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Tom Nettles | Luke 2:25-38
Four hundred years after the final word of revelation under the old covenant, the silence was broken when the Angel Gabriel spoke to Zacharias about the birth of his son, John. Gabriel put the birth of John in the context of Malachi 4: 5, 6 giving clear indication that the promises and prophecies of the old covenant were about to be fulfilled so that God would not "strike the earth with a curse." Along with the coming events that would bring to completion God's purpose of redemption, he also would penetrate these events before, during, and after with revelation to explain their meaning, that "we might know the things that have been freely given to us by God" (1 Corinthians 2:12).
I. Simeon as a source of Revelation
A. His character and his status
He is called just and devout. He did not fit in with the generality of hypocrisy that was so rampant among Jewish religious leaders, a tragedy pointed out with uncompromising clarity by Jesus in Matthew 23. Simeon sought to live with equity according to the laws governing human relations in the law of Moses. He did not want to be among those judged in Psalm 82 as unjust judges showing partiality to the wicked. Also, he wanted his worship to be sincere, fully consistent with a contrite heart. He grasped the spirituality of both tables of the law and lived transparently before God and man.
He received the promises of God well, and he held them with heart devotion to them, moving him to look for "the consolation of Israel," that is the appearance of the Messiah, the Root of Jesse (Isaiah 11:10; see also 9:2, 6, 7). In this faithful and patient waiting upon the Lord, he embraced with sincerity the promises of a coming one who would be "wonderful counselor, mighty God, everlasting Father, Prince of peace," in whose "hand the pleasure of the Lord would prosper," who would bear "the sin of many," in order to "make and end of sins." (Isaiah 53 and Daniel 9:24).
"The Holy Spirit was upon him." Simeon had revelatory experiences that had been confirmed to him in some undeniable way. In God's wise and surprising sovereignty, he had revealed to Simeon the contours of the events that were about to take place and would soon reveal to him the one in whom all the promises would come to pass.
B. Simeon had been given revelation prior to the events recorded in this chapter (26). So specific was the revelation that he knew that he would see the Lord's anointed one, the very Christ about whom Andrew would say thirty years later, "We have found the Messiah" (John 1:41). From the speech that he gives, the revelation to Simeon had been of a broad scope. This revelatory activity of the Holy Spirit was the first indication that the final prophecy of the Old Covenant was about to be fulfilled. The silence of God was broken and he was about to speak to us through the Son (Hebrews 1:1).
C. Immediate revelation (27, 28) – Apparently, Simeon understood clearly that the Holy Spirit prompted him to go to the temple with the expectation that the promise made to him personally was about to be fulfilled, for immediately upon seeing Joseph and Mary bring Jesus into the temple, he took the child from their arms and magnified the greatness of God. Divine revelation is not just the human interpretation of a religious experience, but a clear intelligible proposition that determines what to believe, what to do, and how to worship (2 Peter 1:20, 21).
An utterance:
personal – The certainty entertained by Simeon is quite striking. "Now, Lord, you are releasing your bond-servant to depart in peace, according to your word."
Since this promise of seeing the Lord's Christ had been fulfilled, Simeon could die in peace. He had no question of the certainty of this, no guess-work, no faulty interpretation of what the Spirit was actually saying, but a direct revelation that this babe was the child of promise.
Also, he knew that his eyes personally had seen the very one in whom God's many promises of salvation would be fulfilled. He knew that salvation rested simply and solely in this person, this babe he held. Only he as the Son of God embracing undiminished and unblemished human nature into his eternal personhood could offer the sacrifice for transgressions that would end all other sacrifices. He is in truth the only "saved one" and in union with him by faith rests salvation. "Mine eyes have seen your salvation."
Salvation – This salvation was a constant theme in the prophets and the Psalms. For example, Psalm 85 looks at salvation in great depth. "You have forgiven the iniquity of your people, you have covered all their sin. You have taken away all your wrath; you have turned from the fierceness of your anger. Restore us, O God of our salvation, and cause your anger toward us to cease. . . . Show us your mercy, Lord, and grant us your salvation. . . . Surely his salvation is near to those who fear him, that glory may dwell in our land. Mercy and truth have met together; Righteousness and peace have kissed (2-4, 7, 9, 10).
Simeon saw this salvation as prepared in the presence of all peoples. He had learned from Scripture that when the great work of restoration takes place, it is not a restoration of national glory to Israel but a restoration of sinners to God. All peoples are fallen in Adam; but through the glory of Israel, that is, the line of David (Psalm 89:19-29), people from all nations will experience this deliverance from evil.
This universal application of salvation finds very clear expression in Isaiah 49:5, 6. It is too small a thing to be the restorer of Jacob alone, but "I will also give you as a light to the Gentiles, that you should be my salvation to the ends of the earth." See also Isaiah 51:4-6 and 60:1-3 including, "The Gentiles shall come to your light, and kings to the brightness of your rising."
"The glory of your people Israel." It is for this very reason that Israel existed as the people of God, that the Savior would come through their nation. Paul looked at this in Romans 3:2, reminding his readers that to Israel was committed the "oracles of God." In Romans 9:4, 5, again he looked to the great favors and glory that had been granted Israel, "to whom pertain the adoption, the glory, the covenants, the giving of the law, the service of God and the promises; of whom are the fathers." Then he adds the true glory of Israel, "and from whom, according to the flesh, Christ came, who is over all, the eternally blessed God. Amen."
The rise and fall of many in Israel depends on their response to this child. Those who receive him will be blessed, while those who oppose him will be damned. "He was in the world, and the world was made by him, and the world knew him not. He came to his own and his own received him not, but to as many as received him, to them gave he the right to become children of God, to those who believe in his name" (John 1:10-12).
"For a sign to be opposed." The opposition to Christ and his claims began early. Herod heard the word and initiated a great slaughter of infants surrounding the child's age; he wanted to be sure not to miss (Matthew 2:16, 17). Even in his home town of Nazareth, his first sermon caused such opposition that they sought to kill him by throwing him down a cliff (Luke 4:28-30). After his long sermon concerning the "bread from heaven" in which he claimed, "He who believes in me has everlasting life," John tells us, "From that time many of his disciples went back and walked with him no more" (John 6: 32, 47, 66). When Pilate asked the religious leaders at the trial of Jesus, "Shall I crucify your King?" they replied, "We have no king but Caesar." (John 19:15). Even at his crucifixion, the chief priests remonstrated against the title that Pilate wrote on his crime marker for the cross, and said, "Do not write, 'King of the Jews.'" (John 19:21.)
Mary – Simeon had a prophecy for Mary also.
The mother of this new born heard Simeon's prophecy, "A sword will pierce even your own soul." She would stand beneath the cross as this firstborn child suffered the unthinkable cruelty of a Roman cross. She would mourn for him as he cared tenderly for her (John 19:25-27). None of the words spoken about this child was lost on Mary, for the Scripture tells us twice that she treasured and pondered all the things said and all the events surrounding his birth and early childhood (Luke 2:19, 51).
Not her thoughts alone, however, would be revealed, but the true character of the religious leaders of Israel would be laid bare by this Messiah. He caused great controversy by his words and his works so that when he was opposed for his purity and his truth, the hearts of many were revealed: "You know neither me nor my Father. If you had known me, you would have known my Father also. . . .If God were your Father, you would love me, for I proceeded forth and came from God; nor have I come of myself, but he sent me. Why do you not understand my speech? Because you are not able to listen to my word. You are of your father the devil, and the desires of your father you want to do" (John 8:19, 42-44). Also to the apostles Jesus granted the Spirit for this discernment of heart on certain occasions: "Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit" (Acts 5:3); To Simon Magus Peter spoke, "You have neither part nor portion in this matter, for your heart is not right in the sight of God" (Acts 8:21); "Saul, who also is called Paul, filled with the Holy Spirit, looked intently at him [Elymas] and said, 'O full of all deceit and all fraud, you son of the devil, you enemy of all righteousness, will you not cease perverting the straight ways of the Lord?'" (Acts 13:9, 10). Jesus confirmed this in his own warnings to his disciples when he said, "There is nothing covered that will not be revealed, nor hidden that will not be known" (Luke 12:2).
Those gifts of revelation were given specifically for the messianic period and the initial establishing of the church, the community of the new covenant, the pillar and foundation of the truth, during the time that the writing of Scripture was taking place. There was an overlap in special ministries of the Spirit and written instruction from the apostles (1 Timothy 3:14, 15; 1 John 2:20-22; 26-27). This period of special revelation has been fulfilled and now we rely on Scripture alone under the illuminating work of the Holy Spirit (2 Peter 1:16-21: See my comments on this text).
II. Anna – Verses 36-38
A. Luke, the historian, always interested in attestation by notations of time, place, and particular witnesses introduces another witness to the miracle of the incarnation. Her name was Anna, of the tribe of Asher.
That the historian was able to identify her tribe as from Asher, means that in the division that occurred when Jeroboam defected from Rehoboam, her family moved to the southern kingdom to remain with the house of David and participate in the pure worship as so revealed by God rather than the invented worship of Jeroboam (See 2 Chronicles 10:17; 11:16; 1 Kings 12:25-33). These are the Israelites about whom it is prophesied that they will join with Judah in seeking the Lord with continual weeping (Jeremiah 50:4). Anna's lifestyle denominated her as among that number.
Luke mentions the name of her father to recall the name given by Jacob to the place that he wrestled with God (Genesis 32:30). The name means "face of God;" Jacob saw God face to face and his life was preserved; even so the daughter of Phenuel sees God face to face and realizes that redemption has come. It is not death, but life that comes from seeing God in the face of Jesus Christ (2 Corinthians 4:6).
She was a prophetess. Given the occupation of her last several decades, we may deduce that she was consistently involved in the study of Scripture, knew the messianic prophecies thoroughly, served to give godly counsel to those who came to worship in the temple, and now was gifted in the beginning fringe of this revelatory period with true revelational insight into the events that were transpiring.
She was 84. Though the language bears more than one interpretation (possibly living 84 years beyond the time of her marriage to her husband of seven years, which calculation would put her at around 106 years of age), her activities indicate that Luke intended to indicate her age with the number 84. She had been active, therefore, for more than six decades in constant service at the temple, perhaps even living on the premises, focusing with all her heart on prayer, discipline, and fasting. Even as an infant, the Son of God, born of Mary, is revealing the thoughts of many hearts.
B. Anna received a Revelation.
Perhaps she heard the words of Simeon, believed them, and came to the child in response. More likely, in light of Luke's propensity to accumulate evidence, he reported this as a separate and confirmatory evidence of the revelatory witness to Jesus as the Christ. "At that very moment" that is, at the same time that Simeon was holding the child and speaking, she made a confirmatory but separate observation.
Her first response was thanks to God. Living with such anticipation, having given her life to the practice of both patience and expectation based upon a continual preparation in transparent piety, she found her heart welling up immediately in gratitude to God for such grace. None of her piety and none of her expectations merited the redemptive grace of God. This was pure gift, and unadulterated thanks was her response.
Her many years of prayer and service combined with the wisdom from above given to the prophetess had introduced her to many who shared her sincere hope of redemption through the Christ. Without needing any more proof than the mouth of two witnesses, Simeon's and hers, she began to go to these hope-filled friends with news that the Lord whom they sought had come quickly to his temple (Malachi 3:1). This child is the Messenger of the covenant. Who can endure the day of his coming? All now would be compressed into the day of the Lord.
Isaiah 11:11 states of the "Root of Jesse," that "the Lord shall set his hand again the second time to recover the remnant of his people who are left." Among all the formalism, deadly legalism, and hypocrisy, God retained a remnant, and to these, "those who were looking for the redemption of Jerusalem," Anna spread the good news.
Our expectations of the final redemption are just as certain as this hope that already is fulfilled. As Anna was among those who "looked for the redemption of Israel," so should we saturate ourselves with revelatory truth and look patiently to the "glorious appearing of our great God and our Savior, Jesus Christ" (John 21:28; Ephesians 1:13, 14; Titus 2:11-14).
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Her Majesty the Queen unveiled greyworld's artwork at the London Stock Exchange. A grid of cables allows physical pixels to move and flow, as the stock market changes.
Users are invited to pick up a paint bucket and place it in the Filling Station. There, they can take their photo and see it flow in to the…
Timed to appear as London celebrates the Queens Jubilee and the London Olympics, greyworld's take on the iconic red phone box was installed in some of the most recognisable…
The Musicbox
On 23 September 2013, greyworld turned the Royal Albert Hall and its 5000 audience members into a giant, interactive music box.
A special signpost with five moving arms is installed in the lobby of Corelli College, London. Each arm can point to anything on the earth or the solar system,…
The Tail
Everyone wants to have a tail. We wanted one that could do all the naughty things you dream of, but dont dare. Get a Tail to express your cheeky…
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greyworld's new book, entitled In The City, has just been published. The book is hardback, 64 pages, and beautifully illustrated throughout…
The Layer
The Layer is an art system created to articulate transit spaces through a series of contact sculptures.
Visitors to the installation space are requested to think of a word. Any word at all. They are handed a white cube, which they hold. As they speak their…
Flavin Music
Soundscape is a work inspired by Dan Flavin's iconic light installations to accompany a retrospective of his work at the Hayward Gallery in London. The sound work is comprised…
Digital You
At first glance the installation appear to be a mirror of the real world of the gallery space. However, this mirror image of our world is transposed onto a…
Tune is a sound work that treats the FACT building in Liverpool as the canvas for a single sonic composition. The work interrogates two layers of the building: its…
Experiments (Taste)
In mid 2010, we were approached by OgilvyOne, an ad agency, with an interesting brief: what does the taste of something look like? We were excited by the prospect…
We were invited by the BBC to create two interactive games to appear on this popular television programme. The first game, Video Jigsaw, used a hidden camera and a…
Six Lifts
In September 2002 Sonic Arts Network was asked to produce an installation for the CISAC World Congress 2002, the annual conference for the international confederation of authors and composers….
Rather than showing a finished and looped piece of video work, the Urban Sketches installation makes the space and its inhabitants the subject of the work and its authors…
For a week in April 2006, greyworld transformed the largest shopping centre in Paris, Forum Des Halles into a giant sound sculpture, entitled Shopping. The intention was to create…
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These teachers, trainers, schools and districts were honored for their outstanding literacy and math practices at SREB's College- and Career-Readiness Standards Networking Conference July 9, 2018 in Orlando, Florida.
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Atoniea Boykins, career management and Microsoft IT Academy teacher at East Rutherford High School in Bostic, North Carolina, is training in the strategies of the Literacy Design Collaborative. She finds that her students are learning more and becoming stronger writers as a result of working in collaborative groups.


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Stubborn instability is Haiti's burden. The continuing United States and United Nations presence there is intended to provide Haiti with enough stability to allow the construction of durable civic and economic structures. In this way the Caribbean republic, with its sad history of misgovernment and violence, might have the prospect of progress.
Some Haitian nationalists, however, don't see the foreign involvement in Haiti in those terms at all. They view it, rather, as meddling in the country's affairs for the purpose of exploiting its slowly privatizing economy and protecting the remnants of the island nation's privileged class.
Such differing perspectives underscore the difficulties facing US policymakers as they weigh the situation in Haiti. The Clinton administration views the intervention there as a foreign-policy success. A corrupt military regime was finally removed, and the country's duly elected president, Jean Bertrand Aristide, was restored to office. Mr. Aristide has since been succeeded as president by his close colleague Ren Prval, through an election that marked Haiti's first peaceful transfer of power.
Washington is committed to do what's necessary to ensure that Haiti's trek toward order and democracy is not reversed. The forces of instability within the country make that commitment extraordinarily tricky. Surviving elements of the Tonton Macoutes, the government thugs rampant during the Duvalier dictatorships; jobless ex-soldiers resentful over the disbanding of the old armed forces; and radical Aristide supporters - all have the potential for violence. Overarching all other factors is the island's oppressive poverty, breeding desperation.
The US and UN have taken on the job of helping Haiti build a new police force to replace the former, highly corrupt security units. UN policemen from Canada, Jordan, and other countries have been on hand to fill the void until a Haitian force is trained. The US has handled training. But so far, the Haitian trainees have had a mixed record - better, perhaps, than the old "police" but still much too prone to wreaking violence on the citizenry they're supposed to protect. The work of building a credible justice system in Haiti has a long way to go.
How does the US maintain its role in that work - as well as in other urgent projects such as health services and transportation infrastructure - without appearing to turn a helping hand into a high-handed "occupation"?
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The Prelude to the Dissolution of the Western Roman Empire
Books Entertainment Latest News Literature Publishing
By Issuewire / May 29, 2019
Pittsburg, May 29, 2019 (Issuewire.com) – Due to Ranger's interest in Roman history, particularly in Rome's infamous and by no means predictable downfall, he shares his opinions on the matter: "The fictional memoir of this novel is dedicated to the proposition that it was the chronic political instability of the Western Roman Empire that led to its dissolution during the fifth century," Ranger states. "The Romans just couldn't stop seeing themselves as their own worst enemies and as a result the fifth century determined for better or worse that western civilization would go forward not as one nation but as many."
Set in the crux of Rome's three civil wars (AD383-410), exacerbated by the potential threats of barbarian invasions and the xenophobic machinations of elements in Rome's government against barbarian elements that were willing to ally themselves with Rome, protagonist Marcus Cedranus catches himself at the most perplexing crossroads in Roman history. The dreaded invasion of the barbarians across the Rhine on December 31, 406, triggered revolts in Britain and eventually in Italy that ultimately rendered Rome incapable of defeating its enemies. The Western Empire had 66 more years of existence after the "Sack of Rome" in 410 by Alaric and his Visigoths but its fate had been sealed by the events of 383 to 410.
Often disregarded by common 'Fall of Rome' movies, this book turns the spotlight on part of the truth which led to that tragedy.
John Ranger, retired computer programmer and database administrator who spent 32 years at IBM, has a B. Sc. Degree from the University of Manitoba, Canada and a lifelong interest in Roman history. He has one son and lives in Wappingers Falls, New York.
Ranger's A Chronicle of the Roman Twilight will be exhibited at the BookExpo + BookCon 2019, to be held at the Jacob Javits Center, New York City, this coming May 29 to 31 and June 1 and 2, 2019, at the Authors Press Booth # 1667. To get the latest update on authors, like and follow Authors Press on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter.
A Chronicle of the Roman Twilight
Written by John Ranger
Published by iUniverse
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Q: My local server can't find bower files when I run my application i have to run an application from a local repo (called exoplanet-explorer). I installed Node.js and Git, and I followed these steps:
in the command line of Git Bash:
  git clone https://github.com/udacity/exoplanet.explorer.git
  cd exoplanet-explorer
  npm install -g gulp bower
  npm install && bower install
  gulp serve

When I run gulp serve, the app page opens but it's blank. In the console this list of errors appears:
Failed to load resource: the server responded with a status of 404 (Not Found) webcomponents-lite.js:1

(index):1 Refused to execute script from 'http://localhost:5000/bower_components/webcomponentsjs/webcomponents-lite.js' because its MIME type ('text/html') is not executable, and strict MIME type checking is enabled.

:5000/bower_components/iron-flex-layout/classes/iron-flex-layout.html:1 Failed to load resource: the server responded with a status of 404 (Not Found)

:5000/bower_components/iron-pages/iron-pages.html:1 Failed to load resource: the server responded with a status of 404 (Not Found)

:5000/bower_components/iron-selector/iron-selector.html:1 Failed to load resource: the server responded with a status of 404 (Not Found)

:5000/bower_components/paper-material/paper-material.html:1 Failed to load resource: the server responded with a status of 404 (Not Found)

:5000/bower_components/paper-menu/paper-menu.html:1 Failed to load resource: the server responded with a status of 404 (Not Found)

:5000/bower_components/paper-scroll-header-panel/paper-scroll-header-panel.html:1 Failed to load resource: the server responded with a status of 404 (Not Found)

:5000/bower_components/paper-styles/paper-styles-classes.html:1 Failed to load resource: the server responded with a status of 404 (Not Found)

:5000/bower_components/paper-toolbar/paper-toolbar.html:1 Failed to load resource: the server responded with a status of 404 (Not Found)

[Deprecation] Styling master document from stylesheets defined in HTML Imports is deprecated, and is planned to be removed in M67, around May 2018. Please refer to  for possible migration paths.

page.js:1 Failed to load resource: the server responded with a status of 404 (Not Found)

(index):1 Refused to execute script from

'http://localhost:5000/bower_components/page/page.js' because its MIME type ('text/html') is not executable, and strict MIME type checking is enabled.

:5000/bower_components/polymer/polymer.html:1 Failed to load resource: the server responded with a status of 404 (Not Found)

planet-thumb.html:78 Uncaught ReferenceError: Polymer is not defined
at planet-thumb.html:78
at planet-thumb.html:100

scale-visualizer.html:68 Uncaught ReferenceError: Polymer is not defined
at scale-visualizer.html:68
at scale-visualizer.html:189

What can I do?

A: I am working on the same project and I had the exact same issues, using  Windows 10 Home, git version 2.15.1.windows.2 and node v8.11.3, npm v6.1.0, bower v1.8.4, gulp v3.9.1. I looked to where the bower_components folder is supposed to be located and there is absolutely nothing there. I also opened bash as administrator to install.

*

*screenshot of my errors when I first load the page

*screenshot of my errors when I refresh the page
If you are having these errors, bower is NOT installing the polymer-starter-kit properly for whatever reason or you forgot/failed to install it yourself. I actually watched my installs fail, as over and over i would install, type "bower list" and it would tell me the polymer files in the starter kit that I needed, were still not installed - but I just saw the files install.

*

*bower list shows the files still NOT being saved to the project
So I had to do a "bower install -f polymer-starter-kit" after i did this and then installed gulp and typed gulp serve everything worked perfectly. Hope this helps someone else - I just spent over 16 hours yesterday and 5 today trying to figure this out. NOTE: you might want to do a "bower cache clean" first.

*

*bower install -f polymer-starter-kit

*Errors resolved!!!

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La nécropole antique de Tavant est une nécropole datée du Haut-Empire romain, située sur la commune française de Tavant en Indre-et-Loire.

La partie de cette nécropole fouillée en 1997 comprend une majorité de sépultures d'enfants, inhumés dans des sarcophages, des cercueils, voire un  pour un nouveau-né. Les inhumations s'échelonnent de l'an  au . Il est possible que cette nécropole soit rattachée à une agglomération secondaire dont la présence à proximité est fortement pressentie.

Localisation
La nécropole est implantée dans le bourg de Tavant, sur une terrasse alluviale entre la D760 au sud et la vallée de la Vienne au nord. La zone fouillée, qui ne représente certainement qu'une partie de cette nécropole, occupe le rebord de cette terrasse sableuse. Aucune autre structure antique n'est connue sur la commune elle-même ; toutefois, un kilomètre à l'ouest, sur la commune voisine de Sazilly, des indices laissent supposer la présence d'une agglomération secondaire ou d'une villa romaine auxquelles cette nécropole pourrait être liée. La D760, pour sa part, est traditionnellement mentionnée comme recouvrant une voie antique longeant la rive gauche de la Vienne, de Vouneuil-sur-Vienne à Candes-Saint-Martin et desservant les deux sites.

Circonstances de la découverte et description

Le site
En , des terrassements préalables à une construction mettent au jour des vestiges archéologiques. La fouille de sauvetage qui s'ensuit permet de découvrir une partie d'une nécropole datée du Haut-Empire romain.

La zone fouillée s'inscrit sensiblement dans un quadrilatère allongé du nord-est au sud-ouest. Sa moitié nord est occupée par des vestiges diffus datables du Néolithique et de la Protohistoire (trous de poteaux, céramiques, silex) ; la nécropole s'inscrit dans sa partie sud mais aucun délimitation physique n'est observée entre les deux secteurs.

Les tombes de la nécropole

La partie fouillée de la nécropole met en évidence . Il s'agit soit de cercueils en bois (au moins huit), soit de sarcophages massifs en calcaire d'extraction probablement locale (huit sépultures, réservées aux enfants). Il n'existe, au regard des connaissances disponibles, aucune autre nécropole du Haut Empire, en France, qui voit un tel regroupement de sarcophages : ce type de contenant est en général retrouvé seul, ou au nombre de trois au maximum. Dans une sépulture, le nouveau-né est inhumé dans un . Pour deux sépultures, la nature du contenant n'a pu être identifiée.

Quatorze tombes sont des sépultures d'enfants, les autres se répartissant en parts égales entre adultes et morts d'âge non déterminé. Dans une seule situation, la présence d'armes auprès du corps laisse penser qu'il s'agit de la sépulture d'un homme ; le sexe des défunts n'est pas déterminable dans les autres cas. Le nombre de sépultures d'enfants, comparé à celui de sépultures d'adultes, n'est pas surprenant : il est d'usage, dans l'Antiquité romaine, de ne pas recourir à la crémation pour les enfants en bas âge. Il est également possible que cette partie de la nécropole soit préférentiellement utilisée pour les sépultures d'enfants, peut-être d'un niveau social particulier.

Quatre de ces sépultures sont orientées sensiblement nord-sud avec la tête au sud ; une est orientée est-ouest avec la tête à l'ouest ; toutes les autres respectent une orientation est-ouest, la tête du défunt étant placée à l'est pour les individus dont l'état de conservation des ossements permet de le préciser, ce groupe de tombes semblant être organisé en quatre rangées parallèles.

Les fosses sont individuelles, à l'exception de l'une d'elles qui renferme à la fois le cercueil en bois et le sarcophage de deux enfants dont l'inhumation est simultanée.

Les aménagements des sépultures

Objets retrouvés dans les cercueils ou les sarcophages

L'une des sépultures présente un aménagement très particulier : le défunt est placé dans un sarcophage avec un couteau et une lance, ce qui laisse supposer qu'il s'agit d'un guerrier. D'autres tombes renferment, au contact du corps, des bijoux, des parures, ou des objets assimilables à des ex-votos. Deux tombes d'enfants renferment une réplique miniature du couteau de la tombe au guerrier ; le manche percé d'un trou suggère qu'ils ont peut-être été utilisés comme pendentifs. Bien que ces sépultures soient beaucoup plus tardives, ces objets témoignent peut-être d'un lien familial ou sont le signe d'un niveau social particulier ; ils montrent en tout cas que le souvenir de ce premier défunt se perpétue.

Objets retrouvés dans les fosses, hors des contenants
Ces objets sont principalement des récipients alimentaires, sans doute destinés à contenir des offrandes permettant d'accompagner le défunt pendant son « voyage ». Des flacons en verre, des perles, une clochette et un biberon doivent probablement être interprétés comme des talismans. Des fragments de céramiques semblant remontés d'une fosse à l'autre lors de leur comblement laissent supposer l'existence de rites commémoratifs envers d'anciens défunts à l'occasion de morts plus récentes. Enfin, la présence de fragments d'os humains calcinés suggère que la crémation de plusieurs corps est pratiquée. Toutefois, aucune sépulture en place de corps incinéré (urne funéraire par exemple), laisse supposer que l'organisation générale de la nécropole réservait un autre emplacement à ce type de sépulture.

Chronologie d'occupation
Grâce aux fragments de céramiques qui accompagnent les sépultures, la chronologie de la zone étudiée de la nécropole semble assez bien attestée. Cette proposition de chronologie ne s'applique bien sûr qu'aux sépultures étudiées, et ne préjuge en rien de l'évolution de l'ensemble d'une nécropole pressentie comme beaucoup plus étendue.

Entre 40 et , la « tombe du guerrier » est creusée. Le défunt jouit, à l'évidence, d'un statut et d'un prestige particuliers.

Un second groupe d'inhumations, les plus nombreuses et exclusivement constituées de tombes d'enfants, se développe à l'ouest de la « tombe du guerrier » dont la présence semble régler l'ordonnancement de la nécropole, comme si la mémoire de ce guerrier perdurait longtemps ; ces inhumations sont en effet datées entre l' et le début du . Même si deux générations séparent ces sépultures de la précédente, le site continue à être fréquenté dans l'intervalle, ce qui témoigne fort probablement d'une forme de culte des ancêtres.

Une sépulture d'enfant, isolée, à l'extrême ouest de la zone fouillée, semble marquer, dans le courant du , une évolution des rites funéraires ; elle se situe, stratigraphiquement, entre les précédentes et les suivantes.

Les quatre dernière sépultures, datables de la seconde moitié du , marquent une rupture importante avec les pratiques précédentes. Au sud de la zone fouillée, ces tombes d'adultes sont orientées perpendiculairement par rapport à toutes les autres, comme si la mémoire du premier guerrier inhumé avait disparu.

Notes et références

Pour en savoir plus

Bibliographie
 .
 .

Tavant

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Buying from Dundas
Why Dundas
The Carnegie - Our Home of the Year
At Dundas we offer a fantastic choice of great home styles – from easy-to-manage one-bedroom apartments up to five-bedroom detached villas. We love all of our different property types, so it is a very difficult task deciding on our favourite. However, after a lot of careful consideration, we are pleased to say that The Carnegie has been crowned our Home of the Year for 2019.
The Carnegie is a substantial three-bedroom detached home that can be found on some of our most sought-after developments, including Calderwood Village in North Lanarkshire. To celebrate the fact that it is our Home of the Year, it will be the Show Home for our new development at Uphall Station Village in West Lothian.
The Carnegie was chosen for this accolade because it combines so many practical and stylish features into such a good-looking package. Overall, it offers the perfect solution for growing families who are looking for a bit of luxury, an easy-to-manage layout that provides real flexibility, and enough room to entertain and live life to the full.
Downstairs, the Carnegie features a large lounge with double doors that open out onto the garden. The lounge is separate from the home's spacious kitchen/diner. This means that you can keep cooking and eating separate from the space where everyone watches TV and relaxes. It also features a downstairs cloakroom and substantial storage in the hall area.
Upstairs, the Carnegie's large master bedroom boasts a stylish en-suite shower room and two built-in wardrobes that create a space that can be used as a dressing area. A further double bedroom, with integrated storage, and a single bedroom complete the sleeping arrangements – giving everyone a comfortable, private space to call their own.
Get moving with Dundas this Summer
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Looking forward to the @homeawards tonight! We are nominated in two categories...fingers crossed #homeawards19… https://t.co/XeH0m2EoYF
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Where is James Alex Fields? Alleged Charlottesville Driver, Killer Facing Federal Hate Crime Charges
By Greg Price On 8/11/18 at 4:20 AM EDT
A year ago James Alex Fields was arrested for allegedly mowing down a crowd of protestors in Charlottesville, Virginia, setting off one of the most violent moments in the country's recent memory and further exposing racial tensions in America.
Today, the now 21-year-old Fields is facing two potential trials at the state and federal levels for murder, assault and a federal hate crime charge while the country reflects on the anniversary of mayhem in a typically sleepy college town.
Fields is accused of driving 550 miles to the "Unite the Right" rally on August 12 of last year and participating on the white nationalist side of the protests before using his Dodge Challenger to run down counter-protestors, resulting in numerous injuries and the death of 32-year-old Heather Heyer.
Fields was apprehended after the incident and charged in December of last year with first degree murder and assault charges. His trial at Charlottesville Circuit Court is scheduled to begin in November of this year, according to state court filings.
In June, federal prosecutors for the Western District of Virginia handed down 30 hate crime charges against Fields and described how after counter-protesters began walking up a hill Fields "rapidly accelerated through a stop sign and across a raised pedestrian mall, and drove directly into the crowd… [and] stopped only when it struck another vehicle near the intersection."
Last month, Fields pleaded not guilty to all the hate crime charges but his mental state has come under scrutiny. U.S. District Court in Charlottesville Judge Joel Hoppe reportedly asked Fields if he had ever received treatment for mental illness, according to The New York Times citing a court spokesperson.
Fields reportedly answered he was taking medication and he had been treated for depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety and A.D.H.D.
The silver Dodge Charger allegedly driven by James Alex Fields passes near the Market Street Parking Garage moments after driving into a crowd of counter-protesters on Water Street on August 12, 2017 in Charlottesville, Virginia. Heather Heyer, 32 years old, was killed and 19 others injured when they were struck by Fields' car. Getty Images/Matthew Hatcher
The violence led to mixed messages from President Donald Trump. He waited several days before publicly condemning the white supremacists involved in the protests, and also said "many sides" and "both sides" were to blame for the violence, statements widely panned by Republicans and Democrats alike.
In the year following the violence, the alt-right and white nationalist movements were pushed to the forefront of the public conscious and the nation grappled with whether or not to tear down statues honoring the Confederacy and its leaders. The Charlottesville rallies and protests were specifically sparked over an alt-right protest to the potential teardown of a statue of Confederate general Robert E. Lee.
The fallout still hovers over the state and Charlottesville. Virginia Governor Ralph Northam and the city each declared states of emergency on Wednesday ahead of the anniversary. A heavy security presence, which could include assistance from the Virginia National Guard, is expected around the city.
"I am urging Virginians to make alternative plans to engaging with planned demonstrations of hate, should those arise," Northam said. "Declaring this state of emergency in advance of the anniversary and the related planned events will help us ensure that the state and the city have all available resources to support emergency responders in case they are needed."
Correction: This story initially stated James Fields was an Ohio native. He is originally from Kentucky.
Is the Alleged Charlottesville Killer a Terrorist?
Kessler Claims 'Both Sides' Victims in Charlottesville
Heather Heyer's Mother: 'Take a Stand' Against Hate


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El Salvador Perspectives
(Formerly known as Tim's El Salvador Blog) News, history, culture and analysis of El Salvador and the Salvadoran people.
Gold, lawyers and contaminated rivers.
Two different headlines today are intricately related. On the CNN Money website, the headline was Gold Edges Up to a New Record, which told readers that for the first time in history, the price of gold on international markets closed at $1280 an ounce. In the Salvadoran newspaper DiarioCoLatino, the headline was San Sebastian: The Open Secret of Mining Pollution. This article describes the legacy of pollution in the San Sebastian river, which local residents and activists say stems from a gold mine there. The mine is owned by the US company the Commerce Group, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
It is the record high prices of gold which have led North American gold mining companies like the Commerce Group and Canadian firm Pacific Rim to go to battle with the government of El Salvador. The Salvadoran government currently prohibits both firms from operating gold mining concessions. With gold at record high prices, the conflict between monetary profits and the fear of environmental degradation from mining is a sharp one.
The battlefield for both mining companies is international arbitration under the DR-CAFTA treaty. Pacific Rim and the Commerce Group have each sued the government of El Salvador for tens of millions of dollars, under the foreign investor protection sections of that trade agreement. DR-CAFTA allows investors to bring arbitration claims against a sovereign government and to have the dispute heard in front of a panel of arbitrators at the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), a part of the World Bank.
I have previously written about the Pac Rim arbitration, where the arbitrators have denied El Salvador's preliminary objections and the case is now moving on to the next phase. Today's post focuses on the Commerce Group case.
As described on the Commerce Group website, the company owns a gold mine in San Sebastian, in La Union department in the far eastern part of El Salvador. There has been gold mining at this location for more than one hundred years. According to the company, "At the turn of the twentieth century, the [mine] was rated as one of the richest gold mines in the world. The United Nations' 1969 Mineral Survey Report states that "unquestionably the San Sebastian deposit was the jewel of the El Salvador mining industry and one of the most prolific gold mines in Central America."
The Commerce Group acquired the mine in 1968. It was not operated during El Salvador's civil war, but operated during the 1990's after the war. It ceased operations for economic reasons in 1999. But now its current plans are to conduct open pit mining operations at the site:
The Company plans to use an open-pit mining method and will truck the lower grade mineralized material to one or more heap-leaching pads developed at the SSGM site. The use of open-pit mining and heap-leaching techniques will enable the Company to process a higher volume of low grade mineralized material.
(Pacific Rim plans a sub-surface mine).
In 2006, the government of El Salvador revoked the company's permits to exploit the gold deposits for environmental reasons. It is that decision which the Commerce Group is challenging in its arbitration.
Salvadoran environmental activists are concerned about existing contamination of the San Sebastian river in the area surrounding the mine. Last Tuesday, September 14, an internet video forum was held where Cidia Cortez and David Pereira of the Center for Investigation over Investment and Trade (CEICOM) described the results of CEICOM's investigation into the environmental effects of the San Sebastian mine. The investigation was performed in conjunction with geologist Dina Larios, a professor at Ohio University. They described findings related to acid drainage from the mine producing elevated levels of heavy metals in the waterway as well as health effects evident in the local population. You can see an archived copy of the video forum at this link. You can also read reports of some of their findings here and here. The photos from San Sebastian below are from today's article in Diario CoLatino.
With the price of gold at record highs, the Commerce Group has every incentive to challenge El Salvador blocking the re-opening of the mine. The allegations of the Commerce Group in the international arbitration are summarized in its response filed on September 17 to El Salvador's preliminary objections:
I. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
1. Commerce Group Corp. (Commerce) and San Sebastian Gold Mines, Inc. (SanSeb) (collectively the Claimants) are affiliated U.S. corporations that have formed a joint venture to undertake gold mining in El Salvador. Both are publicly held corporations that have, in the aggregate, approximately 3,300 shareholders, over 95% of whom reside in the United States. Over the past over 40 years the Claimants have invested over $100 million in their mining activities in El Salvador; they have a history of mining in the country going back to October, 1968.
2. The Claimants mined gold at the San Sebastian Gold Mine in Santa Rosa de Lima. For over 25 years, however, there has been no processing of gold at or near the San Sebastian mine; all of the ore from the mine was hauled to and processed at the Claimants' mill and plant in San Cristóbal, which is approximately 15 miles from the San Sebastian mine. In the 1990s, the Claimants produced tens of thousands of ounces of bullion through their operations. When the San Sebastian Gold Mine was operating, the Claimants employed hundreds of laborers, geologists, engineers, plant operators and others in El Salvador. During their long history in El Salvador, the Claimants brought not only employment, but also considerable infrastructure improvements to the vicinity of Santa Rosa de Lima, such as roads and bridges, made contributions for the general good, and built a church.
3. In 2003, El Salvador's Ministry of Economy replaced the Claimants' existing mining concession with a new 20-year exploitation concession under the new mining law. The concession gave the Claimants the right to mine at the San Sebastian Gold Mine site. A year later, El Salvador extended the concession to 30 years, or in other words, until 2034. In 2003 and 2004, the Claimants obtained two exploration licenses for additional areas. From 2004 onwards, the Claimants continued to invest significant time, effort and resources in developing their mining exploration and production operations.
4. In 2006, the Republic of El Salvador (El Salvador or the Respondent) began a course of conduct that has resulted in the destruction of the Claimants' investments. In contravention of its domestic and international legal obligations, El Salvador arbitrarily revoked the Claimants' environmental permits, ordered the closure of their operations and failed to renew their exploration licenses. These measures are manifestations of a broader government practice to terminate all mining activities by foreign investors in El Salvador. In complete disregard of the Claimants' rights under their exploitation concession and exploration licenses, El Salvador has effectively adopted and maintained a de facto moratorium on metallic mining.
5. As a result of El Salvador's conduct, the Claimants have been unable to proceed with plans to develop their operations. In 2008, the Claimants entered an agreement with a strategic partner to develop the San Sebastian Gold Mine. After meeting with representatives of the El Salvadoran government, however, the strategic partner withdrew. It was clear that the El Salvadoran government would not allow mining under any circumstances.
The government of El Salvador filed its preliminary objections to the Commerce Group arbitration demand on August 16, 2010. These objections are procedural and jurisdictional. They do not go to the merits of whether or not the Commerce Group should be entitled to operate its mine. The objections are only interesting to lawyers like me, but if the government prevails, the Commerce Group complaint will be dismissed. If the objections are not sustained, then the case will proceed to the merits of whether El Salvador is within its rights to limit gold mining when that mining is linked to environmental damage in the surrounding area.
Commerce Group Mining
Senor Pescado said…
no worries,
we will get a couple of thousand fishermen to send these greedy pendejos on there way, maybe cut their hair off to use to soak up the contaminants
and also to pay these lawyers in DC a visit, ummm likke 500,000 guanacos in DC
as I always said, lawyers are only good for crab bait and El Salvador water is more precious then gold
Revolution of a very serious nature this time, and polluting Golfo de Fonseca, and the mangroves, this will stop
Chase Anthony said…
I have campaigned alongside Salvadorans from rural caserios against these very companies. The campesinos are vehemently opposed to mining, and unfortunately they will pay the heavy price for this gold in the long run.
cyclopsvue said…
I truly hope El Salvador is successful in beating back this suit, and drives Commerce Group, and similar mining operations from its land.
Tim, you are much more circumspect in your blog than I am in mine. I admire your restraint. I hope my blog post (http://completelybaked.blogspot.com/2010/12/commerce-group-exports-pollution-and.html) brings this travesty in El Salvador some additional publicity. I would like very much to see CAFTA re-negotiated or abandoned all together by the US.
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Boukornine National Park
Google maps: 36°42'18"N 10°20'00"E
Boukornine National park, also called the "Green Lungs of Tunisia", is located at 1935 ha, about 20 km from the capital Tunis. The park was established in 1987. The national park was, according to archaeological findings already inhabited by the Phoenicians.
The park offers diverse fauna and flora. The largest part of park area consists of forests and groves thujas, pine and olive trees. In total there occurs some 600 species of the plants, including the 12 kinds of orchids. The most typical flower is cyclamen, whose bloom decorates a large park area in April and May. Cyclamen is also the official symbol of the park.
Dominant place of the park is a mountain of Djebel Boukornine (576 m).
For more information visit the official website of Ministry of Culture and Heritage Protection here .
Do you want to visit official website of Tunis Municipality? Click here .
REGIONAL MAPS
New regional attraction maps are available here.


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MIRROR, MIRROR by Cara Delevingne
Sunday, November 19, 2017 Yolanda Sfetsos No comments
Friend. Lover. Victim. Traitor.
When you look in the mirror, what do you see?
Sixteen-year-old friends Red, Leo, Rose, and Naomi are misfits; still figuring out who they are and who they want to be. Life isn't perfect, but music brings them together, and they are excited about what the future holds for their band, Mirror, Mirror. That is until Naomi vanishes before being pulled unconscious out of the river.
She's left fighting for her life in a coma. The police claim it was a failed suicide attempt, but her friends aren't convinced. Will Naomi ever wake up? What - or perhaps who - led her to that hospital bed? And how did Red, the self-styled protector of the group, fail to spot the warning signs?
While Rose turns to wild partying and Leo is shrouded by black moods, Red sets out to uncover the truth. It's a journey that will cause Red's world to crack, exposing the group's darkest secrets. Nothing will ever be the same again, because once a mirror is shattered, it can't be fixed. convinced. Will Naomi ever wake up? What - or perhaps who - led her to that hospital bed? And how did Red, the self-styled protector of the group, fail to spot the warning signs?
After I DNFd two books this weekend and started another I thought I would love but disappointed me enough to put it aside... I started this book. And couldn't put it down.
Red, Naomi, Rose and Leo are in a school band, but even more than that they're really close friends. During the last year these four kids have gotten past their differences to become a solid group that sticks together while making awesome music and having fun.
When Naomi goes missing, everything starts to unravel around them. And when she's found unconscious in the river and ends up in a coma, the group totally falls apart. The mystery of what really happened to their friend will either draw them closer than ever before, or tear them apart forever...
This is one super awesome book!
The writing style was intimate in a way that wrapped itself around me until it felt like I was part of their world. Red's voice was raw and often confused or lost, yet so strong that I enjoyed every moment she shared with the reader. Her thoughts aren't linear or even clear sometimes, which made her an amazing and realistic narrator.
This is quite a dark book that deals with some pretty heavy teenage and adult issues. It doesn't shy away from showing and revealing some awful truths about what it's really like to grow up in some very intense environments. But it's dealt with in such an honest way that it's hard not to get wrapped up in everything--whether good or bad--that's going on. Because these characters are awesome!
Red is the drummer. She's into girls and has a really messed up family life. Her mother's an alcoholic, her father's never home, so the emotional neglect is deep. Leo is a troubled kid who's trying to be good, but his criminal brother tries to ruin that for him. Rose is a strong, beautiful rich girl who outwardly has everything, but inwardly suffers deeply. Ash is Naomi's sister, she's a tech-whiz and wants to find out what really happened to her younger sister. Leckraj was an easygoing and really cool addition to the band. And Naomi, well, she's a great musician and a girl who tried so hard to hide herself that somewhere along the way, she gets so lost it nearly kills her.
Together, these kids are amazing. With all the crap they put up with at home, everything they struggle with while trying to discover themselves, the pressures of school, and even the really shitty things they put each other through, they form a very strong foundation to Mirror, Mirror. I'm talking about the band, not the book. :P
Mirror, Mirror is an addictive book that hooked me in from the very first sentence and kept me turning the pages, because I needed to know how and where this tragic tale was going to take me. More than that, Red's engaging voice and the mystery at the heart of the story swept me away until it's shocking revelation.
I seriously LOVED this book, and can't say enough good things about it. I honestly didn't know what to expect, but certainly didn't expect such raw awesomeness.
BTW, the cover's really cool too. It wasn't until I took a closer look that I noticed the hidden details in the squiggles.
Mirror, Mirror, October 2017, ISBN 9781409172758, Trapeze
Posted in: excellent book , Hachette review , reading 2017 , YA
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On Monday, November 3, 1980, the eve of what would prove to be an historic election, Gov. Ronald Reagan spoke to voters in a national television address. Then, as now, America was at a perilous point in her history. Then, as now, we had a choice to make that would determine the future of our nation and our world.
Ronald Reagan asked his fellow citizens if history still had a place for America, for her people, and for her great ideals. He challenged the American people to answer the following questions before making a final decision on who should lead the nation.
"Are you more confident that our economy will create productive work for our society or are you less confident?
Do you feel you can keep the job you have or gain a job if you don't have one?
Are you pleased with the ability of young people to buy a home, of the elderly to live their remaining years in happiness, of our youngsters to take pride in the world we have built for them?
Is our nation stronger and more capable of leading the world toward peace and freedom, or is it weaker?
Is there more stability in the world or less?
Are you convinced that we have earned the respect of the world and our allies, or has American's position across the world diminished?
Are you personally more secure in your life? Is your family more secure? Is America safer in the world?
Are you happier today than you were four years ago?"
Today, the answers to these questions no longer can be found within the Republican party or with its leaders. Today's Republican party no longer embodies Ronald Reagan's conservative philosophy in which government is the servant of the people. Nor does today's Republican Party champion the cause to which Ronald Reagan dedicated his life-- the preservation of democracy and the freedoms protected by that democracy.
As I did twenty-eight years ago, tomorrow I will vote to ensure that the lights of this "shining city on a hill" may never dim and so that America will always remain a beacon of hope to its great people and to the world.
Tomorrow I vote for America, her democracy and her freedoms.
Tomorrow I vote for America, her people and her great ideals.
Tomorrow I vote for a man I believe once again will make government the true servant of the people.
Tomorrow I proudly vote for Barack Obama.


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Home » Courses » Economics » Psychology and Economics » Video Lectures » Lecture 10: Social Preferences I
Lecture 10: Social Preferences I
Syllabus and Calendar
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Download the video from Internet Archive.
Description: Students participate in simple in-class experiments and games to learn about the concept of social preferences.
Instructor: Prof. Frank Schilbach
Lecture 1: Introduction and...
Lecture 3: Time Preferences...
Lecture 7: Risk Preferences I
Lecture 8: Risk Preferences II
Lecture 9: Reference-Depend...
Lecture 10: Social Preferen...
Mid-Term Review
Lecture 14: Limited Attention
Lecture 15: Utility from Be...
Lecture 17: State-Dependent...
Lecture 18: Gender, Discrim...
Lecture 19: Defaults, Nudge...
Lecture 20: Malleability an...
Lecture 21: Poverty through...
Lecture 22: Happiness and M...
Lecture 23: Policy with Beh...
Download English-US transcript (PDF)
[SQUEEKING] [RUSTLING] [CLICKING]
PROFESSOR: All right. Sorry about this. Hello.
Sorry about this. There's some internet problems. I was just actually talking to MIT's president, who was in the economics department, talking how MIT can be a leader in technologies. Apparently, good internet is not a part of that. But anyway, so we're going to play a number of games which are standard games to measure social preferences.
You might have a lot of questions about those eventually, you know, what exactly do they measure, how do we interpret certain results, and so on. We're going to discuss these in the next few classes, but for now, essentially, I just want to show you how these games work. You can sort of experience them pretty close to what an actual participant of such a game would experience.
One big difference, of course, is that usually, these games are played in private. Usually, you shouldn't talk very much to your neighbor. One big difference as well is like, we can actually implement some of these, randomly implement some of the choices that are being made, so that makes it sort of more public than in a typical experiment.
So you know, you should be aware of that like whatever choices you may make, whether they're nice or not, they might actually be implemented and be public, so that may or may not affect the way you choose. You should sort of choose truthfully or the way you would like to choose. Don't let that sort of influence you too much.
OK. So what we're going to do is we're going to start with the simplest of our games, which is called the dictator game, which you can see here. Can you guys see the game? Can you join? So try to join the game as it is.
So the way this game works is-- I hope these inspections work. OK, so the way this works is essentially, it's a split the pie game. We're going to figure out what's going on with the volume because it's a different laptop, but essentially, the way this works is like you're going to be endowed with an amount of money. There's going to be two people.
There's going to be essentially what we call the divider or the dictator. That's the person who gets the money. That person can decide how much money he or she wants to share with another person who was randomly selected. The amounts will be-- this is so far entirely hypothetical-- so the amounts will be here, currently, it's $100. I hate to break it to you. You will not be able to win $100 today.
I know, I know. It's $100. You can essentially decide between you and a randomly selected other person how much you would like to give of that money to that other person. It's the simplest of our games. There's going to be the divider and the receiver. The receiver actually does nothing other than just receiving money potentially. The divider is the person to do that. OK.
Again, I'm going to show you some results in a bit, but one big issue that people often have about these dictator kinds of games is to say, well, do you need real stakes or do you need like fake stakes and so on. So what I have here is I have some candy and I have some apples, and later some money. I'm going to start with candy. So these are Swiss chocolate.
So the way this is going to be is like there's going to be always 10 of them, so 10 is sort of like the overall amount that's being shared. Now, what I'm going to do is you're going to decide as if you were going to be selected. Of course, I'm going to only select one pair of people, and that pair is actually going to be actually implemented, OK.
And that is going to be 10, and sort of like the 100, you know, the percentage of the candy that's being shared is going to get to the other person. You should probably use round numbers. Otherwise, you have to sort of like share them in parts. I'm going to pick a number, 50. So this will be hopefully working. It's Brian and Jackie.
So Brian was the dictator, yes, the person giving? Yes? Where's Brian? What did Brian do?
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
PROFESSOR: There we go. So here's your candy. You can pick it up. So this is sort of the issue with the public version of this. You should feel free to do whatever you would like, of course. Now, we're going to do the same thing. I brought 10 apples as well. We have BG, whoever you are.
PROFESSOR: Yes, and how many apples did you--
AUDIENCE: I took three apples.
PROFESSOR: That's three apples for you and seven apples for Lauren, I guess. Here you are.
AUDIENCE: Thank you.
PROFESSOR: They're good apples. You can share them with others as well if you like. Now we're going to do the typical version of this, which is money. Usually, people do this with $5, $10 and so on. We're going to do $5 now, so we have to figure out some way of sharing it, Venmo or whatever. I'm not quite sure, but I'm sure you'll figure it out. Number five. MJ? What'd you do?
AUDIENCE: I gave $2 or 40%.
PROFESSOR: I see. You have to figure out some way of giving $2 to Isabel, wherever she is. But here's the $5. So now, something that people often say is like, well, maybe for $5, is that a lot of money? Maybe not, so we're going to do-- maybe the stakes matter, and some sort of small stakes and so on, people decide in certain ways.
Now I don't have a lot of money, actually. This is mostly like, I don't have more cash with me, so like the largest stake I can do is $20. So we're going to, with $20 now, do the exact same thing. All right, how about number 80? Alvin and Julia, what did you do?
AUDIENCE: I gave $5.
PROFESSOR: Very nice. Here you go. You have to figure out a way to actually do that. Now there's a couple more things that, perhaps, one wants to vary here.
So one is communication. So far I think you're not allowed to communicate. Is that right? So you could not communicate with the other person.
So now what we're going to do is like a version-- the exact same thing. I think that this will be $10 but the same, but now it actually allows for communication. So now the sender and the receiver can communicate. The receiver can, sort of, try different things to, like, influence, perhaps, the descender in some ways of eliciting more money. So Jenka and [INAUDIBLE], where are you?
AUDIENCE: We haven't [INAUDIBLE].
PROFESSOR: What was that? You haven't decided, no?
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
PROFESSOR: What was that?
AUDIENCE: Seven.
PROFESSOR: I see, and what was the-- did you get any message that conveyed or that made you nicer or no?
AUDIENCE: Yeah, so I was going to keep everything to my self. But yeah, I was going to [INAUDIBLE].
PROFESSOR: I see. So some communication that seems to help this case. So here's $10. You have to figure out how to actually now give $2.
Now another I that you might think might matter quite a bit, which is I'm, sort of, like putting you on the spot quite a bit. Like, I'm sort of like publicizing how much money you gave in front of everybody. So in some sense, you might want to actually keep the $10 or you might want to give a lot or whatever and, like, by just the fact that like showing that to everybody might influence your choices.
So we're going to do one version, which is not quite private but, sort of, close to getting private, which is like I'm just going to announce which team it was. And at the end of the class, you'll tell me what the outcome was and you get the-- or I guess, so you see what the other person does with you. I see. So then the two of you can just essentially then sort of split the money.
It's, sort of, not quite private, because the other person obviously you have to interact with another person. You should keep that in mind, but it's not like everybody in class will notice it, OK. Is it clear what I'm asking everyone?
Yeah, so this is private to the extent like private towards your other classmates except for the person that you're matched with, OK. So this is, again, $10, and this is the last $10 I actually have. So I have more candy.
All right. All right, so here-- where is [INAUDIBLE]? Here. So you get the $10. You just have to find your partner.
Who is it? OK, so you have to, sort of, settle that with her. I'll stay out of this.
OK. We're going to do more. And this is the last one. We're going to do more of communication.
Perhaps you learned about how to best communicate or the like. I think, in most of the remaining grounds, we're just going to do a 10 candies or 10 chocolates, whatever each. So this one is, again, with communication. So you can chat and try to figure out perhaps, as a receiver, how to best influence the sender.
All right, so let's see. By the way, you can be repeatedly chosen. So we have E1. What did you do?
AUDIENCE: 50/50
PROFESSOR: Nice to hear. And here's Arthur.
PROFESSOR: Here's your other part. These are yours, yeah. Go for it. OK, so what are some good messages? Or what are some compelling messages that you received of any-- or maybe funny ones? Yes?
AUDIENCE: Lactose intolerant.
PROFESSOR: You are lactose intolerant or the receiver?
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. The giver was actually [INAUDIBLE].
PROFESSOR: I see.
AUDIENCE: They're giving everything.
PROFESSOR: I see. So here's a giver that is lactose intolerant. You could have given it, instead of the other classmate, you could have also just given it to your friend as a giver. But yes. What else? Was there any compelling messages that you received that actually worked or did something? Yes?
AUDIENCE: I wasn't deciding, but the person told me, that if I tell them a joke that makes them laugh, they'll give me chocolate.
[LAUGHTER]
PROFESSOR: And did you?
AUDIENCE: Yeah. They gave me 40, so--
PROFESSOR: Not bad, so--
Maybe you need to work on the jokes, but yes.
All right, so now we're going to choose-- play a second game, which is called the-- sorry, let me close this-- which is called the Ultimatum game. So the Dictator game is a nice game in a sense. It's a very simple game. It's a very stark game and very, in some sense, good at capturing a form of pure altruism.
Here's your money. Here's the other person. How much money you want to give for that person? There's often, no communication. Often, it's even anonymous, and so on. So it's essentially, just like, how much do you care about yourself, versus some other person? So that's very simple.
But when you think about real-world situation, often, there's interactions across people. And the Dictator game cannot really capture that that well. So one of the second perhaps most famous or a game [INAUDIBLE] is what's called the Ultimatum game. We have, again, instructions. I think you can't really necessarily hear the narration, but--
[VIDEO PLAYBACK]
- You're going to be randomly placed into groups.
PROFESSOR: Sort of.
- One player in each pair is the proposer. The other is the responder. The first thing that will happen is the proposer proposes how to divide a sum.
[END PLAYBACK]
PROFESSOR: Does it work? No. sorry. So there's a proposer, and there's there's a-- [INAUDIBLE], turn this off.
There's a proposer, and there's a receiver. The proposer, as in the Dictator game, proposes a sum amount of money, as you see. And then the other person, who is the receiver, the responder can accept or reject. OK?
So if somebody says, if I have 10 candy, if I offer you 1, you might say, that's not very nice. And you might reject it. Or you might say, actually, I'd rather have one candy than zero candy, and I accept it. And for each of these amounts, you can make a choice.
But when you are the first person choosing, you need to take into account what the other person might do for different offers that you have. If the offer is rejected, you essentially-- neither of you receives anything. If it's accepted, it's just implemented as what the proposal was. Any questions on that? OK. And we're still playing for Lindt chocolates.
[CLASSROOM CHATTER]
AUDIENCE: I did 50/50 [INAUDIBLE].
PROFESSOR: Wise choice, Here you are. So Vijay, and yeah, Here you are. OK. So we're going to do the-- let me see here.
[INAUDIBLE]. I see. We're going to play the same thing again, but in rotated roles.
So that's usually not what people would necessarily do. Because usually, it would be essentially one-shot games. It was very clean in the sense of expectations are clear. This is a little bit just for you to see the other side. I think this is now-- I think it is with the same person.
It might just be that the roles are rotated. I don't know if you can see what the other-- can you actually see the name of the other person when you player, or no?
PROFESSOR: I see. So I think it might not be the same person. Sorry, I should know this, but.
PROFESSOR: Guess that's you.
PROFESSOR: Here you go. I think she's up there. Now we're going to do the same thing, but entails communication. So that is to say now, as a receiver, you can talk to the other person. You can discuss.
Or as a giver, you can discuss about, if I make you this offer, will you accept it or not? And of course, the receiver will have some thoughts and try to sort make the case of yes or no. And you'll see that has a somewhat slightly different dynamic. So again, same game now, except for now, there's communication. You can talk to the other person.
One person is playing with a robot, so I guess you can't really--
--communicate. Sorry. Because it's just because there's uneven numbers, and I'm trying to finish up. All right, so--
AUDIENCE: Oh, [INAUDIBLE]. The person gave me 100.
PROFESSOR: Did you accept?
AUDIENCE: Yeah, I accepted.
PROFESSOR: There you go.
Lucky you.
AUDIENCE: But who is it?
PROFESSOR: Very nice of you.
AUDIENCE: Oh, well, I'll pay you back.
PROFESSOR: Are you the lacto? Are you the lactose intolerant? No.
All right, now we're going to do the same thing again in private, just to see whether your choices in private perhaps are different from the-- so it is in private with communication, so as in you can communicate. But again, it's not public, at least to your other classmates, what is actually the outcome of the game. I think I'm running out of Swiss chocolates. So now you have to get some Snickers instead--
AUDIENCE: Woo, woo.
PROFESSOR: --which is worse, I think, but anyway. What did you offer? What's that?
AUDIENCE: I probably received three--
AUDIENCE: Oh.
PROFESSOR: Three-- did you say 330?
AUDIENCE: I gave him 3.1 chocolates.
PROFESSOR: You have to--
You guys can deal with that.
Here you go. I stay out of this.
AUDIENCE: He's [INAUDIBLE].
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. Thank you very much.
PROFESSOR: All right, we can do one more of these. I also have-- I brought some chocolate bunnies. These are very nice bunnies, so here you go. This is again with communication. So I was saying this is private. I guess it wasn't private. Sorry. Forget about this.
This is in public with communication. So I should have been clear. Isabel and Hannah. What did you do?
AUDIENCE: We did [INAUDIBLE].
PROFESSOR: And it was accepted?
AUDIENCE: Yes.
PROFESSOR: All right, lucky you.
OK, so now, one main thing about these games is, when you notice this, it's like, in particular, from the receiver's part, there's only one action that you see for one realization, right? So it's not very efficient in terms of eliciting a lot of information. In the sense of if I ask you, how much money did you give? And I'm going to see what you do as the first mover. And then, for a specific realization, you see, what does this person do as a second mover?
Instead, what you can do is we can use what's called the strategy method, which we are, in some sense, already doing, in the sense of the strategy method is to say, in case a certain thing, in case a certain situation occurs, and that situation will be implemented, what would you do in that situation? And there's a positive probability that this actually happens. And so therefore, people are incentivized to behave optimally.
In the sense, that's exactly what we're doing right now. In some sense there's 80 different pairs that are playing, and I'm randomly just quasi randomly selecting just one. So this is already a strategy method. In a sense, I'm asking you, in case you are selected, what would you like to do? So I'm eliciting information from 80 people at the same time, while only having to pay out 10 chocolates or chocolate bunnies, or whatever, at one time for the result.
So that's essentially a way of creating. If you wanted to run large experiments, that's a way of running experiments where there are stakes. And sometimes, it doesn't matter what you choose, but it's much cheaper to do and much more feasible to do so.
Now, the strategy method is going a little bit further. What the strategy method essentially is doing, it is essentially just asking you explicitly, it's asking you explicitly as a proposer, how much would you offer? So it's asking essentially both people. As a proposer, each person is asked, if you were proposing, what would you do?
And then it's asking each person, as a responder, what's the smallest offer that you would accept? Notice, if I have those two pieces, if I match two people, I can play the entire game for any realization, because I know, essentially, the fully contingent plan. In that way, I'm eliciting way more information than just realizing-- and essentially, for each person, I'm going to elicit both what they're doing in both roles.
And for the responder, I'm eliciting also, for all potential realization, as opposed to just if you received $3 or $5, or whatever, what would you do? OK, so we're going to do that right now I guess with Snickers. So now it's not clear who actually your partner is, because now it's essentially you're choosing for all contingent plans. So it's not obvious what your other partner will actually do.
You are essentially deciding, independent of what my partner does, for all scenarios what I'm going to do. And then, essentially randomly, you will be matched with somebody. So why don't you tell me two numbers between 1 and 60.
AUDIENCE: 23.
PROFESSOR: 23 and?
PROFESSOR: 23 and 52. So I'm going to just pick number 23 and 52. We're going to take the offer from, what, 23 and then the response from 52. And I asked you to remember what you chose, hopefully. So 23 is-- I don't know how to pronounce your name-- [INAUDIBLE]? How do you pronounce your name?
PROFESSOR: [INAUDIBLE], what did you propose?
AUDIENCE: I proposed to do half.
PROFESSOR: Half? OK. And then what did you do, the 50--
AUDIENCE: Two.
PROFESSOR: 52, which is Brandon. So now the question is, for half, if you were offered half, Brandon, what would you actually do? Yeah?
PROFESSOR: And you'd also accepted it earlier in your round?
OK. Yes, here you go. And so essentially, that's the way this is usually implemented. So now essentially, for that specific contingency, that's now being implemented. But now I know essentially what Brandon would have done for all scenarios, because he gave me his fully contingent plan.
We're going to do the exact same thing again, in case this wasn't fully clear. So I don't know actually why they are making groups out of this. But whatever, it's fine. Abby?
PROFESSOR: Yes. What did you propose?
PROFESSOR: Eight?
PROFESSOR: Was that 30?
PROFESSOR: 50-- sorry. And--
PROFESSOR: But you--
PROFESSOR: No. Sorry. It was 8 and?
PROFESSOR: 13 is Brian.
PROFESSOR: So we've got-- here you go. You guys are pretty nice.
In previous years, we're not that nice.
PROFESSOR: All right. So now we're going to play the third game, which has been used a lot in this literature, which is called the Trust game. The Trust game works as follows. So there is a person who is the investor, who gives some amount of money. And so let me just-- OK, where's the video?
There's supposed to be a video. Oh, here. Sorry. All right.
So they call it an investment game, a trust game. There's the investor, and there's the responder. The investor-- why is this so slow? OK. So the investor and the responder have some amount of money, which is a little bit contrived here. But anyway, let's assume that's true. The investor chooses how much to send. This is the investment.
The responder gets the investment plus a multiplier. The multiplier here is usually two or three. And then the responder gets essentially the investment plus the multiplier and then can decide to respond and send money back. OK?
So in our case, I guess this is a little tricky to do with candy. But suppose the investor has 10 to start with. You can now decide out of the 10 how much you're going to give to the other person. That is multiplied by 3. I need to make sure we have enough candy. I think I do. That is multiplied by 3. And then the other person can decide to send some back. OK?
And so you get the issue that essentially, on the one hand, you want to send a lot, to get the other person to have a lot to be able to send you back. But of course, it could also be that you send a lot, and the other person says, thank you very much, and doesn't send you anything. OK? OK, so this is without communication. And we'll do one with communication after that.
And why don't you take these two and divide in those fractions that you have. How about this? So usually, this would be obviously with real numbers, done properly.
AUDIENCE: Oh, three?
PROFESSOR: No, no, just divide it. I think roughly half is fine.
AUDIENCE: Thank you, [INAUDIBLE].
PROFESSOR: Sorry, this is a little tricky with these numbers.
AUDIENCE: OK. [INAUDIBLE]?
PROFESSOR: No, no, no. Then we will use this for the next. I'll get these.
AUDIENCE: You can do the next one.
PROFESSOR: Yes.
All right, so we can do the same thing with communication. So now you can essentially, before the first person makes their first choice or where before, when the person is making the response choice, you can communicate and talk about what you might do in the future, which may or may not be the truth, of course.
We have Jodi and Sarah.
PROFESSOR: Hi. What did you give and receive?
AUDIENCE: She gave me all of it, and I gave half of it.
PROFESSOR: So that's, in some sense, the ideal scenario, because the other person had a lot of faith in their classmate, perhaps because it's in public, because perhaps because they think their classmates are really nice. And so you gave a lot to start with. And then so that was multiplied, and then you actually got a lot back, which doesn't always happen either.
So I think you could just, whatever this number is, and divide it according to the actual division of what it is. So now we're done with those games. What I'd like you to do is-- so next time, we're going to discuss in detail each of these games. And if you want more rigorous research in a sense of rigorous versions of this research, and trying to understand, when you do this a bit more carefully, in terms of, experimental economists are extremely careful in their procedures and in their ways in which they present information, and so on and so forth.
So what we just were doing was pretty sloppy by those standards. So what can we learn from this research that does it very carefully? And what does it predict, when you think about, OK, these lab games, in some sense, they are fairly contrived, what can we learn actually? Are they predictive of real world behaviors?
If you have any observations about things that you have learned or thought that were interesting, and so on, feel free to share them on the forum, anonymously, if you like. And I can discuss some of the things. This could be either anecdotes about messages you received or things that happened. I can then look at these and share them with the class. Otherwise, I'll see you on Monday.
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