text:
Notre Dame Football Schedule
Notre Dame is Partly Responsible for Arkansas Being in the SEC
The Irish's deal with NBC Sports caused a seismic shift in college football.
By ndjrs@ndjrs Aug 3, 2020, 11:47am EDT
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Photo by John Bunch/Icon Sportswire via Getty Images
The Southeastern Conference announced Thursday that it will play 10 games among conference members only, effectively eliminating the chance for the Arkansas Razorbacks to visit the Notre Dame Fighting Irish this year.
The Razorbacks are in the SEC, in part, because of a decision that Notre Dame made 30 years ago.
In February 1990, Notre Dame broke with the College Football Association and negotiated its own TV rights deal with NBC Sports. ABC Sports, which had negotiated a five-year, $210 million deal with the CFA that was to begin in 1991, threatened litigation. Instead, the network dropped its deal by $35 million to reflect losing out on Irish home games.
Boston Globe, Aug. 31, 1990
Amid Notre Dame's decision, the Federal Trade Commission had been studying the possibility that the television packages — the CFA package as well as a separate deal for Big 10 and Pac 10 teams — violated a U.S. Supreme Court decision that outlawed the television package that preceded these deals for being anti-trust violations.
"They recently dropped their investigation of the Pac-10-Big Ten package, on the grounds that it did not constitute a monopoly," Dick Shultz, the NCAA executive director, told the Fort Worth Star-Telegram in June. "Therefore, we might assume some sort of ruling to the effect that no entity larger than a conference can negotiate a package. Under those criteria, it would make sense for any conference to expand, if it were able to do so."
SEC Commissioner Roy Kramer began talking to Arkansas (then of the Southwestern Conference), the Miami-Florida Hurricanes, the Florida State Seminoles and the South Carolina Gamecocks (all of which were independents), according to the June 3, 1990 edition of The Daily Oklahoman.
On Aug. 1, Arkansas's board of trustees unanimously approved competing in the SWC for football for one more year, operating as an independent in 1991 and then moving to the SEC for 1992. It ended a 76-year membership for the Razorbacks in the SWC. (Arkansas ultimately played in the SWC for the 1991 football season.)
"Athletic director Frank Broyles said Arkansas' move was part of a restructuring of college football," the Associated Press wrote the following day. "He noted that Penn State recently joined the Big Ten, Notre Dame negotiated its own television package, and other conferences are seeking new members. 'The '90s will not be anywhere resembling the '80s,' he said."
Trustees also said the Arkansas football and basketball programs each stood to gain about $840,000 in revenue — and increase of 110 percent — by joining the SEC, as well as face stronger competition.
Joe Dean, LSU's athletic director, said he was 90 percent sure the Seminoles would become the 12th SEC team.
"I really think Florida State is coming," Dean told The Times of Shreveport (La.) in August. "We've talked to their people and their president has visited us at LSU."
Bernard Sliger, the FSU president, meanwhile met Aug. 17 in Greensboro with officials from the Duke Blue Devils, Virginia Cavaliers, Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets, N.C. State Wolfpack and Clemson Tigers to discuss joining the Atlantic Coast Conference. The Seminoles had expressed "sincere interest" to ACC Athletic Director Gene Corrigan on July 25 about joining their conference.
By Aug. 24, the Texas Longhorns and Texas A&M Aggies announced they were staying in the SWC, despite having "informal talks" with both the Pac-10 and SEC. Four days earlier, the Pac-10 voted against expansion.
Kramer visited Tallahassee to continue wooing the Seminoles, but the SEC commissioner sensed "lukewarm enthusiasm" during the Sept. 11 visit, according to The Orlando Sentinel.
On Sept. 13, ACC faculty representatives voted 6-2 to expand their conference and 8-0 to invite Florida State. The Seminoles accept two days later, becoming an official member the following July.
"In regard to recruiting, we're definitely better off not in the same conference with Florida," said Seminoles coach Bobby Bowden. "From a football standpoint, we simply have more flexibility."
(Dean, the LSU coach, fumed after the Seminoles-ACC deal was consummated: "FSU was scared to play SEC schools." The Seminoles were 7-0 in the past three years against SEC opponents.)
South Carolina, which never drew interest from the ACC, accepted the SEC's invite on Sept. 25. The same day, Miami Athletic Director Sam Jankovich met with Big East Conference officials about a possible affiliation.
"Like the Metro Conference and SEC, the Big East will be coming to our campus in the near future for further discussions," Jankovich said in a news release. "They are following the same pattern as the other conferences in terms of not extending any bids until a school is serious about accepting one."
The Associated Press reported Sept. 26, 1990 that Miami had officially eliminated the SEC and Metro conferences from consideration, and that the Hurricanes were looking only at the Big East and ACC. Kramer, the SEC commissioner, told the press that his conference had never invited the school — and his league was happy with its 12-school organization.
Miami accepted its Big East invitation on Oct. 10, 1990.


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<?php

namespace frankmayer\ArangoDbPhpCore\Connectors;

use frankmayer\ArangoDbPhpCore\Client;
use frankmayer\ArangoDbPhpCore\Protocols\Http\HttpConnectorInterface;
use frankmayer\ArangoDbPhpCore\Protocols\Http\HttpRequestInterface;

/**
 * Class AbstractHttpConnector
 *
 * @package frankmayer\ArangoDbPhpCore\Connectors
 */
abstract class AbstractHttpConnector implements HttpConnectorInterface
{

    const HTTP_EOL = "\r\n";

    /**
     * @var bool switch for turning on curl verbose logging
     */
    protected $verboseLogging;

    /**
     * @var Client The client object in which this connector is used.
     */
    public $client;

    /**
     * Constructor
     */
    public function __construct()
    {
        $this->verboseLogging = false;
    }

    /**
     * @param HttpRequestInterface $request
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    public abstract function send(HttpRequestInterface $request);

    /**
     * @param boolean $verbose
     *
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setVerboseLogging($verbose)
    {
        $this->verboseLogging = $verbose;
        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * @return boolean
     */
    public function getVerboseLogging()
    {
        return $this->verboseLogging;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Comfy trousers with side pockets and elastic-drawstring waist for relaxed fit.
Pants feature a distinctive front bow detail, for a truly premium finish. With a classic design, trousers are easy to care for and a dream to sleep in. Classic design with side pockets. Mix and match with "Valerie" pyjama shirt or Ruby top.


Your Personalised Silver Gift Engraved & Shipped Today!
We specialise in Personalised Silver Gifts & Silver Jewellery. Many of our gifts are suitable for Custom Engraving complimented with optional Gift Wrapping. Engraved & shipped the same day, gift delivery takes 3 - 5 days.


text:
Iogen's Advanced Cellulosic Biofuel Technology Reaches Critical Production Milestone
OTTAWA, ONTARIO – Dec. 17, 2014 – Iogen Corporation, a leading developer of cellulosic biofuel technology, and Raizen, one of the world's largest producers of sugarcane ethanol, are pleased today to announce they have begun production of cellulosic ethanol on schedule at Raizen's newly expanded Costa Pinto sugar cane mill in Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Raizen broke ground on the $US100 million "biomass-to-ethanol" expansion just over one year ago. The new facility will convert biomass such as sugar cane bagasse and straw into 40 million litres per year of advanced, second generation cellulosic biofuel. It will also be the first large-scale commercial implementation of Iogen Energy's cellulosic ethanol technology, which the company developed and has extensively proven in its Ottawa demonstration facility.
"Biofuel production at this facility represents the next step in our partnership with Iogen," says Joao Alberto Abreu, agroindustrial director from Raizen. "We believe Iogen Energy has the most robust, well proven, and competitive technology platform in the cellulosic ethanol business. We see tremendous potential for this to meet the world's growing demand for cleaner and more sustainable fuels, and we anticipate a long and profitable future."
"We are very excited to have been able to make this start-up a success," says Brian Foody, CEO of Iogen Corporation. "We have a great team of engineers, scientists and operators who've been working tirelessly with Raizen's own excellent team. It has been a great partnership and we're very pleased to be collaborating with a major ethanol industry player and committed partner like Raizen," Foody says. "Large scale commercialization in Brazil will open the door for global deployment of our technology."
"Continuous commercial production will commence with the upcoming 2015 harvest season," says Pedro Mizutani, Raizen's Executive Vice President. Raizen has already announced that, given a success at Costa Pinto, it intends to deploy Iogen Energy's technology in seven more Raizen sugar cane mills. "We plan to be producing up to 1 billion liters of cellulosic biofuel from bagasse and cane straw by 2024," says Mizutani.
Raizen's initial commitment to Iogen came in July 2012, after Raizen concluded that Iogen Energy had the most advanced cellulosic biofuels technology, ideally suited for building co-located commercial plants at Raizen's sugar cane ethanol facilities.
"The technology being deployed has undergone extensive testing and validation work," says Foody. "We have ten years of demonstration scale operating experience, and by operating over 6 months with Brazilian bagasse, we were able to troubleshoot problems, collect information, and adapt designs for reliable low-cost operation in Brazil."
About Raizen:
Raizen is a joint venture between Royal Dutch Shell and Brazilian ethanol company Cosan S.A. Raizen produces more than 2.2 billion liters of ethanol annually, 4.5 million tons of sugar, and has installed capacity of 934 MW of electric energy derived from sugar cane bagasse. The company has over 5,200 service stations for retail fuel distribution in Brazil, over 900 convenience stores, 60 fuel distribution depots, and aviation fuel businesses in 58 airports in Brazil. For more information, visit www.raizen.com.
About Iogen Corporation:
Iogen is a leading technology firm specializing in cellulosic biofuels – fully renewable transportation fuels made from agricultural residue that can be used in today's cars. The company has been producing cellulosic ethanol at its Ottawa demonstration plant since 2004 where it has manufactured over two million litres. Iogen is a privately held company located in Ottawa, Canada. For more information, visit www.iogen.ca.
About Iogen Energy:
Iogen Energy is a joint venture between Iogen Corporation and Raizen that develops sugar and ethanol technology.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I hope that you all had a wonderful Easter! We did. In fact, we were having so much fun!
For starters, the Easter Bunny stepped outside of her comfort zone and made the kids Playdoh Surprise Eggs. Did you know that the Easter Bunny HATES Playdoh (it smells bad, gets stuck in her fur and all around her home). But, the smiles and excitement the kids had when they saw their special eggs made it totally worth it!
After breakfast, we hopped in the car and drove several hours to my Grandpa In Law's farm. It's not a farm-farm, but rather over 100 acres of wildlife and DNR preserved land. There are trees, ponds, fields – it's truly stunning. We rode around on a little ATV exploring the land and taking in the beauty of this undisturbed area. The kids love bumping around in the back end! One of our favorite things was seeing all of the Muskrat mounds with geese sleeping on top. It is always so interesting to see animals doing their thing without interruption.
Grandpa also raises chickens. The kids absolutely LOVE getting to gather the eggs. Grandpa always leaves them for them, and if there aren't enough he puts some extras in for them to find. He has one chicken that adores him, so the kids can play with her and pet her. And of course, they get to feed them bread, which is always a fun game!
A truly wonderful afternoon spent with family, doing things out of the norm for us.


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The Bridgman–Stockbarger method, or Bridgman–Stockbarger technique, is named after Harvard physicist Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961) and MIT physicist Donald C. Stockbarger (1895–1952).  The method includes two similar but distinct techniques primarily used for growing boules (single-crystal ingots), but which can be used for solidifying polycrystalline ingots as well.

Overview
The methods involve heating polycrystalline material above its melting point and slowly cooling it from one end of its container, where a seed crystal is located.  A single crystal of the same crystallographic orientation as the seed material is grown on the seed and is progressively formed along the length of the container. The process can be carried out in a horizontal or vertical orientation, and usually involves a rotating crucible/ampoule to stir the melt.

The Bridgman method is a popular way of producing certain semiconductor crystals such as gallium arsenide, for which the Czochralski method is more difficult. The process can reliably produce single-crystal ingots, but does not necessarily result in uniform properties through the crystal.

The difference between the Bridgman technique and Stockbarger technique is subtle: While both methods utilize a temperature gradient and a moving crucible, the Bridgman technique utilizes the relatively uncontrolled gradient produced at the exit of the furnace; the Stockbarger technique introduces a baffle, or shelf, separating two coupled furnaces with temperatures above and below the freezing point. Stockbarger's modification of the Bridgman technique allows for better control over the temperature gradient at the melt/crystal interface.

When seed crystals are not employed as described above, polycrystalline ingots can be produced from a feedstock consisting of rods, chunks, or any irregularly shaped pieces once they are melted and allowed to re-solidify.  The resultant microstructure  of the ingots so obtained are characteristic of directionally solidified metals and alloys with their aligned grains.

Bagdasarov method
A variant of the technique known as the horizontal directional solidification method (HDSM) developed by Khachik Bagdasarov () starting in the 1960s in the Soviet Union uses a flat-bottomed crucible made out of molybdenum with short sidewalls rather than an enclosed ampoule, and has been used to grow various large oxide crystals including Yb:YAG (a laser host crystal), and sapphire crystals 45 cm wide and over 1 meter long. The quality of the crystals grown by HDSM differs from ones grown by the Czochralski method.

See also
 Float-zone silicon

References

Industrial processes
Semiconductor growth
Crystals
Methods of crystal growth

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Oil and gas production is a process whose every step is supported by software engineering. Locating wells, extracting their oil, delivering it to customers across the country— are all enabled with computer systems today. Lona Smith knows this well: She interacts day after day with these systems and the people who operate them as a software developer for ExxonMobil.
"I didn't always associate software engineering with ExxonMobil, but it's a big part of the organization. I'm really glad to have found a software engineering job here," says Smith, who joined ExxonMobil in January 2012 following her graduation one month prior from the software-engineering program at Mississippi State University.
As a member of a large team of IT workers, Smith tests and retests software programs—some of it produced in-house, some of it obtained from outside vendors—and, as needed, adds new plug-ins and apps. She'll also be involved with rewriting some old applications to take advantage of modern programming languages and features. Many times, as old algorithms are rewritten, she will need to draw heavily upon the calculus and advanced math that she learned during her school days.
Smith credits Mississippi State in a huge way with teaching her the skills that she now relies on to get each day's work done.
"It has been a challenge to learn some of those algorithms. A lot of math is involved," she says.
Math is critically important to yet another facet of her job: working with in-house geoscientists who survey land areas to locate new potential wells and make business decisions about them. She makes their jobs easier by providing them with software-generated maps and other analytical tools.
Working with the geoscientists and geophysicists presents a bit of a cultural divide, as she acknowledges. Their background is earth sciences, not software engineering, whereas she is highly knowledgeable about software engineering but does not have a lot of formal training in earth sciences.
She and they both speak the language of math, however, and this suffices. Smith confers with them on a regular basis and uses Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and other visuals to go over the data that they are trying to analyze. Using numerical algorithms and mathematical equations, she will help her scientist colleagues understand how she might tailor a software program to solve the problems that they need to solve.
Smith credits Mississippi State in a huge way with teaching her the skills that she now relies on to get each day's work done. Those skills include training in modeling, designing, and testing software programs. She is also grateful for her alma mater's intensive lessons in programming.
Project management is yet another skill that she honed as an undergraduate. Several required classes in her junior and senior years revolved around this job skill, she explains.
Then came the crucible of her project-management training: the senior-year capstone project, in which she and her classmates spent an entire year working as a team to design and build a new software app from scratch. They decided upon a Web app that the Army Corps of Engineers could use to take locations of bases and other sites stored in their databases and bring up the coordinates for each in full visual display on Google Earth.
What mattered even more, however, was the thorough planning and sustained commitment that the senior project required. Smith explains that this was indispensable training for the large projects that she now regularly participates in as a team member.
"Having those skills when you're working on the projects of the scale I'm working on at ExxonMobil is crucial: staying organized and being able to meet expectations and manage what I'm working on," she says.
Smith is very pleased with her career life today, but as she acknowledges, she once doubted that she would get here. When she was a freshman, she was very new to the world of software programming and was not sure if she wanted to major in it after all.
She told her advisor that she was considering changing her major. He listened, and then he arranged for her to get regular tutoring sessions from a very knowledgeable junior. By the end of the semester, Smith had a solid A in her introductory software-engineering class.
"The professors really want their students to succeed," she says.
Incidentally, she kept in touch with her tutor long after the tutoring sessions ended. That tutor is now reportedly working as a software engineer for the federal government.
The whole computer-science department enjoyed a strong spirit of community and camaraderie, in fact. Smith recalls department-organized movie nights, tailgating parties, and other friendly socials.
It helped that it was a fairly small program, with only 15 software-engineering students in Smith's graduating class (the software-engineering program is part and parcel of the larger computer-science department, which Smith says numbered around 60 students in total at her graduation).
Smith is still a frequent sight on the Mississippi State campus. She visited it earlier this year with other ExxonMobil coworkers to recruit more software-engineering students. She also graduated with an MBA in project management. Her undergraduate and graduate experiences made a very positive impression on her, and she makes no secret of it.


Summer Camp 2017 – Register Now!
All are welcome to join us this Saturday to make sack lunches and offer food and fellowship at Civic Center Park. This is a simple way that Highlands UMC reaches out to the community each month, and we'd love to see some new faces! We will meet in the Fellowship Hall kitchen at 10:45am.
Highlands UMC is a drop-off location for Rocky Mountain Diaper Depot, an organization that provides diapers to families in need. Bring diapers, pull-ups, and wipes to drop off outside the south entrance to the Fellowship Hall. You can read more about RMDD here.


The American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) is a partner in the AIP Career Network, a collection of online job sites for scientists, engineers, and computing professionals. Other partners include Physics Today, the American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT), American Physical Society (APS Physics), AVS Science and Technology, IEEE Computer Society, and the Society of Physics Students (SPS) and Sigma Pi Sigma.
Be sure to tell employers you saw their ad on AAPM Career Services!


Hornbeak, Tennessee is just a normal place during the daytime, but this is a town where the undeceased stroll the lanes at night. Moonlight hour is undead time here. Doubters don't have faith in the local ghost descriptions, but if you have the courage to spend the night in Hornbeak, you may very well distinguish a ghost for yourself.


text:
Abdel Hamid Fouad Gad (born 20 December 1943) is an Egyptian boxer. He competed in the men's welterweight event at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. At the 1972 Summer Olympics he lost to Vladimir Kolev of Bulgaria.

References

1943 births
Living people
Egyptian male boxers
Olympic boxers of Egypt
Boxers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
Welterweight boxers
20th-century Egyptian people


North Minneapolis alternative singer-songwriter Dan Hylton is a purveyor of the fine art of Craft Pop.
With inspiration drawn from college rock songcraft of the mid 90s and harmony-laden, multi-textured arrangements, the former 44 frontman's approach is earnest and playful, catchy and evocative. In recordings and performances, he evokes a presence that is disarming and yet possesses a gravity of energy and emotion. Think Morrissey mixed with Wings. Or a slightly offbeat Swell Season. Hylton is now fronting newly-formed The Ghostrunners following the August 2012 release of his EP, The Secret of HIM."
Craft Pop. Brewed in Small Batches.


28 Apr Rotating Image Slider with jQuery. In the following tutorial we will create an asymmetrical image slider with a little twist: when sliding the pictures we will slightly rotate them and delay the sliding of each element. The unusual shape of the slider is created by some elements placement and the use of thick borders. Rotating Image Slider with jQuery & CSS3. images="rm_container_1" data-rotation="">RotatingImageSlider/images/littlecherriesonline.com"/>. 8.
5 Sep - 35 sec How to use banner slider in html. Background image slideshow. 30 Oct This is a small jQuery and CSS3 based image carousel that comes with a subtle 3D rotation animation when transitioning between images. 6 Apr MWslider is a pretty simple jQuery plugin for creating a responsive 3D slider that enlarges the current image when it's rotated into the center of.
16 Apr A jQuery based auto-rotating background image carousel/slideshow/slider that uses CSS background-size:cover and. 26 Oct easySlider is a simple and fully responsive image carousel & slider plugin for jQuery that allows to loop infinitely over items when clicking next. 27 Nov Today we are going to use jQuery and CSS3 rotations, along with the jQuery rotate plugin, to create a beautiful slideshow. You can use it to. Cincopa's jQuery rotating image gallery is easy and fast to embed and free for only when a mouse cursor hovers over the image; thus, the photo slideshow. List consist of jquery animate rotate, jquery image rotator, banner rotator with animation. Slicebox – A fresh 3D image slider with graceful fallback. September.


Order your Aurora Tu Black with Rose Gold Cap Fountain Pen today from FahrneysPens.com. Fine Pens, Refills & Luxurious Gifts – great prices & fast shipping.
Aurora brings warmth and luxe refinement to its popular Tu series with the addition of precious rose gold - presenting the Tu Black with Rose Gold Cap Fountain Pen. The Turinese company's knack for innovative Italian design is shown by the clean form and outstanding materials that make Tu the perfect pen choice for every taste - young and old, male or female, professional or casual!
The Tu rose gold fountain pen features a sleek, tapered shape with fluted cap and streamlined, spring-loaded clip. The elegant black resin body is also festooned with rose gold trim and crowned with a corresponding cap. The rich colors complement each other and create the perfect platform for the enjoyable writing that you will experience each time you use the Tu!
The Tu fountain pen has a beautiful rose gold-plated steel nib available in regular or italic medium points. The Tu is also offered in a capped rollerball and ballpoint pen modes with easy, push-top mechanism. Choose from black resin with rose gold trim or black with rose gold cap - either style is terrific for engraved gifts. The Tu fountain pen accepts cartridge and converter fills - the converter can be purchased separately.
Delight in a joyful writing experience on any occasion!


text:
Q: How to remap CapsLock to Ctrl in Xubuntu 12.04? I tried doing it like follows (in autostart):
setxkbmap -option "ctrl:nocaps"

and it works, but only for a while - then the setting is reset back to original state. How can I make it persistent?
I use xfce4-xkb-plugin as my input language switcher, but it doesn't seem to have an option to set caps key function.

A: Add the setxkbmap option in XKBOPTIONS in /etc/default/keyboard. That file is also  when you run sudo dpkg-reconfigure keyboard-configuration, however running that command does not interactively let you choose to swap Caps Lock and Ctrl, so you will need to edit the file by hand.

A: Finally, I found what I was seeking for. The solution: remove xfce keyboard applet (didn't need to deinstall it, just deleting it from panel worked), install xxkb. Make sure the ~/.xxkbrc contents look something like this:
XXkb.mainwindow.geometry: 20x20+0+0
XXkb.mainwindow.label.background: black
XXkb.mainwindow.label.foreground: white
XXkb.mainwindow.label.font: -misc-*-r-*-14-*
XXkb.mainwindow.label.text.1: en
XXkb.mainwindow.label.text.2: ru
XXkb.controls.add_when_start: yes
XXkb.controls.two_state: no
XXkb.button.enable: no

And add the following to run at your session startup:
xxkb &
setxkbmap -layout us,<your layout> -option "grp:ctrl_shift_toggle,ctrl:nocaps"

A: The easiest is to create a file named ~/.gconf/desktop/gnome/peripherals/keyboard/kbd/%gconf.xml with the content:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<gconf>
       <entry name="options" mtime="1360937304" type="list" ltype="string">
               <li type="string">
                       <stringvalue>ctrl       ctrl:swapcaps</stringvalue>
               </li>
       </entry>
</gconf>

If that file already exists, or if you prefer to do it the manual way using the GUI, click the settings cog in the top right corner, choose System Settings, then Keyboard Layout, click Options, expand Ctrl position and choose Swap Ctrl and Caps Lock.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
La electrodeposición, es un tratamiento electroquímico donde se apegan los cationes metálicos contenidos en una solución acuosa para ser sedimentados sobre un objeto conductor creando una capa. El tratamiento utiliza una corriente eléctrica para reducir sobre la extensión del cátodo los cationes contenidos en una solución acuosa. Al ser reducidos los cationes precipitan sobre la extensión creando una película fina. El espesor dependerá de varios factores.

La electrodepositación se emplea principalmente para adjudicar una capa con una propiedad ansiada (por ejemplo, resistencia a la abrasión y al desgaste, protección frente a la corrosión, la necesidad de lubricación, cualidades estéticas, etc.) a una superficie que de otro modo escasea de esa propiedad. Otra aplicación de la electropositación es recrecer el espesor de las piezas desgastadas p.e. mediante el cromo duro.

Su funcionamiento es el antagónico al de una celda galvánica, que utiliza una reacción redox para obtener una corriente eléctrica. La pieza que se desea recubrir se sitúa en el cátodo del circuito, mientras que el ánodo es del metal con el que se desea recubrir la pieza. El metal del ánodo se va consumiendo, reponiendo el depositado. En otros procesos de electrodepositación donde se emplea un ánodo no consumible, como los de plomo o grafito, los iones del metal que se deposita debe ser periódicamente repuestos en el baño a medida que se extraen de la solución.

Efectos
La galvanoplastia cambia las propiedades químicas, físicas o mecánicas de la superficie de las pieza, pero no las del interior. Un ejemplo de un cambio químico es cuando niquelado mejora la resistencia a la corrosión. Un ejemplo de un cambio físico es un cambio en la apariencia externa. Un ejemplo de un cambio mecánico es un cambio en la resistencia a la tracción o la dureza de la superficie que es un atributo necesario en la industria de herramientas.

Estos cambios son utilizados en multitud de aplicaciones. Por ejemplo: la electrodepositación de cromo duro en piezas industriales como vástagos de cilindros hidráulicos. (ver: ). La mejorar la resistencia a la abrasión de un objeto, proporcionarle propiedades anticorrosivas, mejorar su necesidad de lubricación, es decir disminuir su coeficiente de rozamiento, o simplemente por cuestiones estéticas, entre otras.

Proceso tecnológico

El ánodo y el cátodo de la celda conectados a un suministro externo de corriente continua - una batería o, más comúnmente, un rectificador. Ambos estarán sumergidos en un baño por una solución de sales del elemento químico que utilizamos para recubrir el objeto.
El cátodo, artículo a recubrir, estará conectado al terminal negativo. Mientras que el ánodo, conectado al terminal positivo, estará compuesto de dicho material para ir aportando iones a la solución a medida que se oxida sustituyendo a los que se están consumiendo en la reacción electroquímica.

Realizando un balance general se puede considerar que cuando se enciende la fuente de alimentación externa, el metal del ánodo se oxida a partir de un estado de valencia cero para formar cationes con carga positiva. Estos cationes asociar con los aniones de la solución. Los cationes se reduce en el cátodo depositándose en el estado metálico, valencia cero. Por ejemplo, en una solución ácida, el cobre se oxida en el ánodo a Cu2+ perdiendo dos electrones. El Cu2+ asociado con el anión SO42- en la solución forman el sulfato de cobre. En el cátodo, el Cu2+ se reduce a cobre metálico al obtener dos electrones. El resultado es la transferencia efectiva de cobre de la fuente de ánodo a una película que recubre el cátodo.

El recubrimiento más común es un metal puro, no una aleación. Sin embargo, algunas aleaciones pueden ser electrodepositada, en particular el latón y soldadura.

Muchos baños galvánicos incluyen cianuros de otros metales (por ejemplo, cianuro de potasio), además de cianuros del metal a depositar. Estos cianuros libres facilitar la corrosión del ánodo, ayudan a mantener un nivel constante de iones metálicos y contribuir a la conductividad.
Además, productos químicos no metálicos tales como carbonatos y fosfatos se pueden añadir para aumentar la conductividad.

En la operación hay que tener en cuenta que una geometría compleja dará un espesor de recubrimiento irregular, aumentando este en esquinas del objeto por ejemplo. Estos contratiempos se pueden solucionar utilizando múltiples ánodos o un ánodo que imite la forma del objeto a procesar.

Cuando no se desea el recubrimiento en ciertas áreas del sustrato, se aplican barreras para evitar que el baño entrar en contacto con el sustrato. Barreras típicas son cinta, papel de aluminio, lacas y ceras. [ 3 ]

Un factor muy importante es la corriente que utiliza el sistema para llevar a cabo la operación, será determinante para las propiedades del recubrimiento, ya que establece la adherencia de la capa tanto como su calidad y velocidad de deposición, esta última es directamente proporcional al voltaje. Lo más común es usar corriente continua en pulsos, ciclos de 8-15 segundos activado el sistema para dejar 1-3 segundos de inactividad.

Golpe (Strike)

Inicialmente, un depósito galvanoplástico especial llamado «golpe» o «flash» puede ser utilizado para formar un revestimiento muy delgado (típicamente menos de 0,1 micrómetros de espesor) con una alta calidad y buena adherencia al sustrato. Este sirve como base para posteriores procesos de deposición. Un golpe (strike) utiliza una alta densidad de corriente y un baño con una baja concentración de iones. Este proceso es lento, por lo una vez se obtiene el espesor deseado se utilizan procesos de deposición más eficientes.

Este método se utiliza para el revestimiento de metales diferentes poco compatible. Si es deseable una placa de tipo de depósito en un metal para mejorar la resistencia a la corrosión, pero este metal tiene adherencia inherentemente pobre al sustrato, se deposita primero un golpe (strike) compatible con ambos. Un ejemplo de esta situación es la pobre adhesión de níquel electrolítico en las aleaciones de zinc, en cuyo caso se utiliza un ataque de cobre, que tiene buena adherencia a ambos. [ 2 ]

Pincel galvanoplástico

Un proceso estrechamente relacionado es el pincel galvanoplástico. Áreas localizadas u objetos enteros se trabajan con un pincel saturado con la solución de recubrimiento. El pincel, generalmente un cuerpo de acero inoxidable envuelto con un material textil que sirve tanto para contener la solución de metalización y evitar el contacto directo con el elemento que se está tratando, está conectado al polo positivo de una fuente de corriente continua de bajo voltaje, y el elemento recubrir conectado al negativo. Los huecos de operador del cepillo en solución de metalización a continuación se aplica al elemento, moviendo el cepillo continuamente para conseguir una distribución uniforme del material de recubrimiento. El cepillo galvanoplástico posee varias ventajas sobre los tanques, incluyendo la portabilidad, la capacidad de recubrir elementos que por alguna razón no se pueden introducir en el tanque de recubrimiento (una aplicación es el revestimiento de porciones de columnas de apoyo decorativas muy grandes utilizadas en restauración de edificios), requisitos de enmascaramiento bajo o nulo, y comparativamente se requiere un menor volumen de solución. Las desventajas en comparación con el tanque es que necesita una mayor participación del operador (el tanque de recubrimiento con frecuencia se puede trabajar con un mínimo de atención), y la incapacidad para lograr un gran espesor de recubrimiento.

Depositación sin corriente eléctrica
Por lo general, una celda electrolítica, que consta de dos electrodos, electrolito, y la fuente externa de corriente, se utiliza para la electrodepositación. En contraste, un proceso de deposición electrolítico utiliza solo un electrodo y ninguna fuente externa de corriente eléctrica. Sin embargo, la solución para el proceso electrolítico necesita contener un agente reductor de modo que la reacción del electrodo tiene la forma:

En principio, se puede utilizar cualquier reductor a base de agua, aunque el potencial redox del reductor de media celda debe ser lo suficientemente alto como para superar las barreras de energía inherentes en la química de líquido. El niquelado no electrolítico utiliza hipofosfito como reductor, mientras que el chapado de otros metales como la plata, oro y cobre suelen utilizar aldehídos de bajo peso molecular.

Una ventaja importante de este enfoque sobre la galvanoplastia es la no necesidad de fuentes de energía ni de baños de galvanoplastia, reduciendo el costo de producción. La técnica puede también formas diversas de placa y tipo de superficie. La película es más uniforme. Se puede depositar aleaciones y añadir aditivos a la película como Teflón. La desventaja es que dependiendo del material el proceso de galvanizado es generalmente más lento y no se puede crear este tipo de placas gruesas de metal. Como consecuencia de estas características, la deposición no electrolítica es bastante común en las artes decorativas. Aunque va ganado terreno en aplicaciones industriales, una de las cuales, por ejemplo, son los discos duros.

Limpieza
La limpieza es esencial para el éxito de la galvanoplastia, puesto que las capas moleculares de aceite puede impedir la adherencia del recubrimiento. La ASTM B322 es una guía estándar para la limpieza de metales antes de la electrodepositación. Los procesos de limpieza incluyen: limpieza con disolvente, limpieza en caliente con detergente alcalino, electro-limpieza, y tratamiento con ácido, etc. La prueba industrial más común para la limpieza es la prueba waterbreak, en el que se enjuaga a fondo la superficie y se mantiene vertical. Los contaminantes hidrofóbicos, tales como los aceites hacen que el agua de cuentas y se rompen, permitiendo que el agua drene rápidamente. Las superficies de metal perfectamente limpios son hidrófilas y mantendrá una lámina continua de agua que no se cuenta arriba o escurrir. La ASTM F22 describe una versión de esta prueba. Esta prueba no detecta contaminantes hidrófilos, pero el proceso de electrodepositación pueden desplazar éstos fácilmente ya que las soluciones son a base de agua. Los tensioactivos como el jabón reducen la sensibilidad de la prueba y debe ser enjuagado cuidadosamente.

Proceso físico-químico
Ambos componentes se sumergen en una solución llamada electrolito que contiene uno o más sales de metal disueltas, así como otros iones que permiten el flujo de electricidad. Una fuente de alimentación de corriente continua genera un potencial eléctrico en el ánodo y en el cátodo. En el cátodo, los iones metálicos disueltos en la solución electrolítica se reducen en la interfase entre la solución y el cátodo y desaparecen de la disolución. Esto crea un desiquilibrio de cationes en la disolución. Este exceso de cationes se combina los átomos del metal del cátodo formando la sal que se disuelve dejando el metal restante al descubierto, y por otro lado reponiendo los iones precipitados. El cátodo es un sumidero de cationes metálicos y un generador de aniones mientras que en el ánodo sucede lo contrario es un sumidero de aniones y generador de cationes. La cantidad de ambos está regulada por la constante de disociación y las leyes de equilibrio lo cual conlleva a que la velocidad a la que se disuelve el ánodo es igual a la velocidad a la que el cátodo se recubre. Aunque circula una corriente eléctrica esta no la constituyen electrones que viajan entre los electrodos en los aniones, sino que un electrón, o varios, del cátodo reducirá un catión metálico que se depositará. Esto producirá un desequilibrio en la disolución por lo que hará que alguna molécula del electrólito se disocie. Si está lejos del ánodo se volverá a recombinar, pero si está cerca este reaccionará entregando un electrón, o varios, a este y generando una sal soluble que se desprenderá.

Por último indicar que dicha técnica no debe confundirse con la electroforesis, esta se basa en el movimiento hacia un ánodo o cátodo de moléculas o partículas en suspensión en una disolución, no de iones como la electrodepositación.

Ejemplos
Resulta muy común el uso de la electrodepositación metálica en joyas elaboradas con metales baratos a los cuales se les da un revestimiento de una delgadísima película de oro, plata, etc., para aumentar su valor, mejorar su apariencia o para protegerlos de los efectos negativos del medio ambiente, principalmente el oxígeno que produce su pronta corrosión.
Las monedas de Argentina, de la Serie "Árboles de la República Argentina" son de acero electrodepositado con Cobre ($1), Latón ($2), y Níquel ($5), exceptuando la moneda de $10 que es de Alpaca, de igual forma las monedas de Uruguay pertenecientes a la Serie "Fauna autóctona del Uruguay" son de acero electrodepositado en Latón.

Igualmente podemos observar que las tarjetas electrónicas por lo general vienen revestidas de una película de oro de algunos micrones, para mantener un buen contacto y conductividad con los dispositivos del circuito.

Celda Hull

La celda Hull es un tipo de celda de prueba utilizado para comprobar cualitativamente la condición de un baño galvánico. Se permite la optimización para el rango de densidad de corriente, la optimización de la concentración de aditivo, el reconocimiento de los efectos de la impureza y la indicación de la capacidad de potencia de macro-lanzamiento. La celda Hull replica el baño de recubrimiento en una escala de laboratorio. Se llena con una muestra de la solución de metalización, un ánodo apropiado que está conectado a un rectificador. El "trabajo" está remplazado por un panel de prueba de celda Hull que se recubre para mostrar la "salud" del baño.

La celda Hull es un recipiente trapezoidal que contiene 267 ml de solución. Esta forma permite colocar el panel de ensayo en un ángulo con respecto al ánodo. Como resultado, el depósito se siembra en placas a diferentes densidades de corriente que se puede medir con una regla de células casco. El volumen de la solución permite una optimización cuantitativa de la concentración de aditivo: 1 Además gramo a 267 ml es equivalente a 0,5 oz / gal en el tanque de revestimiento. [ 9 ]

Referencias

Bibliografía

Procesos electroquímicos


One thing I feel passionately towards is carrying the same faculty of wonder about the world one possesses as a child.
One of the most disappointing things to see in adulthood is an individual losing their passion, drive and curiosity of the world in place of routine.
Think of the first big trip to an unfamiliar place you took as a child. Perhaps you marveled at the size of a plane before boarding it. Perhaps your eyes grew wide with excitement at the sight of different flora and fauna than you were used to. Perhaps you questioned the social and cultural norms of where you were. Perhaps with each new day you thought of more and more questions because you were outside of your regular routine.
Now imagine thinking that way every day. Too often, children are indoctrinated with the primary goal of attending a post-secondary institution, then finding a well-paying job that will give them benefits and a stable income.
While that's important in many situations, a consequence of that tends to be only learning what one needs to know to get and maintain a job, without holding curiosity for much else.
I believe individuals should question the world more critically, look at situations more abstractly, and never stop asking why.
I think it's important to travel, to be acquainted with new ways of viewing the world, and to be able to critically asses one's own ways of looking at the world.
I believe wonder and curiosity are things to be fostered, not only as a child and through school, but also as an adult through all areas of life.
Next > What Impact Does Animal Agriculture Have on the Environment?


This figure derived from the Sumerian culture and was created to worship an early Mesopotamia god. The Sumerians believed that gods were physically present in nature and experiences of daily life. Enlil was considered the most potent Mesopotamian god, during the period, this statue was created. Enlil, later known as Elil, was the ancient Mesopotamian god of wind, air, earth, and storms. He was the chief deity of the Sumerian pantheon and was later worshipped by the Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians.
Enlil plays a vital role in the Sumerian creation myth. According to Sumerian religion, he separates heaven from earth, making the world habitable for humans. In the Sumerian Flood myth, Enlil sent the flood to exterminate the human race, who made too much noise and prevented him from sleeping.
The religion practised by the people of Sumer, the first literate civilisation of ancient Mesopotamia, was one in which they regarded their divinities as responsible for all matters of the natural and social orders. The Sumerians believed that the universe had come into being through a series of cosmic births. The primaeval waters gave birth to the sky and the earth who mated together and produced a son who separated heaven from earth and claimed the earth as his domain. Humans were then created, but heaven was reserved exclusively for deities.
Before the beginning of Sumerian kingship, the city-states were ruled by priests and religious officials. Kings supplanted this role, but priests continued to exert influence on Sumerian society. Early Sumerian temples were simple, one-room structures, sometimes built on raised platforms. Towards the end of Sumerian civilisation, these temples evolved into ziggurats which were tall, pyramidal structures with sanctuaries at the tops.
Sumerian religion profoundly influenced the religious beliefs of later Mesopotamian people and was retained in the mythologies and religions of many Middle Eastern culture groups. Scholars of comparative mythology have noticed many parallels between the stories of the ancient Sumerians and those recorded later in the early parts of the Hebrew Bible.
Was this worshiper created to worship the god of the Sumerian Flood story who sent the flood to exterminate the human race?
Were the first sculptures created by humans expressions of religious impulses?
If religion was pervasive in Sumerian religion, how did Kings supplanted the ruling priests and religious officials?


There is only one tennis club in Cwmbran. So, while your choice is limited, the club does offer an exciting year round programme for all abilities and ages.
If you're happy to travel, within Gwent, there's a range of tennis clubs, and so you have a few options. Meet you on court?!


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Be Not Always ist eine Ballade der US-amerikanischen Band The Jacksons, die 1984 auf ihrem Album Victory erschien. Der gesamte Gesang stammt von Michael Jackson.

Entstehung
Be Not Always wurde von Michael Jackson und Marlon Jackson geschrieben und von Michael Jackson produziert. Die Anfänge des Titels reichen bis ins Jahr 1979 zurück. Möglicherweise ist Be Not Always gleichzeitig auch ein Outtake von Triumph. Eine erste Aufnahme mit Harfe und Bratsche als Instrumentierung fand im Jahr 1981 statt. Die finalen Aufnahmen waren 1983.

Inhalt
Wie auch Man of War vom Album Goin' Places aus dem Jahr 1977 richtet sich Be Not Always gegen Krieg. Die Ballade beschreibt die Folgen des Krieges für die Zivilbevölkerung.

Besetzung
 Komposition – Michael Jackson, Marlon Jackson
 Produktion – Michael Jackson
 Akustische Gitarre – Greg Porée
 Bratsche – Robin Renee Ross
 Harfe – Gayle Levant
 Projekt-Koordinator – Nelson Hayes
 Technischer Direktor – Matt Forger
 Tontechniker – Bruce Swedien
 Assistierende Tontechniker – John Van Nest, Mike Hatcher
 Streicher Arrangement – Jerry Hey
 Mix – Bruce Swedien
 Dirigent – Murray Adler

Literatur
 François Allard, Richard Lecocq: Michael Jackson: All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track. Cassell, 2018, ISBN 978-1-78840-057-2

Lied 1984
Popsong
The-Jackson-Five-Lied
Lied von Michael Jackson


text:
The Globe and Mail Bestsellers for the week of Jan. 16, 2021
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Virtual interview with Giller Prize winner Souvankham Thammavongsa disrupted by 'hacker': organizers
Author Will Ferguson on writing travel fiction without being able to travel
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For author Shyam Selvadurai, the film adaptation of Funny Boy is deeply personal
Shyam Selvadurai
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Jessica J. Lee on her 'life-changing' Writers' Trust Prize win for Two Trees Make A Forest
Indigenous characters belong in non-Native literature too, as long as they are written with respect
Drew Hayden Taylor
Bestsellers: Hardcover Fiction, October 31, 2020
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Canada's literary festivals take on the climate emergency
Arundhati Roy's latest non-fiction collection Azadi brings to light the contemporary Indian scene
October 2 Updated
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Lorna Crozier and David Neel make Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize shortlist
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text:
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At CLR, we celebrate uniqueness
Since our origin in 2002, CLR has always been a people organization. As we are in the business of providing facilities through our people, we value them for who they are. We recognize and celebrate their unique identities and share in their successes. Our people help our customers achieve their goals and we help our people to achieve their purpose.
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Space and support to grow
We are advocates of collective growth. Our beliefs are strongly rooted in the idea that people who work together have the potential to achieve anything. So we value and respect people for who they are.
We strive to be honest and ethical in our conduct, ensuring the highest level of transparency with our people in everything in we do and stand for.
We choose to be fair with our approach in recruiting and developing talent, without any discrimination against race, gender or caste.
We are passionate about advocating among our employees the values of respecting diverse cultures and traditional differences, in thought and action.
We invest in our people and encourage them to pursue a path of continuous learning that leads to building relationships based on care and trust.
We promise to integrate social principles of global standards to ensure that we can give back to the people what they have helped us achieve so far.
Nurturing collaboration with the right culture
We firmly believe that growth is a shared experience. To enable that growth, we are committed to creating a culture of respect, openness and learning. With over 25000 employees, we have an important role to invest in talent and listen to their needs. This helps us create skilled, engaged and collaborative employees who are driven to grow with us.
Our team and the people we work with are the backbone of our company whom we owe all our success
Our entire operations are centred on developing the skills of our employees and creating value for our customers
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Nicole Willis & Banda Palomita will begin recording at Suomenlinnan Studio this month (February 2018). The present line up of Banda Palomita are Ndioba Gueye; electric bass, Julius Heikkilä; guitar, Antti Kujanpää; keyboards, Ilari Larjosto; drums and Luiz Sá Do Carmo; percussion.
The album will be released on Persephone Records. Stay tuned for further information about this new project.


The course is suitable for nurses who are new to the OET exam and need a course that focuses on all 4 integrated skills of the exam.
"OET covers all four language skills with an emphasis on communication in a healthcare environment. Our doctors should be more familiar with assessment in this context." – IELTS Medical Senior Tutor and Medical Doctor.
Next intake dates: 17/08/18; 28/09/18; 19/10/18; 09/11/18; 30/11/18; 21/12/18.
New for 2018 and based on our i10 OET courses, the i10 4 x 4 Integrated Skills consists of 60 hours of OET Listening; Reading; Speaking and Writing and Medical English combined. To register for this course, the requirement is that you are a pre-UK registration doctor and have at least upper intermediate level English.
Frequently asked questions, answered now.
The course is suitable for doctors who are new to the OET exam and need a course that focuses on all 4 integrated skills of the exam. We're looking for doctors who would like to practice their profession in the UK in the first stage of GMC registration.
The purpose of this course is to help you build the skills you need in the fastest possible time. Doctors can expect small class sizes and a course that places an emphasis on acquiring the skills you need to gain the B grade and above. It's pure, intensive OET practice in a course led by medics and EFL experts. We provide a mock examination every three weeks to allow you to check your progress.
4 (1 hr 15 mins) sessions a day.
Across either 3 or 6 or 12 continuous weeks.
Prepare to be set lots of it. We run Friday through Monday and our tutor will provide you with homework to cover Tuesday to Thursday.
Need more information about i10 OET 4 x 4? Call 0203 637 6722.
Prepare for success in the IELTS Academic exam. The i10 Listening Course is designed to ensure that you're ready to reach high scores in your IELTS Listening.
The course is suitable for medics who are new to the IELTS Academic exam and need a course that focuses on all 4 integrated skills of the exam.


text:
ConspiracyHollow EarthMysteriesRecent Articles
Agarttha: Taking the Lid Off the Underground Kingdom
Alexander LightMarch 10, 2019
In 1884 the French occultist Saint-Yves d'Alveydre (1842-1909) decided to take lessons in Sanskrit.
Having just published his definitive work on the secret history of the world, called Mission des Juifs ("Mission of the Jews"),2 he was anxious to deepen his understanding of the sacred languages which, he felt sure, concealed the ultimate mysteries.
Hebrew had already revealed much to him; now it was time to tackle the even more ancient language of Sanskrit, parent of all the Indo-European tongues.
Saint-Yves' Sanskrit teacher, who called himself Hardjji Scharipf, was a character of hazy origins and the subject of various rumours. Born on December 25, 1838, he supposedly left India after the Mutiny of 1857 and set up in the French port of Le Havre as a bird-seller and professor of Oriental languages.
His name may have been a pseudonym; he may have been an Afghan; some called him Prince. But whatever his story, the manuscripts now in the Library of the Sorbonne in Paris show that Hardjji was a learned and punctilious teacher, and the source of two still unsolved enigmas: the underground kingdom of Agarttha, and its sacred language.
Three times a week, Hardjji would come to Saint-Yves' luxurious home with a beautifully scripted lesson of grammar and a reading from some Sanskrit classic. But his diligent pupil became more and more fascinated by Hardjji's mysterious hints, which began when he signed the very first lesson as "Teacher and Professor… of the Great Agartthian School."
Saint-Yves must have asked him what this "Great Agartthian School" was. He might already have read in the books of the popular travel writer and historian Louis Jacolliot of an "Asgartha," supposedly a great city of the ancient Indian priest-kings, the "Brahmatras."3 Does such a place still exist, then?
Apparently Hardjji gave him to believe so, and, what is more, that it preserves a language and a script, known as "Vattan" or "Vattanian," that are the primordial ones of mankind. For someone in quest of the secret and sacred roots of language, the mention of such things must have been unbearably exciting.
Curiosity overcame him on Christmas Day, 1885, when he asked Hardjji to write out his own name in Vattanian characters. The guru obliged, writing it on the back of the lesson sheet and adding wryly: "Here, according to your ardent desire; but really you are not yet sufficiently prepared for Vattan. Slowly and surely!"
Later he must have taught Saint-Yves the Vattanian alphabet and the principles behind its 22 letter-forms, which Saint-Yves would correlate with the Hebrew alphabet and with the zodiacal and planetary symbols.
By the end of the course of lessons, Agarttha and Vattanian had evidently become regular topics of conversation, while Saint-Yves' interests shifted from Sanskrit to a kind of comparative Hermeticism. With Hardjji's approval, he created a splendid manuscript in red and gold ink containing invocations, sigils, many alphabets, designs and arabesques made from Sanskrit and Vattanian letters; a list of Vedic and Biblical names encoded in a so-called "Hermetic or Raphaelic Alphabet"; eighty "Vedic" symbols representing the development of the cosmos; a passage on the "Hermetic Significance of the Zodiac" encoded in planet and zodiac signs; correlations of these signs with the names of angels and with Vattanian, Sanskrit, Hebrew, and Hermetic characters; breathing exercises for the hearing of the inner sound "M" and for soul-travel; notes on the properties of herbs; alchemical recipes.4
Saint-Yves Writes a Book About Agarttha
And this was not all. Did Hardjji know that Saint-Yves was writing another book – The Kingdom of Agarttha: A Journey into the Hollow Earth – under the influence of his Oriental studies? It seems doubtful, but in 1886 the book was finished, typeset, and printed by his regular publisher (Calmann Lévy).
To put it bluntly, this book takes the lid off Agarttha. The reader will learn that it is a hidden land somewhere in the East, beneath the surface of the earth, where a population of millions is ruled by a Sovereign Pontiff, the "Brahatmah," and his two colleagues the "Mahatma" and the "Mahanga."
This realm, Saint-Yves explains, was transferred underground and concealed from the surface-dwellers at the start of the Kali Yuga (the present dark age in the Hindu system of chronology), which he dates to about 3,200 BCE. Agarttha has long enjoyed the benefits of a technology advanced far beyond our own, including gas lighting, railways, and air travel.
Its government is the ideal one of "Synarchy," which the surface races have lost ever since the schism that broke the Universal Empire in the fourth millennium BCE, and which Moses, Jesus, and Saint-Yves strove to restore. (This was the theme of Mission des Juifs.)
Now and then Agarttha sends emissaries to the upper world, of which it has a perfect knowledge. Not only the latest discoveries of modern man, but the whole wisdom of the ages is enshrined in its libraries, engraved on stone in Vattanian characters.
Among its secrets are those of the true relationship of body to soul, and the means to keep departed souls in communication with the living. When our world adopts Synarchical government, the time will be ripe for Agarttha to reveal itself, to our great spiritual and practical advantage.
In order to speed this process, Saint-Yves includes in the book open letters to Queen Victoria, Emperor Alexander III of Russia, and Pope Leo III, inviting them to join in the great project.
Perhaps the oddest thing about this book is Saint-Yves' own stance. Far from presenting himself as an authorised spokesman for Agarttha, he admits that he is a spy.
Dedicating the book to the Sovereign Pontiff and signing it with his own name in Vattanian characters (just as Hardjji had written it out for him), he expatiates on how astounded this august dignitary will be to read the work, wondering how human eyes could have penetrated the innermost sanctuaries of his realm.
Saint-Yves explains that he is a "spontaneous initiate," bound by no oath of secrecy, and that once the Brahatmah gets over the shock, he will admit the wisdom of what Saint-Yves has dared to reveal.
How did Saint-Yves obtain this information? Already in his first book, Clefs de l'Orient (1877), he was writing with the confidence of an eyewitness of the psychic phenomena accompanying birth, death, and the relation between the sexes.5
In the present work he seems to have extended his psychic vision, to say the least, and one can glean from here and there an idea of his methods.
There is, for instance, a passage here describing in detail how the Agartthian initiates travel in their souls while their bodies sleep. Then there is the passage in the notebook already mentioned, on yogic exercises for separating the soul from the body.
Thirdly, there is a snippet of occult gossip in a conversation with Saint-Yves recorded on August 16, 1896, by a psychical researcher, Alfred Erny:6
"He has talked to Papus and [Stanislas de] Guaïta, but did not tell them what they wanted to know: the method of disengaging and re-engaging oneself in the astral body. It is dangerous: 'I don't want (he said) to put a loaded revolver into your hands which you don't know how to use.'
"A magnetiser, he said, runs less danger than others in duplicating himself, because he is more trained.
"When one goes out of one's body into the Astral, another evil spirit may replace you."
Saint-Yves presumably possessed the secret of this "somnambulistic" faculty, and used it to gather the information he presents in this book. But did he gather it, as he claims, from spying on a physical Agarttha beneath the surface of the earth? Or was it the result of his own projected fantasies or hallucinations?
Or, again, did it come from some non-physical location or state which can be accessed under certain conditions, but which then merely supports the psyche's own subjective expectations and prejudices? We will return to these questions at the end.
No sooner was the book printed and ready for the bookshops than Saint-Yves withdrew it, destroying every copy but one. The work narrowly escaped oblivion, but this one copy passed after Saint-Yves' death to Papus, who published it in 1910, with some omissions, under the auspices of a group of disciples, the "Friends of Saint-Yves."
Decades later, it turned out that the printer, Lahure, had secreted another copy.7 The late Jean Saunier, biographer and chief authority on Saint-Yves, used this as the basis for the complete French edition of 1981, now translated into English.
Whatever reasons and motives were responsible for the sudden withdrawal of the book, there is no doubt that Saint-Yves remained true to his vision. For instance, he mentions Agarttha and names its three rulers in his epic poem of 1890, Jeanne d'Arc victorieuse.
In his conversations with Erny in 1896, he stated outright that there exists a secret "Superior University" with a "High Priest" who is currently an Ethiopian, and other details just as they appear in this book. Finally, he mentions Agarttha in veiled terms in L'Archéomètre, the major work of his last years.
Ossendowski Revives "Agharti"
After the trauma of World War I, the very name of Agarttha might have been forgotten, as Saint-Yves himself was. But in 1922, a Polish "scientist" named Ferdinand Ossendowski (1876-1945) published a sensational travel and adventure book.8
It told of his flight through Central Asia in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution. While in Mongolia, he heard tell of a subterranean realm of 800,000,000 inhabitants called "Agharti"; of its triple spiritual authority "Brahytma, the King of the World," "Mahytma," and "Mahynga," of its sacred language, "Vattanan," and many other things that corroborate Saint-Yves.
The book ended on a dramatic note of prophecy from one of Ossendowski's informants: that in the year 2029, the people of "Aghardi" will issue forth from their caverns and appear on the surface of the earth.
The prophecy was attributed to the King of the World when he appeared before the lamas in 1890. The King had then predicted that there would be 50 years of strife and misery, 71 years of happiness under three great kingdoms, then an 18-year war, before the appearance of the Agarthians.9
An unprejudiced reader, finding in three chapters of Ossendowski's book a virtual outline of Saint-Yves' Agarttha, not omitting the most improbable details, would conclude that the author had capped an already good story with a convenient piece of plagiarism, altering the spellings so as to make his version, if challenged, seem informed from an independent source.
At first Ossendowski denied this indignantly. When he was introduced to the esotericist René Guénon (1886-1951), he said that if it were not for the evidence of the daily journal he had kept, and of certain objects he had brought back, he would have thought that he had dreamed parts of this story, adding: "I'd much prefer that!"10
Back in 1908, the young Guénon had taken part in automatic writing séances in which Agartthian matters had come up, though whether through the questioners or the channelled entity is now unclear.11
Now his interest was rekindled, and in 1925 he wrote about the striking parallels between Saint-Yves' Agarttha and the Agharti of Ossendowki, whose sincerity, according to Guénon, there was no reason to doubt.12
Two years later, Guénon took the matter into his own hands. In his most controversial book, Le Roi du Monde, he announced:
"Independently of the evidence offered by Ossendowski, we know from other sources that stories of this kind are widely current in Mongolia and throughout Central Asia, and we can add that there is something similar in the traditions of most peoples."13
Unfortunately Guénon does not support his claim to privileged access by telling us what these sources are, nor what degree of similitude is meant by "stories of this kind."
Near the end of Le Roi du Monde, Guénon faces the question of whether Agarttha really exists:
"Should its setting in a definite location now imply that this is literally so, or is it only a symbol, or is it both at the same time? The simple answer is that both geographical and historical facts possess a symbolic validity that in no way detracts from their being facts, but that actually, beyond the obvious reality, gives them a higher significance."14
So Guénon at the very least did not deny a geographical Agarttha. To his way of thinking, if one were found to exist beneath the surface of the earth, it would only corroborate the superior reality of the symbolic one.
Ossendowski's account was later investigated by Marco Pallis (1895-1985), the traveller, writer on Buddhism, and translator of Guénon, with the advantage of his own contacts with highly-placed Indians, Tibetans, and Mongolians.15 One of the latter, now very old, had been the head lama of a monastery at the time of Ossendowski's visit there.
He testified that the latter's stories of the King of the World and of Agarttha bore no relation to any authentic legend or doctrine whatsoever, and that Ossendowski's command of the Mongolian language had not been nearly sufficient to understand what he claimed to have heard.
Pallis's Hindu friends, similarly, disclaimed any Sanskrit source for Agarttha. The inevitable conclusion was that the credulous Guénon had been misled by Saint-Yves' fantasy, and that promoting belief in Agarttha in Le Roi du Monde had been a foolish mistake.
Ossendowski himself had back-pedalled in November 1924 when pressed to appear before a group of prominent intellectuals and scholars. He confessed to this hard-boiled audience that Beasts, Men and Gods was not "scientific" but "exclusively a literary work," and stated the same in a letter to the Royal Geographical Society.16
Never mind: once his best-seller had brought the Agarttha myth out of the esoteric closet, it began to enjoy a new lease on life.
Often confused or contrasted with Shambhala, the spiritual city of Tibetan Buddhism, it became a recurrent theme of popular occult writers.17
If we set aside Saint-Yves and Ossendowski, for reasons already explained, there remain only two independent witnesses to an Indian Agarttha tradition. Louis Jacolliot was led to place it in the past, as the ancient Brahmanic capital. For Hardjji Scharipf it was a living initiatic school with its own secret script.
Until a reputable scholar comes forward with data on the myth of Agarttha, and especially on the Vattanian alphabet,18 my working hypothesis is that these were part of a mythology belonging to a restricted and obscure Indian school, which has only surfaced to Western notice on these two occasions.
However, Saint-Yves wanted more than the tantalising taste that his Sanskrit teacher allowed him. He therefore decided to use his gift for astral travel to explore Agarttha further, and was rewarded by visions of an underground utopia and its Sovereign Pontiff, the spiritual Lord of the World. What is the source, and the ontological status, of such visions?
The Astral World and Delusions of Grandeur
There are, one gathers, definite places or complexes in the Astral World (also known as the "Inner Planes" of magic), which present to the clairvoyant visitor certain invariable features. But the incidental circumstances of such a place vary, according to the visitor's own cultural conditioning and expectations.
Some find themselves, for example, in what they believe to be the Alexandrian Library, or in Atlantis, i.e., a place of the past. To others, it seems current and contemporary, though preferably in an inaccessible location like the Himalayas.
The décor is a trivial matter, of course, in comparison to the philosophical truths to be discovered there, but the glamour of it sometimes overwhelms the traveller. Then his attention fixates on irrelevant details, and an inflated sense of self-importance may result.
Thus Saint-Yves, convinced that he has penetrated to the realm of the world's spiritual ruler, writes about four-eyed tortoises, two-tongued men, levitating yogis, and ends up addressing pompous letters to Queen, Emperor, and Pope.
I can accept that in some state of altered consciousness he saw what he claims to have seen. But like many who habitually indulge in altered states, he was not able to situate his visions, nor himself as witness to them, with the requisite philosophical detachment. The result is a classic case of the occupational hazard of occultists: misplaced concretism.
Yet there is a grandeur to this book. Its vivid and elegant prose lift it far above the tedious wordiness of visionary and channelled writing.
In sheer weirdness of imagination it rivals the fantasy fiction of H.P. Lovecraft or Jorge Luis Borges, while in deadpan seriousness and titanic self-confidence it compares to prophetic works like the Book of Ezekiel or the various Apocalypses. And it reminds us that the earth is a very strange place, with many unexplored corners, many enigmas, and many surprises in store for us surface-dwellers.
If you appreciate this article, please consider a contribution to help maintain this website.
By Joscelyn Godwin, NewDawnMagazine.com / Footnotes
1. Abbreviated from the author's Introduction to Saint-Yves d'Alveydre, The Kingdom of Agarttha: A Journey into the Hollow Earth, trans. Jon Graham, Rochester, Vt.: Inner Traditions International, 2008.
2. Saint-Yves d'Alveydre, Mission des Juifs (Paris: Calmann Lévy, 1884; reprinted Paris: Editions Traditionnelles, 1971, 2 vols.).
3. See especially Louis Jacolliot, Le Fils de Dieu (Paris: Lacroix, 1873), 263-266, quoted in Jean Saunier, Saint-Yves d'Alveydre, une Synarchie sans énigme (Paris: Dervy, 1981), 350-353.
4. Sorbonne, Ms. 1423, page 118 onwards. Some of this material would appear in the posthumously published work L'Archéomètre (Paris: Dorbon, 1911); English translation by Ariel Godwin as The Archeometer: Key to All the Religions and Sciences of Antiquity. Synthetic Reformation of All Contemporary Arts (n.p.: Sacred Science Institute, 2008).
5. Saint-Yves d'Alveydre, Clefs de l'Orient (Paris: Didier, 1877; reprinted Nice: Belisane, 1980).
6. Sorbonne, Ms. Carton 42, fragment G, pp. [7-8]. Erny was the author of Le Psychisme experimentale (Paris: Flammarion, 1895). His notes on conversations with Saint-Yves, dated August, 1896, are divided between the Sorbonne and the Bibliothèque Municipale de Lyon, Ms. 5493.
7. See Introduction by Jean Saunier to Saint-Yves d'Alveydre, Mission de l'Inde (Nice: Bélisane, 1981).
8. Ferdinand Ossendowski, Beasts, Men and Gods (New York: Dutton, 1922). The book was written in English, with assistance from Lewis Stanton Palen.
9. Beasts, Men and Gods, 413.
10. Quoted in Paul Chacornac, La Vie simple de René Guénon (Paris: Editions Traditionnelles, 1958), 77n.
11. See Robert Amadou, "L'Erreur spirite de René Guénon," in Sphinx (Beaugency), no. 3/4 (Autumn 1978), 21 unpaginated pages; no. 5 (Spring 1979), 45-60; no. 7/8 (Autumn/Winter 1979), 83.
12. René Guénon, "Le Roi du Monde," in Les Cahiers du Mois, 9/10: Les Appels de l'Orient (Paris: Emile Paul Frères, 1925), 210. This statement was modified in Guénon's Le Roi du Monde (Paris: Bosse, 1927); see next note.
13. René Guénon, The Lord of the World, trans. Anthony Cheke (Ellingstring: Coombe Springs Press, 1983), 2-3.
14. The Lord of the World, 66.
15. See Marco Pallis, "Ossendowski's Sources" in Studies in Comparative Religion, vol. 15, no. 1/2 (1983), 30-41.
16. See the anonymous review, "The Ossendowski Controversy," in The Geographical Journal, 65/3 (1925), 251-254, which reproduces Ossendowski's statements in French and English.
17. See my Arktos: The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival (Grand Rapids: Phanes Press/London: Thames & Hudson, 1993; reissued Kempton, IL: Adventures Unlimited Press, 1996), 79-104, and the references given there.
18. On Vattanian, see Mike Jay and Joscelyn Godwin, "Licked by the Mother Tongue," in Fortean Times, 97 (April, 1997).
©Copyright New Dawn Magazine, http://www.newdawnmagazine.com. If you appreciated this article, please consider a digital subscription to New Dawn.
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I haven't posted one of these in a while, but when I see a Las Vegas resort rate at $16 I change my mind. Expedia is having another 24-hour sale .
Save up to 50% (or more) on travel through the holiday season. This is great for those planning ahead, or even the spontaneous traveler. Just select a destination by price, distance, or star rating, then do a search. Whether you're looking to visit Aunt Beru in Milwaukee, hitting the mountains, or escaping to the beach, there's a bargain rate there for you.
Click here to see the sale at Expedia. .
Reminder: Don't forget it's Amazon.com's Countdown to Black Friday Deals Week , with huge discounts on select items throughout their store.


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Become a Member of Educabana's Learning Community
Published: Tuesday, 16 December 2014 15:11
The Educabana learning community is about to launch, and you have an opportunity to become a charter member. Here's a look at some of the benefits of joining:
You will be able to find qualified tutors. If your school district has not renewed the contracts of well-qualified teachers and closed tutoring centers in the school in favor of mass studyhalls, you might need a little extra help. Teachers, former teachers, college students, and those who are simply very proficient in the subject area can be qualified tutors.
It's not just academic tutoring. Educabana believes we could use a little help in many of our endeavors. Therefore, it's not just an academic tutoring site, but it's a way to find someone to help you sew that button on, hook up your computer to your living room television, or fix a leaking pipe. Sometimes you need to hire a qualified and insured professional, but sometimes you should hire a teacher so that you can learn how to do the task yourself.
We all want to be part of a learning community. You might love to write, and maybe you want to tutor others. However, why not join a group of fellow writers and meet or at least connect and share. Educabana provides an environment for people with similar interests and skills to teach each other when they arrange meetings.
Share files. Maybe you're not ready to tutor or get tutored. Educabana allows members to share files with each other, so you could always practice on your own or find a new lesson to use.
Freedom of choice. Educabana simply tries to get a teaching and learning community together, but it will be up to the user how to benefit from the service. You can try to save money by hiring qualified tutors for less or by learning along with a service provider. You can make more money than if you were hired by a tutoring agency. You can arrange to meet where it's convenient and safe. You can ask as many questions as you want before you meet. You can pay or get paid with cash, but you can also barter your own skills.
2014 Thasso Read In Videos
Published: Wednesday, 07 May 2014 13:57
Follow the links to folders that include the performances.
Videos Part I
Videos Part II
Junior Achievement Business Challengers
Published: Friday, 02 May 2014 13:45
Please congratulate the team of Jude Amarasinghe, Eric Brodish, and Jasdeep Kler for placing 6th in State Junior Achievement Business Challenge on May 1 held at Acuity Insurance in Sheboygan. The State competition consisted of the top 25 teams who qualified to compete at Regional competitions held across Wisconson in February, where Jude, Eric, and Jasdeep finished in 1st place. The team qualified for the championship round in the morning and earned their 6th place finish in the afternoon. This is the third time in six years that MFHS has sent a team to state, and the second time our team has made it to the championship. Well done, men!
Forensics at State
Three of our forensics team members competed at the State competition in Madison. Katelyn Ml earned gold in the Special Occasion category; Bhakti A earned silver in the Extemporaneous category; and Signe M earned bronze in Four Minute. Please congratulate these ladies on their great work if you see them.
MFHS FBLA Takes STATE Title!
Our own Future Business Leaders of America (FBLA) won the state competition held in
Appleton on April 6-7. This is the FIRST state championship for MFHS FBLA! A record number
of 33 students qualified for the National Competition in Nashville this summer by earning first,
second, or third place in their events. Last year, 12 students qualified for Nationals, which at
that time was a school record. This is an amazing accomplishment by this year's Nationals
qualifiers and all FBLA members who competed.
Students prepared over many months for their events. They attended nighttime study sessions
and worked diligently outside of class to prepare. Students prepared projects in advance of the
event and practiced their presentations with their peers and advisors. Many, many hours went
into their preparation.
Saurabh Jain, a Senior at MFHS and the FBLA Region 7 Vice President, completed his term as
state officer. He was recognized on stage for his contributions this past year. He completes his
FBLA tenure having qualified for National Competition three consecutive years, including this
FBLA is advised by Mrs. Burling and Mrs. Oliver.
Smoke Signals Website Provided Free
Thasso Read In 2014 In the Works
Weekly News Wrap Up
New Staff - Ms. Blochowiak
New Staff - Mr. Hill
New Staff - Ms. Dwyer
New Staff - Mr. Franzowiak
New Staff - Ms. Matter
New Staff - Ms. Schmidlin


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Our team extracts critical data from discovery documents. Hidden data within documents, also known as metadata, often leads to important discoveries capable of deciding a case. Our team of coders and reviewers, supported by project managers in our New York office, excels in timely delivery of high volume coding projects.


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Panther by Brecht Evens
By Nick on Monday, August 7, 2017
A lot of children's books are pretty creepy when you think about them. Many of them involve child abandonment or characters who seem whimsical on the surface, but reveal themselves to be agents of chaos. Think of The Cat in the Hat. He's funny, but also incredibly destructive and unsafe. The new graphic novel by Brecht Evens takes the unsettling nature of many children's books and turns that up a notch. But interestingly, he never tips it over into pure horror. Everything remains unnervingly ambiguous. It's a horror story told as a children's book.
Panther is about Christine who lives alone with her father. Her sickly cat, Lucy, has just been put to sleep. Into the midst of this childhood sorrow, held by a larger sorrow connected to her missing mother, steps the spotted form of Panther. Panther charms Christine and seems to be the answer to her loneliness. But from the outset, his predator's eyes and ever-changing visage let us know that things are far from okay. Then Christine's stuffed animal Bonzo goes missing, obviously connected to the appearance of Panther. Bonzo returns, but is it really Bonzo? And why doesn't he corroborate Panther's story? Events culminate in Christine's birthday party, where Panther invites a few more of his friends into Christine's world. Like the new Bonzo, none of them seem to know what is appropriate to say and do in front of a young girl.
The art here is really gorgeous. The color choices harken to the primaries of children's books, but they are often paired with murky blacks. The effect is art that is both vibrant and unsettlingly dark. The focus in Panther is much tighter than in Evens's previous books, so there is not as much breadth of setting and character. Yet in some ways, the character of Panther makes up for that by his constantly changing form. He is usually recognizably a cat, but the style shifts. Many times, the style echoes that of some children's book artist, but it also changes to match the mood of the dialogue. The changes are beautiful, but also unnerving. They make you feel early on that Panther is not a creature to be trusted. There is something dishonest about his very appearance. Then there's Panther's dialogue. The sickly green cursive shows both his desire to sound refined and the rotten, ingratiating nature of his speech. He is desperate to charm Christine. Whenever he says something that she doesn't like or that disturbs her, he changes his story immediately. And yet, we get the idea that he truly cares for Christine in his own way. The question is: what is his intention? But this begs another, deeper question. From whence does Panther come? Is he from inside Christine herself, or her version of a real person in her life, or is he a denizen of some fantastical world?
Panther shares a bit in common with Evens's earlier short story "Bad Friends" in Night Animals. That story also involves a young woman, though older and just entering puberty. It also involves a growing cast of fanciful characters who become increasingly bestial and lecherous. Yet Panther doesn't follow a clear trajectory. While things definitely get more and more out of hand, the character of Panther seems to want to try to keep control of events and protect Christine even though he is the one introducing the chaos into her life. Also, "Bad Friends" is more obvious about what happens to the main character. While Panther does show things, it still remains ambiguous.
This ambiguity means that Panther is less satisfying in terms of plot. The story opens up more possibilities than it answers. On the one hand, this lets the reader figure things out. Again, is Panther Christine's creation or the mask of an abuser? On the other hand, this ambiguity means there's less to hold onto. Yet the beauty of the art makes me want to pick up the book again and again and try to unlock its secrets. If they can be unlocked. What Evens has managed to do is create a tone that hovers between the creative joy of childhood imagination and the unfathomable terror of barely contained amorality. The fact that most the book walks that line without falling too heavily into either camp makes for a captivating, if completely unsettling, reading experience.
(written May 20, 2016)
brecht evens comics graphic novels panther
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The Year (and Decade) in Review
Tom Spurgeon, 1968-2019


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Today I spoke to a friend about our babies. She asked me if I had any doubts or fears about the delivery and a childcare as well.The answer is yes. Not really about myself, but more about the newborn.
Every new mommy is thinking about her baby, even when he or she is not her first one. It may sound evident but every baby is different. And need different amount of attention, different approach. And you never know the right one in advance. Unfortunately babies don't arrive with a "user manual" attached. You have to rely on yourself.
I have to admit that I am lucky: my almost-two yeas baby boy is very quiet and has no health problems. So I am relatively calm. But in my rare moments of panic I simply followed my instinct and the choice done was always the right one.
My most concern is about the future now. The times are changing so fast. Today is one thing and tomorrow there is a complete different thing. Will my baby find his own place? I really hope so!
Hi there. I am back. After a long time of being absent – here I am.
It was a busy period for me and I hope It is going to be better in time.


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James Michael Dolan
Nov. 10, 1946 - October 29, 2007
A loving, devoted father, James Michael Dolan, born November 10, 1946 as a 5th generation Stock tonian, passed the morning of Monday, October 29, 2007. Jim enjoyed a career in the Tool Rental Industry for over 40 years at AA Tool Rentals and United Rentals. He served as a Past President for the Builder's Exchange of Stockton and the Waterloo Athletic Club as well as being a member of the Waterloo Gun and Bocci Club. He is survived by his daughters, Darcy Dolan and Terra Snyder; son-in-law, Patrick Snyder; cousins, Bob and Patsy Dolliver, Bill and Marianne Gagen; nephews, David and Ryan Dolliver; loving former wife, Connie Wolters and devoted lifetime friend, Ken Ivers. Jim was known for his fun-loving Irish spirit that will truly be missed by us all.
Family and friends are invited to attend a Vigil Service at the DeYoung Memorial Chapel, 601 N. California St., Stockton, CA, Thursday, November 1, 2007 at 600 p.m. A Mass of Christian Burial will be celebrated, Friday, November 2, 2007 at St. Michael's Church, 5882 N. Ashley Ln., Stockton, CA. at 1000 a.m. There will be visitation at DeYoungs, Thursday, November 1, 2007, 900 a.m. to 700 p.m. Burial will be at the San Joaquin Cemetery, Stockton, CA. Online guest book at deyoungmemorialchapel.com