the Alhambra (Madīnat al-Ḥamrā) in the 13th century meant that this alcazaba lost its function; since then, it was called Alcazaba Cadima or Old Alcazaba (al-Qaṣaba al-Qadima), name that was finally extended to the entire walled enclosure.
The walls of Granada are one of the most important elements of the architectural heritage of the city, as they show the different stages of its urban evolution. The contour of the oldest fortification, which is dated on the Ibero-Roman period, coincides in general lines with the later Andalusian walls developed on the first Zirí period (11th century). This wall protected the city that, at those times, was limited to the current Albaicín hill, as well as the alcazaba, which was the center of the military and political power of Madīnat Garnāṭa.
Nowadays, a large part of this wall has been absorbed by current buildings. However, the part that goes from Puerta Monaita (Bab al-Unaydar) to Puerta de las Pesas (Bab al-Ziyada) remains free-standing, being a remarkable component of the landscape of the Albaicín.
Between 2012 and 2013, a Master Plan of the Albaicín walls was launched by the Institute of Cultural Heritage of Spain (IPCE), establishing the necessary measures for its conservation and restoration. Based on this document, some interventions are being carried out in two parts of the wall. One of them is the surroundings of the so-called Torre de las Tres Caras, where a restoration project on the tower and an archaeological intervention on the inside of the wall have been carried out.
The other part corresponds to the surroundings of the Puerta del Castro or Puerta de Hernán Román, which has been unrecognizable since the 18th century, when the San Cecilio's Chapel was built inside this gate. This area keeps an overlap of different walls and gates dated from the Iberian period (7th - 1st century b.C.), to the Zirí period (11th century), with Almoravid and Almohad reforms (12th and 13th centuries) and Nasrid modifications (13th - 15th centuries).
The visit includes a walk by the preserved wall from Puerta Monaita to Puerta de las Pesas, as well as the access to the inside part of the wall in the surroundings of the Torre de las Tres Caras, and to the inside of the San Cecilio's Chapel, where archaeological excavations are currently being carried out*.
*Access permit to the surroundings of the Torre de las Tres Caras and to the archaeological interventions of the San Cecilio's Chapel is pending approval.


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Yale team identifies common pathway involved in childhood vascular tumors
Vascular tumors are the most common abnormal growths in infants and children, affecting 5%-10% of newborns. Most are benign infantile hemangiomas (strawberry birthmarks) which spontaneously regress or respond to treatment with beta-blocking drugs. But a small subset of these tumors remain resistant to pharmacological therapies and require surgery. In a new study, a team of Yale-led researchers identified specific mutations in the GNA14 and GNA11 genes within these unresponsive tumors, and revealed that these mutations act via a chain of proteins known as the MAPK pathway. This insight highlights the importance of differentiating vascular tumors in children, because those that do not respond to conventional therapy may require an alternative, targeted approach, said Young Lim, an M.D.-Ph.D. student and author of the study. The findings raise the possibility for developing novel therapeutic approaches for these growths, said Keith Choate, M.D., associate professor of dermatology at Yale School of Medicine. The study was published July 28 in the American Journal of Human Genetics.
This insight highlights the importance of differentiating vascular tumors in children, because those that do not respond to conventional therapy may require an alternative, targeted approach, said Young Lim, an M.D.-Ph.D. student and author of the study.
Young Lim
Submitted by Keith Choate on October 06, 2016
Keith Choate, MD, PhD
Aaron B. and Marguerite Lerner Professor and Chair of Dermatology. Professor of Genetics and Pathology. Associate Dean for Physician-Scientist Development; Chair, Dermatology
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Home / Landscape Stories / Rethinking the Road to Diversification
Rethinking the Road to Diversification
By Merab Odero
African Women, circular economy, climate change
Where do all the old stuff and waste we generate go? From the package boxes, used cloths, e-wastes, used water bottles and can, medical waste, worn-out vehicle parts, food waste, and so on, without a doubt, they all end up in one of the dumpsites due to the persistent linear economic model in the country. Unfortunately, the current economic model involves "take, make, use and dispose of" which makes many of these used items end up in landfills and waste sites across the country. For a long time, our economy in Nigeria has been 'linear'. This means that raw materials are used to make products, and after the life spans, it becomes waste and all thrown away.
In fact the largest open waste site in Africa is situated in Nigeria, in Olusosun, Ojota, Lagos State according to findings. Furthermore, with Nigeria's growing estimated 206 million population the level and magnitude of waste generated annually are projected to go on the increase. However, considering no proper waste management system in the country, this is a cause for concern. It can be said that over 90% of waste is linearly handled annually in Nigeria. Empirical evidence supports this assertion, that most of the waste is indiscriminately dumped or burnt. Additionally, in the country, waste is considered to have no significant economic value, and this is the reason for the dumping and burning – which eventually pollutes, like the burning of heavy metals and toxic chemicals which affect the quality of air, water, and soil.
Agreeably, raw materials are largely from the earth, businesses, particularly manufacturing companies use these to make products and sell to consumers. However, once these products have reached the end of their useful life span, they are disposed of. This is referred to as a linear economy and that is significantly the current model in the country. Consequently, this pushes waste and waste management to the forefront of environmental challenges in the country. Especially with medical waste, which includes the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) wastes.
COVID-19 has had a serious impact on all parts of our society, and waste management is no exception. The already limited capacity of waste management in the country is further affected by COVID-19 waste which requires additional careful consideration and operation. Therefore, indiscriminate disposal of this form of healthcare waste could be harmful to sanitation, and serious public health consequences. More so the impact of COVID-19 has made thinking about the socio-economic and environmental future more important than ever, especially in the area of sustainability.
From context observation, a waste problem exists in the country and is prevalent, and this could fuel health risk and a further increase in the poor quality of the air and pollution in the country. This is a disturbing trend, and this instigated this piece. Since the linear economy principle is still dominant in the production and consumption model across the country, there is a need for advocacy to effect a change in the orientation. Because, it is only reasonable to imbibe proper management and control of wastes- organic, e-waste, health, industrial, agricultural and food, vehicle parts among others in the country. This should be seen as a priority and an avenue to create wealth, economic development, and an improved environment. Read more…
African Women circular economy climate change
Better Trash Collection for a Stronger Recovery: Solid Waste Management as a Pillar of Urban Change	December 22, 2020
The Congo Basin Rainforest – Central Africa	December 22, 2020


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Q: Blutooth Discovery Protocol is not Working at all . cant find my device using bluetooth , ubuntu 15.04 lenovo z 50-70 godfather@godfather-Lenovo:~$ uname -a; lspci -nnk | grep -iA2 net; lsusb; dmesg | grep -i bluetooth; dmesg | grep -i firmware; lsmod | grep bluetooth
Linux godfather-Lenovo 3.19.0-28-generic #30-Ubuntu SMP Mon Aug 31 15:52:51 UTC 2015 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
01:00.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller [10ec:8168] (rev 10)
    Subsystem: Lenovo Device [17aa:380b]
    Kernel driver in use: r8169
02:00.0 Network controller [0280]: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8723BE PCIe Wireless Network Adapter [10ec:b723]
    Subsystem: Lenovo Device [17aa:b736]
    Kernel driver in use: rtl8723be
Bus 003 Device 002: ID 8087:8000 Intel Corp.
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 001 Device 005: ID 0bda:b728 Realtek Semiconductor Corp.
Bus 001 Device 004: ID 5986:055e Acer, Inc
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 0bda:0129 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. RTS5129 Card Reader Controller
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 046d:c534 Logitech, Inc.
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
[    2.194525] usb 1-7: Product: Bluetooth Radio
[    7.908843] Bluetooth: Core ver 2.20
[    7.908861] Bluetooth: HCI device and connection manager initialized
[    7.908866] Bluetooth: HCI socket layer initialized
[    7.908869] Bluetooth: L2CAP socket layer initialized
[    7.908875] Bluetooth: SCO socket layer initialized
[   21.540324] Bluetooth: BNEP (Ethernet Emulation) ver 1.3
[   21.540327] Bluetooth: BNEP filters: protocol multicast
[   21.540330] Bluetooth: BNEP socket layer initialized
[   21.824664] Bluetooth: RFCOMM TTY layer initialized
[   21.824671] Bluetooth: RFCOMM socket layer initialized
[   21.824676] Bluetooth: RFCOMM ver 1.11
[    0.159018] [Firmware Bug]: ACPI: BIOS _OSI(Linux) query ignored
[    8.825332] rtl8723be: Using firmware rtlwifi/rtl8723befw.bin
[   12.628783] [Firmware Bug]: ACPI(PEGP) defines _DOD but not _DOS
bluetooth             491520  22 bnep,btusb,rfcomm

A: You can install bluetooth drivers this way.
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:hanipouspilot/rtlwifi
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install rtlwifi-new-dkms rtl8723au-bt-dkms linux-firmware

Bluetooth should work after reboot.