It is my great privilege and pleasure to have been invited to address the readers [of this publication] on some of the most important distinctions between Christianity and Islam. Four questions have been proposed as a means of clarifying the Biblical perspective in relation to the series of articles on Jesus and Christianity that appeared last semester.
As I see it, all four questions essentially come together in one basic question: Who is Jesus? The answer to that question, and the heart of the message that has been proclaimed by followers of Jesus since His advent, is that "you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in His name." (John 20:31).
Addressing each of these questions may now help clarify this historic Christian conviction.
1. Is there a Trinity?
The Biblical teaching of God's essential nature, summarized in the word "Trinity," rests largely on our understanding of the identity of Jesus, a question I will take up in some length under question #3.
* "therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit..." (Matthew 28:19).
* "There are different kinds of gifts, but the same Spirit. There are different kinds of service, but the same Lord. There are different kinds of working, but the same God works all of them in all men." (I Corinthians 12:4-6).
* "May the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all." (II Corinthians 13:14).
* "But you, dear friends, build yourselves up in your most holy faith and pray in the Holy Spirit. Keep yourselves in God's love as you wait for the mercy of the Lord Jesus Christ to bring you to eternal life." (Jude 20-21).
The doctrine of the Trinity is perhaps best understood in terms of Christian salvation. Christians believe that God the Father wills that we be reconciled to Him from sin, and that He sent the Son, Who in His perfect life and substitutionary death provides the basis of that reconciliation, and that the Father now, in Jesus' name, sends the Holy Spirit, Who applies the salvation of Jesus to the Christian believers, thus saving them and empowering them to live lives of victory over sin. Thus is the Christian's experience and assurance of salvation in terms of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Yet they absolutely believe that there is only one God. How do we put this together? This is where the word "Trinity" comes in. It expresses this truth about God as it is found in the Bible.
This is certainly not an exhaustive explanation, but it may help to demonstrate the significance of the doctrine in practical Christian life.
2. Is Jesus the physical (begotten/sired) son of GodSon of God?
But after he had considered this, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and said, "Joseph son of David, do not be afraid to take Mary home as your wife, because what is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit. She will give birth to a son, and you are to give him the name Jesus, because he will save his people from their sins. (Matthew 1:18-21).
The question as stated implies that Jesus is somehow the result of a physical union between God and Mary, but this is not at all the case. Jesus' birth is a miraculous event through the agency of the Holy Spirit. Thus the Son's deity is incarnated, or made flesh; in this Jesus is the "God-man"
Begotten is the old English word that, while in human terms means to have a child, the emphasis even there is that what a human father "begets' shares in the essential nature of that father. It is in this sense that the King James translates the Greek word monogenes as "begotten ; Jesus shares the essential nature of the Father, but rather through some physical act, but a supernatural one.
3. Did Jesus Himself ever say in the Bible "I am God!" or "worship me!"?
What makes Jesus stand out from all other religious figures is the nature of His claims about Himself. He claims the prerogatives of God, the rightful object of a person's supreme allegiance, and receives with out censure the worship and obedience of those who believe.
In Mark 2:1-12, we read the account of Jesus healing a crippled man. What is so surprising, and so shocking to His original audience, is the statement that Jesus makes before healing the man.
When Jesus saw their faith , he said to the paralytic, "Son, your sins are forgiven."
Now some teachers of the law were sitting there, thinking to themselves, "Why does this fellow talk like that? He's blaspheming! Who can forgive sins but God alone?" Immediately Jesus knew in his spirit that this was what they were thinking in their hearts, and he said to them, "Why are you thinking these things? Which is easier: to say to the paralytic, 'Your sins are forgiven,' or to say, 'Get up, take your mat and walk'? But that you may know that the Son of Man has authority on earth to forgive sins..." He said to the paralytic, "I tell you, get up, take your mat and go home." He got up, took his mat and walked out in full view of them all.
In my vision at night I looked, and there before me was one like a son of man, coming with the clouds of heaven. He approached the Ancient of Days and was led into his presence. He (the son of man) was given authority, glory and sovereign power; all peoples, nations and men of every language worshipped him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion that will not pass away, and his kingdom is one that will never be destroyed. (Daniel 7:13-14).
At His trial Jesus affirmed this title: Again the high priest asked him, "Are you the Christ, the Son of the Blessed One?" "I am," said Jesus. And you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of the Mighty One and coming on the clouds of heaven. (Mark 14:61-63).
At the climax of a lengthy argument, Jesus speaks of Himself: "Your father Abraham rejoiced at the thought of seeing my day; he saw it and was glad." "You are not yet fifty years old," the Jews said to him, "and you have seen Abraham!" "I tell you the truth," Jesus answered, "before Abraham was born, I am!" At this, they picked up stones to stone him, but Jesus hid himself, slipping away from the temple grounds." (John 8:56-59).
The shock of this claim are those two words "I am." It is the same designation that God used for Himself in His call to Moses: God said to Moses, "I AM WHO I AM. This is what you are to say to the Israelites: 'I AM has sent me to you.'" (Exodus 3:14).
Jesus heard that they had thrown him out, and when he found him, Jesus said, "Do you believe in the Son of Man?" "Who is he, sir?" the man asked. "Tell me so that I may believe in him.." Jesus said, "You have now seen him; in fact, he is the one speaking with you.." Then the man said, "Lord. I believe," and he worshipped him." (John 9:35-38).
Then the eleven disciples went to Galilee, to the mountain where Jesus had told them to go. When they saw him, they worshipped him... (Matthew 28:16-17).
In what is a clear dialogue between Jesus and "Doubting" Thomas, we read: Then Jesus said to Thomas, "Put your finger here; see my hands. Reach out your hand and put it into my side. Stop doubting and believe.." Thomas said to him, "My Lord and my God!" Then Jesus held him," Because you have seen me, you have believed; blessed are those who have not seen and yet have believed." (John 20:27-29).
Does Jesus say, "I am God"? No, because that would have been misunderstood. Jesus is not the Father (as it would have been thought), Jesus is the Son. But He clearly claims an absolutely unique relationship with God whom Jesus calls 'Father." Jesus claims something about Himself that, through the various miracles, His statements as cited above, and the response He receives from other people, is slowly filled-out, and the meaning of His Sonship becomes clear.
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was with God in the beginning. Through him all things were made; without him nothing was made that has been made. In him was life, and that life was the light of men. The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us. We have seen his glory, the glory of the One and Only, who came from the Father, full of grace and truth. (John 1:1-4; 14).
4. If it can be proven, through the Bible, that Jesus is not God, nor the physical/begotten/sired son of GodSon of God, neither is there any trinity, then will this prove that the unscrupulous few have corrupted the word of God?
The Christian message about Jesus revolves around three facts: the incarnation, the crucifixion, and the resurrection. Prove from the Bible or otherwise that any one of these three things are not true, and like a three-legged stool the truth of the message would collapse.
Most "proofs" against the traditional teachings of Christianity consist of pitting one passage of Scripture against another, and almost always taking such passages out of context. Context, I believe, always vindicates the understanding of God and of Jesus as I have here tried to briefly present.
I would conclude, then, with an encouragement for the readers to read the Bible, particularly one of the Gospels, for themselves. There, I believe, the words and works of Jesus would provide a most convincing reason to embrace Him as Lord and Savior, and find in Him the spiritual satisfaction that so many today seek after.


The Auckland Philharmonia Orchestra's (APO) 38th season will deliver superb artists, a diverse range of concert experiences for the whole family, toe-tapping contemporary concerts and more to Auckland in 2018.
Highlights from the upcoming season were announced at a free concert at Auckland's Town Hall this evening, which was also live-streamed for audiences across the world.
APO Chief Executive Barbara Glaser says the vast 2018 season, which targets a wider-than-ever audience, cements APO's reputation as a champion of live music and artistic innovation in Auckland.
"We are proud of our diverse programming which we believe caters to a wide range of music lovers, from long-term orchestra attendees to recent converts and young concertgoers," Glaser says.
In addition to the APO's ongoing commitment to presenting masterpieces of the orchestral repertoire, Glaser also acknowledges the orchestra's special focus on women in 2018. This includes a concert marking the 125th anniversary of the suffragette movement in New Zealand, A Woman's Place, presented in association with Auckland Museum.
"With A Woman's Place, we are celebrating a milestone, but also making a statement," Glaser says.
The APO's two main concert series, The New Zealand Herald Premier Series and Bayleys Great Classics, are guided by the artistic vision of APO Music Director Giordano Bellincampi.
"Both our cornerstone series are a chance for Giordano to bring to Auckland audiences the works he loves, has performed successfully overseas or works he believes orchestral music lovers will be moved by," Glaser says.
The New Zealand Herald Premier Series explores highlights of the orchestral repertoire as well as thrilling premieres and rarely-performed works. This series assembles some of the finest soloists and conductors from New Zealand and around the world across 12 concerts throughout the year.
Among the soloists making their APO debuts are Principal Clarinettist for the Berlin Philharmonic, Austrian Andreas Ottensamer, performing Weber's Clarinet Concerto No.1, and German baritone Thomas E Bauer performing Mahler and Schubert Songs – in a special programme APO Music Director Giordano Bellincampi has conducted twice before in Europe, to delighted audiences.
Returning guests in the 2018 New Zealand Herald Premier series include French pianist Jean-Efflam Bavouzet, who thrilled audiences with Ravel's Piano Concerto in G major two years ago. This time he will perform Beethoven's magnificent 'Emperor' Concerto in the season opening concert.
Also returning is much-loved Argentinian pianist Ingrid Fliter, who will perform Mendelssohn's Piano Concerto No.1 in a concert which also includes the highly popular Sibelius Symphony No.1.
Michael Barenboim returns, this time to perform Sibelius' Violin Concerto, Kiwi pianist Henry Wong Doe is coming home to play Rachmaninov's Piano Concerto No.2, and the winner of the 2017 Michael Hill International Violin Competition, Ioana Cristina Goicea, will perform Shostakovich's Violin Concerto No.1.
Bach's towering St. Matthew's Passion assembles acclaimed choral soloists Sara Macliver, Helen Charlston and Gwilym Bowen alongside the University of Auckland Chamber Choir and returning conductor Stephen Layton, renowned as one of the world's finest interpreters of Bach's music.
The APO also continues its commitment to commissioning new works to expand the repertoire.
In April, the APO will perform its first international co-commission, Mark-Anthony Turnage's new work, Symphonic Movements which has been co-commissioned with Oregon Symphony and Royal Liverpool Philharmonic.
Also in April is the world premiere of Ross Harris' Face, inspired by the pioneering work of New Zealander Harold Gillies in facial reconstructive surgery in WW1. This is a bold new New Zealand work which features three vocal soloists, Voices New Zealand Chamber Choir and multimedia by Tim Gruchy (The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time). The week after the APO concert, Harris' work will be performed by the BBC Symphony Orchestra at London's Barbican.
APO Music Director Bellincampi continues to realise his vision of presenting Carl Nielsen's major works to Auckland audiences. In 2018 he has selected Nielsen's Violin Concerto, which will be performed by outstanding German violinist Kolja Blacher – a piece of music Bellincampi and Blacher have recorded together before.
Also conducting in the New Zealand Herald Premier Series are Lionel Bringuier, Carlos Miguel Prieto and Alan Buribayev, among others.
In 2018, the Bayleys Great Classics series will grow to five concerts of some of the most beloved works in the orchestral repertoire. With plenty of highly recognisable melodies, the Bayleys Great Classics series also provides a gateway to classical music for first-timers.
Soloists in the 2018 Bayley's Great Classics series include violinist Veronika Eberle performing Schumann's Violin Concerto in D minor, Li Wei Qin returns to perform Variations on a Rococo Theme by Tchaikovsky, Andrea Lam performing Mozart's Piano Concerto No.17 in G major, Arabella Steinbacher playing Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto and Jayson Gillham performing Beethoven's Piano Concerto No.1.
Other highlights in the Bayleys Great Classics series are Mendelssohn's Symphony No.4 'Italian', Holst's exhilarating romp through The Planets, Rimsky-Korsakov's exotic Scheherazade and Mozart's triumphant Symphony No. 41 'Jupiter'.
The 2018, the Trusts Community Foundation Opera in Concert is Verdi's Aida, presented in association with New Zealand Opera. Italian soprano Maria Luigia Borsi, returning to the APO after her 2015 performance as Desdemona in Otello, will perform the title role in this powerful story of love and war.
Italian tenor Antonello Palombi plays her lover Ramadés, a role he has sung at the Metropolitan Opera and La Scala.
APO has selected two concerts from its main series to bring to North Shore audiences in 2018, ensuring more Aucklanders can see performances of the full orchestra with internationally acclaimed artists: violinist Veronika Eberle in February and pianist Andrea Lam in July. Both concerts at the Bruce Mason Centre will be conducted by Maestro Giordano Bellincampi.
In 2018, the APO introduces new family concerts - events that are sure to surprise and delight even first-time orchestra-goers.
The first is a film with live orchestra performance of the globally popular children's books The Gruffalo and The Gruffalo's Child. These beloved Julia Donaldson stories will play out on the big screen with René Aubrey's magical musical score performed live by the APO.
The second is Lemony Snicket (A Series of Unfortunate Events) and Nathaniel Stookey's 'whodunnit?' composition-with-narration, The Composer is Dead. This symphonic murder mystery is an exciting and entertaining way to learn more about the instruments in the orchestra.
The new APO family line-up is an extension of the excellent work the organisation has been doing in recent years with its Connecting programme, which sees the APO working with schools and communities across Auckland and presenting a range of concerts and events to inspire and engage young people with orchestral music.
A Woman's Place is a celebration of the legacy of women's suffrage in New Zealand. The concert, developed in association with Auckland Museum, will be an exciting mix of classical and contemporary music, inspiring multimedia imagery and the spoken word.
Hosted by Carol Hirschfeld and featuring special guests including former Prime Minister the Rt. Hon. Helen Clark and Dame Rosanne Meo, A Woman's Place will celebrate the extraordinary contribution and achievements of women – past, present and future. The concert repertoire includes Clara Schumann's haunting Piano Concerto No.1 and New Zealand composer Salina Fisher's Rainphase and will be conducted by Tianyi Lu.
Lu is currently Assistant Conductor of the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra and a Dudamel Fellow with the Los Angeles Philharmonic. She first realised her aspirations to become a conductor when she undertook a conducting masterclass in 2009 within the APO Connecting programme.
The mirror balls will be spinning for APO Does Disco starring Aaradhna, Laughton Kora and Esther Stephens. This one-night only concert of pure disco gold will transport the audience to New York's legendary Studio 54 with hits like 'That's the Way I Like It, 'I Will Survive' and 'Disco Inferno'.
Renowned trumpeter and jazz legend James Morrison returns after his sell-out show in 2015, this time for James Morrison – A celebration of Ella and Louis. Morrison, together with vocalist Emma Pask, will take audiences on a journey into the music and lives of two of the jazz world's biggest names performing enduring hits from the Great American Songbook..
In Sh-Boom, Australia-based Kiwi crooners The Koi Boys (Danny Faifai, Kevin Keepa and Ngahere "Nuz" Ngatai) will prove why they shot to fame in the 2016 season of The Voice Australia. On the show they blew judges away with their rendition of 1954 rock 'n' roll classic Sh-Boom, but their concert with the APO will include everything from Motown classics to contemporary hits.
In 2018, the APO continues its association with the Auckland Arts Festival. This time performing in two works; the English National Ballet's stunning reinterpretation of the classic romantic ballet, Giselle, choreographed by superstar choreographer Akram Khan, and a new production of Leonard Bernstein's Candide presented in partnership with New Zealand Opera.
The APO's ever-popular Unwrap the Music series returns to delight audiences with its deep-dive into the inner workings of masterpieces, and throughout the year APO musicians will venture into all corners of Auckland with the In Your Neighbourhood series, a three-concert programme of chamber music. For the first time, this series will also include a performance on Waiheke Island.
Subscriptions for 2018 APO Season are on sale from 21 September, with subscribers receiving priority bookings and savings on individual ticket prices. Subscribe before Friday 26 January to go in the draw to win a seven-day Italian Riveria cruise with Crystal Cruises.
Season brochures are available online here or by phoning APO Ticketing on (09) 623 1052.


Quartz Composer is a Mac program that helps you manipulated motion capture video, and you can hack your Xbox Kinect to send motion captured data to your Mac OSX. This tutorial shows you precisely how you can use the Kinect tools to pull this off!
This tutorial shows you how to get started hacking your Xbox Kinect. You will need a high quality USB analyzer between the Kinect and the Xbox for this to work, and then you can start streaming data from your Kinect onto your computer.


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Gladsax (eller Gladsaxe) Len var et len i Skåne.

En oprindelig sædegård blev til kongelige lensborg Gladsaxehus, med Gladsax Sogn, byen Simrishavn, store dele af Albo Herred og Hammershus på Bornholm i sit opland. Gladsax Len blev betragtet som et af de væsentligste len i Skåne.

Lensmænd

Len i Danmark

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Fleur de Sweep - Saints smash all three New York state teams with 48-27 win over Giants
It was a start to finish domination of the Giants by the Saints in New Orleans on Sunday. The Saints took 7:41 off the clock on a 15-play, 70-yard drive that featured two third down conversions and a fourth down goal line leap by Mike Bell for the touchdown. The Saints have now scored on all five game opening drives this season, four for touchdowns.
The Saints have still never trailed in a game this season.
On that first drive, Lance Moore was heavily featured, catching three balls for two first downs. The first was a one-handed juggling catch of a traffic-deflected pass behind him for an 18-yard gain on third and long. Moore, ever smiling, caught his first touchdown of the season in the second quarter, sneaking wide open down the seam. He finished with six catches for 78 yards, tripling his season catches output to date. Moore was Payton's secret weapon for the game.
Between Bell and Pierre Thomas, the Saints running game kept the offense on the field with 106 yards rushing and helped the Saints dominate time of possession with over 37 minutes of the game. Reggie Bush and Bell each scored short rushing touchdowns, though Thomas was denied his own at the end of the second quarter.
In a fast-paced turn of events in the final minutes of the first half, the Saints responded to Manning's first touchdown pass with a 70-yard drive to the Giants goal line, moving most of the way on the power of 40 and 20 yard receptions by stellar WR Marques Colston. On first and goal, Thomas, WR Robert Meachem and Bell were each denied the end zone on rushes. The Saints sent Thomas off left tackle on fourth down and a very questionable on-field call ruled that he was short. A replay review provided insufficient evidence to overturn the call. Sean Payton ran out onto the field near the goal line and drew an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty that set the Giants up at their own 15. But two plays later, blitzing safety Roman Harper sacked Giants QB Eli Manning from behind and forced a fumble that Scott Shanle picked up in stride and returned to the Giant 7. Two plays later, a speedy Reggie Bush dashed in from seven yards out for the touchdown that Pierre Thomas probably earned minutes earlier.
Harper was part of a Saints secondary that played remarkably well against Manning and his cadre of young receivers. Giants WR Steve Smith, leading the league with 37 receptions and 481 yards coming into the game, caught only two passes for 16 yards before Manning left the game in the fourth quarter. WR Mario Manningham caught four passes for 50 yards, including Manning's only touchdown, and it was rookie WR Hakeem Nicks who caught a late pass from Giants backup QB David Carr. Nicks had a 58-yard catch and run from Manning that set up his last points, a field goal in the early fourth that brought the score to 41-20.
Darren Sharper had his sixth interception and third season touchdown today, but a roughing the passer call on Jonathan Vilma, who put his helmet into Manning's facemask, nullified the play. Sharper was beaten by Manningham on the touchdown, as Sharper went for the pick but just barely missed. He nearly collected another interception in the end zone on a pass that went off his fingertips.
Both Tracy Porter and Jabari Greer, the Saints' starting cornerbacks, played like All Pros. Both had fantastic, acrobatic pass breakups and were each credited with two pass defenses. Greer collected an interception on a long, lame duck pass to Nicks down the right sideline. The excellent Saints secondary held Manning to 14 of 31 pass completions for 178 yards and a touchdown.
Drew Brees broke out of his two-game touchdown-less slump with three in the first half and another in the third quarter. As always, Brees was remarkably accurate, poised and in control of this Saints defense. Payton established a good mix of running plays as well. The final four plays of the Saints' first drive were on the ground, and the Saints ran 39 times during the game to 30 pass attempts. In the first half, the Saints had perfect balance, rushing 19 times to 20 passes. The Giants ran the ball only 19 times all game, splitting between Ahmad Bradshaw and Louisiana native Brandon Jacobs. Bradshaw scored on a run in the second quarter.
Brees' numbers were fantastic today. He hit on 15 straight passes in the first half, the team record for consecutive completions in a single game, tied with Eli's dad Archie. Brees finished 23/30 for 369 yards and four touchdowns, no picks and no sacks. He also had a key six yard scramble for an early first down, though he unwisely dove head first into tacklers instead of sliding.
Colston was targeted eight times, all receptions, with 166 yards and a touchdown. That's his highest yardage output since a 2006 shootout in Pittsburgh when he was a rookie. Colston is clearly back in top form and he was uncoverable today. Colston, 27, is already fourth in franchise career receiving touchdowns with 27, behind Joe Horn (50), Eric Martin (49) and Danny Abramowicz (37).
Special teams was the flaw in today's sparkling gem. Kickoff returns by Domenik Hixon were the best offense the Giants had. Hixon finished with a whopping 230 yards on seven kickoff returns including a 45-yard return that set up the Giants' first field goal, a 68-yard return that set up the Giants' second touchdown. Hixon also gashed the Saints for a 27-yard punt return. Finally, the Saints had an extra point blocked, John Carney's second blocked kick this season. Special teams has been a sore spot for the Saints at times this year, and needs to improve.
Seven different Saints scored touchdowns today, a feat not accomplished by this franchise since 1969. They were, in order: RB Mike Bell two yard rush, TE Jeremy Shockey one yard catch, WR Robert Meachem 36 yard catch, Lance Moore 12 yard catch, Reggie Bush seven yard run, Marques Colston 12 yard pass, Heath Evans two yard run. Yet, these Saints are only the fourth team since 1970 to have seven different men score TDs.
The Saints have beaten all three New York state franchises in the last three games: Buffalo 27-7, Jets 24-10, Giants 48-27. The Saints franchise hasn't done that ever before. The Saints were 2-1 against the three NY franchises in 2005. The Saints were 1-2 against the three NY franchises in 2001. And yes, we know, the Giants and Jets actually play in New Jersey.
The Saints are 5-0, only the third time in franchise history. Previously, the Saints went 7-0 in 1991 and 5-0 in 1993, though in 1993 the team finished 8-8 and failed to make the playoffs.
The Saints gave a game ball to Adam Zimmer, an assistant on the defensive side, whose mother passed away last week.
LB Scott Fujita left the game at the end of the first quarter with a calf injury and missed the rest of the game. Troy Evans replaced him at strongside linebacker and was in on four tackles. Fujita's extended absence would be bad for the Saints, as Evans is primarily a special teams player. Then again, Gregg Williams' system has turned Scott Shanle from perennial replacement candidate into productive stalwart, so lets not rule out Evans being effective on defense. Though, Evans play on defense have contributed to personnel churn on special teams that worsened the performance of coverage teams.
Tags: darrensharper, drewbrees, LanceMoore, MarquesColston, newyorkgiants, scottfujita, seanpayton

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» Drugs and Brain Function
Neurochemistry Of Gaba
Last Updated on Sun, 17 Mar 2019 | Drugs and Brain Function
SYNTHESIS AND CATABOLISM OF GABA
The synthesis and metabolism of GABA is closely linked with that of glutamate and the citric acid or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (Fig. 11.1). GABA is produced by the decarboxylation of glutamate, a reaction catalysed by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). GAD is found in several non-neuronal tissues (including ovary and pancreas) but within the CNS it is a specific marker of GABAergic neurons, where it is present in the cytoplasm as both soluble and membrane-bound forms, principally in the axon terminals. Labelling with antibodies against GAD has thus proved a particularly valuable technique for the identification of these neurons and their synaptic boutons. The breakdown of GABA occurs as a transamination reaction catalysed by the mitochondrial enzyme 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase (GABA transaminase; GABA-T). In this process the amino group from GABA is transferred onto the TCA cycle intermediate a-ketoglutarate, producing glutamate and succinic semialdehyde. The latter is in turn converted by the enzyme succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) into succinate, which re-enters the TCA cycle. This synthesis and catabolism of GABA is often referred to as the 'GABA-shunt', as it acts as a shunt of the normal TCA pathway from a-ketoglutarate to succinate. Other potential routes of GABA production have been described — involving deamination and decarboxylation reactions from putrescine, spermine, spermidine and ornithine — but the vast majority of GABA is generated by means of the GABA-shunt.
GABA-T and SSADH are also present in the mitochondria of glial cells and are responsible for the degradation of GABA recovered from the extracellular space (see below). In this case the glutamate formed from the action of GABA-T is converted into glutamine by the cytosolic enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS). Glial glutamine serves as an important precursor for both neuronal glutamate and GABA. It is transported from glia into neurons where the mitochondrial enzyme phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) converts it back into glutamate. This neuronal glutamate can then be converted to GABA, either directly or following metabolism via the TCA cycle. The interconversion of glutamate and a-ketoglutarate is achieved by two further groups of
Figure 11.1 Enzymes responsible for the synthesis and metabolism of GABA. Enzymes responsible for the syntheisis (GAD) and metabolism (GABA-T and SSADH) of GABA, and their relationship to the TCA cycle and the amino acids glutamate and glutamine. Precursor glutamate is derived from glutamine by phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) and from a-ketoglutarate by aminotransferases, including aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (T'ases) and GABA-T. In glia, glutamate can be converted to glutamine by glutamine synthetase (GS). Other abbreviations are given in the text. Dark-grey boxes denote enzymes present in both neurons and glia, light-grey boxes denote enzymes present only in neurons
Figure 11.1 Enzymes responsible for the synthesis and metabolism of GABA. Enzymes responsible for the syntheisis (GAD) and metabolism (GABA-T and SSADH) of GABA, and their relationship to the TCA cycle and the amino acids glutamate and glutamine. Precursor glutamate is derived from glutamine by phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) and from a-ketoglutarate by aminotransferases, including aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (T'ases) and GABA-T. In glia, glutamate can be converted to glutamine by glutamine synthetase (GS). Other abbreviations are given in the text. Dark-grey boxes denote enzymes present in both neurons and glia, light-grey boxes denote enzymes present only in neurons enzymes found in the mitochondria of both neurons and glia: the multi-enzyme complex glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and several aminotransferases (including aspartate and alanine aminotransferases) whose action is analogous to that of GABA-T. Fig. 11.2 shows the pathways of GABA metabolism in the context of a GABAergic synapse.
Regulation of GAD
Of key importance in the synthesis of GABA is the short-term regulation of GAD activity. Increasing the availability of glutamate does not lead to an increase in the production of GABA, suggesting that GAD may normally be saturated with its substrate. Instead, the control of GAD activity is intimately linked to the enzyme's requirement for the co-factor pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP; a form of vitamin B6) (Martin and Rimvall 1993). GAD exists in two states; an inactive apoenzyme (apoGAD) lacking the co-factor and active
Figure 11.2 Pathways for GABA metabolism. GABA is synthesised in nerve terminals by GAD. GABA produced by both GAD67 and GAD65 can be used as a neurotransmitter but GAD65 is preferentially associated with synaptic vesicles. Synaptically released GABA is recovered into neurons and glia by GABA transporters (not shown is the possible release of GABA by reversal of these transporters). In both neurons and glia, GABA is degraded in mitochondria by GABA-T. Glutamine produced in glial cells is exported to neurons and converted to glutamate (after Soghomonian and Martin 1998)
holoenzyme (holoGAD) complexed with PLP. During the synthetic process GAD can undergo cycles of interconversion between these states. As illustrated in Fig. 11.3, in the primary reaction sequence active holoGAD combines with glutamate to form a complex, which, after decarboxylation, yields an intermediate product that is rapidly converted to GABA and free holoGAD. The intermediate product can also undergo an alternative reaction to produce succinic semialdehyde (SSA) and pyridoxamine-5'-phosphate (PMP) which, unlike PLP, dissociates from GAD to leave inactive apoenzyme, requiring additional PLP to be reactivated.
Traditionally, two processes have been considered important with respect to the regulation of GAD. First, GABA may promote conversion of GAD from its active to its inactive state, and so cause feedback inhibition of GABA synthesis. Second, ATP appears to inhibit, while inorganic phosphate promotes, the reactivation of GAD by PLP. During periods of increased neuronal activity, when the consumption of ATP increases, a rise in the level of phosphate should stimulate the conversion of inactive to active GAD, thereby increasing GABA synthesis. More recently, it has been suggested that soluble and membrane-bound forms of GAD may be differentially regulated. The soluble form of GAD is activated by a phosphatase that causes dephosphorylation while the membrane-bound form is activated following phosphorylation by a vesicular protein kinase (Hsu et al. 1999).
Figure 11.3 Regulation of GAD during the synthesis of GABA. Active GAD (GAD-PLP) combines with glutamate (1) to form a complex (GAD-PLP-GLU). After decarboxylation (2) this yields GABA and GAD-PLP (3). The intermediate product (GAD-INT) can undergo an alternative reaction (4) to produce succinic semialdehyde (SSA) and pyridoxamine-5'-phosphate (PMP). PMP dissociates from GAD (5) leaving inactive enzyme, which requires additional PLP to be reactivated (6), a process that is affected by ATP and inorganic phosphate
Two isoforms of GAD
In addition to the inactive and active states of GAD, there are two distinct forms of the enzyme. The two isoforms, GAD67 and GAD65, named for their respective molecular masses 67 and ~ 65kDa), are encoded by separate, independently regulated genes, GAD1 and GAD2 (Erlander et al. 1991). GAD67 and GAD65 differ substantially in their amino-acid sequence, their interaction with PLP, their kinetic properties, and their regulation (Soghomonian and Martin 1998). Individual cells contain both forms of GAD but the ratio of the two differs among different neuronal populations. GAD65 is located preferentially in nerve terminals, both in the cytosol and as a membrane-bound form closely associated with synaptic vesicles into which the newly synthesised GABA is accumulated (see below). GAD65, unlike GAD67, is not saturated with PLP and forms the majority of the apoenzyme present in brain (about half of the total GAD). This has led to the view that a proportion of GAD65 exists as a pool of inactive enzyme, ready to combine with PLP in response to cellular signals for increased GABA synthesis.
Further insights into the role of GAD isoforms in the synaptic release of GABA have been provided by the techniques of gene manipulation. Mice lacking the GAD67 gene have a greatly reduced level of brain GABA (Asada et al. 1997). The neurological significance of this reduction is difficult to ascertain: GABA appears essential for the normal development of the palate and one consequence of the reduced production in GABA in these mice is a cleft palate that is responsible for their death soon after birth. In contrast, mice lacking the GAD65 gene show only a modest reduction in total brain GABA but exhibit spontaneous seizures and a greater susceptibility to chemical convulsants (Asada et al. 1996; Kash et al. 1997). In these mice basal GABAergic transmission is normal but GABA release during sustained synaptic activation is reduced (Obata et al. 1999; Tian et al. 1999). Together these results suggest that GAD67 is responsible for the synthesis of most brain GABA, but GAD65 is intimately involved in synthesis of GABA required for the refilling of the releasable pool of synaptic vesicles.
Inhibitors of GAD
Several drugs are known to inhibit GAD, either directly or through interaction with the co-factor PLP. The largest group of inhibitors are the hydrazides, such as isoniazid, semicarbazide and thiosemicarbazide. These are carbonyl-trapping agents that react with the aldehyde group of PLP; as many other enzymes use PLP as a co-factor, these agents are not specific for GAD. Two other agents, allylglycine and 3-mercaptopropionic acid, are competitive inhibitors of GAD. In general, GAD inhibitors reduce the level of GABA in the brain and cause seizures in experimental animals that, in the case of the hydrazides, can be overcome by application of vitamin B6, the precursor of PLP. Similarly, in humans an inherited defect in pyridoxine metabolism is characterised by a low concentration of GABA in the cerebrospinal fluid, and intrauterine or neonatal seizures that also respond to treatment with vitamin B6. These findings support the notion that maintained synthesis of GABA is an important factor in the control of overall brain excitability.
STORAGE OF GABA
Within nerve terminals, GABA, like other classical non-peptide neurotransmitters, is stored in synaptic vesicles into which it is accumulated by active transport. The uptake of GABA from the cytosol (where it is present at a concentration of a few millimolar) into the vesicle lumen (where it may reach several 100 millimolar) is dependent on a vesicular protein that transports cytosolic GABA in exchange for lumenal protons. The proton electrochemical gradient that drives this uptake is generated by a H+-ATPase located in the vesicle membrane. Like vesicular transporters for monoamines and acetylcholine, the 'GABA transporter' recognises more than one substrate, and can also transport glycine (see below).
A gene (unc-47) encoding a vesicular GABA transporter was first identified from experiments on the simple nervous system of the nematode worm C. elegans. Mammalian homologues were subsequently cloned from rat and mouse; these were named VGAT (for vesicular GABA transporter; Mclntire et al. 1997) or VIAAT (for vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter; Sagne et al. 1997), respectively. These essentially identical clones have sequences predicting proteins of approximately 520 amino acids with ten transmembrane domains and, when expressed in mammalian cell lines, confer vesicular GABA and glycine transport. Immunohistochemical studies showed that VGAT/VIAAT is concentrated not only in the terminals of GABAergic neurons but also in those of neurons known to use glycine as a neurotransmitter (Gasnier 2000). As yet, no specific blockers or modulators of VGAT/VIAAT activity have been identified.
UPTAKE OF GABA
Once released from a vesicle, GABA molecules are able to activate receptors located on the pre- or postsynaptic membrane before rapidly diffusing out of the synaptic cleft. The ultimate removal of GABA from the extracellular space, and the maintenance of a low extracellular GABA concentration (low micromolar), is achieved by the high-affinity Na+- and Cl~-dependent uptake of GABA into both GABAergic neurons and glial cells. Like the accumulation of GABA into vesicles, this is a secondary active transport mechanism, but in this case GABA uptake is coupled to the movement of Na+ down its electrochemical gradient into the cell.
Drugs which block the uptake of GABA may be beneficial in conditions of reduced GABA function, as they are likely to prolong the action of synaptically released GABA (Thompson and Gahwiler 1992). The uptake of GABA is inhibited by a variety of simple GABA analogues, including nipecotic acid, ^-alanine, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA), c«-3-aminocyclohexane-carboxylic acid (ACHC), 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo [4,5-c]pyridin-3-ol (THPO) and guvacine (Fig. 11.4), but as most of these do not cross the blood-brain barrier they have been of experimental interest only. In early studies, a number of compounds were suggested to preferentially inhibit GABA uptake into neurons (DABA and ACHC) or glia (^-alanine and THPO), while others were clearly non-selective (nipecotic acid and guvacine).
Cloned GABA transporters
This simple distinction between glial and neuronal uptake has required revision following the molecular cloning of a family of four Na+- and CL-dependent GABA transporters, each encoded by a different gene: GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3 and BGT-1 (reviewed by Palacin et al. 1998). The nucleotide sequence of GAT-1 predicts a protein of 599 amino acids with a presumed structure containing twelve membrane-spanning regions. The transport of each GABA molecule into the cell is coupled to the movement of 2 Na+ and 1 Cl". All the GABA transporters share a similar structure, with approximately 50% amino acid identity. GAT-1 appears to be mainly neuronal in origin as its mRNA is found in neurons and it is inhibited more effectively by neuronal than by glial uptake inhibitors. Nevertheless, immunohistochemical studies suggest some expression in glial cells. GAT-2 is found in cells of the ependyma and arachnoid membrane surrounding the brain and may play a role in the regulation of GABA in cerebrospinal fluid (it is also found in other tissues such as liver). GAT-3 is present in brain, principally in glia, but also in some neurons. BGT-1 was isolated from kidney and transports the osmolyte betaine as well as GABA (hence betaine/GABA transporter). It is present in the brain but its precise location and role are unclear.
In parallel with the identification of distinct transporters for GABA there has been continued interest in the development of selective blockers of these transporters and the therapeutic potential that could result from prolonging the action of synaptically released GABA. It has been known for a long time that certain pro-drugs of nipecotic acid (e.g. nipecotic acid ethyl ester) are able to cross the blood-brain barrier and are effective anticonvulsants in experimental models of epilepsy. More recently, several different systemically active lipophillic compounds have been described that act selectively on GAT-1, GAT-2 or GAT-3 (Fig. 11.4). Of these, tiagabine (gabitril), a derivative of nipecotic acid that acts preferentially on GAT-1, has proved clinically useful in cases of refractory epilepsy.
METABOLISM OF GABA
Once recovered into GABAergic nerve terminals or glia, GABA is metabolised to succinic semialdehyde and then to succinate. As detailed above, these reactions are catalysed by GABA-T and SSADH, respectively. The actions of these two enzymes are closely linked. Aminotransferase reactions are reversible but GABA-T breaks down GABA, rather than producing it, because the irreversible action of SSADH rapidly oxidises the product SSA to succinate (Fig. 11.1). SSA may also be reduced by the enzyme succinic semialdehyde reductase (SSAR) to form y-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB).
NMC-711
SKF-99976-A
COO H
COOH
GAT-1
MeO-
SlMAP-5114
Figure 11.4 Blockers of GABA transport.The upper panel shows the structure of several GABA analogues that inhibit GABA transport into neurons or glia (see text). The lower panels show more recently developed compounds that exhibit selectivity for various cloned GABA transporters
Inhibitors of GABA-T
Inhibition of GABA-T leads to an elevation of brain GABA and, presumably because of an enhanced presynaptic availability of the transmitter, this has an anticonvulsant effect. Inhibitors of GABA-T include aminooxyacetic acid, 5-amino-1,3-cyclohexadi-enenecarboxylic acid (gabaculine), y-vinyl GABA (vigabatrin) and 2-propylpenatanoic acid (valproate). The first two are PLP antagonists and are of experimental interest only. Vigabatrin is an irreversible inhibitor of GABA-T and has been used clinically as an anticonvulsant. Valproate is a widely used anticonvulsant but it is not clear to what extent inhibition of GABA-T contributes to its therapeutic properties, as it also inhibits SSADH and SSAR, and inhibits Na+ currents, thus limiting neuronal firing.
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La Sagrada Familia Church in Barcelona (What to Expect? Tickets Guide)
La Sagrada Familia, also known as the Basilica of the Holy Family, is one of the most spectacular and most visited sights in Barcelona. A must see and one of the top 10 places to visit and see in Barcelona.
The church is Antoni Gaudi's most important, biggest and world famous surrealist masterpiece and his largest project.
La Sagrada Familia was the best masterwork of Gaudi to which he devoted more than 40 years of his life, from 1883 to his untimely death in 1926.
He began the four towers of the Nativity façade, an amazing gospel put to stone and ceramics. But he only saw only one of them finished. Construction on this emblematic and monumental temple still continues today.
The final project consists of eight towers and the tallest one will have a height of 170 meters. The sheer magnitude of Gaudi's project has made the Sagrada Familia the most famous landmark of Barcelona.
A visit to La Sagrada Familia Church is a must on your Barcelona visit and also it is one of the top 10 places to visit and see in Spain.
Address: Plaça Sagrada Família 08013, Barcelona
Opening Hours: daily from October to March from 9am to 6pm; daily from April to September from 9am to 8pm
Web: http://www.sagradafamilia.org/
Spain Guides
Beyond Museums: The Art Enthusiast's Guide To Spain
Top 10 Places to Visit & See in Barcelona (Insider Guide Advice)
Top 10 Things to Do in Barcelona (Master Guide Advice)
Picasso Museum in Barcelona (What to See? Video Tour, Tickets Advice Guide)
Park Güell in Barcelona (What to See? Tickets Advice Guide)
Palau Güell in Barcelona (What to Expect? Tickets Advice Guide)


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Growing a tiny human is hard work, y'all.
This girl has me feeling like I'm almost in my 3rd trimester when I just hit 13 weeks!
I'm not going to lie and say that the first trimester has been a wonderful experience - now, it has in some ways, but I honestly didn't think I could get so sick from one tiny little human being.
She loves napping (all.the.time) and pickles (mt olive only, of course).
She hates the smell of meat (especially in-n-out... I can hardly go to Target anymore!).
She's as big as a lemon (and loves frosted lemonades from Chick-fil-A).
She's almost 3" long and weighs in around .80 ounces.
Every time we've seen her on the ultrasound (we've had 5 now), she's the wiggliest little girl I've ever seen.
We're currently working on baby registries (thank you, babylist) and I've recently learned that maternity jeans and maternity leggings are my best friends. While the hairband trick worked, it was anything but comfortable (goodbye, cute ripped skinny jeans).
I'm learning to love the skin I'm in, because I've been so blessed to be able to carry this little miracle. She has no idea how incredibly loved she is, by everyone!
I'm savoring every moment I can.
Learning from those who I've followed in their footsteps.
Creating memories that not every one would have.
Here's to another week, and to the second trimester!


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The Heartland of U.S. Empire: Tracing the Midwest's Connections to U.S. Imperialism in the Philippines and to Filipinx Diaspora
Posted on November 19, 2019 by englishkstate
The Midwest is not the first place you might think of to study U.S. empire in the Philippines and diasporic Filipinx culture. Its relational unexpectedness positions it as structurally queer to Philippine and diasporic Filipinx geographies, ontologies, and epistemologies. And yet, as Filipinx American cultural studies scholar Sarita See provocatively asserts, "America's heartland is riven by its transoceanic empire, and the most interior states can be mapped . . . by the Philippines" (Decolonized Eye, xvi).
Heeding See's claim, my book manuscript in progress, The Heartland of US Empire: Filipinxs Queering the Midwest, the Midwest Queering Filipinx Diaspora, examines an array of cultural representations of Filipinxs in the Midwest to challenge the perception of America's heartland as the province of whiteness and removed from transpacific U.S. territorial expansion and to unsettle the Philippines as always origin for diasporic Filipinxs.
At the turn of the twentieth century, the Midwest played a crucial but often under-acknowledged role in facilitating the cultures of U.S. imperialism in the Philippines: from servicemen hailing from states in the region, including Indiana, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota, being deployed to fight in the Spanish– and Philippine–American Wars; to scientists and politicians from Michigan influencing knowledge about and governance of the Philippines after its declaration of independence from Spain; to the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair's display of over a thousand people from all over the Philippine archipelago; and to pensionadxs studying at land-grant universities such as Iowa State, Kansas State, the University of Illinois, and the University of Minnesota.
Because Midwesterners were over there, in the Philippines at the turn of the twentieth century, Filipinxs have been over here, in the Midwest since the early twentieth century (a riff on Black cultural studies scholar Kobena Mercer's oft-quoted phrase, "we are here because you where there" [Welcome to the Jungle, 7]). By locating Filipinxs in the geographic center of the U.S. metropole and placing them at the heart of the narrative, the literary, performative, and televisual materializations of the queer diasporic Filipinx Midwest that I analyze in the book collectively engender alternative mappings of race, gender, sexuality, region, nation, diaspora, and empire.
Such a centered peripheral vision opens up new vistas and relationalities that could be missed when the Midwest is dismissed simply as "flyover country."
— Tom Sarmiento, Assistant Professor
Posted in UncategorizedTagged #KStateCS, #KStateEnglishLeave a comment
← October 2019 Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity
Remembering Truman Capote at Kansas State →


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Q: Python: Bitwise OR between integers I am seeing a strange behavior in python when performing bitwise operations
>>> bin(4)
'0b100'
>>> bin(9)
'0b1001'
>>> bin(9^4)
'0b1101'

Above I see the expected behavior for the OR, the numbers are aligned on the right and each bit is ORed  generating the result. However, when I OR two identical integers, the result is always 0 when it should be the number, in my opinion.
>>> bin(9^9)
'0b0'

Is this a bug or a very strange feature? Can anyone explain?

A: You are applying an exclusive or (^).
You're trying to apply a regular bitwise or (|).
From the Python Wiki:

x | y
Does a "bitwise or".
  Each bit of the output is 0 if the corresponding bit of x AND of y is 0, otherwise it's 1.
x ^ y
Does a "bitwise exclusive or".
  Each bit of the output is the same as the corresponding bit in x if that bit in y is 0, and it's the complement of the bit in x if that bit in y is 1.

A: ^ is Bitwise Exclusive Or  ( AKA. XOR )
not " OR "

This is a truth table for Exclusive Or

source
So, you get 0 because XOR will output a 0 whenever the bits are identical/same.
In your case
9^9  or 9 XOR 9 will give you 0 because both are the same integers.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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NBA Pushes Back Vote on Schedule Overhaul
Under the radar fantasy running backs to watch
Fantasy Football NFL Sports
by Craig Stogdill June 25, 2017 June 26, 2017 0
This season there are fantasy running backs worth watching. These five running backs may not be the biggest names in the NFL, but they can be valuable assets for your team this upcoming season.
Jordan Howard, Chicago Bears
Jordan Howard (Photo by: chicagobears.com)
The first running back that everyone should keep an eye on is Jordan Howard. When starter Jeremy Langford got hurt last season, Howard took the starting job and didn't look back. Not only was he good, he was dominant.
As a rookie, Howard rushed for the second-most yards in 2016 with 1,313, behind another rookie in Ezekiel Elliot. Howard also finished second in yards per carry with a 5.2 average. Howard averaged 87.5 rushing yards per game that ranked third in the league and just outside the top 10 in attempts (252).
Howard only scored six touchdowns, which ranked 20th in the NFL. Howard is on a team in which they have to come from behind which leads to passing situations on almost every down. This means that Howard doesn't get the ball late in games to improve on some of his numbers.
Howard's numbers will improve, especially in touchdowns. I also don't expect Howard to have that sophomore slump. Howard will be a first round pick and could still rise to a top-five pick.
Jay Ajayi, Miami Dolphins
After Arian Foster retired early in the 2016 season, Ajayi had his chance to play and went all in. Three times did he have a 200-yard or more rushing game, including back-to-back weeks. Miami did rank 18th in rushing attempts, but in those attempts Ajayi ran the ball with intensity and purpose.
Ajayi's 1,272 rushing yards ranked fourth among rushers in the league. Ajayi also ranked fifth in yards per game at 84.8, ninth in rushing attempts with 260, seventh in rushing yards per attempt (4.9) and just outside the top 10 in touchdowns with eight.
Although the Dolphins ranked 18th in rushing attempts, they did rank ninth in rushing yards which means Ajayi has an effective offensive line that should help deliver a repeat performance in 2017. Ajayi's ADP (average draft position) is around the eighth to ninth running back picked, which means look for him second or third round.
Leonard Fournette, Jacksonville Jaguars
The 6-foot-1, 235-pound bruiser known as Leonard Fournette will be the new man in the Jacksonville Jaguars backfield. Fournette is a running back who can punish defenses with power and get chunks of yardage with speed. He's not the most agile running back, but when he has a running lane, he accelerates quickly and can hit a home run.
Fournette won't give you many catches, that's not his game. His backups T.J. Yeldon and Chris Ivory don't pose any threat other than a carry here and there to give Fournette a blow. Yeldon will be the pass-catcher and Ivory is the same type of back Fournette is. Although the Jaguars ranked 17th or lower in every rushing category, Fourette should help those numbers because of the ability he has.
I see Fournette as a guy like Ezekiel Elliot. A physical, breaking tackles and hit the home run guy once in open space back. The Jaguars will use the fourth overall selection in this year's NFL Draft to protect quarterback Blake Bortles from having to drop back 40 times a game. I would rate Fournette a high-end RB2 with the potential to be a solid RB1. He will be a second round pick in most fantasy drafts.
Joe Mixon, Cincinnati Bengals
Joe Mixon (Photo by: cincinnati.com)
The good part about the Cincinnati Bengals running game is that they have ranked top-ten in the NFL in both rushing attempts and red-zone carries in each of the past three seasons. However, the Bengals running game for yards and consistency has been dreadful ever since Jeremy Hill's rookie season in 2014.
Hill has declined and has delivered fewer than 60 rushing yards per game. Hill doesn't catch the ball either. Giovani Bernard is working back from a torn ACL and will mostly be used in the passing game.
Fans should be excited to see Joe Mixon from a fantasy perspective rather than his off-the-field issues. Mixon has the potential to be a better runner than Hill, and a solid pass-catcher like Bernard. I look at Mixon and I see a David Johnson or Le'Veon Bell type player who has great ability to run and catch the ball.
Hill will probably be the starter and end up getting a good number of touches. Mixon will eventually take over somewhere in the middle of the season but don't count him out to take the job sooner. If he's there by the fourth to fifth round he could be a steal as he has the potential to be a RB1 but will start likely as a RB3 if he is the backup.
Mike Gillislee, New England Patriots
My dark horse running back is Mike Gillislee of the New England Patriots. With the departure of LeGarrette Blount, the Patriots signed Rex Burkhead to a one-year contract and still have James White and Dion Lewis. What separates Gillislee from the others is that he can pound the ball between the tackles.
He will fill the shoes that Blount filled last year. He was LeSean McCoy's backup in Buffalo last year and finished with only 101 carries but ran for 576 rushing yards and eight rushing touchdowns. His 5.7 yards per carry ranked first among all running backs with at least 100 carries.
The Bills didn't have a great offensive line as it ranked 16th in run blocking but Gillislee's 3.34 yards after contact per attempt was third best in the NFL. He was also a machine within the 10-yard line as seven of his eight touchdowns came from within that range.
We know Gillislee can be valuable for touchdowns, but be cautious because of the other running backs the Patriots have around him. Gillislee will get his touches as the Patriots ranked third in rushing attempts in 2016. Gillislee's ADP right now is around the fourth to fifth round as a RB3 mostly because he enters as the starter.
Featured image from bigcatcountry.com
You can Like The Game Haus on Facebook and Follow us on Twitter for more sports and esports articles from other great TGH writers along with Craig!
Blake BortlesChicago BearsChris IvoryCincinnati BengalsDavid JohnsonDion LewisGiovani BernardJacksonville Jaguarsjames Whitejay ajayijeremy hillJoe MixonJordan HowardLe'Veon BellLeGarrette BlountLeonard FournetteMiami DolphinsMike GillisleeNew England PatriotsRex BurkheadT.J. Yeldon
2017 NBA Draft: Best value picks
ECS Season 3: A tournament to remember
Craig Stogdill
I am currently an intern for The Game Haus writing articles about fantasy football. Also I'm currently a college student at Ocean County College in New Jersey. Sports nerd, love video games and movie fanatic.
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American depositary receipt
A series on Financial services
Types of banks
Advising bank · Commercial bank
Community development bank
Cooperative bank · Credit union
Custodian bank · Depository bank
Export credit agency
Investment bank · Industrial bank
Merchant bank · Mutual savings bank
National bank · Offshore bank
Postal savings system
Private bank · Retail Bank
Savings and loan association
Savings bank · Universal bank
Deposit account · Savings account
Transactional account
Money market account · Time deposit
ATM card · Credit card · Debit card
Automated Clearing House
Electronic bill payment · Giro
Wire transfer · Cheque
Loan · Money creation
Automatic teller machine
Bank regulation · Anonymous banking
Islamic banking · Private banking
Ethical banking
Finance series
Corporate finance · Personal finance
Public finance · Financial regulation
v · d · e
An American depositary receipt (ADR) is a negotiable security that represents the underlying securities of a non-U.S. company that trades in the US financial markets. Individual shares of the securities of the foreign company represented by an ADR are called American depositary shares (ADSs).
The stock of many non-US companies trade on US stock exchanges through the use of ADRs. ADRs are denominated, and pay dividends, in US dollars, and may be traded like shares of stock of US-domiciled companies.
The first ADR was introduced by J.P. Morgan in 1927 for the British retailer Selfridges. There are currently four major commercial banks that provide depositary bank services: BNY Mellon, J.P. Morgan, Citi, and Deutsche Bank.
1 Depositary receipts
2 ADR programs (facilities)
2.1 Unsponsored ADRs
2.2 Sponsored Level I ADRs ("OTC" facility)
2.3 Sponsored Level II ADRs ("Listing" facility)
2.4 Sponsored Level III ADRs ("offering" facility)
2.5 Restricted Programs
3 Sourcing ADRs
4 ADR termination
Depositary receipts
More generally, depositary receipts (DRs) are negotiable securities that represent the underlying securities of foreign companies that trade in a domestic market. DRs enable domestic investors to buy the securities of a foreign company without the accompanying risks or inconveniences of cross-border and cross-currency transactions.
Each DR is issued by a domestic depositary bank when the underlying shares are deposited in a foreign custodian bank, usually by a broker who has purchased the shares in the open market local to the foreign company. A DR can represent a fraction of a share, a single share, or multiple shares of a foreign security. The holder of a DR has the right to obtain the underlying foreign security that the DR represents, but investors usually find it more convenient to own the DR. The price of a DR generally tracks the price of the foreign security in its home market, adjusted for the ratio of DRs to foreign company shares. In the case of companies domiciled in the United Kingdom, creation of ADRs attracts a 1.5% stamp duty reserve tax (SDRT) charge by the UK government. Depositary banks have various responsibilities to DR holders and to the issuing foreign company the DR represents.
ADR programs (facilities)
When a company establishes an ADR program, it must decide what exactly it wants out of the program, and how much time, effort, and other resources they are willing to commit. For this reason, there are different types of programs, or facilities, that a company can choose.
Unsponsored ADRs
Unsponsored shares trade on the over-the-counter (OTC) market. These shares are issued in accordance with market demand, and the foreign company has no formal agreement with a depositary bank. Unsponsored ADRs are often issued by more than one depositary bank. Each depositary services only the ADRs it has issued.
Due to a recent SEC rule change making it easier to issue Level I depositary receipts, both sponsored and unsponsored, hundreds of new ADRs have been issued since the rule came into effect in October 2008. The majority of these were unsponsored Level I ADRs, and now approximately half of all ADR programs in existence are unsponsored.
Sponsored Level I ADRs ("OTC" facility)
Level 1 depositary receipts are the lowest level of sponsored ADRs that can be issued. When a company issues sponsored ADRs, it has one designated depositary who also acts as its transfer agent.
A majority of American depositary receipt programs currently trading are issued through a Level 1 program. This is the most convenient way for a foreign company to have its equity traded in the United States.
Level 1 shares can only be traded on the OTC market and the company has minimal reporting requirements with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The company is not required to issue quarterly or annual reports in compliance with U.S. GAAP. However, the company must have a security listed on one or more stock exchange in a foreign jurisdiction and must publish in English on its website its annual report in the form required by the laws of the country of incorporation, organization or domicile.
Companies with shares trading under a Level 1 program may decide to upgrade their program to a Level 2 or Level 3 program for better exposure in the United States markets.
Sponsored Level II ADRs ("Listing" facility)
Level 2 depositary receipt programs are more complicated for a foreign company. When a foreign company wants to set up a Level 2 program, it must file a registration statement with the U.S. SEC and is under SEC regulation. In addition, the company is required to file a Form 20-F annually. Form 20-F is the basic equivalent of an annual report (Form 10-K) for a U.S. company. In their filings, the company is required to follow U.S. GAAP standards or IFRS as published by the IASB.
The advantage that the company has by upgrading their program to Level 2 is that the shares can be listed on a U.S. stock exchange. These exchanges include the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), NASDAQ, and the American Stock Exchange (AMEX).
While listed on these exchanges, the company must meet the exchange's listing requirements. If it fails to do so, it may be delisted and forced to downgrade its ADR program.
Sponsored Level III ADRs ("offering" facility)
A Level 3 American Depositary Receipt program is the highest level a foreign company can sponsor. Because of this distinction, the company is required to adhere to stricter rules that are similar to those followed by U.S. companies.
Setting up a Level 3 program means that the foreign company is not only taking steps to permit shares from its home market to be deposited into an ADR program and traded in the U.S.; it is actually issuing shares to raise capital. In accordance with this offering, the company is required to file a Form F-1, which is the format for an Offering Prospectus for the shares. They also must file a Form 20-F annually and must adhere to U.S. GAAP standards or IFRS as published by the IASB. In addition, any material information given to shareholders in the home market, must be filed with the SEC through Form 6K.
Foreign companies with Level 3 programs will often issue materials that are more informative and are more accommodating to their U.S. shareholders because they rely on them for capital. Overall, foreign companies with a Level 3 program set up are the easiest on which to find information. Examples include the British telecommunications company Vodafone (VOD), the Brazilian oil company Petrobras (PBR), and the Chinese technology company China Information Technology, Inc. (CNIT).
Restricted Programs
Foreign companies that want their stock to be limited to being traded by only certain individuals may set up a restricted program. There are two SEC rules that allow this type of issuance of shares in the U.S.: Rule 144-A and Regulation S. ADR programs operating under one of these 2 rules make up approximately 30% of all issued ADRs.
Privately placed (SEC Rule 144A) ADRs
Some foreign companies will set up an ADR program under SEC Rule 144(a). This provision makes the issuance of shares a private placement. Shares of companies registered under Rule 144-A are restricted stock and may only be issued to or traded by Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs). NYSE
US public shareholders are generally not permitted to invest in these ADR programs, and most are held exclusively through the Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation, so there is often very little information on these companies.
Offshore (SEC Regulation S) ADRs
The other way to restrict the trading of depositary shares to US public investors is to issue them under the terms of SEC Regulation S. This regulation means that the shares are not, and will not be registered with any United States securities regulation authority.
Regulation S shares cannot be held or traded by any "U.S. person" as defined by SEC Regulation S rules. The shares are registered and issued to offshore, non-US residents.
Regulation S ADRs can be merged into a Level 1 program after the restriction period has expired, and the foreign issuer elects to do this.
Sourcing ADRs
One can either source new ADRs by depositing the corresponding domestic shares of the company with the depositary bank that administers the ADR program or, instead, one can obtain existing ADRs in the secondary market. The latter can be achieved either by purchasing the ADRs on a US stock exchange or via purchasing the underlying domestic shares of the company on their primary exchange and then swapping them for ADRs; these swaps are called crossbook swaps and on many occasions account for the bulk of ADR secondary trading. This is especially true in the case of trading in ADRs of UK companies where creation of new ADRs attracts a 1.5% stamp duty reserve tax (SDRT) charge by the UK government; sourcing existing ADRs in the secondary market (either via crossbook swaps or on exchange) instead is not subject to SDRT.
ADR termination
Most ADR programs are subject to possible termination. Termination of the ADR agreement will result in cancellation of all the depositary receipts, and a subsequent delisting from all exchanges where they trade. The termination can be at the discretion of the foreign issuer or the depositary bank, but is typically at the request of the issuer. There may be a number of reasons why ADRs terminate, but in most cases the foreign issuer is undergoing some type of reorganization or merger.
Owners of ADRs are typically notified in writing at least thirty days prior to a termination. Once notified, an owner can surrender their ADRs and take delivery of the foreign securities represented by the Receipt, or do nothing. If an ADR holder elects to take possession of the underlying foreign shares, there is no guarantee the shares will trade on any US exchange. The holder of the foreign shares would have to find a broker who has trading authority in the foreign market where those shares trade. If the owner continues to hold the ADR past the effective date of termination, the depositary bank will continue to hold the foreign deposited securities and collect dividends, but will cease distributions to ADR owners.
Usually up to one year after the effective date of the termination, the depositary bank will liquidate and allocate the proceeds to those respective clients. Many US brokerages can continue to hold foreign stock, but may lack the ability to trade it overseas.
Cross listing
Global depository receipt
Deutsche Bank's Depositary Receipt website
Citi's ADR website
The Bank of New York Mellon's ADR website
ADR.com (JPMorgan's ADR website)
Sheldon Capital Ltd website for crossbook swaps in ADRs of UK companies
SEC guide to foreign investing for U.S. citizens(PDF)
Tracks ADR parity prices to foreign list countries
Equity securities
Federal Depository Library Program
Banking in Armenia
American Depositary Receipt — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda ADR (sigla en inglés de American Depositary Receipt) es un título físico que respalda el depósito en un banco estadounidense de acciones de compañías cuyas sociedades fueron constituidas fuera de aquel país, de… … Wikipedia Español
American Depositary Receipt — (ADRs) A mechanism designed to facilitate trading in shares of non US companies in the US stock markets. The main purpose is to create an instrument which can easily be settled through US stock market clearing systems. + American Depositary… … Law dictionary
American depositary receipt — ( ADR) Trust receipts equal to a specific number of shares of corporate stock issued in a foreign country. ADRs are sold and traded in the United States. American Banker Glossary * * * ► See ADR. * * * American Depositary Receipt UK US noun… … Financial and business terms
American Depositary Receipt — n. a receipt representing foreign shares of stock held on deposit in an American bank: receipts are denominated in U.S. dollars and traded on American exchanges: also ADR * * * … Universalium
American Depositary Receipt — n. a receipt representing foreign shares of stock held on deposit in an American bank: receipts are denominated in U.S. dollars and traded on American exchanges: also ADR … English World dictionary
American Depositary Receipt — An American Depositary Receipt (or ADR) represents the ownership in the shares of a foreign company trading on US financial markets. The stock of many non US companies trades on US exchanges through the use of ADRs. ADRs enable US investors to… … Wikipedia
American Depositary Receipt — Als American Depositary Receipt (ADR, oft auch American Depository Receipt oder American Depositary Share) werden auf Dollar lautende, von US amerikanischen Depotbanken (depositary banks) in den USA ausgegebene Aktienzertifikate bzw.… … Deutsch Wikipedia
American Depositary Receipt — ( ADR) certificates issued by a US depository bank, representing foreign shares held by the bank, usually by a branch or correspondent in the country of issue. One ADR may represent a portion of a foreign share, one share or a bundle of shares of … Financial and business terms
American Depositary Receipt — ADR Le american depositary receipt o adr sono dei certificati sostitutivi di azioni che consentono la contrattazione sul mercato americano di titoli emessi su altre piazze finanziarie. Versione statunitense di uno strumento internazionale… … Glossario di economia e finanza
American Depositary Receipt — Sigla en inglés de American Depositary Receipt. Es un título físico que respalda el depósito en un banco estadounidense de acciones de compañías cuyas sociedades fueron constituídas fuera de aquel país, de manera de poder transar las acciones de… … Enciclopedia Universal


Let's learn pure components in React. In this article, we learn what is pure component, what is Shallow Comparison, and benefits of pure component.
If you work with React lifecycle hooks and states then you know very well whenever we use the setState method to change the state of a React component then the React component always re-renders and shows the new changes on view. Using the "setState" method we can change the state of any React component. When a state of any component changes it will call the "render" method again and refresh the view again.
I think this is the best and required approach to React. Because if we want to make the new changes visible, then this "setState" method will be used. If we make any change in the property (props) of a component, the component will not render because props are the read-only type and we can't change the values of props in the component. I know the re-rendering approach of React component (when state changes) is one of the best features of React. However, sometimes, this best feature generates issues in terms of performance for React applications.
Let's take an example and get a better understanding. I have a component and below is the context for this component.
In the above lines of code, I define some initial props and a state. In "componentWillMount" life cycle hooks I use the setInterval method that will repeat the interaction after each 1 second and use the "setState" method of the component. I saved the above code; see the below output in the browser.
Because we are using the "setState" method, so "setState" method every time calls the "render" function of the component and resets the view for the component. Now the question arises, do we really need to re-render the component each time? If you check above example then you will find that we call the "setState" method each time but there was not any change between the new and previous state; after that it calls the render method of the component. Does it make any sense?
The actual implementation should be like this - the rendering method should be called whenever there is any difference between previous and new state and props. But the issue is that the React component doesn't handle this. Now, what will be the solution to resolve this issue? There are two methods; the first one is that we handle this scenario at our end using the "shouldComponentUpdate" life cycle and the second one is using the "Pure Component". I talk about the "Pure Component" later but first, we should learn how we can handle this at our end.
Now, I made some changes to the previous code and new updated code is below.
In the above code, I also implemented the "shouldComponentUpdate" lifecycle hooks, this method is called before the "render" method call. In this method, we will check if the component will render or not. If the return value of this component is 'True' then the component will re-render otherwise not. In this method, we can implement our logic and tell the component if it will be re-rendered or not. So I checked the "city" property of current and nextState, if there is any difference b/w city property of both state then "shouldComponentUpdate" method returns true otherwise false.
We can prevent the "unnecessary" rendering of the component. We prevent this rendering at our end but React also has another option that is "Pure Component".
The pure component is the same as a component that handles the shouldComponentUpdate method for us as we did in the previous example. Whenever the state or props of the component changes it does a shallow comparison and checks if that component will re-render or not. Pure component did the same task for us that we did in shouldComponentUpdate manually but does it internally and increases the performance of our application. A simple component doesn't compare the previous and next state instead of rendering the component whenever the"shouldComponentUpdate" method is called. Let's update our previous example using the Pure Component.
If you have any pure child component then never mutate the object and array in props or state of the parent component. The reason is that if you update the object or array into parent component and you pass this object or array to pure child component then child component will not re-render, because as I explained earlier Pure Component checks the reference of the props and state. Because you update (mutate) the object or array and reference is not changed, the child component can't detect the changes. Let's take an example.
I created another component and named this component as "child.jsx." This child component is pure in nature.
Now, we use this component into "Main.jsx" component that will be the parent component.
In "main.jsx" component I defined the state of component. The state of "main.jsx" component contains three attributes (name, city, and data). The type of "data" attribute is Array type and we are passing this attribute as a property of the "Child" component. In this component, we also create a button and on click event of this button, we update the state of the component (update data attribute).
In "child" component we are displaying the value of "data" property. Now what will happen as we click on the "UpdateData" button is it will update the state of "Main" component and "Main" component will re-render but the child component will never re-render. Because the reference to "data" property is not changed.
If you define the child component as a simple component instead of the "pure component" then child component will start to re-render.
So, never mutate the array type and object type property; instead of this always assign a new value.
Now, make some changes to "Main.jsx" component as highlighted above, after saving the changes now you will find that on each button click child it is also rendering because now each type of reference of the "data" property is also changing.
Some developer made a mistake of binding a function into render method like below.
The issue with the above pattern is that when we bind the function into render method it always provide a new instance or reference of the function of child component in each case of render. For example, in you have a parent component(Main.jsx) and you pass a function as a prop to child component and you bind this function into render method of the parent component, whenever the render method of parent component (main.jsx) is called, it passes a new instance to the child component. Because child component gets the new reference of the prop so it will render also even though your child component is a Pure Component. Let's take an example to understand this issue.
When you click on the "UpdateData" method it will update the "main" component's stat because a state changes and it will re-render the view and provide a new reference of the "alertMethod" to child component and as a result child component also re-renders.
To overcome this issue, we have to avoid the binding of function into render method. Instead we have to bind the method in the constructor of a component. Let's modify our main component and check the difference.
As you can see, instead of binding into render method, we bind the function into the component section. So now, if we click on "UpdateData" method, it will not render the child component. Because now it will not provide the new instance of "alertMethod" every time.
Use pure component instead of a simple component when you want to stop unnecessary re-rendering of the component.
Never bind the method or derive data into render method because it increases the re-rendering rate of child component.
A pure component can increase the performance of the application but use the pure component if you have really need it because extra and unnecessary use can degrade the application performance also.
Not only does pure component stop the re-rendering itself it also stops the re-rendering of child component. Also the best use of the pure component is when you don't have any child component of pure component and don't have any kind of dependency on the global state of the application.
A pure component will not render if you mutate the array of object that you are passing as props to a pure component from the parent component.
In this article, we learned what a pure component is, how it works, and what are the benefits of pure component. So, our final conclusion is that use of pure component can increase the performance of your application. If you have any doubts and questions about this article then write in the comment section. Thanks for reading this article.


High resolution and stereo sound: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClXFHhaACgs&fmt=18 Giulio Caccini (1551--1618) Amor, io parto Madrigal for soprano voice, from "Le nuove musiche, 1601" set on an anonymous text In this recording: Montserrat Figueras, soprano Hopkinson Smith, baroque guitar Harmonia Mundi The score I used is from a facsimile copy of Caccini's Le Nuove Musiche, 1601. I didn't edit the score at all, except that I cleared the specks around it . Here and there, the text may not be so easy to read on the score. But, as always, I included the text in modern spelling and the translation. "Caccini's Le Nuove Musiche is a collection of works for solo voice and basso continuo. Caccini uses two distinct compositional styles in the collection: twelve "madrigals" -- through-composed, somewhat rhythmically-free compositions with rhapsodic passages designed to emphasise the important words in the text -- and ten "arias" which are shorter and usually strophic. ... The type of solo "madrigal" pioneered by Caccini is distinguished from the polyphonic madrigal which was the most popular form of secular composition during the late Renaissance." - Sheila Barnes "Madrigals are, according to Caccini's definition, through-composed one part pieces which are usually elaborately ornamented on non-strophic texts whose metric structure is irregular. ... One main theme dominates all of the poems upon which Caccini's Nuove Musiche is based: love. Two literary forms reflect the two aspects of love, the elegiac madrigal, in which the plaint of the hapless lover finds its expression, and the canzonetta, in which the joy of reciprocated love and the rapturous desire of the young lover is celebrated in many stanzas. In setting the madrigals Caccini chose a free recitative form, whereas the canzonette find their musical counterpart in rhythmically striking arie, which bear similarity to dance songs" - Silke Leopold "Among the notational innovations developed by Caccini was the specification and writing out of ornamentation. Previously, ornamentation had always been left to the discretion of the performers. In order to eliminate "excesses" on the part of singers (which presumably obscured the text), Caccini wrote out the music exactly as he wished it to be performed. He did, however, still allow for improvisation to emphasise significant words and cadences. The use of ornamentation was thus restricted to expressing the text, and was no longer an end in itself, as had been the case in earlier vocal practice. One type of ornamentation specified by Caccini, which may be less familiar to modern ears is the trillo: a kind of "tremolo" in which fluctuations of intensity are sounded like a reiteration of the note. Caccini includes the trillo in "the good manner of singing" as a thing written one way, but sung another way "for more grace" and "refinement" ("squisitezza"), qualities of which Castiglione would have approved." - Sheila Barnes Original text: Amor, io parto, e sento nel partire al penar, al morire, ch'io parto da colei ch'è la mia vita, se ben ella gioisce quand'il mio cor languisce. O durezza incredibil'e infinita d'anima che 'l suo core può restar morto, e non sentir dolore! Ben mi trafigge amore l'aspra mia pen', il mio dolor pungente, ma più mi duol il duol ch'ella non sente. Translation (by Flavio Ferri Benedetti): Love, I depart, and I feel while I part, while I suffer and while I die, that I part from her who is my life, although she rejoices when my heart languishes. O incredible, endless harshness of the soul: her heart can die without feeling pain! Love pierces well my bitter pain and my sharp grief, but even more painful is the grief that she does not feel.


text:
New London To Honor Olympian India Pagan As She Returns Home
WSHU | By Brian Scott-Smith
Courtesy of India Pagan
Olympian and New London native India Pagan
A New London, Connecticut native who played basketball for Team Puerto Rico in the Tokyo 2020 Olympics is to be honored this weekend.
The city where India Pagan grew up will be holding a parade to celebrate her first Olympic appearance.
Pagan said she's humbled by the attention.
"They see me in New London," she said. "They see what I did in New London for the school of New London, so they were there throughout that journey. I think they're just in awe to see how far I've come and they just want to support me the whole way and I am so grateful. I hope everyone can show up. I don't know if anything like this has been done. Obviously we've had parades but I'm so excited to see the turn out."
Pagan said one of the best moments at the Olympics was being part of the opening ceremony.
"I cried like three times in the whole ceremony because I just couldn't believe that I was there. Like I've seen it on TV and the Rio Olympics and the previous one and I watched it on TV and just the fact that I was there, I was walking, they presented Puerto Rico and we waved. It was so beautiful and surreal to me. It was probably my favorite part," she said.
Pagan is also a women's basketball player for Stony Brook University. Her team said they are excited to have her back this season after she held Stony Brook reach its first NCAA Tournament back in January.
Pagan is the third Stony Brook athlete to go to the Olympics, and the first to do so while active during their collegiate career.
Pagan and Team Puerto Rico lost before they could enter the quarter-finals. Team USA's women's basketball team brought home the gold.
News Long IslandConnecticutStony Brook UniversityOlympicsbasketballNew LondonSportsBrian Scott-Smith
Brian Scott-Smith
An award-winning freelance reporter/host for WSHU, Brian lives in southeastern Connecticut and covers stories for WSHU across the Eastern side of the state.
See stories by Brian Scott-Smith


Having one of the cute bob haircuts 2016 and then style it flatteringly must be effective to create gorgeous look every day. Bob is trendy haircut that is suitable for every age. If you have the trendiest haircut of cute bob now, then you should try some ideas below to style your hair and maximize the cute look.
You will look increasingly cute by wearing a headband on your bob haircut. Besides, it also can be a quick style by sliding a thick headband on your hair. Additionally, you can opt a headband with flowers, sequins or other embellishments. If you get bob cut with bangs, make it to the right bang style. Otherwise, you can use the headband to backcomb the bangs to the crown and then position the headband to the front area.
It doesn't matter if your trendy and cute bob haircuts 2016 are styled to retro Hollywood glamor with waves. It will create frame for your face. If your bob haircut is under chin-length to the middle of neck, then this style will be perfect. Make the waves by using hot rollers in medium sizes, hairspray and shine spray. Sweep your bangs by using decorative clip so the cute look is perfectly made.
If you don't want to make much styling, then making messy and tousled hairstyles also can be a great idea to improve the cute and fresh look. You only need texturizer and mousse products to create this look. Twist the pieces by using the texturizer product so you can make the hair tousled. Style your bangs to the side or downward to maximize the youthful and cute look.
Those are the hairstyle ideas that can be easily made for your cute bob haircuts 2016. You can try it and always have the perfect look with your cute bob haircuts.
Is it Fine to Have Pixie Cuts for Older Women?


Also known as sclerotherapy and ligament reconstructive therapy, prolotherapy is a permanent treatment for chronic pain conditions. Prolotherapy has an excellent record for reducing or eliminating chronic pain.
The treatment involves injections of a special solution into the painful area (usually a ligament), which then causes a natural healing process to occur. Collagen and other connective tissues are strengthened and pain is reduced.
Several injections spaced one to three weeks apart may be required to achieve maximum results. Prolotherapy uses the body's natural healing ability to relieve chronic pain, strengthen injured tissues, and restore function.
This treatment is over 90% effective in most cases.
Proper pain assessment is crucial for effective treatment. Call Dr. Carl Osborn for your initial prolotherapy appointment and get back to a pain-free you!


Today Starbucks started offering a S'mores Frappuccino (complete with a dank cookie straw if you buy one during "happy hour"), and the confection will be available for the next few weeks. The green mermaid's site describes the new treat as "…where gooey milk chocolate and marshmallowy whip are finished off with a crunchy honey-graham cracker crumble. It tastes even better than it sounds. "
If that's not a good enough reason to leave your desk and to fetch the sugar-laden goodie, what is?
When we found the closest Starbucks, the line was out the door. Was it because it's finally over 60° in New York City? Was it because like us, no one can resist the call of extra novelty calories on an otherwise unremarkable Tuesday? We don't know for sure. What we do know is that this sip is NEXT LEVEL.
Pro tip: If you're lucky enough to snag a cookie straw (the barista let us know that the straws were going fast), be sure to bite the ends so that it can, in fact, be used for liquid suction. Otherwise you're left with an increasingly soggy cookie in your mouth and no frap.
The drink, while delicious, isn't perfect. For starters, you're not really getting coffee so much as you're just getting a chocolate sundae with a hint of caffeine, and the subsequent sugar crash isn't a good look when you've got a few more hours left in the office. Additionally, the tall (Starbucks speaks for "small") has 43 grams of sugar (ALMOST 11 TEASPOONS) and 47 grams of carbs. Calories? 500. Yikes.