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heart of america RCFL
Central Number: (816) 584-4300
Director, Sarah Lucas
Email: selucas@fbi.gov
Deputy Director, Jason Steinke
Email: jsteinke@rcfl.gov
A list of services provided by the HARCFL. Some services are only available to participating agencies.
Any law enforcement agency operating in the HARCFL service area may request assistance with the following activities:
Pre-Seizure Consultation
The RCFL can help with search warrant preparation (only as it applies to computer evidence) by advising on computer related language, which may be included in the affidavit.
On-Site Seizure and Collection
Requests for this type of assistance should be made a minimum of 48 hours in advance (the more lead time the better) by submitting a completed Field Service Request form. On occasion, an agency will uncover computer evidence that they are unprepared to manage. Under these circumstances, the advance notice requirement is waived. Once the RCFL evaluates the search request, the Operations Manager will assign it to an Examiner for action.
Duplication, Storage and Preservation of Computers and Computer Related Evidence
Examinations are typically conducted on copies of the original evidence because of the possibility that the data may be contaminated. Therefore, RCFL Examiners, depending on the circumstances, will either duplicate (or copy the information) the media on-site, or they will bring the electronic equipment to the laboratory where they will duplicate the media and then perform the examination.
Prompt, Accurate and Impartial Forensic Examinations of Digitally Stored Media
Computer Forensic Examiners are scientists. As scientists, their job is to conduct a thorough and objective examination of a computer and/or computer related evidence to convert it from a digital format into something that the investigator can view. It is not the Examiner's responsibility to analyze the data for its meaning or significance to the investigation. This impartiality and objectivity lends credibility to both their findings and subsequent court testimony.
Courtroom Testimony
As records are recovered from seized computer evidence, the prosecutor is likely to direct the Examiner to introduce the computer or computer related evidence into court. As an expert witness, the Examiner can explain, under oath, about how they conducted the examination and what they discovered as a result.
Vehicle Forensics
The Heart of America Regional Computer Forensics Laboratory is now offering vehicle forensics. This is a new service from the RCFL that could potentially make an investigation for you. Really think outside the box on this, it goes way beyond "crash data". These systems are designed to store a vast amount of data which may include recent destinations, favorite locations, call logs, contacts, SMS messages, emails, pictures, videos, social media feeds and the navigation history of where the vehicle has traveled. They may also record vehicle events such as the activation or deactivation of the headlights, the opening and closing of doors, shifting into reverse, hard acceleration, hard braking, velocity and the location of the vehicle when these things occurred. Imaged rental cars can store the information for multiple users. It is possible to recover a great deal of information off of the phones that have been connected to the car without access to the phone itself. Think of how this can assist you in things like homicides, kidnappings, robberies, stolen autos, burglary rings, sex crimes, drug trafficking, etc. This information could help put your suspect at the scene of the crime. Again, think outside the box. There are over 10,000 supported vehicles by BMW, Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Dodge, Fiat, Ford, GMC, Hummer, Jeep, Lincoln, Maserati, Mercedes, Mercury, Pontiac, Ram, Saturn, Toyota, Volkswagon. When checking on compatibility, we will need the year, make, model, and trim package. VIN may provide that information as well. As a general guideline, supported vehicles are roughly 2008 and newer with infotainment, and/or telematic systems (think OnStar, Navigation Units, Touchscreen consoles with apps etc.) Sample verbiage for writing search warrants is included below.
"Any and all electronic systems onboard the vehicle that collect, maintain, and/or store data including but not limited to the vehicle's infotainment and/or telematics devices. The vehicle operated from DATE to DATE by NAME/SUSPECT is equipped with an infotainment system which is installed within the center console/dashboard. These systems are designed to store a vast amount of data which may include recent destinations, favorite locations, call logs, contact lists, SMS messages, emails, pictures, videos, social media feeds, and the navigation history of everywhere the vehicle has traveled. These systems may also record events such as the activation and de-activation of the vehicle's headlights, the opening and closing of doors at a specific location, and the location of the vehicle at the time Bluetooth devices are connected. This data will be acquired to assist law enforcement during their investigation."
MOBILE DEVICE UNLOCK SERVICES
(FOR PARTICIPATING AGENCIES ONLY)
The Heart of America Regional Computer Forensic Laboratory (HARCFL) will facilitate the unlocking and analysis of cellular devices either through in-house operation, or through the FBI's digital laboratory in Quantico, Virginia. Due to cost and the number of requests for this service, the HARCFL will only accept devices for Mobile Device Unlock Services (MDUS) from participating agencies involving a homicide investigation. All other requests for the service will be taken on a case by case basis and should involve a homicide or violent felony investigation to be considered. Non-participating agencies will hold lower priority for scheduling.
The recommended evidence handling procedures for locked devices for which you cannot obtain a password is different than with other devices. For locked devices, follow this procedure:
If the phone is on, ensure it stays ON
Remove the SIM Card from the device. Attempt to place the phone in airplane mode and ensure that WiFi and Bluetooth is also shut off
Place in faraday bag, connect phone to battery pack with charging cable and verify the charging pack is turned on. The battery pack, charging cable, and phone must be entirely contained in the bag or signals may be able to reach the phone
Gather legal authority
Submit request to HARCFL through our website
Bring evidence to the HARCFL for drop-off (battery pack and faraday bag will be returned at the time of drop-off)
It is strongly encouraged for departments to purchase faraday bags and battery charging packs. A limited number will be available at the HARCFL for check-out and on-scene requests. While the HARCFL does not endorse any particular company for purchasing, there are several options available in stores and on-line. We recommend agencies purchase a faraday bag large enough to contain the cellular device, a battery charging pack, and lightning cable.
As always, if you have any questions, you may contact the RCFL Director Sarah Lucas or Assistant Director Scott Slifer, or reach out to your department's TFO on the squad. Examiners are available for call-out and on-site assistance as needed.
Requesting Services
The HARCFL now provides three distinct methods of examining and reviewing computer evidence. In addition to a traditional forensic examination of digital media, which can be time-consuming and resource intensive, the HARCFL has implemented two additional programs designed to expedite the process of extracting meaningful and relevant information from digital media to facilitate ongoing investigations.
Case Agent Investigative Review (CAIR) Program
The Case Agent Investigative Review (CAIR) program can assist investigators in advancing their cases, setting leads, establishing probable cause for search and/or arrest warrants, testifying at preliminary hearings, etc. The HARCFL is the first digital forensic laboratory to allow state and local investigators to utilize this program at their desks via a secure law enforcement Internet system. This has proven to be a great time saver both for the laboratory and its customers, and is extremely user-friendly. Through the implementation of this program, the HARCFL has been able to significantly reduce the average amount of time required for results to be returned to the investigator. A one-day training course is required for investigators intending to review their evidence through the CAIR program.*
Cell Phone and Video Kiosks
Another alternative to a traditional forensic examination offered by the HARCFL is our Cell Phone and Video Kiosks. In those situations where investigators don't require a complete forensic examination, but are still interested in accessing data extracted from a cell phone or still images from a surveillance video or DVD, the laboratory offers self-service kiosks with equipment, supplies and immediate expert assistance. These stations are available to any agency at any time during normal HARCFL business hours. Evidence derived from these devices can be taken that day. Self-service features include—
Cell phone extraction device
CD/DVD review and duplication
Digital extraction and screen capture to produce still images (photographs)
Conversion of VHS to DVD video
Preview of media for illicit images or pornography.
Not all cell phones are supported by the tools available in our Cell Phone Kiosk. If you wish, you can lookup the model of your phone on following two websites to see if your phone is supported prior to making your trip to the RCFL:
Cellebrite - UFED Supported Devices
MSAB
How to Request Assistance
Review our Case Submission FAQs to learn about our case submission policies, what evidence should be submitted or left behind, and more about our CAIR and Kiosk programs.
To request a traditional examination, CAIR processing, or onsite assistance in the acquisition of digital media, refer to the Case Submissions page and fill out a service request form. Please clearly indicate which type of service is being requested. No service request form is required to use the Cell Phone and Video Kiosks.
* As of March 1, 2008, policy changes were put into place that require the use of CAIR in some cases. Please see the Case Submission FAQs for current information.
Prioritization of HARCFL Cases
Cases and/or evidence submitted to the HARCFL are prioritized for processing and examination based upon the following criteria, regardless of the identity of the agency submitting them:
Matters involving or affecting national security;
Imminent credible threat of serious bodily injury or death to persons known or unknown, including examinations of evidence necessary to further the investigation of an at-large or unknown suspect who poses an imminent threat of serious bodily injury or death to persons known or unknown;
Potential threat of serious bodily injury or death to person(s); I
mminent credible risk of loss of or destruction to property of significant value;
Immediate pending court date, or non-extendable, outcome-determinative legal deadline;
Potential risk of loss of or destruction to property, or exam needed to further the investigation; and,
No credible potential threat of bodily injury or death to person(s) and/or loss or destruction of property.
An RCFL examiner is highly skilled and may be able to support an investigation by determining:
The type of computers and operating systems.
The type of network software, the location of the network servers, and the number of computers on the network.
Whether encryption and/or password protection was enacted.
When requesting assistance, as a general rule, contact the RCFL to discuss the request and then based on this information, carefully complete one of the following forms or letter according to the type of assistance needed. Due to the time involved to process evidence and maintain the "chain-of-custody," budgetary and overtime restrictions preclude the acceptance of evidence after 4:30 p.m.
The agency seeking assistance is requested to complete and submit an on-line service request form. The form provides background and related information to assist the HARCFL analyze and prioritize the cases the laboratory accepts for examination. It is the policy of the HARCFL to accept all cases from participating agencies, and cases from non-participating agencies as can be completed by the laboratory in a reasonable period. It is the goal of the HARCFL to provide quality examinations in a timely manner to all of law enforcement.
Examination Best Practices FAQ Sheet
Shipping Computer Evidence
If the evidence cannot be brought directly to the RCFL* (always phone the RCFL before making the trip to the facility) then prior to packaging and shipping the evidence, contact the RCFL for specific instructions regarding submittal procedures. For most examinations, submit only the central processing units and the internal and external storage media, and:
Use a sturdy cardboard container when shipping computer components. If possible, use the original packing case with the fitted padding. Use large, plastic bubble wrap or foam rubber pads as packing and never use styrofoam because it lodges inside computers and/or components and creates static charges that can cause data loss or damage to circuit boards. Seal the container with a strong packing tape.
Pack and ship central processing units in the upright position. Label the outside container THIS END UP.
Disks, cartridges, tapes, and hard drives should be packed to avoid movement during shipping.
Highlight our address with yellow highlighter. This signals the package to be routed directly to the evidence room. Do not mark the external package as evidence in any other way. Use the following address only:
4150 North Mulberry, Suite 250
Ensure the actual evidence, inside the package, is completely enclosed, packaged, and sealed to evidentiary standards.
Retain all shipping receipts and use a tracking service.
*Due to the time involved to process evidence and maintain the "chain-of-custody," budgetary and overtime restrictions preclude the acceptance of evidence after 4:30 p.m.
Tips for Law Enforcement
When Submitting a Service Request Form the case agent or officer should be as concise and thorough as possible. These forms are used to make decisions about the request, therefore, any vague or ambiguous terminology may make it more difficult to interpret or understand what services are needed. As a result, this could slow down the processing of the request.
Turning On or Accessing a Computer
Indicate on the Service Request Form, if you or anyone else in the chain of custody attempted to turn on or access the computer prior to submitting it to the HARCFL. This is very important information for the Examiners to have.
If a field service request is pursuant to a search warrant, a copy of the warrant must be included with the Field Service Request form. Likewise, if the service request is a result of a consensual search, a copy of the agency's "consent for search" form must be included. Failure to include this documentation will more than likely cause a delay in processing the request.
Handling Sensitive Equipment
Always use extreme caution or take precautionary measures such as grounding the static electricity before touching any of the internal components of the computer or handling sensitive computer equipment. For example, if the internal workings of a computer are exposed, the equipment could be damaged by a buildup of static electricity that is held by the human body. (Walking across a rug can produce a static electricity voltage of up to 12,000 volts.) The hard drive is especially susceptible to static electricity, even if it is exposed to a small amount of voltage, while a microchip can be damaged with as little as 500 volts of static electricity. If you're unsure about how to handle the equipment, then it is best to defer to a professional.
Tips for Law Enforcement - Submitting Images to be Reviewed for Identified Children
The United States Postal Inspection Service (USPIS) and the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC) are working together to assist law enforcement agencies and prosecutors with determining if child pornography images contain children who have been identified by law enforcement in past investigations. USPIS Instructions for NCMEC submissions
Submitting Images to be Reviewed for Identified Children, How to Zip Files for Submission to NCMEC, and Submission Requirements for Newly Identified Victims
Submitting Images to be Reviewed for Identified Children
Submitting Images to be Reviewed for Newly Identified Victims


Polish system of education complies with the guidelines of the Bologna process in European higher education. Therefore, there are three cycles of studies. Third-cycle studies - Doctoral degree programmes (3- 4 years) accessible for graduates of Master's degree programme, leading to a PhD degree. The PhD degree is awarded to candidates who submit and successfully defend a doctoral dissertation before the thesis committee and pass the doctoral examination.
Our University offers 4 year doctoral degree studies in 3 disciplines: economics, management and finance. The courses are delivered entirely in Polish. However, there is a possibility to pursue the doctoral degree invididually in a foreign language under a supervision of one of our professors.


Your baby gets into a lot of areas, many of which are nasty. These wipes can wipe away dirt and grime in areas such as the high chair, changing table, crib, sealed wood floors, and marble counter tops. Anywhere dirt and grime resides, these wipes can handle the clean up so the house is clean and safe for you and your baby.


Clare Ecolodge at Loughnane's, Feakle, in the heart of East Clare, is a unique family-run guest accommodation experience. We also offer group and self-catering accommodation as well as residential courses.
The buildings, which have been in the family for over 100 years, were renovated 10 years ago. Since then we have been welcoming guests from all over the world.
Clare Ecolodge at Loughnane's offers a wide variety of accommodation to suit the needs of individuals and groups visiting Feakle for a residential courses or using the village as a base to explore the wild and beautiful landscape of County Clare.
Feakle is an ideal location from which to discover the East Clare countryside. Steeped in history and heritage, the area is known for its fine walks, stunning lakes, rugged mountains and of course its vibrant Irish traditional music scene.
Loughnane's offers a unique blend of tranquillity and fun giving guests a genuine Irish experience.


LAHORE: Education sector elders on Wednesday put their heads together to suggest to the chief minister to have seconds thoughts about his plan of reducing the term of vice chancellors (VCs) of public sector universities in Punjab to two years.
Their efforts bore fruit as newly-posted secretary Irfan Ali of the Higher Education Department agreed to move a summary to the chief minister not to cut the VCs tenure, a source privy to the development told Dawn on Wednesday.
Punjab Higher Education Commission Chairman Prof Dr Muhammad Nizamuddin and Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) Vice Chancellor Dr Sohail Naqvi took the initiative to develop a consensus among academics on the issue.
"The two along with other education elders held a meeting with HED Secretary Irfan Ali on Wednesday. All the participants had consensus that the chief minister should be formally requested to review the decision which would further delay the appointments of VCs.
"Seeking applications for a post for four-year term and then cutting it by half will definitely result in litigation which will further delay the appointments, leading to administrative and academic chaos in these institutions. Two-year term is too short for implementing any new policy in an educational institution were the major arguments against the term-cut move," said the source.
The plan has drawn much criticism from senior academics hailing not only from Punjab but from other provinces as well. A number of academic staff associations also have chalked out plans to hold series of protest against the move.


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Comparison of Various Persuasive Cued Click Points for Image Applications
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International Journal of Engineering
, Attended University of Rajasthan
S.Manimurugan, Nadhiya Nazeer Khan, Sona Ann Sam
1. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR) ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-3, March 2014 127 www.erpublication.org  Abstract— One of the main problems that people today are facing is the security issues due to the use of textual or alphanumeric passwords. People always have the tendency to create simple, easy to remember passwords which can easily make an attacker to hack a computer system. So, in order to enhance the security of the system, we concentrate in this paper on different graphical password strategies. Most often access to computer systems are based on the alphanumeric passwords. long and random-appearing passwords may cause difficulty among users. For making more memorable and secure Graphical passwords have been designed. Rather than using alphanumeric characters, here images are used. More secure graphical password systems called Pass Points are designed. Comparisons were made on alphanumeric passwords and different graphical password strategies. Attacks such as brute force attack and dictionary attacks can be successfully avoided through this technique. A dictionary search can often hit on a password and allow a hacker to gain entry into a system in seconds. IndexTerms—Attacks, Authentication, Graphical Passwords, Security I. INTRODUCTION Graphical Password is a type of authentication system in which user select the images in a specific manner. It is presented in a Graphical User Interface (GUI),so this approach is sometimes called graphical user authentication. Two categories for image based technique are Recognition-based technique and Recall-based graphical technique. In Recognition-based technique, a user is given with a set of images and the user gives the authentication by recognizing and identifying the images he or she selected during the registration stage. In recall- based techniques, a user is asked to recreate something that he or she created or selected earlier during the registration stage. Persuasive Cued Click Points is an efficient technique in which use of textual passwords can be avoided by making click points in images. It has an alternative feature of maintaining usability. Authentication is a process of confirmation of a person identity. There are mainly three different types of authentication. They are Token-based Authentication which includes credit cards, smart cards etc, Biometric Authentication such as fingerprints, iris scan etc, and Manuscript received March 19, 2014. S.Manimurugan, Computer Science, M.G University/ Peermade, India. Nadhiya Nazeer Khan, Computer Science, M.G University/ Peermade, India. Sona Ann Sam Computer Science, M.G University/ Peermade, India. Knowledge-based Authentication which include both textual based and picture based passwords[1][2]. A password authentication system should encourage strong passwords while maintaining memorability. Through this approach, we should enhance users towards a more secure system. Rather than increasing the difficulty for a user for selecting a textual password, it is easier to follow the systems suggestions for a secure passwords feature. This feature replaces alphanumerical passwords for general-purpose user authentication. The alphanumerical passwords can be hacked easily. So, the attackers can easily guess the text passwords of the system. So, we introduce graphical passwords instead of textual passwords in order to maintain system security. The graphical passwords are hard to guess by the attacker and easy to remember for the users[5][3]. So the password authentication system should encourage the graphical password selection while maintaining the memorability as well as usability of the user. Graphical Password is a type of authentication system in which user select the images in a specific manner [2][4]. It is presented in a Graphical User Interface (GUI),so this approach is sometimes called graphical user authentication. II. COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PERSUASIVE CUED CLICK POINTS FOR IMAGE APPLICATION Persuasive Technology was first developed by Fogg [2] as technology to motivate and help people to behave in a specific manner. Persuasive Technology is an efficient computing systems designed to change people's behaviour towards authentication systems. An authentication system that applies Persuasive Technology should encourage the users to select stronger passwords. To be effective, the users do not ignore the persuasive elements and the resulting passwords must be easy to remember. Our proposed system accomplishes this by making the task of selecting memorable and more secure passwords through graphical password strategy. A. Alphanumerical Password Strategy Creating memorable passwords [3] using currently existing approaches are easy for attackers to guess. Also, it is very difficult for users to remember strong system-assigned passwords. Despite all possible issues, it is the natural tendency of users to go for short passwords for the purpose of remembering it in a better way. Users often lack awareness about how attackers will attack their passwords. Through Eaves dropping, dictionary attacks and social engineering attacks intruders will break the passwords easily.[9][10] Comparison of Various Persuasive Cued Click Points for Image Applications S.Manimurugan, Nadhiya Nazeer Khan, Sona Ann Sam
2. Comparison Of Persuasive Cued Click Points For Image Applications 128 www.erpublication.org B. Graphical Password Strategy Cued Click Points (CCP) was a new graphical password technique in which user selects one click point on each image rather than multiple click points on single image. During password creation, user has to select the sequence of the images and a click point for each image [3][5]. This data is stored on a server. The stored data will authenticate users as they enter graphical password. Persuasive Technology was first developed by Fogg, as a technology to motivate and inspire people to behave in a specific way. An authentication system which applies Persuasive Technology should guide and encourage users to select stronger passwords. To be effective, passwords must be memorable [1][5].In this system since click-points are randomly distributed the formation of hotspots are minimized. Our hypotheses were: 1. There will be less chance for selecting click-points that fall into known hotspots. 2. The click-point are randomly dispersed and will not form new hotspots. 3. Users will feel that their passwords are more secure with PCCP and more efficient In this user login process (Fig 1), user enters the user ID as same as that of the registration. Then images are displayed normally. Repeat the sequence of clicks in the correct order. After done with all these above procedure, user can successfully login. This procedure can be explained as follows [6][7].A user after entering a valid user name and password can access their profile, given as user profile vector. Then the user can select appropriate image in a correct manner as that of the images selected during the registration. If the number of images becomes equal to that of the user profile, then the login vector and user vector are compared. If it is correct, login will be done successfully Fig1 .user login process Fig 2:user registration process In this User Registration Process, as shown in (Fig2)[1][7],after completing the registration details of a particular user, he/she will be provided with a valid username and password. Note that only a properly registered user will get username and password. After that the user is supposed to select images and make appropriate click points as per his/her likes. If the number of selected images is correct, he/she can create a user vector. After done with all procedures, user profile is provided to the user. This covers the user registration process of Graphical Password Strategies. Fig 3:Password interface during PCCP Creation. The viewport highlights part of the image. Fig 3: shows , except for a randomly positioned viewport, the images were slightly shaded when users created a password. The viewport's size was intended to offer a variety of distinct points but still cover only an acceptably small fraction of all possible points. Users were required to select a click-point within this highlighted viewport and could not click outside of this viewport. If they were unable or couldn't able to select a click-point in this region, they could press the "shuffle" button to reposition the viewport randomly. users are allowed to shuffle as often when they wanted, this can slowed the password creation process.[8] The only during password creation the viewport and shuffle buttons are created. [2][6], The images were displayed accurately,and
3. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR) ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-3, March 2014 129 www.erpublication.org users were allowed to click anywhere during password confirmation and login. Fig 4: user can select one click point for each image in CCP.Current click- point determines the next image. Fig 4: shows that other than using five click-points in one image, CCP uses one click-point on five different images. Based on the location of the previously entered click-point the next image is displayed. Users select their images, based on these click-point ,it determines the next image. III. ALPHANUMERICAL PASSWORD SYSTEMS VERSUS GRAPHICAL PASSWORD SYSTEMS No Alphanumerical Password Systems Graphical Password Systems 1 Enables the use of system assigned strong password, which are difficult for users to remember. Enables the use of images which are easier for human brain to remember. 2 Possibility of guessing attacks no possibility of guessing attacks 3 Not secure because of its poor usability secure and highly usable 4 It is widely used. It is not widely used. Often used to protect secure data's such as in banking systems Graphical passwords are better in all terms than that of a textual passwords, textual passwords enable us to use strong system assigned passwords which are difficult for a user to remember and the passwords that opted by the user will be very easy for an attacker to break. Possibility of guessing the attacks are more, it is no more secure due to its poor vulnerability, but they are widely used, so the security of the system is affected. The user's should be encouraged to select the graphical password strategy which are easy to remember and more secure, the possibility of guessing these type of password's are very less and it provide more security. it is widely used in the banking system due to its security . Brute force attack and dictionary attacks are not affected in graphical password strategy. IV. CONCLUSION An important goal in authentication systems is to help user's select better passwords and thus increase the security. We stronglybelieve that users can be persuaded to select stronger passwords through user interface design. As an example, we compared various Persuasive Cued Click-Points (PCCP) and alphanumeric passwords and conducted a usability study to evaluate its effectiveness. PCCP encourages and helps users in selecting click-based graphical passwords. A key feature of PCCP is that it helps people to select random click points and hence reduce the hotspots. It is better than other authentication systems in terms of it security and usability.it also avoids Brute force attacks and other dictionary attacks. A major threat today people are facing is the integrity and securityof data in order to keep the security of the systems we propose graphical password strategies which is better than textual passwords. . ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to extend our gratitude to the reference authors, as well as reviewer of our paper. REFERENCES [1] S. Chiasson, R. Biddle, and P. van Oorschot. A second look at the usability of click-based graphical passwords. In 3rd Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS), July 2007. [2] S. Chiasson, A. Forget, R. Biddle, and P. van Oorschot, "Influencing Users towards Better Passwords: Persuasive Cued Click- Points," Proc. British HCI Group Ann. Conf. People and Computers: Culture, Creativity, Interaction, Sept. 2008. [3] S. Chiasson, A. Forget, E. Stobert, P. van Oorschot, and R. Bddle, "Multiple Password Interference in Text sand Click-Based Graphical Passwords," Proc. ACM Conf. Computer and Comm. Security CCS), Nov. 2009. [4] E. Stobert, A. Forget, S. Chiasson, P. van Oorschot, and R.Biddle, "Exploring Usability Effects of Increasing Security in Click-Based Graphical Passwords," Proc. Ann. Computer Security Applications Conf. (ACSAC), 2010. [5] S. Chiasson, A. Forget, R. Biddle, and P.C. van Oorschot, "User Interface Design Affects Security: Patterns in Click-Based Graphical Passwords," Int"l J. Information Security, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 387- 398, 2009. [6] Suo, Xiaoyuan, "A Design and Analysis of Graphical Password" (2006). Computer Science Theses. Paper 27. A. C. L. Andrew S. Patrick, Scott Flinn, "HCI and Security Systems," in CHI, Extended Abstracts (Workshops). Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA, 2003. [7] Persuasive Cued Click-Points:"Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Knowledge-Based Authentication Mechanism" Sonia Chiasson, Member, IEEE, Elizabeth Stobert, Student Member, IEEE, Alain Forget, Robert Biddle, Member, IEEE, and Paul C. van Oorschot, Member, IEEE.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON DEPENDABLE AND SECURE COMPUTING, VOL. 9, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 2012 [8] "A Graphical Password Based System for Small Mobile Devices", IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 8, Issue 5, No 2, September 2011, Wazir Zada Khan, Mohammed Y Aalsalem and Yang Xiang. [9] P. C. van Oorschot, A. Salehi-Abari, and J. Thorpe." Purely automated attacks on passpoints-style graphical password". IEEEE Trans. Info. Forensics and security, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 393-405, 2011 [10] "Enhanced Knowledge Based Authentication Using Iterative Session Parameters", Ali Alkhalifah, Geoff D.Skinner, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 47 2010.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home>All Posts>Features>Mark Rylance Tackles Giant Role in 'The...
Mark Rylance Tackles Giant Role in 'The BFG'
FeaturesFilm Features Angela Dawson|June 28, 2016
The BFG (Oscar (TM) winner Mark Rylance), a Big Friendly Giant from Giant Country shows Sophie around in THE BFG. ©Storyteller Distribution Co, LLC.
By ANGELA DAWSON
Front Row Features
HOLLYWOOD—A speech impediment as a child may have led BAFTA and Oscar winner Mark Rylance (best supporting actor for "Bridge of Spies") to become an actor.
"I couldn't be understood by anyone until I was six," Rylance revealed during a recent interview. "I would speak gibberish."
His father, a teacher, would take him to speech therapists, but the actor feels what really helped him was watching actors speak on TV. His favorite show was the American western "The Wild Wild West." He and his young friends would reenact what they saw on the show and eventually Rylance not only could be understood, but audiences eventually would pay to watch him perform.
Born Mark Waters in Ashford in Kent, his parents moved the family to America when he was a toddler. He returned to his homeland as a young man to study drama at RADA and got his break on the stage with the Royal Shakespeare Company. He used only part of his name for his stage name because there already was a professional actor named Mark Waters.
The low-key and thoughtful performer, now 56, is married to English musical director Claire Louise Van Kampen, with whom he raised two stepdaughters.
Having achieved numerous kudos over the years for his extensive stage and film work, Rylance also has become the go-to character actor for legendary filmmaker Steven Spielberg. He not only starred opposite Tom Hanks in Spielberg's acclaimed espionage thriller "Bridge of Spies," he now stars in Spielberg's big screen adaptation of Roald Dahl's fantasy adventure "The BFG," playing the titular Big Friendly Giant in which he stands 24-feet tall thanks to motion-capture technology and some movie magic. Rylance also is set to star in Spielberg's next project, the science fiction dystopian drama "Ready Player One," based on Ernest Cline's award-winning novel.
With his white fedora hat and brown and white checkered shirt and brown pants, Rylance looks like he just breezed in from the golf course before sitting down to talk about "The BFG," in which he plays a giant who befriends a young orphan, much to the disdain of his fellow human-eating giants.
As the interview commences, the actor stands for a few minutes marveling at reporters' assortment of recorders, recalling that he often records accents when he's on the road in the event he may want to tap into a certain sound one day. For "The BFG," he says, that habit paid off.
Rylance: One of the voices that inspired me for BFG was a voice I recorded in 1982. There's an old anonymous play called "Arden of Faversham," written around Shakespeare's time. At 22, I went to Faversham to see it what it was like. I saw this teenage boy with a shaved head and strange gear, and he had this unusual accent. He had an earpiece and a wire that plugged into nothing. (In a Faversham accent) "Yeah, Interpol. I'll be there." He lived in a tent on the edge of town, which caught fire regularly. He was such a "BFG" character. I had my little recorder because I was trying to get the Faversham dialect; I don't know what dialect he had. So I just recorded it. When this part came along, I knew I thought, "Oh, yeah, Mad Jim of Kent."
Q: What appealed to you about BFG?
Rylance: He's a curmudgeonly old man. He's lonely but he has developed a craft to deal with being on his own. He's doing his best and trying to make good after making a bad mistake in the past when the other kid died. I like his odd sense of humor and the way he speaks. I like pretty much everything about him, the way he changes and the way he listens to people and thinks.
Q: What was your reaction to seeing yourself on screen as the giant?
Rylance: It was the most expensive makeup I've ever had. It's better than when I normally see myself because it was distanced by the (CG-generated enlarged) ears and the makeup. Whenever I see the film I'm amazed at the way it works because I remember the parts, and this film, because of the scale, we were on different sets for my parts and for Ruby's parts. So the fact that it looked like and felt like we were having a conversation and it was all fluid, I was kind of amazed by that.
Q: You've worked with Steven Spielberg on two very different types of movies now. Was the experience of working with him any different?
Rylance: He was challenged on "The BFG" by the technical front line that he wanted to do, and he's doing it again with "Real Player One" now. Initially, I could see that Steven, even with all of his experience, was quite overwhelmed in the first few days by what he, as a director, had to keep in his mind—all the different ways the images were being fed to him. Certainly, on "Bridge of Spies," it felt like riding in a big Cadillac. It was smooth and I could see he knew what he wanted to do. Still, even on "Bridge of Spies," he was thinking all the time what's this film about? He didn't have a title for it. He'll often come in having not slept the night before and I'd say to him, "Why couldn't you sleep?" And he'll have watched three or four film. He'd come in and say it me, "What's this film about?" And, eventually, he said, "Ah, it's about the bridge of friendship between Tom Hanks' character and my character. And then the title came to him. So in both projects, he's been very immersed as stories, deeply immersed. Then, for this, he got on top of it. But for the first week, it was technologically challenging for all of us.
Q: Does he give you a lot of one-on-one input as an actor? Does he give you a lot of freedom?
Rylance: I don't know how he directs other people and I suspect that he's changed since he was a young director. I suspect that he's more confident. He's incredibly enthusiastic and friendly and I felt enormous freedom. I don't feel the freedom to fuck up his movie. (He chuckles.) But I feel enormous freedom to play. That's where I like to find things. With Melissa (Mathison, the screenwriter) and Steven, every day, I was bringing words from the book, more Gobblefunk (a language created by Roald Dahl). It looks rather challenging to read on the page, but when you hear it in a sentence, "They're going to lock me up in the Telly-Telly Bunkum Box." English people immediately understand that because of "Telly-Telly." So it's not as difficult as when you read it. Steven allowed me to try more Gobblefunk words, and if he felt it was too much, he'd take them out. There are scenes in the film that were not in the script.
Q: You said earlier you struggled with words as a youngster. Were you shy or did you have a stammer?
Rylance: No. I couldn't be understood by anyone until I was about six.
Q: Is that because you were raised in America but you're British?
Rylance: (laughs) No. It was before that. (He speaks gibberish.) I think I spoke like that. But I don't really remember. I met a kid later on when I was about 10, and he said he remembered I was the kid in kindergarten who didn't speak all year. I do remember that—just shutting up. Because when I did speak, people always said, "What?" And they got annoyed with me. I remember my father took me to speech therapy courses to learn how to speak. I feel like learned how to speak by pretending to be James West in the "Wild Wild West." I never got to play that part, actually. I was always (West sidekick) Artemis Gordon. My friend was always James West. And another kid was always the villain, because we needed someone to chase. And he always wanted to play the girl. So we always had to make a deal with him as to how much time he got to be the girl so he would also be the villain like Miguelito Loveless. "The Wild Wild West," what a great show that was.
Q: You consider yourself a theater actor first. What's the difficulty of transitioning to a film actor and do a film like "Bridge of Spies," and then do a complete 180 and do something like "The BFG?"
Rylance: Doing complete 180s is what I'm in it for. I enjoy that. It's liberating. To look at life from a different perspective and slow your heart down or speed it up or change the way you speak or the way you walk, all that's much more comfortable for me than going around as myself. In another case, I'd be in an insane asylum. (He laughs.) But I happen to make a living at it. The difference between theater and film is a bit like playing a championship match of tennis with millions of people watching you with no warm up. In the theater, you get six weeks of warm up and preparation. Now, that's OK because sometimes the first game of tennis I have or the first game of pool is the best one. (He laughs.) After a while, your mind goes, "Wait a minute! I can't play tennis that well." So it collapses. Actually, the difference is that it doesn't need to last in film. In theater, it needs to last, especially if you're doing a successful play for four years, 420 performances. So you train like you'd train for a marathon with a lot of background stuff to rely on. In the cinema, once they've got it they've got it.
It's a little frightening, the cinema. I start Monday on "RPO." I don't know quite yet how (my character) sounds. I have a couple of ideas. Which of them is right? I don't know.
Q: You brought such great depth to Thomas Cromwell in the TV series "Wolf Hall." Is there going to be a second series of the show?
Rylance: Hilary Mantel is writing (the next book). She's referring back to it. I think it's going to be interesting because she says it's going to be a long book. It'll come round. And then you'll see me (cutting motion across his throat)
Tags:Mark Rylance, Melissa Mathison, Roald Dahl, Steven Spielberg, The BFG
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Angela Dawson
Editor/Co-owner
Angela Dawson is the editor and co-owner of frontrowfeatures.com. An award-winning journalist, she has covered Hollywood since 2000. Her interviews with actors, directors, writers, authors and musicians have run in numerous outlets. She is the author of the novel "Generations: A Greek Family Odyssey" available on Amazon.com.
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FeaturesTV Features Angela Dawson|January 25, 2016
Angela Dawson is the editor and co-owner of frontrowfeatures.com. An award-winning journalist, she has covered Hollywood since 2000. Her interviews with actors, directors, writers, authors and musicians have run in numerous outlets. She is the author of the novel "Generations: A Greek Family Odyssey" available on Amazon.com. Read Full


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Home DSLR Cameras Sony A350 DSLR review
Sony A350 DSLR review
We review the Sony A350 DSLR. This offering from Sony's Alpha series of DSLRs is a mid-range camera with a 14.2 megapixel sensor and perhaps the best Live View system around.
"It's the most effective implementation of Live View we've seen to date, making the A350 almost as easy to use as digital compact"
The Sony A350 is the first of three new DSLRs sharing a similar body-design and breaks away from the Konica Minolta-inspired A100 and A700 models,. A new entry-level 10-megapixel A200 replaces the Sony A100, while the third model, the A300, is essentially a pared-down A350 using the A200 model's 10-megapixel sensor.
The A350 is Sony's first mid-range DSLR and boasts a 14.2-megapixel resolution CCD, an improved anti-shake system and a new Live View mode with a handy flip-out 2.7-inch LCD.
Like the lower resolution Sony A300, Live View in the Sony A350 comes courtesy of a secondary imaging CCD in the viewfinder. Unlike rivals that use the main imaging sensor to provide Live View, the video system in the viewfinder allows the A350 to perform essentially like a normal DSLR.
This means the Sony A350 has no need of the sluggish contrast detection AF systems of rivals – hence the Quick AF Live View moniker – relying instead on the much faster, viewfinder-based auto-focus operation. It also means there's no confusing double mirror slap.
It's the most effective implementation of Live View we've seen to date, making the A350 almost as easy to use as digital compact. While the fold-out 2.7-inch screen isn't as large as some, when flipped-up and the camera carefully cradled in the left hand we found ourselves hardly using the optical viewfinder.
As well as accurate preview of white-balance and exposure, an additional histogram control is useful, though the metering system normally provides accurate exposure even in tricky lighting. Taking advantage of the high-resolution, 14-milion pixel sensor, there's also a new so-called Smart Converter feature that allows you to zoom to 1.4x and 2x magnification regardless of the lens. For many it will be a bit of a gimmick as the simple in-camera cropping tool only works with JPEG images.
The A350's body is well made but rather deep when compared with rivals and the optical viewfinder sits behind the LCD, making its a little uncomfortable to use. Even for a APS-C format DSLR the viewfinder image is small. And in turn this leads to a somewhat substantially cropped view using the LCD.
A proximity sensor beneath the eyepiece automatically initiates metering and auto-focus, so we've no real concerns with powering up or shot-to-shot times. But set to continuous shooting the A350 falls behind the bulk of rival offerings. Using the optical viewfinder and fitted with a high-speed CompactFlash card the A350 maintained the claimed 2.5fps, firing off unlimited Standard and Fine JPEGs or just six RAW files in total. Using the A350 in Live View mode, however, the burst rate dropped to a sluggish 2fps.
Just as other entry level and mid-range DSLRs drop the top-plate LCD in favour of the rear screen as a data panel so too does the A350. But this makes a lote more sense, usability wise, given the A350's leaning towards Live View as the principal mode of operation. The camera's controls, are for the most part, well laid out, though there's no aft-selector dial. Instead, and a wasted opportunity, a largely unused button occupies the space.
Like earlier Alpha models, the D (Dynamic)-Range Optimiser function helps retain highlight detail while shadow and some mid-tone areas are lightened. The Standard setting reduces contrast across the whole image, albeit only subtly though the more impressive Advanced option balances the subject and background.
It works well for day-to-day shooting but it's particularly useful with backlit subjects, and when used in conjunction with the tiny built-in flash. Only JPEGs are affected. Raw files are tagged with the data, so images shown during playback may not seem like they've been altered until they've been developed in the supplied software. If you use Photoshop for Raw conversion, for example, you won't benefit from the DRO feature.
In the labs the Sony A350 performs well, the 14.2-megapixel sensor is capable of resolving high levels of detail, but you'll need a high-performance lens to benefit and this diminishes with higher sensitivities. High ISO noise reduction up to the maximum ISO3200 tends to smear away not only the coloured blotches and speckles, leading to images with not just low noise, but low detail too.
Colour accuracy is good, especially at the lower ISO settings, but is not quite up to the standards set by the earlier A100. And, like many rivals, struggles still with mixed and indoor lighting. It all adds up to a bit of mixed bag.
One definite area of improvement over earlier offerings is the Super SteadyShot anti-shake system, with a claimed 2.5-3.5 stops compensation. With care, we were able to drop the shutter speed down as low as 1/15th sec at the longer end of a Carl Zeiss 16-80mm (24-120mm equivalent) zoom and still get acceptably sharp results.
While the unique Live Mode and wider than average zoom range of the Sony 18-70mm kit lens are likely to tempt novices, the 14.2-megapixel resolution CCD makes the A350 a pricey proposition. At the same time, enthusiasts looking to take full advantage of the A350's image size will need to invest in a top-quality lens. Sony's optics are good but many are much dearer than those from the market leaders Canon and Nikon. The Carl Zeiss 16-80mm, for example, will push the price close to £1000. With a poor optical viewfinder, low continuous shooting rates and only average high ISO performance, the A350 isn't likely to be top of the list for photography buffs.
Sony A350 DSLR Info
Typical price: Alpha DSLR-A350 body c/w Sony DT 18-70mm f/3.5-5.6 macro standard kit zoom £534 (£455 ex VAT) or c/w additional Sony DT 55-200mm f/4-5.6 double lens kit £699 (£595 ex VAT).
Most effective Live View system to-date
Body integral anti-shake
Good colour rendition
Good build
Noise reduction leads to smearing at ISO1600 and above
Tardy continuous shooting
Poor viewfinder ergonomics
Pricey lenses & accessories
Verdict: While the Sony A350 has an entirely usable Live View mode when compared to rival offerings, the high price and mixed performance is difficult to ignore.
More info: Sony A350 DSLR Support Website
Such was the quality of Live View on the fold-out LCD of the Sony A350 that we found ourselves rarely using the optical viewfinder of this nifty little camera.
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NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_BEGIN

@implementation ABI43_0_0EXUpdatesService

ABI43_0_0EX_REGISTER_MODULE();

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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First class surfaces for student halls
Just in time for the back to school season, a Manchester student accommodation complex has been refurbished to include Maxtop Quartz surfaces in all of its 78 flats.
Liberty Living at Sir Charles Groves Hall now has Diamond White Sparkle worktops for all its kitchen and breakfast bars. Auxillium Property Solutions Ltd, which managed the project, chose Maxtop Quartz due to its durability and style.
Dale Cross, managing director of Auxillium Property Solutions Ltd, commented: "Maxtop Quartz offered a solution that was easy to install, aesthetically pleasing and above all, more durable than standard laminate worktops – a factor that is extremely important for student accommodation.
"It is important to consider the full life cost of any product we recommend, and the quality of Maxtop Quartz surfaces will mean that replacing the worktops every three to four years will be a thing of the past."
Our modular quartz surfaces have been a real success in residential environments where strength and durability is paramount, which is particularly relevant for student accommodation. We are now working on a number of projects in this sector.
Dale Cross concludes: "We are very happy with the product, but more importantly, the client is delighted! The new surfaces create a brilliant finish and are going to last for years to come."
To keep up to date with the latest news and tips from Maxtop you can like us on Facebook, follow us on Twitter and keep an eye on our blog.
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Trailer Review: THE FATE OF THE FURIOUS (Trailer #1)
It's been 15 years since this action-packed franchise raced it's way onto the silver screen, and even though it's had a few hiccups, it has become one of the most popular series of films out there, with the most recent film, Furious 7, bringing in over $1.5 billion worldwide.
Well, the newest installment is on its way and we finally have our first look at #8, titled The Fate Of The Furious. Check it out!
Now that Dom and Letty are on their honeymoon and Brian and Mia have retired from the game—and the rest of the crew has been exonerated—the globetrotting team has found a semblance of a normal life. But when a mysterious woman (Oscar® winner Charlize Theron) seduces Dom into the world of crime he can't seem to escape and a betrayal of those closest to him, they will face trials that will test them as never before.
From the shores of Cuba and the streets of New York City to the icy plains off the arctic Barents Sea, our elite force will crisscross the globe to stop an anarchist from unleashing chaos on the world's stage…and to bring home the man who made them a family.
When I first saw the poster for this film (seen below), I assumed that Hobbs was going to turn on Dom. It never once crossed my mind that Dominic Toretto, leader of this motley crew, would actually turn his back on them. But I was wrong. Director F. Gary Gray (Straight Outta Compton) and writer Chris Morgan (Furious 7, Wanted) decided to give us something unexpected, and I have to say, I am much more excited for this film than I previously was.
This first trailer gave us exactly what it needed to -- crazy action and a sense of what the story was without giving too much away. And crazy action is probably an understatement, as the trailer starts of with cars busting through a wall, and doesn't really slow down. At the end of the first 30-seconds, we see something that made me yell out HOLY SH**!! Yes, im talking about the wrecking ball scene, which was awesome, and set the tone, as far as action goes, for what was to come next.
Then chaos erupts as we are introduced to the new big baddie played by Charlize Theron, who, according to IMDb, is named Cipher. It's still unclear as to how she has managed to get Dom to turn on his family, but that's okay, as I'd rather learn that in the theater.
We see several of our favorite FF characters returning, including Dom, Letty, Hobbes, Roman, and Tej, but they aren't the only ones. Jason Statham is back, reprising his role as Dackard Shaw from Furious 7, and it looks like he'll be working WITH the team to help stop Dom and Cipher. We get a glimpse of Scott Eastwood, and a few scenes of Kurt Russell, who's playing a character known as Mr. Nobody. The one person we don't see in this trailer who was previously confirmed to be in the film is Lucas Black who played Sean Boswell in The Fast And The Furious: Tokyo Drift, but perhaps they're saving him as a surprise.
Overall, I gotta say, I enjoyed this trailer. It was action-packed, felt exactly like a Fast and Furious film, and, even though it was over 3 minutes long, didn't give too much away. I can't wait to see this film now!
The Fate Of The Furious stars Vin Diesel who is joined by a returning all-star cast that includes Dwayne Johnson, Jason Statham, Michelle Rodriguez, Tyrese Gibson, Chris "Ludacris" Bridges, Nathalie Emmanuel, Elsa Pataky and Kurt Russell. In addition to Theron, the series welcomes newcomers Scott Eastwood and Oscar® winner Helen Mirren. The film is directed by F. Gary Gray (Straight Outta Compton) and produced by returning producers Neal H. Moritz, Michael Fottrell and Diesel.
The Fate Of The Furious hits theaters on April 14, 2017.
Labels: Action, Charlize Theron, Dwayne Johnson, F. Gary Gray, Fast and Furious 8, Jason Statham, Joshua Raynor, Michelle Rodriguez, The Fate Of The Furious, Trailer Review, Trailers, vin diesel


Smith's records also note that caseworkers checked the Florida Abuse History system, which had no records of allegations against Smith. DCF did not release any information on why Smith's child abuse charge was not found.
"This is a very complicated case; the issues will be fought out in court. In doing the required checks, both with FDLE and with Duval County, her child abuse background did not show up," the department said in a statement.
Records show DCF and Family Support Services (FSS), the agency it hired to monitor Smith, noted Smith's abusive past in 2006 when she was arrested and later convicted of abusing a foster child.
An email from DCF's program management director said, "...the children were thrilled to leave (Smith's home) My question is why didn't one of (FSS') caseworkers pick this up?"
FSS notes in a different email that Smith had an over-capped home, meaning she was fostering more children than she was licensed for.
The email states, "FSS created a Safety Action Plan...to implement immediately for all over-capped homes."
The plan ordered the homes be "....visited by a licensing support specialist minimally once per month."
FSS' CEO Jim Adams released a statement saying, "I wish I could comment in full but this is an ongoing civil case. I will tell you though we are determined to find the answer. We've come light years in the protection of our most vulnerable children and we will not lose ground in our battle to keep them safe."
Adams said the process of checking someone's abuse history is much better today than when Smith's was checked.
Smith didn't answer her door at home. But she called first Coast News and said she didn't remember being convicted on the 1991 child abuse case. Then she hung up.
DCF revoked Smith's license after her 2006 child abuse arrest, but Smith fought back. In a letter to DCF, Smith wrote, "I'm not an abuser, nor a neglecter. I'm the righteousness of God... How long will I be penalized for a report that happened in 1991? Can it be removed?"
Then she asked DCF to reconsider restoring her foster care license.
Smith's case is rare, but it's happened before, according to the FDLE.
Arresting agencies are responsible for getting the information on convictions to FDLE. It's unclear if that was not done in Smith's 1991 case.
A civil lawsuit has been filed against FSS alleging neglect in monitoring Smith and how she was caring for two foster kids.


The Number of Words Starling Tracks Depends on a Number of Variables.
One of the biggest variables to consider when evaluating your word count data is environment. Are there any older siblings around? Got a chatty grandma who visits all the time? Even out of home experiences can influence a daily word count – day care is a great example. There are as many differences in environmental influences as there are words in the dictionary, which is why it is hard to average at an "average" baseline word count.
But that doesn't mean that your family doesn't have a baseline. To find it, simply let the Starling track your interactions for a week. Then you'll see what a normal week's worth of words looks like in your household. From there try and bump up your daily word count by 500. Easy? Try 1000 more per day. How many words are even possible in a single day? That's for you and your baby to find out!
The most important thing Starling delivers? Quality time with your child. It's true. While the data is helpful, it's a just a reflection of the time you two spent together. So why not make that time meaningful. Relax, and have some fun together.
The Starling uses a complicated, proprietary algorithm to instantly recognize your voice, filter out any speech that's 4-6 feet away, get rid of background interference, evaluate word count and quality before calibrating itself to analyze the next words coming out of your mouth. Oh, and all this before gathering the data for you to view on your smartphone whenever you want to.
Like any other tracking device (fitness, GP, etc.) it's prone to a reasonable margin of error from time to time. In extensive beta testing, we found that sometimes the Starling counted a few too many words in a conversation, and sometimes counted a few less. Overall, you'll find that the Starlings interpretation of your interactions is more than sufficient to meet your objective – to encourage and track high quality linguistic interactions with your children throughout the day. And to have fun doing it.


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Home » Quick Immigration Statistics: United States
Quick Immigration Statistics: United States
There are approximately 44 million immigrants in the United States.
The Immigrant Learning Center has compiled a list of quick United States immigration statistics and facts to answer your most pressing questions about the current immigration landscape in the U.S.
If you don't see what you need here, our Immigration Research Library contains more than 1,300 studies from reputable sources, and new reports are added as they become available. If you're looking for more detailed data or want to examine specific immigrant populations, you can request a free, personalized fact sheet through the Immigration Data on Demand service from our partner, the Institute for Immigration Research at George Mason University, or explore our page of resources on U.S. immigration data and policy. To learn more about the immigrants of our home state of Massachusetts, visit our Quick Immigration Statistics: Massachusetts page. If you have questions or suggestions about our Quick U.S. Immigration Stats, feel free to contact us at public.education@ilctr.org.
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Countries of Origin
How many immigrants are there in the United States, and who are they?
About one in every eight U.S. residents (13.5%) is foreign-born.
Source: U.S. Census 2020 American Community Survey 5-year Estimates
The five largest immigrant populations in the United States are from:
Learn how growing immigrant populations affect crime rates.
Learn how diversity strengthens the U.S. economy.
Learn how immigrant populations are distributed state by state.
Learn about trends in countries of origins of new immigrants.
What is the migration status of immigrants in the United States?
The majority of U.S. immigrants (77%) have authorization.
Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on augmented 2017 U.S. Census Bureau data
More than half (50.9%) of all immigrants have become United States citizens.
Learn why levels of undocumented immigration have significantly declined.
Learn how undocumented immigrants contribute to the U.S. tax base, including young people in the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals ("Dreamers") program.
Learn the demographic profile of undocumented immigrants, including trends in countries of origin, English proficiency, educational attainment and income levels.
Learn how rates of undocumented immigration impact crime rates.
Learn more about the economic benefits of creating pathways to citizenship for both documented and undocumented immigrants.
How do immigrants impact the United States workforce?
Immigrants have a higher workforce participation rate.*
Learn how growing immigrant populations affect the economy.
Learn how immigrants' high rates of workforce participation impact their use of government benefits.
Learn how high-skilled immigration impacts the U.S.-born workforce and strengthens businesses.
Learn more about the growing and pivotal role that immigrants and their children will play in the U.S. economy.
Learn how undocumented immigrants affect the U.S. economy.
Learn how immigrants lower unemployment rates and increase workforce participation rates.
* The workforce participation rate is calculated by dividing the number of people working and those actively seeking work by the number of non-institutionalized, working-age (16-65) civilians.
Immigrants, particularly refugees, have higher self-employment rates.
Source: Institute of Immigration Research analysis of the American Community Survey (ACS) 2012-2016 5-year sample data from Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample
One quarter (25%) of new U.S. businesses are founded by immigrants.
Source: Immigrant Entrepreneurship, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2016
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Fort Missoula (detention facility)
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US Gov Name
Fort Missoula Internment Camp
Department of Justice Internment Camp
Administrative Agency
Missoula, Montana (46.8667 lat, -113.9833 lng)
Date Closed
Population Description
Held more than 1,000 Italian seamen captured in U.S. waters; also held 1,250 Japanese immigrants from the continental U.S. and Hawai'i.
Located at an old U.S. Army post on the southwest edge of Missoula, Montana, that was turned over to the Department of Justice (DOJ) in 1941. Missoula is in western Montana.
Peak Population
National Park Service Info
SoSUID:d-miss; DenshoName:Fort Missoula; USGName:Fort Missoula Internment Camp; Type:Department of Justice Internment Camp; AdminAgency:U.S. Department of Justice; DateOpened:December 18, 1941; DateClosed:July 1, 1944; LocationName:Missoula, Montana; CityName:Missoula; StateName:MT; Description:Located at an old U.S. Army post on the southwest edge of Missoula, Montana, that was turned over to the Department of Justice (DOJ) in 1941. Missoula is in western Montana.; GISLat:46.8667; GISLng:-113.9833; GISTGNId:7014085; CurrentDisposition:; PopulationDescription:Held more than 1,000 Italian seamen captured in U.S. waters; also held 1,250 Japanese immigrants from the continental U.S. and Hawai'i.; ExitDestination:; PeakPopulation:2,003; PeakDate:; NPSMoreInfoResourceLink:http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/anthropology74/ce17g.htm; OfficialResourceLink:;
Alien Enemy Hearing Boards for the Issei were held from June to August 1942, and if the Issei was recommended for permanent internment, he was sent to Camp Livingston, a U.S. Army internment camp in Alexandria, Louisiana. By August, there were only 109 Issei left at Fort Missoula.
The internees of Japanese and Italian descent lived in different barracks and ate in separate mess halls but occasionally played softball together.
After the internees were sent to U.S. Army camps, Fort Missoula was used to hold military prisoners of war (POWs) from Europe.
"Alien Detention Center." The Historical Museum at Fort Missoula website. http://www.fortmissoulamuseum.org/index.php.
Fiset, Louis. Imprisoned Apart: The World War II Correspondence of an Issei Couple. Foreword by Roger Daniels. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997. [Letters between Iwao Matsushita at Fort Missoula, Montana, and Hanaye Matsushita at Minidoka.]
Flewelling, Stan. Shirakawa: Stories from a Pacific Northwest Japanese American Community. Foreword by Gordon Hirabayashi. Auburn, WA: White River Valley Museum, 2002.
Kashima, Tetsuden. Judgment Without Trial: Japanese American Imprisonment during World War II. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002.
Van Valkenburg, Carol Bulger. An Alien Place: The Fort Missoula, Montana, Detention Camp 1941-1944. Missoula, MT: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, Inc., 1995, 2009.
Wyatt, Barbara, ed. Japanese Americans in World War II: A National Historic Landmarks Theme Study. Washington, DC: National Historic Landmarks Program, National Park Service, August 2012.
New arrivals at Fort Missoula, c. 1942, Fort Missoula internment camp, Montana. Courtesy of the K. Ross Toole Archives, University of Montana at Missoula (Number 84-297, Pierce Coll.) More info »
Fort Missoula internment camp, Montana, c. 1942. Courtesy of the K. Ross Toole Archives, University of Montana at Missoula (Number 84-295, Pierce Coll.) More info »
Fort Missoula internment camp, Montana, 1943. Courtesy of the Manuscripts, Special Collections, University Archives Division, University of Washington Libraries, the Matsushita Family Collection More info »
Censored letter sent by an Issei at the Fort Missoula internment camp, Montana, c. 1942. Courtesy of Densho, the Taki Collection More info »
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Estimated 36-hour Trip with a scheduled departure at 6:00am and return the following day at 6:00pm.
On the way out anglers and the Shady Lady crew will troll for Wahoo and King Mackerel. We will then stop at deep-water spots and fish for Scamp, Grouper, and Amberjack. Depending on the water and fishing conditions, we will arrive late afternoon at one of the many deep-water rigs and attempt to catch big game fish like Tuna, Dolphin, Wahoo, or even Marlin. Once the "bite" has ended, we can prepare to settle in for the night. After a long day of fishing and a good cooked meal on the Green Egg, anglers can jig for Black Fin Tuna, while the crew sets out Swordfish rigs and begin chunking hoping to hook up Larger Yellow Fin Tuna. Anglers can continue to fish through the night. As the sun begins to rise we will start troll or kite fishing. While making our way back to port, we can finish the day off bottom fishing for eight different types of fish such as: Snapper, Trigger Fish, Grouper and etc. Kick back, relax and enjoy the ride back to port.
Standard charter service such as: fuel, bait, and tackle, including big game equipment.
Sleeping accommodations includes pillows, sheets, and blankets.
Large hot water shower is available and is equipped with soap and clean towels.
Food such as: Conecuh sausage at breakfast: fresh fish, hamburgers or hot dogs for lunch and dinner. Feel free to bring your own grill foods as well.
Gratuity is not included and is 20% of trip price, please show your mates you appreciate them by tipping accordingly. Fish cleaning is not included in the trip price but offered by the crew at a rate of $.30 per pound whole fish weight.
Alcohol consumption is allowed but is asked to be kept at a minimum due to the length of the trip. Please contact us at anytime for any questions or concerns.
A-1 custom fiberglass boat with 3 staterooms, 2 baths and a full walk-in shower. Salon area is large and open with plenty of extra seating. Fuel capacity is 1,200 gallons and a fresh water capacity of 300 gallons. The Shady has a high volume icemaker, freezers, and 3 air conditioners to allow maximum comfort. Fishing is allowed from the bow due to a certified bow rail system. The Shady is Coast Guard inspected yearly and is equipped with all required emergency and rescue life rafts. For extra comforts while offshore we have installed a satellite radio, TV/VCR/CD, and a satellite phone for emergencies.


Justin Gatlin won his first 100m race at the Bigbank Kuldliiga meet in Rakvere, Estonia at August 03, 2010 after a four years lay off.
The 28-year-old American crosses the line in 10.24 into -0.6 wind, a tenth of a second improvement from his qualifying heat race ahead of countryman J-Mee Samuels who clocked 10.31, and Rhubin Williams, also from USA, third in 10.54.
Gatlin won the 2004 Athens Olympic Games in the sprint century in 9.85. In 2005, he won the 100m/9.88 and 200m/20.04 at the IAAF world championship in Helsinki. He equaled Asafa Powell's world record in the 100m in 9.77 at super GP meet at Doha, Qatar in May 2006 but soon was found guilty for performances enhancer drug named testosterone where he tested during the Penn Relays meet in April.
Gatlin, who is coached by Loren Seagrave, however still in trouble of finding a competitive meets in Europe because of a policy of the Diamond League's organizers not to invite any athletes who has a doping history (just like Dwain Chambers) but he is expected to run again at Tallinn, the Estonian capital at this weekend.


Inspired by a real-life home, this is a barn conversion with a modern twist. It was really enjoyable to make and even though it modern, still a challenge or me to decorate. I built it in Hidden Springs, but it does not contain any world content, so you are free to put it anywhere your heart desires. It is a small house though, so don't expect to raise a large family here.
Very nice house, elegant and well made.


Company leaders who commit illegal or immoral indiscretions not only hurt their own image but also their employer's bottom line, new research finds.
A study set to be published in an upcoming issue of the Journal of Financial Economics found that CEOs and other company executives caught doing drugs, having sexual affairs, or being violent or dishonest can have a multimillion dollar impact on a company's value.
For the study, researchers analyzed 325 instances of executive indiscretions. Indiscretions were divided into four categories: substance abuse, violence, sexual indiscretions and dishonesty.
The study's authors found that leaders who make one of these public blunders cost their employer an immediate 1.6 percent loss in shareholder value. That translates into an average loss of $110 million in market capitalization.
"Collectively, our results imply that the personal integrity of the top management team plays an important role in the valuation and business operations of the firm," the study's authors wrote.
Besides a loss in shareholder value, employers also see a decline in the number of new major customers and joint venture partnerships following CEO indiscretions.
"Customer losses are particularly severe for those indiscretions that damage the firm's reputation the most," the study's authors wrote.
Out of the four types of transgressions studied, dishonesty was found to have the biggest negative impact.
"Our research certainly suggests shareholders and potential business partners perceive that someone who is duplicitous in his or her private life could be more willing to mislead professionally," Adam Yore, one of the study's authors and an assistant professor at the University of Missouri, said in a statement. "Personal integrity at the top matters and can have major impacts on these companies."
The researchers found that some companies are not impacted as much by their leaders' public missteps. Specifically, businesses that the study's authors termed as "shady," because they regularly failed to comply with federal rules, saw smaller market reactions when managerial indiscretions were made public.
After looking at company leaders who committed one misstep and those who committed multiple transgressions, the researchers found that the likelihood of being fired for disciplinary reasons was similar for both groups.
The study found that indiscretions were made by those in charge more often at poorly run organizations where getting fired for mistakes was less likely.
Overall, the research found that CEO turnover or a cut in pay does increase dramatically following managerial misdeeds.
"The collateral damage goes further: At least some shareholders seem to hold board members responsible for indiscretions associated with the firm's executives," the study's authors wrote. "Board members receive significantly lower votes in the director election immediately following announcement of an indiscretion."
The study was coauthored by Brandon Cline, an associate professor at Mississippi State University, and Ralph Walkling, founder of Drexel University's Center of Corporate Governance.


text:
Obelisk of the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi, Piazza Navona
by HSwaff
The obelisk was ordered to be constructed by Emperor Domitian (r. 81 - 96 CE). It was sculpted in Egypt and transported to Rome where it originally adorned the temple of Isis and Serapis. It now stands in Piazza Navona and is part of Gian Lorenzo Bernini's (1598 – 1680 CE) Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi (Fountain of Four Rivers).
Based on Wikipedia content that has been reviewed, edited, and republished. Original image by HSwaff. Uploaded by Wanda Marcussen, published on 17 February 2020 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.
Definitions68
Rome's Egyptian Heritage
The Eternal City of Rome is one of the places in the world with...
Egyptian Obelisk
An obelisk is a stone rectangular pillar with a tapered top forming...
Domitian
Domitian was Roman Emperor from 81 to 96 CE and his reign, although...
Legions of the Dacian Wars
The Dacian Wars started after Decebalus (r. c. 87-106 CE) raided...
Decebalus
Decebalus (c. 87-106 CE) was the king of Dacia (roughly modern-day...
Marcus Cocceius Nerva was Roman emperor from 96 to 98 CE, and his...
HSwaff, . (2020, February 17). Obelisk of the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi, Piazza Navona. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/image/11926/obelisk-of-the-fontana-dei-quattro-fiumi-piazza-na/
HSwaff, . "Obelisk of the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi, Piazza Navona." World History Encyclopedia. Last modified February 17, 2020. https://www.worldhistory.org/image/11926/obelisk-of-the-fontana-dei-quattro-fiumi-piazza-na/.
HSwaff, . "Obelisk of the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi, Piazza Navona." World History Encyclopedia. World History Encyclopedia, 17 Feb 2020. Web. 20 Jan 2022.


Blogger is one of the many options available to bloggers who are looking for free blog software. This website located at the following web address: http://www.blogger.com offers registered users the opportunity to publish their own blog free of charge.
The website also has templates the blogger can use to create his blog and even enables bloggers to easily place Google advertisements on their blog and coordinates an AdSense account for the users so they can potentially earn a profit from their blog. This article will discuss the history of Blogger as well as the terms of service.
Blogger began in 1999 with a small group of friends in the San Francisco area who ran a company called Pyra Labs. These friends did not set out to create a network of bloggers but nevertheless Blogger emerged from their efforts. The three friends who developed bloggers were programmers who toiled away for others in an effort to fund their own endeavors.
As previously mentioned a blog network was not their original goal but the friends were intrigued by the idea as it emerged and found others were interested too as their concept quickly took off and new members were joining everyday. Like most Internet entrepreneurs of this time period, they experienced setbacks but continued to persevere.
In 2002 Blogger was doing well but got an unexpected surprise when Google expressed interest in purchasing Pyra Labs. Google was interested in the upswing in the blogging community and the members of Pyra Lab sold their company enabling Google to take over the operation.
Since taking over Google introduced the concept of AdSense advertising campaigns on blogs which has been generating profits for Google and bloggers alike. Blogger not only offers members templates to create a blog and voice their opinions on the Internet but also simplifies the process of placing AdSense advertisements on the blog.
The Terms of Service of Blogger are susceptible to change but there are a few basic terms which users can expect to exist. The Terms of Service for Blogger provides explanations of items such as the services offered, description of proper use of the services, privacy policies, an explanation of intellectual property rights, cause for termination and information regarding the legal jurisdiction of the website.
Members of Blogger are advised to carefully review these policies before becoming a member and to be sure they understand and agree to all of these terms. If the potential member is unsure about the meaning of one or more of the terms, he should contact Blogger to seek clarification on the Terms of Service.
Members of Blogger should also be aware that the Terms of Service may change and should review these terms periodically to ensure there have been no changes made which will adversely impact the member.
Members of Blogger should pay particular attention to the section of the Terms of Service which specify causes for termination of a member's account. This information is important because it will help to prevent the member from inadvertently performing an action which may result in his account being terminated or suspended.
Blogger is not required to inform the member of the infractions before suspending the account so a member will likely lose his account before he is even aware he has violated the Terms of Service agreement.
advertising campaigns, Alphabet Inc., Blog, blog network, Blog software, Blogger, Companies, Digital media, free blog software, Google, http://www.blogger.com, Internet entrepreneurs, Pyra Lab, Pyra Labs, San Francisco, Service for Blogger, Service of Blogger, web address, World Wide Web. Bookmark.
SpyStream 2.0 - 1 site SpyStream is the Proven software to reveal specific visitor behavior like needs and intent by recording video sessions that you, the website owner, can play back and watch.


text:
PIB: Nigeria may lose $2.5bn Russian gas investment
on: September 06, 2011 In: featured, Financing
6 September 2011, Sweetcrude, Abuja – There are fears that Nigeria may lose a $2.5 billion project planned by the Russian gas giant, Gazprom, for the country. The Russian company is considering suspending the project over non-passage of the Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB).
Gazprom, the world's largest gas producer, in 2008, signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) on joint venture projects, covering petroleum, gas exploration and power.
But, it announced last year that it would delay plans on the joint venture until after the passage of the PIB and general elections held are held in Nigeria this year.
Nigeria held a successful general election earlier this year, and it has been learnt that the major hurdle now to Gazprom commencing action on the joint venture with the NNPC is the delay by the National Assembly in passing the PIB.
Though NNPC and Gazprom signed the MoU on the venture in 2008, they are yet to reach final agreement on the take-off of the proposed multi-dollar business, originally scheduled to come on stream in 2015.
There are fears that the Russian company may have put the project on hold due to what sources described as "absence of clear rules".
As planned by Gazprom, 90 per cent of the proposed investment in Nigeria would go into developing the Nigerian domestic gas production, processing and transportation.
Gazprom had stated that investing in Nigeria's liquefied natural gas (LNG) made strategic sense as it was much closer to its main North American market than Russia.
The pipelines Gazprom had planned to build in Nigeria could eventually be used to ship gas through the Trans-Saharan Gas Pipeline, a project aimed at sending Nigerian gas through Niger and Algeria to the Mediterranean.
Nigeria boasts proven gas reserves of 187 trillion cubic feet(tcf), with about 600 tcf additional in undiscovered gas potential. It is currently the world's seventh largest in terms of proven gas reserves, but with the estimated undiscovered potential, could easily be within the world's top three in gas reserves. Gazprom was among the 15 oil companies selected by the Nigerian government in March last year as potential investors to help develop gas projects.
NNPC's trading surplus drops by 4% to N28bn in one month


Combs, a 6-foot-7 graduate transfer from Dallas (North Texas/LSU) led the Tigers with averages of 17.6 points and 9.3 rebounds per game during the 2018-19 season. He led the Southwestern Athletic Conference in rebounding and was named the conference's Player of the Year and Newcomer of the Year.
Combs was also named to the BOXTOROW Division I All-American First Team. BOXTOROW's All-American Teams are comprised of players from historically black colleges and universities that compete at the NCAA's Division I classification.
The honors are just the latest for Combs, who was a dominant force for the Tigers throughout the season. He was named the SWAC's Player of the Week five times during the season; he earned that award four weeks in a row during the month of February.


THIS IS A FREE KIDS BICENTENNIAL EVENT!
Kids ages 5-12 will build cardboard "forts" in conjunction with Fort Smith Bicentennial activities. Teams of 3-4 kids will be divided by age group, 5-9, 10-12. Each team will build a cardboard fort. Judges will select the top two winning teams in each age group. Prizes will be awarded.


Surigao del Norte (Surigaonon: Probinsya nan Surigao del Norte; Cebuano: Amihanang Surigao; Spanish: Provincia de Surigao del Norte) is a province in the Philippines located in the Caraga region of Mindanao. Its capital is Surigao City. The province comprises two major islands—Siargao and Bucas Grande—in the Philippine Sea, and a small region at the northeastern tip of Mindanao. This mainland portion borders Agusan del Norte, and Surigao del Sur to the south.
The area of Surigao del Norte was once part of an ancient district referred to as "Caraga" during the Spanish colonial period named after its chief inhabitants, the Caraga tribe or Caragans who were largely concentrated in a settlement called Caraga. The ancient district of Caraga, which was established in 1609 comprised all of the present day provinces of Surigao del Norte, Dinagat Islands, Surigao del Sur, the northern part of Davao Oriental and eastern Misamis Oriental. The seat of government was at Tandag until it was transferred to the town of Surigao in 1848. Six Spanish military districts were established in Mindanao in 1860 and the areas of present-day Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Dinagat Islands, Agusan del Norte and Agusan del Sur (collectively called Agusan back then), including the territory lying between present day Butuan and Caraga bays, formed the third district called the "East District" which was changed in 1870 to "Distrito de Surigao". By the end of the Spanish rule in 1897, Agusan had been organized as a single politico-military comandancia named "Butuan", within the administrative jurisdiction of Distrito de Surigao.
Distrito de Surigao became a chartered province on May 15, 1901 (Philippine Commission Act 127). The territorial expanse of the Surigao province was further reduced in 1907 when the politico-military commandancia of Butuan, then a sub-province of Surigao, was created into a separate province and officially named it Agusan with present-day Butuan as its capital.
On September 18, 1960, through Republic Act 2786 dated June 19, 1960, the province of Surigao was divided into the present day provinces of Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur. Agusan province was later dissolved and divided into the present day provinces of Agusan del Norte (retains present day Butuan as capital) and Agusan del Sur in 1967 by Republic Act No. 4979. The town of Surigao became a city on August 30, 1970 pursuant to RA 6134.
Dinagat Islands had been a part of the First District of Surigao del Norte until becoming a province on its own on December 2, 2006, with the approval of Republic Act No. 9355, the Charter of the Province of Dinagat Islands, in a plebiscite. Between February 2010 and March 2011, the islands were part again of Surigao del Norte after declaring RA 9355 unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, then were reinstated as a separate province.
Surigao del Norte is an archipelago province situated at the rim of the Asian continental shelf. It is located at the northeastern tip of Mindanao and faces the Philippine Trench. The province is bounded by the Dinagat Islands on the north, east by the Philippine Sea, south by the provinces of Agusan del Norte and Surigao del Sur, and on the west by the Surigao Strait.
The province, with an area of 1,972.93 square kilometres (761.75 sq mi), comprises the mainland situated at the northeastern tip of Mindanao and several offshore islands, the largest of which include Siargao and Bucas Grande. The mainland is generally mountainous.
The province has many caves and tunnels in its islands. Some are half-submerged in water most of the time and could be accessed only during low tides like the Sohoton Cove at Bucas Grande Island.
Its biggest islands are usually mountainous and rich in minerals. Nonoc Island has one of the world's largest deposits of nickel. The smaller ones either rest on sand and gravel or have a limestone base bonded by boulders, reefs and sandbars. Some islets which include those in Del Carmen in Siargao Island are a cluster of rock formations jutting out from the sea covered with shrubs and coconut trees.
Surigao del Norte has no pronounced dry season, receiving maximum rainfall from November to January.
Surigao del Norte comprises 20 municipalities and 1 component city, organized into two legislative districts and further subdivided into 335 barangays.
Surigao is home to the Mamanwa ethnic tribe. Their dances are showcased in a local festival called "Bonok-Bonok", held at the feast of San Nicolas de Tolentino which is held annually on September 10. The Bonok-Bonok depicts the native folks' merry-making to show gratitude to God for bountiful harvest and good health.
Data excludes Dinagat Islands that were part of Surigao del Norte until 2006.
The population of Surigao del Norte in the 2015 census was 485,088 people, with a density of 250 inhabitants per square kilometre or 650 inhabitants per square mile.
The inhabitants of the province is mostly of pure/mixed Austronesian stock, with some people of Chinese and Arab heritage. Spanish and American ancestries are also evident, albeit a minor percentage.
Some 95.80% of the people speak Surigaonon as a parent language. Cebuano and its dialect Boholano are also present. Waray is spoken by a small percentage. A majority are able to speak English as a second language. There are also speakers of Kamayo and Manobo languages, although of minor percentages.
The dominant religion is Roman Catholicism with 60 percent adherence. Other religions include Iglesia Filipina Independiente with 30 and 10 for Protestant Churches.
Mangroves are the major vegetation in the coastal areas of the province, which form interminable marine forests covering 175 square kilometres (68 sq mi) along the coasts of the mainland and the islands of Siargao and Bucas Grande. The province is host to a variety of marine ecosystems like the lush seagrass beds and coral reefs which are relatively healthy and intact, supporting a rich diversity of marine flora and fauna.
Over 23 different species are caught the whole year round. Marlin, tuna, lapu-lapu, mollusks, crabs, even squids, stingrays and octopuses can be bought from fish vendors and fishermen.
The unique "magcono" (ironwood) forests of Surigao del Norte are one of the watersheds most productive resources. By its nature, it is slow growing and adapted to a mineralized soil.
Surigao City, the provincial capital, is dubbed as the "Gateway to Mindanao". The ferry landing terminal in Lipata links Mindanao to Luzon through Eastern Visayas. It annually showcases its distinct cultural heritage through the Bonok-Bonok Maradjao Karadjao Festival.
On the northern side of the province are Siargao and Bucas Grande Islands, known for their long stretch of sugar-fine beaches, vast mangrove forest, and deep waters teeming with marine life.
The Panhutongan and Amoslog archeological excavations in Placer would give a glimpse of the origins of the province and its people.
^ a b c d "Province: Surigao del Norte". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
^ a b c Lancion, Jr., Conrado M.; cartography by de Guzman, Rey (1995). "The Provinces; Surigao del Norte". Fast Facts about Philippine Provinces (The 2000 Millenium ed.). Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines: Tahanan Books. p. 154. ISBN 971-630-037-9. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
^ "Republic Act No. 6134 - An Act Creating the City of Surigao". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. 31 August 1970. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
^ "Republic Act No. 9355; An Act Creating the Province of Dinagat Islands" (PDF). Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
^ "Weather forecast for Surigao del Norte, Philippines". Storm247.com. StormGeo AS, Nordre Nøstekaien 1, N-5011 Bergen, Norway: StormGeo AS. Retrieved 29 April 2016.