Tonight, I fulfilled a promise to my 10-year-old daughter and took her to the local bookstore for something specific she'd been wanting, Xenocide, the third in the Orson Scott Card series that begins with Ender's Game. We threaded ourselves through the rows and stacks of books like silk in a loom until we ended up in the same place, in front of the title she was looking for.
"Oooh," she said, flipping the pages close to her nose. "I so totally love the smell of a new book!"
"Oooh," I replied, "You are so totally my daughter!" and we laughed and linked arms on our way to the checkout. We stopped and picked up a few new bookmarks for her, an accessory she loves almost as much as the books themselves, and I couldn't help but pick out a new moleskin journal for myself. And then I grabbed Little Bee, by Chris Cleave. I flipped it open and smelled the pages, just like my little girl had done moments before.
"Hmmm," I looked at the stylish leather cases and thought of the possibilities: Everything I could ever want to read could be right there, in my hands. And it weighed close to nothing. Amazing.
"Mom," she said. "Come on. You can't smell the pages with that silly thing."
"And you can't use these," she said, thrusting the beautiful new bookmarks at me.
I placed it back on the shelf. She was right on so many levels.
She's old school, my little girl, and so am I. She began reading at four years old and hasn't stopped since. She's spent her life watching me curl up in my favorite chair with feet tucked under me and a book in my hands. When she started chapter books at age six, we would lie together in her twin bed, she reading her book, me reading mine.
That's not to say that she isn't web savvy and doesn't love the latest electronic game or toy. But she sees something simple here: a good book. A real book that you can hold in your hands. And I think she's right that there's really no reason to mess that up.
As a writer, I also look at this new medium and contemplate the long term repercussions. Is it going to change the way we read? Sure. Will people actually read more? Quite possibly. Will it change the nature of the publishing business, or the royalties writers receive? We'll adjust. Is it a threat or just something cool and new? It's cool. So totally cool.
Perhaps one day my grandchildren and great grandchildren can look back on our ancient libraries and marvel at the number of pages we produced. They can flip through old newspapers (by then, I'm sure, extinct) with delicate fingers, in awe of the mere thought of ink on paper. Hopefully they can walk through my house and see a real library, with shelves that go all the way to the ceiling.
And there I'll be in the middle of it all, their little old great-grandmother, sitting in my rocking chair near my daughter. And we'll have our feet tucked up under us, books in our hands. Real books.
Yet who knows what the future holds? We can't predict the future of reading. And as long as we are here and communicate with the written word, it doesn't really matter if it's on paper or on a back-lit screen. What matters is that we are reading.
For now, I'm holding out. Reading the old fashioned way still works for me!
How many times have you heard someone use the word "When …" right before stating a goal? I've heard it more times than I can count, especially in the context of writing.
"When I'm finished with (task, event, season of life), I plan to write a book."
"When my kids are (grown, in school, out of school, out of diapers, out of debt, out of trouble … out of my freaking hair!), I plan to finish the book."
"When I finally figure out (what life is all about, what I want to say, why the world is round), I plan to start my memoir."
This blog post is going to sound harsh to some of you. It's not meant to sound that way. Not much anyway.
I've just learned that waiting for your real life to begin means you probably are going to be living your fake life for a long, long time.
In the last decade, I spent several years as a single-again mom, getting an infant out of diapers and into school, living paycheck to paycheck, wondering how I was going to ever get enough sleep, much less get ahead. Then I spent a few more years as a newlywed, going back to school full-time to get my master's degree while working full-time and still trying to fit raising three kids in there somewhere. Then I spent some years working many hours per week doing freelance work simply to contribute to my household's income.
Somewhere in there, in the midst of all that activity, I finally realized it was time for my real life to begin.
So I started writing a book. Eventually, I finished one. Then another. And I'm still going.
And guess what? I decided I like my real life, and I'm glad I stopped waiting for it to begin.
I've been fortunate enough in the process to have the opportunity to begin writing full-time (but not until we went through our budget and decided what we really, honestly could live without in order for me to do it). I know that one day I may have to return to some kind of job to bring in money if I don't start earning money as a writer and if our circumstances call for it.
The one where I live in a walkable city – one with great public transportation, great music performed live frequently, great theater, great restaurants, great weather . . . you get the picture. But last weekend, my husband and I decided it was time to stop complaining and start doing our research. We plan to take some of our upcoming vacations in places we believe might come close to that dream so that when it's time, we'll be ready.
The one where I'm skinny again and exercise almost every day and still eat dessert on Friday nights. Several months ago, I started heading that way and have lost about 15 pounds, but I still catch myself dreaming about the ultimate goal instead of being thankful that I am already a little bit healthier and that I can fit back into things I couldn't wear last year and knowing I might meet my goal if I keep on keeping on.
And the one where I already have an agent and a publishing deal and I'm going crazy trying to write one book, revise another, and market another. But hey, at least I'm finishing books and sending out queries (okay, Joan, probably not as often as I should be these days, but I have a master plan, you see).
And baby steps do count, I think.
What about you? What does your real life look like? Are you still waiting for it to begin?
I love this song by Colin Hay (yes, formerly of Men at Work!), and this scene from Scrubs brings the point home even more with a little bit of humor and a good dose of goosebumps at the end. The first time I found the song online, I played it over and over again and some kind of light bulb lit up in my mind. It was about then that I got serious about my writing and started living my real life.
Nitwit strode to the front of the room and handed in his essay. He'd never written anything longer than a text message before but knew his college professor would be blown away at his mastery of the English language.
Here's a look at his essay, followed by Professor Style's comments.
She was the most beautiful girl in the room, and he shuttered as their eyes met. He chanced a peak at her from behind the planter and waded with baited breath. He had honed in on her like a heat-seeking missile since the first day he saw her after class, longing to rap his arms around her.
Could it be her interest in him was just as peaked? Did he wet her appetite and leave her wanting more? He'd herd that falling for an older student was a right of passage for most freshmen. But he knew he was the exception to the rule. Playing hard to get was out of the question, but he kneaded to pair down his enthusiasm or she'd never give him a second glance. Everyday that past maid him want her more.
He'd been tossed into the throws of battle before. This wasn't his first hayride. He walked up to her and handed her the poem he'd comprised on sented stationary. She read it and fell immediately in love.
Dear Nitwit and trust me, I was tempted to write: Deer Nitwit. Your command of the English language is deplorable at best, but let me try to straighten out this garbled attempt at a story.
Please review my notes and resubmit your essay with corrections.
Nitwit dropped the class and was later found hanging around the local barre, wondering why he was the only one not wearing a tutu.
So, Kim, how have those summer survival strategies been working out?
While I consi der my two young daughters to be the most precious people in the world, school vacations are trying times in the Bullock household. Sasha and Ashlyn 'try' to get equal billing in Mommy's day. I 'try' to comply and yet still get some writing done.
At the beginning of the summer I made up a list of strategies I intended to follow this vacation in order to keep everyone sane. I thought you might enjoy knowing how that's working out for me.
I will accept the fact that it will be impossible to write every day and that some days I shouldn't even try. Accepting I couldn't write every day was easy, but I've yet to experience that day I SHOULD try since May 24th.
I will bribe my eight-year-old to entertain her sister. That's how I'm writing this post on Sunday afternoon.
I will relax and enjoy our family vacation to Italy this summer. As you can tell from my last post, I excelled at this one. Unfortunately, now I can't look out my window without wishing the view looked more Tuscan than Texan.
On those days that I can't work, I'll do things from which I can be painlessly interrupted. I meant things like transcribing old letters, updating my website, even painting. I've accomplished laundry. Does that count?
I'm beginning to wonder if I'm ever supposed to write again.
What about you? Did you go into the summer with the best intentions only to accomplish very little or have you been able to keep with a schedule? If you are in the latter group, I'm envious. Please share your secret for success.
Photos by Deborah Downes. For my Roycroft readers, the photo of my children was taken on Via Appia Antica in Rome, a.k.a. the original Appian Way.
Last night Julie, Joan and Pamela went to Legacy Books along with Julie's daughter Kristen and Pamela's daughter Amelia, to hear Jennifer Weiner as she promotes her new book Fly Away Home.
I thought I'd share some pictures of Jennifer and the nice crowd of (mostly) women in attendance. The complimentary cupcakes were a huge hit.
When I woke this morning, I knew we were brunching with the in-laws, but that's as far as my day was planned. If it had been a predictable Sunday, I'd have read the paper and a book while golf played in the background, maybe hit the gym, then made a predictable dinner of chicken or beef, fruit and salad. A nice relaxing day, but nothing we hadn't done many times before.
Whether you write your novel with or without an outline, you probably have some idea of where your story is going. But is it predictable? Have you read that same plot before?
On the way home from brunch, my husband suggested we go somewhere. Maybe to the Nasher Sculpture Museum. "Why not?" my son and I said. Then, on the way down the Tollway, someone brought up the zoo. "We've never been to the Dallas Zoo." And just like that our plot for the day changed. We had no sunscreen or water or hats with us, but we showed up anyway and were treated to a day in the sun by giraffes, elephants, gorillas, tigers and a few hundred other animals. Some I'd never seen before, like an okapi, which looks to me like half-giraffe, half-zebra. Others brought back fond memories, like the meerkats, who instantly had us visualizing Timon from The Lion King.
How did we handle the heat? We tried to keep cool in the shade or under mist machines, ate lemon chills and cherry ices, stepped inside the occasional air-conditioned building. We braved the 104 degree temps. Other people gave up and headed home. Some kids whined, others didn't seem phased by the heat at all.
When writing a novel, sometimes you have to set your many-faceted characters on an excursion. Put them into unique situations, have them bump into strangers. How will they react? Will your protagonist freeze or run from a confrontation with a mugger on the Tube, or will she douse him with pepper spray and take back her purse? Will your secondary character encourage her best friend to take that job in California? Or get a tattoo which lands her in the hospital? If you send them to the zoo, one of your characters might end up nose to nose with a giraffe and another, bumping into someone they didn't want to see. Wherever you send them, make it new and unusual. It'll make for a more memorable journey.
I've been avoiding my manuscript for about five days now.
We move this way, my WIP and me, sometimes frantically together, stealing every extra moment to scribble (or type) in the quiet darkness. Then, for no real reason, five or six thousand words later, it's over. I'm done with it for a little while and it's lost in my life until, with a flash of embarrassment and shame, I realize I have neglected it for far too long.
I had a moment last night where I thought about double-clicking the file, and then I let the moment pass. What was wrong with me?
"I need a retreat," I said to myself. "That's what I need. Then I'll write every day."
Today, I worked from home and spent the majority of the day on the phone, pouring over budgets and planning work-related travel plans for the rest of the year. Through all of this, I could see 'my book' sitting on the computer desktop, waiting patiently.
"Not a retreat. A class, really," I thought again. "My MFA! Maybe I'll finally go DO that."
Tonight, I looked over curriculum's for MFA's online and realized that NO, I do not want to do that.
"Time alone!" my inner self shouted. "You never have time alone!"
And then I remembered that my children had been at sleep-away camp all week and now I'm totally out of excuses.
So what is it that I need?
I need to let it breathe. Let it relax. When I peek at my words a few days from now, I'll have a good perspective on what it needs, and I'll take care of that. Knowing me the way that I do, I will probably spend a few days correcting broken sentences, working on the outline, verifying some facts, and then I'll start again with new words, moving the whole thing forward again.
Instead of beating myself up for not writing 2,000 words a day (Stephen King says to do that! I should do that!), perhaps I just need to follow my own rhythm. And if that means writing like crazy for a week or so and then letting it marinate on its own with no help from me, then so-be-it. Maybe focusing on what it needs is better than focusing on what I think I need.
What about you? Do you write straight through from start to finish? Do you jump around, choosing certain scenes over others? Or are you bumbling along like me, in short bursts of creativity?
The summer doldrums and dog days, they are here.
"Dog Days" (Latin: diēs caniculārēs) are the hottest, most sultry days of summer. In the northern hemisphere, they usually fall between early July and early September. In the southern hemisphere they are usually between January and early March. The actual dates vary greatly from region to region, depending on latitude and climate. Dog Days can also define a time period or event that is very hot or stagnant, or marked by dull lack of progress. The name comes from the ancient belief that Sirius, also called the Dog Star, was somehow responsible for the hot weather.
Dog Days were popularly believed to be an evil time "when the seas boiled, wine turned sour, dogs grew mad, and all creatures became languid, causing to man burning fevers, hysterics, and phrensies" according to Brady's Clavis Calendarium, 1813.
Here at What Women Write, we're all kind of in between at the moment. In between returning from vacations or leaving for vacations. In between sending visitors home or preparing to greet them.
I fall into the camp of having just sent my brother and nephew from California home, and while I'm starting to gear up for a vacation in August, it's not time to pack just yet. About three weeks stretch out before me when my I can write to my heart's content while my relatively independent teenage girls laze around or swim or have multi-night sleepovers with friends.
My writing is still progressing quite nicely, but I'm definitely entering the time of summer when I would rather take a nap than do almost anything. Going somewhere for ice cream (Hello, BRUSTER'S and SWEET SAMMIE'S!) is about the only activity that trumps naps, but because it's not practical or healthy to do it every single day, naps win the majority of the time.
Dig out old magazines, fabrics, buttons, or anything else with texture and create that collage you've always wanted to make to see if it grounds you in your story better. For my last manuscript, I created a photo collage using snippets of photos I found online. I used it as wallpaper on my laptop. Every time I opened my computer, it reminded me what I needed to be working on, and it was also fascinating to see what parts of the collage became more or less important as my story evolved.
Go on an artist's date to somewhere inspiring and cool, and I mean that in the literal sense of the word. Get away from the heat if you can. Take your camera. Take a notebook. Take a voice recorder. Or don't!
On a night when you don't have to get up and be somewhere early the next day, go to bed with a story question in mind. It might be as simple as asking one of your characters, "What do you want?" And I'm totally serious about the part where you don't have to be anywhere the next day. You might find yourself half sleeping, half dreaming, half thinking all night, and though your question could be answered better than you ever imagined, it might take another day and night to recover. But hey, it's the dog days, so it's all good, right?
And doggone it, if you just can't manage to pull yourself up from the couch for a few days or weeks, well, you can always blame it on Sirius.
What about you? What gets you out of the summer doldrums? What reinvigorates your senses and along with it, your muse?
Photo credit: Kristen, by permission given to her mother! Our beautiful Sophie, gazing out the window and dreaming of chasing lizards on the patio when the sun goes down.
During the school year, we at What Women Write regularly meet for lunch to recharge, reconnect and reestablish our writing goals. No one brings a spreadsheet of word count calculations or an outline of a project, but we talk for hours about writing, books, movies and whatever else six women find to chat about.
Over the summer, it's a bit more difficult. Last year we met one afternoon at the botanical garden, kids in tow, for a picnic. This year has proved to be more sporadic. Susan and I managed a lunch last month. Joan and I met for tea last week. We email constantly and are in the early stages of planning our second annual fall writing retreat.
But Joan, Julie, Kim, Susan and Elizabeth offer me a unique perspective. They know me in a way others do not. They've read early, early drafts and offered much-needed feedback. They aren't afraid to tell me something I've written is horrible because they understand they're doing me no favors by encouraging a project that has no market potential. When I get a rejection letter, at least one has probably queried the same agent with a similar response. Stuck for a way to phrase a sentence, I can email it out and within the hour have two or three unique twists on it. Without the support of these five women, I would not be the writer I am today. I doubt I would have ever attended a writing conference—let alone four. And I'm fairly certain I would have stopped writing fiction after my first manuscript had been rejected by dozens of agents.
Much of this is speculation, but one thing is certain: I am the writer I've become because of them. Thanks, all of you!
If you are a writer without a support system, I encourage you to find one soon. I met Joan and Kim at a local writers' group, Elizabeth at a critique group and Susan at a conference. Check your local library or book store for writing groups or critique groups. Join a book discussion group to get a feel for what readers want. Do an online search. Don't be afraid to talk to people. But one caveat: Make sure the environment is healthy, positive and honest. The last thing a fragile writer needs is negativity; we provide enough of that to ourselves.
As some of you know, I returned from a family vacation in Italy less than two days ago. If this post meanders a bit more than usual, it is because my jet-lagged body still insists it's bedtime though it's only mid-afternoon.
It will likel y take me months to fully absorb all that I've seen and done since June 19th. Being in Italy was, for me, like throwing myself into the arms of a new and particularly fervent lover. With the exception of one awful pizza in Siena, when this suitor placed a meal before me, it was meant to feed my soul not just my body. The wine, while never indulged in to the point of drunkenness, left me warm, satiated, and grinning like a Cheshire cat. Even the air was seductive – often infused with the scent of jasmine. Around every bend in the narrow winding roads was something unexpected: a Roman ruin, an Etruscan tomb, an ancient and gnarled olive tree, a castle, a village perched precariously upon a cliff, a Tuscan valley so dramatic and beautiful I could do nothing but stare and weep. I have no doubt that heaven looks like Tuscany.
As a writer of historical fiction, this sensory overload included a whole other dimension lost on the rest of my family. I would look at a medieval street and marvel at how similar it all would have looked a thousand years ago. My daughters laughed at me because I could not stop touching stone walls and dipping my hand into every fountain. I noticed by the end, though, that Sasha began picking up stones from places that obviously moved her. I'm sure her future husband will be as baffled by that habit as mine is.
I brought my laptop with me but never opened it. In fact, I didn't give my WIP a single passing thought. Despite having a torn ligament in my foot, I climbed the bell tower in Siena, explored the ruins o f Hadrian's villa and the catacombs, ate wild boar, navigated Rome by train, subway, car, streetcar and city bus, indulged in a daily gelato, toured the castle where Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes got married, had an audience with the Pope, swam in the Mediterranean, and watched as my children made friends with a little girl who spoke no English. Watching Sasha and Ashlyn thrive on the freedom of being in a country where children are adored and fretted over was the most rewarding part of the whole adventure. They didn't particularly want to come home.
Now that I am back in Dallas, refreshed, and will soon have both children in summer activities, I'm ready to dive back into my WIP. I have the feeling that my progress will be greatly enhanced by having left both my comfort zone and my muses behind for a little whi le. What about you? Have any of you had a big boost of creativity after going on a grand adventure?
All but one photo in this post were taken by Sasha Bullock, my nine-year-old, who was presented with her first digital camera upon arrival in Rome and quickly developed a love of photography.
I love to read books by Indian authors. Just finished one by a new guy, Farahad Zama (The Marriage Bureau for Rich People, a fun read!), and have gulped down Divakaruni, Pradhan, many others. One thing I've learned reading them is that in India, in the middle of a heat wave, people enjoy a cooling drink: a steaming cup of tea. The idea is that by heating the insides, it helps cool you off. I'll buy it.
So now, in the middle of the hot Texas summer, I've got a cup of English Breakfast doctored up with milk and fake sugar, just the way I like it. A hot drink, and it's like it loosens its way down my throat, into my core, and then on to the extremities, and my fingers can fly.
I've mentioned before that I like to write in coffee houses, restaurants, even in grocery stores that feature tables for weary or hungry shoppers. (My favorite, Central Market, even has a fireplace roaring away on cold winter days!) It's free office space, but there is also something about a hot drink at my elbow that gets my creative juices flowing, gets my pen moving, gets my words on the page. I guess you could say that a hot drink (or a cold Diet Coke with fresh lime if it's lunch time and my venue of choice is Taco Cabana) puts me in the mood.
I'd stop short of calling it a ritual, though it might be to my advantage if I went the extra step and made it so. Rituals are such for a reason; they help people create a muscle memory, and they contribute to the feeling of community. Both are necessary for writer. We need to flex that writing muscle, over and over. That's even more so once we leave the what-if-land of the still-to-be-published and enter the world of a contract and the second book has a deadline. As for community--isn't that why I'm here right now? And you?
If my task is writing--and it is--then ritualizing and recognizing the power of a hot drink to my production is a valuable consideration.
My cup is drained, the world is still hot, but I wrote. I wrote this. I did my work, and all that's left is to wonder about you: what is your ritual, or what ritual do you think will help you?
In June, my family and I spent a luxurious week at the Paradise Village Resort in Nuevo Vallarta, Mexico, a much-anticipated and saved-for vacation. Our sunrise patio overlooked the yacht harbor. Our sunset dinners gave us a view of a Pacific expanse of purple skies, jagged mountain peaks, and a quiet surf. We sang along with the Mariachi band on Fiesta night and drank tequila out of little silly cups the resort staff hung around our necks on strings. We zip-lined over canyons, hiked in the rain forest, and swam in a cool stream famous for- of all things- being the set for the movie "Predator". My eight-year-old, with her hair done up in tight cornrows braided by an elderly Mexican woman on the beach, swam with me in the resort pool on our last day there, smiled broadly, and said "Mommy, this is THE LIFE."
In March I spent two weeks travelling in Ghana, West Africa for my work with Touch A Life Foundation. The capital city, Accra, teems with people; legless men sitting on modified skateboards dart through traffic, begging for cedis, the Ghanaian currency. Women carry baskets full of fresh bread, or bags of water, or shrimp, or hard-boiled eggs; they carry everything perched high on their heads in a Carmen Miranda-esque balancing act of both grace and danger. Their babies are tied to their backs with long swaths of fabric, safely sleeping, suspended there, legs wrapped around and feet pointing forward. People. Color. Sound. Everywhere. Everything smells, whether it's the sweet stickiness of body odor, the bursting blooms from the garden, old garbage, fufu cooking over an open flame, or the stench of open sewage. I work with children rescued from human trafficking -- kids who tackle me with hot and dirty hands and hugs and love every time they see me. I look around and say: "Wow. This is REAL LIFE."
borhood of families who move silently in and out of their homes, and anything I could possibly want to purchase is within a five mile radius of my house. I have a husband who is crazy about World Cup soccer, the Tour de France, his children, and cooking (not necessarily in that order). My daughters do well in school, love to sing, play guitar, and play sports. I work full time (always have) and at night, when everything is quiet, I sit by myself, curled in a chair with my laptop, and I write. "Hmmm," I think to myself, "This is MY LIFE."
And it's all the same life. Writing is like this life too, whether it's an escape into a luxurious world we're not so sure we belong to, or something far-flung and foreign, or something comfortable and familiar. We can write about things we know, places we've been, and sunsets we've seen.
The important part is to connect -- to find the familiar, to write something that might mean something to someone. By writing this little blog, maybe you see my sunset in your mind's eye. You smell the streets of Accra with me, and you see me sitting here right now, in my quiet home, writing in the dark. We connect, ever so briefly, and share something together, without even knowing one another.
So pick your life, the one you live, and pick the one you write. Have your heroine swept away by that beautiful Mexican cabana boy or the handsome yet lonely stranger who owns the yacht in the harbor. Tell the stories of the scars on the bodies of the little boys rescued from slavery on the waters of Lake Volta, fall in love with a child who calls you "Ma" and leaves grubby smudges on your already sweat-stained clothes. Or write about the heartaches that go on inside every home on every street in America, where the hero lavishes himself with excess and still can't figure out exactly what he is missing in his life, because he already has everything that money can buy.
Just write. Write it all down and connect your story with mine. I'll connect mine, hopefully, with you. Choose your life and choose your story; just keep writing.


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enhancedathlete ostarine review
SARMS, or selective androgen receptor modulators, are a class of drugs that have similar effects to anabolic steroids, but as soon as fewer side effects. They are becoming increasingly popular in the midst of bodybuilders and athletes, as capably as those looking to supplement their physical tell or battle the effects of aging. In this article, we will lid whatever you dependence to know nearly SARMS, including what they are, how they work, and their potential abet and risks.
SARMS are a class of drugs that bind to androgen receptors in the body, similar to how anabolic steroids do. However, unlike anabolic steroids, SARMS are selective in their actions, meaning they lonely objective specific receptors in definite tissues. This allows them to have similar effects to anabolic steroids, such as increased muscle lump and strength, without the thesame level of side effects.
SARMS bind to androgen receptors in the body, which are found in various tissues, including muscle, bone, and fat. taking into consideration they bind to these receptors, they mimic the effects of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone. This leads to an growth in muscle accumulation and strength, as skillfully as a decline in body fat. Additionally, SARMS can along with incite tally up bone density, which can be beneficial for people at risk of osteoporosis.
Increased muscle layer and strength: SARMS can assist you build muscle and enlargement your strength, which can be beneficial for bodybuilders and athletes.
Decreased body fat: SARMS can along with urge on you lose body fat, which can be beneficial for those looking to put in their brute appearance.
Improved bone density: SARMS can back up enlarge bone density, which can be beneficial for people at risk of osteoporosis.
Despite their potential benefits, SARMS as a consequence come behind some risks. The most significant risk is that they are not recognized for human use by FDA. Long-term use of SARMS can next lead to side effects, such as:
Furthermore, SARMS are not well-studied, and the long-term effects of these drugs are not known yet. It is important to remember that SARMS are still considered experimental drugs and that more research is needed to thoroughly understand their effects.
A lead to the interchange Types of SARMS
We will lead you through the vary types of SARMS open and what you infatuation to know roughly each one.
Ostarine, afterward known as MK-2866, is one of the most well-liked SARMS upon the market. It is known for its completion to growth muscle mass and strength, as competently as terminate body fat. It is along with used to treat muscle wasting and osteoporosis. Ostarine is considered to be one of the mildest SARMS and is well-tolerated by most people.
Ligandrol, moreover known as LGD-4033, is substitute popular SARM that is known for its expertise to accumulation muscle mass and strength. It is with used to treat muscle wasting and osteoporosis. Ligandrol is considered to be slightly stronger than Ostarine and may have slightly more side effects.
Andarine, as well as known as S4, is a SARM that is known for its skill to accrual muscle layer and strength, as skillfully as fall body fat. It is along with used to treat muscle wasting and osteoporosis. Andarine is considered to be one of the stronger SARMS and may have more side effects than Ostarine or Ligandrol.
Testolone, moreover known as RAD-140, is a SARM that is known for its triumph to accumulation muscle accumulation and strength. It is as a consequence used to treat muscle wasting and osteoporosis. Testolone is considered to be one of the strongest SARMS and may have more side effects than additional SARMS.
YK-11 is considered to be a other type of SARM, and it is known for its exploit to enlargement muscle growth and strength. It is moreover used to treat muscle wasting and osteoporosis. YK-11 is considered to be one of the strongest SARMS and may have more side effects than additional SARMS.
It's important to note that SARMS are still considered experimental drugs and that more research is needed to fully comprehend their effects. Additionally, SARMS are not ascribed for human use by FDA and the long-term effects of these drugs are not known yet. If you're as soon as using SARMS, it's important to consult in the manner of your doctor first and weigh the potential risks and benefits.
The Science of SARMS Dosage: How Much to bow to for Maximum Results
it's important to recall that SARMS are yet considered experimental drugs and that more research is needed to thoroughly understand their effects. One of the most important aspects of using SARMS is understanding the proper dosage. In this article, we will explore the science of SARMS dosage and how much to receive for maximum results.
The optimal dosage for SARMS can amend depending upon the specific type of SARM, as without difficulty as the individual's goals and tolerance. In general, most SARMS are taken at a dosage of 10-30 milligrams (mg) per day. However, some SARMS, such as Testolone (RAD-140) may require later doses of stirring to 20-30 mg per day. It's important to follow the recommended dosage of the specific SARM you're using and not to exceed it.
It's furthermore important to note that SARMS are not credited for human use by FDA. Therefore, there's limited research upon the long-term effects of SARMS, including the effects of high dosages. Additionally, taking too much of a SARM can guide to side effects such as suppression of natural testosterone production, mass in cholesterol levels, and liver toxicity. Therefore, it's important to consult considering your doctor previously starting any SARM cycle and to monitor your body's acceptance to the supplement.
Furthermore, it's important to note that taking SARMS for a long become old of era can guide to suppression of natural testosterone production. Therefore, it's important to cycle SARMS, meaning taking them for a epoch of mature and next taking a break. Additionally, it's important to adjudicate the timing of your dosage. For example, taking your dosage in the day or past your workout can be more operating than taking it at night.
In conclusion, SARMS can be an keen tool for increasing muscle addition and strength, as capably as decreasing body fat. However, it's important to comprehend the proper dosage for maximum results and to avoid taking too much, which can lead to side effects. It's also important to remember that SARMS are nevertheless considered experimental drugs and that more research is needed to sufficiently comprehend their effects. It's critical to consult behind your doctor in the past starting any SARM cycle and to monitor your body's response to the supplement. Additionally, it's valuable to cycle and grow old your dosage to minimize the suppression of natural testosterone production.
One habit to maximize the results of SARMS is by stacking them, which means combining alternative types of SARMS to reach specific goals. In this article, we will consider the ultimate guide to SARMS stacks and how to maximize your results.
A SARM stack is a immersion of alternating SARMS taken together to achieve specific goals. The most common direct of a SARM stack is to lump muscle accumulation and strength, as with ease as subside body fat. The most popular SARMS stacks include:
Ostarine (MK-2866) and Ligandrol (LGD-4033): This stack is commonly used for bulking and increasing muscle buildup and strength.
Ligandrol (LGD-4033) and Testolone (RAD-140): This stack is commonly used for bulking and increasing muscle buildup and strength.
It's important to note that SARMS are nevertheless considered experimental drugs and that more research is needed to fully understand their effects. Additionally, SARMS are not credited for human use by FDA and the long-term effects of these drugs are not known yet. Therefore, it's important to consult later your doctor before starting any SARM stack and to monitor your body's admission to the supplement.
When creating a SARM stack, it's valuable to comprehend the properties and potential effects of each SARM you're using. For example, Ostarine (MK-2866) is known for its completion to accumulation muscle mass and strength, though Andarine (S4) is known for its finishing to terminate body fat. Combining these two SARMS can have the funds for a balanced effect of both muscle get and fat loss.
Additionally, it's valuable to comprehend the proper dosage for each SARM in the stack, as with ease as the timing of the dosage. For example, taking Ligandrol (LGD-4033) in the hours of daylight or before your workout can be more effective than taking it at night.
Bodybuilding is a sport that requires dedication, discipline, and a proper training and nutrition plan. However, some bodybuilders and athletes are looking for an extra edge to back up them gain muscle and improve their performance. SARMS, or selective androgen receptor modulators, are a class of drugs that have same effects to anabolic steroids, but later than fewer side effects. They are becoming increasingly well-liked in the midst of bodybuilders and athletes as a mannerism to gain muscle and total performance. In this article, we will evaluate the ultimate guide to using SARMS for bodybuilding and how to gain muscle.
SARMS do its stuff by binding to androgen receptors in the body, which are found in various tissues, including muscle, bone, and fat. subsequently they bind to these receptors, they mimic the effects of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone. This leads to an accumulation in muscle accumulation and strength, as skillfully as a fade away in body fat. However, it's important to recall that SARMS are nevertheless considered experimental drugs and that more research is needed to thoroughly understand their effects. Additionally, SARMS are not qualified for human use by FDA and the long-term effects of these drugs are not known yet.
Ostarine (MK-2866): Ostarine is known for its endowment to increase muscle lump and strength, as capably as halt body fat. It's considered to be one of the mildest SARMS and is well-tolerated by most people.
Ligandrol (LGD-4033): Ligandrol is choice well-liked SARM that is known for its achievement to growth muscle lump and strength. It is considered to be slightly stronger than Ostarine and may have slightly more side effects.
Testolone (RAD-140): Testolone is a SARM that is known for its exploit to addition muscle accrual and strength. It is considered to be one of the strongest SARMS and may have more side effects than supplementary SARMS.
When using SARMS for bodybuilding, it's vital to follow a proper training and nutrition plan. A proper training plot should enlarge a fascination of weightlifting, cardio, and rest. Additionally, it's indispensable to consume tolerable protein to maintain muscle growth, as without difficulty as to acquire enough carbohydrates and healthy fats to fuel your workouts.
Additionally, it's essential to understand the proper dosage for the specific SARM you're using and not to exceed it. For example, the recommended dosage for Ostarine is usually surrounded by 10-30 milligrams (mg) per day, even if the recommended dosage for Ligandrol is usually in the middle of 5-10 mg per day.
It's along with important to cycle SARMS, meaning taking them for a era of mature and then taking a break. This is to minimize the suppression of natural testosterone production and to avoid any potential side effects.
In conclusion, SARMS can be an working tool for increasing muscle addition and strength, as well as decreasing body fat. However, it's important to recall that SARMS are not endorsed for human use by FDA and that more research is needed to abundantly understand their effects. It's essential to consult in the manner of your doctor in the past starting any SARM cycle, and to monitor your body's admission to the supplement. Additionally, it's essential to follow a proper training and nutrition plan, understand the proper dosage, and cycle SARMS for bodybuilding.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Front page Circuits and Boards VS1011 VS1011E-L, MP3 Decoder Circuit, RoHS compliant.
VS1011E-L, MP3 Decoder Circuit, RoHS compliant.
VS1011 is a single-chip solution for an MPEG layer 3 audio decoder including a digital to analog converter and earphone amplifier. The device contains a high-performance low-power DSP processor core (VS_DSP4), working memory, 5.5 kBytes of program or data RAM for user applications, serial control and input data interfaces, and a high-quality oversampling variable-sample-rate stereo DAC. VS1011E is RoHS compliant.


How to get a field's value with ResultSet.getxxx when it is a NULL?
You should not get an error/exception just because of null values in various columns. This sounds like a driver specific problem and you should first check the original and any chained exceptions to determine if another problem exists.
In general, one may retrieve one of three values for a column that is null, depending on the data type. For methods that return objects, null will be returned; for numerics ( get Byte(), getShort(), getInt(), getLong(), getFloat(), and getDouble() ) zero will be returned; for getBoolean() false will be returned. To find out if the value was actually NULL, use ResultSet.wasNull() before invoking another getXXX method. For more information, see the JDBC(tm) Technology Guide: Getting Started 5.1.19 NULL Result Values.


BIG PICTURE: "Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy," by Carl Shapiro and Hal R. Varian (Harvard Business School Press, 1998). To understand the new economy, we need a new economics. Right? Not so, argue Shapiro and Varian, both professors of economics at UC Berkeley: "Technology changes. Economic laws do not." Their case studies offer strategies for valuing, pricing, and leveraging the gold of this new era: information.
SLEEPER: "Semper Fi: Business Leadership the Marine Corps Way," by Dan Carrison and Rod Walsh (AMACOM, 1998). Business can seem like war. But war really is war, and the marines understand it better than anybody else. That's because the marines understand people — and they are relentless about recruiting and developing them. Carrison and Walsh, both former marines, show us why.
KEEPER: "The Guru Guide: The Best Management Ideas of the Top Management Thinkers," by Joseph Boyett and Jimmie Boyett (John Wiley & Sons, 1998). "The Guru Guide" is chock-full of familiar names: Warren Bennis, Peter Drucker, Michael Porter, Peter Senge, Margaret Wheatley. But it's more savvy than awestruck, and it's enormously utilitarian. It's a guide to the ideas driving the business conversation.


removed off of the bench given that he has had his day in court on a DWAI charge.
judge for the excessive use of alcohol.
All that aside, what was the real meat within the speech?
Was it the sly comments directed towards most Republican officials sitting their audience?
in recent events). Or was genuinely to reassure the nation that He's not forgotten their meows.
went to war. As America experienced, "Shock and Awe", I pulled my hair from.
ceremony several different nations conferred honors upon the coffin. At the final outcome the coffin along an issue President and Mrs.
AARP, that begins with "Greetings; Since you're officially (an old fart) . ", suddenly it hits you.
poker, when I realized who it was from. Not yet, usually.
I'm not ready for that stage before!
and in 1984 the SCJC let him off with only an admonition.
for the excessive use of alcohol.
(this being web site about anything the scr888 party did in recent events).
He was shameless. I will go to my grave calling him The Propaganda President.
regarding boots, we went to war. As America experienced, "Shock and Awe", I pulled my hair from.


What does "all things created" mean? Then what "heavens and Earth"? Then "Visible and Invisible" what is visible and invisible? Isnt it the visible and invisible Earth and heavens and all things in them both the visible and invisible heavens and earths? Were they not all said to be created through Christ?


We work hard to maintain our hire fleet to ensure each car is as reliable as possible. It's the reason why Great Escape Cars is the only classic car hire company with its own full service workshop.
Our 2017 Servicing & Maintenance Report provides all the data you need to assess how we maintain our fleet and how that translates into reliability. Click here to read the report.


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e: info@microadventuretours.co.za
Tour of the 1897 house (Joburg's Oldest) called 'The View'
Come and join us for the tour to one of the oldest houses in Joburg, if not the oldest.
Designed and built by Charles Aburrowin 1897 for Sir Thomas Major Cullinan (well known for founding the Premier Mines outside of Pretoria, where the largest diamond in the world was found in 1905). Cullinan town east of Pretoria was named after him.
The Cullinan diamond was sold to the British Royal by the SA government in 1907 and was cut into 9 major pieces which form part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom i.e. the Sovereign's Spectre with Cross (on the Queen's crown), the Imperial State Crown etc.
'The View' bears witness to the opulent life of the early Rand Lords during this colourful era of Joburg. The house is typically Victorian in Style, built from burnt red bricks with a corrugated iron roof, wooden balconies and large bay windows.
A modest home for the mining magnateof his caliber. He lived here for nearly 40 years. The View is currently home to the Scottish Regiment headquarters and serves as a museum with WWI and WWII artifacts.
DISCLAIMER: Micro-Adventure Tours or its owners are not responsible for any loss, theft, damage to property, injury or death that might take place during any of our tours or events.
2 – 3hours
Tour fees
R300 (FREE for kids under 12 years)
MEETING PLACE: 18 Ridge Road, Parktown
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Jozi Night Rooftops Tour
CRADLE OF HUMANKIND CYCLE TOUR
info@microadventuretours.co.za
1 Park Lane, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193
© All rights reserved Micro Adventure Tours


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Past Breakfast Forums Video
November 12, 2020 | Flip the Script: A Fresh Take on Ending Our Homeless Crisis
September 30, 2020 November 13, 2020 Ross Jackson
Despite political focus and public investment, the number of people without housing in Oregon continues to grow — up 25% in the past two years in Portland for families and youth — with COVID-19 exacerbating the crisis. Many experts believe it's time to overhaul our current approach. Learn about an innovative proposal to allocate dramatically more resources for homeless and unaccompanied youth — two-thirds of whom go on to become permanently homeless as adults. Register today for this assumption-challenging discussion, and see if we can reduce the number of adults who are homeless on Oregon's streets over the next decade.
Doug Riggs, has spent the past 20 years working on children's programs. He has worked extensively on child welfare and foster care issues, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and implementing Trauma Informed Practices. He has coordinated with education groups, health groups, housing experts, and mental/behavioral groups to convene conferences and turn concepts for reform into legislative and administrative policy and state statutes. Doug is also the former co-chair of the Washington County Commission on Children and Families.
Doug Riggs can be reached at: doug@ngrc.com.
Savina Zuniga- I am a 20-year-old Native American woman and I experienced houselessness on and off from ages thirteen to eighteen. I've lived in Portland my whole life, but I've never lived in one place for more than 2 years. I was on the verge of dropping out of high school my sophomore year to support family and myself after receiving an eviction notice. Then, a school counselor told me about Second Home. Second Home provided me the contact of a potential home provider and two days after meeting her I moved into a safe, stable home for a year and a half. I graduated a year early from Beaverton High school in 2017. I will dive into more detail about how racial background and family addiction contributes enormously to my story and how those issues can be addressed.
Savina Zuniga can be reached at Savinazuniga99@gmail.com.
Tricia Frizzell, Oregon native with a bachelor's degree in environmental sciences and a master's degree in education. Tricia has 15 years of experience working in positive youth development programs and community engagement, and officially began working youth experiencing homelessness in 2013, becoming the director of HOME Youth Services in 2014. While serving as Director Tricia has expanded services for minor youth in her community and championed local efforts to embed youth within systems to end homelessness for all. Tricia is a member of the Oregon Homeless Youth Advisory Committee and a board member for the Oregon Alliance for Children, Families and Communities. Personally, Tricia comes from a large multiracial family who together has provided a temporary home for over 50 children in foster care and a permanent family for 5 through adoption. As the first in her family to graduate college and working her way through various odds, she values the opportunity to amplify the voices that are often discounted.
Tricia Frizzell can be reached at tricia.frizzell@mwvcaa.org.
Barbera Duffield is Executive Director of SchoolHouse Connection. For more than 20 years, she has bridged policy and practice in early care, education, housing, and homelessness. Barbara began her career as a tutor for children experiencing homelessness in Washington DC in 1990. She was the Director of Education for the National Coalition for the Homeless from 1994-2003, where she collaborated with service providers, educators, federal agencies, and Congressional offices to address children's issues. She served as the Director of Policy and Programs at the National Association for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth in Washington D.C from 2003-2016, leading national efforts to strengthen federal protections and services for children and youth experiencing homelessness, from early childhood through higher education. Barbara helped to establish and develop the NAEHCY Scholarship Program, a comprehensive scholarship program for youth who have experienced homelessness and wish to pursue higher education. She has conducted technical assistance trainings, authored policy reports, appeared on television and radio shows, and has been quoted by various media outlets such as The New York Times and Education Week. Her academic work can be found in Educational Studies, Early Childhood Research Quarterly, and Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services. Barbara has served on numerous commissions and advisory groups, including for Sesame Street Workshop and the National Commission on Children and Disasters education group. She received her bachelor's degree summa cum laude in Political Science from the University of Michigan.
Barbera Duffield can be reached at Barbara@schoolhouseconnection.org.
Andrew Hoan is the president and CEO of the Portland Business Alliance. Prior to joining the Alliance, Andrew was president and CEO of the Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce. Before his tenure at the Brooklyn Chamber, he served in the Office of the Brooklyn Borough President where he directed capital spending and economic development policy. Andrew moved to New York through participation in a national service year as an AmeriCorps VISTA, helping indigent New Yorkers seek free civil legal help, and went on to develop corporate programming for the largest provider of homeless services in New York City, Volunteers of America. Andrew was an appointee to several agencies and authorities throughout his career, and currently serves on Mayor Ted Wheeler's Council of Economic Advisors, Metro Council President Lynn Peterson's President's Council, All Hands Raised board of directors, Oregon Business & Industry board of directors, Multnomah County's Preschool for All Taskforce, and serves as co-chair of Commissioner JoAnn Hardesty's Small Business Committee, treasurer of the Portland Economic Investment Corporation's board of directors, and professional advisor for Travel Portland. He holds a Bachelor of Science in economics from the University of Wisconsin and a master's in urban planning from New York University. A Milwaukee, Wisconsin native, his wife, Karina, is a doctor at Portland Clinic and they live with their sons, Theo and Rocco, in Northwest Portland.
Andrew Hoan can be reached at Ahoan@portlandalliance.com.
Event Sponsors:
Annual Sponsors:
To share your ideas or if you are interested in sponsoring this event, please contact Robin Moody at robin@oregonhealthforum.org.
Event Slideshow:
CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD SLIDESHOW
← October 20, 2020 | Voter Power: Oregon's Top 2020 Healthcare Ballot Measures
November 19, 2020 | CCO 2.0: Maintaining Crucial Community Investments During Crisis →


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Resonance Spec. Q4 net profit zooms 4260.00% at Rs 2.18 cr
The company reported standalone net profit of Rs 2.18 crore for the quarter ended March 31, 2019 as compared to Rs 0.05 crore in the same period last year, registering a year-on-year growth of 4260.00 per cent.
Net revenue of the company rose substantially by 45.40 per cent at Rs 15.66 crore in January-March quarter of this fiscal as against Rs 10.77 crore in the corresponding period last year.
During January-March quarter, operating expenses increased by 27.14 per cent to Rs 12.32 crore from Rs 9.69 crore in year ago period.
Other Income grew by 17.54 per cent at Rs 0.67 crore versus (Mar'18 Rs 0.57 crore).
Operating Profit surged by 209.26 per cent to Rs 3.34 crore as against Rs 1.08 crore in the year ago period, while Operating Profit Margin (OPM) expanded year-on-year to 113.29 per cent in March quarter.
Interest declined by 36.36 per cent y-o-y to Rs 0.07 crore, while Taxation decreased by 4.27 per cent at Rs 1.12 crore (Mar'18 Rs 1.17 crore).


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Home Overview Project Journal Presentations Publications FREMA Reference Model People Contact Links
New updates to the Project Journal
CETIS Workshop PowerPoint Presentation
University of Southampton > ECS > FREMA > Home
16 July 2007 - The FREMA project won the best paper award at the International Computer Aided Assessment Conference 2007
The FREMA Project is part of JISC's e-Learning Programme which has the aim of identifying how e-learning can facilitate learning and to advise how such e-learning systems might be implemented.
The goal of FREMA is to develop a reference model for systems in the Assessment domain of e-learning that are built on top of Service-Oriented Architectures, such as Web Services and the Grid, and in particular the JISC e-Learning Framework (ELF). The Assessment Reference Model will describe how the assessment domain maps to the ELF and thus acts as a driver for implementation and evaluation. Once complete, the Assessment Reference Model will ease the development of further services and promote the re-use of existing ones.
Assessment is a large and complex portion of the e-Learning Framework, interacting with VLE's, Portals and Marking Tools at the User Agent layer, multiple Learning Domain Services including Sequencing tools, Grading, Marking, Reporting, Competency and Tracking and relying on most of the ELF common services.
FREMA will:
Define the scope of the Assessment domain terms of existing practice
Define common Assessment solution patterns in terms of use case studies and scenarios
Relate them explicitly to the ELF in the form of a service profile and service descriptions
Provide prototype services that fulfil the profile of the Assessment domain, act as proof of the Assessment Reference Model and allow the reference model to be evaluated.


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What the military taught these DOs about patient care
"If you're a physician in the military, you're going to do everything," says Lt. Col. Darren Sommer, DO, MBA, MPH.
By Andy Brown Email Wednesday, Nov. 11, 2020
AOA President Thomas Ely, DO, and Lt. Col. Darren Sommer, DO, MBA, MPH, took different paths to military service in different eras, but their stories run parallel in many ways.
Both entered the military at a young age without future designs of becoming a physician, and both were given eye-opening opportunities to discover medicine there that greatly impacted their lives. They even both spent some time at the same domestic base: Fort Bragg in North Carolina.
In recognition of Veterans Day, The DO is honoring osteopathic physicians who have served in the military by sharing the stories of two DOs who found their paths to medicine through their time in active duty, then practiced in the service.
Through their stories, the two physicians discuss how serving helped them develop as physicians, the contrasts between military and civilian care, and the lessons they took from the military back to civilian care.
"That responsibility truly prepared me." —Thomas Ely, DO
For Dr. Ely, medicine was a "dormant" interest of his when he joined the Army in the early 1970s. Thanks to the mentorship of David G. Doane, MD, the first family medicine consultant to the Army Surgeon General, Dr. Ely found his calling in the profession.
Dr. Ely was assigned to Dr. Doane's division as an administrative officer, and the two became lifelong friends as they worked together to integrate the principles of family medicine into the Army Medical Department. Dr. Doane encouraged Dr. Ely to pursue medicine. With his mentor's help, Dr. Ely landed an interview at Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences College of Osteopathic Medicine, where he was accepted and started training to become an osteopathic physician.
Dr. Ely
Before medical school, Dr. Ely's time in the service included two one-year combat tours of duty in Vietnam as a commissioned officer in the Medical Service Corps, where he worked as a medical evacuation pilot. Regularly flying a helicopter with patients inside, many times in darkness and under enemy gunfire, gave Dr. Ely valuable experience that prepared him well for the pressures of civilian medicine.
"As an aircraft commander, you are responsible for the safe completion of the mission, and most importantly ensuring the safety of the patients, crew, and aircraft," Dr. Ely said. "The aircraft commander makes all decisions. That responsibility truly prepared me for my future responsibilities as a physician making critical medical decisions."
Following medical school, Dr. Ely re-entered the military as a commissioned officer in the U.S. Army Medical Corps. His first assignment following residency was to establish a family medicine clinic for troops and military families at Fort Campbell in Kentucky. After setting up policies and practices from scratch, Dr. Ely's clinic practiced full-service family medicine, including obstetrics and pediatric care. That experience also proved to be valuable, especially when he retired from the Army in 1988 and went into private practice.
"Military medicine practice at that time was slightly ahead of civilian practice in some ways, like its early adoption of peer review for medical staff," Dr. Ely said. "After I retired from the Army, I went into practice with my medical school classmate who I had served with, and we were 'ahead of the game' in setting up policies, procedures and practice patterns in our clinical practice because of our Army practice experience."
"Nothing ever seemed overwhelming to me after combat." —Darren Sommer, DO
Like Dr. Ely, Dr. Sommer did not envision medicine in his future when he joined the Coast Guard at the age of 19. His undergraduate experience wasn't working out for him, and serving in this capacity was closer to his longtime interest in law enforcement, he said.
When he arrived at his first tour of duty in St. Petersburg, Florida, he was told that his service unit needed a volunteer to complete EMT training in order to have someone on hand with emergency medicine knowledge during missions.
"The Coast Guard recruiter had told me, 'This is going to be what you make of it; if you get a chance to go to a class or school, don't pass it up,'" Dr. Sommer said. "So I volunteered, and after three weeks of EMT school in California, I kind of fell in love with medicine, and that sense of responsibility."
Dr. Sommer on active duty (on left)
Inspired, Dr. Sommer returned to college to finish his undergraduate degree, and then went on to Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine. When 9/11 happened during his second year of medical school, he decided to return to the service when he finished his training.
The Coast Guard didn't have the opportunities to take care of patients Dr. Sommer was looking for, so when he finished residency in 2006, he went into active duty with the Army in Afghanistan for 15 months, where he was tasked with treating soldiers and civilians.
"Going from residency at a community-based hospital to combat was an interesting transition for me," Dr. Sommer said. "The pathology that I was exposed to went from the basic bread and butter stuff like COPD, pneumonia and congestive heart failure to battlefield trauma, malaria, tuberculosis, and diseases and conditions we only learned about in textbooks. The trauma patients I took care of were especially eye-opening. Nothing ever seemed overwhelming to me after combat."
Dr. Sommer's experience in the military opened his eyes to the value of telemedicine as well. In Afghanistan, hospital transfers were cumbersome, so he often reached out to colleagues for guidance on managing unfamiliar diseases and wounds. So in 2015, he founded Innovator Health, a telemedicine technology company that creates devices for immersive remote physician care.
That expectation of on-the-fly versatility is what makes military care unique, and it's a key skill Dr. Sommer took back to civilian care.
"If you're a physician in the military, you're going to do everything," Dr. Sommer said. "If you're in a situation you're not trained for, you're going to be taught the basics of what you need to know to be able to manage it. The military expands the scope of your career exponentially."
Now a member of the Army Reserves, Dr. Sommer was dispatched to New York City this spring to treat COVID-19 patients at a makeshift field hospital.
The best articles about DO veterans and military physicians
Becoming a military physician: The basics
Andy Brown is a Digital Content Specialist with the AOA. Email Andy
More in Profession
AOA statement regarding vaccine misinformation and hoaxes
The AOA without reservation encourages the use of the COVID-19 vaccines and remains ready to help administer and educate the public about them.
Requiem for the written note
There is something mystical about the thinking/writing nexus—the direct connection, the crackling intellectual current that flows unimpeded from brain to paper.
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Currently, there are 2 ACTIVE Condo Listings at this time for the New Construction Condos in the Sacramento Area category. Asking Prices range from $798,000 to $838,000 with an average price of $818,000 and an average price per square foot of $502.
There are a number of new condos in the Sacramento area either in the starting-construction stage or ready for occupancy. The interesting thing is, they aren't concentrated in one area. Whether you're looking in Davis, midtown or on the east side of town, there's a condo development there in the works. They are all townhomes with unique characteristics.
New townhomes in the Sacramento area are usually two or three stories, with the garage at the bottom and living areas often upstairs. New highrises are few and far between but they're popular because of walkability to the midtown and downtown areas.
Over the last 90 days, 2 condos have sold in New Construction Condos in the Sacramento Area. Final sale price ranged from $768,000 up to $779,500 pending possible revisions. The median sale price was $773,750 with a median Price Per Square Foot of $476.
Currently, there are 2 active listings in CENTRAL PARK WEST priced from $798,000 to $838,000. Over the last 180 days, 2 Condos have sold in CENTRAL PARK WEST. Final sale price ranged from $768,000 up to $779,500 pending possible revisions. The median sale price was $773,750 with a median Price Per Square Foot of $476.


text:
VERSION_MAJOR			:= 1
VERSION_MINOR			:= 2

# Default goal is build all images
.DEFAULT_GOAL			:= all

include make_helpers/build_macros.mk

################################################################################
# Default values for build configurations
################################################################################

# Build verbosity
V				:= 0
# Debug build
DEBUG				:= 0
# Build platform
DEFAULT_PLAT			:= fvp
PLAT				:= ${DEFAULT_PLAT}
# SPD choice
SPD				:= none
# Base commit to perform code check on
BASE_COMMIT			:= origin/master
# NS timer register save and restore
NS_TIMER_SWITCH			:= 0
# By default, BL1 acts as the reset handler, not BL31
RESET_TO_BL31			:= 0
# Include FP registers in cpu context
CTX_INCLUDE_FPREGS		:= 0
# Determine the version of ARM GIC architecture to use for interrupt management
# in EL3. The platform port can change this value if needed.
ARM_GIC_ARCH			:= 2
# Determine the version of ARM CCI product used in the platform. The platform
# port can change this value if needed.
ARM_CCI_PRODUCT_ID		:= 400
# Flag used to indicate if ASM_ASSERTION should be enabled for the build.
# This defaults to being present in DEBUG builds only.
ASM_ASSERTION			:= ${DEBUG}
# Build option to choose whether Trusted firmware uses Coherent memory or not.
USE_COHERENT_MEM		:= 1
# Flag used to choose the power state format viz Extended State-ID or the Original
# format.
PSCI_EXTENDED_STATE_ID		:= 0
# Default FIP file name
FIP_NAME			:= fip.bin
# Default FWU_FIP file name
FWU_FIP_NAME			:= fwu_fip.bin
# By default, use the -pedantic option in the gcc command line
DISABLE_PEDANTIC		:= 0
# Flags to generate the Chain of Trust
GENERATE_COT			:= 0
CREATE_KEYS			:= 1
SAVE_KEYS			:= 0
# Flags to build TF with Trusted Boot support
TRUSTED_BOARD_BOOT		:= 0
# By default, consider that the platform's reset address is not programmable.
# The platform Makefile is free to override this value.
PROGRAMMABLE_RESET_ADDRESS	:= 0
# Build flag to treat usage of deprecated platform and framework APIs as error.
ERROR_DEPRECATED		:= 0
# By default, consider that the platform may release several CPUs out of reset.
# The platform Makefile is free to override this value.
COLD_BOOT_SINGLE_CPU		:= 0
# Flag to introduce an infinite loop in BL1 just before it exits into the next
# image. This is meant to help debugging the post-BL2 phase.
SPIN_ON_BL1_EXIT		:= 0
# Build PL011 UART driver in minimal generic UART mode
PL011_GENERIC_UART		:= 0

################################################################################
# Checkpatch script options
################################################################################

CHECK_IGNORE		:=	--ignore COMPLEX_MACRO \
				--ignore GERRIT_CHANGE_ID \
				--ignore GIT_COMMIT_ID
CHECKPATCH_ARGS		:=	--no-tree --no-signoff ${CHECK_IGNORE}
CHECKCODE_ARGS		:=	--no-patch --no-tree --no-signoff ${CHECK_IGNORE}
# Do not check the coding style on C library files
CHECK_PATHS		:=	$(shell ls -I include -I lib) \
				$(addprefix include/,$(shell ls -I stdlib include)) \
				$(addprefix lib/,$(shell ls -I stdlib lib))

################################################################################
# Process build options
################################################################################

# Verbose flag
ifeq (${V},0)
        Q=@
        CHECKCODE_ARGS	+=	--no-summary --terse
else
        Q=
endif
export Q

# Process Debug flag
$(eval $(call add_define,DEBUG))
ifneq (${DEBUG}, 0)
        BUILD_TYPE	:=	debug
        CFLAGS		+= 	-g
        ASFLAGS		+= 	-g -Wa,--gdwarf-2
        # Use LOG_LEVEL_INFO by default for debug builds
        LOG_LEVEL	:=	40
else
        BUILD_TYPE	:=	release
        $(eval $(call add_define,NDEBUG))
        # Use LOG_LEVEL_NOTICE by default for release builds
        LOG_LEVEL	:=	20
endif

# Default build string (git branch and commit)
ifeq (${BUILD_STRING},)
        BUILD_STRING	:=	$(shell git log -n 1 --pretty=format:"%h")
endif
VERSION_STRING		:=	v${VERSION_MAJOR}.${VERSION_MINOR}(${BUILD_TYPE}):${BUILD_STRING}

# The cert_create tool cannot generate certificates individually, so we use the
# target 'certificates' to create them all
ifneq (${GENERATE_COT},0)
        FIP_DEPS += certificates
        FWU_FIP_DEPS += fwu_certificates
endif

################################################################################
# Toolchain
################################################################################

CC			:=	${CROSS_COMPILE}gcc
CPP			:=	${CROSS_COMPILE}cpp
AS			:=	${CROSS_COMPILE}gcc
AR			:=	${CROSS_COMPILE}ar
LD			:=	${CROSS_COMPILE}ld
OC			:=	${CROSS_COMPILE}objcopy
OD			:=	${CROSS_COMPILE}objdump
NM			:=	${CROSS_COMPILE}nm
PP			:=	${CROSS_COMPILE}gcc -E

ASFLAGS			+= 	-nostdinc -ffreestanding -Wa,--fatal-warnings	\
				-Werror -Wmissing-include-dirs			\
				-mgeneral-regs-only -D__ASSEMBLY__		\
				${DEFINES} ${INCLUDES}
CFLAGS			+= 	-nostdinc -ffreestanding -Wall			\
				-Werror -Wmissing-include-dirs			\
				-mgeneral-regs-only -mstrict-align		\
				-std=c99 -c -Os					\
				${DEFINES} ${INCLUDES}
CFLAGS			+=	-ffunction-sections -fdata-sections

LDFLAGS			+=	--fatal-warnings -O1
LDFLAGS			+=	--gc-sections

################################################################################
# Common sources and include directories
################################################################################

BL_COMMON_SOURCES	+=	common/bl_common.c			\
				common/tf_printf.c			\
				common/aarch64/debug.S			\
				lib/aarch64/cache_helpers.S		\
				lib/aarch64/misc_helpers.S		\
				lib/aarch64/xlat_helpers.c		\
				lib/stdlib/abort.c			\
				lib/stdlib/assert.c			\
				lib/stdlib/exit.c			\
				lib/stdlib/mem.c			\
				lib/stdlib/printf.c			\
				lib/stdlib/putchar.c			\
				lib/stdlib/puts.c			\
				lib/stdlib/sscanf.c			\
				lib/stdlib/strchr.c			\
				lib/stdlib/strcmp.c			\
				lib/stdlib/strlen.c			\
				lib/stdlib/strncmp.c			\
				lib/stdlib/subr_prf.c			\
				plat/common/aarch64/platform_helpers.S

INCLUDES		+=	-Iinclude/bl1			\
				-Iinclude/bl31			\
				-Iinclude/bl31/services		\
				-Iinclude/common		\
				-Iinclude/drivers		\
				-Iinclude/drivers/arm		\
				-Iinclude/drivers/auth		\
				-Iinclude/drivers/io		\
				-Iinclude/drivers/ti/uart	\
				-Iinclude/lib			\
				-Iinclude/lib/aarch64		\
				-Iinclude/lib/cpus/aarch64	\
				-Iinclude/plat/common		\
				-Iinclude/stdlib		\
				-Iinclude/stdlib/sys		\
				${PLAT_INCLUDES}		\
				${SPD_INCLUDES}

################################################################################
# Generic definitions
################################################################################

BUILD_BASE		:=	./build
BUILD_PLAT		:=	${BUILD_BASE}/${PLAT}/${BUILD_TYPE}

PLAT_MAKEFILE		:=	platform.mk
# Generate the platforms list by recursively searching for all directories
# under /plat containing a PLAT_MAKEFILE. Append each platform with a `|`
# char and strip out the final '|'.
PLATFORMS		:=	$(shell find plat/ -name '${PLAT_MAKEFILE}' -print0 |			\
					sed -r 's%[^\x00]*\/([^/]*)\/${PLAT_MAKEFILE}\x00%\1|%g' |	\
					sed -r 's/\|$$//')
SPDS			:=	$(shell ls -I none services/spd)

# Platforms providing their own TBB makefile may override this value
INCLUDE_TBBR_MK		:=	1

################################################################################
# Include SPD Makefile if one has been specified
################################################################################

ifneq (${SPD},none)
ifdef EL3_PAYLOAD_BASE
        $(warning "SPD and EL3_PAYLOAD_BASE are incompatible build options.")
        $(warning "The SPD and its BL32 companion will be present but ignored.")
endif
        # We expect to locate an spd.mk under the specified SPD directory
        SPD_MAKE	:=	$(shell m="services/spd/${SPD}/${SPD}.mk"; [ -f "$$m" ] && echo "$$m")

        ifeq (${SPD_MAKE},)
                $(error Error: No services/spd/${SPD}/${SPD}.mk located)
        endif
        $(info Including ${SPD_MAKE})
        include ${SPD_MAKE}

        # If there's BL32 companion for the chosen SPD, we expect that the SPD's
        # Makefile would set NEED_BL32 to "yes". In this case, the build system
        # supports two mutually exclusive options:
        # * BL32 is built from source: then BL32_SOURCES must contain the list
        #   of source files to build BL32
        # * BL32 is a prebuilt binary: then BL32 must point to the image file
        #   that will be included in the FIP
        # If both BL32_SOURCES and BL32 are defined, the binary takes precedence
        # over the sources.
endif

################################################################################
# Include the platform specific Makefile after the SPD Makefile (the platform
# makefile may use all previous definitions in this file)
################################################################################

ifeq (${PLAT},)
        $(error "Error: Unknown platform. Please use PLAT=<platform name> to specify the platform")
endif
PLAT_MAKEFILE_FULL	:=	$(shell find plat/ -wholename '*/${PLAT}/${PLAT_MAKEFILE}')
ifeq ($(PLAT_MAKEFILE_FULL),)
        $(error "Error: Invalid platform. The following platforms are available: ${PLATFORMS}")
endif

include ${PLAT_MAKEFILE_FULL}

# If the platform has not defined ENABLE_PLAT_COMPAT, then enable it by default
ifndef ENABLE_PLAT_COMPAT
ENABLE_PLAT_COMPAT := 1
endif

# Include the platform compatibility helpers for PSCI
ifneq (${ENABLE_PLAT_COMPAT}, 0)
include plat/compat/plat_compat.mk
endif

# Include the CPU specific operations makefile, which provides default
# values for all CPU errata workarounds and CPU specific optimisations.
# This can be overridden by the platform.
include lib/cpus/cpu-ops.mk

################################################################################
# Check incompatible options
################################################################################

ifdef EL3_PAYLOAD_BASE
        ifdef BL33_BASE
                $(warning "BL33_BASE and EL3_PAYLOAD_BASE are incompatible \
                build options. EL3_PAYLOAD_BASE has priority.")
        endif
endif

ifeq (${NEED_BL33},yes)
        ifdef EL3_PAYLOAD_BASE
                $(warning "BL33 image is not needed when option \
                BL33_PAYLOAD_BASE is used and won't be added to the FIP file.")
        endif
        ifdef BL33_BASE
                $(warning "BL33 image is not needed when option BL33_BASE is \
                used and won't be added to the FIP file.")
        endif
endif

################################################################################
# Process platform overrideable behaviour
################################################################################

# Check if -pedantic option should be used
ifeq (${DISABLE_PEDANTIC},0)
        CFLAGS		+= 	-pedantic
endif

# Using the ARM Trusted Firmware BL2 implies that a BL33 image also needs to be
# supplied for the FIP and Certificate generation tools. This flag can be
# overridden by the platform.
ifdef BL2_SOURCES
        ifdef EL3_PAYLOAD_BASE
                # If booting an EL3 payload there is no need for a BL33 image
                # in the FIP file.
                NEED_BL33		:=	no
        else
                ifdef BL33_BASE
                        # If booting a BL33 preloaded image there is no need of
                        # another one in the FIP file.
                        NEED_BL33		:=	no
                else
                        NEED_BL33		?=	yes
                endif
        endif
endif

# Process TBB related flags
ifneq (${GENERATE_COT},0)
        # Common cert_create options
        ifneq (${CREATE_KEYS},0)
                $(eval CRT_ARGS += -n)
                $(eval FWU_CRT_ARGS += -n)
                ifneq (${SAVE_KEYS},0)
                        $(eval CRT_ARGS += -k)
                        $(eval FWU_CRT_ARGS += -k)
                endif
        endif
        # Include TBBR makefile (unless the platform indicates otherwise)
        ifeq (${INCLUDE_TBBR_MK},1)
                include make_helpers/tbbr/tbbr_tools.mk
        endif
endif

################################################################################
# Auxiliary tools (fip_create, cert_create, etc)
################################################################################

# Variables for use with Certificate Generation Tool
CRTTOOLPATH		?=	tools/cert_create
CRTTOOL			?=	${CRTTOOLPATH}/cert_create

# Variables for use with Firmware Image Package
FIPTOOLPATH		?=	tools/fip_create
FIPTOOL			?=	${FIPTOOLPATH}/fip_create

################################################################################
# Build options checks
################################################################################

$(eval $(call assert_boolean,DEBUG))
$(eval $(call assert_boolean,NS_TIMER_SWITCH))
$(eval $(call assert_boolean,RESET_TO_BL31))
$(eval $(call assert_boolean,CTX_INCLUDE_FPREGS))
$(eval $(call assert_boolean,ASM_ASSERTION))
$(eval $(call assert_boolean,USE_COHERENT_MEM))
$(eval $(call assert_boolean,DISABLE_PEDANTIC))
$(eval $(call assert_boolean,GENERATE_COT))
$(eval $(call assert_boolean,CREATE_KEYS))
$(eval $(call assert_boolean,SAVE_KEYS))
$(eval $(call assert_boolean,TRUSTED_BOARD_BOOT))
$(eval $(call assert_boolean,PROGRAMMABLE_RESET_ADDRESS))
$(eval $(call assert_boolean,COLD_BOOT_SINGLE_CPU))
$(eval $(call assert_boolean,PSCI_EXTENDED_STATE_ID))
$(eval $(call assert_boolean,ERROR_DEPRECATED))
$(eval $(call assert_boolean,ENABLE_PLAT_COMPAT))
$(eval $(call assert_boolean,SPIN_ON_BL1_EXIT))
$(eval $(call assert_boolean,PL011_GENERIC_UART))

################################################################################
# Add definitions to the cpp preprocessor based on the current build options.
# This is done after including the platform specific makefile to allow the
# platform to overwrite the default options
################################################################################

$(eval $(call add_define,PLAT_${PLAT}))
$(eval $(call add_define,NS_TIMER_SWITCH))
$(eval $(call add_define,RESET_TO_BL31))
$(eval $(call add_define,CTX_INCLUDE_FPREGS))
$(eval $(call add_define,ARM_GIC_ARCH))
$(eval $(call add_define,ARM_CCI_PRODUCT_ID))
$(eval $(call add_define,ASM_ASSERTION))
$(eval $(call add_define,LOG_LEVEL))
$(eval $(call add_define,USE_COHERENT_MEM))
$(eval $(call add_define,TRUSTED_BOARD_BOOT))
$(eval $(call add_define,PROGRAMMABLE_RESET_ADDRESS))
$(eval $(call add_define,COLD_BOOT_SINGLE_CPU))
$(eval $(call add_define,PSCI_EXTENDED_STATE_ID))
$(eval $(call add_define,ERROR_DEPRECATED))
$(eval $(call add_define,ENABLE_PLAT_COMPAT))
$(eval $(call add_define,SPIN_ON_BL1_EXIT))
$(eval $(call add_define,PL011_GENERIC_UART))
# Define the EL3_PAYLOAD_BASE flag only if it is provided.
ifdef EL3_PAYLOAD_BASE
        $(eval $(call add_define,EL3_PAYLOAD_BASE))
else
        # Define the BL33_BASE flag only if it is provided and EL3_PAYLOAD_BASE
        # is not defined, as it has priority.
        ifdef BL33_BASE
                $(eval $(call add_define,BL33_BASE))
        endif
endif

################################################################################
# Include BL specific makefiles
################################################################################

ifdef BL1_SOURCES
NEED_BL1 := yes
include bl1/bl1.mk
endif

ifdef BL2_SOURCES
NEED_BL2 := yes
include bl2/bl2.mk
endif

ifdef BL2U_SOURCES
NEED_BL2U := yes
include bl2u/bl2u.mk
endif

ifdef BL31_SOURCES
# When booting an EL3 payload, there is no need to compile the BL31 image nor
# put it in the FIP.
ifndef EL3_PAYLOAD_BASE
NEED_BL31 := yes
include bl31/bl31.mk
endif
endif

################################################################################
# Build targets
################################################################################

.PHONY:	all msg_start clean realclean distclean cscope locate-checkpatch checkcodebase checkpatch fiptool fip fwu_fip certtool
.SUFFIXES:

all: msg_start

msg_start:
	@echo "Building ${PLAT}"

# Check if deprecated declarations should be treated as error or not.
ifeq (${ERROR_DEPRECATED},0)
    CFLAGS		+= 	-Wno-error=deprecated-declarations
endif

# Expand build macros for the different images
ifeq (${NEED_BL1},yes)
$(eval $(call MAKE_BL,1))
endif

ifeq (${NEED_BL2},yes)
$(if ${BL2}, $(eval $(call MAKE_TOOL_ARGS,2,${BL2},tb-fw)),\
	$(eval $(call MAKE_BL,2,tb-fw)))
endif

ifeq (${NEED_BL31},yes)
BL31_SOURCES += ${SPD_SOURCES}
$(if ${BL31}, $(eval $(call MAKE_TOOL_ARGS,31,${BL31},soc-fw)),\
	$(eval $(call MAKE_BL,31,soc-fw)))
endif

# If a BL32 image is needed but neither BL32 nor BL32_SOURCES is defined, the
# build system will call FIP_ADD_IMG to print a warning message and abort the
# process. Note that the dependency on BL32 applies to the FIP only.
ifeq (${NEED_BL32},yes)
$(if ${BL32}, $(eval $(call MAKE_TOOL_ARGS,32,${BL32},tos-fw)),\
	$(if ${BL32_SOURCES}, $(eval $(call MAKE_BL,32,tos-fw)),\
		$(eval $(call FIP_ADD_IMG,BL32,--tos-fw))))
endif

# Add the BL33 image if required by the platform
ifeq (${NEED_BL33},yes)
$(eval $(call FIP_ADD_IMG,BL33,--nt-fw))
endif

ifeq (${NEED_BL2U},yes)
BL2U_PATH	:= $(if ${BL2U},${BL2U},$(call IMG_BIN,2u))
$(if ${BL2U}, ,$(eval $(call MAKE_BL,2u)))
$(eval $(call FWU_FIP_ADD_PAYLOAD,${BL2U_PATH},--ap-fwu-cfg))
endif

locate-checkpatch:
ifndef CHECKPATCH
	$(error "Please set CHECKPATCH to point to the Linux checkpatch.pl file, eg: CHECKPATCH=../linux/script/checkpatch.pl")
else
ifeq (,$(wildcard ${CHECKPATCH}))
	$(error "The file CHECKPATCH points to cannot be found, use eg: CHECKPATCH=../linux/script/checkpatch.pl")
endif
endif

clean:
	@echo "  CLEAN"
	${Q}rm -rf ${BUILD_PLAT}
	${Q}${MAKE} --no-print-directory -C ${FIPTOOLPATH} clean
	${Q}${MAKE} PLAT=${PLAT} --no-print-directory -C ${CRTTOOLPATH} clean

realclean distclean:
	@echo "  REALCLEAN"
	${Q}rm -rf ${BUILD_BASE}
	${Q}rm -f ${CURDIR}/cscope.*
	${Q}${MAKE} --no-print-directory -C ${FIPTOOLPATH} clean
	${Q}${MAKE} PLAT=${PLAT} --no-print-directory -C ${CRTTOOLPATH} clean

checkcodebase:		locate-checkpatch
	@echo "  CHECKING STYLE"
	@if test -d .git ; then	\
		git ls-files | grep -v stdlib | while read GIT_FILE ; do ${CHECKPATCH} ${CHECKCODE_ARGS} -f $$GIT_FILE ; done ;	\
	 else			\
		 find . -type f -not -iwholename "*.git*" -not -iwholename "*build*" -not -iwholename "*stdlib*" -exec ${CHECKPATCH} ${CHECKCODE_ARGS} -f {} \; ;	\
	 fi

checkpatch:		locate-checkpatch
	@echo "  CHECKING STYLE"
	${Q}git log -p ${BASE_COMMIT}..HEAD -- ${CHECK_PATHS} | ${CHECKPATCH} ${CHECKPATCH_ARGS} - || true

certtool: ${CRTTOOL}

.PHONY: ${CRTTOOL}
${CRTTOOL}:
	${Q}${MAKE} PLAT=${PLAT} --no-print-directory -C ${CRTTOOLPATH}
	@echo
	@echo "Built $@ successfully"
	@echo

ifneq (${GENERATE_COT},0)
certificates: ${CRT_DEPS} ${CRTTOOL}
	${Q}${CRTTOOL} ${CRT_ARGS}
	@echo
	@echo "Built $@ successfully"
	@echo "Certificates can be found in ${BUILD_PLAT}"
	@echo
endif

${BUILD_PLAT}/${FIP_NAME}: ${FIP_DEPS} ${FIPTOOL}
	${Q}${FIPTOOL} --dump ${FIP_ARGS} $@
	@echo
	@echo "Built $@ successfully"
	@echo

ifneq (${GENERATE_COT},0)
fwu_certificates: ${FWU_CRT_DEPS} ${CRTTOOL}
	${Q}${CRTTOOL} ${FWU_CRT_ARGS}
	@echo
	@echo "Built $@ successfully"
	@echo "FWU certificates can be found in ${BUILD_PLAT}"
	@echo
endif

${BUILD_PLAT}/${FWU_FIP_NAME}: ${FWU_FIP_DEPS} ${FIPTOOL}
	${Q}${FIPTOOL} --dump ${FWU_FIP_ARGS} $@
	@echo
	@echo "Built $@ successfully"
	@echo

fiptool: ${FIPTOOL}
fip: ${BUILD_PLAT}/${FIP_NAME}
fwu_fip: ${BUILD_PLAT}/${FWU_FIP_NAME}

.PHONY: ${FIPTOOL}
${FIPTOOL}:
	${Q}${MAKE} --no-print-directory -C ${FIPTOOLPATH}

cscope:
	@echo "  CSCOPE"
	${Q}find ${CURDIR} -name "*.[chsS]" > cscope.files
	${Q}cscope -b -q -k

help:
	@echo "usage: ${MAKE} PLAT=<${PLATFORMS}> [OPTIONS] [TARGET]"
	@echo ""
	@echo "PLAT is used to specify which platform you wish to build."
	@echo "If no platform is specified, PLAT defaults to: ${DEFAULT_PLAT}"
	@echo ""
	@echo "Please refer to the User Guide for a list of all supported options."
	@echo "Note that the build system doesn't track dependencies for build "
	@echo "options. Therefore, if any of the build options are changed "
	@echo "from a previous build, a clean build must be performed."
	@echo ""
	@echo "Supported Targets:"
	@echo "  all            Build all individual bootloader binaries"
	@echo "  bl1            Build the BL1 binary"
	@echo "  bl2            Build the BL2 binary"
	@echo "  bl2u           Build the BL2U binary"
	@echo "  bl31           Build the BL31 binary"
	@echo "  bl32           Build the BL32 binary"
	@echo "  certificates   Build the certificates (requires 'GENERATE_COT=1')"
	@echo "  fip            Build the Firmware Image Package (FIP)"
	@echo "  fwu_fip        Build the FWU Firmware Image Package (FIP)"
	@echo "  checkcodebase  Check the coding style of the entire source tree"
	@echo "  checkpatch     Check the coding style on changes in the current"
	@echo "                 branch against BASE_COMMIT (default origin/master)"
	@echo "  clean          Clean the build for the selected platform"
	@echo "  cscope         Generate cscope index"
	@echo "  distclean      Remove all build artifacts for all platforms"
	@echo "  certtool       Build the Certificate generation tool"
	@echo "  fiptool        Build the Firmware Image Package(FIP) creation tool"
	@echo ""
	@echo "Note: most build targets require PLAT to be set to a specific platform."
	@echo ""
	@echo "example: build all targets for the FVP platform:"
	@echo "  CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-none-elf- make PLAT=fvp all"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub