text:
Ryan S-C byl americký dvoumístný samonosný celokovový jednomotorový dolnoplošný sportovní letoun s jednoduchými ocasními plochami a pevným ostruhovým podvozkem.

Vznik

Zkušenosti s konstrukcí a výrobou celokovových vojenských cvičných letounů Ryan S-T přivedly v roce 1936 Claude Ryana k myšlence uplatnit kovovu konstrukci také u sportovního letounu. C. Ryan realizací projektu pověřil šéfkonstruktéra W. von der Meera a technického ředitele Milarda C. Boyda.

Počátkem roku 1937 byla hotová sádrová maketa v měřítku 1:1 konečných tvarů stroje Ryan S-C (Sport-Cabin), která se shodovala včetně povrchu s požadovaným letounem. Následně byly zhotoveny negativní sádrové odlitky všech zakřivených ploch trupu, z nichž byly do písku odlity tvarové lisovací šablony ze zinkové slitiny. Negativní matrice pak vznikly nastříkáním olova na zinkové odlitky. Sestaveno tak bylo přes 200 tvarovacích dvojic pro lisování zakřivených potahových plechů celého S-C. K řezání plochých plechů byly připraveny ocelové šablony.

Vývoj
První prototyp S-C byl hotov na začátku léta 1937 a v polovině roku jej zalétal zkušební pilot John Fornasero. Pohonnou jednotku tvořil čtyřválec Menasco C-4S, opatřenou dřevěnou dvoulistou vrtulí Hartzell. Koncem léta 1937, po uzavření státních zkoušek, obdržel S-C prozatímní letový certifikát a počátkem podzimu jej převzala Ryanova letecká škola v San Diegu. Zde sloužil především při elementárním výcviku sportovních pilotů.

O několik měsíců později prošel dalšími testy, při nichž se testovaly jeho vlastnosti v provozu, nároky na údržbu a ekonomie provozu. V průběhu zkoušek konstruktéři navrhli zástavbu hvězdicového sedmiválce Warner Super Scarab o výkonu 108 kW. Spotřeba paliva se mírně snížila, motor se snadněji udržoval a v praktickém provozu byl méně citlivý než řadový Menasco. Jedinou další nutnou úpravu představovala instalace přechodu mezi trupem a křídlem. Z typu S-C se tak stal SCW-145, jehož osvědčení o letové způsobilosti bylo vydáno v říjnu 1937.

Po obdržení osvědčení se rozběhla reklamní akce souběžně s přípravou produkce pětadvaceti kusů první série, která měla přijít na trh počátkem jarní letové sezóny 1938.

V tomto období byla společnost Ryan zahlcena vládními zakázkami na výrobu vojenských cvičných strojů S-TM, takže rozběhlá sériová výroba byla po dohotovení dvanáctého letounu SCW zastavena. Obnovení výroby se předpokládalo po zvládnutí vládní zakázky. V Evropě však vypukla druhá světová válka, vojenské objednávky neklesaly a navíc přišly velké zakázky na stavbu dílů bojových letadel. Výroba sportovních SCW tak nepřicházela v úvahu.

Po válce se uvažovalo o obnovení produkce SCW v modernější podobě. Po několika ekonomických rozborech, na jejichž základě se měl letoun prodávat ve dvou verzích standardního S-C145W a inovovaného S-C165W se silnějším motorem Warner Super Scarab, bylo rozhodnuto o licenční výrobě typu North American Navion. Nový perspektivnější Ryan Navion definitivně ukončil záležitost předválečného SCW.

Provozovatelé

Ze série dvanácti exemplářů se jeden dostal do Mexika a další do Brazílie, ostatních deset zůstalo v USA.

Několik SCW používaly hollywoodské filmové společnosti ve svých válečných filmech k imitaci japonských stíhacích letounů Nakadžima Ki-27.

Další stroje létaly ve službách pomocné civilní pobřežní stráže Civil Air Patrol na atlantickém pobřeží.

Specifikace
Údaje dle

Technické údaje
 Osádka:
 Rozpětí: 11,43 m
 Délka (série): 7,73 m
 Délka prototypu: 8,11 m
 Výška: 2,13 m
 Nosná plocha: 18,76 m²
 Prázdná hmotnost: 632 kg
 Vzletová hmotnost: 975 kg
 Pohonná jednotka:
 Výkon pohonné jednotky:

Výkony
 Maximální rychlost: 225 km/h (v 915 m)
 Cestovní rychlost: 196 km/h (v 915 m)
 Cestovní rychlost: 209 km/h  (v 5000 m)
 Přistávací rychlost: 72 km/h
 Počáteční stoupavost: 3,3 m/s
 Maximální dostup: 5486 m
 Dolet: 832 km

Odkazy

Reference

Literatura

Externí odkazy

 Fotogalerie letounu Ryan SCW-145

S-C
Sportovní letadla


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Brand new lightweight liquid hydration pack for walking hiking travelling sport. Ventilated backstraps and back support, measures 45cm x 22cm. Still in plastic packaging. Photos of actual item, not taken from website.
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SSDN - Optimal for DB to XML?
Home » Boards » Stylus Studio Developer Network » Stylus Studio Technical Forum » Optimal for DB to XML?
Subject: Optimal for DB to XML?
1.	Source is a SQL Server database containing insurance policy information. Database schema is predetermined and includes perhaps a dozen tables with various one-to-many, and many-to-many relationships.
2.	The top of the database hierarchy is the policy number. Given a policy number, it is possible to write a set of queries that extracts all the data that pertains to that policy. This includes a record in the Policy table (contains basic insured information), all of the records in the Risk table (represents autos, houses, etc. covered by the policy) that are related to the Policy record, and all of the records in the Coverage table (represents coverages for each Risk record) that are related to each Risk record.
3.	The bottom line goal is to create a black box that, given a policy number, extracts the relevant data from the database and create a hierarchical XML representation of that policy.
1.	Preferably I would like to auto-generate an XML schema (XSD) from the database and use this XSD as the target of the extraction.
2.	No transformations will be performed on the data and I am not too concerned about the quality of the XSD that is generated because I'm only doing this as a way to "re-source" the data for transmission (see the next point).
3.	All I care about is transforming the data for the specified policy to an XML string with no loss of information. I will then be transmitting that string via Web Service to a server that will place it in a message queue, where the transformations and detailed processing (I will use XQuery to extract and transform the data) will occur. The resulting XML will typically be less than 200K, though the source database could be many Gb.
4. I need to be able to turn the MapForce code into Java source, so that I can ultimately create a JAR that I can deploy on a server somewhere.
Remember: I already have an ETL platform/process; I just need a way to transform a set of hierarchical database records to XML for wire transfer.
Is Stylus Studio a good solution for this scenario? Can you outline the steps that would be required in Stylus Studio?
Stylus Studio XQuery editor provides a rich experience for database to XML extraction.
For licensing related question I will contact you off list.


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Tag Archives: personal
The day I started writing for Destructoid as staff was a dream come true. The culmination of years of studying, writing and honing my skill, finally publishing a review for potential millions to see was enough to bring me to tears. I had achieved the goal I set out for myself all those years ago.
Then a few months later, reality crashed into me. I had been working as a per diem employee at a homeless shelter when a very unfortunate incident happened. I ended up losing my job due to management's decision right before December. While becoming unemployed at any point is unfortunate, doing so right at the peak of the holiday season is disastrous.
I wasn't completely up shit creek, money wise, so I decided to start fresh at the beginning of the New Year. I would have the best possible chance to get my resume seen if I applied while employers were actively looking for new recruits. Sadly, as of the time of this writing, I am still unemployed. The magnitude of my situation at the homeless shelter has finally sunk in and I realize that I'm going nowhere and fast.
You'd think achieving two dream positions (working directly to help people and being a video game "journalist") would see me elated, but that isn't the case. I've slowly been running out of money and nothing seems to help. I've tried being an Uber driver, but apparently there aren't a lot of people in Connecticut in need of chauffeuring. I've been constantly putting out applications, only to get rejections from basically everyone (including an unpaid internship!).
A few years back, I found myself in a somewhat similar situation. I left a job with my friend's dad to obtain a personal training certification, which I successfully did. After that, I started on the job hunt only to get nowhere. Employers wanted me to have previous client bases while individual people wanted me to have experience in training. It was a ridiculous catch 22 that I couldn't find an answer for.
Still, to this day, I cannot obtain work at any commercial gym. It makes me wonder what the value of education is. I took a big risk and it failed, but why did I even do that? I wanted a change of careers to something I enjoyed, but I guess that is too much to ask of the world. It feels like all of my choices are wrong.
Really, what is next for me? I'm 29 years old, sitting at home wasting away and getting nowhere in life. I don't have money to return to school, I'm slowing depleting my funds on medicine and cellphone bills and I have little to show for it. It's great that I'm able to engage with the gaming community on a larger level, but that doesn't pay the bills. Why does everything have to come down to the almighty dollar?
How do people cope with the realization that their lives are nothing? When all you do is wake up, go to work, come home, eat and sleep, what is the point of life? Is there no possible career option that allows me to simultaneously enjoy what I do and earn a living? While I am always going to be grateful to Destructoid for giving me the chance to finally live out my aspirations, it's looking more and more likely that I'll never be able to turn this hobby into a job.
It hurts so much to write that, but it is the truth. I'm lost in a state of arrested development and I'm not sure how else to proceed. I just want to become something important to the world, but that doesn't seem likely. For me, toiling away in obscurity until I inevitably die might be the only path.
Really and truly, I am just looking for possible options. Where is the flaw in my logic? What is preventing me from becoming successful? How do I accept reality and become a mindless drone? How do other people manage to find consistent work that lets them be independent?
Posted in Gaming, Op/Ed, Personal, Real Life
Tagged depression, gaming, introspective, journalism, life, op/ed, opinion, personal, sadness, sorry
This Blog is a 1/10
With the recent outrage to the Angry Video Game Nerd's decision to refuse to review Ghostbusters, I felt now was the right time to pose this question. Does current media criticism work? For that matter, does criticism still have an impact?
To quickly explain my stance with the AVGN, I will say that his argument is one I agree with. You vote with your wallet; it's as simple as that. While that theory makes a lot of logical sense, it doesn't really translate into a real world outcome.
There are so many games and films I have not purchased that still end up getting sequels and breaking box-office records. I'm not a fan of superhero films, but we're in the middle of a surge of comic book popularity. I've disliked Call of Duty since 2010, but those games are still trucking along.
It seems that regardless of what I say or do, things I don't like (or that most critics deem to be "bad") will continue to get made because of their profitability. Hell, most people were complaining about Batman V Superman: Dawn of Justice before its release, but that managed to break March box-office records. How in the hell?
Ben is pleasantly surprised.
What I truly miss from reviews is a critical viewpoint. I really miss the discussions of artistic merit, theming, motifs and imagery. Not every film has a deeper motive or subconscious message and not every game is trying to reshape the industry as we know it; I understand that. There are some films and games that set out to do that, though.
Where are the discussions of deeper meanings? Where are the essays and analyses of what they mean to us? I want to see more of a critical look at what the narrative or design represents more so than reading some random bloggers opinion on the experience.
I can't claim to know the history of criticism, but MovieBob explained in one of his videos that old fashioned critics wrote for their own society. It was an accepted part of life that anybody who could see a stage play would be doing so. If you missed out on an event, you were either poor or an imbecile.
I feel we've entered a part of our history where seeing a film or playing a game is almost a universal given. Things drop in price rapidly and films are available for fairly cheap with streaming services, so what is to stop even the poorest of people from experiencing whatever they desire?
What really seems to be a problem is that a lot of big budget, CGI effects driven films have been making boatloads of money in spite of community backlash. How many articles have you read about Hollywood being dead, even if the "culprits" keep making money?
Why is this a goddamned thing?!
Activision keeps getting thrown in the fire for their annual release schedule, but no one ever thought to not buy their games. Ubisoft pumps out sequels with reckless abandon, but people eat them up without even asking why. Marvel has plans in the works for another eight films in the next two and almost every film outdoes the last.
We need to stop complaining about franchise fatigue and start looking at what each entity does. Instead of blindly praising the movies for their flashy spectacles or giving a pass to games because of cyclical release patterns, we should take a broader look at what each title represents.
We also need to realize that not every film or game is worth spending money on. It doesn't matter that a team of 300 made a game; if you truly want to see change, you need to stop throwing passive support to the companies responsible for the industry's current state.
Film might be a lost cause due to overseas markets dominating the box-office. We have a bit more power with the games industry, seeing as how it's not as gigantic of a global phenomenon. The cost to play a game is considerably larger than a movie ticket or DVD; that will remain a given.
We really just need to cease getting upset over someone not liking something. If you enjoy game, don't lash out because someone else doesn't. Talk more about the aspects you enjoyed and what it meant to you. Delve into what the game represents to you. Chat about how the design subtly guides the player or tricks them into a false sense of security.
There is more to a game and film than whether it is "good" or "bad". Reading over current reviews, you wouldn't know it. Criticism needs to be shaken up; it hasn't meant anything in a long time.
Tagged bitches, criticism, critics, critique, film, fuck this shit, games, movies, op/ed, opinion, personal, reviews, stop whining
February 27, 2016 by KingSigy
Series I Love – Super Mario Bros
One cold, snowy day in 1992, my father decided to let me and my sister try out his NES. My mother had gotten the console as a first Christmas gift for my father and he liked to hide it away so we kids wouldn't break it. Little did I realize, but his choice to let us touch that console would change my future.
I remember him going behind the television and fiddling with the coaxial cable. We had the RF/switch for our NES, so connecting it was as easy as pulling teeth (almost literally). After that, he switched the television to channel 4, dialed the nob and we were set.
Well, not just yet. The console didn't display properly, so he had to remove the cartridge and blow into it. I never thought to question why at such a young age. I just took all of these steps as gospel. After "cleaning" the cartridge, my father put it back into the NES and we were golden.
He gave me the controller and tried to explain how Super Mario Bros. worked. I was 4 years old at the time, so needless to say, his words went completely over me. I saw the bright colors and a funny looking guy and proceeded to press some buttons. He walked to the right and the screen moved, so I just assumed that was it.
I walked into the first thing I saw. I can't tell you what I was thinking, but I clearly had no perception of what an enemy was. My father then took the controller away from me, assuming I was an idiot (not in reality, I just got sad). I cried a bit, but I didn't give up. I was entranced with this game.
24 years later, I'm still fond of Super Mario Bros. The fat, little, Italian plumber and I have basically grown up together. I've played all of the main Mario titles and a majority of the spin-offs. Seeing his face and hearing his voice is like comfort food to me.
Some of the happiest memories I have are from Super Mario Bros. 3.My sister and I would trade turns for hours on end. The game seemed so incredibly massive and creative. Each world had something different about its design and the ability to store power-ups made challenging areas less painful.
Not only was the design more refined than previous entries, but having Luigi tag along and help progress just felt right. The original game basically mimicked an arcade machine by having each player make individual progress. Super Mario Bros. 3 felt like the first time cooperation was put into a game.
A few years after first picking up a controller, the Nintendo 64 was unleashed on the world. Being 8 years old at the time, I was completely floored. I couldn't believe that we were moving into the third dimension so fast.
Nintendo was always the king of promo videos (their adds for Donkey Kong Country and StarFox 64 are ingrained in my mind), so I remember watching the Toys'R'Us video for Super Mario 64 about 100 times. I hung on every word the developers were mentioning. Mario was becoming more like a stuntman and a fighter. His moveset was expanding.
Not only his repertoire of attacks, but the world he was traversing was growing. Levels were becoming more vertically inclined. Mario could wall jump, ground pound and long jump; he felt like the crazy kid that I was. I was always loaded with energy, so I used to pretend I was Mario and jump around my backyard.
The wait for Christmas in 1996 was excruciating. Since I already figured out Santa wasn't real, I knew my mother had the console in her bedroom. She hid that thing better than a drug lord dumps a corpse. I never even caught a glimpse of the box, despite her concealing it for 3 months.
When I did eventually get my hands on Super Mario 64, I felt like my life had changed. I was mesmerized by what I was playing. I couldn't get my head around how such a game was made, let alone conceived. It felt like my world and video games were becoming one.
The last time I felt such a way about Mario was with the release of Super Mario Galaxy. I wasn't too big on Sunshine, but I played it and New Super Mario Bros. I had begun to gravitate more towards the spin-off games like Paper Mario and Mario Tennis, yet I had a feeling that Nintendo was slowly running out of ideas.
Super Mario Galaxy came out during my sophomore year of college. I went to school in Florida, away from my home in Connecticut and my Nintendo Wii, so I felt the sting of disappointment. I had to wait months to even try out the game, so I felt a bit empty. It didn't help that my friends at school were jerks; I couldn't seek comfort in the guy who had been with me my whole life.
There was a glimmer of hope, though! An online friend of mine who lived in Florida had just bought the game. He was willing to pick me up and have me stay the weekend. I was ecstatic. Not only did I get to hang out with one of my best friends, but I would finally get my hands on Super Mario Galaxy.
The opening cutscene that set up the story of Rosalina and the Lumas brought me to tears. It felt like Nintendo realized how cherished and special their mascot was. It was like they recognized the power this juggernaut of gaming had over the imagination.
The game was also thoroughly in love with Super Mario Bros. 3, something I attribute to Galaxy being the third 3D Mario game. I was sold; this felt like what I had been missing all those years. Platformers never really died down, but no one had made as creative and joyful a game as Nintendo did with Super Mario 64.
Galaxy pushed the limits of what could be done with 3D level design. It even utilized the Wii Remote in a method that didn't feel so gimmicky. It had some challenge, an unlockable character (in the form of rising star, Luigi) and a truly incredible soundtrack.
Since that day, Mario has been in some mediocre games and a few truly amazing ones. Nintendo just loves banking on nostalgia, a design philosophy that may potentially hold them back. When Nintendo EAD Tokyo is given the reigns, Mario is unlike anything else. The other teams kind of phone it in.
If the Mario series truly were to end, I wouldn't mind capping it off with Super Mario Maker. Having the tools to create a brand new Mario adventure in my hands is something my younger self would have killed for. To have the kind of vibrancy and joy that my 8 year old self had would be overwhelming.
I've grown a bit cynical over the years, but Mario has always been there to bring the happiness back. He still has a zest for jumping and bouncing, even if his "love", Princess Peach, is an airhead. How many times can one person really be captured?
Regardless, Nintendo isn't going to let their mascot bow out. I won't turn away from him, either. Until I can no longer physically hold a controller, Mario will always be a part of my life. To remove him would be like asking me to kill my childhood.
Here's to another 30 years!
Tagged 3ds, classics, discussion, ds, gameboy, gamecube, gaming, gba, n64, nes, nintendo, old-school, personal, snes, super mario bros, wii, wii u
Series I Love – The Legend of Zelda
When I was younger, picking which games I wanted to play was simple. I was a pretty damn spoiled kid, so I usually saw something in the store and my mother bought it. While she objected to some things, she typically got me anything my heart desired.
Walking into our local Toys'R'Us one evening in 1998, I happened upon a flyer for an upcoming game called Zelda. My reading comprehension wasn't as astute as now, so I didn't even catch the subtitle underneath. To me, the golden sheen and shield crest were enough to hook my interest.
Over the next few months, I played my N64 as usual and kept my obsession with Goldeneye 007 going. At such a tender age, nearly any game would get its hooks into me and engulf my imagination. I kept thinking back to that sword and shield and wondering what dangers awaited me.
As the release date drew closer, Nintendo began their marketing campaign on TV and in movie theaters. I distinctly remember sitting in the theaters and seeing the "WHILST THOU SUCK?" advertisement. It put a fire in my eyes and made me determined to prove those ads wrong.
A night or two before the games release, I heard from a GameStop employee that the cartridge for Ocarina of Time was going to be gold. My little mind was blown. I couldn't let this thing escape me. I needed to have this game in my collection. It felt like a rite of passage.
After getting home with the game, I couldn't wait to play it. I nearly ripped the box apart with excitement, but I saved my enthusiasm for the journey. I didn't want to sully the experience by destroying its case.
As soon as the first chords of the theme played, I was in love. The game felt legendary even without its namesake. For 10 year old me, this was the most important game of my life. It was almost as if I became an adult as I stepped in Link's boots and set off to save the land of Hyrule.
I had never played anything like it at that point in my life. My childhood was full of video games, but the 90's were dominated by platformers and beat-em-ups. Fighting games were a big deal after Street Fighter, but not many besides that and Mortal Kombat stuck around.
Something like Zelda encompassed all of the exploration I loved from Mario with puzzle solving and dungeon diving. It was literally being placed into darkness with some tools and being told to figure it out. You had no guide and your worth was measured in accomplishing the mind benders in front of you.
I don't remember how long it took my younger self to finish the N64 classic; I do know that I nearly missed the bus ride to school one morning since I was nearing the end and refused to skip the cutscene. My mother also nearly fell asleep listening to Zelda's lullaby after a long night at work.
That same year, Nintendo had a double whammy for young me. A colorized version of the first portable Zelda title, Link's Awakening, was released for the Gameboy Color. I always brought the device with me to school for recess and the bus rides, so clearly I had to have this other Zelda title.
When I'd leave home for the bus stop, I'd pack Link's Awakening with me. From one to the other, my adventures with Link never ended. I'd sketch doodles of Link tackling foes, exploring ruins and finding treasure. I would fantasize about being in those dank caverns and surmounting the colossal beasts.
Since those games, The Legend of Zelda has become my favorite series. I've beaten each game in the series more than once (save for a couple of them) and I even get excited hearing about re-releases of past games. It's strange to be excited for an HD version of a game you've finished 3 times and still own.
Even the dreaded Zelda 2 I've managed to complete twice. When playing it, I find the game amazing. For that matter, during any of the Zelda games, I'm awestruck. How Nintendo manages to craft such a varied world with intricate puzzles and hidden treasures is just awesome to me.
The mixture of thought provoking puzzle design and grandiose combat scenarios with a classic tale of good versus evil just keeps me coming back. I dig all of the variations the series has seen. Wind Waker is my favorite and I love bringing a friend along in Four Swords Adventures. The more recent Triforce Heroes is a solid co-op puzzle game and Skyward Sword made me a believer of motion controls.
Honestly, there isn't a title in the series I truly dislike. I may complain about the issues that Twilight Princess has wit pacing or how superfluous most of Skyward Sword is, but I can't get enough of those worlds. They are filled to the brim with interesting content.
More importantly, they make me feel like my actions matter. I know that gaming has always placed your character as a hero, but those exploits weren't as personal until The Legend of Zelda came along. With Zelda 2, Link was now directly helping people with their requests.
Running menial tasks shouldn't be that gratifying, but I've always been drawn to the side quests in Zelda. Fishing for hours to get a stupid scale or holding onto a chicken and floating down to Earth is utterly captivating to me. That each activity rewards the player with something useful also makes those tasks feel less tedious.
I also just plain love exploring. Hyrule has had such a rich landscape, but even the extra worlds of Termina and Koholint are filled with nooks and crannies to delve into. As much as I may associate puzzles with Zelda, spelunking is a big part of the formula.
I'm not opposed to change and I do wish that some of the tropes would be put to rest, but I'm always eager and ready for a new Zelda title. Each one is like stepping into an actual legend. That I get to be the hero who overcomes adverse odds is just icing on the cake.
Here's to the future of Zelda.
Tagged discussion, gameboy, gamecube, gaming, ganondorf, gba, gbc, legend of zelda, link, nes, nintendo, op/ed, personal, retrospective, snes, wii, wii u, zelda

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Helping RSPB Handle 250% Spike in Orders During Pandemic
In this podcast we chat to Wayne Martin, Operations Manager at RSPB about the impact of the Covid crisis on RSPB, how Naveo Commerce has helped them to handle a 250% spike in online orders, increase productivity AND keep workers safe.
Welcome to "The End to End eCommerce Playbook" hosted by Maginus (a Naveo Commerce Company). In this series, we'll share tips, tactics and real customer insights to help you take your online business to the next level.
Podcast Episode 4: Helping RSPB Handle 250% Spike in Orders During Pandemic
In this podcast we chat to Wayne Martin, Operations Manager at RSPB about:
The impact of the Covid crisis on RSPB
How they've managed to handle a 250% spike in online orders
How they've managed to improve productivity AND keep workers safe
How Maginus OMS (now Naveo Commerce) has helped
You might be wondering why our podcasts mention Maginus…. Digital Goodie acquired Maginus back in December 2019. The two products have now combined and in September 2020 Naveo Commerce was born!
If you're viewing this page in an Edge browser, you can listen to the podcast on Spotify. Simply click on the button below.
For more information our work with the RSPB:
Read the full customer story, "Helping RSPB manage 250% increase in orders during Covid".
Watch our video case study to find out how RSPB gained full visibility and control of orders and inventory across an eCommerce, retail and mail-order business.
Hi, i'm Janice Mawhinney, Marketing Manager at Naveo Commerce. Welcome to episode four of The End-to-End eCommerce Playbook. In this session i'm talking to Wayne Martin, Operations Manager at RSPB. We're going to discuss the impact of the Covid crisis on RSPB, how they've managed to handle a 250% spike in online orders and keep workers safe, and how Naveo Commerce has helped to improve their productivity.
Right, let's get started.
Janice: Right, question number one… so Wayne how has the Covid crisis affected the RSPB business?
Wayne: Due to the lockdown RSPB had to close all their reserves, and on each of the reserves is a store, and what what that did was push the demand through the warehouse – online. We had an uplift in web sales of 250% of what we'd normally be getting this time of year. So, we had the challenges of picking a lot more orders (with less people). I couldn't increase the head count due to the social distancing issues that we were going through. So, we had to to use the system and we had to work quickly because the orders were coming in so fast. We had to work quickly on different ideas of how we could manipulate Naveo Commerce to work for us faster. So what we were able to do is take the order pool and manipulate it so we could pull out orders that were in certain aisles which allowed us to put in place the social distancing measures in place – so we weren't overcrowding one aisle with say 10, 15 pickers at a time. We were able to spread the pickers out. It's about keeping that two metre distancing rule in place…. We bought in a small cleaning station… all the stations now have perspex between them to ensure that we've got as much social distance in as possible and I think it's paid off.
When you look at the things that are going on in Leicester at the moment – they've gone back into lockdown – and they're claiming some of their work areas are just carrying on as normal – and they've seen a spike. So we've done everything that we can to ensure that we're not flooding the place with people we're spreading them out and we've delivered more, with the same. So it's it's been a win-win. On average we'd have around about two pickers per aisle covering around about 18 bays. So there's plenty of space for them to do the social distancing – no bottlenecking or bumping into each other which allowed us to actually increase our productivity.
Janice: So you've had to reduce the number of pickers per aisle and you've had this massive increase in orders so how have you actually increased the productivity?
Wayne: What [Naveo] did was it [allowed] us to reduce the pickers travel time. So rather than the picker going out with say five orders and he would be picking the five orders throughout the eight or nine racks that we pick from. We were able to narrow it down so that the pickers were picking a lot quicker than they'd normally do. So we're having to take time out to to manipulate the system, but what Naveo has allowed us to do is alter the way that we could release the orders.
Another report that Naveo was able to give us – is what we call a "hit list" or a heat map – which could identify how many times we were visiting a location. If we're not visiting a location and it was sitting outside the footprint. Naveo would show us the most economic footprint to finish the pick.
So we're able to move product that could all of a sudden become slow moving – we could move that out of the footprint, further down the warehouse, and bring the faster moving stock back again. Again, this all helped increase productivity at a time that we needed it.
Janice: Yeah, because you think that that massive increase in order volumes – with no increase in staff – you'd think you'd end up with a massive list of back orders wouldn't you?
Wayne: Yeah yeah absolutely! So we were very happy. I think obviously RSPB shutting their stores down was for a charity like RSPB and was a a big income loss for them – so for us to be able to keep up with the demand showed through I think absolutely.
Janice: So in effect then the additional orders from online have actually sort of balanced out the loss of orders from the store is that right?
Wayne: I believe so yeah – now that people have come online – they'll probably use the web a little bit more now.
Janice: Obviously your staff have had to react very quickly. Have you found that OMS has helped you to manage this increasing workload? Do you think you could have managed without OMS or not?
Wayne: No, absolutely. In the past, the old system that we use to use, before Naveo, this would not have handled the amount of orders. I think when we went live with Naveo nearly three years ago now, coming up to, the system we used before. We used to do two shifts – we'd do a six, two, two, ten and it was really difficult to get the orders through the system and out. So when Naveo came along, on the old system – the record was around about 1,300 orders a day over two shifts, and when we went live – within two weeks we'd done orders 2,200 orders in one shift. So it was it was a massive, massive change for us.
Janice: Whats' the busiest day been during the Covid crisis?
Wayne: We've had a 2,800 orders been pushed through the system in one eight hour shift. We're still breaking records on a weekly basis. How many orders – now we've done a 10,000 orders – done over five days. so as an average we've been doing two thousand orders a day.
Janice: That's a big difference isn't it. So that must improve the ROI in terms of the the cost of the warehouse?
Wayne: I guess yeah – the return on investment is being paid off quite quickly absolutely.
Janice: That's good to hear!…
Janice: You've made these changes that have actually increased your productivity during the Covid crisis. Do you think you're going to continue to use those? or will there be other new things that you'll bring into place going forward?
Wayne: Absolutely without a doubt that we'd be using the same tactics that we've used during the COVID situation into Q4. It's our busiest period. It's given us a good test over these last three months of what Christmas will be like and we've sailed through the last three months so we're not fearing a Christmas rush. As you know retailing and Christmas can be quite a painful time for distribution. So what we've implemented over the last three months we'll definitely be rolling it into Q4 this year. It's normally RSPB's busiest period so we will be using the heat maps to ensure that products in the right place, we will be using the picking out the aisle method to speed up the pick. Anything that helps us and that's what Naveo gives us.
If we hadn't have done these we would have been so far behind we would probably have never caught up. So we had to act to make sure that we did things differently because the demand coming through would have either had to increase headcount which we couldn't because of the social distancing. You're adding more people into a potentially dangerous situation so we had to work and think differently to ensure that we could get the product out with the same people. So this is has given us confidence that we can deliver the number of volumes with the same staff. We all know that the headcount is probably the biggest cost in any operation so keeping the head count down while still maintaining a KPI for productivity and delivery, cost, quality all come into play – it's great.
For more information about our work with the RSPB watch our latest video case study.
D2C eCommerce Podcast: Keeping Your Retail Partners Happy When Selling Direct
3 September 2020	No Comments
In just 10 minutes, you'll learn 3 approaches to go Direct-to-Consumer without ruining your retail relationships and 10 things to consider before setting up a Direct-to-Consumer channel.
Podcast: D2C eCommerce – The Case for Selling Direct
In just 15 minutes you'll learn the business case for selling direct. Aidan Connor, the former Global Digital Platform Manager at Mayborn, will share his experience going direct-to-consumer with Tommee Tippee, focusing on the customer journey and personalisation.
Podcast Episode 1: Order Fulfilment KPI's You Can't Ignore
In this podcast, Tom Williams, Head of eCommerce, chats to Mel Tymm, Industry Principal about the impact of the Covid crisis on buying behaviour, how eCommerce businesses can tackle increased online orders and 3 essential KPI's you can't ignore.


Thank you for visiting our website. In addition to providing you with a profile of our firm and the services we provide, this website has been designed to become a helpful resource tool to you, our valued clients and visitors. Our dedication to superior client service has brought us to the Internet as we endeavor to continue to provide the highest quality professional service and guidance.
While browsing through our Website, please feel free to contact us with any questions or comments you may have. We would love to hear from you. We pride ourselves on being proactive and responsive to our clients' inquiries and suggestions.
As it has done for several years now, the IRS issued an updated list of "Dirty Dozen" tax scams for 2019. For the third year in a row one of the biggest scams is phishing attempts. Phone scams also figure prominently, with criminals making threatening phone calls to innocent taxpayers.
The Minnesota Society of CPAs has a list of real questions clients have asked MNCPA members. These will not only educate, but also show there's truly no such thing as a silly tax question.
The partial government shutdown ended on Friday, allowing the full IRS workforce to return to work on Monday, Jan. 28 — the start of tax filing season for individuals. The Further Additional Continuing Appropriations Act, 2019, H.J. Res. 28, passed by Congress and signed by President Donald Trump on Friday, funds the agency until Feb. 15.


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text:
\section{Introduction and Summary}
Holographic duality, best known in the context of AdS/CFT correspondence \cite{Maldacena,Polyakov,Witten}, states that any gravity theory in a $(d+1)$-dimensional spacetime with asymptotical anti-de Sitter geometry has a dual description of quantum field theory living at its $d$-dimensional boundary.  One advantage of this duality is that several observables at the strongly coupled limit in the field theory side can be computed in the gravity side at the large radius of curvature limit, even though the knowledge of underlying microscopic degrees of freedom may still be missing.  In the past, several holographic gravity models have been proposed to capture behaviors of (non-)Fermi liquid on the boundary condensed matter system \cite{Liu:2009dm,Gubser:2009qt,Faulkner:2009wj,Iqbal:2011ae}.  Among them, a charged dilatonic black hole proposed by Gubser and Rocha \cite{Gubser:2009qt} is particularly attractive for two features: at first, different from other bottom-up approaches, this background can be seen as the dimensional reduction from the near-horizon geometry of three-equal-charge black hole in $AdS_4\times S^7$ \cite{Cvetic:1999xp}.  Secondly, it was claimed that in the infrared this model is dual to a Fermi liquid thanks to its linear relation between entropy and temperature.  Normal modes of a probed fermion were studied in the extremal limit of charged black hole \cite{Gubser:2009qt} and linear dispersion relation was verified in \cite{Wu:2011cy}.

On the other hand, a boundary theory dual to the AdS Reissner-Nordstr\"{o}m black hole in the presence of a dipole interaction term is proposed \cite{Edalati:2010ww} and studied in several following works \cite{Edalati:2010ge,Guarrera:2011my,Li:2011nz,Wu:2012fk}.  Upon tuning the dipole coupling strength, the boundary theory is found in a phase of either Fermi liquid, non-Fermi liquid or Mott insulator.  We remark that while the extremal AdS RN background, without dipole coupling, was first claimed to be dual to a boundary theory of non-Fermi liquid at quantum critical point \cite{Liu:2009dm}, it is not clear which role does the dipole coupling play in a boundary theory of Fermi liquid.  It is the goal of this paper to explicitly investigate the dipole coupling effect on a particular boundary theory of Fermi liquid, which is dual to the charged dilatonic black hole by Gubser and Rocha.

At last, we summarize our finding as follows:
\begin{itemize}
\item We have found the structure of Fermi surface constructed by Gubser and Rocha is {\sl rigid} regardless the presence of dipole coupling. There is no sign about the Fermi/non-Fermi liquid transition by varying bulk dipole coupling.
\item Fermi momentum can be linearly shifted by the dipole coupling strength.
\item A gap appears for large dipole coupling strength, as a generic feature of dipole interaction. However, the gap might not be the Mott one,  since we could not observe any clear sign of spectral weight transfer from the spectral function.
\item The gap persists at finite temperature for large enough dipole coupling.
\end{itemize}

In the next two sections, we briefly describe the geometry of dilatonic black hole constructed in \cite{Gubser:2009qt}, and Dirac equation in this background. In section 4, we show the rigidity of Fermi surface of this background under the bulk dipole coupling. In section 5, we show the emergence of a gap at zero and finite temperature. Conclusions and discussions are addressed in the end.

\section{Preparing a Fermi liquid}
In this section, we review Gubser and Rocha's construction of a charged dilatonic black hole, which is claimed dual to a boundary theory of Fermi liquid.  The three-equal-charge black hole has the following lagrangian \cite{Gubser:2009qt}:
\begin{equation}
{\cal L} = \frac{1}{2\kappa^2} \bigg[ R - \frac{1}{4}e^{\alpha}F^2_{\mu\nu}-\frac{3}{2}(\partial_\mu \alpha)^2 + \frac{6}{L^2}\cosh{\alpha} \bigg],
\label{eq:background action}
\end{equation}
and the charged black hole solution is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
&&ds^2 = e^{2A}(-h dt^2 + d\vec{x}^2) + \frac{e^{-2A}}{h}dr^2,\qquad F=dA,\nonumber\\
&&A = \log{\frac{r}{L}}+\frac{3}{4}\log{\big( 1+\frac{Q}{r} \big)},\qquad  h = 1-\frac{\nu L^2}{(Q+r)^3},\nonumber\\
&&\alpha = \frac{1}{2}\log{\big( 1+\frac{Q}{r} \big)}, \qquad A_t = \frac{\sqrt{3Q\nu}}{Q+r}-\frac{\sqrt{3Q}\nu^{\frac{1}{6}}}{L^{\frac{2}{3}}}
\label{background}
\end{eqnarray}
This solution is asymptotic to AdS, but the IR geometry is neither Lifshitz nor AdS.
The zero temperature is obtained by taking extremal limit where $\nu=\frac{Q^3}{L^2}$ with vanishing horizon $r_0=0$. The temperature and boundary chemical potential are given by \cite{Li:2011sh}
\begin{equation}
T=\frac{3\nu^{\frac{1}{6}}}{4\pi L^{\frac{5}{3}}}\sqrt{r_{0}}, \quad \mu=\frac{\sqrt{3Q}\nu^{\frac{1}{6}}}{L^{\frac{2}{3}}}.
\end{equation}
It was also shown that at low temperature the entropy density $\hat{s}$ is proportional to temperature,
\begin{equation}
s \approx -\frac{8\sqrt{3}\pi^{3} L}{3\kappa^{2}}\mu T,
\end{equation}
where $\kappa^{2}=8\pi G$. This implies a boundary theory of Fermi liquid dual to this gravity background.
Later it was explicitly checked that near Fermi surface $k_F$, the linear relation
\begin{equation}
\omega \propto (k-k_F)
\end{equation}
holds \cite{Wu:2011cy}.

\section{Probed fermion with dipole coupling}
Now we would like to {\it dope} the system with a dipole coupling term in the bulk.  The main purpose of this paper is to study the dipole effect to the underlying Fermi liquid system.  We consider the bulk spinor action:
\begin{equation}
{\cal S}_D = i \int{d^4x \sqrt{-g}\bar{\psi}(\slashed{\cal{D}}- m - ip \slashed{F})\psi},
\end{equation}
where the flat space Gamma matrices $\Gamma^a = e_{\mu}^{a}\Gamma^{\mu}$, $\slashed{F}=\frac{1}{2}\Gamma^{\mu\nu}(e_{\mu})^{a}(e_{\nu})^{b}F_{ab}$, $\Gamma^{\mu\nu}=\frac{1}{2}[\Gamma^{\mu},\Gamma^{\nu}]$, $(e_{\mu})^{a}$ is the vielbein and covariant derivative $\slashed{\cal D}=\Gamma^{a}D_{a}=\partial_a + \frac{1}{4}(\omega_{\mu\nu})_a\Gamma^{\mu\nu}-iqA_a$.
The bulk Dirac equation is
\begin{equation}
(\slashed{D}-m-ip\slashed{F})\psi=0.
\end{equation}
Taking the ansatz $\psi = (-gg^{rr})^{\frac{1}{4}}e^{-i\omega t +i k_{i}x^{i}}\varphi$, one can remove the spin connection in the Dirac equation. To decouple the equations of motion, we introduce projectors $\Gamma_\pm=\frac{1}{2}(1\pm \Gamma^{r}\Gamma^{t}\hat k\cdot\vec\Gamma)$ and write $\varphi_{\pm}=\Gamma_{\pm}\varphi(r)$.
With a choice of Gamma matrices
\begin{equation}
\Gamma^{r}=
\begin{pmatrix}
-\sigma_{3} & 0\\
0 & -\sigma_{3}
\end{pmatrix}, \quad
\Gamma^{t}=
\begin{pmatrix}
i\sigma_{1} & 0\\
0 & i\sigma_{1}
\end{pmatrix}, \quad
\Gamma^{1}=
\begin{pmatrix}
-\sigma_{2} & 0\\
0 & \sigma_{2}
\end{pmatrix}, \quad
\Gamma^{2}=
\begin{pmatrix}
0 & -i\sigma_{2}\\
i\sigma_{2} & 0
\end{pmatrix},
\end{equation}
one obtains the bulk Dirac equation
\begin{equation}
(e^{2A}\sqrt{h}\sigma^{3}\partial_{r}+me^{A}+ipe^{A}A'_{t}\sigma^{2})\varphi_{\pm}+(-\frac{\sigma^{1}}{\sqrt{h}}(\omega+qA_{t})\pm ik\sigma^{2})\varphi_{\pm}=0.
\label{Dirac equation}
\end{equation}
Where we use the rotational symmetry in the spatial directions to set $k_{x}=k$, and $k_{i}=0$ for $i\neq x$.
Set $\varphi_{\pm}=\begin{pmatrix} y_{\pm} \\ z_{\pm} \end{pmatrix}$, and define $\xi_{\pm}=\frac{y_{\pm}}{z_{\pm}}$, one can obtain the flow equations
\begin{equation}
e^{2A}\sqrt{h}\partial_r\xi_\pm +2me^{A}\xi_\pm + (-\frac{1}{\sqrt{h}}(\omega+qA_{t})\mp k-pe^{A}A'_{t})\xi_\pm^2+(pe^{A}A'_{t}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{h}}(\omega+qA_{t})\pm k)= 0.
\label{eom_flow}
\end{equation}
This equation is solved by imposing an in-falling condition at the horizon, such that
\begin{equation}
\xi_\alpha = i \quad \text{as} \quad  r\to r_h \quad (\omega \neq 0)
\end{equation}
\begin{figure}
\center{
\includegraphics[width=6cm]{kf.eps}\hspace{0.2cm}
\caption{\label{fermi momentum} The plot for $ImG_{11}(k)$ at $\omega=-10^{-10}$ in the absence of dipole coupling $p$. There is a sharp quasiparticle peak that indicates a Fermi surface. The fermi momentum is found at $k=2.19213747$.}
}
\end{figure}
We remark that the in-falling condition is not modified by the dipole coupling thanks to its subleading contribution near the horizon.  The boundary retarded Green function can be extracted by
\begin{equation}
G_{R}=
\begin{pmatrix}
G_{+} & 0\\
0 & G_{-}
\end{pmatrix}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
G_\pm = \lim_{r\to \infty} r^{2m}\xi_\pm.
\label{eom_green}
\end{equation}
Note the Dirac equation eq.(\ref{Dirac equation}) implies the relation $G_{11}(\omega,k)=G_{22}(\omega,-k)$. So in the following sections, we will only show the 3D plots and density plots for $Im G_{22}$ and also set $q=2$, $L=1$ ,$Q=1$ and $m=0$ for convenience.
\section{Rigidity of Fermi surface}
It is shown that a simple holographic realization of finite density fermionic system exhibits single particle spectral function with sharp Fermi surface of a form distinct from the Landau-Fermi liquid \cite{Liu:2009dm,Faulkner:2009wj}. Furthermore, it is observed that in this finite density background (RN-AdS) \cite{Edalati:2010ge}, one can find Fermi or non-Fermi liquid behavior by tuning the bulk dipole coupling strength $p$, and then the sharp Fermi surface ceases to exist for large $p$. Motivated by this, it is interesting to investigate if this feature is robust or not in general backgrounds.
So we would like to consider the bulk dipole coupling effect in the charged dilatonic black hole in \cite{Gubser:2009qt}. Similar to RN-AdS case, we actually find a sharp quasiparticle peak around $\omega=0$ which indicates a Fermi surface (see figure (\ref{fermi momentum})), and the dipole coupling does not change the structure of Fermi surface but just shift the location of Fermi momentum.  However, the height of peak dramatically decreases for large $p$ and is too small to be identified as a Fermi surface.  For instance, the peak of $ImG_{11}$ drops under $100$ for $p=4$ but of order of unity for $p=10$.

We do not observe any sign of non-Fermi liquid numerically by tuning the dipole coupling strength $p$. In the figure (\ref{fig:dispersion}), we show the dispersion relation near the Fermi surface for various $p$. The linear relation between $k-k_F$ and $\omega$ has a universal form:
\begin{equation}
\omega \simeq v_g \text{ } (k-k_F) + \text{const},
\end{equation}
which implies the Fermi surface constructed in \cite{Gubser:2009qt} is rigid and the property of Fermi liquid remains regardless of the bulk dipole coupling. The group velocity $v_g=\partial\omega / \partial k$ can also be read off as $v_g\simeq 0.79 c$ for $p \le 1$ and slows down for larger $p$, say $v_g\simeq 0.5c$ for $p=5$.

\begin{figure}
\center{
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{p001.eps}\hspace{0.2cm}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{p01.eps}\hspace{0.2cm}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{p1.eps}\hspace{0.2cm}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{p2.eps}\hspace{0.2cm}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{p3.eps}\hspace{0.2cm}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{p4.eps}\hspace{0.2cm}
\caption{\label{fig:dispersion} Dispersion relation near the Fermi surface for $p=0.001,0.1,1,2,3,4$.  We remark that the Fermi momentum $k_F$ linearly increases with dipole coupling strength $p$, and linear dispersion relation holds for generic $p$.}
}
\end{figure}
According to the numerical result, for massless Dirac fermion and zero frequency, we can see the pole of Green function is shifted linearly up to some value of $p$, before the whole system enters the insulator phase where the pole disappears. In the figure (\ref{fig:pk}), the shift of Fermi momentum is plotted against various dipole coupling strength $p$. The numerical result shows the best fit for relation:
\begin{equation}
\label{linear_relation}
k-k_0 \propto 0.66103 \text{ } p^{1.00161},
\end{equation}
where $k_0=2.19213747$ is the numerically-found Fermi momentum at $p=0$. We also find there exists some negative $p$ at which the Fermi momentum goes through zero, signifying that the excitations change over from "particle-like" to "hole-like", as similar to RN-AdS case.
\begin{figure}
\center{
\includegraphics[width=6cm]{pk.eps}\hspace{0.2cm}
\caption{\label{fig:pk} The shift of Fermi momentum is plotted against various dipole coupling strength $p$.  The best fit shows the shift of Fermi momentum $k-k_0 \propto 0.66103 \text{ } p^{1.00161}$, where $k_0=2.19213747$ is the pole of retarded Green function $G_{11}$ at $\omega = - 10^{-10}$ and identified as the Fermi momentum at $p=0$.}
}
\end{figure}
In the following, we show that analytical arguments, by examining the retarded Green function for massless Dirac field at both near horizon and asymptotic limit, may shed some light to understand above-mentioned numerical results:
\subsection{Near horizon analysis}
Taking the near horizon limit, where $r\to 0$ for extremal case, one obtains the following asymptotic equation from (\ref{eom_flow}) and (\ref{eom_green}):
\begin{equation}
\frac{\sqrt{3}Q}{L^2}\partial_r G_\pm = \bigg[ \sqrt{\frac{Q}{3}}\omega r^{-3/2}\pm \frac{k}{r} + p\frac{\sqrt{3}Q^{3/4}}{L^2}r^{-3/4} \bigg]G_\pm{}^2 +
\bigg[ \sqrt{\frac{Q}{3}}\omega r^{-3/2}\mp \frac{k}{r} - p\frac{\sqrt{3}Q^{3/4}}{L^2}r^{-3/4} \bigg].
\end{equation}
Here we intended to keep all subleading terms in order to see that the term with dipole coupling $p$ is least dominated at $r\to 0$ limit.  This implies that $p$ plays insignificant role in the IR physics, therefore the property of Fermi liquid is hardly affected by the dipole coupling.

\subsection{Asymptotic analysis}
Taking the asymptotic limit, where $r\to \infty$, one obtains the following equation instead:
\begin{equation}
\partial_r G_{\pm} = r^{-2m-2} \bigg[ \omega -\sqrt{3}qQ - (\frac{\sqrt{3}pQ^2}{L^2} \mp k)  \bigg] G_{\pm}{}^2 + r ^{2m-2}\bigg[ \omega -\sqrt{3}qQ + (\frac{\sqrt{3}pQ^2}{L^2} \mp k) \bigg].
\end{equation}
One can immediately see that this differential equation is invariant under the shift symmetry:
\begin{equation}
k \to k + \epsilon, \qquad p \to p \pm \frac{\epsilon}{\sqrt{3}Q^2}.
\end{equation}
Though this shift symmetry is not exact in the sense that it is only respected in the asymptotic region, it still well manifests as the linear relation found numerically in equation (\ref{linear_relation}).

At last, it is not difficult to show that at both limits, the retarded Green function involves the Tangent function.  In particular, for $r\to \infty$, we have
\begin{eqnarray}
&&G_+ = \sqrt{\frac{\nu_+}{\nu_-}}\tan{(c\sqrt{\nu_+\nu_-}-\frac{\sqrt{\nu_+\nu_-}}{r})},\nonumber\\
&&\nu_\pm = \omega -\sqrt{3}qQ \pm (\frac{\sqrt{3}pQ^2}{L^2}\mp k),
\end{eqnarray}
which is a semi-periodic function over full range of $\omega$, with a discontinuous jump at some $\omega$ (the root of $\nu_-=0$) and constant of integration $c$.  One is tempted to compare this periodicity of retarded Green function with the log-periodicity appeared in the RN-AdS case\cite{Liu:2009dm}.

\begin{figure}
\center{
\includegraphics[width=6cm]{k15p0.eps}\hspace{0.2cm}
\includegraphics[width=6cm]{k4p0.eps}\\ \hspace{0.2cm}
\caption{\label{p0} Left Plot: The spectral function $ImG_{22}$ at $k=1.5$ ($<$Fermi momentum$\approx2.19213747$) for $p=0$. ; Right plot: The spectral function $ImG_{22}$ at $k=4$ ($>$Fermi momentum) for $p=0$.}}
\end{figure}

\section{Emergence of gap}
As it was first observed in \cite{Edalati:2010ww}, the bulk dipole coupling plays some role of Mott physics. A gap is formed for large coupling strength in the insulator phase. In addition to the formation of a gap, the spectral weight also transfers from one band to another band. We will show an emergent gap in the background studied in \cite{Gubser:2009qt}.
\subsection{Zero temperature}
Before turning on the dipole coupling, there is a sharp peak in the negative frequency, and one quasiparticle peak in the positive frequency which is more dispersive than the negative frequency one\footnote{Follow the convention in \cite{Edalati:2010ww}, we also call the band in the positive frequency as upper band and the band in the negative frequency as lower band.} (see Fig. \ref{p0}). This is contradiction with RN-AdS case in which there is only one quasiparticle peak. Moreover, the height of peak in the lower band is much higher than the one in upper band when the momentum smaller than the Fermi momentum in the absence of dipole coupling.

Turning on the dipole coupling, we find that when $p$ is larger than some critical value $p_{c}$ ($p_{c}\approx4$ in this case), a gap between two peaks opens (see Fig. \ref{p4}). Besides, as we increase $p$, the width of gap is larger and the height of both peaks becomes higher. This is different than the case in RN-AdS, where the original peak degrades and the spectral density starts to appear in the other band, namely the phenomena of spectral weight transfer happens. As $p$ is higher, the peak ceases to exist indicating the Fermi surface has disappeared. So the resulting phase is insulator phase.
\begin{figure}
\center{
\includegraphics[width=6cm]{3dp4.ps}\hspace{0.2cm}
\includegraphics[width=6cm]{densityp4.ps}\\ \hspace{0.2cm}
\caption{\label{p4} Left Plot: The 3D plot of $ImG_{22}$ for $p=4$, Right plot: The density plot of $ImG_{22}$ for $p=4$. A gap is clearly visible for large dipole coupling.}}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Finite temperature}
As shown in \cite{Edalati:2010ge}, the sharp Fermi surface is smoothed at finite temperature. Also the Mott gap generated by the bulk dipole coupling will vanish above some critical temperature. The critical value of the ratio $T/\mu$ is small ($\approx 3.92\times 10^{-2}$) for RN-AdS black hole. However, we find that the critical value of ratio $T/\mu$ in the dilatonic black hole studied in \cite{Gubser:2009qt} is higher than the one in RN-AdS. From figure \ref{finite T}, the dynamically generated gap still exists at the finite temperature for large enough dipole coupling. The width of gap also increases as the dipole coupling increases. On the other hand, the critical value of $T/\mu$ is higher for larger $p$.
\begin{figure}
\center{
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{gap.eps}\hspace{0.2cm}}
\caption{\label{finite T}$Im G_{22}$ for $p=6$ at finite temperature. Blue: $T=0$, Red: $T/\mu=0.0974621$, Green: $T/\mu=0.137832$, Orange: $T/\mu=0.168809$. The critical value of ratio $T/\mu$ is higher than the one in RN-AdS. Besides, the width of gap increases as $T/\mu$ increases.}
\end{figure}
\section{Discussion}
In the holographic model of non-Fermi liquid \cite{Guarrera:2011my}, it was found that the bulk dipole coupling changed the
attainable low-energy scaling dimensions, as well as the locations of the Fermi momentum. The structure of non-Fermi liquids is, however, robust under this deformation.  On the other hand, it was also found that one could find (non-)Fermi liquid behavior in different range of coupling strength by varying the coupling strength and a Mott gap is dynamically generated by the bulk dipole coupling for large dipole coupling \cite{Edalati:2010ge,Edalati:2010ww}. Moreover, the dynamically generated gap will close when the temperature is turned on and above some critical value. Conclusively, a phase diagram similar to the one of high-$T_{c}$ cuprate superconductor was found.

In this note, we have investigated a particular holographic model of Fermi liquid, proposed by Gubser and Rocha \cite{Gubser:2009qt}. Similar to the non-Fermi liquid model, we find the bulk dipole coupling change the location of Fermi momentum and the Fermi surface structure is robust under this deformation. Interestingly, it was also found that the dipole coupling linearly shifted the locations of the Fermi momentum, and we did not find any signature of non-Fermi liquid. With increasing coupling strength, the mobility of quasiparticle is decreasing and a dynamically generated gap is  observed. As the coupling strength is getting higher, the Fermi surface ceases to exist, and the system ends in an insulator phase.

In the holographic models of non-Fermi liquid, the near horizon of extremal RN-AdS black hole is $AdS_{2}$, indicating the IR physics is well captured by an emergent $1+1$ dimensional CFT. Besides, it is argued that the IR scaling dimension of probe fermion plays an important role in the Fermi surface structure. One can apply some semi-analytical method to obtain the analytical properties of retarded Green's function in low energy limit. However, there seems a big difference from those models that the class of quantum critical point (QCP) we consider here connects Fermi liquid phase to insulator phase and does not have an explicit CFT description\footnote{We remark that while this background described by Gubser and Rocha\cite{Gubser:2009qt} does not have a $AdS$ near-horizon geometry, its lifted eleven dimensional three-equal-charge solution at extremal limit does have a $AdS_3$ near-horizon factor, which is claimed to be dual to a non-chiral CFT and responsible for the linear specific heat.}. So the semi-analytical arguments used in the non-Fermi liquid case might not apply to this case. It would be interesting to have an analytical understanding of the low energy behavior of excitations around Fermi surface by performing the matching calculations.

It would be also interesting to investigate other holographic models of QCP which associate with (non-)Fermi liquid and possibly classify various types of QCP. For example, it is shown that in the charged dilatonic black hole with Liouville potential, one can find both Fermi and non-Fermi liquid behavior when we tune the nonminimal coupling strength and dilaton potential \cite{Iizuka:2011hg}.  Another type of QCP is associated to Lifshitz-like theory\footnote{A few works studying probe fermion in Lifshitz spacetime appear recently \cite{Gursoy:2011gz,Alishahiha:2012nm,Fang:2012pw}.}.  We hope to explore the effect of dipole coupling in those backgrounds and report the results in the future\cite{future work}.

\begin{acknowledgments}
This work is supported in part by the Taiwan's National Science Council and the National Center for
Theoretical Science.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


There are great deals of changes that have come up within the field of embroidery digitizing.Embroidery digitizer work involves the conversion of artwork design into digital data that may then be applied in several ways and in numerous industries.
Technology has come a long way and we will notice its impact within the embroidery digitizer business as well. A huge number of firms are currently choosing to have their emblem embroidered with the right kind of design. Today's is an era of digitization and with the new and trendy aspects of technology; one will notice that there are plenty of new ways coming up that converts hand-stitched artwork into digital forms.
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If you would like a brand new embroidered emblem for a firm that deals in baking, you should try to have embroidery relating to delicious chocolates and even tasty and delectable cookies. the type of artwork that's used can directly impact the long-term of the business.
So, in order to become an ace embroidery digitizer firm, you would want to be skillful not only within the technical part of transforming the artwork in digital format, however at the same time, the artwork has to be refreshingly appealing too.
When you are converting the artwork in the digital format, you would have to keep an eye on out on how efficiently the modification is being mapped. At most times, it might so happen that there may be overlapping of letters or maybe colors. The mix of colors is one amongst the key aspects of artworks. It's the proper mix of artistically matching colors that bring a piece of art alive. So, once you are mapping the change from manual artwork to its digitized format, you ought to keep a track of the changes that area unit occurring.
Most times a few colors might merge and mix. If this does not produce your desired effect, it is advisable to repeat either on the artwork design or on the digitization process. Furthermore, numbering and lettering, when used in an artwork, could move a little bit. This often leads to a negative portrayal of the final output. When the digitized artwork is being used for company branding or some other official purpose, the lopsided characters can cause a lot of havoc on the image of the company.
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Excellent Digitizing LLC has been spotlighted as one of the leading embroidery digitizers. They currently a large portfolio collection that consists of the most amazing cutting edge embroidery designs which have been properly stitched into numerous fabrics.


text:
Drive Through Safari Park, First Cinema Trip and Decorating Update!
A quick trip to see family after nights and a jam packed weekend after three shifts in a row!
Click here to watch the vlog or see below!
After 3 night shifts I was completely and utterly exhausted. I had about 3 hours sleep before having to get up after my last shift and then got ready and dressed, ready to head to Yorkshire. The entire immediate family was visiting and we had a little barbecue. The weather wasn't great so we ended up spending most of it indoors and finishing the night with a quiz.
With redecorating all the bedrooms the next day, we spent most of the Sunday taking down my sister's room and finishing off the spare bedroom which will now be grandma's. My room had already been dismantled bar a few bits and the wardrobes had been taken apart and rebacked, as the backs had caved in. I was hoping to go to the farm shop but in the end, we all had a Chinese takeaway for tea which was nice. We didn't stay too late, but just as we were getting ready to leave, some guests came so we stayed until about half 5 and then set off as Luke had work the next day.
The next day we celebrated a reunion with a lovely meal at Bill's, followed by some belated celebrations for Sam's birthday the next day. It was a little last minute and I was caught a little off guard so this was the only picture I got sadly!
After three shifts in a row, it was the last weekend I properly had off for a while. With moving and working every Sunday for a month, Luke had booked the Friday off work and the original plan was to head away on holiday for the weekend. It turned out it was August Bank Holiday weekend so that wasn't really an option as last minute, everything good was taken or very expensive. I was personally happy to pay £500 for the 4 nights but the other half wanted £100 so it wasn't going to happen. Instead, he planned a packed weekend.
On Friday, we headed to the West Midlands Safari Park. It was so lovely to see so many animals up close and outside cages. Of course, some of them were and with a lack of cleaning facilities in the car, I didn't personally feed any of the animals whilst driving through the safari. Luke did though and had lots of fun!
There were lots of animals there and personally, I didn't recognise a lot of them. There were some signs up with details of the animals but for most of them, there weren't. At one point, Luke was feeding one of the antelope like animals and it's entire head was inside the car. I'm impressed I managed to get a clip of it as Luke threw the bag of food on me and I screamed. I think he was more concerned about his car getting damaged, but now it's over, it's definitely a funny story to look back on.
I love seeing the lions and the tigers. They had a few different varieties of them both and their enclosures were by far, the most creative. Whilst most were pretty bare minimum and lack lustre, the lions had a Rocky Mountain that was shaped like a lion and the other had a beautiful waterfall and some raised levels especially designed.
I've never been so close to a rhino before so that was quite cool! Some of the animals were in cages, but others just had signs up saying to keep windows closed, and others you could pet and feed. The tigers were all separated individually, but there were at least 3 types. Sadly, we didn't see any cheetahs but we did think that about the dogs as well, and it turns out they were hiding in the shade shelter against the sides of the enclosure.
The littles deers were very sweet and delicate. Not too greedy and not much slobber. They were slowing the cars down so parts did come to a stand still but I think that's to be expected. There was a very rude car who kept beeping their horn which was a shame.
My favourite animals on the safari have got to be the elephants. Loads of people were quickly driving past them but they were absolutely gorgeous and it was so fun to watch them play. There was a pair and a baby. When we first drove up the mum and baby were played and then the keepers called them inside, whilst they unloaded the food. They've obviously been trained and I wasn't very happy with the keepers having spiked sticks to keep them in line but it was very cute, seeing them lock tails and follow each other.
After the safari park aspect, we parked up and headed inside the ride area and more "zoo" like part. There were a few shows we went to see and I felt very safe as they limited numbers and stuck to social distancing guidelines. The reptiles talk was funny and interestingly, I learnt about the snakes forked tongue it for prey direction and also, that they don't dislocate their jaw, but instead have a jaw that opens in the middle. The sea lion show was amazing. It was fun to see the tricks but how they linked them to the health of the animal and education. The hippo talk wasn't that great but it was fun to watch them eat before hand. Because they're so deadly, understandably they don't want to get too close.
Finally, we walked through the rides which looked great for younger kids. They were cheap, fun and didn't have super long queues so it would be great for children under 10 I would say. There were also some other animals, like meerkats, goats, lemurs and penguins. We somewhat fast forwarded through them because by this point, it was pouring down with rain. We also walked through the ice age and dinosaur displays, fed the lorikeets and attempted (failed) to see some bats.
I had wanted to eat at the zoo because the food look relatively reasonably priced and actually quite yummy. I also liked the themed restaurants but Luke didn't want to stay any longer. We ended up calling in at his house to pick up some new shoes as he said his were too wet and then went to a Weatherspoons. I was so sad they were out of stock of their cookie dough and every other dessert, but we both had pizza. They ended up getting a delivery just as we were leaving and I was genuinely devastated.
The next day called for another early morning start. Luke has a house viewing for just after 9am and was really excited. I wasn't so much but it's nothing to do with him. In the end, the house needed too much work and there were a few issues with it. I don't think he's 100% yet but more than likely, it's a no.
From there we headed to brunch at a local deli. I've been wanting to go since I moved to Nottingham but usually try on a Sunday. I messaged and booked a table in minutes and it was really nice. I also picked up a few treats for dessert later. On the was back, given the gloomy weather, we decided to head to the cinema. I was excited when I saw the live action Pinocchio was showing at the de Lux. I was ready to chill for a couple of hours. I'm going to share the cinema experience after a pandemic and Pinocchio film review later this week so stay tuned!
From there we went to Highfields. We had a lovely walk around the lake and then it got darker and windier and the rain looked like it was about to pour so I didn't particularly fancy going on the rowing boats or playing mini golf.
It was a nice walk whilst it lasted and then we went home to chill for a few hours before tea. I had some freezer food in that needed eating, before moving house, so we had veg, new potatoes, chicken goujons and a slice of pizza (leftovers) each.
After eating, and devouring the Costa brownies, I dropped Luke off at the pub. I wasn't very happy about him leaving but I thought for an hour it would be fine. It ended up being over 4 hours so I ended up doing uni work and editing a vlog or blog post, instead of having my romantic night I'm watching a film in bed. Not quite how I had planned the night sadly.
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I use it for the lid of the dish drainer basket.
I was worried about buying it because the shipping fee was higher than the item. I found out that I sold even 100 yen later.
This review is about item#49057775.
It is heavy and it cracks instantly.
This review is about item#49057741.


Easter is early this year but the Palace is ready to go – come in and enjoy Easter Brunch with your family, a traditional holiday dinner featuring Baked Virginia Ham, Leg of Lamb, Roast Pork and more or stop by and pick up a delicious pie, cake or cupcakes to bring home to your family gathering. We also have our Easter breads, light and delicious challah bread with the Easter egg baked in the middle. Make your reservations today – our holiday special menu will feature something for everyone and, of course, our regular menu is always available.


text:
Paul Ryan retires, but who will replace him?
Speaker of the House Paul Ryan, R-Wisc. will not run for re-election, sources told the Associated Press and Axios.
BREAKING: AP Source: Republican House Speaker Paul Ryan will not run for re-election.
— The Associated Press (@The Associated Press) 1523451015.0
The speaker's office released the following statement:
"This morning Speaker Ryan shared with his colleagues that this will be his last year as a member of the House. He will serve out his full term, run through the tape, and then retire in January. After nearly twenty years in the House, the speaker is proud of all that has been accomplished and is ready to devote more of his time to being a husband and a father. While he did not seek the position, he told his colleagues that serving as speaker has been the professional honor of his life, and he thanked them for the trust they placed in him. He will discuss his decision at a press conference immediately following the member meeting."
Ryan's departure from Congress has been rumored for months. A battle will now begin within the House Republican conference to succeed Ryan as the leading Republican. The retirement news is also fuel for worries that Republicans will lose the House in the 2018 midterms. Recent special elections and polling data support the prediction that Democrats are poised to make a comeback in Congress this year.
"This is a Titanic, tectonic shift. … This is going to make every Republican donor believe the House can't be held," said one "wired" Republican who spoke to Axios.
This will kick off a battle for leadership between Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, R-Calif., and House Majority Whip Rep. Steve Scalise, R-La., Ryan's top two subordinates. But conservatives aren't likely to roll over to keep the same leadership team.
In a recent interview with Conservative Review, Rep. Thomas Massie, R-Ky., said there are "no suitable candidates" among current leadership to take over for Ryan because "they fundamentally don't understand what the job description is."
They think, because they've witnessed John Boehner and Paul Ryan do the job, that they understand what the job is, i.e., go talk to the lobbyists, go talk to special interests, figure out what the bill's got to look like. And then go convince 434 other members of Congress that they are somehow involved when they're not, after you've already written the bill. That's not the job description.
Massie was the only Republican to vote against Ryan for speaker.
The question remains, however, if not McCarthy or Scalise, then who? Will there be a conservative alternative to the current leadership team to succeed Ryan? And will these Republicans be vying for the speakership in the majority, or jockeying for the role of minority leader in a Democrat-controlled House of Representatives?
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Leftist 'Star Wars' actor issues explanation on why he 'liked' J.K. Rowling's response to a transgender critic
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Man killed after dog steps on gun
Tim Allen responds after Pamela Anderson makes explosive allegation against him: 'He said it was only fair'
'Over my dead body': Jordan Peterson says he was fooled into COVID-19 vaccination, won't happen again amid statist calls for more boosters
Leftist politicians waste no time declaring 'bigotry,' 'white supremacy' as motives for mass killing in Asian-majority community. Then a pesky fact emerges.
'This interview is ILLEGAL': Texas dad risks JAIL TIME for speaking about what's happening to his son
JK Rowling shuts down trans activist with perfect two-word response that goes mega-viral
Xbox will force gamers to power down to fight climate change, touting the first 'carbon aware console'
Don't miss out on content from Dave Rubin free of big tech censorship. Listen to The Rubin Report now.


text:
Abiola's opponent Bashir Tofa dies
Written by on January 3, 2022
A former presidential candidate of the National Republican Convention (NRC) in the 1993 election, Alhaji Bashir Othman Tofa, is dead.
He reportedly died after a brief illness in the early hours of Monday at the Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital.
Tofa was born on June 20, 1947.
In the 1993 presidential election, he contested against Moshood Abiola of the Social Democratic Party (SDP), who was the presumed winner of the election.
The Ibrahim Babangida military regime annulled the election, sparking nationwide protests.
Tofa was a businessman, an oil trader, and an industrialist.
He was chairman of International Petro-Energy Company (IPEC) and Abba Othman and Sons Ltd.
He was also involved as a board member in Impex Ventures, Century Merchant Bank, and General Metal Products Ltd.
He had his primary education at Shahuci Junior Primary, Kano, and then continued studies at City Senior Primary School in Kano.
From 1962 to 1966, he attended Provincial College, Kano.
After completing his studies at the Provincial school, he worked for the Royal Exchange Insurance company from 1967 to 1968.
From 1970 to 1973, he attended City of London College.
Tofa's sojourn into politics started in 1976 when he was a councilor of Dawakin Tofa Local Government Council.
In 1977, he was elected a member of the Constituent Assembly.
During the Second Republic, Tofa was at various times the secretary of the Kano branch of NPN.
He later became the party's national financial secretary and was a national member of the Green Revolution National Committee.
During the Third Republic, he was part of the Liberal Movement which metamorphosed into the Liberal Convention when it was not registered as a political party.
In 1993, when the Babangida administration introduced the Option A4 system, Tofa was elected the presidential candidate.
During the party primaries, he defeated Pere Ajunwa, Joe Nwodo, and Dalhatu Tafida to clinch the NRC ticket.
He was an ally of Halilu Akilu, the security chief at the time.
His running mate in the election was Sylvester Ugoh, an Igbo and a former governor of the now-defunct central bank of Biafra.
Both were members of the defunct National Party of Nigeria.
SOURCE: THE NATION
President Muhammadu Buhari has assured the Sagamu-Benin highway and Lagos-Ibadan expressway would be ready for commissioning before the end of 2022.
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text:
The Gothic Cathedral
Otto Georg Von Simson
The Gothic Cathedral: Origins of Gothic Architecture and the Medieval Concept of Order - Expanded Edition
The description for this book, The Gothic Cathedral: Origins of Gothic Architecture and the Medieval Concept of Order, will be forthcoming.
"The Gothic Cathedral is the most stimulating and comprehensive work on the subject to date. . . . If the cathedrals are to be understood, Mr. von Simson rightly declares, they must be seen not in the light of twentieth-century esthetic observation, but of twelfth-century religious experience, through which the supernatural permeated every aspect of human existence. . . . The resulting interpretation of the monuments is a critical tour de force."—Allan Temko, The New York Times Book Review
"Not since Mont-St.-Michel and Chartres has so poetic and so evocative a study of the Gothic movement been published. . . . The Gothic Cathedral is based on a wide factual as well as intuitive knowledge, transformed by the author's illuminating style into a text both formidable and pleasurable."—The Virginia Quarterly Review
Architecture in Global Socialism
Łukasz Stanek
Affordable Housing in New York
Edited by Nicholas Dagen Bloom and Matthew Gordon Lasner
Lina Bo Bardi, Drawings
Zeuler Lima
Chinese Architecture
Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt
Ugliness and Judgment
Timothy Hyde


Are you looking to land your first job in cyber security? With so many different roles and organizations looking for to fill open security roles, there are many different paths into the field. So, how do you take your unique background, passion, and interests to land your first job?
To get you started, we have plenty of free resources on the blog and if you want dedicated 1:1 coaching that's also available to meet you where you're at. This page is and the site as a whole is going to be under active construction as I add more material. So be sure to sign up with your email below for regular updates!
You may also enjoy the Coffee With A Splash Of Cyber educational series which is intended to provide people at any stage of their cyber security careers with quick, self-contained security challenges to learn by doing.


I was excited to see that Diversity was the topic for October, because it integrated perfectly with our Social Studies curriculum. My class started the month by reading the book Everybody Eats Noodles. This fiction book explores the many different types of noodles and the different ways that people might eat noodles according to their culture. It was a great introduction to diversity that the kids could relate to as they always see each other's lunches in the cafeteria. I followed up this lesson by asking students to write down food, music, and clothing they like. They put these on posters and we did a gallery walk so that the kids could see their classmates' answers. My school is extremely diverse – the students speak 52 different languages – so it was interesting to see their differences, as well as similarities. The students actually noticed that they had a lot in common despite their differences. We ended the lesson by talking about how diversity makes everyone unique and gives us the chance to learn from each other, while our similarities bring us together.
In the next lesson, I continued the theme of valuing diversity as well as similarities. We read the book "Spaghetti in a Hot Dog Bun". In this book, the main character is a unique individual and does things that others consider odd, such as eating spaghetti in a hot dog bun. One student in her class often makes fun of her for it. One day, the bully gets stuck on the monkey bars. Instead of taking the opportunity to make fun of him back, she helps him down. The message of the book is twofold. First, it is ok to be different. Second, even though we are different, we can find things in common and treat each other with respect. After reading the book, I paired the students to work on a venn diagram comparing and contrasting themselves. I have done this lesson in the past and always enjoy watching the kids notice how they are the same and how they are different. They love finding things in common with someone that they don't know very well.
The next week, we read "The Sneetches" by Dr. Seuss. In the story, the star-bellied sneetches have certain privileges just because they have stars. When the plain-bellied sneetches figure out how to get stars, the star-bellied sneetches have their stars removed and suddenly the plain-bellied sneetches are considered better. This book led to a discussion about the ways that we are different from each other, such as race and ethnicity, and if those differences should matter in terms of privilege. Our discussion was really inspiring. It was so awesome to hear my students talk about how silly the sneetches were and make the connection on their own to discrimination.
We ended this month by bringing the topic back to valuing the diversity in our classroom. I taught a short lesson on the flags of different countries and how they represent the history and values of that country. Each student had the opportunity to make their own flag that represented themselves. In this lesson, we also watched Alex's video. To meet her challenge, I paired the kids with a classmate that they didn't know very well, and gave them three minutes to find as many things in common as they could. The record was 14! Then, we shared these with the whole class. I really valued this topic as I think it made my kids appreciate each other even more.
"We ended this month by bringing the topic back to valuing the diversity in our classroom. I taught a short lesson on the flags of different countries and how they represent the history and values of that country."


Various sources suggest that about two hundred billion stars make up our galaxy, stretching over some 100,000 light years or about 30 kiloparsecs in a flattened disk which is about 10,000 light years ( 3 kpc) thick at the center. The sun is some 8.5 kiloparsecs out from the galactic center. About 6000 stars are visible with the naked eye.
We can investigate the structure of our galaxy in various ways, but can't get outside of it to see what it looks like. Spiral arms have been detected, and it seems to have a structure similar to the image of galaxy M61 shown. Recent studies indicate that there may be more of a central bar than M61 shows.
The Milky Way in infrared.
This is a photo toward the center of our galaxy taken by the COBE satellite in the infrared. In infrared you can see through some of the dust surrounding the galactic center and show the flattened shape of the galaxy with its central bulge. How many stars are in the Milky Way? Estimates are around 300 billion or 3 x 1011, perhaps plus or minus a 100 billion. Estimates are obtained by obtaining a measure of mass by analyzing rotation times and subtracting dark matter, then obtaining an average star mass. Uniform projections from the Hubble Ultra Deep Field lead to an estimate of 100 billion (1011) galaxies in the universe.
At right is an attempt to give a perspective of the Sun's location in the galaxy. It is based roughly on a sketch by Gonzalez and Richards. It shows the Sun as located between the Perseus and Sagittarius arms of the Milky Way. Gonzalez and Richards comment that this is one of the best locations in the galaxy for learning about stars, galactic structure and cosmology. There is considerable variation in the naming and visualization of the the spiral arms, so the details here should not be taken too seriously.
Two small irregular galaxies called the "Magellanic Clouds" are relatively near the Milky Way. The Large Magellanic Cloud is at about 160,000 light years and the Small Magellanic Cloud is at about 200,000 light years from us. The Andromeda galaxy is the nearest large galaxy at about 900 kiloparsecs or 2.9 million light years.
Within our galaxy are some star clusters that may visually resemble galaxies because they form distinctly visible groups in a relatively small region of space. They may be open clusters such as the Pleiades or globular clusters such as M30.
COBE image discussion on NASA WMAP site.
M61, National Optical Astronomy Observatory posting.
There are many geometries of galaxies including the spiral galaxy characteristic of our own Milky Way. The above image is a segment of the remarkable deep field photograph made by the Hubble Space Telescope, every visible object except for the one obvious foreground star seems to be another galaxy. An even deeper view was obtained in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field in 2003-04. The Extreme Deep Field dated 2012 added greater resolution.
Elliptical galaxies usually have very little gas or dust and hence little evidence of new star formation. The spiral galaxies may have an abundance of gas and dust and show evidence of star formation in the form of lots of hot blue stars.
The key to classifying a galaxy as a Seyfert Galaxy is the presence of broad emission lines from the bright, star-like nucleus. They are often strong radio and infrared sources. The first such active galaxies were discovered in 1943 by Carl Seyfert. Kaufmann cites the example of NGC 4151 which has 28% of its light concentrated in its emission lines. The emission lines include spectra of iron with 9 and 13 electrons stripped away, so the process involves very hot gases. The Seyfert galaxies exhibit variability and some have luminosities approaching the fainter quasars. Approximately 10% of the brightest galaxies in the sky are Seyferts. They are divided into Type 1 and Type 2 Seyferts.
Seyferts are thought to be spiral galaxies with a quasar-like center.
B L Lacertae objects are active galaxies characterized by rapid (days) luminosity variations and a lack of emission lines in their spectra. When variability takes place in periods less than a day, variable objects are sometimes called blasars.
B L Lacertae objects are thought to be elliptical galaxies with quasar-like centers.
A class of active galactic nuclei which show optical variability with periods on the order of a day or less are commonly referred to as blasars. They are further classified as radio-selected (RBL) and xray-selected (XBL). They are associated with the rapidly varying B L Lacertae objects.