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text:
\section{Introduction}

Decision making means a selection among alternatives.  It is one of the
fundamental processes in economics, but also in social systems. If these
systems consist of many interacting elements -- that we will call
\emph{voters} from now on -- the system dynamics may be described on two
different levels: the \emph{microscopic} level, where the decisions of
the individual voters occur and the \emph{macroscopic} level, where a
certain collective behavior can be observed \citep{fs-wcss-06}.

Based on incomplete information, how does a voter take its decision on a
particular subject? A ``simple'' utility maximization strategy may fail
because in many social situations, for example in public votes, the
private utility cannot easily be quantified, i.e. voters do not exactly
know about it.  So, voters have to involve supplemented strategies to
take their decisions.  In order to reduce the risk of making the wrong
decision, it seems to be appropriate just to copy the decisions of
others. Such an \emph{imitation} strategy is widely found in biology, but
also in cultural evolution. Different species, including humans, imitate
the behavior of others of their species to become successful or just to
adapt to an existing community~\cite{dugatkin01}.

In order to understand the intrinsic properties of systems comprising
many such individuals, a number of models have been developed that take
the spread of opinions as sample application. Early approaches in the
social sciences showed that the existence of positive social influence
(i.e. imitation behavior) tends to establish homogeneity (i.e. consensus)
among individuals~\cite{french56fts,abelson64mmd}. The ``voter model''
(VM), rigorously defined by ~\citet{ligget1995}, confirms these results.
Other works showed that selection of interaction partners (``bounded
confidence''~\cite{deffuant00mba,hegselmann02oda}) can lead to stable
diversity of opinions, even when considering positive social influence.

Here, we focus on the VM -- a paradigmatic model to simulate such
imitation behavior. Because of its simplicity, it allows for many
analytical calculations ~\cite{ligget1995,redner2001} and, therefore,
serves a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics involved.
Application areas of the VM range from coarsening phenomena
\cite{dornic2001}, spin-glasses \cite{ligget1995,fontes2001}, species
competition~\cite{ravasz04,chave2001}, and opinion
dynamics~\cite{holyst2001}. Among the most prominent properties of the
VM, the conservation of magnetization has extensively been studied
\cite{frachenbourg1996,castellano2003,suchecki2005} and compared to other
prototypical models, such as the Ising Model with Kawasaki dynamics
\cite{gunton1983}.

Based on the VM, investigations were conducted to study interesting
emergent phenomena and relevant applications. Such works comprise the
possibility of minority opinion spreading~\cite{galam,sanmiguel},
dominance in predator-prey systems~\cite{ravasz04}, forest growth with
tree species competition~\cite{chave2001}, and the role of bilingualism
in the context of language competition~\cite{xavi}.  The question of
consensus times and their scaling for different system characteristics
was particularly addressed in several
studies~\cite{ligget1995,redner2001,sood2005,castellano2003,maxi2}.

In this paper, we study a modified version of the VM introduced
recently~\cite{PRL}.  There, we assume that an individual voter has a
certain inertia $\nu_{i}$ to change its opinion. $\nu_{i}$ increases with
the persistence time $\tau_{i}$ which is the time elapsed since the last
change of opinion.  The longer the voter already stays with its current
opinion, the less it may be inclined to change it in the next time
step. We show that this slowing-down of the dynamics at the microscopic
level of the voters can lead to an accelerated formation of consensus at
the macroscopic level. In this paper, we extend the previous results by
presenting a reduced description of the model which bases on only two
levels of inertia.  We show that this reduction still explains the origin
of the faster consensus formation and thus complement the results
presented in~\cite{PRL}. Moreover, we emphasize the relevance of our
approach for the research of social dynamics.

At difference with the standard VM, our extension considers the current
opinion of voters as an important decisive factor.  The voters do not
only act based on the frequencies in their neighborhood, but take their
own current opinion into particular account. This general idea can also
be compared to the models of continuous opinion dynamics
(see~\cite{deffuant00mba,hegselmann02oda,lorenz07cod}): already in the
basic continuous models, the current opinion of a deciding individual is
of high importance. More precisely, it is as decisive as the average
opinion in the considered neighborhood because the updated opinion is the
average of both.  The concept of bounded confidence emphasizes this
importance because individuals do only approach opinions that are not too
far away from their own current one.  Therefore, bounded confidence can
also be interpreted as a kind of inertia that tend to let individuals
keep their own current opinion.  However, the parameter regulating the
confidence interval is generally kept constant in time whereas, in our
model, individuals change their decision behavior dependent on their
history.

Our new parameter $\nu$, that reduces the probability of state changes in
the VM, can have different interpretations in the various fields of
application of the VM: it may characterize molecules that are less
reactive, the permanent alignment of spins in a magnet, etc. In
economics, changes may be discarded due to transition- or ``sunk'' costs.
In social applications, there are at least two interpretations for the
parameter $\nu$: (i) within the concept of \emph{social inertia}, which
deals with a habituation of individuals and groups to continue their
behavior regardless of possible advantages of a change, (ii) to reflect a
(subjective or objective) conviction regarding a view or an opinion.
Originally, the latter point served as a motivation for us to study the
implications of built-in conviction in a simple imitation model like the
VM. Will the systems, dependent on the level of conviction, still reach a
consensus state, or can we observe the segregation of opinions? How does
the ordering dynamics and the emergent opinion patterns look like?

Our investigations focus on the average time to reach consensus, i.e. the
number of timesteps the system evolves until it reaches an equilibrium
state in which all voters have the same opinion. Taking into account the
inertia introduced to the VM, we would assume that the time to reach
consensus shall be increased because of the slowed-down voter dynamics.
Counter-intuitively, we find that increasing inertia in the system can
{\em decrease} the time to reach consensus.  This result resembles the
``faster-is-slower'' effect reported in a different context
by~\citet{helbing}. In their work on panic situations, they explain why
rooms can be evacuated faster if people move slower than a critical value
through the narrow exit door. When individuals try to get out as fast as
they can, this results in clogging effects in the vicinity of the door,
which decreases the overall evacuation speed. Note that although the
phrase ``slower-is-faster'' is appropriate for both findings, our effect
has to be clearly distinguished from the one described by Helbing
\emph{et al.}.  In their generalized force model, an individual increase
in the desired velocity would have a contrary effect on the microscopic
level, i.e. all individuals would get slower and thereby the macroscopic
dynamics would be decelerated. In our case, microscopic changes produce
the counter-intuitive effect only on the macroscopic level.

This paper is organized as follows: In the following Section~\ref{model},
we introduce the model. In Section~\ref{results} we present simulation
results of our main finding, the ``slower-is-faster'' effect on reaching
consensus through inertial voters. Section~\ref{analysis} investigates
deeper, under which circumstances the effect can be observed and
introduces a theoretical framework, that allows to understand the
phenomenon. Finally, the conclusions are drawn in
Section~\ref{conclusion}.

\section{The model\label{model}}
\subsection{The standard voter model}

In the original voter model~\cite{holley75,ligget1995,dornic2001}, $N$
voters are positioned at the sites of a regular, $d-$dimensional lattice,
the topology which defines the number of neighbors for each voter.  Every
voter has one of two possible opinions $\sigma_i=\pm1$.  A timestep
consists of $N$ update events in each of which one voter is picked at
random and adopts the opinion of one of the voters he is connected to.
Thus, the probability that voter $i$ adopts opinion $\sigma$, that we
will denote $W_i^{V}(\sigma)$, is equal to the density of opinion
$\sigma$ in its neighborhood.  Hence,
\begin{equation}
  W_i^V(\sigma,t) \equiv W_i^{V}(\sigma|\sigma_i,t)=\frac{1}{2}\left(1+\frac{\sigma}{k}\sum_{j\in
      \lbrace i \rbrace }\sigma_j (t)\right),\label{lvm}
\end{equation}
where $k$ is the number of neighbors each voter has, and $\lbrace i
\rbrace$ is the set of its neighbors. Note that this equation can also be
applied to networks of different topology, as we will do later on.

The dynamics is a fluctuation driven process that, for finite system
sizes, ends up in one of two absorbing states, i.e., consensus in one of
either opinions.  The time to reach consensus, $T_\kappa$, depends on the
size of the system and the topology of the neighborhood network. For
regular lattices with dimension $d=1$, $T_\kappa\propto N^2$, for
$d=2,T_\kappa\propto \ln N$, and for $d>2$, $T_\kappa\propto N$.  A
critical dimension $d=2$ was found, below which the system coarsens. For
any dimension larger than 2, the system can get trapped in disordered
configurations in infinite systems~\cite{slanina2003}.

Let $P_\sigma(t)$ be the global density of voters with opinion $\sigma$
at time $t$. The average opinion of the system (also called
``magnetization'' analogous to studies of spin systems in physics) can be
computed as
\begin{equation}
M(t) = P_+(t) - P_-(t). \label{magnet}
\end{equation}
The order parameter, most often used in the voter model, is that of the
average interface density $\rho$. It gives the relative number of links
in the system that connect two voters with different opinions and can be
written as
\begin{equation}
  \rho(t) =  \frac 1 4 \sum_{i} \sum_{j\in \lbrace
    i \rbrace } \big( 1-\sigma_i(t)\, \sigma_j(t) \big).
\label{density}
 \end{equation}
 In the mean field limit, that we will study in more detail later on, we
 assume that the change in the opinion of an individual voter only
 depends on the average densities of the different opinions in the whole
 system. Therefore, we replace the local densities Eq.~(\ref{lvm}) by
 global ones, which leads to the adoption probabilities $W^V(\sigma |
 -\sigma,t) = P_\sigma(t)$.  For the macroscopic dynamics, we can compute
 the change in the global density of one opinion as
\begin{eqnarray}
  \label{vm_mf}
  P_\sigma(t+1)-P_\sigma(t) &=& W^V(\sigma | -\sigma,t)P_{-\sigma}(t) -
W^V(-\sigma|\sigma,t)P_{\sigma}(t)\nonumber\\
  &=& P_\sigma(t)P_{-\sigma}(t) -  P_{-\sigma}(t)P_{\sigma}(t)\nonumber\\
  &\equiv& 0,
\end{eqnarray}
i.e. the density of each opinion is conserved for every state of the
system. In the simulations, consensus is reached by finite-size
fluctuations only.

\subsection{The voter model with social inertia}

Different from the standard VM described above, we consider that voters
additionally are characterized by a parameter $\nu_i$, an inertia to
change their opinion. This extension leads us to the \emph{inertial
  voter model}, in which we have to distinguish between the probability
that voter $i$ changes its opinion
\begin{equation}
  \label{ivm}
  W_i(-\sigma_i|\sigma_i,\nu_i)=(1-\nu_i)\,W_i^{V}(-\sigma_i)
\end{equation}
and the complementary probability of sticking to its previous opinion
$W_i(\sigma_i|\sigma_i,\nu_i)=1-W_i(-\sigma_i|\sigma_i,\nu_i)$. In this
setting, $\nu_i$ represents the strength of ``conviction'' that voter $i$
has regarding its opinion.

We consider that the longer a voter has been keeping its current opinion, the
less likely he will change to the other one. For the sake of simplicity, we
consider that the inertia grows with the persistence time as
\begin{equation}
  \label{reluct}
  \nu_i(\tau) =
\left\{ \begin{array}{lrr}
\nu_{0}, & \,\,\hbox{if} & \tau=0\\
 \nu, & \,\,\hbox{if} & \tau>0
\end{array}
\right. .
\end{equation}
At time $t=0$, and in every timestep after voter $i$ has changed its
opinion, the persistence time is reset to zero, $\tau_i=0$, and the
inertia has the minimal constant value $\nu_{0}$.\footnote{ Note that the
  results of this paper are qualitatively robust against changes in the
  concrete function $\nu_i(\tau)$. For more details on this
  see~\cite{PRL}.} Whenever a voter keeps its opinion, its inertia
increases to $\nu$.  We will study two distinct scenarios later on: (i)
fixed social inertia where $ \nu_{0} = \nu$ is a constant value for all
voters.  (ii) $\nu_{0} < \nu$, a scenario in which inertia grows for
larger persistence times.

It would be expected that including inertial behavior in the model would
invariably lead to a slowing-down of the ordering dynamics. We will show
that, contrary to this intuition, these settings can lead to a much faster
consensus.

\section{Numerical Results\label{results}}

We performed extensive computer simulations in which we investigated the
time to reach consensus, $T_\kappa$, for systems of $N$ voters.  We used
random initial conditions with equally distributed opinions and an
asynchronous update mode, i.e. on average, every voter updates its opinion
once per timestep. The numerical results correspond to regular
$d-$dimensional lattices (von-Neumann neighborhood) with periodic
boundary conditions, and small-world networks with an homogeneous degree
distribution.

\subsection{Fixed social inertia}

We first consider the case of a \emph{fixed} and \emph{homogeneous}
inertia value $\nu_0=\nu$. In the limit $\nu \to 0$, we recover the
standard VM, while for $\nu = 1$ the system gets frozen in its initial
state. For $0 \leq \nu < 1$, the time to reach global consensus shall be
affected considerably, i.e. the system will still always reach global
consensus, but this process is decelerated for higher values of $\nu$.
This can be confirmed by computer simulations which assume a constant
inertia equal for all voters (see left panel in Fig.~\ref{fixed}).
\begin{figure}[ht!]
  \centering
\includegraphics[width=13cm]{fig1.eps}
\caption{ (Left panel) Average times to consensus $T_\kappa$ in the voter
  model with a fixed and homogeneous inertia value $\nu_0=\nu$.  The line
  corresponds to the theoretical prediction $T_\kappa(\nu) = T_\kappa(\nu
  = 0) / (1-\nu)$, whose details are given in the text.  (Right panel)
  Comparison of the development of the average interface density $\rho$
  in the voter model and the model with fixed inertia. The curves
  correspond to the mean values obtained out of 500 realizations.  (Right
  panel, inset) Collapse of the curves where the time scale has been
  rescaled according to $t \to t / (1-\nu)$. The system size is
  $N=30\times 30$ in both panels and the voters are placed in a
  two-dimensional regular lattice. }
  \label{fixed}
\end{figure}

In the right panel of Fig.~\ref{fixed}, we depict the evolution of the
interface density $\rho$
for both the standard VM and the inertial VM with $\nu_0 = \nu =0.5$.
Differences between these cases can be seen in the very beginning and at
about $10^{3}$ time steps, right before the steep decay of disorder in
the system. There, the ordering process is slower than in the VM without
inertia. The distributions of $T_\kappa$ at different $\nu$-values are
very similar and show the log-normal like form known from the standard VM
($\nu=0$).

This behavior can be well understood by analyzing Eq.~(\ref{ivm}). It can
be seen that the ratio between the opinion changes in the standard VM and
the inertial VM is given by
$W(-\sigma|\sigma,\nu)/W^V(-\sigma|\sigma,0)=(1-\nu)$. Consequently, it
is possible to infer that the characteristic time scale for a VM with
fixed inertia will be rescaled as $t \to t_{V}/(1-\nu) $. As can be seen
in Fig.~\ref{fixed}, there is good agreement between this theoretical
prediction and computer simulations in both: the average time to
consensus (see panel (a)), and the time evolution of the interface
density (inset of panel (b)).

\subsection{Evolving social inertia}

We now turn our attention to the case where the individual inertia values
evolve with respect to the persistence time according to
Eq.~(\ref{reluct}). Without loss of generality, we fix $\nu_0=0$. Other
choices simply decelerate the overall dynamics as described in the
previous subsection. Note that increasing $\nu$ increases the level of
social inertia in the voter population.  Fig.~\ref{ttc} shows the average
time to reach consensus as a function of the parameter $\nu$, namely the
maximum inertia value reached by the voters when the system is embedded
in regular lattices of different dimensions.  In Fig.~\ref{ttc}, it is
apparent that, for lattices of dimension $d \geq 2$, the system exhibits
a noticeable reduction in the time to reach consensus for intermediate
values of the control parameter $\nu$. We observe that there is a
critical value of $\nu$ such that the average consensus time reaches a
minimum. Especially compared to the results of the previous section, this
result is against the intuition that a slowing-down of local dynamics
would lead to slower global dynamics.  Furthermore, it is also apparent
that the larger the dimension of the lattice, the more pronounced is the
phenomenon is.  Fig.~\ref{ttc}(a) shows the results for a one-dimensional
lattice, where the phenomenon is not present at all.  For this network
topology, it is found that all the curves collapse according to a scaling
relation $T_{\kappa}(\nu,N) = T_\kappa(\nu) / N^2 $.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\vspace{20pt}
  \centering
   \includegraphics[width=13cm]{fig2.eps}
   \caption{Average time to reach consensus $T_\kappa$ as a function of
     the maximum inertia value $\nu$. Panels (a), (b), (c) and (d) show
     the results for different system sizes in one-, two-, three-, and
     four-dimensional regular lattices, respectively. The results are
     averaged over $10^4$ realizations. The system sizes for the
     different panels are the following: (a) $N=50$ ($\circ$), $N=100$
     ($\triangle$), $N=500$ ($\square$); (b)
     $N=30^2$ ($\circ$), $N=50^2$ ($\triangle$), $N=70^2$ ($\square$); (c)
$N=10^3$
     ($\circ$), $N=15^3$ ($\triangle$), $N=18^3$ ($\square$); (d)
     $N=4^4$ ($\circ$), $N=5^4$ ($\triangle$), $N=7^4$ ($\square$).}
  \label{ttc}
\end{figure}

In Fig.~\ref{sw}, we plot $T_\kappa$ as a function of the maximum inertia
value $\nu$ for different small-world networks~\cite{watts1998}. Starting
with a two-dimensional regular lattice, two edges are randomly selected
from the system and with probability $\omega$ their end nodes are
exchanged~\cite{maslov2003}. With this procedure, the number of neighbors
remains constant for every voter.  It can be seen that the phenomenon of
lower consensus times for intermediate inertia values is also present in
small world networks.  Furthermore, increasing the rewiring probability
$\omega$ leads to larger reductions of the consensus times at the optimal
value $\nu_c$. This implies that the formation of spatial configurations,
such as clusters, is not the origin of this slower-is-faster effect.

Finally, we show the results on a fully-connected network, i.e.~where
every voter has $N-1$ neighbors. The results are shown in Fig.~\ref{num}.
As can be seen, the time to reach consensus is significantly decreased
for intermediate values of $\nu$.

\begin{figure}[t!]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig3.eps}
  \caption{Dependence of the average time to consensus on the control
    parameter $\nu$. The symbols represent different rewiring
    probabilities $\omega$, when the network topology is a small-world one.
    The curves corresponds to $\omega=0$ ($\circ$), $\omega=0.03$
($\triangle$),
    $\omega=0.1$ ($\square$), and $\omega=0.9$ ($\diamondsuit$).}
  \label{sw}
\end{figure}

\section{Analytical approach}\label{analysis}

As already mentioned, the
results of Figs.~\ref{sw} and \ref{num} indicate that the spatial
clustering plays no important role for the voters' ageing\footnote{By
  ageing we mean the possibility to build up higher persistence times
  that in turn lead to increasing inertia values.} and, therefore, for
the qualitative behavior observed. This finding allows for a quantitative
approach to the dynamics in the mean-field limit, i.e., we now use the
{\em global} densities of opinions to calculate the probability
$W_i(-\sigma_i|\sigma_i,\nu_i)$ in Eq.~(\ref{ivm}).

Let us first introduce $p_l^\sigma(t)$ as the fraction of voters with
opinion $\sigma$ and inertia state $l$. I.e.~$l=1$ if they are inertial
($\tau>0$) and $l=0$ if they are not inertial ($\tau=0$). Thus, voters
with opinion $+1$ that changed their opinion in the last update step
would contribute to the quantity $p_0^+(t)$, without an opinion change
they would contribute to $p_1^+(t)$.  The global density of an opinion
$\sigma$ at time $t$ is given by
\begin{equation}
  \label{frequ}
  P_\sigma(t)= p_0^\sigma(t) + p_1^\sigma(t) .
\end{equation}
Fig.~\ref{pst} illustrates the possible transitions of voters from one fraction
to another.
\begin{center}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}[ht!]
   \centering
   \psset{unit=1.3cm}
   \begin{pspicture}(-.2,-.5)(3,3)
     \rput(.5,2){\circlenode{a}{$p_0^+$}}
     \rput(2.5,2){\circlenode{b}{$p_1^+$}}
     \rput(.5,.5){\circlenode{c}{$p_0^-$}}
     \rput(2.5,.5){\circlenode{d}{$p_1^-$}}
     \ncarc{->}{a}{c} \ncarc{->}{c}{a}
     \ncarc{->}{a}{b} \ncarc{->}{c}{d}
     \ncarc{->}{d}{a} \ncarc{->}{b}{c}
     \nccircle{->}{b}{.3} \nccircle{->}{d}{.3}
   \end{pspicture}
   \vspace{-0.5cm}
     \caption{Illustration of the four fractions $p_l^\sigma$ and the
     possible transitions of a voter.
}
\label{pst}
\end{figure}
\end{center}

For the mean field limit, the evolution equations have the form
\begin{eqnarray}
  p_0^\sigma(t+1)-p_0^\sigma(t)&=&W(\sigma|-\sigma,0)p_0^{-\sigma}+W(\sigma|-\sigma,\nu)p_1^{-\sigma}\nonumber\\
& & - (W(-\sigma|\sigma,0)+W(\sigma|\sigma,0))p_0^\sigma \\
p_1^\sigma(t+1)-p_1^\sigma(t)&=&W(\sigma|\sigma,0)p_0^{\sigma}-W(-\sigma|\sigma
,\nu)p_1^\sigma.
\end{eqnarray}
In these equations, the global changing and sticking probabilities are
easily found by using Eqs.~(\ref{lvm}) and (\ref{ivm}),
\begin{eqnarray*}
W(-\sigma|\sigma,0) &=& W^{V}(-\sigma) =  P_{-\sigma}(t),\\
W(\sigma|\sigma,0) &=& W^{V}(\sigma) = P_{\sigma}(t),\\
W(-\sigma|\sigma,\nu) &=& (1-\nu)\,W^{V}(-\sigma) = (1-\nu)\,P_{-\sigma}(t),\\
W(\sigma|\sigma,\nu) &=& 1 - (1-\nu)\,W^{V}(\sigma) = P_{-\sigma}(t) + \nu
P_{\sigma}(t) .
\end{eqnarray*}
After some steps of straightforward algebra, the former
expressions can
be written in the example of the +1 opinion as
\begin{eqnarray}
  \label{fracs}
  p_0^+(t+1)-p_0^+(t) & = & P_+(t)\big[p_0^-(t)+(1-\nu) p_1^-(t)\big]-p_0^+(t),\\
  \label{fracs1}
  p_1^+(t+1)-p_1^+(t) & = & P_+(t)p_0^+(t)+P_-(t)\, p_1^+(t)(\nu - 1 ),
\end{eqnarray}
and the equivalent terms are found for opinion $-1$.

The global density of the +1 opinion evolves as the sum of
Eqs.~(\ref{fracs}) and~(\ref{fracs1})
which yields, after some more straightforward algebra, the change in the
global density
\begin{equation}
  \label{glo+}
   P_+(t+1) - P_+(t) = \nu \left[p_0^-(t)\,p_1^+(t)-p_0^+(t)p_1^-(t)\right].
\end{equation}
For $\nu=0$, i.e. the standard VM, we obtain the general conservation of
magnetization that we already have seen in Eq.~(\ref{vm_mf}). For $\nu>0$
everything depends on the quantities $p_l^\sigma(t)$. If there is no
heterogeneity of social inertia in the system, i.e.  if at some time
either $p_0^+(t)+p_0^-(t)=1$ or $p_1^+(t)+p_1^-(t)=1$, then there also is
no dynamics in the magnetization.  The same holds if both products in the
squared brackets of Eq.~(\ref{glo+}) are equally high.  This is true if
$P_+=P_-$ and the ratio of inertial voters is the same within the two
global densities, i.e. if $p_0^+(t)=p_0^-(t)$.

In the remaining configurations of these four quantities, there is a
dynamics in the magnetization of the system. This implies that even if
the global densities of the opinions are the same ($P_+=P_-=0.5$), we can
find a evolution towards full consensus at one of the opinions.
Interestingly, the opinion whose density is increasing can be the {\em
  minority} opinion in the system. In general, at every timestep an
opinion $\sigma$ has an increasing share of voters in the system whenever
its internal ratio of inertial voters reaches the inequality
\begin{equation}
  \label{inequ}
  \frac{p_1^\sigma}{p_0^\sigma}>\frac{p_1^{-\sigma}}{p_0^{-\sigma}}.
\end{equation}
However, the complete process is nonlinear and, therefore, it is not
possible to derive the final outcome of the dynamics from Eq.
\ref{inequ}.

Note that condition~(\ref{inequ}) is evidence of the important role of
the heterogeneity of voters on the dynamics in the system. More
precisely, the main driving force of the observed ``slower-is-faster''
effect is the voters' heterogeneity with respect to their inertia.

In order to have an analytical estimation of the effect of social inertia
on the times to consensus, we initialize the system in a situation just
after the symmetry is broken. In particular, we artificially set the
initial densities to differ slightly, i.e. we set $p_0^+(0)=1/2+N^{-1}$
and, hence, $p_0^-(0)=1/2-N^{-1}$.\footnote{We also calculated the
  theoretical predictions for breaking the symmetry in the other way,
  namely by setting $p_0^+(0)=1/2-N^{-1}$ and $p_1^+(0)=N^{-1}$. Here,
  again opinion +1 is favored, but this time just by a higher fraction of
  inertial voters. The initial densities of opinions are equal.
  Qualitatively, this procedure leads to the same theoretical
  predictions.} Then we iterate according to Eqs.~(\ref{fracs})
and~(\ref{fracs1}). Furthermore, we assume that the consensus is reached
whenever for one opinion $p_0^\sigma(t) + p_1^\sigma(t) \leq N^{-1}$
holds.\footnote{With the described initial condition, +1 can be the only
  consensus opinion.}  This is due to the fact that for a system of size
$N$, if the frequency of the minority state falls below $N^{-1}$, the
absorbing state is reached.  As we are interested in the effect of
different inertia-levels, we again use $\nu$ as control parameter and
compare the results with computer simulations of the identical setup of
our inertial VM.  In Fig.~\ref{num}, the lines correspond to this
theoretical analysis, where a qualitative agreement can be seen with the
simulation results.
\begin{figure}[ht]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=9cm]{fig5.eps}
  \caption{Averaged times to consensus $T_\kappa$ as a function of the
    value of social inertia $\nu$. Symbols show the simulation results
    for different system sizes, intersected lines the results of the
    theoretical estimation. A fully connected network of voters was
    used.}
  \label{num}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions\label{conclusion}}

The time for reaching a fully ordered state in a two-state system such as
the voter model is a problem that attracted attention from different
fields in the last years.  In this paper, we studied the effect of social
inertia in the VM based on the assumption that social inertia grows with
the time the voter has been keeping its current opinion. We focus our
study on how the times to consensus vary depending on the level of
inertia in the population ($\nu$).

Counter-intuitively to the expectation that increasing inertia may lead
to increasing times to reach consensus, we find that, for intermediate
values of $\nu$, this inertia mechanism causes the system to reach
consensus \emph{faster} than in the standard VM. We show that this
phenomenon is robust against the exact topology of the neighborhood
network as we find it in regular lattices and small-world networks. In
the former holds that the larger the dimension, the more noticeable the
effect. Furthermore, we found that the phenomenon also appears in random
and fully-connected networks.

In simple words, this intriguing effect can be understood as follows: Due
to fluctuations, one of the opinions is able to acquire a slight majority
of voters. Therefore, voters of this opinion change less likely and,
hence, the average inertia of this opinion will be higher than the
other. Since inertia reduces emigration, but not immigration, the
majority will become even larger. This development is enforced by higher
values of $\nu$ and constitutes a clear direction of the ordering
dynamics which intuitively can lead to a faster reaching of
consensus. However, for high values of $\nu$, this development is
outperformed by the high level of average inertia in the complete system,
i.e. also within the minority population of voters, which slows down the
overall time scale of the ordering dynamics (compare Fig.~\ref{fixed}).

Interestingly, this phenomenon implies that individuals reluctant to
change their opinion can have a counter-intuitive effect on the consensus
process, which was studied for some particular cases
before~\cite{galam2005}.  Furthermore, an inertial minority can overcome
a less inertial majority in a similar fashion as previously discussed
in~\cite{galam, sanmiguel}.

Whereas, in a recent paper, we derived the complete macroscopic dynamics
of a system with slowly increasing inertia~\cite{PRL}, here we discuss a
reduced model based on only two levels of inertia. Albeit simple, this
model can still give rise to the observed ``slower-is-faster''
phenomenon. It also allows for a theoretical approach to unveil its
origin, namely the described ageing-mechanism that breaks the
magnetization conservation. This is different from the standard VM where
magnetization is always conserved. We showed that the break of
magnetization conservation only holds when the voters build up a {\em
  heterogeneity} with respect to their inertia to change opinion.
Therefore, once the symmetry between (a) the global densities of the two
possible states and/or (b) the proportions of inertial voters is broken,
the favored state (opinion) achieves both (i) a reinforcement of its
average inertia and (ii) a fast recruitment of the less inertial state.
Both effects contribute to a faster deviation from the symmetric state.
For some parameter ranges, these mechanisms outweigh the increasement in
the time to reach consensus generated by the high inertia of the state
that disappeared in equilibrium.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
HUS wants to thank Stefano Battiston, Matthias Feiler, and Patrick
Gr\"ober for many fruitful discussions and useful hints, and Frank E.
Walter for technical support. CJT acknowledges financial support of SBF
(Switzerland) through research project C05.0148 (Physics of Risk).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


ROME — The Identification and Expulsion Center, a detention complex on the outskirts of Rome where illegal immigrants can be held for months before deportation, is not a prison. But the difference seems mostly a question of semantics.
Tall metal fences separate rows of drab low-lying barracks into individual units that are locked down at night, when the concrete courtyards are lit bright as day. There are security cameras. Some guards wear riot gear. Detainees can move around in designated areas during the day, but they are forced to wear slippers, or shoes without laces, so as not harm themselves or others. After a revolt in the men's section, sharp objects — including pens, pencils and combs — were banned.
The center, in the suburb of Ponte Galeria, is one of 11 in Italy used to hold people — some who have lived in Italy for years — who lack working or residence permits, or whose papers have expired. The authorities say that the centers are essential to better regulate illegal immigration and that they comply with European Union guidelines.
But such centers in Italy, and elsewhere in Europe, are coming in for intensifying criticism from human rights groups and others who say they are inhumane, ineffective and costly. In Italy, critics assert that the centers reflect policies that equate immigration with criminality, overlook the economic benefits that immigrants can bring and fail to take account of the increasingly multicultural nature of society.
Violent outbursts have become a defining feature. After a change in Italian law in 2011, those found to be residing illegally in Italy can now be detained as long as 18 months, in compliance with E.U. law, while their status is resolved. Since the change in the law, the authorities acknowledge, riots and attempts at escape have become more common.
When observers from Doctors for Human Rights, an Italian association, tried to visit the center in the southern city of Bari last July, they were denied access to holding areas "because of the tensions inside," according a report that the group released in May. A revolt in August 2010 partly destroyed the center, which is working at reduced capacity after a class action suit was successfully brought against it.
In all, five centers have undergone major renovations after rioting. A revolt also damaged the center in Turin, where detainees are kept in six closed sectors. When workers from Doctors for Human Rights visited the center in April 2012, a third of the 120 detainees were taking sedatives or anti-anxiety drugs, and the director of the center reported that there were 156 acts of self-harm among detainees in 2011, the group's report said. Depression is common in all the centers. Suicides are rare, but happen.
What's more, critics say, the centers have not deterred illegal immigration. The report by Doctors for Human Rights pointed out that only about 50 percent — 4,015 of the 7,944 irregular immigrants detained in 2012 — were actually deported. That was just a tiny fraction of the 440,000 irregular immigrants believed to reside in Italy.
In a case that made national news in Italy, a 24-year-old Egyptian, known publicly only as Karim, was brought to Ponte Galeria after being stopped in April with an expired residence permit. He has lived in Italy since he was 6 years old, has two brothers legally residing here, and an Italian girlfriend of three years whose toddler from a previous union regards him as her father.
Like many detainees, Karim asked for, but was denied, political asylum. His lawyer, who is appealing the ruling, said Karim was most likely refused because he has a criminal record for drug trafficking and because he spent time in a rehabilitation center. Karim's girlfriend is now trying to marry him. An online petition to halt his expulsion has registered more than 19,700 signatures.
Others inside and outside the system are asking the same question of the thousands held around Europe.
The length of detention and the conditions at the centers differ from country to country, but "Italy is not unique with having criticism and problems in running these facilities," said Michael Flynn, the founder and coordinator of the Global Detention Project, based in Geneva.
In Britain, the Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford has raised similar questions about the usefulness of detention. Spain has been criticized for housing migrants in tents; the Netherlands for keeping them on houseboats.
By virtue of its long coastline and proximity to North Africa, Italy faces a special predicament, however. With the chaos of the Arab Spring in 2011, the number of people who crossed the Mediterranean to Italy swelled to 62,000. The numbers have since dropped significantly. Last year, 13,200 made the crossing, according to estimates by the International Organization for Migration. In the first three months of 2013, about 1,500 had crossed.
The report called for a reform of the system, possibly putting all the centers under single management, with the aim of standardizing their quality and making them more cost effective. Government officials also say that the process would be more streamlined if foreign consulates cooperated more promptly in identifying detainees for deportation.
Rights groups said the recommendation was a step in the wrong direction.
Whatever the view of the centers, there is no doubt that they amount to a life of limbo. The "guests," as they are officially known, are often bewildered by their predicament. Research by the Jesuit Refugee Service Europe found that in centers around the Continent, detainees "primarily suffer mentally, severe, psychological stress from not knowing when the detention will end," Mr. Amaral said. It is worse, he said, than imprisonment, which has a fixed term.
Some come directly from prison, too, once they have served sentences. Former inmates say the added stay amounts to an unfair extension of their sentences.
"I waited for five years to be released," from prison "and then I found myself locked away again," said a 40-year-old Tunisian man who was being held at the Ponte Galeria center and did not want to be identified.
He had spent nearly half his life in Italy, working in construction before being arrested for drug trafficking.


text:
Factual Microwave Radiation Research Consumers Need To Know Before Embracing 5G
TOPICS:5GCatherine FrompovichEMFInternet of ThingsMicrowavesRadiationWiFi
By Catherine J. Frompovich
Microwave technology seems to have been around 'forever', so that's probably why very few tech consumers question its safety. However, consumers should know the latest and most 'coveted' update to technology is the Internet of Things, which will become "Big Brother Personified."
Not only will the IoT report back (i.e., spy?) to high-speed computer data centers consumers EVERY activity, IoT will super-saturate your physical body and brain with extremely rapid oscillation Gigahertz (GHz) frequencies needed to implement IoT, which probably will become physically uncomfortable, as being reported by current research studies.
The U.S. military has pressed hard for each generation of microwave updates to the point where 5G is their "war weapon" that will be pressed in to civilian use for higher speed Wi-Fi.
Personally, I've been a health issues researcher/writer/author since the late 1970s and the plans for expanded microwave technologies, e.g., 5G and higher, cause me grave concern, especially because of the resolute lack of transparency concerning the harms from its thermal and non-thermal waves, which deliberately have been secreted from consumers—similar to what the tobacco industry and other vested interests have done in order to mainstream technologies harming human health, wildlife, the environment and ruined the Planet's hydrologic system by implementing Solar Radiation Management, which some refer to as "chemtrails."
With the last paragraph's concerns in mind, I've gotten together an anthology of probable lesser-known Microwave, ELF, EMF, RFR research I think consumers should know—and save—to understand how the proverbial wool has been pulled over your eyes about a technology you have fallen in love with; become addicted to; and are clamoring for more and higher generation speeds, while really not knowing nor understanding the harm it is doing to you and especially the children, who are the most vulnerable to cellular damage.
>>>A Retrospective Microwave Research Anthology<<<
Biological Effects and Health Hazards of Microwave Radiation, Proceedings on an International Symposium, October, 1973 [October 15-18, 1973, Warsaw, Poland]
Reviewed by Emanuel Landau
Biological Effects and Health Hazards of Microwave Radiation, Proceedings on an International Symposium, October, 1973. Poland Government, WHO and USHEW. Polish Medical Publishers.
347 pp. 1974. $10 U.S.A., $12.50 Foreign. NTIS PB 239-554.
"This volume represents the proceedings of the only truly international symposium on the effects of microwave radiation which was held in Warsaw in October, 1973. In addition to the presented papers of the participants, the work contains succinct summaries of the discussions and a list of sound conclusions and recommendations. Differences in research findings are not glossed over. Particularly impressive to this reviewer is the absence of ideological statements and judgments. It is a "must" book for any serious student of the health effects of exposure to microwave radiation.
"While this publication does not and cannot present definitive findings, it does represent a valuable state of the art review with all the inconsistencies and disagreements noted and discussed.
A special merit is that it makes possible more details of the studies done by the leading research investigators for both high and low level exposure situations than has been previously available. Even more detail is needed for proper assessment, but this symposium clearly will contribute to the necessary reconciliation of the wide divergence of research results reported for cataractogenesis and "microwave neurosis" as well as for other stated adverse effects."
Emanuel Landau, PhD
APHA Project Director
Environmental Health Hazards
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1775882/pdf/amjph00794-0077c.pdf
Am J Public Health. 1975 July; 65(7): 751. PMCID: PMC1775882
[CJF emphasis]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1775882/?page=1
Session A. General Effects of Microwave Radiation (80 pages)
https://www.elettrosensibili.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/biologic-effects-health-hazards-of-mw-a1.pdf
Session A continued (27 pages)
https://www.elettrosensibili.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/biologic-effects-health-hazards-of-mw-a2-1.pdf
Session B. Influence of Microwave Radiation on the Nervous System and Behavior (23 pages)
https://www.elettrosensibili.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/biologic-effects-health-hazards-of-mw-b1.pdf
Session B continued (20 pages)
Session C. Effects of Microwave Radiation at the Cellular and Molecular Level (40 pages)
https://www.elettrosensibili.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/biologic-effects-health-hazards-of-mw-c1.pdf
Session C continued (10 pages)
Session D. Measurements of Microwave Radiation (58 pages)
https://www.elettrosensibili.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/biologic-effects-health-hazards-of-mw-d.pdf
Session E. Occupational Exposure and Public Health Aspects of Microwave Radiation (48 pages)
https://www.elettrosensibili.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/biologic-effects-health-hazards-of-mw-e.pdf
Session F. Presentation and Discussion of Session Reports, Conclusions (Including Future Research Needs) and Recommendations (27 pages)
https://www.elettrosensibili.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/biologic-effects-health-hazards-of-mw-f.pdf
Session I. List of Participants (15 pages)
https://www.elettrosensibili.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/biologic-effects-health-hazards-of-mw-i.pdf
A Mother's Tragic Story about In-school Wi-Fi Damage to her 15-year-old daughter, who suffered with EHS from Wi-Fi in school, which finally led to the daughter's eventual suicide: Why Die for Wi-Fi? My Child Did – Will Yours? / Debra Fry, May 3, 2016
A pioneer researcher, the late Dr. Ross Adey, in his last publication in Bioelectromagnetic Medicine (P. Roche and M. Markov, eds. 2004) concluded:
"There are major unanswered questions about possible health risks that may arise from exposures to various man-made electromagnetic fields where these human exposures are intermittent, recurrent, and may extend over a significant portion of the lifetime of the individual."
"Epidemiological studies have evaluated ELF and radiofrequency fields as possible risk factors for human health, with historical evidence relating rising risks of such factors as progressive rural electrification, and more recently, to methods of electrical power distribution and utilization in commercial buildings. Appropriate models describing these bioeffects are based in non-equilibrium thermodynamics, with nonlinear electrodynamics as an integral feature. Heating models, based in equilibrium thermodynamics, fail to explain an impressive new frontier of much greater significance.
….. Though incompletely understood, tissue free radical interactions with magnetic fields may extend to zero field levels." (2)
Source: BioInitiative 2012*, Section 1 (Summary for the Public), Pg. 7/22 of 1479
Children are at increased risks from Radiofrequencies (RFs) emitted by microwaves according to the Presidential Cancel Panel 2010 and the American Academy of Pediatricians.
"There is little doubt that exposure to ELF causes childhood leukemia."
Source: BioInitiative 2012*, Pg. 8/23 of 1479
What is remarkable about studies on DNA, genes and proteins and EMFs is that there should be no effect at all if it were true that EMFs is too weak to cause damage. Scientists who believe that the energy of EMFs is insignificant and unlikely to cause harm have a hard time explaining these changes, so are inclined to just ignore them. The trouble with this view is that the effects are occurring. Not being able to explain these effects is not a good reason to consider them imaginary or unimportant.
Source: BioInitiative 2012*, Section 1, Pg. 16/31 of 1479
Sixteen nations: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Namibia, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom have ruled the thermal RF radiation levels set by the National Council of Radiation Protection (NCP), the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), and the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) are obsolete and do not adequately protect the public, so they are taking action to mitigate public risks.
Source: BioInitiative 2012
"The IARC Monographs classification of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF) covers the entire radiofrequency segment of the electromagnetic spectrum (30 kHz-300 GHz). Within this spectrum, the electromagnetic fields around (or the radiation emitted by) mobile telephones represent the most intense and most wide-spread exposure situation, for which a small increase in risk for glioma and acoustic neuroma has been found in the group of 'heavy users'. Other devices that emit the same type of RF radiation – base-station antennas, radio/tv antennas, WiFi stations, smart meters – fall under the same evaluation. However, because the exposure levels for many of these other devices and exposure situations are so much lower than the exposure to someone who has a functioning cell phone against her/his ear, the risk will be considerably less (although the hazard still exists)." [CJF emphasis]
Source: BioInitiative 2012*, Section 22 (Precaution in Action – Global Public Health Advice Following BioInitiative), Pg. 28/1325 of 1479
The US Government Accountability Office published a report in 2012 urging the US Federal Communications Commission to revisit the outdated safety standards for the exposures from wireless devices. (19)
Source: BioInitiative 2012*, Section 22, Pg. 18/1315 of 1479
The Report noted that the FCC's RF energy exposure limit may not reflect the latest research.
Source: BioInitiative 2012*, Section 22 Pg. 19/1316 of 1479
Adverse health effects occur at levels much lower than what the FCC claims to be safe.
Non-thermal adverse health effects from microwave RFs have been documented at extremely low power densities in these ranges: microwatt, nanowatt, picowatt and femtowatt.
A microwatt (µW) equals one millionth of a watt
A nanowatt (nW) equals one billionth of a watt
A picowatt (pW) equals one trillionth of a watt
A femtowatt (fW) equals on quadrillionth of a watt
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt ]
"EMF exposure can change gene and/or protein expression in certain types of cells, even at intensities lower than ICNIRP recommended values." [CJF emphasis]
Source: BioInitiative 2012*, Table 1-1 BioInitiative Report Overall Conclusions, Section 5 Genotoxicity Pg. 2 of 16
Dr. Henry Lai, PhD, Professor Emeritus of Bioengineering, University of Washington, discovered in 1995 damage to rat brains at Radiofrequency radiation levels deemed as 'safe' by the FCC.
Research scientist George Carlo's independent research established wireless radiation RAISED the risk of brain cancer, which led the cellular communications industry to discredit Carlo's work.
The National Toxicology Program (NTP) cell phone radiation study data released in March of 2018 provided evidence that cell phone microwave radiation caused cancers in rats, e.g., rare schwannoma heart tumors and brain tumors.
"The study looked at only 2G and 3G frequencies, which are still commonly used for phone calls. It does not apply to 4G or 5G, which use different frequencies and modulation, he [John Bucher, a senior scientist with NTP] said." [CJF emphasis]
Based upon current research findings, the FCC's 1996 recommended RF limits/safety standard of 0.6mW/cm2 for 30 minutes of exposure time is seriously flawed and must be corrected to reflect dangers inherent from non-ionizing RF radiation.
Proof of the above statement are 27 citations of scientific studies reporting adverse health effects at levels less than 0.00063 m/W/cm2. These studies can be found enumerated at http://www.bioinitiative.org/conclusions/. There are too many to list here, but it is important to list:
DEFINING A NEW 'EFFECT LEVEL' FOR RFR
On a precautionary public health basis, a reduction from the BioInitiative 2007 recommendation of 0.1 uW/cm2 (or one-tenth of a microwatt per square centimeter) for cumulative outdoor RFR down to something three orders of magnitude lower (in the low nanowatt per square centimeter range) is justified.
A scientific benchmark of 0.003 uW/cm2 or three nanowatts per centimeter squared for 'lowest observed effect level' for RFR is based on mobile phone base station-level studies. Applying a ten-fold reduction to compensate for the lack of long-term exposure (to provide a safety buffer for chronic exposure, if needed) or for children as a sensitive subpopulation yields a 300 to 600 picowatts per square centimeter precautionary action level. This equates to a 0.3 nanowatts to 0.6 nanowatts per square centimeter as a reasonable, precautionary action level for chronic exposure to pulsed RFR.
These levels may need to change in the future, as new and better studies are completed. We leave room for future studies that may lower or raise today's observed 'effects levels' and should be prepared to accept new information as a guide for new precautionary actions.
Source: BioInitiative 2012 "A Rationale for Biologically-based Exposure Standards for Low-Intensity Electromagnetic Radiation" Conclusions
However, there are several specific studies performed using various low level µW/cm2 I'd like to bring to your attention:
1 – 0.13 µW/cm2
Radiofrequency radiation from 3G cell towers decreased cognition, well-being. Zwamborn, 2003. https://www.rsm.govt.nz/projects-auctions/current-projects/preparing-for-5g-in-new-zealand/folder-potential-health-effects-of-5g-technology/attachment-3-submission-261.pdf
2 – 0.168-1.053 µW/cm2
Irreversible infertility in mice after 5 generations of exposure to Radiofrequency radiation from an 'antenna park'. Magras & Zenos, 1997. https://www.rsm.govt.nz/projects-auctions/current-projects/preparing-for-5g-in-new-zealand/folder-potential-health-effects-of-5g-technology/attachment-3-submission-261.pdf
Motor function, memory and attention span of school children affected in Latvia. Kolodynski, 1996.
Resource: Power Density: Radio frequency Non-Ionizing Radiation [14 pages with hundreds of citations] http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.563.3898&rep=rep1&type=pdf
4 – 60 to 100 μW/m2
Whole human body chronic exposure to base station Radiofrequencies showed increased stress hormones; dopamine levels were substantially decreased; there were higher levels of adrenaline and nor-adrenaline; and chronic physiological stress was produced in cells after 1.5 years. Buchner, 2012.
Source: Reported Biological Effects of RF & Microwave Radiation Power Density μW/m2
http://www.stopsmartmetersbc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ReportedBiologicalRFEffectsChart.pdf
5 – Interestingly, between 2007 and mid-2012, sixty-nine (69) new ELF-EMF study papers were published regarding neurological effects from ELFs-EMFs. Of those 69 papers, 93% (64) show adverse effects, whereas only 5 (7%) show no adverse effects. Lai, 2012.
Source: https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/7520939118.pdf [Pg. 10 of 17 pages]
6 – Numerous sperm studies have been replicated showing the adverse effects on sperm quality, motility and pathology in men who use and wear live cell phones on their bodies, PDA or pagers on their belts or in a pants pocket. Here's one example:
See https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4074720/
[a] Long–term semen exposure in the area of mobile phone RF–EMR leads to a significant decrease in the number of sperm with progressive movement and an increase in those with non–progressive movement.
[b] Prolonged direct mobile phone exposure may bring about sperm DNA fragmentation
[c] For men readying themselves for fatherhood, especially when registered fertility problems exist, it would be better to avoid holding a mobile phone in a trouser pocket for long periods of time.
Other papers reporting sperm being affected by RFs-EMRs include: Agarwal et al, 2008; Agarwal et al, 2009; Wdowiak et al, 2007; De Iuliis et al, 2009; Feyes et al, 2005; Aitken et al, 2005; Kumar, 2012.
There are in excess of 4,000 scientific studies reporting biological and adverse health effects from non-thermal radiation exposure and yet the FCC and microwave trade associations deny them, plus do not factor those findings into establishing correct ELF-EMF-RFR safety guidelines.
Could be it there are no safe parameters that can be met relative to man-made microwaves non-thermal non-ionizing radiation?
The charts below give various interpretations of the Electromagnetic spectrum.
Hat tips and many thanks go to Richard Myers and Casper Gripenberg for their generous sharing of research and information in the preparation of this "anthology" of older and currently-suppressed research regarding microwave radiation effects.
*BioInitiative 2012 / A Rationale for Biologically-based Exposure Standards for Low-Intensity
Electromagnetic Radiation BioInitiative Working Group 2012
http://www.smartmetereducationnetwork.com/uploads/wirelessrf101/BioInitiativeReport2012.pdf
Catherine J Frompovich (website) is a retired natural nutritionist who earned advanced degrees in Nutrition and Holistic Health Sciences, Certification in Orthomolecular Theory and Practice plus Paralegal Studies. Her work has been published in national and airline magazines since the early 1980s. Catherine authored numerous books on health issues along with co-authoring papers and monographs with physicians, nurses, and holistic healthcare professionals. She has been a consumer healthcare researcher 35 years and counting.
Catherine's latest book, published October 4, 2013, is Vaccination Voodoo, What YOU Don't Know About Vaccines, available on Amazon.com.
Her 2012 book A Cancer Answer, Holistic BREAST Cancer Management, A Guide to Effective & Non-Toxic Treatments, is available on Amazon.com and as a Kindle eBook.
Two of Catherine's more recent books on Amazon.com are Our Chemical Lives And The Hijacking Of Our DNA, A Probe Into What's Probably Making Us Sick (2009) and Lord, How Can I Make It Through Grieving My Loss, An Inspirational Guide Through the Grieving Process (2008)
Catherine's NEW book: Eat To Beat Disease, Foods Medicinal Qualities ©2016 Catherine J Frompovich is now available
Top Image Credit: Health Impact News
3 Comments on "Factual Microwave Radiation Research Consumers Need To Know Before Embracing 5G"
Robrage | June 4, 2018 at 10:46 am | Reply
Government ..Trust us..scientists have thoroughly tested 5 G on lab rats…None died right away and only one caught on fire.
chris | June 4, 2018 at 11:22 am | Reply
Thank you, Thank you Catherine for all the details! The easiest answer to Ghz technology: microwave ovens boil WATER, which also 'happens' to be the no 1
ingredient of our bodies…. On the microscopic level: every single biological molecule, whether small or larger like protein, DNA, RNA, is surrounded by waters, building so called hydration shell around each of them. Water participates in every single ATP process(energy), in every single enzymatic process (digestion, reduction, oxidation, etc), in every single biological event out there. Thus :"IoT will super-saturate your physical body and brain with extremely rapid oscillation Gigahertz (GHz) frequencies
needed to implement IoT, which probably will become physically uncomfortable, as being reported by current research studies.", is not right by using the word 'probably'.. The GHz range, as implemented now, WILL AFFECT everyone and everything around, and those, who designed/produced the devices emanating that radiation, must know about it.
Ron Marr | June 4, 2018 at 11:47 am | Reply
Thank you, Catherine J Frompovich, for all you do .

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
By Nicole Casal Moore
Just as X-rays let doctors see the bones beneath our skin, "T-rays" could allow art historians to see murals hidden beneath coats of plaster or paint in centuries-old buildings, engineering researchers say.
A form of radiation may help uncover murals hidden beneath coats of plaster or paint in old buildings, engineering researchers say.
T-rays, pulses of terahertz radiation, also could illuminate penciled sketches under paintings on canvas without harming the artwork, the researchers say. Current methods of imaging underdrawings can't detect certain art materials such as graphite or sanguine, a red chalk that some of the masters are believed to have used.
The team of researchers, which includes scientists at the Louvre Museum, Picometrix, LLC and U-M, used terahertz imaging to detect colored paints and a graphite drawing of a butterfly through 4 mm of plaster. They believe their technique is capable of seeing even deeper. A paper on the research is published in the February edition of Optics Communications.
In March the scientists will take their equipment to France to help archeologists examine a mural they discovered recently behind five layers of plaster in a 12th century church.
"It's ideal that the method of evaluation for historical artifacts such as frescoes and mural paintings, which are typically an inherent part of a building's infrastructure, be non-destructive, non-invasive, precise and applicable on site," says John Whitaker, an author of the paper who is a research scientist and adjunct professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.
Terahertz imaging can reveal depth and detail that other techniques cannot, Whitaker says.
Other types of radiation, such as X-rays and microwaves, can penetrate plaster, but scientists can't pulse them quickly enough to achieve sufficient depth resolution. Embedded layers in the plaster are indistinguishable, Whitaker says.
Terahertz radiation has been difficult to produce in a lab because it falls between the capabilities of electronic devices and lasers.
"Terahertz is a strange range in the electromagnetic spectrum because it's quasi-optical. It is light, but it isn't," says Bianca Jackson, first author of the paper who is a doctoral student in applied physics.
The device used for this research is a hybrid between electronics and lasers. It was developed by the Ann-Arbor based company Picometrix. It's called the T-Ray™ system, and it uses pulses from an ultra-fast laser to excite a semiconductor antenna, which in turn emits pulses of terahertz radiation.
Gèrard Mourou, an electrical engineering professor emeritus, says he believes this technique especially will be useful in Europe, where historic regime changes often resulted in artworks being plastered or painted over. This was common in places of worship, some of which switched from churches to mosques and vice versa over the centuries.
"In France alone, you have 100,000 churches," Mourou said. "In many of these places, we know there is something hidden. It has already been written about. This is a quick way to find it."
And Leonardo DaVinci's "The Battle of Anghiari," for example, is believed to lurk beneath other frescos at the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence, Italy, Mourou says.
Irl Duling, director of terahertz business development at Picometrix and an author of the paper. says this method beats a hammer and a chisel.
"There are two ways to find out whether there's a hidden fresco. One way is to rip the plaster off and the other way would be to use an imaging technique to see if there's an interface and a buried piece of art underneath. There's no imaging technique currently that works sufficiently,"
Duling says.
The paper is called "Terahertz imaging for non-destructive evaluation of mural paintings."
Mourou is the A D Moore Distinguished University Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. He currently holds a position at the Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquèe.
Other authors are: Steven Williamson of Picometrix; Marie Mourou, a U-M undergraduate student; and Michel Menu, of the Center for Research and Restoration at The Louvre Museum.


text:
2019-03-16 0 Comments Editorial, News, Video
Royal Khaoz Live at 9 Mile Music Festival
This past Saturday (March 9) rising reggae band Royal KhaoZ graced the 9 Mile Music Festival stage for the first time ever. Performing alongside some greats, they had the pleasure of joining the lineup with Nas, Julian Marley, Capleton, Sizzla and more. I would love to schedule an interview for you to chat with the guys about their 9 Mile experience.
They were exclusively featured on News 12 The Bronx last week for their "Best of the Bronx" series and recently premiered their latest single "Show Me Your Motion," on largeup.com, which is also featured on the TIDAL Rising Reggae Playlist. As they gear up for their sophomore LP, due out later this year, they continue to push the bar with reggae music on the forefront of mainstream platforms all while spreading empowering messages with popular tunes like "Walk with Jah," a hit from their 2016 EP, Release the Pressure.
This Bronx based group is steadily hitting the music waves. They have already worked with some of the most renowned reggae legends (Toots & the Maytals, The Wailers, Kranium, Luciano, Sister Nancy, and Roots Percussionist of Chronixx & the Zincfence Redemption) over the years. Thriving on their roots and culture, Royal KhaoZ's music focuses on positivity, love, and empowerment.
Not only do they make music but they create a safe space for other artists to do the same. On Thursdays they host a live intimate jam session, Voice Out Jams, in their Bronx recording studio where they encourage and invite all creatives to share their artistry in a safe and supportive environment. The likes of Junior Reid, Juno award winning Canadian Reggae artist Kirk Diamond, Roots Percussionist, Keisha Martin, Kiprich, Derrick Morgan, Lila Aike, Shuga, New Kingston, Naomi Cowan, Carlene Davis, dancehall artist Kemar Highcon, Alandon, and more have already blessed the stage with their presence. Click here to view one of the sessions – you can check the band out at the 19:50 mark.
About Royal KhaoZ
Dretegs, Bama, and Coco, who have been members since its inception formed the band in 2010 right in the Bronx and have been producing heartfelt and powerful tunes ever since. DamDrumz and Vassell, always familiar with the band's work, plays on the drums and percussion. Thriving on their roots and culture, Royal KhaoZ's music focuses on positivity, love, and empowerment. Every one of their songs leave a lasting message that can reach any listener. The band possesses the ability to represent reggae in its truest form, while tastefully applying their own twist to traditional and conventional sounds. Drawing influences from soul, funk, pop, and rock, the group prides themselves on creating raw and organic reggae fusion.
REGGAE'S HIDDEN LEGEND MR. WILLIAMZ IS BACK WITH A SCORCHING NEW SINGLE: 'YOUR STYLE' ft. PRESSURE.Previous Article
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Come and take part in a unique debate about Islam in France. The 'Heart and Soul Gathering' programme on the BBC World Service invites you to be part of this unique discussion in Paris exploring what it is like to be young, Muslim and French. What kind of Islam do you want to see in France? Come and contribute with your experience. We'll have a panel of young people with a variety of different faith perspectives and backgrounds. Together with a live audience we'll have a conversation about personal faith and experience which will be broadcast globally on the BBC's World Service on 30 March. The discussion will be in English.
1. Come early! Tickets are free and admission is on a first-come-first-served basis, so we can't guarantee that you'll get in.
2. Please bring a paper or digital copy of your ticket with you, along with a photo ID.
3. Upon arriving at the venue you'll need to go through our security checks. Please do not bring sharp implements such as penknives, forks etc with you.
4. Our show is not suitable for people aged under 12. Anyone aged under 18 should be accompanied by an adult.
5. There is no dress code.
6. In the unlikely event we need to amend event details we'll do all we can to give you plenty of notice, but we can't be held responsible for any liabilities you incur getting to the venue.
7. This event will be recorded and photographed for use by the BBC. Audio or video recording by persons not authorised by the BBC will not be allowed.


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Hydrangeas are perennial flowering shrubs, and limelight is a varietal of panicle hydrangea that produces pale pistachio green flower heads. It blooms in the summer through the late summer and fall. As the flowers age, they will gradually change color, becoming a deep pink. Limelight hydrangeas reach up to 8 feet in height at maturity and are hardy in USDA zones 3 through 9.
Select a planting location for your limelight hydrangea that affords a full sun to partial daily shade exposure. In warmer, southern climates where the afternoon sun is very hot, a planting location with afternoon shade will boost the plant's performance.
Prepare a planting soil that is nutrient rich and well drained. Amend the soil with compost and or well aged manure mixing them into the soil evenly. Add a small dose of granular acid-rich fertilizer, such as MirAcid, mixed into the planting soil to feed the hydrangea as it establishes itself.
Dig a hole at least twice the diameter of the hydrangea's root ball and at least 6 inches deeper. Till up the soil in the bottom of the hole to make it easy for the new tender roots to penetrate into the soil.
Place your limelight hydrangea down in the prepared hole, keeping the soil level in the same spot on the main trunk. Back-fill the amended soil around the root ball and tamp down the soil to secure the plant and collapse any air pockets.
Water in deeply around the base of the plant allowing the applied water to percolate down into the soil before watering in a second time. Keep the soil evenly moist throughout the year never allowing it to dry out.
Mulch around the base of the hydrangea with shredded bark, compost or cocoa bean hulls to hold moisture in the soil and keep weeds from colonizing.


Athletics star Usain Bolt has said that he would like to play football when he retires from his current sport, and showed his trademark confidence by suggesting he is good enough to play for Manchester United.
Bolt, who gained a worldwide audience at the 2008 Beijing Olympics by setting records for both 100 metres and 200 metres, is confident he could electrify Old Trafford in the same manner.
The speedy Jamaican met the Red Devils at their training ground back in 2009 and apparently offered sprinting tips to then-United star Cristiano Ronaldo.
Even if it isn't for Sir Alex Ferguson's squad, Bolt is expected to arrive in England next summer to compete in the 2012 Olympic games in London. For now, the world's fastest man is focusing on his 200 metre offering at Thursday's Diamond League meeting in Oslo.


The Folly Beach Public Safety Department specializes in excellence of service to our citizens and the thousands of daily visitors. Our daily population can exceed 60 thousand during the summer or on holidays. We serve our community with a complement of full, part time employees and volunteers. When fully staffed the 68 public safety employees work to ensure your safety and enjoyment of our island paradise. We thank you for taking the time to visit our website and hope you find the material informative. We will be adding additional webpage sections in the future, so check in often for updates.
Our agency is one of just a few in the State of South Carolina which provides Police, Fire, Rescue, Dispatch, and Medical services. We take pride in our service disciplines and seek to improve service to our community.
This division is responsible for dispatch, animal control, kennel operations, parking enforcement, detectives, beach patrol, traffic officers, records, and part time ordinance officers. Additionally the support division oversees our in-house training library, all training records, special events, court liaison, warrant repository, and fleet maintenance.
This division is responsible for all fire operations. This includes our volunteer firefighters, volunteers in police service, firefighters, fire public safety officers, fire safety, fire marshal, inspections, and hydrant testing. Each fire public safety officer oversees their shift with two other firefighters. All public safety officers are duly trained as firefighters and all fire public safety officers are duly trained as police officers. Each police officer is required to work 6 weeks a year in the fire station. Our public safety officers have the ability to switch disciplines during their career to work in fire, dispatch, or police operations.
Our fire department currently operates out of one central station located at 106 West Cooper Street. We have two engines, 1- 75 foot ladder, a rescue truck, numerous ATVs, and seadoos. We have three firefighters on-duty at all times. This number can grow to 10 or more when you consider our Public Safety Officers are fire certified. Additionally, we respond to all medical emergencies with many of our officers certified as Emergency Medical Technicians.
Our fire staff is always available to conduct home surveys for potential fire concerns. Our doors are always open for tours so stop in.
This section is responsible for the overall administration of the department. The department is responsible for budget preparation, expenditures, training room rentals, freedom of information requests, policies, recruitment, community outreach, and livability assessment.
The City of Folly Beach is continuously seeking quality applicants to help our team improve. If you are interested in working for the department of public safety please complete the city's online application. Call for questions on qualification on any of the following positions. Public Safety Officer Fire or Police, Firefighter, Animal Control, Ordinance Officer, Dispatcher full or part time, Beach Patrol and Parking Enforcement. We are an equal opportunity employer.
We do provide numerous programs to assist our community. These include speed resistance, home inspections (police/fire), safety presentations, beach sweeps, and theft stings. Please call if you want to request or have questions about any of our outreach programs.
Animal Control: The City of Folly Beach provides comprehensive care for our animal population. All dogs and cats are required to be registered with animal services. Animals are required to have their rabies vaccination and must be leashed when outside of a residence. No animals are allowed on the beach from May 1 to September 1 10a.m. to 6 p.m. Please contact our animal control officer Mike Keegan at (843) 588-7003 or mkeegan@cityoffollybeach.com. We are available to provide programs and rabies clinics when required.
Our detectives serve as victim service representatives. Victims of crimes in the State of South Carolina may qualify for financial reimbursement for specific crimes. Additionally, our victim services representatives will guide and assist our victims through the court process. We are here to help our victims.
The City of Folly Beach has assigned a detective to address our resident's livability concerns. This position focuses on the unique problems our community faces. The detective investigates driving while impaired operators, thefts, public urination, narcotics, and noise complaints. For additional information or to provide a tip contact Detective Joshua Allen at (843) 588-7003 or jallen@cityoffollybeach.com.


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Trevecca Nazarene University
Chestertown, MD
The Best M.F.A. Theater Programs in the Country: Acting
Colleges Raising the Most Money From Alumni
Four-Year Colleges in Iowa
The Experts' Choice: Superior Pre-med Programs
Summer Programs Home
Studying Science and Making a Difference
by Dan McKeever
Senior Editor, Porter Sargent Handbooks
Was it hot enough for you this past summer? I'm guessing so—especially if you live in the Midwest. The United States endured its hottest July on record, and we're on pace to set a new calendar year record in 2012. If the heat isn't enough, how about the current extreme drought conditions? The drought of 2012 is the country's worst in more than 50 years, according to the National Climatic Data Center, with numbers challenging those recorded during the Dust Bowl.
We could put together a top 10 list of recent extreme weather occurrences around the world, but you probably get the idea. It makes you think that all those scientists who've been warning us about climate change and its consequences may be on to something, doesn't it?
Extreme opportunities
If all of this extreme weather has you a bit down, don't despair. More and more, it looks as though science—not political action—will be the key to dealing with our changing climate. New technologies and cleaner, more efficient energy sources await discovery. If you have the interest and the ability, a career in science just may make you part of the solution in the years ahead. Get a head start by taking part in a climate change study as part of one of the Earthwatch Teen Teams. Or take part in the project at the Hotchkiss School Summer Environmental Science Program that involves global climate change modeling: a great way to get a handle on the scope of the problem . . . and start to think about solutions. Or how about attending the Davidson July Experience and signing up for the course on Climate Change and Energy Choices? It doesn't get much more topical than that!
Innovation to the rescue!
One of the great things about science is this: technology and scientific innovation are often the keys to progress. While climate change was the launching point for my discussion, you may find your inspiration and your passion in any number of scientific fields. Why not take the initiative and hone your science skills over the summer in a challenging summer program?
Interested in immersing yourself in the challenges of marine science? At the Acadia Institute of Oceanography Marine Science Camp, your activities will range from offshore dredging for invertebrates to conducting whale and seal counts. If you're looking to add travel to a desirable locale (in this case, the Bahamas) while you work, take a look at the Shedd Aquarium High School Marine Biology Summer Program, where you'll spend six days living on a research vessel off the coast of Bimini.
The right prescription
The field of medicine is perfect for a bright student looking to make a difference. The University of Michigan Medical School Summer Science Academy gives rising high school juniors and seniors from underprivileged backgrounds the opportunity to preview medical school and college life. Similarly, the University of Massachusetts Medical School High School Health Careers Program enrolls high school upperclassmen from racial backgrounds that lack representation in medical professions, teaching them about various health care professions and biomedical and biotechnology careers.
Engineering a productive summer
Engineering is a great way to show off your science chops—and make yourself highly marketable when the job search beckons. If you're up to the challenge, you can hardly choose a better spot to study over the summer than the Engineering Summer Exploration Program at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute's Summer@Rensselaer.
Maybe the thought of discovering something new and exciting while engaging in scientific research appeals to you. If so, check out the University of Chicago Research in the Biological Sciences program, where you'll join other high school students in undergraduate-level laboratory research.
The need for innovation and excellence in science may well be at an all-time high. Luckily, the programs to help you scale these heights are more plentiful than ever. Take a closer look at some of these summer science programs soon—and you may make a real difference in all of our lives someday. What could be better than that?
Note: Did you know you could win a $10,000 scholarship for college or grad school just by registering on CollegeXpress? This is one of the quickest, easiest scholarships you'll ever apply for. Register Now »
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About Dan McKeever
Dan McKeever, Porter Sargent Handbooks' veteran senior editor, has worked with a lifetime of details during a tenure that has lasted nearly a quarter of a century. Over the years, he has witnessed quite a few changes in the world of summer programs through his work on the Guide to Summer Programs (which was first published as the Guide to Summer Camps and Summer Schools way back in 1924). Many of today's cool summer programs didn't exist back when Dan was growing up, so he filled his summers with retail jobs and fun along Boston's South Shore. Away from the office, Dan is a big fan of hockey, independent films, good chocolate (the darker the better), and album rock (the more obscure the better).
Colleges You May Be Interested In
Lenoir-Rhyne University
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Another fun show as David and Jeran discussed a few things including the excuses that we get from globe believers. They call them explanations but they are simply ready made and tightly sealed prepackaged excuses designed to sway the mind. Calls were taken in the second half of the show including some ideas for a test to see if the sun is ever below our feet as well as some conversations about camera conversions to infrared. Fun was had by all and by all I mean those who listened. Everyone else had a miserable Monday evening!


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Ethnicity and Contemporary American Culture: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Horizontal–Vertical Individualism–Collectivism
Vargas, Jose H.
The United States is one of the most culturally diverse societies. Research has documented numerous differences in cultural orientations across U.S. ethnic/racial groups. But with continual intergroup interactions and increasing influxes of non-European Americans, it remains unclear to what extent these cultural differences persist in the long term. Via meta-analysis, we compared African, Asian, Latino, and European Americans on horizontal-vertical individualism-collectivism. There were no ethnic/racial differences in the mean scores of both variants of collectivism, although European Americans were higher in vertical individualism than African Americans and Latino Americans. Longitudinal analyses pointed to evidence of a convergence of cultural orientations, but analyses of the intercorrelations between the four dimensions of individualism-collectivism revealed noticeable group differences. The discussion elaborates on processes that may promote cultural convergence. Remarks are also made with regard to the persistent cultural, political, and economic group differences that are evident in the meanings and compatibility of different value dimensions. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT];The United States is one of the most culturally diverse societies. Research has documented numerous differences in cultural orientations across U.S. ethnic/racial groups. But with continual intergroup interactions and increasing influxes of non-European Americans, it remains unclear to what extent these cultural differences persist in the long term. Via meta-analysis, we compared African, Asian, Latino, and European Americans on horizontal-vertical individualism-collectivism. There were no ethnic/racial differences in the mean scores of both variants of collectivism, although European Americans were higher in vertical individualism than African Americans and Latino Americans. Longitudinal analyses pointed to evidence of a convergence of cultural orientations, but analyses of the intercorrelations between the four dimensions of individualism-collectivism revealed noticeable group differences. The discussion elaborates on processes that may promote cultural convergence. Remarks are also made with regard to the persistent cultural, political, and economic group differences that are evident in the meanings and compatibility of different value dimensions. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright holder.];The United States is one of the most culturally diverse societies. Research has documented numerous differences in cultural orientations across U.S. ethnic/racial groups. But with continual intergroup interactions and increasing influxes of non-European Americans, it remains unclear to what extent these cultural differences persist in the long term. Via meta-analysis, we compared African, Asian, Latino, and European Americans on horizontal-vertical individualism-collectivism. There were no ethnic/racial differences in the mean scores of both variants of collectivism, although European Americans were higher in vertical individualism than African Americans and Latino Americans. Longitudinal analyses pointed to evidence of a convergence of cultural orientations, but analyses of the intercorrelations between the four dimensions of individualism-collectivism revealed noticeable group differences. The discussion elaborates on processes that may promote cultural convergence. Remarks are also made with regard to the persistent cultural, political, and economic group differences that are evident in the meanings and compatibility of different value dimensions. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright holder.];The United States is one of the most culturally diverse societies. Research has documented numerous differences in cultural orientations across U.S. ethnic/racial groups. But with continual intergroup interactions and increasing influxes of non–European Americans, it remains unclear to what extent these cultural differences persist in the long term. Via meta-analysis, we compared African, Asian, Latino, and European Americans on horizontal–vertical individualism–collectivism. There were no ethnic/racial differences in the mean scores of both variants of collectivism, although European Americans were higher in vertical individualism than African Americans and Latino Americans. Longitudinal analyses pointed to evidence of a convergence of cultural orientations, but analyses of the intercorrelations between the four dimensions of individualism–collectivism revealed noticeable group differences. The discussion elaborates on processes that may promote cultural convergence. Remarks are also made with regard to the persistent cultural, political, and economic group differences that are evident in the meanings and compatibility of different value dimensions.;The United States is one of the most culturally diverse societies. Research has documented numerous differences in cultural orientations across U.S. ethnic/racial groups. But with continual intergroup interactions and increasing influxes of non-European Americans, it remains unclear to what extent these cultural differences persist in the long term. Via meta-analysis, we compared African, Asian, Latino, and European Americans on horizontal-vertical individualism-collectivism. There were no ethnic/racial differences in the mean scores of both variants of collectivism, although European Americans were higher in vertical individualism than African Americans and Latino Americans. Longitudinal analyses pointed to evidence of a convergence of cultural orientations, but analyses of the intercorrelations between the four dimensions of individualism-collectivism revealed noticeable group differences. The discussion elaborates on processes that may promote cultural convergence. Remarks are also made with regard to the persistent cultural, political, and economic group differences that are evident in the meanings and compatibility of different value dimensions.; The United States is one of the most culturally diverse societies. Research has documented numerous differences in cultural orientations across U.S. ethnic/racial groups. But with continual intergroup interactions and increasing influxes of non-European Americans, it remains unclear to what extent these cultural differences persist in the long term. Via meta-analysis, we compared African, Asian, Latino, and European Americans on horizontal-vertical individualism-collectivism. There were no ethnic/racial differences in the mean scores of both variants of collectivism, although European Americans were higher in vertical individualism than African Americans and Latino Americans. Longitudinal analyses pointed to evidence of a convergence of cultural orientations, but analyses of the intercorrelations between the four dimensions of individualism-collectivism revealed noticeable group differences. The discussion elaborates on processes that may promote cultural convergence. Remarks are also made with regard to the persistent cultural, political, and economic group differences that are evident in the meanings and compatibility of different value dimensions. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT];The United States is one of the most culturally diverse societies. Research has documented numerous differences in cultural orientations across U.S. ethnic/racial groups. But with continual intergroup interactions and increasing influxes of non-European Americans, it remains unclear to what extent these cultural differences persist in the long term. Via meta-analysis, we compared African, Asian, Latino, and European Americans on horizontal-vertical individualism-collectivism. There were no ethnic/racial differences in the mean scores of both variants of collectivism, although European Americans were higher in vertical individualism than African Americans and Latino Americans. Longitudinal analyses pointed to evidence of a convergence of cultural orientations, but analyses of the intercorrelations between the four dimensions of individualism-collectivism revealed noticeable group differences. The discussion elaborates on processes that may promote cultural convergence. Remarks are also made with regard to the persistent cultural, political, and economic group differences that are evident in the meanings and compatibility of different value dimensions.;
black americans
collectivism (psychology)
crosscultural differences
cultural orientation
cultural orientation ethnicity/race horizontal-vertical individualism-collectivism meta-analysis sociohistory
european-americans
hispanic americans
horizontal-vertical individualism-collectivism
individualism-collectivism
interethnic relations
intergroup relations
latin american people
racial differences
sociohistory
Individualism and Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action: Evidence From Priming Experiments
Kemmelmeier, Markus (2003)
Theorists have argued that Americans' ambivalence toward affirmative action policies is fueled by a notion of justice that champions the rights of individuals. This conception of justice is not compatible with the idea of ...
Cross-Cultural Differences in a Global "Survey of World Views"
Saucier, Gerard; Kenner, Judith; Iurino, Kathryn; Bou Malham, Philippe; Chen, Zhuo; Thalmayer, Amber G.; Kemmelmeier, Markus; Tov, William; Boutti, Rachid; Metaferia, Henok; Çankaya, Banu; Mastor, Khairul A.; Hsu, Kung-Yu; Wu, Rongxian; Maniruzzaman, M.; Rugira, Janvier; Tsaousis, Ioannis; Sosnyuk, Oleg; Regmi Adhikary, Jyoti; Skrzypi?ska, Katarzyna; Poungpet, Boonmee; Maltby, John; Salanga, Maria G. C.; Racca, Adriana; Oshio, Atsushi; Italia, Elsie; Kovaleva, Anastassiya; Nakatsugawa, Masanobu; Morales-Vives, Fabia; Ruiz, Victor M.; Braun Gutierrez, Ricardo A.; Sarkar, Anindita; Deo, Tripti; Sambu, Lenah; Huisa Veria, Elizabeth; Ferreira Dela Coleta, Marilia; Kiama, S. G.; Hongladoram, Soraj; Derry, Robbin; Zazueta Beltrán, Héctor; Peng, T. K.; Wilde, Matthias; Ananda, Fr A.; Banerjee, Sarmila; Bayazit, Mahmut; Joo, Serenity; Zhang, Hong; Orel, Ekaterina; Bizumic, Boris; Shen-Miller, Seraphine; Watts, Sean; Pereira, Marcos E.; Gore, Ernesto; Wilson, Doug; Pope, Daniel; Gutema, Bekele; Henry, Hani; Dacanay, Jovi C.; Dixon, Jerry; Köbis, Nils; Luque, Jose; Hood, Jackie; Chakravorty, Dipti; Pal, Ananda M.; Ong, Laysee; Leung, Angela; Altschul, Carlos (2015)
We know that there are cross-cultural differences in psychological variables, such as individualism/collectivism. But it has not been clear which of these variables show relatively the greatest differences. The Survey of ...
Cultural Orientations in the United States: (Re)Examining Differences among Ethnic Groups
Coon, Heather M.; Kemmelmeier, Markus (2001)
The authors investigate differences in individualism and collectivism between the four largest ethnic groups in the United States (African Americans, Asian Americans, Latino Americans, and European Americans). It has been ...


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Trudeau: No Return to 'Normality' Until Vaccine Available
M&M's Goes Woke With New Packaging
Rob Reiner Ripped for Praising Biden at Worst Possible Time
[Yes or No] Does the Government Have the Right to Know If We Are Vaccinated?
Tucker Carlson Likens Dr. Jill Biden Credentials to Dr. Pepper
On Monday, Fox News anchor Tucker Carlson likened Jill Biden being a doctor to Dr. Pepper or Dr. Bill Cosby....in other words, she isn't a real doctor!
Here is a partial transcript of his rant:
CARLSON: Well, one of the hallmarks of a third-world autocracy is you absolutely cannot under any circumstances make fun of the fake titles of the people in charge give themselves.
The Wall Street Journal the other day, broke that rule, and they raised the question, Dr. Jill Biden? What is she a doctor of? We will tell you what happened next.
WHOOPI GOLDBERG, HOST, "THE VIEW": I'm hoping Dr. Jill becomes the Surgeon General. Joe Biden's wife because she's — you know, he would never do it, but she thinks — yes, she's a hell of a doctor.
CARLSON: Yes, Jill Biden is one hell of a doctor says Karen. She should be Surgeon General. Just don't ask her to commit surgery. Don't ask for advice in your coronary artery disease because she's not actually a physician. She's a Doctor of Education, which means basically nothing.
On Friday, the Wall Street Journal pointed this out. They ran an op-ed by Joe Epstein, made a true and obvious point. Jill Biden is not a doctor. No. Maybe in the same sense Dr. Pepper is.
In 2007, at the age of 55, she got a Doctorate in Education. So she's got the same degree as Dr. Bill Cosby.
In 2009, back when America was a lot more honest, Joe Biden explained why his wife got that degree quote, "She said, I was so sick of the mail coming to Senator and Mrs. Biden, I wanted to get mail address to Dr. and Senator Biden. That's the real reason she got her doctorate."
In other words, Jill Biden was diagnosed with a very bad case of status anxiety, and she decided to cure that as so many do in our country with another pointless title.
That's all true. It's all obvious. Therefore, you're not allowed to say it.
A Washington Post columnist called Joe Epstein a weird, grumpy elitist man because he told the truth, which is the one sin in American 2020. Of course, Michelle Obama, from either Hawaii or Martha's Vineyard wrote a long Instagram message expressing her disappointment with The Wall Street Journal. It is racist or sexist or something, it's an ist for sure.
Clinton Casts Vote for Biden, Then Calls to 'Abolish Electoral College'
Sore loser Hillary Clinton called to "abolish the Electoral College" on Monday...but only after she casted her electoral vote for Kamala Harris and Joe Biden.
"I believe we should abolish the Electoral College and select our president by the winner of the popular vote, same as every other office. But while it still exists, I was proud to cast my vote in New York for Joe Biden and Kamala Harris," Clinton said.
Karl Rove Slams Trump: 'America Likes Comebacks, Not Sore Losers'
On this week's airing of "Fox News Sunday," Republican strategist Karl Rove slammed President Donald Trump, declaring that he should be aware that Americans don't like "sore losers."
We also don't like cucks or sell-outs, Rove.... just saying.
EXPLOSIVE! Dominion Voting Machines Carried ENORMOUS Error Rate...Two-Thirds of Votes Could Have Been Changed
On Monday morning an emergency hearing was held, and 13th Circuit Court Judge Kevin Elsenheimer decided to grant attorney Matthew DePerno permission to release the forensic examination results from the 16 Dominion voting machines from Antrim County.
This county has been at the core of the investigation into the election fraud since the very beginning. It may not be the place that has had the most votes compromised, but it has been a very important county nonetheless.
HUGE! GOP Electors in Six States Cast Ballots for Trump!
The day has finally come and the electors from each state have gone to Washington, D.C. to cast their ballots on behalf of the citizens of their state for the offices of President and Vice President.
But there is something big going on.
More Evidence Shows Total Deaths in 2020 Are No Different Than Prior Years
This year will go down in history as a year to be remembered for many reasons, one of them being the coronavirus that has ravaged our country.
If you listen to the media, this virus has added hundreds of thousands of excess deaths this year that otherwise would have been alive.
WATCH: Inventor of QR Code Proves Election Fraud – "It's a Real Simple Fact to Prove that There Was Massive Fraud in This Election"
Right now, even though things are not looking too good for reversed the results of the election that were declared by the mainstream media and the Democrats, President Trump still has the law and the United States Constitution on his side.
The Texas case may have been thrown out by the Supreme Court last week, but that wasn't what the Trump team was banking on.
Pelosi: 'House will Move Forward with Impeachment'
Pelosi Refers to Pro-2A House Members as the 'Enemy Within'
Biden Vows to Rejoin WHO on 'First Day as President'
Sad - Biden Pentagon to Mandate COVID Vax for Military by Mid-September


It's been some time since we last checked in with modern Australian dog brand Sasha & Me and it looks like they've been busy expanding their line to include some awesome new wool felt products! This new collection includes basket-shaped beds; colorful, interchangeable cushions; and whimsical ball toys — all made from 100% organic, chemical-free wool felt!
See more options and styles on sashandme.com.au.
They look like they'd be super comfortable. I've not seen felt beds before.