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APSEducationAPS Features
Viroids: New and Continuing Risks for Horticultural and Agricultural Crops
Rosemarie W. Hammond and Robert A. Owens
Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory
Plant Sciences Institute
Beltsville, MD 20705
(Corresponding author: Rosemarie Hammond hammondr@ba.ars.usda.gov)
Hammond, R. W. and Owens, R. A. 2006. Viroids: New and Continuing Risks for Horticultural and Agricultural Crops. Oniine. APSnet Features. doi: 10.1094/APSnetFeature-2006-1106
One of the most intriguing classes of plant pathogens are the viroids, subviral pathogens that have been isolated from higher plants afflicted with specific diseases. Viroid hosts include both herbaceous and woody species — agronomic as well as ornamental. Identification of viroid-infected plants can be accomplished by either symptomatology on indicator hosts, a classical method still used in many certification programs, or by molecular methods such as nucleic acid hybridization or polymerase chain reaction.
Several viroid-incited diseases are of considerable economic importance. For example, yield losses can be high in potatoes infected with Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) (Fig. 1), chrysanthemum infected with Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd), citrus infected with Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), coconut palms infected with Coconut cadang-cadang viroid (CCCVd), and avocado infected with Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd). Exclusion or eradication of infected materials is the most effective means of controlling viroid diseases, but routine diagnosis of viroid diseases based on symptom expression in their natural hosts is often difficult.
Fig. 1. Potato tubers derived from healthy (bottom) and PSTVd-infected (top) plants. Tuber symptoms include elongation and cracking.
Expression of commonly observed symptoms of viroid infection — stunting, leaf epinasty and distortion, fruit distortion and color break, stem and leaf necrosis, and even death of the whole plant — is often dependent upon environmental conditions. Also, many viruses can cause very similar symptoms. While viroids were initially identified by their association with specific diseases, we now know that not all viroid-infected plants exhibit obvious signs of disease. In some cases, a viroid may be latent in one host yet cause severe symptoms in another host. One example is Columnea latent viroid (CLVd), which was isolated from healthy-looking plants of the ornamental Columnea erythrophae but causes a disease similar to, but more severe than that caused by PSTVd in potato.
Recent outbreaks of diseases caused by viroids suggest that either current control measures are inadequate or that growers may be unaware of the risks that viroid infection pose to their crops. Viroids are also being detected in crop species where they were not previously known to occur. In some cases, these infections are latent, but in others, severe disease symptoms develop. These observations raise several intriguing questions: Why are viroid diseases recurring in certain crops where they were previously assumed to be under control? Are viroid infections more common than we know; if so, do they pose a serious threat to modern agriculture?
Our review of the literature attempts to address these questions. For more photographs of symptoms associated with specific viroid diseases, see Hadidi et al. (16) and the Disease Compendium Series of the American Phytopathological Society for specific crops (APS Press).
Molecular and Biological Features of Viroids
In the late 1960s to early 1970s, the causal agent of potato spindle tuber disease was found to be the first example of a novel class of pathogens — small, single-stranded, covalently-closed-circular RNA molecules that lack a protective protein capsid (Fig. 2). In 1971, Diener renamed the causal agent of spindle tuber disease Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) to emphasize both its similarities to and differences from conventional viruses (7). Viroid genomes range in size from 239-401 nucleotides and their hosts include both herbaceous and woody plants (Table 1). Unlike plant viruses, viroids apparently lack mRNA activity and, unlike satellite RNAs and DNAs, do not require a helper virus for replication or movement. There are currently 29 known viroid species that are grouped into two families, the Pospiviroidae (type member, PSTVd) and the Avsunviroidae (type member, ASBVd) based on sequence and structural homologies (Table 1). In general, members of the Avsunviroidae have a narrower host range than members of the Pospiviroidae. For a comprehensive description of the host range of viroids, see Hadidi et al. (16).
Fig. 2. Genomic sequence and proposed secondary structure of Potato spindle tuber viroid, a covalently-closed circular RNA molecule containing 359 nucleotides.
Table 1. Officially recognized viroid species (Eighth Report, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses).
Genusx Species Variantsy Length (nt) Natural host(s) Emerging hosts
Family Pospiviroidae
Pospiviroid Potato spindle tuber (PSTVd) 109 341-364 potato tomato, avocado
Chrysanthemum stunt (CSVd) 19 348-356 chrysanthemum
Citrus exocortis (CEVd) 86 366-475 citrus, tomato tomato
Columnea latent (CLVd) 17 359-456 Columnea, Brunfelsia, Nemathanthus tomato
Iresine (IrVd) 3 370 Iresine
Mexican papita (MPVd) 6 359-360 Solanum cardiophyllum
Tomato apical stunt (TASVd) 5 360-363 tomato tomato
Tomato chlorotic dwarf (TCDVd) 2 360 Uncertain
(tomato?)
Tomato planta macho (TPMVd) 2 360 tomato
Hostuviroid Hop stunt (HSVd) 144 294-303 citrus, grapevine, Prunus spp. hop, cucumber
Cocadviroid Coconut cadang-cadang (CCCVd) 8 246-301 coconut palm African oil palm, other monocots
Coconut tinangaja (CTiVd) 2 254 coconut palm
Citrus bark cracking (CBCVd) 6 284-286 citrus
Hop latent (HLVd) 10 255-256 hop
Apscaviroid Apple scar skin (ASSVd) 8 329-333 apple, pear
Apple dimple fruit (ADFVd) 2 306 apple
Apple fruit crinkle (AFCVd)z 29 368-372 apple
Australian grapevine (AGVd) 1 369 grapevine
Citrus bent leaf (CBLVd) 24 315-329 citrus
Citrus dwarfing (CDVd) 53 291-297 citrus
Grapevine yellow speckle 1 (GYSVd-1) 49 365-368 grapevine
Grapevine yellow speckle 2 (GYSVd-2) 1 363 grapevine
Pear blister canker (PBCVd) 18 314-316 pear, quince
Coleviroid Coleus blumei-1 (CbVd-1) 9 248-251 Coleus,
Mentha spp.
Coleus blumei-2 (CbVd-2) ? 295-301
Coleus blumei-3(CbVd-3) 3 361-364 Ocimum basilicum, Melissa officinalis
Family Avsunviroidae
Avsunviroid Avocado sun blotch (ASBVd) 83 239-251 avocado
Pelamoviroid Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle (CChMVd) 21 397-401 chrysanthemum
Peach latent mosaic (PLMVd) 168 335-351 peach, nectarine
Elaviroid Eggplant latent (ELVd) 9 332-335 eggplant
x Names of viroid genera are derived from those of the respective type species (listed first).
y Sequences available online from the Subviral RNA Database [http://subviral.med.uottawa.ca].
z Provisional species (not officially recognized).
Pospiviroids replicate in the nucleus and accumulate in the nucleolus, whereas avsunviroids have been shown to accumulate, and presumably replicate, in the chloroplast. Both employ a rolling-circle type of replication using different host DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Systemic infection of the host plant involves both movement from cell to cell through the plasmodesmata and long distance movement paralleling the transport of photosynthate. Research is currently underway to identify host/pathogen interactions that facilitate the movement of viroids in plants and that result in disease induction [reviewed by Diener, (9), Flores et al. (12) and Ding et al. (10)].
The Role of Mechanical Contact, Seed Transmission, and Biological Vectors in Viroid Spread
Field and greenhouse studies have demonstrated that viroids are easily transmissible by mechanical inoculation and efficiently spread by contact with contaminated pruning tools, farm implements, clothing, and human hands. Viroids can also be spread by graft transmission and foliar contact between neighboring plants.
Seed transmission has been demonstrated for many, but not all, viroids, and pollen-borne transmission is also known to occur in tomato (25). For potatoes, PSTVd may be introduced into a field by planting infected seed tubers or true potato seed. Reports of seed transmission of CSVd are contradictory, with Monsion et al. (28) presenting evidence for seed transmission, whereas Hollings and Stone (20) report that CSVd is not seed transmitted. Vertical transmission has been demonstrated for ASBVd in avocado (47) and PSTVd in tomato and pepino (2,20,42) but not Tomato planta macho viroid (TPMVd) in tomato (14).
Insect transmission was reported for TPMVd, where the aphid, Myzus persica was found to transmit the viroid from the wild host, Physalis foetens, to the experimental host, tomato. PSTVd can also be transmitted by insect vectors. De Bokx and Pirone (6) reported a low rate of transmission of PSTVd by the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae but not by Myzus persicae or Aulacorthum solani. However, Myzus persicae is able to efficiently transmit PSTVd from plants that are doubly-infected with PSTVd and potato leafroll luteovirus (PLRV) (36). PSTVd was subsequently shown to be heterologously encapsidated within particles of PLRV (34), a phenomenon that may have important implications for the epidemiology and spread of PSTVd under field conditions.
Fig. 3. Rutgers tomato plants infected with naturally occurring strains of Potato spindle tuber viroid exhibit mild to severe symptoms of stunting, epinasty, and leaf rugosity.
As stated earlier, viroids can be detected by biological indexing (bioassay) of the suspect plant materials on a range of indicator hosts. Indicator hosts express diagnostic symptoms when infected by specific pathogens (Fig. 3). For biological indexing to be successful, both the host range as well as the symptoms produced on that host by specific viroids must be known.
The next level of sophistication in viroid diagnosis depends on knowledge of their molecular properties. As viroids contain neither capsid nor nonstructural proteins, ELISA is not an option. Early molecular detection methods involved a combination of native and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that relies on the circular properties of the viroid RNA molecule to resolve it from other plant RNAs (41,43) (Fig. 4). These methods are still very useful for demonstrating the presence of new viroids in diseases of unknown etiology, but they are not as useful for the identification of specific viroids, as several viroids may have the same electrophoretic mobility.
Fig. 4. Detection of Potato spindle tuber viroid by return polyacrylamide electrophoresis. (A) first dimension (non-denaturing) and (B) second dimension (denaturing). C, L - circular and linear forms of the viroid molecule; H - host RNA; XC-xylene cyanol marker dye.
Owens and Diener (31) were the first to demonstrate the use of molecular hybridization for viroid detection (Fig. 5A). Although reliable for viroids of known sequence and very sensitive, this method cannot be relied upon to detect new viroids where sequence information is unavailable. Recently, a number of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocols have been developed for detection of different viroids (Fig 5B), including real-time RT-PCR (3). In many cases, PCR complements biological indexing; it is especially useful for identifying symptomless viroid carriers. For example, using pospiviroid primers based on conserved and viroid-specific sequences, Verhoeven et al. (46) identified several viroids in natural infections of tomato — two of which had not been previously reported in this crop. Although rapid and very sensitive, RT-PCR methods rely upon sequence knowledge, are sensitive to single mutations (and therefore may not detect all strains), and are expensive. The future of viroid detection may be the utilization of DNA microarrays that can simultaneously detect and identify multiple plant pathogens based on oligonucleotides representing known target sequences (15).
Fig. 5. Viroid detection by dot blot hybridization using a non-radioactive nucleic acid probe and nylon filters spotted with total nucleic acids extracted from leaf tissue (A), or RT-PCR using two sets of viroid-specific oligonucleotide primers followed by analysis of RT-PCR products (designated by arrows) using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (B).
Control of Viroid Diseases
As mentioned in the Introduction, the most effective means for control of viroid diseases is exclusion or eradication of infected materials. Phytosanitary regulations and policies established by individual countries or organizations are designed to prevent the entry and spread of pests, and the diagnostic methods just described are invaluable tools that aid in identification of viroid-infected plants. Some infected material is simply too valuable to be discarded, however. Viroids infecting fruit trees can be eliminated by thermotherapy and meristem culture, thereby providing a source of viroid-free propagation material [for example, ASSVd in apple (21)]. Viroid-free chrysanthemum plants have also been obtained by meristem-tip culture after heat treatment (19). Alternatively, cold treatment has also been used for elimination of ASSVd from infected pear plants (32). Control measures based on biotechnology, including creation of viroid-resistant plants using transgenic technology, are currently being developed but are not yet employed in the field (38,40).
Appearance and Reappearance of Viroid Infections in Specific Crops
Routine indexing of diagnostic samples has revealed that several viroids are more widely distributed than previously thought. There are lessons to be learned from both the discovery of novel viroids and the rediscovery of known viroids in new crop plants that can help prevent the outbreak of new infections.
Herbaceous ornamentals: The importance of symptomless reservoirs. Columnea latent viroid was discovered by John Randles and T.O. Diener during a search for alternate, herbaceous hosts of Coconut cadang cadang viroid (CCCVd). CCCVd was mechanically inoculated onto ornamental plants obtained from a commercial nursery, and nucleic acid extracts from the inoculated leaves were then mechanically inoculated onto leaves of Rutgers tomato plants. Quite unexpectedly, symptoms similar to, but less severe than, those produced by a severe strain of PSTVd, were observed on tomatoes inoculated with extracts prepared from apparently healthy Columnea erythrophae control plants. Symptoms in potato were also typical of those incited by PSTVd.
This new viroid was designated Columnea latent viroid, and its nucleotide sequence exhibits similarities to several members of the pospiviroid group (17). C. erythrophae is an epiphyte from Central America, and although no viroids could be isolated from over one hundred samples of Columnea spp. collected in Costa Rica, sampling of selected cultivars obtained from European nurseries did reveal the presence of a CLVd-related RNA. The origin of CLVd remains unknown, but its discovery represents the first case where an apparently healthy ornamental species was shown to harbor a viroid capable of causing disease in an agricultural crop.
Fig. 6. Coleus blumei sown from seed contains a mixture of uninfected plants and plants infected with CbVd. Plants containing CbVd are symptomless carriers of the pathogen.
Several years later, Fonseca et al. (13) discovered another new viroid in field-grown yellow Coleus in Brazil. Subsequent studies have shown that Coleus blumei viroid (CbVd) is widely distributed throughout the world and often symptomless (Fig. 6). There are at least three different species of CbVd, and RNA recombination appears to play an important role in generating sequence diversity. Fortunately, the host range of CbVd appears to be rather restricted and does not include any major crop species.
A third viroid, Eggplant latent viroid (ELVd), was discovered by Fagoaga et al. (11) during a survey of viroid and viroid-like RNAs in vegetable crops grown in eastern Spain. This avsunviroid which was initially identified in symptomless plants of the eggplant cultivar 'Sonja' was shown to be mechanically transmissible to other cultivars by razor blade slashing. Efforts to transmit ELVd to tomato, cucumber, chrysanthemum, and citron were unsuccessful.
Most recently, a survey of ornamental plants by Bostan et al. (5) revealed the frequent presence of CEVd in Impatiens spp. and CSVd in Verbena and Vinca spp., indicating widespread contamination of ornamentals with pospiviroids of agronomic importance. Similar to the situations described above, infected plants were symptomless and, thus, may serve as potential pospiviroid reservoirs. Ornamentals may also serve as a means of introduction of viroids to other greenhouse crops such as tomato, for it is not uncommon for transplants to be raised in the same glasshouse as ornamentals (see below).
Woody perennials: A possible ancient origin for certain viroid diseases and the dangers associated with germplasm exchange.
Pome and stone fruits. Pome and stone fruits, widely grown in temperate climates around the world, are susceptible to a number of viroid diseases. Several of the viroids involved belong to the genus Apscaviroid (see Table 1). Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd), type member of this genus, is widespread in apples grown in East Asia but rare in North America and Europe. ASSVd infection of pear is also widespread in China and Greece; in Greece, high rates of infection have been reported for wild pear that is widely used as rootstock.
Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) are not Apscaviroids, but these two viroids also threaten fruit production. Very common in peach and nectarine, PLMVd has also been isolated from a variety of other Prunus spp. HSVd causes serious dapple fruit diseases in both plum and peach; symptomless hosts include apricot and almond. A large number of HSVd sequence variants have been described (see Table 1), and phylogenetic analysis suggests that these variants can be divided into several clusters depending on the original host species (24,39). Based on this information, Sano et al. (39) have proposed that hop stunt disease, which is only found in Japan, originated sometime in the early 20th century following a chance transfer of HSVd from grapevine to hop.
Molecular methods (dot blot hybridization or RT-PCR) have been developed to detect most of the viroids that infect pome and stone fruits, and quarantine regulations in most countries require that imported germplasm be tested for their presence. Also, many of these viroids can be successfully eliminated by a combination of thermotherapy and shoot tip grafting/meristem culture. These control efforts are complicated by several factors; among the most important are (i) an absence of conspicuous symptoms or their restriction to a single tissue (e.g., the fruit) and (ii) the prevalence of grafting and other sorts of cutting and pruning operations. In Japan, top-working has been implicated in the spread of Apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd).
Citrus and grapevine. Rather than consequences of 20th century agricultural technology, certain viroid diseases (and especially those affecting citrus) may actually be quite ancient in origin. As discussed by Bar-Joseph (1), grapevines and fruit trees are known to contain a variety of different viroids and have been cultivated in the Middle East and Asia for millennia. Citrus, in contrast, is believed to have been introduced from the Himalayas at a much later date. Grapevines harbor several of the same viroids currently found in citrus (i.e., CEVd, HSVd, and several apscaviroids), but these viroids are not seed transmitted in citrus. Because citrus was almost certainly transported to the Middle East as seed, viroid infection probably occurred after arrival and planting next to infected (but symptomless) grapevines. Archaeological evidence supporting this scenario has been summarized by Bar-Joseph (1). According to Bar-Joseph, certain Jewish farming practices ('Rules of Conduct' that prohibit the close cultivation of non-related annual crops in vineyards and apparently designed to enforce grapevine monoculture) may also have acted as phytosanitary measures to prevent the outbreak of diseases spread by cultivation tools, contact, and heterologous grafting.
In the 1930s and 1940s, the Australian citrus industry was decimated by Phytophthora root rot affecting trees grafted on sweet orange or rough lemon root stocks. The only resistant rootstock then available was trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliate (L.) Raf.], but some cultivars on this rootstock were dwarfed and unthrifty, with obvious bark scaling near the graft union. Also known as "exocortis" in the U.S., these bark scaling symptoms signal the presence of CEVd in the latently infected scion. A similar situation has arisen more recently in Florida where the arrival of brown citrus aphid from the Caribbean has necessitated the replacement of sour orange (a widely used and viroid-tolerant rootstock) with trifoliate orange and trifoliate hybrids (resistant to Citrus tristeza virus 'quick decline', but sensitive to viroid infection). Although viroids cause several different diseases in citrus [e.g., cachexia and xyloporosis (HSVd) in addition to exocortis (CEVd)], it is important to note that viroid infection can also be beneficial to citrus production. For example, both CEVd and Citrus dwarfing viroid (formerly known as Citrus viroid IIII) have been used to dwarf citrus, thereby allowing a predictable degree of tree size control and the use of higher planting densities [reviewed by Hutton et al. (23)].
Coconut and oil palm. The lethal effect of Coconut cadang-cadang viroid (CCCVd) and Coconut tinangaja viroid (CTiVd) on coconut palms growing in the Philippines and Guam has long been recognized, but the distribution of these two viroids was considered to be restricted to their respective geographic regions. A series of studies carried out by John Randles and colleagues and dating back to the early 1980s now indicates that infection by CCCVd-related viroids may be much more widespread than previously believed [reviewed by Hanold and Randles (18)]. In particular, the well-known orange leaf spotting disorder of oil palm now appears to be infectious rather than 'genetic' in nature.
Hybridization analyses carried out under low stringency conditions have demonstrated the presence of a number of small CCCVd-related RNAs in both palm and other monocot species. In oil palm, the presence of these RNAs is strongly correlated with the presence of 'genetic orange spotting' symptoms. The high incidence of CCCVd-related RNAs in the Thailand-Malaysia-West Indonesia area is of particular concern, because this is the region from which many of the dwarf lines used for breeding originate. Movement of coconut germplasm by breeders is extensive and, in the absence of conclusive evidence for their infectivity, quarantine measures based on the presence of these CCCVd-related RNAs remains controversial.
Tomato: Have modern agricultural practices accidentally created a "viroid sink"? Although tomato is a widely used experimental host for pospiviroids [see Table 15.1 in (45)], only three of these viroids [i.e., Indian Tomato bunch top viroid (a strain of CEVd), Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd), and TPMVd] have been isolated from field-grown tomatoes. Three others [i.e., Mexican papita viroid (MPVd), Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd), and CLVd] were detected in plants growing in commercial greenhouses. As described above, PSTVd has also been isolated from greenhouse-grown tomatoes on several occasions, and it is possible that the uncharacterized agent responsible for outbreaks of "tomato bunchy top disease" in South Africa more than 50 years ago may have been a severe strain of PSTVd.
In the Netherlands, the inoculum source for a late 1980s outbreak of PSTVd in greenhouse-grown tomatoes is thought to have been infected pepino seed imported from New Zealand and Greece (33). Similarly, TCDVd was originally detected in Canada in tomatoes grown from seed imported from the Netherlands via the US (44). A common thread connecting these outbreaks is the ability of each of these viroids to cause disease in at least one important crop species (tomato) while all but TCDVd are known to have at least one asymptomatic host. Seed transmissibility also appears to be an important factor.
Potato: The need for continued vigilance. PSTVd is classified as both an European Union Annex 1/A1 and an European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) A2 quarantine organism (30). This means that seed potatoes must be certified as free of PSTVd before export, thereby requiring rigorous testing of plant material. Because of this certification requirement, PSTVd has virtually been eliminated from potato production areas in the USA, Canada, and Australia because it is no longer introduced into the field each growing season via contaminated seed potato. If it were to be re-introduced, however, spread could be rapid.
PSTVd is readily transmitted mechanically as well as through botanical seed and pollen of tomato and potato. Bonde and Merriam (4) found that contaminated cutting knives used for tuber propagation resulted in the highest percentages of infection. Merriam and Bonde (27) reported 80 to 100% field transmission of PSTVd to healthy potato plants when tractor wheels became contaminated with infectious sap due to bruising of diseased potato plants. Similarly, Manzer and Merriam (26) found nearly 100% field transmission of PSTVd to healthy potato plants when tractor wheels became contaminated with infectious sap due to bruising of diseased potato plants. Similarly, Manzer and Merriam (25) found nearly 100% transmission with cultivating and hilling equipment, where large plants were present, and very little transmission when the plants were smaller and when cultivation was performed earlier in the season.
Although the primary natural host of PSTVd is potato, this viroid also naturally infects a variety of other Solanum spp. Its experimental host range also includes a wide range of species from other families including sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). In Peru, PSTVd has been detected in avocado (Persea americana), where infections are often latent unless the tree is co-infected with ASBVd (35). More recently, PSTVd has been reported to be associated with a new disease of glasshouse tomato and Capsicum crops in New Zealand (Crop & Food Research, Number 139). Interestingly, potatoes growing nearby appear to have been uninfected. A similar outbreak of PSTVd was reported in a tomato production nursery in the south-east of England (29). The origin of these infections is currently under investigation.
Conclusions and Perspectives
The origin of viroids is unknown (8), but man has clearly played a central role in creating and perpetuating the diseases they cause. When compared to diseases known to be caused by viruses, many viroid diseases appear to be relatively recent in origin — potato spindle tuber disease was first reported in 1922, chrysanthemum stunt disease in 1947, and cucumber pale fruit in 1974. The prevalence of latent infections provides one explanation for the comparatively recent discovery of viroids; i.e., wild plants or symptomless carriers act as reservoirs, and it is only the rare chance transfer to susceptible cultivated plants (e.g., potato, tomato) that results in disease. The modern emphasis on monoculture of genetically identical crops, commercial propagation, and worldwide distribution of improved varieties increases the likelihood that a chance infection will lead to the development of a disease epidemic and the attendant crop losses. As suggested by archeological evidence for the transfer of viroids from grapevine into citrus nearly two thousand years ago (1), however, very little under the sun turns out to be really new.
Molecular detection methods have clearly improved our ability to detect and eliminate viroid-infected plants, yet new disease outbreaks continue to be reported. Questions which arise and need to be addressed if new outbreaks are to prevented include: Have there been certain changes in agricultural/greenhouse practices (e.g., growing multiple crops that may be symptomless carriers next to susceptible crops) that can explain the appearance of new infections? Should these practices be modified to avoid chance infections of cultivated crops?
Bar-Joseph (1) suggests that for woody perennials, old vegetatively-propagated crops should be located and evaluated as possible symptomless carriers and sources of viroids capable of causing disease in newly planted cultivars. In addition, deliberate evaluation of known viroids in combination with different rootstocks would also be valuable as changing rootstocks is often the growers response to other (fungal, viral) disease pressures. Roguing of these plants would prevent reintroduction of viroid infections. In the absence of either conventional genetic resistance to viroid infection or commercially available engineered resistant cultivars, the best means for control of viroid diseases is grower vigilance, the use of stringent hygiene procedures, and monitoring the crop for unusual symptoms.
We thank J. Th. J. Verhoeven for sharing information and insights on seed transmission of viroids and the incidence of viroid infections in tomato crops. We also thank John Hammond and Ed Dougherty for critical reading of the manuscript.
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Subviral RNAs:
penelope.med.usherb.ca/subviral
ICTVdB Index of Viruses:
www.danforthcenter.org/iltab/ictvnet/asp/iVirusIndex.asp
Protocol for diagnosis of a quarantine organism PSTVd:
www.csl.gov.uk/science/organ/ph/diagpro
Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory:
www.ars.usda.gov/Main/site_main.htm?modecode=12-75-25-00
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22. Hunter, D. E., Darling, H. M., and Beale, W. L. 1969. Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber virus. Am. Potato J. 46:247-250.
23. Hutton, R. J., Braodbent, P., and Bevngton, K. B. 2000. Viroid dwarfing for high density citrus plantings. Hort. Rev. 24:277-317.
24. Kofalvi, S. A., Marcos, J. F., Canizares, M. C., Pallas, V., and Candressse, T. 1997. Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) sequence variants from Prunus species: evidence for recombination between HSVd isolates. J. Gen. Virol. 78:3177-3186.
25. Kryczynski, S., Paduch-Cichal, E., and Skzeczkowski, L. J. 1988. Transmission of three viroids through seed and pollen of tomato plants. J. Phytopathol. 121:51-57.
26. Manzer, F. E., and Merriam, D. 1961. Field transmission of potato spindle tuber virus and virus X by cultivating and hilling equipment. Am. Potato J. 38:346-352.
27. Merriam, D., and Bonde, R. 1954. Dissemination of spindle tuber by contaminated tractor wheels and by foliage contact with diseased plants. Phytopathology 44:111.
28. Monsion, M., Bachelier, J.-C., and Dunez, J. 1973. Quelques propriétés d'un viroїde: le rabougrissement du chrysanthème. Ann. Phytopathol. 5:467-469.
29. Mumford, R. A., Jarvis, B., and Skelton, A. 2004. The first report of Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) in the UK. Plant Path. 53:242.
30. OEPP/EPPO. 1978. Data sheets on quarantine organisms. No. 97. Potato spindle tuber viroid. OEPP/EPPO Bull. 8:2.
31. Owens, R. A., and Diener, T. O. 1981 Sensitive and rapid diagnosis of potato spindle tuber viroid disease by nucleic acid hybridization. Science 213:670-672.
32. Postman, J. D., and Hadidi, A. 1995. Elimination of apple scar skin viroid from pears by in vitro thermo-therapy and apical meristem culture. Acta Hortic. 386:536-543.
33. Puchta, H., Herold, T., Verhoeven, K., Roenhorst, A., Ramm, K., Schmidt-Puchta, W., and Sanger, H. L. 1990. A new strain of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd-N) exhibits major sequences differences as compared to all other PSTVd strains sequenced so far. Plant Mol. Biol. 15:509-511.
34. Querci, M., Owens, R. A., Bartolini, I., Lazarte, V., and Salazar, L. F. 1997. Evidence for heterologous encapsidation of potato spindle tuber viroid by potato leafroll virus. J. Gen. Virol. 78:1207-1211.
35. Querci, M., Owens, R. A., Vargas, C., and Salazar, L. F. 1995. Detection of potato spindle tuber viroid in avocado growing in Peru. Plant Dis. 79:196-202.
36. Salazar, L. F., Querci, M., Bartolini, I., and Lazarte, V. 1995. Aphid transmission of potato spindle tuber viroid assisted by potato leafroll virus. Fitopathologia 30:50-58.
37. Sano, T. 2003. Hop stunt viroid. Pages 207-212 in: Viroids. A. Hadidi, R. Flores, J. W. Randles, and J. S. Semancik, eds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
38. Sano, T., Nagayama, A., Ogawa, T., Ishia, I., and Okada, Y. 1997. Transgenic potato expressing a double-stranded RNA-specific ribonuclease is resistant to potato spindle tuber viroid. Nature Biotech. 15:1290-1294.
39. Sano, T., Mimura, R., and Ohshima, K. 2000. Phylogenetic analysis of hop stunt viroid supports a grapevine origin for hop stunt disease. Virus Genes 22:53-59.
40. Sano, T., Hammond, R. W., and Owens, R. A. 2003. Biotechnological approaches for controlling viroid diseases. Pages 343-349 in: Viroids. A. Hadidi, R. Flores, J. W. Randles, and J. S.Semancik, eds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
41. Schumacher, J., Meyer, N., Riesner, D., and Weideman, H. L. 1986. Diagnostic procedure for detection of viroids and viruses with circular RNAs by 'return'-gel electrophoresis. J. Phytopathol. 115:332-343.
42. Singh, R. P. 1970. Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber virus in tomato and potato. Am. Potato J. 47:225-227.
43. Singh, R. P., and Boucher, A. 1987. Electrophoretic separation of a severe from mild strains of potato spindle tuber viroid. Phytopathology 77:1588-1591.
44. Singh, R. P., Nie, X., and Singh, M. 1999. Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid: an evolutionary link in the origin of pospiviroids. J. Gen. Virol. 80:2823-2328.
45. Singh, R. P., Ready, K. F. M., and Nie, S. 2003. Viroids of solanaceous species. Pages 125-136 in: Viroids. A. Hadidi, R. Flores, J. W. Randles, and J. S. Semancik, eds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
46. Verhoeven, J. Th. J., Jansen, C. C. C., Willemen, T. M., Kox, L. F. F., Owens, R. A., and Roenhorst, J. W. 2004. Natural infections of tomato by Citrus exorcortis viroid, Columnea latent viroid, Potato spindle tuber viroid and Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid. Eur. J. Plant Path. 110:823-831.
47. Whitesell, R. 1952. Sunblotch disease of avocado. Calif. Avocado Soc. Yearbook 37:216.


HeartPup is seeking $25,000 for 10% equity in her company. Anastasia, the founder, says her dog carrier is functional, fashionable, and comfortable, made out of an Italian cashmere wool blend.
HeartPup holds your dog, phone, wallet and keys.
She carries her phone, wallet, keys, and features a clip to go on the puppy's collar; you won't have to worry if you have a jumper.
Anastasia used the HeartPup to take her pup to Law school classes. Her patent laws changed during the month of her pitch and said she needed to post it online, and they apply.
She started selling almost a year before her Shark Tank pitch, and she sells the Heartpup for $138 each. Her cost to produce is $16, and she sold $135,000. She wants to make a lot of money, but she wants a strategic partner. She wants the Sharks to be one of her buttons to contact when she needs them.
Anastasia is making the HeartPup, and she wants to get a factory to manufacture them for her with the money.
Deal: Daymond John $50,000 for 40% equity.
Mark Cuban thinks that this could be a great business with huge margins. He is not a great partner as a "button" for someone to contact so; he goes out.
Kevin O'Leary tells Anastasia he will give her the $25,000 for 25%, but the dog bites it. He hates Rat Terriers; he is out.
Lori Greiner likes that she's a lot in a short period, but it is to easy to replicate quickly. It is niche, and she prefers a broad appeal. She is out.
Robert Herjavec does not feel he is the right partner for her. He is out.
HeartPup is selling their carriers online, and they did complete the deal with Daymond John.


286 E 2000 N is a $399,900, 2,734 square foot, 4 bedroom, 3.0 bath home on a 0.21 acre lot located in Orem, UT.
Completely remodeled home from top to bottom in 2017. Large, spacious kitchen. 4 large bedrooms. Bedroom in the basement is HUGE. Everything including appliances, carpet, laminate flooring is still practically brand new. Laundry chute... yes a LAUNDRY CHUTE! Good size backyard with mature trees and BEAUTIFUL views of Mt. Timpanogos. Large RV pad. Come check out this awesome family home!
I am interested in 286 E 2000 N, Orem, UT 84057.


With the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the UK Data Protection Act 2018 coming into force on May 25th 2018, the BBA has updated its data privacy notice.
The GDPR gives data subjects a right to be informed, and this privacy notice will continue to be updated as required with the latest version always available to read here on the website. If there is a substantial change in the future, however, we will do our best to inform you of the details.
As always, the BBA remains committed to the protection of personal data and commercial information. If you have any queries about the data privacy notice, please email dataprotection@bbacerts.co.uk.
The British Board of Agrément (BBA or We) is committed to protecting and respecting your privacy. The BBA is a company limited by guarantee, registered in England under company number 878293. The BBA's registered office is Bucknalls Lane, Garston, Watford, Hertfordshire, WD25 9BA.
For the purpose of Data Protection legislation, the data controller is BBA.
It is necessary for to provide the personal data we need to be able to respond to any enquiry you send to us, or to prepare or fulfil a contract with you. If the personal data are not provided, we may be unable to respond to you or provide the services you are requesting.
If you are applying for a job at BBA, the information you provide may include more extensive personal data. There is an appendix to this document describing the processing of personal data for job applicants here. The data privacy notice for employees is a separate document, and is available to all BBA staff.
Information we collect about you when you use the Website.
technical information, including the Internet protocol (IP) address used to connect your computer to the Internet, your login information, browser type and version, time zone setting, browser plug-in types and versions, operating system and platform; information about your visit, including the full Uniform Resource Locators (URL) clickstream to, through and from our site (including date and time); products you viewed or searched for; page response times, download errors, length of visits to certain pages, page interaction information (such as scrolling, clicks, and mouse-overs), and methods used to browse away from the page and any phone number used to call our client services number.
We may receive information about you if you use any of the other websites we operate or any other services we provide. We may also receive information about you if you are the customer of a BBA client (for example, a customer of one of our approved installers for whom we carry out site inspections as part of ongoing approval). We may also receive personal data as part of complaints or reports from third parties. We may receive contact information from third parties for marketing purposes; these data will only be used or processed if doing so is compliant with the Data Protection Legislation.
Information is processed according to data protection legislation.
to respond to enquiries submitted on the Website1; to carry out our obligations arising from any intended or active contracts entered into between you and us and to provide you with the information or services that you request from us2; to carry out processing relating to complaints, appeals and whistleblowing1; to carry out processing for recruitment1; to provide you with information about other services we offer that are similar to those that you have already enquired about1; to send you our newsletter (if you have subscribed to this) 3; to notify you about changes to our service1; to ensure that content from the Website is presented in the most effective manner for you and for your computer1.
If you are the customer of a BBA client, we may use the information to monitor client installations, and/or to carry out site inspections. If you are applying for a job at BBA, we may receive personal data about you from third parties such as educational establishments, previous employers or references. The lawful basis of this processing is legitimate interests.
to administer the Website and for internal operations, including troubleshooting, data analysis, testing, research, statistical and survey purposes; to improve the Website to ensure that content is presented in the most effective manner for you and for your computer; as part of our efforts to keep the Website safe and secure.
1 – legitimate interests – to carry out the necessary processing to answer enquiries, to maintain the effectiveness of the website, and to carry out business, marketing and recruitment activities.
business partners (such as the owners of schemes we operate, e.g. Federation of Master Builders, TrustMark) other companies within the British Board of Agrément group (currently BBA Consultancy, Investigation and Training and BBA (EU) Certification Ltd) suppliers regulatory authorities who may require access to documents containing personal data as part of their supervisory activities (e.g. United Kingdom Accreditation Service, Information Commissioner's Office) and other external auditors (e.g. Achilles, Hillier Hopkins) subcontractors and other third parties for the performance of any contract we enter into with you (this could include occasions where inspections are sub-contracted) analytics and search engine providers that assist us in the improvement and optimisation of the Website.
We may disclose your personal information to third parties to obtain legal advice or if we are under a duty to disclose or share your personal data in order to comply with any legal obligation.
We will not disclose your personal information to third parties other than as set out in this clause without your prior written consent.
All information you provide to us is stored on our secure servers. Any online payment transactions will be encrypted using SSL technology. Where we have given you (or where you have chosen) a password which enables you to access certain parts of the Website, you are responsible for keeping this password confidential. We ask you not to share a password with anyone.
Contact details provided as part of the preparation or fulfilment of a contract (for example, for product approval, inspection or testing): documents containing personal data, such as correspondence, will be retained on the job files while the approval or equivalent remains valid, and for as long after that as information may need to be available for commercial or auditing reasons. This is required as audits often require the ability to go back through the history of an approval, inspection or test. Job files will not, however, be used as the primary source of contact details. Contact details are also retained for the length of an approval or certificate in order to provide contacts with correspondence relevant to our service with them, such as policy or service changes.
Contact details used for newsletter distribution, marketing or other updates: these are retained until a request is made for erasure or rectification, or until BBA is made aware that they are invalid.
Personal data from job applications: personal data from unsuccessful job applications (e.g. CVs, interview notes) will be retained for twelve months after they are received by BBA, unless otherwise agreed between BBA and the applicant. Personal data from successful job applications are transferred to Personnel Files.
For the avoidance of doubt, where there is a legal requirement to retain personal data, this will be complied with, taking precedence over any BBA retention policy.
The Data Protection legislation gives you a number of rights concerning the personal data we hold about you.
You have the right to access personal data held about you. To submit a request to access personal data, please click here. You can send the completed form to dataprotection@bbacerts.co.uk. BBA will acknowledge your response shortly after it is received, and we will let you know whether there is any further information we need. We aim to respond to your request as soon as possible, and in any case within one month.
In some situations, you have the right to request that personal data we hold about you is rectified (corrected if it is inaccurate) or erased (deleted). You also have the right to request that your personal data is only used for some elements of processing, and you have the right to object to the processing of your personal data for one or more purposes. If you wish to make any of these requests, please complete the Data Subject Request Form or email dataprotection@bbacerts.co.uk.
If BBA is processing personal data on the basis of consent, you have the right to withdraw consent at any time. This does not affect processing already carried out on the basis of previous consent. BBA will try to make this easy for you in cases where we rely on consent as the basis for processing, such as including an 'unsubscribe' link on emails. Alternatively, please email dataprotection@bbacerts.co.uk with your request.


"In Mitch Albom's epic new novel, the voice of Music narrates the tale of Frankie Presto, a Spanish war orphan raised by a blind music teacher. At nine years old, Frankie is sent to America in the bottom of a boat, with an old guitar and six magical strings.
But Frankie's talent is touched by the gods, and it weaves him through the musical landscape of the twentieth century, from classical to jazz to rock and roll. Along the way, Frankie translates for Django Reinhardt, backs up Elvis Presley, even counsels Hank Williams.
The worst thing about our book club is that we can never keep the conversation going, all those awkward silences… Bhahahaha!!!
The discussion tonight was 'spirited'. Surprisingly we all enjoyed reading this book. One of us even thought it rated in the top 5 books she's read but for the rest it was simply a captivating story with wonderful musical references that was easy to read. Add to that it has its own playlist!
There were some differences of opinion on 'Music' the narrator. A few enjoyed the narration and others found Him(or Her?) a tad annoying. The telling of Frankie's story through interviews of musical legends on the church step before Frankie's funeral was wonderful. Loved that!!
As is often the case the book is usually a jumping off point to a discussion of many other things. Tonight it was the Jian Ghomeshi trial, old loves that slip in and out of our lives (Frankie and Aurora style), the evils of menopause, and surprisingly on topic – the role of music in each of our lives.
It was a wonderful evening even if we did keep our host up well past her bedtime. – barely got out the door befor the lights went out!


Awesome seed! I've been looking for a mesa biome seed since mesa biomes are pretty uncommon! My house is in the side of one of the mountains!
Don't be fooled by the idea the mesa. The mesa is cool, but the extreme hills (VERY EXTREME) right next to the village are even cooler. Check out X:850 / Z:150. IT'S WORTH IT.


If you are new to the online business world, you may be wondering what Internet Affiliate Marketing is and how you can make it work.
This type of Marketing has been around since the advent of the internet as we know it today.
you find and sell a product that someone else has developed, and then earn a commission for it.
There are different types of affiliate marketing programs and there are websites where you can see them all.
will be given to help you sell them online, as well as how much commission you will make for each product that you sell.
it is all up to the company or developer of the product.
Products can be anything you can think of, from training programs to products that you use every day in the home or in business.
The best way to make Internet Affiliate Marketing work for you is to develop networks.
how such products will improve their lives.
You do this by creating an opt-in page (like this one) on a website that is provided to you when you sign up to sell the product.
Your emails to your list must have a convincing and clear marketing message, if you want them to buy from you.
Creating networks takes time in Internet Affiliate Marketing programs so don't expect to become a millionaire overnight.
That said, if you are consistent and patient and you use the proper marketing techniques, there is no reason why you shouldn't pull in a 6 figure income eventually.
I personally know many people that have done it. It's also a great thing to have and maintain an impeccable website that has the kind of information that helps users make buying decisions.


text:
https://www.gameinformer.com/games/saints_row_iv/b/pc/archive/2013/08/16/new-saints-row-iv-developer-diary-focuses-on-characters.aspx
Saints Row IV
New Saints Row IV Developer Diary Focuses On Characters
by Kyle Hilliard on Aug 16, 2013 at 06:08 AM
Publisher: Deep Silver
Developer: Deep Silver
Release: August 20, 2013
Platform: PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, PC
The latest developer diary for Saints Row IV covers the characters and their respective voice actors.
The video speaks with Troy Baker, who is quickly becoming the new Nolan North (or the other Nolan North) of video game voice actors, Daniel Dae Kim, perhaps best known from LOST, Terry Crews, and Steve Jaros, creative director from Volition.
For more on Saints Row IV, check out the previous developer diary (and infographic), second developer diary, and our review for the game. Saints Row IV is coming to PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and PC on August 20.
PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, PC

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Performance reviews, whether quarterly, bi-annually or annually, can be intimidating.
But, with the right preparation, they don't have to be.
I found these tips to be extremely helpful when preparing for performance reviews and couldn't help but share.
When getting ready for your next review or feedback meeting, follow the five steps below.
Kudos from team members or account managers.
Professional development accomplishments (i.e. books, webinars, local networking events).
Agency involvement (i.e. contributing to the company blog or planning culture events).
Client service wins, such as developing strategy documents or high-performing campaigns.
Think of the work that makes you proud and helped you grow as a professional. And, don't be afraid to toot your own horn!
Let's face it—nobody is perfect. Even the most experienced agency professionals have areas they need to work on.
When preparing for your review, look for areas that may need some focus, and tender love and care. Showcase to your reviewer that you are aware of challenges specific to your career and lay out how you will overcome them.
For example, if you are looking to improve your writing skills for a certain industry, consider reading relevant articles regularly to obtain more knowledge and expertise.
Once you have laid out your successes and challenges, it's time to set some attainable goals for yourself.
For example, to decrease blog writing time, figure out where you are now and where you want to be in the next few months. Hone in on shaving off time little by little (while still producing high-quality work) until you reach your goal.
Give yourself something to work toward, so when it comes time for your next performance review, you have concrete data to back up your achievements and improvements.
Don't go into your performance review uncertain as to how it will go. Prior to your overarching review, set up mini feedback sessions with your account managers.
Grab a bite to eat or some coffee, and discuss your performance since your last review. This will help you gather insight beforehand and eliminate unwanted surprises.
Plus, it can also help you unveil successes and challenges that you may have overlooked.
Feedback is key to getting the most out of your performance review. When going into your review, be open minded to any and all feedback you receive.
Receiving feedback of all kinds is the best way to learn what you are doing well and what you need to work on.
Embrace both positive feedback and constructive criticism to become a better agency professional. Doing so can help boost your confidence and grow in areas of weakness.
Do you have a performance review in the near future? How do you plan to prepare? Share with us in the comments below.


At a recent Inc. event we met Billy Gridley, CEO, and Steve Palladino, EVP of sales and business development, of Brightbox, a New York-based start-up. These entrepreneurs offer some valuable insights about turning an interesting idea into a legitimate business.
Brightbox developed a phone charging station that hangs on the wall at your local hospitality venues such as hotels, restaurants and bars, event spaces, gyms, and malls. There are six charging bays with three standard charging cords which together charge 95% of cell and smartphones. If you are out and about and your phone battery is running low, simply walk up to a Brightbox, swipe your credit card to authorize a small fee (typically $2-3) and a bay door pops open. Inside are adapters for Android, iPhone, Blackberry and other devices. Plug in your phone, close the bay door. You can make calls or check messages at any later point by re-swiping your credit card to open your bay, and for no extra cost you can put your phone back in to continue your charging session. Here is a video showing Brightbox in action.
This is a classic "why didn't I think of that?" idea. While smartphones have become exponentially more powerful, batteries have only seen modest improvements in the last decade. Because our smart devices have become integral to our professional and personal lives, we're acutely aware of our battery charge levels at all times.
What was the inspiration that drove the creation of Brightbox? Where did the "lightbulb" idea come from?
How did you turn the idea into a start-up business?
Adam got together with three friends to design an alternative. They reasoned that customers might be willing to spend $2-3 for a secure, convenient charging solution which was aesthetically pleasing to venues. They built a prototype device they called "Brightbox."
Have we identified a problem worth solving, enough to justify investing time and energy to build the business?
Who is our target consumer? What are their needs?
What are our target venues? What are their owners' needs?
How will we reach the consumer? How will we provide them a great result that satisfies their needs?
What functions / capabilities should we outsource? With whom should we partner?
Where, when and how should they pitch themselves for outside investors to realize the start-up's full potential?
What skills and capabilities do we need on our team?
The Brightbox founders, to their credit, recognized they did not have all the skills to test their business model and scale the business. They brought in Billy as CEO. Billy raised a first round of investor funding and has begun building the Brightbox leadership team, including hiring Steve as executive vice president of sales and business development. Billy has also begun signing the outsourcing partners the company needs to manufacture, install and service the product.
Which venues and consumers are the most attractive, and why.
How best to articulate their value proposition to a venue owner, and the needs and concerns of venue owners.
Where best to place a Brightbox within a venue, and the importance of location in attracting consumers.
In our view, this learning is critical. "Learn first, scale second" is the best way to ensure a start-up is using its limited resources wisely. Having started to build a knowledge base in bars and restaurants, the Brightbox team is also working to pilot in other locations (e.g., airports, malls, movie theaters). As they execute those pilots they will learn even more about the relative value of different venues and consumers.
In upcoming articles we will discuss the opportunities and challenges they face in scaling the business, and also Billy's and Steve's backgrounds as entrepreneurs.
How did you turn your idea into a start-up? Please let us know your thoughts at karlandbill@avondalestrategicpartners.com.


School teacher one: This child loves to compose music but there is no hope that he becomes a successful composer.
Do you know who was that child?
According to Wikipedia: He remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers.
The previous story is correct though the conversation is made up. Beethoven was rejected by his music teacher and she/he thought that he will never make it as a composer. The teacher even told his parents about it!
Had Beethoven's parents gave up on him or had Beethoven decided to believe the experts (the music teachers in this case) he wouldn't have made it and no one would have heard of him.
Do you know that Albert Einstein was thought to be a dumb child by his teachers? Teachers thought that Einstein had less than average IQ and that he was a very lazy student.
The tutor of Warren buffet, the greatest investor of all time, advised his parents to find him a career that is not related to investments at all because he was not qualified.
Why do experts reject people who shortly become so famous?
Why do some people prove experts wrong and why do some others prove them right?
The common thing between the 3 people mentioned in this article is that they all refused to accept the opinion of others about their talents.
If you believed in yourself you will prove the experts wrong even if they were right at the time of rejecting you. If you believed in yourself you will keep learning until you will master what you love and as a result you will succeed.
In 2004 i went to meet the CEO & founder of one of the biggest publishing houses in the middle East. At that time i had 20 pages of my first book written and i wanted to publish it through his publishing house.
Again the expert was wrong!
When you get rejected by anybody in the world just put in mind that you have the chance to prove him right by giving up or making him look like a fool years later by being persistent.


text:
Q: Dynamically align width of WPF DataGrid columns There is a WPF DataGrid with functionality to dynamically change FontSize on Ctrl+MouseWheel event.
It's implemented using Caliburn's cal:Message.Attach functionality:
<!-- xaml -->
cal:Message.Attach="[Event PreviewMouseWheel] = [Action ChangeDataGridFont($eventArgs)]"

C# ViewModel:
public void ChangeDataGridFont(MouseWheelEventArgs args)
{
    if (Keyboard.Modifiers == ModifierKeys.Control && args != null)
    {
        DataGridFontSize += Math.Sign(args.Delta) * 2;
        args.Handled = true;
    }
}

DataGridFontSize is a VM property that is bound to CellStyle of DataGrid.
Upon load widths of columns are aligned with content - Ok:

If user increases font size then columns width automatically adjusted - Ok:

However when font size is decreased - columns are not adjusted. See white spaces:

Is there any way to overcome this effect (in scope of MvvM, if possible)?
Update: looks like we need to update Columns width manually when we change FontSize.   I can bind Width of column in corresponding Style:
<Style x:Key="IdCellStyle" TargetType="{x:Type DataGridCell}" >
    <Setter Property="Width" Value="{Binding DataContext.ColWidth, Mode=TwoWay,
                                    RelativeSource={RelativeSource AncestorType=UserControl}}" />
    ....
</Style>

And define property:
public double ColWidth
{
    get => _colWidth;
    set
    {
        _colWidth = value;
        NotifyOfPropertyChange();
    }
}

What should I set ColWidth to in DataGridFontSize setter?

A: I just added the Width for the DataGridColumn looks like that works. Try it out.

<Window.Resources>
    <XmlDataProvider x:Key="MockList"   XPath="/MockObjects/*" >
        <x:XData >
            <MockObjects xmlns="">
                <MockObject  Name="Louis" Type="TTTT" Number="1" />
                <MockObject Name="Joseph" Type="TTTT" Number="2" />
                <MockObject Name="Papineau" Type="ZZZZ" Number="3" />
            </MockObjects>
        </x:XData>
    </XmlDataProvider>
</Window.Resources>
<Grid DataContext="{Binding Source={StaticResource MockList}}" >
    <DataGrid HorizontalAlignment="Stretch" Margin="10" VerticalAlignment="Stretch"
              ItemsSource="{Binding Mode=Default, XPath=/MockObjects/MockObject}"
              AutoGenerateColumns="False" PreviewMouseWheel="UIElement_OnPreviewMouseWheel">
        <DataGrid.Columns>
            <DataGridTextColumn Header="Name" Binding="{Binding XPath=@Name}" Width="*"></DataGridTextColumn>
            <DataGridTextColumn Header="Type" Binding="{Binding XPath=@Type}" Width="*"></DataGridTextColumn>
            <DataGridTextColumn Header="Number" Binding="{Binding XPath=@Number}" Width="*"></DataGridTextColumn>
        </DataGrid.Columns>
    </DataGrid>
</Grid>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
LANGUAGE/ ЕЗИК
ТOUR
EX MEMBERS
LIVE / VIDEO
SINGLES / EP'S
BAND PICTURES
FANCLUB GALLERY
SUPPORTER CORNER
Please select elementTHE ALBUMTHE SONGSSINGLESTOUR DATESCOVERSBOOTLEGSPRESSINGSLYRICSOTHERSARTWORK
"Death Or Glory" is the 7th song from Iron Maiden's album The Book of Souls. 20 years after "Aces High", the band again discusses aerial dogfights, only this time they're the ones from the previous World War. Ironically, the to-the-point 5 minute rocker started with a stanza of what would become the near 20 minute epic that closes the album, "Empire of the Clouds".
All I had was two or three little pieces written for separate things, actually, and one of them had a line, "Mist is in the trees, stone sweats with the dew/The morning sunrise, red before the blue," and it was, basically it was setting a scene: this is dawn, something is gonna happen. And the idea was, yup, it's gonna be World War I fighter airplanes take off, and they'll die horrible deaths and a song about that.
Mainly Death or Glory is about WWI ace Manfred von Richthofen AKA "The red Baron"
On July 6., 1917, during combat with a formation of F.E.2d two seat fighters of No. 20 Squadron RFC, near Wervicq, Manfred von Richthofen, the Red Baron, sustained a serious head wound, causing instant disorientation and temporary partial blindness. He regained consciousness in time to ease the aircraft out of a spin and executed a forced landing in a field in friendly territory. The injury required multiple operations to remove bone splinters from the impact area.
The Red Baron returned to active service (against doctor's orders) on July 25., but went on convalescent leave from September 5. to October 23.. His wound is thought to have caused lasting damage (he later often suffered from post-flight nausea and headaches) as well as a change in temperament. There is even a theory linking this injury with his eventual death.
A full list of the aircraft the Red Baron was credited with shooting down was published as early as 1958 – with documented RFC/RAF squadron details, aircraft serial numbers, and the identities of Allied airmen killed or captured: 73 of the 80 listed match recorded British losses.
A study conducted by British historian Norman Franks with two colleagues, published in Under the Guns of the Red Baron in 1998, reached the same conclusion about the high degree of accuracy of Richthofen's claimed victories. There were also unconfirmed victories that would put his actual total as high as 100 or more.
Turn like the devil, shoot straight from the sun
Climb like a monkey out of hell where I belong
The Red Baron, Baron Manfred von Richthofen, the staunchest advocate of triplanes claimed that his triplane could "climb like a monkey and maneuver like a devil."
Richthofen was trained by German ace Oswald Boelcke who composed a list of guidlines to aerial combat. The "Dicta Boelcke" states in it's first rule that you should allways attack from the sun.
Richthofen received a fatal wound just after 11:00 am on April 21., 1918, while flying over Morlancourt Ridge, near the Somme River. 49°56′0.60″N 2°32′43.71″E
At the time, the Baron had been pursuing (at very low altitude) a Sopwith Camel piloted by a novice Canadian pilot, Lieutenant Wilfrid "Wop" May of No. 209 Squadron, Royal Air Force. In turn, the Baron was spotted and briefly attacked by a Camel piloted by a school friend (and flight commander) of May's, Canadian Captain Arthur "Roy" Brown, who had to dive steeply at very high speed to intervene, and then had to climb steeply to avoid hitting the ground. Richthofen turned to avoid this attack, and then resumed his pursuit of May.
It was almost certainly during this final stage in his pursuit of May that a single .303 bullet hit Richthofen, damaging his heart and lungs so severely that it must have caused a quick death. In the last seconds of his life, he managed to retain sufficient control to make a rough "landing"( 49°55′56″N 2°32′16″E) in a field on a hill near the Bray-Corbie road, just north of the village of Vaux-sur-Somme, in a sector controlled by the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). Several witnesses, including Gunner Ernest W. Twycross, Gunner George Ridgway, and Sergeant Ted Smout of the Australian Medical Corps, all later claimed to have been the first man to reach the triplane and reported various versions of Richthofen's last words, generally including the word "kaputt."
12.12.2021 The First Ten Years: The Videos
12.12.2021 Visions Of The Beast video compillation
12.12.2021 Raising Hell Video
12.12.2021 From There To Eternity video compillation
12.12.2021 The Video Pieces compillation
12.12.2021 Live At The Rainbow Video
05.12.2021 "Behind The Iron Curtain" Video EP
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Fan Club Iron Maiden Bulgaria © 2007 - 2023.
A lot of information on this page is taken from the following sites
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This lamp is a rare night light made from white glazed terracotta. It is unmarked but has a great danish modern style with Italian manufacturing techniques. It retains it's original fittings and looks great lit up.


A Broader View Volunteers is a registered non-profit charity located in the South America. We conduct volunteer abroad programs for retirees and families, as well as internships and language study abroad options based in Chile and Peru.
The African Philanthropy Forum promotes philanthropy activities in Africa and inclusive development on the African Continent.


text:
The Journal of Headache and Pain is a peer-reviewed open access medical journal covering research on headache and related types of pain. It was established in 2000 and is published by BioMed Central. It is the official journal of the European Headache Federation and Lifting The Burden. The editor-in-chief is Paolo Martelletti (Sapienza University of Rome). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 7.277.

References

External links

Anesthesiology and palliative medicine journals
BioMed Central academic journals
Publications established in 2000
English-language journals
Creative Commons Attribution-licensed journals

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
80 killed as lorry ploughs into crowd in Nice
July 15, 2016 Breaking News, Top Stories80 killed, Bastille Day fireworks, France, Nice, Terrorist, truckSharif Nouman
15 Jul, 2016 9:07 am
NICE – A "terrorist" gunman killed 80 people and wounded scores when he drove a heavy truck at high speed into a crowd watching Bastille Day fireworks in the French Riviera city of Nice, officials said.
In a pre-dawn address to the nation, President Francois Hollande called up military and police reservists to relieve forces worn out by an eight-month state of emergency begun after the Islamic State militant group killed 130 people in Paris. The state of emergency has been extended. "France is filled with sadness by this new tragedy," Hollande said, noting several children were among the dead in what he said he had no doubt was an act of terrorism.
He called the carnage, which came as France celebrated the anniversary of the 1789 revolutionary storming of the Bastille, an attack on liberty by fanatics who despised human rights. France would, nonetheless, continue military operations in Syria and Iraq.
Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve said 80 people died and 18 were in a critical condition, with many more also wounded. Counter-terrorist investigators were seeking to identify the driver, who a local government official said opened fire before police shot him dead. The official said weapons and grenades were found inside the 25-tonne, unmarked articulated truck.
Officials said hundreds were hurt as the driver wove along the seafront, knocking them down "like skittles". The attack, which came eight months and a day after Islamic State gunmen and suicide bombers struck the French capital on a festive Friday evening, seemed so far to be the work of a lone assailant. Newspaper Nice-Matin quoted unidentified sources as saying the driver was a 31-year-old local of Tunisian origin.
"A SCENE OF HORROR"
The truck careered for hundreds of metres along the famed Promenade des Anglais seafront, slamming into spectators watching the fireworks, listening to an orchestra or strolling above the beach towards the grand, century-old Hotel Negresco. "It's a scene of horror," member of parliament Eric Ciotti told France Info radio, saying the truck "mowed down several hundred people." Jacques, who runs Le Queenie restaurant on the seafront, told the station: "People went down like ninepins."
Bystander Franck Sidoli, who was visibly shocked, said: "I saw people go down." "Then the truck stopped, we were just five metres away. A woman was there, she lost her son. Her son was on the ground, bleeding," he told Reuters at the scene. Nice-Matin posted photographs of the truck, its windshield starred by a score of bullets and its radiator grille destroyed.
Major events in France have been guarded by troops and armed police since the Islamic State attacks last year, but it appeared to have taken many minutes to halt the progress of the truck as it tore along pavements and a pedestrian zone. Police told residents of the city, 30 km (20 miles) from the Italian border, to stay indoors as they conducted further operations, although there was no sign of any other attack.
Hours earlier, Hollande, who raced back to Paris from the south of France after the attack, had said the state of emergency would end in two weeks. He has now extended it by three months, calling up former troops and gendarmes. Islamic State militants killed 130 people in Paris on Nov. 13, the bloodiest in a number of attacks in France and Belgium in the past two years. On Sunday, a weary nation had breathed a collective sigh of relief as the month-long Euro 2016 soccer tournament across France ended without a feared attack.
Four months ago, Belgian Islamists linked to the Paris attackers killed 32 people in Brussels. Vehicle attacks have been used by isolated members of militant groups in recent years, notably in Israel, as well as in Europe, though never to such devastating effect.
US President Barack Obama said in a statement: "On behalf of the American people, I condemn in the strongest terms what appears to be a horrific terrorist attack in Nice, France, which killed and wounded dozens of innocent civilians." The United Nations Security Council said it "condemned in the strongest terms the barbaric and cowardly terrorist attack". On social media, Islamic State supporters celebrated the high death toll.
HIDING IN TERROR
One woman told France Info that she and others had fled in terror: "The lorry came zig-zagging along the street. We ran into a hotel and hid in the toilets with lots of people." Journalist Damien Allemand had been watching the traditional seaside firework display when the truck tore by just as it ended. After taking cover in a cafe, he came back out on the promenade: "Bodies every five metres, limbs," he wrote on the Nice-Matin website. "Blood. Groans."
"The beach attendants were first on the scene. They brought water for the injured and towels, which they placed on those for whom there was no more hope." Officials have warned in the past of the risk of Islamist attacks in the region following the Paris and Brussels attacks.
Nice, a city of some 350,000, has a history as a flamboyant, aristocratic resort but is also a gritty metropolis. It has seen dozens of its Muslim residents travel to Syria to fight, a path taken by previous Islamic State attackers in Europe.
"Neither the place nor the date are coincidental," a former French intelligence agent and security consultant, Claude Moniquet, told France-Info, noting the jihadist presence in Nice and the fact that July 14 marks France's revolution. "Tragic paradox that the subject of Nice attack was the people celebrating liberty, equality and fraternity," European Council President Donald Tusk said on Twitter. -Reuters
Complaint lodged against doctor who compiled Nawaz Sharif's medical reports
Alice Wells, Sohail Mahmood discuss Afghan reconciliation process
Bilawal Bhutto says Imran Khan's govt has become a punishment
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text:
Officials: Silo XL Storage fire causes more than $1.5 million in damages
Numerous fire departments helped extinguish flames
Dan Griffin
CLOSELY AS THE INVESTIGATION CONTINUES. >> IT WAS ENGULFED IN FLAMES, IT WAS PRETTY BIG. RICHARD: SMOKE COULD BE SEEN F MILES, BILLOWING ACROSS COLERAIN TOWNSHIP. AT ONE TIME, FLAMES WERE SO INTENSE I74 HAD TO BE SHUT DOWN TO APPROACHING TRAFFIC. >> I LOOKED DOWN THE ROAD, CAUSE THE ROAD WAS BACKED UP. THEY WERE REDIRECTING TRAFFIC OFF THE HIGHWAY. RICHARD: WITH A PRELIMINARY DAMAGE ESTIMATE OF $1.5 MILLION AND MORE EXPECTED, THIS INTENSIVE SILO XL FIRE WILL BE ONE OF THE EXTENSIVE ON RECORD. >> NOW THE DIFFICULT PART COMES, TRYING TO SIFT THROUGH ALL THIS WRECKEAGE TO TRY TO GET DOWN TO THE NUTS AND BOLTS TO TRY TO FIGURE OUT WHAT HAPPENED RICHARD: SEVERAL AREA DEPARTMENTS BATTLED THE FA SPREADING BLAZE. TODAY IT CONTINUES TO BE A COMMUNITY EFFORT TO BEGIN THE RECOVERY AND DETERMINE THE CAUSE PIECE BY PIECE IN THIS LARGE FIREGROUND >> WE FELT VERY COMFORTABLE SAYING THAT THE FIRE STARTED SOMEWHERE IN THE MIDDLE OCCUPANCIE HERE DIDN'T START ON THE OUTSIDES AND THEY START NARROWING IT DOWN SLOWLY A SLOWLY
A massive fire closed part of I-74 and brought numerous agencies to Colerain Township on Sunday.Crews spent much of the evening putting out hot spots at a storage center.The scene was startling for people nearby, on the highway and those who had things stored inside.WLWT talked with a couple who said they lost a motorhome and they still aren't sure about much else."We got called. We sent all of our resources, and as soon as they left the firehouse, they could see a column of smoke from miles away," Steve Conn, battalion chief of the Colerain Township Fire Department, said.Smoke and flames shot into the air near Kepler and East Miami River roads in Colerain Township.The fire was spotted ripping through storage units at Silo XL Storage much of the day.Fire officials said vehicles and equipment, as well as fuel, oils and cleaning solvents, belonging to businesses were all inside."This is their livelihood, so this is a devastating loss for our community," Conn said.The fire was a shock to people in the area, as well as drivers on the highway who were an estimated 75 feet from the scene.At one point, lanes of I-74 were shut down.Numerous fire agencies joined in the firefight as they trucked in water to help douse the flames.Investigators said they ensured no one was inside or hurt.Fire officials said the structure's design made it easy for the flames to spread.They believe it started in one of the middle units but aren't sure how, Conn said.Investigators told WLWT that fallen sheet metal from the roof made it tough to extinguish certain spots.Those who lost things in the fire weren't ready to talk with us."There's a lot of lost product, a lot of lost equipment in there from these different businesses," Conn said.Officials said Monday that damages are estimated to be more than $1.5 million. Crews are still working to determine a cause.Fire investigators said records from the property owner showed the building should have been unoccupied at the time of the fire.The owner of Silo XL Storage declined to talk with us.
COLERAIN TOWNSHIP, Ohio —
A massive fire closed part of I-74 and brought numerous agencies to Colerain Township on Sunday.
Crews spent much of the evening putting out hot spots at a storage center.
PHOTOS: Silo XL Storage fire
Massive fire restricts traffic on I-275/I-74 in Colerain Township
The scene was startling for people nearby, on the highway and those who had things stored inside.
WLWT talked with a couple who said they lost a motorhome and they still aren't sure about much else.
"We got called. We sent all of our resources, and as soon as they left the firehouse, they could see a column of smoke from miles away," Steve Conn, battalion chief of the Colerain Township Fire Department, said.
Smoke and flames shot into the air near Kepler and East Miami River roads in Colerain Township.
The fire was spotted ripping through storage units at Silo XL Storage much of the day.
Fire officials said vehicles and equipment, as well as fuel, oils and cleaning solvents, belonging to businesses were all inside.
"This is their livelihood, so this is a devastating loss for our community," Conn said.
The fire was a shock to people in the area, as well as drivers on the highway who were an estimated 75 feet from the scene.
At one point, lanes of I-74 were shut down.
Numerous fire agencies joined in the firefight as they trucked in water to help douse the flames.
Investigators said they ensured no one was inside or hurt.
Fire officials said the structure's design made it easy for the flames to spread.
They believe it started in one of the middle units but aren't sure how, Conn said.
Investigators told WLWT that fallen sheet metal from the roof made it tough to extinguish certain spots.
Those who lost things in the fire weren't ready to talk with us.
"There's a lot of lost product, a lot of lost equipment in there from these different businesses," Conn said.
Officials said Monday that damages are estimated to be more than $1.5 million. Crews are still working to determine a cause.
Fire investigators said records from the property owner showed the building should have been unoccupied at the time of the fire.
The owner of Silo XL Storage declined to talk with us.


text:
Douglas Scott is an American artistic director, choreographer and dancer. Scott has received numerous awards for his work and is the founder and Artistic Director of Full Radius Dance.

Scott founded Dance Force, a traditional modern dance company, in 1990.  He began working with dancers with disabilities in 1993, leading to the founding of Full Radius Dance as a physically integrated modern dance company. He is also the founder of the Modern Atlanta Dance Festival, which has been produced annually since 1995 to critical and popular acclaim.

Work

As the primary choreographic voice for Full Radius Dance, Scott has created numerous dance works that have been premiered by the company. In 2001, he received from the City of Atlanta the Mayor's Fellowship in the Arts for Dance and was named Creative Loafing Critic's Choice: Best Dance Choreographer.  In 2004, he again received a Critic's Choice award for his work As the Horizon Fades. Scott's work Crawl/Climb was picked by Creative Loafing as one of 2005's "Top 6 Dance Performances".  Walking On My Grave (2012) was cited by dance critic Cynthia Bond Perry as casting "an eerie glow of macabre beauty."

In 2005, Scott choreographed "I Won't Dance" for the HBO film "Warm Springs", starring Kenneth Branagh, Cynthia Nixon, and Kathy Bates. In the film, three current or former Full Radius Dance company members (Margo Gathright-Dietrich, Teal Sherer and Laurel Lawson) are featured in a song & dance with Felecia Day.

In 2014, Scott was honored with a Governor's Award for the Arts & Humanities.  Presented by the Office of the Governor in partnership with Georgia Council for the Arts and the Georgia Humanities Council, the Governor's Awards pay tribute to the most distinguished citizens and organizations that have demonstrated a lifetime commitment to work in the arts and humanities in Georgia.  Scott was cited as "a respected leader" and for expanding "the definition and reach of modern dance."

References

External links
 Biography of Douglas Scott
 Full Radius Dance website
 Warm Spring IMd

American choreographers
Living people
People from Atlanta
Year of birth missing (living people)


Yesterday (11th March) saw the the latest trailer for 'Captain America : Civil War' get released - and there is no denying it looks immense!!
With what is shown in this trailer there are a couple of comics worth keeping an eye out for.
The first one is Avengers #316 - the reason being that in this book Spider-Man joins the Avengers. Its been on peoples radars for a while now so may not be an easy find - but its certainly a key issue! Spidey featuring in this film is BIG news - and only adds to what looks to be one of Marvels best movies yet!
The second book to keep an eye out for is Avengers #223. This book is a bit more under the radar however now this trailer has hit - and shows Hawkeye firing Ant-Man from his bow - it could be a book that sees some movement - the cover for this is below - and its a classic!
We genuinely can't wait for this one to hit theatres later this year - until then there is plenty of time to track these books down!


Hey. Look. More photographs. I like to get really close to stuff and photograph it.
Sweetbread's head is in the kiddie pool.
Baby Ezra the pacifer clip model.
Hold still for your picture.
A true Samurai cannot stand the shame of a defeat.
The Pabst K Press Thunderrods. Sans Tim.
Me and my friend. Photo by Metal W.
Taken moments before Gretsky escaped.
A gift from Pancake Land.
Chaco sponsored my plant press.


text:
The 2018 Capital Football season was the sixth season under the new competition format in the Australian Capital Territory. The league premier for the new structure qualifies for the National Premier Leagues finals series, competing with the other state federation premiers in a final knockout tournament to decide the National Premier Leagues Champion for 2018.

League Tables

2018 National Premier League ACT

The 2018 National Premier League ACT season was played over 18 rounds from  March to August 2018. The league ran with nine teams after the FFA cut funding to the FFA Centre of Excellence, which wound up following the conclusion of the 2017 season.

Finals

Top Scorers

Reference:

2018 ACT Capital League

The 2018 ACT Capital League is the sixth edition of the Capital League as the second level domestic association football competition in the ACT. There were 18 rounds in total with five matches contested per round. The season started on 7 April 2018 and ran until 12 August 2018.

Finals

2018 Capital Football Division 1

The 2018 ACT Capital Football Division 1 is the fourth edition of the Capital League Division 1 as the third level domestic association football competition in the ACT. The 2018 season consisted of 18 rounds with four matches played per round. The season started on 7 April 2018 and ran until 11 August 2018.

Finals

2018 Women's National Premier League ACT

The highest tier domestic football competition in the ACT is known as the ACT Women's National Premier League (WNPL). Each team played each other three times for a total of 21 rounds, plus a finals series for the top 4 teams.

Finals

Cup Competitions

2018 Federation Cup

2018 was the 56th edition of the Capital Football Federation Cup. The Federation cup acts as the preliminary rounds for the FFA Cup in the ACT with the Cup winner entering the subsequent FFA Cup round of 32. In 2018, the Federation Cup, which is open to all senior men's teams registered with Capital Football, consisted of two rounds, quarter-finals, semi-finals and a final. NPL clubs entered the tournament in the second round. The Cup ran from 18 March 2018 (first round) till 16 June 2018 (final). Canberra FC secured its 18th cup title and qualification to the 2018 FFA Cup with a 3–2 victory over Gungahlin with former Sydney FC player Kofi Danning scoring the winning goal at Woden Park.

Notes:
 † = After Extra Time

2018 Charity Shield

2018 was the third edition of the annual ACT Charity Shield contested to kick off the 2018 Capital Football season. Money raised from the event goes towards a nominated charity, which in 2018 was Ronald McDonald House Canberra. Canberra Olympic and Tuggeranong United contested the Shield in 2018. Olympic claimed its second consecutive Charity Shield title with a 3–1 victory.

See also

Soccer in the Australian Capital Territory
Sport in the Australian Capital Territory
2018 National Premier Leagues Capital Football Grand Final

References

Capital Football


Celtic are said to be unhappy with Scottish Football Association (SFA) chief executive Stewart Regan over the scheduling of friendly matches during the summer.
According to reports, Celtic manager Brendan Rodgers and the club's chief executive Peter Lawwell are 'stunned' by Regan signing off on a long-haul trip for Scotland to face Peru and Mexico in the Americas on May 29 and June 2.
With as many as eight Celtic players likely to be named among the travelling squad, Rodgers and Lawwell are understood to be concerned at the lack of a summer break for such a large number of Hoops players.
However, should Celtic win the Scottish Premiership title they will begin their Champions League qualifications campaign as early as July 10.
Lawwell is expected to write to Regan, calling for an explanation over the scheduling of the friendly matches.
The Daily Record reports that Celtic should receive the backing of Scotland's Professional Footballers' Association (PFA Scotland).
Players' union chiefs are said to be concerned at the shortening of the summer break and are expected to raise objections to the planned friendlies.
If Celtic reach the Scottish Cup final, their last match of the current campaign would take place on May 19, giving the club's Scotland contingent fewer than ten days between the final and the Peru friendly.
And a revamp of the Champions League structure means that Celtic potentially face an additional round of qualifiers.
With Rodgers earmarking the second week of June for the start of pre-season training, the eight Scots would get a summer break of less than a fortnight if they travelled to the Americas.
A source told the Record: "When you look at that schedule, it's no wonder that Rodgers and Lawwell have been infuriated by the SFA's decision to take on this tour.


text:
$21 Million Birth Injury Lawsuit Award
The Pennsylvania medical center that allegedly caused a severe birth injury to a little boy has been forced to pay a $21 million compensation package to the boy and his mother. The boy developed cerebral palsy as a direct result of the doctor's mismanagement of his birthing process.
As a lifelong condition, the lawsuit money will provide for quality care throughout the boy's life. In Manhattan and Nassau County, hospitals and doctors must have insurance for these kinds of tragedies.
In the lawsuit, the boy's mother alleged that the Erie, Pennsylvania, Hamot Medical Center's doctors acted improperly during the birth of her son in November of 2006. While in the hospital and ready to give birth, the mother and son's vital signs were not properly monitored by the nursing staff on hand. According to a New York Birth Injury Attorney, the boy then suffered lack of oxygen and shifted into the breach position. The new position of the fetus forced the doctor and midwife to perform an emergency C-section.
While the emergency surgery delivered a live baby, action was not taken early enough to prevent him from developing cerebral palsy. Even today, nearly five years later, he still depends on nursing care, is fed through a tube, and cannot speak intelligibly.
The jury found the doctors at the medical center to be 100 percent negligent for the birth injury by not reacting appropriately once there were signs of distress.
A New York Birth Injury Lawyer quotes the family's legal team as saying "all defendants completely failed to timely recognize and react to non-reassuring signs."
This particular award ($21,573,993.10) is nearly five times the amount of the previously largest jury award in a civil case in Erie County.
More than $19 million of the lawsuit award is intended for the boy's future medical expenses, and the remaining $1.9 million is supposed to be used to cover previous medical expenses and lost earning capacity.
When medical teams are negligent, severe injuries can easily occur. The most severe of these end a life or drastically reduce life expectancy or quality of life.
If you or a loved one has suffered a birth injury and is now living with cerebral palsy, contact a New York Birth Injury Attorney if you have questions about whether the hospital may have failed to react properly. The Office of Stephen Bilkis and Associates can offer you support and guidance as well as a free consultation when you contact us at 1-800-NY-NY-LAW. We have offices in N York City, including Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, Staten Island and The Bronx and in Nassau County, Suffolk County and Westchester County.
Posted in: Labor and Delivery Negligence, Manhattan and Nassau
Westchester County (28)


text:
Kathleen Smith, PhD
Mental Health Writer and Therapist
DC therapy office
free anxiety letter
Dr. Kathleen Smith is a licensed therapist and author of the upcoming book, Everything Isn't Terrible: Conquer Your Insecurities, Interrupt Your Anxiety, and Finally Calm Down.
A graduate of George Washington University and Harvard University, she's written for popular websites like Salon, Slate, New York Magazine, Lifehacker, Bustle, Everyday Health, Psycom, Psychology Today, Counseling Today, and many others.
Kathleen has been interviewed for publications such as Women's Health magazine, Buzzfeed, and television programs including Good Morning Washington.
She is a student of Bowen Family Systems Theory and an associate faculty member of the Bowen Center for the Study of the Family. Kathleen runs her own private therapy practice in Washington, DC, and is the host of the TV show Family Matters, produced by the University of the District of Columbia.
Kathleen's first book, The Fangirl Life, was published in 2016. She is represented by Jessica Felleman of Foundry Literary + Media.
Kathleen writes a free, weekly therapy newsletter on managing anxiety, called The Anxious Overachiever. You can subscribe here.
Follow my writing
Instructions for Living in a World on Fire
20 Ways You're Going to Have an Incredibly Anxious 2020
Breaking the Cycle of New Year's Resolution Disappointment (and book news!)
How Will You Start 2020?
The Trouble With Fixing Your Family


• Corrected the problems that function rotation, mirroring are not saved to the "custom".
detectors and preserve your clash play undetected.
to improve them in trade for elixir or even gold.
For the selling price, I think that publication is well worth it.
really assess to that one.


This map from an old newspaper tells us where the elves live around Reykjavik, and this is part of my introduction to the country. Dagný Ívarsdottír has brought us to the city park to explain a long standing family tradition.
Dagný is 29 years old, and she has been coming to these woods with her family every New Year´s Eve at noon for her entire life. "It's close, it's beautiful, and it has elves." Elves, hidden people, trolls, spells and folkore are common topics in this country.
This tradition began with Dagný's aunt, who was creative and artistic and wanted something for the family to do together. "I don't know if any other families do this, but we do." I have already asked several people about elves (who are small) and hidden people (who are like us), and the answers vary, but Dagný sums it up well: even if you can't say that you believe in them, you can't say that you don't. "You just can't say no! We were all raised with elf stories." She will take us into the woods to learn the elf dance and the songs. Check out the next post.


Opinion: How much do car designers think about numberplates?
President Muhammadu Buhari Thursday in Abuja said the Federal Government is already targeting a regime of self-sufficiency in food production and consumption, while radically cutting down on imports of agricultural products that depleted the country's foreign reserve in the past.Receiving Letter of Credence from the High Commissioner of Republic of Singapore to Nigeria, Mr Lim Sim Seng, at the State House, President Buhari said the era of high import bills on food was fast becoming a thing of the past with growing investments in the agricultural sector, favorable weather and collective will of Nigerians to start feeding themselves, and exporting products. Read more.