A p-value is the probability of the observed, or more extreme, data, under the assumption that the null-hypothesis is true. The goal of this blog post is to understand what this means, and perhaps more importantly, what this doesn't mean. People often misunderstand p-values, but with a little help and some dedicated effort, we should be able explain these misconceptions. Below is my attempt, but if you prefer a more verbal explanation, I can recommend Greenland et al. (2016).
First, we need to know what 'the assumption that the null-hypothesis is true' looks like. Although the null-hypothesis can be any value, here we will assume the null-hypothesis is specified as a difference of 0. When this model is visualized in text-books, or in power-analysis software such as g*power, you often see a graph like the one below, with t-values on the horizontal axis, and a critical t-value somewhere around 1.96. For a mean difference, the p-value is calculated based on the t-distribution (which is like a normal distribution, and the larger the sample size, the more similar the two become). I will distinguish the null hypothesis (the mean difference in the population is exactly 0) from the null-model (a model of the data we should expect when we draw a sample when the null-hypothesis is true) in this post.
I've recently realized that things become a lot clearer if you just plot these distributions as mean differences, because you will more often think about means, than about t-values. So below, you can see a null-model, assuming a standard deviation of 1, for a t-test comparing mean differences (because the SD = 1, you can also interpret the mean differences as a Cohen's d effect size).
The first thing to notice is that we expect that the mean of the null-model is 0: The distribution is centered on 0. But even if the mean in the population is 0, that does not imply every sample will give a mean of exactly zero. There is variation around the mean, as a function of the true standard deviation, and the sample size. One reason why I prefer to plot the null-model in raw scores instead of t-values is that you can see how the null-model changes, when the sample size increases.
When we collect 5000 instead of 50 observations, we see the null-model is still centered on 0 – but in our null-model we now expect most values will fall very close around 0. Due to the larger sample size, we should expect to observe mean differences in our sample closer to 0 compared to our null-model when we had only 50 observations.
Both graphs have areas that are colored red. These areas represent 2.5% of the values in the left tail of the distribution, and 2.5% of the values in the right tail of the distribution. Together, they make up 5% of the most extreme mean differences we would expect to observe, given our number of observations, when the true mean difference is exactly 0 – representing the use of an alpha level of 5%. The vertical axis shows the density of the curves.
Let's assume that in the figure visualizing the null model for N = 50 (two figures up) we observe a mean difference of 0.5 in our data. This observation falls in the red area in the right tail of the distribution. This means that the observed mean difference is surprising, if we assume that the true mean difference is 0. If the true mean difference is 0, we should not expect such a extreme mean difference very often. If we calculate a p-value for this observation, we get the probability of observing a value more extreme (in either tail, when we do a two-tailed test) than 0.5.
Take a look at the figure that shows the null-model when we have collected 5000 observations (one figure up), and imagine we would again observe a mean difference of 0.5. It should be clear that this same difference is even more surprising than it was when we collected 50 observations.
We are now almost ready to address common misconceptions about p-values, but before we can do this, we need to introduce a model of the data when the null is not true. When the mean difference is not exactly 0, the alternative hypothesis is true – but what does an alternative model look like?
When we do a study, we rarely already know what the true mean difference is (if we already knew, why would we do the study?). But let's assume there is an all-knowing entity. Following Paul Meehl, we will call this all-knowing entity Omniscient Jones. Before we collect our sample of 50 observations, Omniscient Jones already knows that the true mean difference in the population is 0.5. Again, we should expect some variation around this true mean difference in our small sample. The figure below again shows the expected data pattern when the null-hypothesis is true (now indicated by a grey line) and it shows an alternative model, assuming a true mean difference of 0.5 exists in the population (indicated by a black line).
But Omniscient Jones could have said the true difference was much larger. Let's assume we do another study, but now before we collect our 50 observations, Omniscient Jones tells us that the true mean difference is 1.5. The null model does not change, but the alternative model now moves over to the right.
Now, we are finally ready to address some common misconceptions about p-values. Before we look at misconceptions in some detail, I want to remind you of one fact that is easy to remember, and will enable you to recognize many misconceptions about p-values: p-values are a statement about the probability of data, not a statement about the probability of a theory. Whenever you see p-values interpreted as a probability of a theory or a hypothesis, you know something is not right. Now let's take a look at why this is not right.
1) Why a non-significant p-value does not mean that the null-hypothesis is true.
Let's take a concrete example that will illustrate why a non-significant result does not mean that the null-hypothesis is true. In the figure below, Omniscient Jones tells us the true mean difference is again 0.5. We have observed a mean difference of 0.35. This value does not fall within the red area (and hence, the p-value is not smaller than our alpha level, or p > .05). Nevertheless, we see that observing a mean difference of 0.35 is much more likely under the alternative model, than under the null-model.
All the p-value tells us is that this value is not extremely surprising, if we assume the null-hypothesis is true. A non-significant p-value does not mean the null-hypothesis true. It might be, but it is also possible that the data we have observed is more likely when the alternative hypothesis is true, than when the null-hypothesis is true (as in the figure above).
2) Why a significant p-value does not mean that the null-hypothesis is false.
This command generates 50 random observations from a distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. We run this command once, and we observe a mean difference of 0.5. We can perform a one-sample t-test against 0, and this test tells us, with a p < .05, that the data we have observed is surprisingly extreme, assuming the random number generator in R functions as it should.
Should we decide to reject the null-hypothesis that the random number generator in R works? That would be a bold move indeed! We know that the probability of observing surprising data, assuming the null hypothesis is true, has a maximum of 5% when our alpha is 0.05. What we can conclude, based on our data, is that we have observed an extreme outcome, that should be considered surprising. But such an outcome is not impossible when the null-hypothesis is true. And in this case, we really don't even have an alternative hypothesis that can explain the data (beyond perhaps evil hackers taking over the website where you downloaded R).
This misconception can be expressed in many forms. For example, one version states that the p-value is the probability that the data were generated by chance. Note that this is just a sneaky way to say: The p-value is the probability that the null hypothesis is true, and we observed an extreme p-value just due to random variation. As we explained above, we can observe extreme data when we are basically 100% certain that the null-hypothesis is true (the random number generator in R works as it should), and seeing extreme data once should not make you think the probability that the random number generator in R is working is less than 5%, or in other words, that the probability that the random number generator in R is broken is now more than 95%.
Remember: P-values are a statement about the probability of data, not a statement about the probability of a theory or a hypothesis.
3) Why a significant p-value does not mean that a practically important effect has been discovered.
If we plot the null-model for a very large sample size (N = 100000) we see that even very small mean differences (here, a mean difference of 0.01) will be considered 'surprising'. We have such a large sample size, that all means we observe should fall very close around 0, and even a difference of 0.01 is already considered surprising, due to our substantial level of accuracy because we collected so much data.
Note that nothing about the definition of a p-value changes: It still correctly indicates that, if the null-hypothesis is true, we have observed data that should be considered surprising. However, just because data is surprising, does not mean we need to care about it. It is mainly the verbal label 'significant' that causes confusion here – it is perhaps less confusing to think of a 'significant' effect as a 'surprising' effect (as long as the null-model is realistic - which is not automatically true).
This example illustrates why you should always report and interpret effect sizes, with hypothesis tests. This is also why it is useful to complement a hypothesis test with an equivalence test, so that you can conclude the observed difference is surprisingly small if there is no difference, but the observed difference is also surprisingly closer to zero, assuming there exists any effect we consider meaningful (and thus, we can conclude the effect is equivalence to zero).
4) If you have observed a significant finding, the probability that you have made a Type 1 error (a false positive) is not 5%.
If this is our reality, it means that 100% of the time that we observe a significant result, it is a false positive. Thus, 100% of our significant results are Type 1 errors. What the Type 1 error rate controls, is that from all studies we perform when the null is true, not more than 5% of our observed mean differences will fall in the red tail areas. But when they have fallen in the tail areas, they are always a Type 1 error. After observing a significant result, you can not say it has a 5% probability of being a false positive. But before you collect data, you can say you will not conclude there is an effect, when there is no effect, more than 5% of the time, in the long run.
5) One minus the p-value is not the probability of observing another significant result when the experiment is replicated.
It is impossible to calculate the probability that an effect will replicate, based on the p-value, and as a consequence, the p-value can not inform us about the p-value we will observe in future studies. When we have observed a p-value of 0.05, it is not 95% certain the finding will replicate. Only when we make additional assumptions (e.g., the assumption that the alternative effect is true, and the effect size that was observed in the original study is exactly correct) can we model the p-value distribution for future studies.
It might be useful to visualize the one very specific situation when the p-value does provide the probability that future studies will provide a significant p-value (even though in practice, we will never know if we are in this very specific situation). In the figure below we have a null-model and alternative model for 150 observations. The observed mean difference falls exactly on the threshold for the significance level. This means the p-value is 0.05. In this specific situation, it is also 95 probable that we will observe a significant result in a replication study, assuming there is a true effect as specified by the alternative model. If this alternative model is true, 95% (1-p) of the observed means will fall on the right side of the observed mean in the original study (we have a statistical power of 95%), and only 5% of the observed means will fall in the blue area (which contains the Type 2 errors).
This very specific situation is almost always not your reality. It is not true when any other alternative hypothesis is correct. And it is not true when the the null-hypothesis is true. In short, the p-value basically never, except for one very specific situation when the alternative hypothesis is true and of a very specific size you will never know you are in, gives the probability that a future study will once again yield a significant result.
Probabilities are confusing, and the interpretation of a p-value is not intuitive. Grammar is also confusing, and not intuitive. But where we practice grammar in our education again and again and again until you get it, we don't practice the interpretation of p-values again and again and again until you get it. Some repetition is probably needed. Explanations of what p-values mean are often verbal, and if there are figures, they use t-value distributions we are unfamiliar with. Instead of complaining that researchers don't understand what p-values mean, I think we should try to explain common misconceptions multiple times, in multiple ways.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License.
This article explores the statistical concept of science-wise false discovery rate (SWFDR). Some authors use SWFDR and its complement, positive predictive value, to argue that most (or, at least, many) published scientific results must be wrong unless most hypotheses are a priori true. I disagree. While SWFDR is valid statistically, the real cause of bad science is "Publish or Perish".
Is science broken? A lot of people seem to think so, including some esteemed statisticians. One line of reasoning uses the concepts of false discovery rate and its complement, positive predictive value, to argue that most (or, at least, many) published scientific results must be wrong unless most hypotheses are a priori true.
The false discovery rate (FDR) is the probability that a significant p-value indicates a false positive, or equivalently, the proportion of significant p-values that correspond to results without a real effect. The complement, positive predictive value (\(PPV=1-FDR\)) is the probability that a significant p-value indicates a true positive, or equivalently, the proportion of significant p-values that correspond to results with real effects.
I became interested in this topic after reading Felix Schönbrodt's blog post, "What's the probability that a significant p-value indicates a true effect?" and playing with his ShinyApp. Schönbrodt's post led me to David Colquhoun's paper, "An investigation of the false discovery rate and the misinterpretation of p-values" and blog posts by Daniel Lakens, "How can p = 0.05 lead to wrong conclusions 30% of the time with a 5% Type 1 error rate?" and Will Gervais, "Power Consequences".
The term science-wise false discovery rate (SWFDR) is from Leah Jager and Jeffrey Leek's paper, "An estimate of the science-wise false discovery rate and application to the top medical literature". Earlier work includes Sholom Wacholder et al's 2004 paper "Assessing the Probability That a Positive Report is False: An Approach for Molecular Epidemiology Studies" and John Ioannidis's 2005 paper, "Why most published research findings are false".
Being a programmer and not a statistician, I decided to write some R code to explore this topic on simulated data.
for false instances, I use the same distribution as group0.
The parameter d is the effect size, aka Cohen's d.
I use the t-test to compare the means of the groups and produce a p-value assessing whether both groups come from the same distribution.
The program does this thousands of times (drawing different random numbers each time, of course), collects the resulting p-values, and computes the FDR. The program repeats the procedure for a range of assumptions to determine the conditions under which most positive results are wrong.
For true instances, we expect the difference in means to be approximately d and for false ones to be approximately 0, but due to the vagaries of random sampling, this may not be so. If the actual difference in means is far from the expected value, the t-test may get it wrong, declaring a false instance to be positive and a true one to be negative. The goal is to see how often we get the wrong answer across a range of assumptions.
To reduce confusion, I will be obsessively consistent in my terminology.
An instance is a single run of the simulation procedure.
The terms positive and negative refer to the results of the t-test. A positive instance is one for which the t-test reports a significant p-value; a negative instance is the opposite. Obviously the distinction between positive and negative depends on the chosen significance level.
true and false refer to the correct answers. A true instance is one where the treatment group (group1) is drawn from a distribution with \(mean=d\) (\(d>0\)). A false instance is the opposite: an instance where group1 is drawn from a distribution with \(mean=0\).
empirical refers to results calculated from the simulated data, as opposed to theoretical which means results calculated using standard formulas.
The simulation procedure with default parameters produces four graphs similar to the ones below.


Cupping is an ancient Chinese tradition used to shift "stagnation" from the body. The Chinese believed that stagnation of toxins within the body were responsible for all pain.
Bellabaci is a very safe modern cupping method which can be carried out as a stand alone experience or in conjunction with other massage. A variety of pliable silicone cups are used during the treatment to exert a gentle-feeling suction, even on the face. When used professionally they are very unlikely to mark the skin in the way traditional glass cups may.
Bellabaci treatments work deeply within the tissue layers - meaning you can gain the benefits of a deep tissue massage, yet still enjoy a wonderfully relaxing experience. The technique stimulates and rejuvenates the lymphatic system. It also creates a flow of fresh oxygenated blood which is rich in natural nutrients and causes the release and clearing of waste and toxins from the fat cells.
Bellabaci cupping is great for tight and sore muscles, joint pain, digestive disorders, abdominal bloating, sinus problems and migraines. It also helps to break up cellulite by working on the root cause and therefore can improve the "orange peel" appearance for smoother, more toned skin. If you'd like to look tip-top for a special event then facial cupping has been shown to reduce the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles and eye-bags.
I'm body shy; do I have to be naked?!!
No, you do not have to be naked. People enjoying a full body treatment generally wear underwear and are covered with towels. The suction effect of cupping only works on bare skin, therefore I can carefully uncover each area as necessary and ensure the rest is tucked up nice and discreetly.
Do the cups leave marks?
You may have seen celebrities sporting what are commonly referred to as "cup kisses". These large marks can be left by Chinese (glass) cupping where heat is used to suction a cup to the skin for several minutes.
During a Bellabacci cupping massage I ensure the cups are moved around frequently, and the suction adjusted appropriately. Whilst on the move there is no likelyhood of any marking. Occasionally cups can be "parked" in a congested area for a minute or so to really work deeply in that area. Any marks occuring from that are toxins brought to the surface of the skin. They are not bruises, and ordinarily disappear by the time the treatment is over. If an area is incredibly congested then a feint coloured patch may stay after the treatment. This happens rarely and these toxins will drain away over a few days.
Despite working so deeply, the suction feels very gentle and can be incredibly relaxing. There is often a gentle warming sensation surrounding the area being worked on.
If you have any questions or would like to book I'm always happy to help!


text:
Area 88 – Target 01 – Treacherous Skies
By Katherine "Hawkeye" Connell Legacy Author July 29, 2005
Vandemar
Fighter jets roar through desert skies, piloted by pretty boy pilots with dark pasts and secrets of their own. Welcome to Area 88, an exciting, yet grim series full of magnificently choreographed aerial battles and interesting characters that live and die by their fighter planes. It starts from the opening. Maybe I'm just a sucker for techno beats with violin backings, but there's something about fighter jets roaring at ear-splitting volume with a thumping soundtrack that is Entertainment Nirvana.
If there's a little stir of recognition, it's for good reason. Area 88 is the series that inspired arcade shooter U.N. Squadron, though this is far deeper than simply blowing stuff up. The mercenary pilots that fly from Area 88 are a diverse bunch. There's the mysterious Japanese pilot trying to fight his way out of the mercenary agreement. There's the kid who flies a Harrier and wants to get out of debt. And above them all is the mysterious, long-haired commander with an X in his head. The interplay between these characters as they fight enemy pilots and each other is the real strength of the series. This is not just another plot to hang mindless explosions on. It's a compelling reason to watch the series on its own.
Episode 01: Wings of the Desert
We're introduced to the series in magnificent fashion, an air battle high above the desert. On landing, we meet a photographer out at the air base to snap a few pictures, and he meets Shin Kazama, the lone Japanese pilot in the combat zone. But why does our pretty blond hero brood?
Episode 02: The Setting Sun As Grave Marker
A raid begun in the previous episode is carried out in this one. The squadron roars into a nasty nest of antiaircraft fire and suffers for it. One of the pilots has earned the nickname "The Angel of Death," but not for the reasons you might think.
Episode 03: Viewfinder in the Blue Sky
Shin's a little shaken when an air battle gets a little too dangerous, and struggles to come to grips with his rather-sudden mortality. But when everyone's out chasing treasure, it gives him a chance to find out a little more about the photographer following him around.
On disc extras were good. The airplane dork in me loved picking through the aircraft specs, though I could've used a lot more of them. More is actually on the disc than is listed on the case, which is a little baffling, but the on-disc interview is really cool and I'm always up for some production sketches. I can't imagine why they'd leave some of this out, but so much the better.
What stood out for me was the sound. The opening theme was good, and some of the music was well-used, but a series about fighter planes needs one thing. The engines need to roar. Area 88 delivers here. The jet noises could not be more satisfying and I suspect those with decent surround sound and subwoofers are going to be pushed back from the TV by the growling jet engines. Voice acting is also outstanding, and the animation for the air battles is very fluid. The jets are lovingly drawn and usually look like models than drawing, but for me it was all about that engine roaring. Area 88 is not one to miss if you're looking for lots of action with a nice brain behind it.
Technical/Extras: 9.0
It's interesting that the case didn't list everything on the disc, but it made for a nice treat. The production sketches are always interesting, and the aircraft nerd in me loved digging through the aircraft specs, but there weren't enough of them to be deeply satisfying.
This is an exciting series that manages to unite action with a brain and give it some heart. Thrilling aeril battles AND a plot? Awesome.
Episodes: Episode 01: Wings of the Desert, Episode 02: The Setting Sun As Grave Marker, Episode 03: Viewfinder in the Blue Sky
Extras: Production Sketches, Character Bios and Aircraft Specs, Clean Opening/Closing Animation, Character Bios, ADV Previews, DVD Credits, Interview with Isamu Imakake (Director) and Hiroshi Ohnogi (Screenplay), Volume 2 preview
When They Cry: Higurashi – Volume Two
Texhnolyze: Volume Four
Mushi-shi: Volume One

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Floyd "Money" Mayweather beat Japanese kickboxing phenomenon Tenshin Nasukawa by a technical knockout on Monday (Dec 31) after just two minutes of a New Year's Eve "exhibition" bout that brought the US boxing superstar out of retirement for a big pay day.
In a mismatched contest, Mayweather floored Nasukawa, a kickboxer less than half his age, three times in the first round of the three-round contest before the Japanese fighter's trainer rushed in to stop the fight.
"Money" Mayweather has hinted on social media he was pocketing US$9 million for the fight, meaning he earned around US$4.5 million per minute for the spectacle.
The American boxer at first appeared not to be taking the fight seriously, grinning at his opponent and aiming only soft punches at him.
But he then demonstrated his power, launching a series of jabs and hooks to the head of the 20-year-old Japanese fighter, sending him to the canvas after just one minute with a left hook.
Sensing his opponent was struggling, Mayweather stepped in for the kill, unleashing a flurry of punches that left Nasukawa reeling again within just two minutes of the bout and facing his second standing count after a huge right hook to the head.
With the Japanese fighter clearly battling to stay on his feet, the trainer rushed in and stopped the fight with less than one minute of the first round remaining.
"It was all about entertainment. We had fun," Mayweather said in the ring after the event.
"I'm still retired. I don't look forward to coming back to boxing but I did this just to entertain the fans in Japan," added the 41-year-old.


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At the recent Community Reading event held at the NYU Abu Dhabi Art Gallery and co-sponsored by the Gallery, Electra Street, and the Arts Center at NYU Abu Dhabi, it became clear that the novel resonated deeply not just for Americans, but also for readers from around the world—and, in fact, had a particular resonance for readers who had come to Abu Dhabi from somewhere else, not unlike Gatsby, Nick, Tom, Daisy, and Myrtle coming East in the novel.
NYUAD Literature professor Cyrus Patell asked whether the real love story at the heart of the novel might not be Gatsby's infatuation with Daisy, but rather Nick's infatuation with Gatsby, who emerges as "great," after all, only because Nick's narrative portrays him that way. Novelist Siobhan Fallon noted that each of the several times that she read the book, it changed for her, with different elements coming to the fore depending on whether she was a teenager, a college student, or a mature, practicing writer. Novelist and journalist Miguel Syjuco recounted how the novel moved him as an aspiring young writer in the Philippines, giving him insight into the privileged milieu in which he had been raised. NYUAD Literature and Creative Writing student Ayah Rashid noted that both the movie and the 2013 film adaptation directed by Baz Luhrmann brought alive the excesses of the Jazz Age, while offering us ways of thinking about the ways of life we experience in Abu Dhabi today. And NYUAD Literature professor Deborah Williams, who served as moderator, described the book as a novel of the Emirates, because it is a novel about self-reinvention and mobility, in which the major characters have all come to New York's "East Egg" and "West Egg" from somewhere else. The wide-ranging conversation that ensued touched on the "universal" aspects of the novel and the ways in which Fitzgerald draws on old literary forms like epic and tragedy, as well as the ways in which The Great Gatsby (and its re-presentation in the form of the Elevator Repair Service's theatrical piece Gatz) resonates with the current #MeToo moment in the United States.
We'd like to keep the conversation going, here on line, and we invite Electra Street readers who have read the novel, seen one of the film adaptations, or attended a production of Gatz here in Abu Dhabi or elsewhere in the world, to leave a comment below.
What is it about Gatsby's story, as told in novel, film, or stage production, that resonates with you? What did you see in it that you'd like others to see?
Electra Street editor Deborah Williams's 2016 column on the novel from the pages of The National.
Electra Street managing editor Chiran Pandey's discussion of the ways in which Gatz offers up a model of literature as a deeply communal experience.
Another modernist classic that explores the ideas of self-re-invention across class boundaries and the inescapability of the past is William Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom!, published in 1936. With a twisting, spiraling experimental style that makes use of multiple narrators trying to reconstruct past events, the novel tells the story of Thomas Sutpen, who is turned away from the front door of a mansion as a boy and vows to get a mansion and a dynasty for himself. Even more so than Fitzgerald's novel, Absalom seems to lay everything out in the first chapter — but the novel is full of surprises. Highly recommended for the adventurous reader!
As a side note, Elevator Repair Service adapted Faulkner's earlier experimental novel The Sound and the Fury. That novel is equally magnificent!


Latest post Thu, Nov 6 2014 10:20 PM by ManChicken. 8 replies.
Is there a website or a source out there on the internet which describes how to work with log files of various sorts from Movie Slate on an iPad, into Avid MC 6 ?
My specific concern right now, is in regards to Locators.txt file.
The scripty will send me an .ALE file and a locators.txt file. I have not figured out how to get the locators file to sync with the master clips (from digital sources) into the bin.
Any information on this workflow would be great. I have also looked at the tutorials on the movie slate website, but they are mostly for using the app and not much help on the Post side.
Just guessing here, but I think the fastest way to access these locators would be to create an AutoSequence of the footage for one shooting day, load that into Source or Record monitor, open the Marker Tool (or Locators tool), and from the Hamburger menu choose 'Import Markers' and point to the file from the Script Super.
I have tried the first method and it would not import any of the locators.
I don't know a lot about the app, but do the timecodes of the events in the ALE match the files you've been given, frame for frame? If they were shooting on tape, I can see how a bit of slop in the numbers would not be a pblem, since they are essentially giving you a log file for batch digitzing. But if they are giving you files (red, p2, arri, etc.) and the ale is not accurate to the frame, then that could be the cause for the files not merging in the bin. Is the prgram triggerd when the record button is hit?
Also, best practice is when merging ALE with media that orginates using AMA, is to merge before transcoding. That way, all metadeta is can be tracked al the way back to the original source. If you merge after transcoding, you're original source AMA bins will be missing key information if you ever have to go back to them.
Did yo find a solution for this workflow?
I'm very interested to hear if it can work with clips from an AMA linked file clip source.
As long as the Framerate matches (ALE Log file and footage) and timecode was synced between the record deck and logger, then you should be able to link the ALE file from movieslate.
*If your footage framerate doesn't match the ALE logged framerate, then you will have to transcode the files first.
And, almost two years later... ?


In ancient Greek mythology a race of powerful deities were alleged to reign over heaven and earth. Titled the �Titans� and revered for their superior strength, these mythological gods ruled during the Golden Age of legend and have been celebrated throughout history in literature and art. The strength of the Titans also lives on in the unique metal of Titanium. In recent years the alluring metal titanium has burst onto the jewelry scene, becoming one of the most popular pieces to own. Titanium wedding bands are in especially high demand due to the metal�s distinctive properties. As one of the strongest metals, titanium is ideal for wedding bands, ensuring they are designed to last. Read more.
This metal also has the highest strength-to-weight ratio, making it very lightweight but extremely durable. Titanium wedding bands are resistant to corrosion, a superior quality for a treasured keepsake. Unlike gold, titanium does not react to body chemistry, so it won�t tarnish, and it�s 100% hypoallergenic. The cost of titanium wedding rings is significantly lower than gold, but the jewelry will maintain its luster forever.
Titanium wedding bands are a perfect choice for to signify your enduring commitment to your husband or wife. The rich grey tones offer a modern beauty and the metal is a little more scratch resistant than gold or silver, which makes caring for the ring easy. These rings are also great for those with an active lifestyle because of their lightweight but strong composure.
Jewelry retailer Apples of Gold offers a wide range of titanium wedding bands to suit any couple. Choose from a classic satin finish design with a beveled edge, sure to make any groom proud. Or opt for a hammered finish which gives the ring a distinct textured surface. Options also include a titanium and 18K yellow gold band, which offers all the beauty of gold but without the hefty price tag.
Couples may want to include specific heritage in their wedding rings, and Apples of Gold offers numerous Celtic and other designs to help with that purchase. With various Celtic knot options, finding the right ring is easy. Many couples choose to honor their Christian faith with their wedding rings, and they�ll find several options of bands with crosses or with the traditional Christian Ichthus symbol. Whether looking for a fashionable, modern ring or one with simple functionality, titanium wedding bands offer the perfect solution for both.


text:
A miskolci 1A buszjárat a város legforgalmasabb, kelet-nyugati tengelyét látta el a Tiszai pályaudvartól a Kilián városrészig (Diósgyőri Gimnázium). Útvonala nagyban hasonlított az 1-es villamoséra. A két állomás közti távot 24-27 perc alatt tette meg. Egyes járatok a Diósgyőri Gimnáziumtól tovább közlekedtek Felső-Majláthig, illetve Felső-Majláthról indultak az 1-es autóbusz útvonalán, minden érintett megállóban megálltak.

Története
 ? – 1977: Tiszai pályaudvar – Kilián városrész
 1992. június 1.–2006. december 31.: Tiszai pályaudvar – Berekalja (Ehhez hasonló útvonalon közlekedik 2020. április-szeptember között minden, a menetrendben aláhúzással jelölt 1-es járat, azzal az eltéréssel, hogy Selyemrét városrészen keresztül közlekedett. Ezek a járatok 2020 szeptember 1-től 1B jelzéssel közlekednek.)
 2007. január 1.–2012. február 29.: Tiszai pályaudvar – Felső-Majláth
 2007. szeptembertől a Selyemrét megállóhelyen át közlekedik az Üteg utca helyett.
 2012. március 1.– 2015. június 14.: Tiszai pályaudvar – Diósgyőri Gimnázium

Útvonala

Megállóhelyei

Jegyzetek

Források
 Az MVK Zrt. hivatalos oldala
 Garázsmenet.tvn.hu

Miskolc megszűnt autóbuszvonalai
Diósgyőr

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


India We use Delhivery and other courier partners in India to ship our products to 14500 pin codes across India. The standard processing time for orders could range from 12-48 hours and the delivery time for could range from 3 days to 7 days depending on distance and ordr size.
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At the moment, we ship for FREE shipping across INDIA. If you would like to place an international order, please reach out to us at connect@teatoxlife.com as shipping costs differ.


text:
ON THIS DAY: 1 January – A 15-1 victory!
A look through the diaries to see how Reds have greeted the New Year in the past…….
We should have been hosting Pontefract Collieries today at Borough Park which would have given us the opportunity to avenge the 2-1 defeat we suffered in Yorkshire at the start of 2020.
It was our forty-first outing on the 1st January and of those matches played, Workington have won just thirteen times but have lost on no fewer than twenty occasions.
Between 1923 and 1927, Reds 'first-footed' at Brunton Park but there was a scarcity of goals with only four scored in the five North Eastern League matches played. United won 1-0 in 1923, 1926 and 1927, Reds obtained their first New Year's Day victory, also 1-0, in 1925 with the 1924 encounter resulted in a goalless draw.
Lonsdale Park hosted its first New Year's Day game in 1931 and the Workington supporters left well satisfied after a 5-1 victory over Scotswood.
Billy Charlton
That goal spree was nothing compared to the 1934 one-sided affair against a hapless Walker Celtic team. Workington recorded a 15-1 win with Andy Lincoln (6) and Billy Charlton (3) scoring nine of the goals between them.
It must have been an anti climax twelve months later when we needed a penalty to salvage a 1-1 draw against Throckley Welfare!
Our Football League record on the first day of the year saw Reds obtain two victories, suffer four defeats and register two draws.
In 1952, we got the better of Halifax Town at Borough Park with George Dick and Chris Simmonds scoring the goals which secured two welcome points.
The derby fixture at Brunton Park in 1954 attracted an impressive crowd of 13,648 and supporters of both sides had to settle for a 2-2 draw.
Out longest trip for this particular Bank Holiday fixture took us to Exeter City in 1966 where John Lumsden's goal was the consolation in a 2-1 reverse.
Phil Ashworth vs Halifax Town
There was a thoroughly entertaining 3-2 home win for Reds in 1977 when we shaded victory against Huddersfield Town, to the delight of a 2,000 plus crowd. It ended a sequence of eighteen games without a win in our ill-fated final season of Fourth Division football.
Our next win would be as a Northern Premier League club with Barry Diamond, John Smith and Graham Gill scoring in the 3-1 success over Gateshead in 1981.
The 1985 and 1986 fixtures against Morecambe both resulted in 0-0 draws – at Christie Park and Borough Park respectively.
There was a touch of the unusual about a 2-0 'home' win over Barrow in 1987. Due to a temporary closure of Borough Park, the game against our south of the county neighbours was staged at Lonsdale Park but the gate of 195 was the lowest ever for a league game between the two.
Sixty years after the Walker Celtic 'farce', we were able to celebrate another hat-trick from a Workington player. Martin Henderson scored three times in the first half of our 1994 clash at Spennymoor United but, unfortunately, in vain as we lost 5-3 with United having a hat-trick hero of their own – Keith Gorman!
And in the last eight fixtures played on this day, Reds have won just twice – both after the opposition looked like grabbing a point
Graham Anthony
We had to thank Graham Anthony for a late, late goal to secure a 2-1 win over Leigh RMI in 2008 and it was Conor Tinnion, scoring direct from a corner, who got the winner against Skelmersdale United six years ago, with the outcome also 2-1 in our favour.
NEW YEAR, NEW CHAIRMAN
Welcome windfall thanks to Vaulks' progress
Shanks' first win as Reds' boss, Cobblers given the boot, a spot of bother for Barrow, away wins in Lincolnshire...
Gate receipts trebled
The recreation of the biggest game in our long, proud history has been hailed as a success with the entertainment...
On this day – 29 March
A look back through the archives to see what was happening to Reds on the 29 March in years gone-by…………...
With the FA Cup Third Round programme scheduled for this weekend, we can reflect on Reds' involvement in the competition...


text:
from click.testing import CliRunner

from fiona.fio import filter

from .fixtures import feature_seq

def test_fail():
    runner = CliRunner()
    result = runner.invoke(filter.filter,
                           ["f.properties.test > 5"],
                           "{'type': 'no_properties'}")
    assert result.exit_code == 1

def test_seq():
    runner = CliRunner()

    result = runner.invoke(filter.filter, ["f.properties.AREA > 0.01"], feature_seq)
    assert result.exit_code == 0
    assert result.output.count('Feature') == 2

    result = runner.invoke(filter.filter, ["f.properties.AREA > 0.015"], feature_seq)
    assert result.exit_code == 0
    assert result.output.count('Feature') == 1

    result = runner.invoke(filter.filter, ["f.properties.AREA > 0.02"], feature_seq)
    assert result.exit_code == 0
    assert result.output.count('Feature') == 0

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A truly striking use of the trope of the chubby baby can be seen in one particular set of modern chubby baby posters, published in 1988. What is remarkable in this set is the mixture of traditional elements and auspicious formula with modern, more or less abstract symbols of power, a combination that is obviously accepted unquestioningly by the targeted consumers. They form quite a contrast with the image above.
The political symbols range from the images of Marx and Engels, the 'founding fathers' of socialism, to the emblem of the State (Tiananmen), the 'logo' of the CCP (hammer and sickle), and the symbol of the nation (five yellow stars on a red background). After the adoption of the Reform policies, these elements have been used in all sorts of visual materials that propagated adherence to some durable, political norm, thus clearly establishing a link between the behavior sought and the organization that originated that norm.
The decline in artistic standards and designing abilities also has had an effect on the quality of the chubby baby posters that have been published in the last fifteen years. The evocative and playful image below, which may have contributed to the desire of China's current taikonauts to become involved with the space program, was published in the early 1970s. A more contemporary look at space travel is provided by the image below. Published in 1985, it does succeed in giving a more accurate impression of the space suit needed for trips in outer space, but at the same time, it lacks the sparkle and playfulness of the earlier poster.
But it can get even worse. The poster below, published in 1990, still uses the traditional auspicious symbols, but has done away with the chubby baby altogether.


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text:
FRANCOIS DELSARTE
"The object of art is to crystallize emotion into thought and then give it form." Francois Delsarte.
Francois Delsarte (1811 - 1871, France) is a commonly forgotten figure of the origins of modern and contemporary dance. This is maybe so because he was not a dancer himself and because his very first influences were spread over a wide audience of scenic arts performers like actors, singers or even preachers.
It is only through his students and later generations, that his ideas touch the dance field and gain him the title of one of the most important ideological founders of what would be called modern dance afterward.
Delsarte's short biography
He is born in a rural French area but is taken by his mother to Paris after his father's death. Being there, he becomes orphan and leads a life of difficulties until a parish priest takes him in and guides him to take singing lessons.
History tells that he ends up loosing his voice and this situation pushes him to start searching for the causes of his disability. Not having found satisfactory answers by doctors or teachers, he starts developing an own theory about the connection between emotions and physical gestures.
In time, he achieves to define a codified system, becoming the first of an entire generation of thinkers who systematically analyses a topic about performing arts in a scientific way.
The core of his theory states that there is a connection between mental attitudes, emotions, physical postures and gestures. According to this, one's emotional state would be communicated through one's physical appearance and performance.
For example, the extension of the body would be in relationship with the feeling of self realization; the feeling of annihilation would translate into a bending of the body. Practicing those positions would reinforce the feelings they traduce and all emotions would have their own bodily translation (the gesture would reinforce them and at the same time they would reinforce the gesture).
This postulate coincides with the famous modern dance principle according to which the intensity of a feeling determines the intensity of a gesture, in opposition to the classical dance rule that makes use of codified gestures which are (presumably) not related to the mental state of the dancer.
"What we say is not what persuades but how we say it. The speech is inferior to the gesture because this last one corresponds to the phenomenon of the spirit. The gesture is the agent of heart, the persuasive agent. Sometimes 100 pages can not say what one sole gesture can express, because in that simple movement our whole being comes to the surface" (Translated quotation from: Alain Porte. Francois Delsarte, une anthologie, I.P.M.C., 1992).
The codification of the system of Francois Delsarte is organized under the omnipresence of what some historians call his 'understanding of the Christian concept of the trinity'. It seems that he was strongly influenced by this ideological system and the thought of Saint Augustine, the medieval scholasticism and the Neo-Platonism.
So, his theory is full of classifications that are always divided into three categories:
-His system, called applied aesthetics, is divided in three parts: the statics, the dynamics and the semiotics.
-The body is divided in three zones: the physical, the emotional and the mental, which correspond to the inferior members, trunk and arms, and neck and head respectively.
-He states that there are three languages: the affective, transmitted through voice, the elliptic, expressed through gestures and the philosophical, traduced by the articulated word.
-Movement is of three orders: opposition, parallelism and succession, according to the intervention of the physical, emotional or mental part.
-Movement is of three categories: eccentric, concentric, and normal.
-There are three laws for movement (The laws of harmonic movement):
1. Law of the harmonic posture: there's a need to obtain a balanced and natural attitude like the position of perfect rest in Greek statues.
2. Law of opposed movement: every movement of one or several parts of the body demands, for balance principles, an opposed movement of the rest of the segments.
3. Law of the harmonic muscular function or of the succession of contractions: the force of a muscular function must be in direct relationship with the size of the muscles. Therefore muscles should start from the big muscles that surround the pelvis.
There is an historical anecdote that explains his fame and recognition among the scientific fields of the time. It is said that he found out that on death, the thumb curls inward. This discovery enabled rescue teams in France to find survivors without wasting time and gain him, among other facts, the authority to even give a public conference at the medicine faculty of Paris in 1867.
Francois Delsarte had two pupils that became important for the spreading of his work: Steele MacKaye and Genevieve Stebbins. It is known that they are responsible for his indirect influences over famous modern dance figures like Ted Shawn, Isadora Duncan and even Rudolph Laban.
Here's an example of G. Stebbins words: "different parts of the body express different emotions. To throw out the chest shows strength, power and energy in anything undertaken; the breast emphasizes the softer feelings and gives prominence to the lowest part of the body and shows the coarseness of the virago who, with her hands on her hips defies the neighborhood at large."
MacKaye brought Delsarte's teachings to the U.S.A. and spread them under the name of "harmonic gymnastics". His success was enormous, to the point of having most of the women from liberal families following the trend. The practice even got a fashioned character and marketing clothes and products were sold under the system name.
For the puritan and strictly religious society of the America of the time, this meant a big opening. It is said that there was even a priest that affirmed that the 'delsartisme' would induce a religious culture and cultivate the spiritual perfection.
Meanwhile, Francois Delsarte was progressively forgotten in France and with time, his original teachings got so distorted and mechanized by the marketing culture in the U.S., that the system lost its reputation and vanished.
Unfortunately, Delsarte didn't leave a body of edited or published written work behind. Though there are written documents and graphics that have been preserved and can be consulted. If you want to go further in your research about him, you can browse over the following text, where you will find an interesting archive, full of unpublished manuscripts both from Delsarte and MacKaye: Francois Delsarte's Archive
Return from Francois Delsarte to Modern Dance History


I'm honestly not even sure why I picked this book up, but once I started I burned through it pretty quickly. The Forever War, by Dexter Filkins, was published in 2009 and is largely a recounting of the time he spent on the ground in Iraq following the American invasion and throughout the insurgency that followed.
I've read a number of books on Iraq, most recently the excellent The Fighters by C. J. Chivers but also The Gamble and Fiasco, both written by Thomas Ricks.
I found The Forever War to be a very different kind of book. While The Fighters focused almost entirely on the collected stories of the individual soldiers, airmen, and marines that served, and while Ricks' books almost always themselves at a higher strategic level, The Forever War was told entirely through Filkin's own experience as a reporter living and working in Iraq during a period when the country was quite literally unraveling.
The cover of The Forever War.
Filkins does a tremendous job digging into both the absurdity and the tragedy of what he witnessed. One example that struck me was when the Americans renovated a decrepit park that had formerly been the site of a popular soccer field. The US soldiers, despite their best intentions, built a winding lover's lane throughout the park which rendered the soccer fields inoperable. As violence in the area increased, barbed wire was run across the park and a month after the soldiers withdrew, everything of value within the park itself, including the sprinkler heads, had been stolen.
In the fall of 2003, Nathan Sassaman, then forty, was the most impressive American field commander in Iraq. He was witty, bright and relentless, the embodiment of the best that America could offer. He was the son of a Methodist minister and a graduate of West Point; as the quarterback for Army's football team, he had led the school to its first bowl victory. When I met him, Sassaman was working day and night to make the American project in Iraq succeed, inspiring the eight hundred young men under his command to do the same. He slept in his boots.
The breaking point for Sassaman had come two weeks before, on November 17. A group of his soldiers was on patrol, driving a pair of Bradley personnel carriers down the two-lane road near the entrance to Abu Hishma. A group of Iraqi kids started taunting the soldiers, running their fingers across their necks. The kids knew what was coming next. A couple of seconds later, a group of insurgents fired a volley of rocket-propelled grenades. One of them pierced the front of one of the Bradleys and sailed into the chest of Dale Panchot, a twenty-six-year-old staff sergeant from Northome, Minnesota. It nearly cut him in half.
What struck me about the book were the ways in which Filkins was able to draw out time and again how culturally at odds that Iraqis were compared to the Americans who were supposedly liberating them, and just how utterly predictable the outcome of the entire effort was. I'd definitely recommend this book.
Posted by Patrick Dugan on April 07, 2019 .


Months after flyers promoting a white supremacist group near schools in Westchester were posted, the organization is back at it, this time with stickers supporting their cause that were spotted on a street sign in Northern Westchester.
In July, recruitment posters for Identity Evropa, have cropped up in Croton-on-Hudson, including several that were hung outside the Croton-Harmon High School and the local middle school.
This week, stickers for the white supremacy group were found posted outside the post office in Montrose, near the Montrose Deli. The stickers have since been removed by police and town officials.
According to Identity Evropa, they are "an American Identitarian organization. As such, our main objective is to create a better world for people of European heritage – particularly in America – by peacefully effecting cultural change. Identity Evropa is thus an explicitly non-violent organization.


text:
By Paul Grad | July 1, 2019
Researchers from RMIT University (Melbourne, Australia; www.rmit.edu.au) have demonstrated a "green" technique that can produce customized metal organic framework (MOF) compounds in minutes, harnessing the power of high-frequency (ultrasonic) sound waves.
MOFs are extremely versatile materials that can be used to sense and trap substances at minute concentrations, to purify water or air, and can also store large amounts of energy. However, the traditional way of creating them is environmentally unsustainable and can take several hours or even days. During the standard production process, solvents and other contaminants become trapped in the MOFs' holes. To flush them out, researchers use a combination of vacuum and high temperatures, or chemical solvents that can be harmful, in a process called "activation".
In their new technique, RMIT researchers use a microchip to produce high-frequency sound waves. The researchers said: "At the nanoscale, sound waves are powerful tools for the meticulous ordering and maneuvering of atoms and molecules. The components of a MOF — a metal precursor and a binding organic molecule — are exposed to sound waves. The sound waves allow creating a highly ordered and porous network, while at the same time "activating" the MOF by pushing out the solvents from the holes, according to the researchers. Lead investigator Leslie Yeo, professor of chemical engineering and director of the Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory at RMIT, says the new method produces MOFs with empty holes and a high surface area, eliminating the need for post-synthesis activation.
The researchers successfully tested the technique on copper and iron-based MOFs. The technique can be expanded to other types of MOFs.
A new membrane for forward osmosis
Many desalination technologies have been developed, but they usually require a large amount of energy. Forward osmosis (FO) has the…
MOF-coated mesh membranes separate oil from water
Current oil-water separation technologies, such as centrifugation, filtration, dissolved air flotation, distillation, oil skinners, adsorption and electrochemical methods, are of…
Dual-functioning MOFs maintain a comfortable room humidity
Researchers from the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST; Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; www.kaust.edu.sa) have developed a metal-organic framework…
Anisotropic MOFs may open new application doors
Porous crystals called metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have an extremely large surface area, as well as a large number of pores…
Commercial MOFs on the horizon
A partnership between materials company NuMat Technologies (Skokie, Ill.; www.numat-tech.com) and The Linde Group (Munich, Germany; www.the-linde-group.com) is set to…


text:
Exhibitions and Blog
Terras Irradient
Collections and Finding Aids
Presidential Gallery
Use, Policies, and Services
Amherst College Digital Collections (ACDC)
Lane Research Fellowships for Creative Artists
Terras Irradient:
175 years of the Amherst College Seal
College Seal, ca. 1949
Based on an exhibition on view in the Amherst College Archives
and Special Collections from August to December 2000
The Amherst College Seal was officially 175 years old on August 22, 2000. The Trustees of the College initiated the College's quest for a corporate seal. At the April 13, 1825 Board meeting at the home of Elijah Boltwood, the Trustees adopted this resolution:
Voted: that the subject of Diplomas be referred to the President and Professors and that they be authorized to procure a corporate seal with appropriate devices.
On June 7, 1825 the Faculty began the process of creating a suitable emblem for the College:
Voted: that Prof. Fiske be requested to prepare a form for the College diploma, and that he send it to Boston to be engraved. That he also attend to the business of preparing a suitable device for the College seal.
Professor Nathan Welby Fiske was a professor of Latin and Greek and the father of the author Helen Hunt Jackson.
On August 2, 1825 the Faculty adopted Professor Fiske's design for the College Seal. The manuscript record book of faculty actions for 1825, 10th week, third term records:
The Faculty made choice of a device for a College Seal, proposed by Prof. Fiske; and ordered it to be sent to Boston to the engraver.
The first College Seal embossed on a diploma ribbon, ca. 1820s.
At their August 25, 1825 meeting at the home of Widow Lucinda Dickinson, the Trustees adopted this resolution:
Voted: that the seal procured by the faculty of this college, be & is hereby adopted as the seal of this Corporation.
On February 21, 1825, the Massachusetts Legislature granted a charter to "Amherst College." The first commencement held under the charter was on August 24, 1825. The diplomas issued on that occasion contained the first official impression of the College Seal.
The Seal was first affixed on the diplomas of the seniors in the Class of 1825. Diplomas with the College Seal where also given to graduates who had left the College before the seal had formally been adopted.
"Terras Irradient" ("Let them enlighten the lands") is the Latin motto on the seal. "Sigill. Coll. Amherst. Mass. Nov. Ang. MDCCCXXV" is translated "Seal of Amherst College, Massachusetts, New England, 1825."
An embossed College Seal appears on every commencement
program. This is from the May 2000 ceremony.
An embossed Seal used by the College for official documents.
The Evolution of the College Seal
Until about 1884, the Seal impressions on diplomas seem to be the only means by which to observe changes in the style of the Seal. The original seal is circular. The words "Sigill. Coll. Amherst. Mass. Nov. Ang. MDCCCXXV" ("Seal of Amherst College, Massachusetts, New England, 1825") surround a sunburst with individual rays over an open Bible. The sun has a face on it. The motto "Terras Irradient" ("Let them enlighten the lands") is located directly underneath the sunburst and Bible.
The 1884/85 Catalogue may be the first example of the College Seal
in print. It shows the traditional Seal with the face in the sunburst.
There seems to be only on major change in the Seal during the first sixty years: the disappearance of the face in the center of the sun. The 1885/86 Catalogue illustrates the replacement of the face with a twelve-pointed star.
The 1885/86 Catalogue illustrates the replacement of the face in the sunburst in the
original version of the College Seal with a twelve pointed star.
In 1949, the sunburst in the Seal became more stylized. The points of the sun were reduced in number and size and filled in.
The 1949/50 Catalogue illustrates the transformation
of the sunburst to a more stylized form.
In 1961, the College redesigned the Seal. The shape of the Seal, which had been circular, became a cross between a circle and a square. The motto, Terras Irradient, which was below the open Bible, was now placed between the sunburst and the book. The sunburst, which had separate rays of light emanating from the central sun, were now joined to the sun in design. The sun and rays became one.
The revised modern Seal of 1961.
The Seal in Publications
This volume illustrates one of the more traditional versions of the Seal.
The Inspiration for the College Seal
The March 1, 1937 issue of The Amherst Student described the inspiration for the College Seal:
The seal is a declaration of the original purpose of the institution. The double inner circle represents the world upon which shines the sun and lies an open Bible. These two illuminating the world by their radiance, proclaim the avowed interest of Amherst College. The sun personifies natural sciences, and the Bible the dissemination of gospel religion. Some authorities, however, are of the opinion that the opened volume represents just "book learning"...
Printing Artifacts
Left: a printing block for the cover of the 1911 Amherst Graduates' Quarterly.
Right: the College Seal is featured prominently on the cover.
Die of the College Seal, ca. 1949.
Early Memorabilia
The College Seal on a wooden crest,
created as a souvenir.
The Class of 1924 used the College Seal
on the commemorative plate created
for their 50th reunion in 1974.
The Interfraternity Tennis trophy for 1939
bears a version of the College Seal.
Tea service from Doshisha University decorated with the Amherst College Seal.
College Calendars
(Click image to open full size)
The Seal Redesigned, 1961
In 1961, the College redesigned the Seal. The formerly circular Seal became squarish, with rounded corners and curved sides. The motto, Terras Irradient, which had been below the open Bible, was now placed between the sunburst and the book. The rays of light emanating from the central sun were redesigned to join the sun.
Modern Memorabilia
The Amherst College flag with the modern
Seal created in 1961.
The modern Seal used to decorate
a commemorative shot glass.
The modern Seal illustrates the Library's preservation bookmark.
Derivative Seals
The Centennial Seal (1921) used to illustrate the covers of
"The Amherst Books" series of publications.
The Sesquicentennial Seal created by
Tom Funk '33 for the 150th anniversary
of the founding of the College.
A new logo was designed for the College Library in 1999 by Matthew Mattingly. The basis for the design, suggested by the College Archivist, is a 19th-century version of the College Seal. The logo is used on various Library publications and on material distrubuted electronically.
This necktie is an example of a derivative design created for the
Amherst College Campaign which was launched in 1996.
College Seal on Olio Covers
"Shiny Dirt"?
This excerpt from a 1946 letter describes the humorous side of the significance of "Terras Irradient":
I must tell you a little story that has given me a chuckle. Two of my associates on the Mutual Life Insurance Company Board are Yale chaps of the class of 1912. The three of us dined together a week ago at the "21 Club" in New York City. As we were standing at the bar waiting for a call to dinner, what should I discover on one of the pillars alongside the bar but one of our Amherst Shields. I promptly told the Yale chaps that I would now find our how much of an education they had received at New Haven, and asked them to translate our Latin motto, Terras Irradient. After a lengthy pause, one of them spoke up — "Shiny dirt!"
Plaster cast of the College Seal.


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← The culture of community
Birds and bees →
Three into two won't go
The very idea that one might conceive a child using the DNA from three parents is one that makes us shudder. But let's check our immediate instincts and think the problem through. The announcement today about the transfer of DNA from one egg to another in order to avoid the damage caused by faulty mitochondria will be the source of much discussion. Those of you who want to look behind the headlines might first try the good lay account at Nature News.
In order to review the Church's principles you may want to look at Donum Vitae, a CDF document.
You will notice that, although the eggs used are fertilised, the fusing of the maternal and paternal DNA, and therefore conception, has not taken place. But there are plenty of other issues to consider: artificial fertilisation, the ethical and social questions arising from three sources of DNA, and our rights to tamper with the natural process of conception. And this is all to be weighed against the potential benefits for which the procedure was developed. It is not an issue on which I would care to give a snap answer. But you may well have some thoughts to share with us.
This entry was posted in Bio-ethics, Moral judgment. Bookmark the permalink.
9 Responses to Three into two won't go
Ion Zone says:
I dunno, it's not like killing an embryo for cancerous stem cells. It would be very strange for the child, and unnatural, but they might enjoy a far greater life as a result.
The difficult issue here, as I understand it, is that the creation of a new life – that is a human being called by God to live with him for ever in heaven comes about through a biological act. Not surprisingly Donum Vitae, to which Quentin directs us, emphasises the sacredness of the whole process. It must be a fully human act which is the expression of love between a married couple, and it can by no means be treated as a normal biological event – with which we are entitled to interfere even for good motive.
If the scientists are successful in helping a child to be conceived without the malformation of faulty mitchondria, our immediate instinct is to cheer. But the benefit may be a short term one, and open the way to an acceptance that we are free to do anything we wish with the process of procreation. Imagine the possibility of producing new human beings from, say, skin cells, which have been reprogrammed. Or perhaps producing a hybrid from mating human DNA with animal DNA. Such procedures may look both grotesque and unlikely today. But they are no more grotesque and unlikely than this current procedure would have looked a few years back.
It is quite clear that civil authority, although it may delay some procedures, cannot be relied upon to control the situation.And people who are refused a procedure in one country can always find another country which would be willing.
I think this is a very important test case. Our natural instincts cannot be decisive here.
Horace says:
We have visited this question before; see:- "Two mothers but one baby" in STOP PRESS May 2008.
I have looked very carefully at Donum Vitae and I think that, provided the maternal and adjuvant eggs had NOT been fertilised, then if the exchange of mitochondria was carried out and the repaired egg returned to the original mother's womb so that fertilisation could occur in the natural way then the whole procedure might be considered licit.
Thus:-
"A strictly therapeutic intervention whose explicit objective is the healing of various maladies such as those stemming from chromosomal defects will, in principle, be considered desirable, provided it is directed to the true promotion of the personal well-being of the individual without doing harm to his integrity or worsening his conditions of life. Such an intervention would indeed fall within the logic of the Christian moral tradition"
Quentin de la Bedoyere says:
Horace, you may be able to provide further clarification. As I understand it, the egg is fertilised but the fusing of the parental DNA has not taken place – thus a human being with its unique DNA blueprint is not present. Or is this a distinction without a difference?
It may be worth mentioning that mitochondria does carry its own DNA (mtDNA). Although the amount by comparison is small, its effects can be large. I believe that the new techniques were used as a way of minimising this, but are not always completely successful.
I am not by any means an expert but this is how I think it works:-
1) The egg is enclosed in a membrane and as a sperm makes its way through this membrane a reaction occurs which changes the enclosing membrane in a way which stops any other sperm getting through (OK there may be a tie but this doesn't happen very often)
2) Both the nucleus of the egg and the nucleus of the sperm then undergo changes which result in the formation of 'pronuclei' each containing only half the normal complement of chromosomes. At this stage the male mitochondria degenerate and are lost but the female mitochondria persist outside the pronucleus.
3) The pronuclei are subsequently drawn together and fuse so that the resulting nucleus has the full number of chromosomes (half from the female the other half from the male).
This last stage is what I think is properly referred to as 'fertilisation'.
However it is also possible to refer to the whole procedure as 'fertilisation'.
The description in Nature News suggests that the extraction of a nucleus and its replacement with a different nucleus actually refers to pronuclei and requires both eggs to be in stage (2). If this is so then I would think it very difficult, but perhaps not impossible, to carry out the procedure in such a way as to fulfill the conditions for a licit procedure as described in Donum Vitae – since fertilisation proper only occurs in stage (3).
If, on the other hand, the exchange of nuclei – separate from mitochondria – could be effected before the egg encountered a sperm then (as there is no question of interfering with an existing living being) the morality of the procedure should not be significantly different from that of e.g. a kidney transplant.
That's all clear now. Thanks. But there's just a point at your stage 3. If the cells being used for the process are still at the pronucleus stage then the process of combining the male and female DNA has not yet taken place. If that is so, then the unique pattern which actually lies behind each human being is not yet formed.
This is Wiki's definition of pronucleus:
"A pronucleus (plural: pronuclei) is the nucleus of a sperm or an egg cell during the process of fertilization, after the sperm enters the ovum, but before they fuse. Sperm and egg cells are haploid, meaning they carry half the number of chromosomes. When the pronucleus of a sperm fuses with the pronucleus of an egg, their chromosomes combine and become part of a single diploid nucleus in the resulting embryo, containing a full set of chromosomes. The appearance of two pronuclei is the first sign of successful fertilization as observed during in vitro fertilisation, and is usually observed 18 hours after insemination or ICSI."
All this would suggest that the new (still very experimental) procedure is not an interference with an embryo, but a pre-embryo. I don't suggest that there aren't other moral problems in this issue but they do not seem to me to appear at this point.
Am I on the right lines?
Quentin: Yes. I agree.
As you say the exchange of nuclei is not an interference with an embryo, but a pre-embryo.
The moral difficulty arises because in the procedure as described a sperm is already involved. Question is; how did it get there? It is difficult to see how it could get there except during the procedure of artificial insemination and we are told " By acting in this way the researcher usurps the place of God . . ".
I do not know if it might be possible to use "unfertilised" eggs and swap nuclei leaving mitochondria in situ (although I can't see any obvious reason why it shouldn't). As I said, if this were possible then many of the moral worries might disappear.
RMBlaber says:
What the Newcastle University team have done is taken an ovum donated by Woman A, and stripped it of its nucleus, so that it no longer has any of its own nuclear DNA, but _does_ still have its mitochondria (and thus mitochondrial DNA).
Next, they have taken the nucleus from an ovum donated by Woman B and placed it in Woman A's denucleated ovum; and finally, they have fertilised the resulting egg with sperm from Woman B's husband.
The intention has, as has been stated, to avert the severe (and ultimately fatal) disabilities caused to the child by the inheritance of its mother's defective mitochondria. (Incidentally, defective mitochondria are to blame for some cases of moderate to severe autism – not fatal, in this instance, but nevertheless, very disabling.)
If there is no destruction of a fertilised ovum or ova involved, there can be no objection on that ground, and nor can there be any objection on the grounds that the resultant hybrid is a chimaera, which would be the case if non-human nuclear or mitochondrial DNA were employed.
However, I do foresee some difficulty arising, given that the procedure entails nuclear DNA from one person substituting for that removed from a cell taken from another. The nucleus may be regarded as the Captain of the cellular ship. The nuclear DNA 'communicates' with the ribosomes – the cell's protein factories – by means of messenger RNA, which locks on to the ribosomal RNA and 'tells' it what type of protein the nucleus wants made. The ribosomal RNA then assembles the amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) at its disposal and starts to construct the specified protein.
Neither the messenger RNA nor the ribosomal RNA are universal in character: they are specific to the individual, and correspond to that individual's nuclear DNA.
Taking the nucleus from one cell and putting it in charge of another is thus like relieving a Captain of his command part-way through a voyage, and imposing a new and entirely unfamiliar Captain on the crew. This may well be a recipe for mutiny. A newly fertilised ovum is a cell that, quite naturally, is already having to get used to half its nuclear DNA coming from an unfamiliar source. Make all of it unfamilar and the crew may well revolt – with potentially disastrous consequences. It is no surprise that most attempts to achieve fertilisation of these ova failed, and the cells died.
There are good intentions and then, I am afraid, there are unintended consequences. What if the result of this procedure is a baby born with even more terrible disabilities than those the doctors are trying to prevent?
IVF Specialist says:
The battery is recharged when excess amount of power is
produced by the solar panels.


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ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND APPEALS
CALIFORNIA STATE BAR DISCIPLINARY MATTERS
COMPLEX LITIGATION AND ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION
LEGAL ETHICS AND LAW FIRM RISK MANAGEMENT
JAMES J. BANKS
LAWRENCE R. WATSON
ROBERTA LINDSEY SCOTT
JAMES J. BANKSwcc_admin2020-06-03T17:11:03+00:00
901 F Street, Ste 200
A.B., 1982
King Hall School of Law
California, 1985
Mr. Banks represents private and public sector clients in litigations in state and federal court. He has a trial practice emphasizing complex, document intensive, commercial and public agency litigation, claims against attorneys, administrative law matters and appellate litigation. Mr. Banks counsels law firms in risk management, ethics and State Bar disciplinary matters. He has served as outside counsel to numerous law firms.
Mr. Banks is certified by the California State Bar as a specialist in Legal Malpractice Law. Mr. Banks has been rated an A-V "Preeminent Lawyer" by Martindale-Hubbell since 2001. Mr. Banks has been recognized in the publication "Northern California Super Lawyers" in 2006, and 2010 – 2020. He is listed in the peer-reviewed publication "Best Lawyers in America" and has been named in the Sacramento Business Journal's "Best of the Bar," which recognizes leading local attorneys after nomination and vetting by a panel of their peers. In 2017, Best Lawyers in America selected Mr. Banks as Sacramento's litigation/real estate lawyer of the year. In 2020, Mr. Banks was recognized as a Life Fellow of the American Bar Foundation, a global honorary society of attorneys, judges, law faculty and legal scholars. Membership in the Fellows is limited to one percent of lawyers licensed to practice in each jurisdiction.
Mr. Banks is a member of the State Bar of California, the American Bar Association, the Federal Bar Association, the Association of Professional Liability Lawyers and the American Bar Foundation. He is a member of the Federation of Defense and Corporate Counsel, whose membership is by invitation only following an extensive peer-reviewed selection process. Mr. Banks has been a member of numerous community and charitable boards and lectures on legal ethics and law firm risk management.
As lead trial counsel represented a physician's assistant in a wage and hour dispute with a Northern California dermatology practice. Litigation results include judgment following a binding arbitration in excess of $1 million for the client and an award of approximately $1.5 million in statutory attorneys' fees.
As lead trial counsel represented the seller of a large ranch in litigation filed by the purchasers over alleged environmental and other issues. Litigation resulted in a favorable settlement during trial.
As lead trial counsel, successfully represented a national law firm through trial in the District Court, Douglas County, Nebraska in a litigation initiated by a former partner over the value of his partnership interest.
As lead trial counsel, successfully represented a construction company in a wage and hour class action and individual employment discrimination claims, both of which settled for a nuisance amount on the first day of trial.
As lead trial counsel, successfully represented an issuer of municipal securities in litigation against its bond counsel arising from issues in connection with a $130 million bond refinancing.
As lead trial counsel, successfully represented an East Coast and European investment group in litigation concerning working interests the group had purchased in natural gas wells, which resulted in a $1.4 million judgment in the group's favor.
As lead trial counsel, successfully represented an attorney in federal and state court litigations in California and in Hawaii, through the commencement of trial in the Court of the Third Circuit, State of Hawaii (Hilo). Litigation results included obtaining a judgment of $2.8 million for the client in California Superior Court litigation and successfully resolving the Hawaii litigation, which arose out of an alleged breach of a settlement agreement by client's co-counsel.
As lead trial counsel, won a jury verdict in favor of a real estate investor against the County of El Dorado permitting the investor's right to rescind a tax-sale contract and recover funds due to the County's failure to disclose delinquent assessments under the Improvement Bond Act of 1915, which the County previously had stripped from its tax roll.
As lead trial counsel, successfully represented the sellers of a large tract of real property to a national home builder in litigation in which the purchaser was seeking damages in excess of $60 million, resulting in a favorable settlement on the first day of trial.
As lead trial counsel, successfully defended a law firm at trial in a Virginia Court, resulting in a judgment in the firm's favor in a breach of contract action.
As lead trial counsel, successfully represented a property owner in a fair value hearing following a judicial foreclosure in which a lender was seeking a $12 million deficiency; the litigation resolved on the eve of trial with the lender accepting $1.6 million in satisfaction of its deficiency claim.
As co-trial counsel, won a multi-million dollar jury verdict on behalf of a motorcyclist critically injured in an accident caused, in part, by visual obstruction negligently created through a packing company's vineyard harvest.
As lead counsel, successfully defended claims against a law firm in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York alleging violations of the Lanham Act.
As lead counsel, successfully defended a California attorney accused in a North Carolina state court of participating in a multi-million dollar embezzlement scheme.
As lead counsel, successfully represented a law firm through a Department of Justice criminal inquiry initiated by its exercise of search warrants seizing that firm's files.
As lead counsel, won a reversal on appeal of a multi-million dollar malicious prosecution jury verdict against a local attorney.
As lead counsel, successfully represented a large Central Valley school district in a multi-million dollar claim involving 70 separate workers compensation claims that had been improperly adjusted and administered by that district's third party administrator.
As lead counsel, successfully represented the Boy Scouts of America in a claim by its former attorneys to some $1.1 million in unearned attorneys' fees.
Represented attorneys and their law firms in nearly 125 professional liability and malicious prosecution claims. Mr. Banks has also defended numerous accountants, insurance and real estate professionals in negligence claims.
Represented over 200 attorneys in California State Bar inquiries.
Bank of America National Trust & Savings Association v. Superior Court of Stanislaus County (1988) 200 Cal.App.3d 1000
Richard S. Olney v. Sacramento County Bar Association (1989) 212 Cal.App.3d 807
Vinod C. Bhan, C.R.N.A. v. NME Hospitals, Inc. (9th Cir. 1990) 929 F.2d 1404
Kevin Sosinsky, et al. v. Allen R. Grant, et al. (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 1548
Municipal Court v. Superior Court (1992) 15 Cal.App.4th 1101
Modesto City Schools v. Riso Kagaku Corp. et al., (E.D.C.A. 2001) 157 F.Supp.2d 1128
Krough v. Reynolds Packing, Inc. (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 1243
Ribeiro v. County of El Dorado (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 354
Antelope Valley – East Kern Water Agency v. Los Angeles County Waterworks District No. 40 (In re Antelope Valley Groundwater Cases) (2018) 30 Cal.App.5th 602.
Mr. Banks lectures on risk management, ethics, malpractice and litigation issues. His speaking engagements include:
October 2019 – Presenter
Schwartz-Levi Inn of Court.
Topic: Proposed rules permitting lay ownership of legal firms.
March 2019 – Speaker
Topic: Delivered lecture on the revised California Rules of Professional Conduct.
July 2014 – Lecturer
Shanti Bhavan School, Baliganapalli, India.
Topics: Delivered lectures in Contract Law, appellate advocacy and Human Rights.
August 2011 – Speaker
Sacramento Law Firm Seminar.
Topic: Conflicts of Interest, with emphasis on rules 3-300 and 3-310 of the California Rules of Professional Conduct.
2007 – Panelist
United States District Court for the Eastern District Bench/Bar Conference
Topics: "Erosion of the Attorney-Client Privilege," "Attorney-Client Privilege, Crime Fraud Exception."
Topic: "Ethical and Legal Obligations of Leakers, Whistleblowers and Their Attorneys in a Post-9/11 World."
Topic: Conflicts of Interest.
University of California, Davis, King Hall School of Law.
Topic: Attorney Ethics.
November 2001 – Speaker
University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law.
Topic: Ethical Issues Impacting Class Action Practice and Complex Litigation.
April 2001 – Speaker
February 2000 – Speaker
Seminar, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Topic: Law Firm Risk Management Issues.
October 1997 – Speaker
Topic: Selected Risk Management Issues for Lawyers.
July 1997 – Speaker
Topic: Evidentiary Privileges and Their Use in Civil Discovery.
Sacramento Association of Health Underwriters.
Topic: Selected Risk Management Issues for Insurance Agents and Brokers.
Sacramento Association of Professional Administrators.
Topic: Selected Risk Management Issues for Public Accounting Firms.
Sacramento Association of Legal Secretaries.
Topic: Avoiding Malpractice.
Reliance Insurance Group Seminar for Attorney-Insureds, San Francisco, California.
Topic: How to Avoid Being Sued for Malicious Prosecution and What to Do If You Are.
1993, 1994, 1995 – Panelist
Topic: "Taking Effective Depositions," Lorman Education Services.
His professional and community affiliations include:
▪ California State Bar Association
▪ American Bar Association
▪ Federal Bar Association
▪ Association of Professional Responsibility Lawyers
▪ Federation of Defense & Corporate Counsel
▪ Board of Trustees, St. Michael's Episcopal Day School (1998-2003)
▪ Trustee, Sacramento Children's Home (1996-2000)
▪ Secretary and Counsel, Trinity Cathedral Episcopal Church (1991-1996)
Banks & Watson Attorneys
1520 Eureka Road, Suite 100
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(249520) Luppino est un astéroïde de la ceinture principale.

Description
(249520) Luppino est un astéroïde de la ceinture principale. Il fut découvert le  à Haleakala par Pan-STARRS 1. Il présente une orbite caractérisée par un demi-grand axe de 3,44 UA, une excentricité de 0,13 et une inclinaison de 7,3° par rapport à l'écliptique.

Articles connexes
 Liste des planètes mineures (249001-250000)
 Ceinture d'astéroïdes

Références

Planète mineure découverte en 2010
Astéroïde de la ceinture principale
Planète mineure prédécouverte en 2001
Objet céleste découvert par Pan-STARRS
Objet céleste découvert à l'observatoire du Haleakalā
Luppino


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Kathie Lee's set to debut her new song, 'Love Me to Death'
Feb. 28, 201802:49
By TODAY
Kathie Lee Gifford has been working on an upcoming movie, and teaming up with Nashville singer-songwriter Brett James on the music. Now she says she's "very, very excited," because Wednesday is the day she'll present the world premiere of the video for the first new song from it, "Love Me to Death."


Silver Spring, Maryland–(ENEWSPF)–June 8, 2016. Taylors Candy, Inc. of Alsip, IL under advice from its supplier is recalling Stuckey's bags of Sunflower Kernels because they have the potential to be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes, an organism which can cause serious and sometimes fatal infections in young children, frail or elderly people, and others with weakened immune systems. Although healthy individuals may suffer only short-term symptoms such as high fever, severe headache, stiffness, nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhea, Listeria infection can cause miscarriages and stillbirths among pregnant women.
The recalled "Stuckey's Sunflower Kernels" were distributed to retail stores located in the states of : AL, AR, FL, GA, IL, IN, KY, LA, MO, MS, NC, SC, TN, TX, and VA.
The product comes in a 5.5 ounce, peg bag package marked with a code date of 1 1036 stamped on the front of the bag. No illnesses have been reported to date in connection with this problem.
This is part of an expanded recall for Sunflower Kernels processed by SunOpta Corp. where potential for contamination was noted after routine testing revealed the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in the facility that processes the bulk kernels.
Consumers who have purchased 5.5 ounce packages of "Stuckey's" Sunflower Kernels are urged not to consume and either return them to the place of purchase or discard them. Consumers seeking information may email [email protected] or call 708- 371-6144 between 8 A.M. and 4 P.M. CST Monday through Friday.