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HEREFORD PHOTOGRAPHY FESTIVAL 2009
Various venues, Hereford
There was a time in the late 1990s/early 2000s when the Hereford Photography Festival was a beacon in UK photography. Then Britain's only non-commercial photography festival, it managed year after year to stage shows by substantial photographers such as John Blakemore, Tom Stoddart, Simon Norfolk, Tom Hunter and Daniel Meadows, alongside lectures and workshops by major figures such as Paul Hill and Fay Godwin. All this took place in a small provincial city three hours from London, with few suitable venues and a limited local audience for contemporary photography.
But a few years ago the festival began to lose its way. The quality and range of exhibitions declined, and the festival's original focus on British documentary photography was largely abandoned with no alternative put in its place, culminating in a disastrous two years under Paul Wombell, the distinguished former Director of the Photographers' Gallery in London. His tenure was entirely given over to South African photography, much of it admirable in itself, but a surprisingly narrow subject – especially spread over two years – for a festival that needs to work hard to attract its audience. Meanwhile, the smarter, better-connected, more media-friendly Brighton Photo Biennial was launched in 2003. Last year the Arts Council, the festival's chief paymaster, read Hereford the riot act. The upshot is that a new director, recently appointed, is working on relaunching the festival properly in 2010. This year's exhibitions were staged as an interim festival, a limited holding operation guest-curated by Bridget Coaker, the night picture editor of The Guardian.
Fortunately for Hereford, Coaker organised one of the most interesting festivals seen in the city for years. Its principal show was a retrospective – one might say rediscovery – of John Bulmer, one of Britain's leading photojournalists of the 1960s–70s and a central figure on The Sunday Times's groundbreaking colour supplement when it first launched. Bulmer has since largely dropped from view because he gave up stills photography for documentary film-making in the 1970s, he was not associated with historic events such as Vietnam, and no books were published of his work. Such is the throwaway world of journalism.
Bulmer's work has a global reach but the bulk of the work in this show was made in the industrial cities of the Midlands and northern Britain. It avoids hard news stories in favour of documentary records of working-class daily life, producing what are now fascinating time-capsules of information about a past that is just out of reach, even if many of its material components are still with us. Bulmer's photographic style also represents something of a vanished past – an era when formal composition in photojournalism was still regarded as a virtue. As his work developed, he seems to have taken an increasingly detached approach, setting up a carefully designed stage in the manner of Cartier-Bresson and waiting for the event to unfold upon it. His instinct for composition is underpinned by an assured and pioneering use of muted colour as a structural device at a time when colour was a novelty in journalism.
In his 1977 picture of a mother and child walking through a litter-strewn alley in Manchester, for example, bands of blue-grey and brown radiating from the vanishing point provide a framework in which the strongest colour draws our attention directly to the woman's T-shirt, echoed by a single red-painted house-front in the background. Graffiti for Bolton Wanderers FC gives us the location. Beyond the broken railings we glimpse a rough, grassed-over hollow, possibly a WWII bomb crater still unreclaimed in this impoverished area after more than 30 years, and what seems to be heavy-duty buttressing of a building just out of view. The child (black) stares directly at the camera, signaling the presence of the photographer, while the mother (white) strides on, head down, indicating a place where it is advisable to pay no attention to strangers. The picture is as revealing as it is striking and beautifully made.
Bulmer's work suggests not so much a critical engagement with contemporary society and politics – in the manner of Frank or Jones Griffiths – as a celebration of the world, including working-class Britain, as a tableau of curiosities. His pictures of the North dwell mainly on the stock subjects of headscarves and curlers, washing in the streets, industrial grit, terraces, community pubs, miners with pit ponies and so on. However if his work lacks something of an individual critical voice, it is remarkable how often it recalls, or even prefigures, much better-known work by other photographers – either back to Brandt and Bourke-White or forward to Killip, Graham Smith, even Struth – and it easily holds its own in such company. His 1960 photograph of a bent and ragged old woman cleaning her gatepost in Nelson is no less iconic an image of grinding poverty than Brandt's celebrated coal-searcher returning to Jarrow in 1936. Bulmer's work deserves to be better known. Let this be the start.
The festival's other major show was a group exhibition of images of children, staged to explore how photographers are handling the increasing legal and social difficulties that surround this subject. If not entirely successful in this respect as most of the work featured teenagers (much less contentious than younger children), it at least provided an opportunity to show some of the delightful and original stagings of Jan von Holleban (Dreams of Flying) and Vee Speers (The Birthday Party) – exactly the sort of eye-opening photographic art that deserves the widest possible audience.
If Hereford is to thrive again as a full-size festival it will need – among other things – to establish a clear distinction between itself and Brighton. The south-eastern biennial has entrenched itself as an international, themed event. Hereford might be wise to take a different tack, perhaps unthemed, like the great annual festival at Arles, and focused on British photography; and to show at a different time of year. Any attempt to go head-to-head with Brighton, as has been mooted, could end in the obliteration of one or other festival. All lovers of photography in Britain will be sincerely hoping that that does not happen.


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Huamin Li: NSF CAREER Award Winner
Li receives NSF CAREER Award
Project investigates novel transistor concept that can switch speed faster and use less energy
by Jane Stoyle Welch
Huamin Li is the 10th faculty member in the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences to receive a National Science Foundation CAREER Award in 2019.
"This CAREER award will allow Huamin to explore novel concepts to develop future generations of advanced transistors, which harness the full promise of atomically-thin, 2-D semiconductors. As such, his research is of crucial importance to the focus within our department on advanced materials for nano-electronics."
Jonathan Bird, professor and chair
Li, an assistant professor in UB's Department of Electrical Engineering, was notified of the $500,000 award in December, and the project officially begins on March 1, 2020.
Power dissipation is a fundamental problem for nanoelectronic devices and systems. Entitled "Toward sub-60-mV/decade steep transistors using Dirac-source carrier injection and high-mobility 2D monochalcogenides," the goal of Li's project is to investigate a novel transistor concept that can operate with faster switching speeds and less energy consumption.
"To achieve this goal, I am exploiting the unique and fascinating carrier transport properties from two-dimensional materials such as graphene and monochalcogenides, which have a thickness less than one nanometer," says Li.
Li's project is important because it can provide an innovative solution to address the need for energy-efficient nanoelectronic devices; explore the untapped potential of emerging two-dimensional source and channel materials; and represent a major breakthrough in quantum science and technology for extending Moore's law well into the quantum era.
"The CAREER award will allow Huamin to explore novel concepts to develop future generations of advanced transistors, which harness the full promise of atomically-thin, two-dimensional semiconductors. As such, his research is of crucial importance to the focus within our department on advanced materials for nanoelectronics," said Jonathan Bird, professor and chair of the Department of Electrical Engineering.
Li joined the University at Buffalo in 2017, where he directs the Emerging Nanoelectronics Research Group. He received his PhD from Sungkyunkwan University in Suwon, Korea, and was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Notre Dame prior to joining UB. His research interests include nanoscale electronics and optoelectronics based on low-dimensional materials. His research is funded by the National Science Foundation and NYSERDA.
Since joining UB, Li has enthusiastically participated in a variety of outreach and educational activities for K-12 students from the local community, including the school's partnership with Westminster Community Charter School and the University-wide Science Exploration Day. With the support of his CAREER award, Li will continue to participate in these existing programs and develop new activities; for example, by collaborating with the Buffalo Museum of Science to provide hands-on activities and live demonstrations on nanoscience and nanotechnology.
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Green, Anne (née Barber) (Died on 20 Dec 2013)
appeared in Sentinel Review, 23 Dec 2013, p. 9, column 2
GREEN, Anne - At the Woodstock Hospital on Friday December 20, 2013. Anne Green (nee Barber) of Cambridge in her 82nd year. Beloved wife of the late Joseph Green (2009). Cherished mother of Jim (Jeanie) of Drumbo and Allan (Bea) of Ingersoll. Dear Nana of Bob (Jodie), Sara (Cliff) Morrison, Michelle (Nathan) Bennett, Joseph, Daniel and great Nana of Brayden, Isla and Asher. Also survived by her brother David Barber of Etobicoke as well as several sisters-in-law, brothers-in-law, nieces and nephews. Predeceased by her brothers Tommy, Bobby, Joseph and Danny. The family will receive friends at the BROCK & VISSER FUNERAL HOME , 845 Devonshire Ave., Woodstock, 519-539-0004, on Monday December 23, 2013 after 1:00pm, where the complete funeral service will be held in the chapel at 2:00 pm with Fr. Richard Dales officiating. Interment later in the Princeton Cemetery following cremation. If desired, memorial contributions to the Heart & Stroke Foundation, or Woodstock Hospital would be appreciated. Online condolences at www.brockandvisser.com
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Singer Jasleen Royal gets candid about her latest song Nit Nit featuring her pet Kobe
Paulami Sen
| Published: | 27th March 2020 03:48 PM
Jasleen with Kobe
Singer Jasleen Royal of Gully Boy fame, who according to Spotify has over 1.7 million listeners in 79 countries, recently released a heart-warming Punjabi number called Nit Nit. The video of the song narrates the story of a newly-single girl who is left heartbroken after a break-up but slowly and steadily her pet - enacted by Jasleen's pet Kobe - makes her feel better. Now, isn't that life-affirming? It has recorded more than 7.9 million views on YouTube.
Aren't they cute?
"I wanted to make the kind of music I can relate to! After a friend of mine pointed out that I must capture the relationship I share with my dog, I came up with the idea for this video. It doesn't get more real than this," says the singer who sang one of the most well-recognised songs from Gully Boy, Jahan Tu Chala. She is also known for famous tracks like Din Shagna Da from Phillauri and Preet from Sonam Kapoor-starrer, Khoobsurat. The Mumbai-based singer adds that Kobe makes the city home for her and the video depicts the exact relationship they share. The lyrics are by Aditya Sharma.
Jasleen's music is known for its timeless quality. Her voice is distinct and memorable as well. "There are songs which people have discovered after two years of its release. The idea is to just keep making more and more music that feels honest," says the singer.
At the moment she is working on songs for the upcoming Hindi film, Shershaah by Dharma Productions starring Sidharth Malhotra and Kiara Advani. Although she remains tight-lipped about the next song that she'll be dropping, she assures her fans that more singles are on the way!
Jasleen Kaur Singer Jasleen Kaur Jasleen Kaur Nit Nit


I enjoyed reading the first two poetry bundles last year, so it was an easy decision whether to read the third and final bundle of the Women Are Some Kind Of Magic series. Where Amanda Lovelace's poetry might lack in style, complexity and elaboration, it outshines other poetry with its overwhelming and powerful emotions and strong messages. It's actually combination of the simplicity of the words and the overpowering message they are able to communicate that turns her work into something special for me. I admire her for being able to speak this openly about the past and what happened to her. The bundles talk about the three stages she had to go through (the princess, the witch and finally the mermaid) to be able to start healing herself and keep working on the future. As someone who has been in an abusive relationship herself, it's really easy to relate to her words and those who have had or are having a more recent experience will find comfort. What made The Mermaid's Voice Returns In This One stand out from the others is that Amanda Lovelace mixes fantasy with reality this time, using not only poems but also short paragraphs with odes to famous stories by other authors. And that is not all: in the final part of this bundle you can find thirteen guest poems by other poetry writers with a similar topic mixed in between her work. An original touch and something I could really appreciate. I think the second bundle is still my favorite, but The Mermaid's Voice Returns In This One is without doubt a wonderful addition.
This entry was posted in 2019, 4 Star Rating, ARC, Book Reviews, Netgalley and tagged 4 star rating, abuse, amanda lovelace, arc, book review, feminism, Netgalley, poetry, published in 2019, series, the mermaid's voice returns in this one, women are some kind of magic by Yvo. Bookmark the permalink.
great review sounds like a really interesting collection.
I don't read a lot of poetry, but I always like her work.


8 years of teaching experience in Mathematics for various IAS / IPS / GATE / IES institutes.
Worked as a VLSI Design Engineer at Texas Instruments.
I am one of the founders of IndianCivils.com. I am passionate about teaching Mathematics and also developing software in the field of education. I look at Indiancivils.com as a great technological breakthrough in bringing the best quality coaching to the doorsteps of the civil services aspiratnts, elimintating the constraints of location and stringent timing.
I attempted Civil Services Examination once.
I chose Mathematics and Electrical Engineering as my optional subjects as I am passionate about these two fields.
Solve as many sums as possible.
Try to learn shortcuts for finding answers.
Chart out a realistic timetable for preparation and follow the same stringently.
Never bring down your enthusiasm and commit your time sincerely throughout the preparation schedule.


Have you joined Government service very recently? Are you perplexed? Trying to find out how to perform in an entirely new environment? Read this article. The author, a Government official himself, discusses the attitude of an ideal Government official.
You toiled for a long period. When others were enjoying their college life, you returned from college and proceeded to the coaching institute to appear in the mock tests. Or you were practicing online in your residence. You studied the syllabus of the recruitment examinations, found out your strong areas and week areas and prepared accordingly. You labouriously went through different newspapers and periodicals, kept the cuttings of important news-items and read and re-read that important news. You strained your tired eyes and found out the pattern in non-verbal (pictorial) and verbal reasoning. You sacrificed a lot, you practiced methodically with patience and hope.
Now, you have finally got the result of your hard work. You have received the coveted appointment letter. You have joined the position. Finally, now you are a Government employee.
But is this the end of the road? You have approximately 35 years of working life before you. What are you going to do during this long period? I have tried to answer the questions from my personal experience as a Government official.
Immediately after joining your office, your first duty is to understand the organizational structure of your office. At the same time, you have to know very clearly your own duties and responsibilities. These seem to be quite natural, but believe me; very few employees know these very clearly. If you don't understand these, you will face difficulties and unnecessary problems again and again.
Government officials are bound by many rules. Some rules are required in day-to-day functioning, some rules are required not so frequently, but even then, such rules are very important. At the very beginning, know the Conduct Rules, Fundamental Rules/Subsidiary Rules (FR/SR) very clearly. If you are in a desk job, know the noting and drafting from Manual of Office Procedure and Notes on Office Procedure (MoP and NoP). Know the specific rules related to your specific work. For example, if an employee deals with the pension-related work, he/she must know the CCS (Pension) Rules, 1972. If the employee deals with vigilance matters, he/she must be very clear about the directions that are given in Vigilance Manual. Nowadays, thanks to the internet, all these rules are easily available to the employees.
You have joined the Government service. Do you know your pay scale and basic pay? Do you know the current DA rate? Have you checked when your DA will rise? Perhaps you are not aware of the increment rules. You must know about the CGHS facilities and other medical rules. What is the procedure for getting treatment? Also, try to know how to apply for leave. Do you fully aware of NPS and GPF deduction? Be up-to-date. Don't depend on others. Also, check the seniority list and channels of promotion including departmental examinations. Have complete and updated knowledge about your service.
Why don't you try for a better job?
Let us suppose you have joined Government service at an age of 21. In most Government service, the maximum age limit is 27 years or more. Won't you avail this opportunity? Don't sit on your laurels. Now try to get a better job. Utilize your earnings to get good coaching and try for a better position.
Not only that, continue your study. You can acquire degrees which will help you to avail better opportunities in respect of deputation posts. Remain updated and confident. You will be respected in your office and outside.
Finally, I would like to state that in many cases you will be in such situation when others (who are not in Government) may heckle/ridicule Government employees. There is an impression among people who think that Government employees get salary and other benefits without doing any work. Don't get angry. Always remember that it may not be possible for those who work in the private sector to understand the working principles in Government. Always remember that Government provides many facilities to its employees and their families for serving people. Remember that you are there to serve the people of your country. Remember you have got your job because you are one of the very best among the candidates. Be honest in official dealings. Don't divulge any secret related to your work to outsiders. Be a bold, upright and an ideal Government employee.
How to get Government jobs in Indian Railways?
Are you looking for information on how the Indian Railway Recruitment board conducts recruitment exams? Want to know what are the types of questions asked in a railway job exam? This article provides an in-depth insight into how candidates can apply for a Government job vacancy in the railways, explaining the application process to register for the recruitment exam, format of the railway recruitment exam, etc.


This is my 3rd reading from her in 2 weeks! She stays very consistent in her readings and predictions! Thank you!
This was the best and most accurate reading. She helped me in career and love. I feel so much better now, and everything she saw happening now in me and around me made sense. Thank you so much!
Great reading. Very clear and direct!
Reading met all expectations, well connected and I highly recommend her. Thank you.
Thank you 🙏🏻 Hope think slowly will work out well.
She is correct in everything she said! Wow! Thank you ModernMysticPsychic you are right on!
Thank you so much for your words! I am very pleased with my result and I would most definitely recommend your services again!
She is so awesome and very gifted. I understand and follow her reading so clearly. Thanks. I'll be back again.


DENVER -- There will be smoky sunshine on Wednesday with a 20 percent chance of afternoon thunderstorms in Denver, Boulder and Fort Collins.
Heavy rain and hail are likely with any one thunderstorm. Highs will be warming, reaching the mid- to upper 80s.
A tornado warning was issued Wednesday morning for a portion of Weld County in northeast Colorado. It expired at 7:30 a.m.
The National Weather Service said a tornado briefly touched down in an open field at 6:37 a.m. about five miles north-northwest of Keota in northwest Weld County. No damages or injuries were reported.
The mountains can expect smoky sunshine and a 10 percent to 20 percent of afternoon thunderstorms. Highs will reach 70 to 80 degrees.
It will be drier and warmer from Thursday to Sunday. High pressure moves in and the monsoon moves out. There will be smoky sunshine with highs near 90 degrees each day.
Some moisture could brush the Front Range on Monday.


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The recruitment industry adds a staggering £28.7billion into the UK economy on average every year, with 91% of this figure coming from the placement of temporary or contract workers. However, from extensive research carried out by Hitachi Capital Invoice Finance it was found that 38% of recruiters cite cash flow as the biggest challenge faced in their day to day activities.
So why is this such an issue for temporary recruitment agencies? Well, let's think about the average funding cycle for a recruitment agency. On day 1 they'll place a temporary employee at a company. The employee will complete a week's work and then provide their timesheet. An invoice is raised for the employer to pay for their services, however this may take the employing company anything from 30 days to pay. This means that the recruitment agency may not have sufficient funds to pay their temporary employee on time.
This issue can be exacerbated if the employer is a late payer, if probation periods are in place for the temporary employees and also if you place candidates into a sector that is affected by seasonality. It's also worth remembering that running a temporary recruitment agency is not just about ensuring the employees get paid – you also need to cover your own overheads.
So, what can be done to address this? Accurate forecasting and business planning is obviously key, but there are also a number of finance options available to you.
A business loan provides you with a set amount of money that will need to be re-paid over a set period of time for a set interest rate. These are a traditional method of funding but lack flexibility.
An overdraft is another option, and they can be perfect for covering unforeseen eventualities. However, this is also an unsustainable and potentially expensive way to fund your business.
One of the most popular options available to temporary recruitment agencies is invoice finance. This works perfectly to cover the funding gap that exists as businesses can release the value in their unpaid invoices within 24 hours of them being raised. It also provides credit control support and the amount available to you grows as you grow.
Our Inspired Payroll product is designed specifically for recruitment agencies and provides an invoice factoring facility as well as a comprehensive back office support system.
To find out more about how to manage your cash flow, and other key tips for recruitment industry success, download our latest "Overcoming the Obstacles" guide.


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A comparative study of the structures, crystallinities, Miller indices, crystal parameters, and particle sizes of microwave- and saline water-treated cassava starch
Sangian, H. F., Aruan, I., Tamuntuan, G. H., Bobanto, M. D., Sadjab, B. A., Purwadi, R., Zulnazri, Z., Masinambow, V. A. J., and Gunawan, S. (2019). "A comparative study of the structures, crystallinities, Miller indices, crystal parameters, and particle sizes of microwave- and saline water-treated cassava starch," BioRes. 14(4), 8212-8228.
The structures, crystallinities, Miller indices, and particle sizes of cassava treated with microwave radiation or saline water were analysed and compared. Cassava was milled to sizes of 100 to 120 mesh and then dried under solar radiation for several days. The first set of substrates was treated by microwave radiation at 300 W for 10, 20, or 30 min or at 1000 W for 8 min. The second set of substrates was immersed in saline water for 5 days at salt concentrations of 3.43% or 10% (w/w). The treated substrates were characterised by x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, and the results were compared with the characteristics of the native substrate. There were significant differences in the characteristics of the microwave- and saline water-treated cassava. Crystallinities of the microwave-treated substrates were lower than those of the saline water-treated samples. A large shift (change in 2θ) in the diffraction peaks was observed for the treated substrates as compared with the native substrate. Examination of the surface morphology suggested that saline water enabled the dissolution and elimination of the undesirable fibres in the substrate; this was not observed for the microwave-treated substrate.
Hanny F. Sangian,a,* Irfan Aruan,a Gerald H. Tamuntuan,a Maria D. Bobanto,a Bayu Achil Sadjab,b Ronny Purwadi,c Zulnazri Zulnazri,d Vecky A. J. Masinambow,e and Setiyo Gunawan f
Keywords: Cassava; Characterisation; Microwave; Saline water
Contact information: a: Department of Physics, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi 95115, Indonesia; b: Department of Physics, Halmahera University, North Maluku, Tobelo 97762, Indonesia; c: Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, West Java, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; d: Department of Chemical Engineering, Malikussaleh University, Aceh, Lhokseumawe 24351, Indonesia; e: Department of Economic Development, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia; f:Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya 60111, Indonesia; *Corresponding author: hannysangian@yahoo.co.id
Cassava mainly consists of starch, and is a source of energy for humans and animals due to its high carbohydrate content. Its composition can be changed by fermentation (Tonoukari et al.2004; Gunawan et al. 2015; Edhirej et al. 2017; Hawashi et al. 2019). It also has small contents of fibrous compounds such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin (Zhang et al. 2013). Cassava starch can be processed into sugar and then fermented to produce bioethanol, thereby rendering the former a renewable source of energy (Kunthiphun et al. 2017). This biomass is a potential raw material for bioethanol, which can be a substitute for fossil fuels (Zhang et al. 2013; Kang et al. 2014).
Bioethanol is a renewable source of energy derived from biomass and is expected to alleviate global warming. The technology for the conversion of cassava starch into sugar and ethanol is much more established than that of cellulose. Although the technology for conversion of starch is well known, structural modification of starch by pre-treatment has drawn significant attention (Zielonka et al. 2012), as it is a useful approach for the production of sugar, ethanol, or value-added materials (Bodîrlău et al. 2014; Xu et al. 2016; Gryszkin et al. 2017; Widyorini et al. 2017).
In a previous study by Olanbiwoninu and Odunfa (2012), cassava was successfully pre-treated to modify its structure prior to processing it into a new material. Another study suggested that pre-treatment improved the yield of sugar by changing the chemical and physical properties of the starch (Nitayavardhana et al. 2008).
Methodologies involving microwave reactors and ionic liquids are sometimes called green technologies in biomass pre-treatment (Piasecka et al. 2014; Smuga-Kogut et al. 2016). Microwaves have been used in many applications, because they allow faster heating and faster chemical reactions as compared with the conventional methods (Zhu et al. 2006; Nomanbhay et al. 2013). Saline water is abundant, cheap, and safe and produces negligible waste. Ionic solutions disrupt the hydrogen bonds in biomass (Feng and Chen 2008). Microwave and ionic liquid pre-treatments improve the yield obtained from starch-based biomass such as rice, potato, and corn. The modified crystallinity of cassava has been used to improve the yields of the desired products (Mutungi et al. 2012).
Compounds such as synthetic ionic liquids, acids, bases, and sub-critical water (SCW) have often been employed for biomass pre-treatment (Sangian et al. 2015; Widjaja et al. 2015; Sangian and Widjaja 2017). However, these compounds have certain limitations from the viewpoints of cost effectiveness, environmental considerations, and safety considerations. It is necessary to address these limitations and develop a pre-treatment technology that is sustainable, cheap, and environmentally friendly. A comparison of the structural modification in microwave- and saline water-treated cassava has not been reported previously.
In this study, the structural changes in microwave- and saline water-treated cassava has been compared. For the pre-treatments prior to characterization, substrates were either mixed with saline water for 5 days and then dried under solar light or subjected to microwave radiation at a pre-determined power for 8 to 30 min. After the pre-treatment, the substrates were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Miller index (hkl), particle size (D), and crystal parameters (d) were also determined.
Chemicals and Instruments
The cassava tubers (Manihot esculenta) were obtained from a farmer in Minahasa, North Sulawesi, and Blitar, East Java Indonesia. They were peeled and then milled to a powdered form. The commercial salts were obtained from PT Empat Saudara, Manado, Indonesia. The first saline water was obtained from Manado beach and had a salinity of 3.43% which referred a previous report (Kalangi et al. 2013). To prepare saline water with a salt concentration of 10%, 100 g of salt was added to fresh water to produce one kilogram of solution.
A SHARP R-728(W)-IN microwave apparatus operating at a frequency of 2.5 GHz was used. The XRD and FTIR instruments were conducted on Panalytical X'pert Pro (Almelo, Netherlands) diffractometer and Shimadzu PRESTIGE 21 (Tokyo, Japan) IR spectrophotometer, respectively. The surface morphology was examined using FEI Inspect S50 (Tokyo, Japan) SEM at Central Laboratory, Universitas Negeri Malang (UM), East Java, Indonesia. The XRD patterns were recorded in the 2θ range from 10.01° to 89.90°, using Kα (λ = 1.54 Å) and Kβ (λ = 1.39 Å) radiation at room temperature (25 °C), at an operating current and potential difference of 35 mA and 40 kV, respectively. The IR spectra, representing the bond vibrations, were acquired in the range of 400 to 4000 cm-1. The SEM images were measured using an accelerating voltage of 15 kV and image magnification of 5000x. The working distance (WD) and the spot calibration were 10.8 mm and 5.5, respectively.
Pre-treatments
Powdered native cassava samples (250 g) were immersed in saline water at salt concentrations of 3.43% or 10% and stored for 5 days in a 1 L flask. After pre-treatment, the solid was washed with fresh water and then recovered using a funnel equipped with a filter. The substrates were dried for 2 days under solar radiation until constant weights were achieved and then stored in a plastic container. Native cassava powder with similar weights was placed inside the microwave oven and irradiated at 300 W for 10, 20, or 30 min or at 1000 W for 8 min. The substrates were characterised using XRD, SEM, and FTIR.
Determination of Chemical Compositions
For native cassava, measurements of chemical composition such as water (moisture), ash, crude fibre, fat, and protein contents were performed following the standard procedure reported by the Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC) International (2003).
Calculation of Crystallinity
The Miller index was determined using a multi-step process. First, Bragg's Equation was used to determine the dhkl parameter (Eq. 1), and the hkl values were determined using Eq. 2:
Here, λ and n denote the wavelength (1.5418 Å) and order (n = 1, first order), respectively; θ is the Bragg angle, and a and c are the lattice parameters. The crystallinity and particle size were determined using three equations. The Segal equation predicts the difference in intensities of I200 and Iamorph (Marimuthu et al. 2013) and is expressed as:
Herman's equation was applied by Bansal et al. (2010); it gives the ratio of the intensity of the crystalline portion of the sample and the sum of the intensities of crystalline and amorphous portions (Eq. 4).
The Soltys equation (Eq. 5; Nurwamanya et al. 2010) gives the ratio of the total crystalline area to the sum of the total crystalline and amorphous areas.
To determine the particle size, the Debye Scherrer equation (Eq. 6) was used, as reported by Singh et al. (2006):
Here, C, B, and D are the crystallinity index (%), full width half maximum (FWHM) of the diffraction band (°), and particle size (Å), respectively. Icrystal and Iamorph are the crystalline and amorphous refraction intensities (Cs).
All the calculations were performed in Origin (Model 2018b, Origin Lab, MA USA) to find the exact intensity at a particular value of 2. Image Tool was used to determine the crystalline and amorphous areas, and Solver (Microsoft Excel) was used to determine the hkl parameters.
Using the method prescribed by AOAC, native cassava was found to contain 81.57% starch, 1.25% protein, 0.39% lipids, 1.28% fibres, 0.26% ash, 13.74% moisture, and 1.51% other extracts. However, the substrate also contained 338.41 ppm cyanide acid, which is detrimental to human health. According to the measurement, the starch contained 17% amylose and 83% amylopectin. Since the cassava tuber has high a starch content, it can be a source for food after the removal of cyanide acid.
Crystallinity
All the treated and native samples were characterised by XRD (Fig. 1). Each sample had a distinct diffraction pattern (intensity vs. angle). Cassava starch had a unique peak at a specific angle, as previously reported by Harry et al. (2016). The substrate treated with microwave radiation at 300 W for 10 min showed peaks (and intensities (Cs), in parenthesis) at 14.91° (185), 16.99° (226), 17.91° (235), and 22.65° (221).
When the duration of irradiation was increased to 20 min, the pattern was similar, but the angles and intensities changed slightly to 15.09° (204), 16.79° (229), 17.85° (256), and 22.89° (248). Further increasing the duration of irradiation to 30 min at the same power led to a slight change in the angles but dramatic changes in the intensities (246, 313, 301, and 260 Cs).
The pattern changed when the power was increased to 1000 W. Only three peaks were observed, and their intensities decreased to 128, 130, and 126 Cs. The angles were similar to those of the samples treated at 300 W. The present findings are consistent with the results of a previous study (Singh et al. 2006).
The peak intensities after microwave pre-treatment at 1000 W for 8 min were the smallest compared with the three previously described conditions. The native sample showed the highest intensities and slopes for all the peaks, indicating that it has the highest degree of crystallinity (Oveanu and Nemtanu 2013; Yang et al. 2017).
The diffraction pattern of the native sample was different from that of the sample treated with microwave radiation at 1000 W for 8 min, which had the least crystallinity. The XRD patterns shown in Fig. 1 were used to determine the crystalline and amorphous intensities and areas of each sample.
Fig. 1. XRD patterns of the native sample and substrates treated with microwave radiation (MW) at 300 W for 10 min, 20 min, or 30 min or at 1000 W for 8 min
The diffraction angles of the saline water-treated substrates were relatively close to those of the microwave-treated samples (Fig. 2). The quantities obtained from the XRD patterns of both the microwave and saline water-treated samples were used to determine the hkl values and peak intensities.
The crystallinity was determined by employing the Segal, Soltys, and Hermans methods. The hkl indices were found using Bragg's equation, while the crystal size was calculated using the Debye Scherrer equation, after determining the FWHM values (Table 1).
Fig. 2. XRD patterns of the substrates treated by saline water at salt concentrations of 3.43% and 10%.
The following is an example of the determination of the crystallinity of the substrate treated by microwave radiation at 300 W for 10 min, using the Segal equation. The X-ray intensities of the peak diffracted by the (200) plane and an amorphous band were determined as shown in Fig. 3. Based on the data, I200 was found to be 220 Cs.
Fig. 3. Areas of the amorphous and crystalline peaks for determining the crystallinity using the Soltys equation
The intensity of the amorphous peak was determined from the intensity in the valley before the (200) plane, and it was 113 Cs. Using the Segal equation, the crystallinity of the substrate was determined to be 48.6%. This was comparable with the value reported in a previous study on the crystallinity of saline water-treated substrates determined using another analytical method (Sangian et al. 2018). The Soltys Equation predicted a crystallinity of 48.0%, which is consistent with that determined using the Segal equation. The areas for each pre-treatment are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. Areas of the Crystalline and Amorphous Diffraction Bands of the Cassava Samples for All the Pre-Treatment Conditions
The crystallinity predicted by Herman's equation (Eq. 4) was different (60.6% crystallinity). This difference is not unusual, as different methods were used for the calculations. However, the trends in crystallinity for all three methods were similar. To determine the crystallinity using Herman's equation, first, the crystalline and amorphous intensities were determined. The ratio of the total crystalline and amorphous intensities was calculated to be 60.6%. The crystallinity indices (CrI) for all the pre-treatments calculated using these equations are listed in Table 2.
Table 2. Crystallinity Indices of Native and Saline Water- and Microwave-treated Cassava
The crystallinity of the microwave treated substrates decreased with increasing irradiation time. Using the Segal method, the CrI values of cassava treated with microwave radiation at 300 W for 10, 20, and 30 min were 48.6%, 43.0%, and 38.5%, respectively. When the power was increased to 1000 W and irradiation time was decreased to 8 min, CrI decreased to 26.4%. CrI of native cassava was 53.3%, which is comparable with the value reported in previous studies (Colman et al. 2014; Xie et al. 2013). The atomic vibrations caused by electromagnetic induction result in a disoriented particle arrangement. As the atoms oscillate for longer periods, the amorphous component of cassava becomes larger.
With the saline water pre-treatment, the crystallinity of cassava decreased as compared with the untreated sample. The CrI values for cassava treated with 3.43% and 10% saline water, as calculated using the Segal method, were 44.0% and 41.5%, respectively. These values are consistent with a previous report (Utrilla-Coello et al. 2014). The decrease in CrI was similar when Soltys equation or Herman's methods were used (Table 2).
The decrease in crystallinity is influenced by electrostatic forces between the cation and anion of the salt and the hydrogen bonds and polar groups of the carbohydrate chains. The interactive force disrupts the hydrogen bonds or changes the particle orientation to a more amorphous state (Feng and Chen 2008).
Miller Index (hkl), Particle Size (D), and Crystal Parameter (d)
The change in crystallinity influences the particle size (D) of cassava, and the previously determined crystalline indices were used to calculate the Miller index (hkl) (Table 3). Prior to discussing the significance of these parameters, the method for determining the particle size and Miller index values is briefly described. Starch has a hexagonal structure, for which the hklvalues can be determined using Eq. 2. By combining Eqs. 1 and 2, two equations are obtained, and the values of A and C are determined by assuming a value of l = 0. The Miller index (hkl) and the crystal size can readily be determined using the Solver software. The lattice parameter, d, is known from the XRD pattern.
The 2 values were obtained using both XRD data (manual) and software calculation (Origin). The data show that the hkl values at a specific angle are similar for all the pre-treatments. For an example, the (hkl) values of cassava treated by saline water and microwave radiation at 2θ values of approximately 15°, 16°, 18°, and 23° were (002), (111), (200), and (202), respectively. The (hkl) parameters determined in this study are consistent with those in a previous report by Marimuthu et al. (2013).
The crystal sizes, however, are quite different for the different pre-treatments, even at similar diffraction angles. The crystal sizes of native cassava at 18° and 23° were 124.8 and 99.0 Å, respectively. The sizes changed to 166.3 and 82.5 Å when cassava was treated with 3.43% saline water. When the salt concentration was increased to 10%, the sizes at the same angles were 199.6 and 82.5 Å, respectively. Pre-treatment with microwave radiation also altered the particle sizes.
When the microwave was set at 300 W for 10 min, the crystal size at 18° was calculated to be 116.9 Å, while at 23°, it could not be calculated because the FWHM could not be determined. When the duration of irradiation was increased to 20 min at the same power, the sizes at the same angles changed to 124.8 and 99.0 Å, respectively. Thus, the particle size depended on the pre-treatment method employed, suggesting that the particle size can be changed as required (Singh et al. 2006).
It is thus concluded that pre-treatments do not change the (hkl) parameters but do affect the crystal sizes. Microwave pre-treatment for 20 min changed the crystal size, and this can be attributed to the atomic motions and vibrations over long irradiation times.
The elasticity of the substrate is lost, and the crystal size is higher than that of native cassava. The particle sizes for samples subjected to microwave pre-treatment at 300 W for 30 min and 1000 W for 8 min could not be obtained as the FWHM values were difficult to measure from the XRD patterns. This was probably because these substrates were much more amorphous compared with that of the untreated sample.
Chemical Bond Analysis
Native cassava was treated with microwave radiation at 300 W for 10, 20, or 30 min or at 1000 W for 8 min, and the native and treated substrates were characterised by FTIR. The spectra were acquired in the range 400 to 4000 cm-1 (Fig. 4).
The transmittance of the substrates treated with microwave radiation at 300 W for 10 and 20 min was similar to those of the untreated sample in the range 300 to 2000 cm-1. Beyond this region, the transmittance of the pre-treated samples decreased relative to the untreated sample.
Table 3. Miller Indices and Particle Sizes of Cassava for All the Pre-treatments
Thus, the structures of cassava treated with short microwave radiation were slightly different. When the irradiation time was increased to 30 min, the transmittance increased, indicating that more photons passed through the substance.
The interaction between infrared waves and molecules or atoms decreases, thereby decreasing the energy absorbed. When the microwave power was increased to 1000 W and irradiation time was decreased to 8 min, the transmittance increased compared with the untreated substrate. The peak around 3500 cm-1 almost disappeared, indicating that a portion of cassava has been damaged. This is also consistent with the other observations in this study.
Fig. 4. Comparison of the FTIR spectra of native cassava and cassava treated with microwave (MW) radiation at 300 W for 10, 20, and 30 min and at 1000 W for 8 min.
The substrate treated with microwave irradiation at 1000 W for 8 min had a blackish, coffee-like colour. The substrates treated at 300 were light brownish in colour. The change in transmittance can be explained by weakening of the chemical bonds in the starch and damage to the dextran chains by high-frequency vibration. The change in transmittance is expected because of the change in crystallinity of the treated sample (Kizil et al. 2002; Xie et al. 2013).
Fig. 5. FTIR spectra of cassava powder pretreated with 3.43% (red line) and 10% saline water (grey line) and native cassava powder (blue line)
Table 4. Absorbance and Functional Group Assignments for Native Cassava, Cassava Treated with Microwave Radiation at 300 W for 10, 20, and 30 min and at 1000 W for 8 min, and Cassava treated with Saline Water at Salt Concentrations of 3.43% and 10%
*Absorbance, A, was determined using the formula .
** Kizil et al. 2002; Bergo et al. 2010; and Garrido et al. 2014.
Table 4 lists the absorbance and functional group assignments for the microwave- and saline water-treated cassava based on the FTIR spectra. For both the pre-treatments, bands corresponding to the functional group were found in the same region. C-C-O bending, for example, occurred at 530.42 and 576.72 cm-1 for the microwave treated sample, and at 536.2 and 578.6 cm-1 for the saline water treated sample. C-C stretching was observed at 765.74 cm-1 (microwave) and 767.70 cm-1 (saline water). The C-H and O-H stretching motions were for the microwave-treated samples were observed at 2933.7 and 3167.1 cm-1, while for the samples pre-treated with saline water, only the C-H stretching motion at 2935.7 cm-1 was observed (Fig. 5).
The data indicated that the absorbances of the cassava samples for both the pre-treatments were relatively high at lower wavenumbers. As the frequencies absorbed by the microwave- and saline water-treated cassava were different from those of the native substrate, it is clear that the structures of the samples were modified by pre-treatment. The relatively small changes observed in the FTIR and XRD spectra of the treated samples indicated that the chemical structure of the native cassava remained intact for most parts in the treated samples, and therefore, the pre-treatments had a more pronounced effect on the physical structure of the samples.
Surface Morphology
The surface morphology of native cassava and microwave- and saline water-treated cassava were examined using SEM (Fig. 6). It is very important to obtain information about the surface of the cassava samples. The SEM images showed that impurities in the cassava samples were not eliminated by microwave irradiation.
Fig. 6. Surface morphologies (5000x magnification) of cassava treated with microwave radiation at 300 W for 10 min (a), 20 min (b), and 30 min (c) and at 1000 W for 8 min (d). Morphology of the untreated sample (e)
Microwave irradiation changes the surface morphology of the substrate, and the distance between the particles are higher than that in the untreated samples (Xie et al. 2013). This indicates that the treated substrates were more porous, and many fibres were broken. When the substrates were treated with saline water, the amount of fibres connecting the starch particles were reduced significantly, as shown in Fig. 7. The salt, which ionises into cations and anions, interacted with the OH groups connecting the other fibres and starch. This interaction led to the dissolution of some of the fibres and starch (Feng and Chen 2008). When the solids were washed and recovered, some impurities were left behind in the saline water. In the sample subjected to 3.43% salt pre-treatment, the amount of impurities was reduced. When the salt concentration was increased to 10%, the impurities were almost eliminated from the cassava sample.
It is clear from the images that the particle shapes were altered after pre-treatments. While the original starch particles were mostly spherical, elliptical, or irregularly shaped without defects, similar to that observed in a previous study (Perez and Bertoft 2010), microwave pre-treatment changed the particle shapes significantly. Microwave irradiation at 300 W for 10, 20, and 30 min (or at 1000 W for 8 min) damaged and fractured the particles, which could be caused by the rapidly increasing temperature inside the substrate owing to the induction of electromagnetic waves (Deka and Si 2016).
Fig. 7. Surface morphologies (5000x magnification) of native cassava (a) and cassava treated with saline water at salt concentrations of 3.43% (b) and 10% (c)
The shapes of the particles of the saline water treated samples were relatively different from those of the microwave pre-treated samples. The particle surfaces of the saline water-treated sample were smother and clearer and had no impurities. This was in contrast to the previous samples. After pre-treatment, many particles were destroyed, and swelling was observed for a small fraction. This could be attributed to the penetration of saline water inside the substrate. The particles that were not destroyed were mostly spherical. Increasing the concentration of saline water increased the number of fractured particles.
Microwave and saline water pre-treatments result in a different particle distribution, as shown in the images. The distribution of microwave treated particles at both 300 W and 1000 W, for all the time duration, was more spacious compared with that of the saline water pre-treatment, in which the particle were more compact. Since the particles were more compact, the density of saline water treated sample was higher than that of the microwave treated sample. The sample treated with saline water occurred an agglomeration/fusion. This behaviour was consistent with that reported in a previous work (Kärkkäinen et al. 2011).
The images show that microwave pre-treatment influenced the particle sizes. Some of the particles underwent volume expansion or were swollen, while and the rest became smaller as they were destroyed. The particle sizes of the sample treated with 3.4% saline water were higher compared with that of native cassava. At 10% salinity, however, the starch size was remarkably small. It was found that increasing salinity increased the destruction of particles into smaller sizes.
Cassava was pre-treated with microwave radiation or saline water.
Microwave irradiation and saline water changed the structure of the cassava samples, as indicated by the crystallinity values obtained from the XRD measurements.
When the microwave power or salt concentration in the saline water was increased, the crystallinity values decreased compared with that of native cassava. The CrI trends for both the pre-treatment methods were similar.
The functional groups detected by FTIR for both the pre-treatments were relatively similar, but the vibrational frequencies were different.
Saline water could eliminate the fibres in the cassava samples. In contrast, the microwave pre-treatment only changed the surface morphology, without reducing the amount of undesirable fibres.
The authors would like to acknowledge the Higher Education Department of the Indonesian Government for financial support and Professor Setiyo Gunawan at the Biochemical Engineering Lab of ITS Surabaya, who provided the facility and assisted the authors in the measurement of cassava composition.
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Article submitted: May 18, 2019; Peer review completed: July 29, 2019; Revised version received: August 23, 2019; Accepted: August 24, 2019; Published: August 28, 2019.


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HomeClub News16 players have scored for Real Madrid this season so far
16 players have scored for Real Madrid this season so far
Real Madrid, led by French coach Zinedine Zidane, made a very big game when they faced Valencia in the semi-finals of the Spanish Super Cup and won 3-1 in the match that brought them together last Wednesday evening in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Real Madrid, despite the lack of ranks due to injuries to his players since the beginning of the season, but he made a big game because of the skill of his French coach Zinedine Zidane and the experience and efforts of his players.
The match saw the return of the brilliance of the Spanish playmaker Isco, who has missed the front since last season due to his low level and many injuries but returned on Wednesday and scored his first goals with Real Madrid this season.
After Isco's goal in the Valencia game. 16 players have scored for Real Madrid this season
Real Madrid's official website published a special report on the season's highlights so far for the team under the leadership of French coach Zinedine Zidane.
After the success of Isco scoring his first goals with Real Madrid this season, the Royal Club has 16 players who have been involved in scoring for the team this season, a remarkable figure that shows the readiness of many players.
Real Madrid, under Zidane's leadership this season, has played 26 games in various official leagues so far, scoring 53 goals with the feet of 16 different players, most recently Isco.
Real Madrid's top scorer in all competitions is Frenchman Karim Benzema with a total of 16 goals, scoring 12 goals in La Liga and four in the Champions League.
Real Madrid news: Leipzig coach proud of his association with the club and the team is recovering with the quartet
Reasons why Luka Jovic is the most oppressed under Zidane's leadership
Reports.. Real Madrid agree with Arsenal on Odegaard
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Well......................... What happens to Tony now?
Discussion in 'UFC Discussion' started by JM Barrie, Apr 14, 2019.
Dustin and Khabib are fighting next........................ 5 months from now.
What are we doing with Tony?
Tony is ready to fight. There is no way he can sit out to face the winner of Dustin VS Khabib. No way.
Connor can fight before Sep.,right?
Personally I would want Tony VS Gillespie. Gillespie is someone I want in the title picture before the year is over.
Conor makes the most sense. If Conor ducks that fight, then Gaethje. Or if he wants, let him sit out and wait to fight Khabib. The guy has earned that much.
I'm as high on Gillespie as anyone but he needs a lower top 10 fight, pushing him right into title contention doesn't make sense.
Skitzo, Ingjr, cburm and 15 others like this.
I can't see Connor taking that fight but it is the one I want most. After that, then Gaethje. He should also be ready for whenever they book khabib vs Dustin in case one has to pull out.
grihenrumet, Arm Barbarian, GhostNote and 2 others like this.
What happens to Tony is he gets healthy and passes all required tests.
GBJohn, Wizzlebiz, Lasse Stefanz and 6 others like this.
Tony needs to get his head right and life in order.. doubt he comes back anytime soon. Nor do I see the UFC putting him in the cage within the next 3-6 months, if he was cleared by therapists/psychiatrist soon. But I do agree with you on Gregor hopefully getting a title shor this year or soon there after.
I think he passed the medicals already. I don't know about his mental health, as that's something too complex. He's always been weird, I hope he gets his stuff together.
I think the only right fight for him is for the belt. Just look at his streak and the opponents he's beat! This division is just a mess right now.
Could you imagine being Ferguson with his amazing winning streak against top fighters and not getting a title shot? Are they really going to put him against one more contender fight?
peterparker66, grihenrumet, FWRGeorgie and 5 others like this.
Serious LOL @ Gregor being suggested simply because you're a fan of his. He has done absolutely nothing to have earned such a high profile fight thus far.
Personally, I think Tony should sit out as his personal life is a complete mess and he has nothing to gain from taking another fight (especially considering how shopworn he is becoming which likely will mark the downslide of his prime soon IMO). However, if he does fight, only McGregor or Gaethje would make sense.
Being an alternate for the unification belt is also a realistic option given Khabib's history of pulling out of fights.
Anaconda99, Moro, Sinthesized and 3 others like this.
Tony's Netflix series where he's an MMA fighter by day but hunts vampires by night.
Steve Fox, Joshua Judd, Craig Hogg and 9 others like this.
with his winning streak he should not have to fight anyone except the champ, point!
waits for the outcome of Khabib VS Toni and then gets the winner!
Craig Hogg, FWRGeorgie, Arm Barbarian and 3 others like this.
I don't care who but 2 of them better sign a contract.
Tony is 35 years old. He don't have much time to wait. LW isn't HW.
I didn't just include Gregor because I am a fan of his. I included him because he has shown great skills in the UFC. 6 fights in the UFC and 5 finishes.
He was hit one time in his last fight.
He was hit 7 times in the fight before that.
He was hit again 7 times in the fight before that last one.
He has shown complete dominance. If he were Russian people would be angry he hasnt received a title shot by now.
TapMachine, Arm Barbarian, Kenny Powerth and 1 other person like this.
He should still get the next shot imo.
I know Dustin just won the interim title, but Tonys resume is still better. He's on an 11 fight win streak in the hardest division. Have Dustin fight the winner in December.
Craig Hogg, Arm Barbarian and Sage NorthGOAT like this.
I dont see why Conor wouldnt jump at the chance to fight Ferg.
Arm Barbarian, Foghorn Leghorn and GhostNote like this.
He is scared to lose a fight before Khabib TS. In MMA now you are as good as your last fight.
Tony thinking he's Jesus and Connie thinking he's Mystic Mack makes for an interesting clash of characters. All we need is Adesanya who thinks he's plugged into the matrix.
So he doesn't have time to wait but for a title shot because he's 35 yet should risk everything on a fight that does nothing for him? Sound logic.
He gets arrested in his front yard with no shirt and the caption will read "former UFC fighter arrested".
Tony vs his mental state..
Yea thats not happening and Dustin has beat Max, Alvarez, Gaethje and Pettis his last 4 fights. Hes fighting monsters every fight.


Legal Responsbility and Liability - Official Message Boards of the Darkon Wargaming Club, Inc.
Any club that uses our rules, even if they call themselves a chapter of Darkon or that they use the Darkon Rules of Play will not impact out insurance nor are we liable in anyway for their club.
This would be re-affirmed with each group via the contract between them and Darkon Wargaming Club, Inc. as part of the license to use our rules.
I requested that a separate forum be created for these discussions as I can see that it will take several threads on various topics to resolve. I did not want them to get lost in the general proposal area which we know will be the busiest section anyway.


I came here in 1993 from Haiti when I was very young, about 3 years old, with my uncle. My parents sent me here with my uncle and I didn't know I had parents until I was 9 years old. I came on a plane with my uncle, and we lived with him in Rosendale. When coming here, he said he felt welcomed and there were a lot of Haitians coming here in 1992-1993. I think it is important to accept people from different places, not to say no one doesn't, but I think it is important to have different people because it brings different ideas and different outlooks. Different flavoring to whatever you're cooking up. Whether it's an idea…sneakers…or clothing. When you have people who aren't experienced with the outside world, it doesn't leave room for creativity.
Why did your family come to the United States? My uncle brought me here because he knew there was nothing really going on in Haiti, and if he brought me here young, that I would have a better opportunity to help my parents moving forward. He brought over all his children and brothers and sisters since he's the oldest in the family. The US has a name, 'the melting pot', 'the land of opportunity.' That really resonates with a lot of Haitians because they usually go to New York, Boston, or Florida. He felt there was a lot of opportunity and good schools here.
What would the U.S. be missing out on if you or your people were banned? They would be missing out on good food. Haitians have a lot of great shipping companies – so they ship a lot to the West Indies. A lot of big companies are run by Haitians, like money transfer companies such as Western Union. A lot of interpreter services would not be around if Haitians hadn't been here.


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text:
Then & Now: D-Day (Vol 1)
ATB-F034 – Then & Now: D-Day (Vol 1)
Then & Now: D-Day (Vol 1) quantity
People of Western Europe. A landing was made this morning on the coast of France. . .' with these simple Ñ yet memorable Ñ words, General Eisenhower, the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force, announced to the world on June 6, 1944 that the Allies had begun Operation 'Overlord' to liberate Europe. Now, 50 years later, After the Battle presents the full story: from its inception, planning and preparation through to its launch on D-Day and the days that followed, as told by the commanders whose responsibility it was. Many of the hundReds of 'then and now' photographs have been taken exactly 50 years later Ñ sometimes to the precise minute Ñ from when the original events took place, creating a unique two – volume record of the greatest combined military, naval and air operation of all time.
Contents Volume 1:
PRELUDE Ñ General George C. Marshall ¥ OPERATION 'OVERLORD' Ñ General Dwight D. Eisenhower ¥ SUPREME HEADQUARTERS, ALLIED EXPEDITIONARY FORCE Ñ Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith ¥ GERMAN DEFENCES Ñ Oberst Bodo Zimmermann ¥ ULTRA Ñ Major Ralph Bennett ¥ COMMAND DECISIONS Ñ Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur W. Tedder ¥ PLANS AND PREPARATIONS Ñ General Sir Bernard Montgomery ¥ AIR OPERATIONS FOR D-Day Ñ Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh – Mallory ¥ OK, LET'S GO: Ñ General Dwight D. Eisenhower ¥ OPERATION 'NEPTUNE' Ñ Admiral Sir Bertram H. Ramsay ¥ 6th AIRBORNE DIVISION Ñ Major – General Richard Gale ¥ SPECIAL DUTY OPERATIONS Ñ Brigadier Roderick McLeod ¥ D-Day'S FIRST FATAL CASUALTY Ñ Father Alberic Stacpoole ¥ 82nd AIRBORNE DIVISION Ñ Major General Matthew B. Ridgway ¥ 101st AIRBORNE DIVISION Ñ Major General Maxwell D. Taylor.
After The Battle #018 – Battle for San Pietro
After The Battle #106 – Dulag Luft
After The Battle #070 – 'Gomorrah' The Hamburg Firestorm
After The Battle #020 – Death Of General Sikorski
After The Battle #107 – From The Editor
After The Battle #068 – Blitzkreig In The West
After The Battle #157 – Auschwitz
Bases of Bomber Command: Then & Now
After The Battle #085 – From The Editor, Crime In Wwii


text:
WINDY CITY MEDIA GROUP
Design unveiled for national LGBT veterans' memorial
From a press release
The Board of Directors of the National Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender ( LGBT ) Veteran's Memorial project is pleased to announce the design of the Monument to be placed in the memorial garden at Historic Congressional Cemetery in Washington, DC.
The monument is simple yet stately and will stand proudly on its site just as those it represents served this country with pride. On each of the three pillars, there will be two of the six service emblems. One will represent the Army and Air Force, another the Navy and Marines, and the third will represent the Coast Guard and Merchant Marines. The pillars will be placed in a triangle allowing space for visitors to walk inside where there is a flag pole and inscriptions explaining the Memorial's meaning and the history behind it.
There is historical, educational, and social value to be served by having a place where the service of LGBT veterans is acknowledged. It will serve to educate others on the sacrifices made by LGBT veterans to secure freedom for all citizens of the United States, and it will provide a place of honor and reflection for LGBT veterans and their families. It is anticipated that it will be the site of wreath laying and various other ceremonies honoring veterans held throughout the year, particularly ceremonies during national holidays such as Veterans Day, Memorial Day and Independence Day.
Most of the funding for the project will come from LGBT veterans who want to have their service memorialized by purchasing a paver with their name and service information engraved on it to be placed on the memorial grounds. Or, by donations from those who simply want to see the memorial built. Interment of cremated ashes of eligible veterans within the memorial space is also in the plan should there be a demand for it.
The building of this memorial has been long in coming. For it to become a reality, contributions are needed from LGBT veterans as well as their straight friends and supporters. To make a donation or to purchase pavers, go to the NLGBTVM website at Article Link Here . Or to send a check, you may mail it to NLGBTVM, at P.O. Box 780514, San Antonio, TX, 78278-0514 and please provide your email address so your donation may be acknowledged. Questions may be directed to Chair@nlgbtvm.org .
Marty Gunter of San Antonio Texas, Tom Swann of Rancho Mirage CA and Jim Darby of Chicago also serve on the board.


text:
Nortons Soft Cheese gets its unique flavour from the quality of our milk. Our Brown Swiss cows produce excellent quality milk for cheese making, being both high in butterfat and protein. Around 80% of the flavour of the final cheese comes from the milk itself, and the depth of flavour present in this fresh, soft cheese is testament to our fantastic milk!
The founding star of our cheese portfolio, Nortons Soft Cheese (formally known as St Swithins Soft) is where it all began. The judges in the British Cheese Awards in 2012 could not have been more complimentary and awarded it with a gold medal. "The small attractive fresh cheese has a refreshing citrusy tang and creamy back notes and it seems to just melt in the mouth – mild and subtle but definitely not bland".
With Lavender
Nortons Soft Cheese with Lavender is a unique and unusual flavour combination but certainly not to be missed. This delicious cheese won the overall award for the Best Flavour Added cheese at the British Cheese Awards in 2017, and features in the World Cheese Book. Not only this, our Soft Cheese with Lavender won a gold medal at the same awards in both 2012 and 2017.
The judges' from the Cheese Awards thought the cheese was a "rather pleasant and an unusual combination of flavours that play gently across the palate". And to be awarded the best in category is a massive compliment! That's one of the top 10 cheeses in the whole country!
With Chilli
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Nortons Cheeses
Nortons Soft Cheese with Apricot
Cheese samples
Original Nortons Soft
Nortons Soft with Lavender
Nortons Soft with Apricot


Ian is one of the UK's most respected sports reporters working for BBC Radio 5live and Sky Sports before joining ITV News. He has twice won a Sony for his sports reporting.
The boss of one of Maria Sharapova's sponsors has said the decision to ban her from tennis after she failed a drugs test was anti-Russian.
Here are Ian Payne's British medal prospects for the 2016 Rio Olympics.
The World heavyweight boxing champion Tyson Fury has told ITV news he won't change when it comes to making controversial comments.
Claudio Ranieiri and his team are doing things differently as they continue to defy the odds and the statistics at the top of the league.
Competing in the Le Mans 24 Hour race is "just another challenge" for six-time Olympic cycling champion Sir Chris Hoy.
The latest battle between the former Chelsea doctor Eva Carneiro and ex-manager Jose Mourinho is taking place in South London on Monday.
Sunderland Football Club are still under pressure to explain exactly what they knew and when leading up to the Adam Johnson trial.
The Prime Minister has joined the ongoing row at Liverpool Football Club over ticket pricing.
Liverpool supporters groups have told ITV News they will target club sponsors next in the ongoing row over ticket prices.
Will Dylan Hartley be named new England rugby skipper?
If you ever needed an example of why England's new coach differs from his predecessor , look no further than his expected choice of captain.


My take on if Almost Famous had aired before 3XK.
A fluffy little Castle and Beckett ficlet, set somewhere within season five.
Near death experiences seemed to be happening a lot more often to both of them, but this time Castle was losing hope. This might be Castle's final wake-up call for him to realize what he truly needs in his life. Castle/Beckett, also includes Alexis.
Castle manages to convince Beckett to come to California with him. Beckett expects a relaxing week, but Castle has other ideas.
Richard Castle invites Kate over for dinner... Caskett fluff. Possibly just a one-shot.
A very simple realization brings Castle and Beckett face to face with reality!
A Series of holiday themed stories, holiday Fluff.
Disclaimer: All publically recognizable characters , settings,etc are the property of their respective owners. The author is in no way associated with the owners, creators, or producers of any media francise. No copyright infringement is intended.
Castle finally tells Beckitt how he feels about her.
Summary: Story occurs post Watershed and before they are married. Castle has jury duty and he doesn't like the story the Prosecution is selling! To complicate matters Kate and her Team get a case with the same MO. Since neither can talk to the other about the day's events, a strained silence settles into the Loft.
With all the changing Castle has done since he unofficially joined the NYPD, what does he have to show for it? Not only has he not gotten the girl, he doesn't even have A girl. Just as bad is the fact that the media has all but forgotten about him, which is reflecting in his slumping sales. Well, all that is about to change.
Summary: Kate recalls the first time she met Castle.
Richard was Castlenapped? By Detective Demming? What?
This is a series of one shots. Who knows when it will end.
All things must change, each in their own turn. But that simple fact didn't make those changes any less painful. A scene for 3x03, in which comfort is given and recieved.
A story centering around the relationship between Detective Javier Esposito and Medical Examiner Lanie Parish - begins around the same time as "The Lucky Stiff", at Valentine's Day.
Castle once again sticking his nose where it doesn't belong, this time as he snoops around Beckett's apartment. One-shot that could be set at anytime after the "cherries" moment. T mainly for language and a reference at the end.
This story is set in the middle of my "Bridges" story, midway through their engagement. I just couldn't help but write my own Christmas fic.
Someone gets murdered and is connected to melinda and the ghost gets in the way of becketts team to solve the murder.
A collection of smutty missing scene for our favorite couple. Separate one shots. If you have ideas for more scenarios let me know. ENJOY!


text:
Justia › US Law › Case Law › Federal Courts › Courts of Appeals › Federal Circuit › 1991 › Nobell, Inc., Plaintiff-appellant, v. Sharper Image Corporation, Defendant-appellee,nu Vations, Inc....
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Nobell, Inc., Plaintiff-appellant, v. Sharper Image Corporation, Defendant-appellee,nu Vations, Inc., Defendant, 950 F.2d 732 (Fed. Cir. 1991)
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit - 950 F.2d 732 (Fed. Cir. 1991)
Before LOURIE, Circuit Judge, BENNETT, Senior Circuit Judge, and CLEVENGER, Circuit Judge.
LOURIE, Circuit Judge.
This is an appeal by Nobell, Inc. from the grant by the United States District Court for the Northern District of California of Sharper Image and Nu Vations' (collectively "Sharper Image") motion for summary judgment. That court held that Sharper Image's QUACKY IV FONE device did not infringe U.S. Patent 4,707,855 (the '855 patent). The district court also found that plaintiff failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact going to the allegation of infringement. Nobell, Inc. v. Sharper Image Corp., 16 USPQ2d 1380 (N.D. Cal. 1990). We hold that the district court erred, and therefore vacate and remand for further proceedings.
Nobell, Inc. is the assignee of the '855 patent, which claims a telephone signalling circuit and a telephone signalling device. The telephone signalling device includes a signalling portion in the shape of an animal or toy with movable and/or sound-producing mechanisms, and an electrical circuit which activates and deactivates the signalling portion in response to signals from a telephone line. The patent includes four independent claims, 1, 4, 12, and 13. Claim 1 is representative of the claims in suit.
A telephone signaling circuit for use in a telephone signaling device, comprising:
first means for connecting the signaling circuit to a telephone line; and
second means electrically connected to said first means for selectively activating and deactivating said telephone signaling device;
said telephone signaling device including a toy, animal or human figure with movable and sound-producing features;
said telephone signaling device including power supply means;
said telephone signaling circuit being extrinsic from its associated telephone.
Sharper Image markets the QUACKY IV FONE, a telephone apparatus in the shape of a mallard duck decoy. To signal an incoming call, the QUACKY IV makes a quacking noise and moves its beak. The QUACKY IV has a two-piece, duck-shaped body with a standard telephone mounted in the upper portion of the duck body. Nobell filed suit against Sharper Image, alleging that the beak-moving portion of the QUACKY IV infringes the claims of the '855 patent. Sharper Image filed and Nu Vations1 joined a motion for summary judgment, alleging that the '855 patent was invalid for obviousness and/or that the QUACKY IV did not infringe because the quacking feature was not extrinsic to its associated telephone.
Sharper Image supported its motion with an affidavit of an electronics expert, Professor Spencer. Professor Spencer stated:
I further conclude that each of the claims of the '855 patent requires a separate telephone signalling device or circuit which can be electrically and mechanically connected to a telephone, and which has a toy, animal or human figure with movable and sound-producing features "extrinsic" or separate from an associated telephone.... The signaling device in the QUACKY IV FONE is a part of the telephone itself. Therefore, the QUACKY IV FONE falls outside the boundary of each of the claims of the '855 patent and does not infringe the patent.
In opposition to the summary judgment motion, Nobell submitted the affidavit of its own expert, Mr. Neil. Mr. Neil stated that he had examined the QUACKY IV FONE and found that it fell within the scope and language of the claims of the '855 affidavit. He recited the elements of representative claims which he stated were included in the QUACKY IV. Additionally, he stated that the signalling device of the QUACKY IV was not part of the telephone itself.
The district court held that the conclusion of Nobell's expert was unsupported by specific factual assertions or other evidence. The court determined that Nobell had failed to raise an issue of fact going to the allegation of infringement and granted summary judgment to Sharper Image. This appeal followed.
Sharper Image argues that this court lacks jurisdiction because Nobell failed to timely file its notice of appeal. We disagree. We previously decided this issue in an order dated February 26, 1991, denying Sharper Image's motion to dismiss. Nobell, Inc. v. Sharper Image Corp., Nos. 91-1106 and 91-1148 (Fed. Cir. Feb. 26, 1991). We see no reason to revisit or change that conclusion. Nobell timely filed its notice of appeal after the August 17, 1990, judgment had been certified and Nobell's Rule 59(e) motion had been decided.
Summary judgment is appropriate when "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). In reviewing a trial court's grant of summary judgment, an appellate court is not bound by a district court's holding that no material facts are in dispute. Instead, the appellate court must make an independent determination as to whether the standards for summary judgment have been met. C.R. Bard, Inc. v. Advanced Cardiovascular Sys., Inc., 911 F.2d 670, 673, 15 USPQ2d 1540, 1542-43 (Fed. Cir. 1990). The nonmoving party must present enough evidence "such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).
Nobell argues that the district court's claim interpretation was flawed. We agree. Claim interpretation, a question of law, involves examination of the claims at issue in light of the specification and prosecution history. Loctite Corp. v. Ultraseal Ltd., 781 F.2d 861, 866-67, 228 USPQ 90, 93 (Fed. Cir. 1985). Words are given "their ordinary and accustomed meaning unless it appears that the inventor used them differently." Envirotech Corp. v. Al George, Inc., 730 F.2d 753, 759, 221 USPQ 473, 477 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (quoting Universal Oil Prods. Co. v. Globe Oil & Ref. Co., 137 F.2d 3, 6, 58 USPQ 504, 508 (7th Cir. 1943), aff'd, 322 U.S. 471, 61 USPQ 382 (1944)).
The district court first erred in interpreting the word "extrinsic," which is recited in three of the claims at issue. The court stated that
[t]he '855 invention is extrinsic to its telephone and does not affect [the] telephone's integral sounding device. Therefore, a telephone ... which makes a quacking noise instead of a ring ... does not infringe.
Nobell, Inc. v. Sharper Image Corp., 16 USPQ2d at 1383 (emphasis added). This interpretation of "extrinsic" suggests that the signalling device or circuit of the claimed invention is separate from the telephone's "integral sounding device." The specification does not indicate that the signalling device or circuit is separate from the telephone's integral sounding device. In fact, the specification states that the integral sounding device may be turned on or off when operating the claimed invention, so that an instrument that makes a quacking noise instead of a ring may well infringe.2
The '855 patent specification does not explicitly define the word extrinsic nor does the prosecution history. However, the specification does refer to and define the "signalling device" and the "signalling circuit," which are indicated as being extrinsic to an associated telephone. The signalling device is preferably a toy figure, which includes mechanical, electrical, and aesthetic features. The mechanical features include sound-producing mechanisms and the electrical features include a telephone signalling circuit. The signalling device may be manually turned on or off to enable or disable it from the telephone line. The telephone's own integral sounding mechanism may be used in addition to the sounding device or it may be turned off. Thus, an extrinsic telephone signalling device or circuit refers to a device or circuit which is both separate from and in addition to the normal operating components of its associated telephone.
The court further erred in its infringement analysis, when it stated:
The '855 invention is extrinsic to its telephone ... Therefore, a telephone shaped like a duck which makes a quacking noise instead of a ring through its own internal sounding device does not infringe.
Nobell, Inc. v. Sharper Image Corp., 16 USPQ2d at 1383 (emphasis added). Rather than simply referring to the "invention," a proper infringement analysis requires examination as to whether the claims of the '855 patent read on the QUACKY IV. See SRI Int'l v. Matsushita Elec. Corp. of Am., 775 F.2d 1107, 1121, 227 USPQ 577, 586 (Fed. Cir. 1985).
Additionally, the district court concluded that "the signalling device that moves the 'QUACKY IV FONE' beak is integral to the telephone portion of the device," Nobell, Inc. v. Sharper Image Corp., 16 USPQ2d at 1383, and that "there is no competent evidence of record that the 'QUACKY IV FONE' moves the beak through a different device than that which signalled the ringer sound in the original, concededly non-infringing, 'QUACKY FONE.' " Id. A proper infringement analysis requires comparison of the accused device with the claims of the patent in suit, not with another device. Lund Indus. v. Go Indus., 938 F.2d 1273, 1275, 19 USPQ2d 1383, 1385 (Fed. Cir. 1991). Moreover, the court relied on its inspection of the original QUACKY FONE telephone which attorneys for Sharper Image brought to the hearing. An infringement analysis must be made with an accused device, not one not at issue.
In comparing the accused device to the claims of the '855 patent which recite an extrinsic telephone signalling circuit or device, the district court should analyze whether the accused device includes a circuit or device which is separate from and in addition to the normal operating components of its associated telephone. This does not mean that the circuit or device must be external to the telephone, but rather that the circuit or device be an extra feature which is not required by the telephone to perform its normal operating functions.
Nobell also argues that a genuine issue of material fact exists which precludes the grant of summary judgment. We agree. A genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether the accused device has an extrinsic telephone signalling circuit or device upon which one or more of Claims 1, 4, or 13 can be read. While both Sharper Image and Nobell presented conclusory affidavits of its expert witness, Nobell's affidavit was sufficient to demonstrate the existence of a genuine issue of material fact. It compared every limitation of the claims to the accused device.
Finally, a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether Claim 12, which does not mention an extrinsic circuit or device, is infringed. The court did not treat this issue at all.
In summary, the district court erred in granting Sharper Image's motion for summary judgment. Accordingly, the judgment is vacated and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
No costs.
Nu Vations markets a similar "Fido Fone" which apparently is still the subject of pending litigation
The patent specification states that " [t]he integral sounding mechanism may be used in addition to the signaling device 2, or it [sic] desired may be turned off so that only the signaling device 2 is operative."