text:
\section{Introduction}
Since their discovery in 2008\cite{Kamihara_pnictides2}, Iron-based superconductors (FeSC) have polarized the attention in the field of high-temperature superconductivity.
The many families that have been synthesized since then share several properties, starting from parent compounds showing a structural (nematic) transition between a high-temperature tetragonal and a low-temperature orthorhombic phase, in which often a striped-antiferromagnetic metallic phase is realized. Typically doping or pressure bring the system out of this low-T phase and superconductivity emerges.

Density-functional theory (DFT)  is reasonably successful in modeling the Fermi-surface topology of the parent compounds, most of which are semi-compensated metals showing hole pockets around the Brillouin zone center and electron pockets at the borders. This success, and the experimental evidence of Fermi-liquid behavior\cite{Rullier_Review}, supports a widespread view of these superconductors as weakly-correlated metals where superconductivity emerges thanks to a weak coupling
to a low-energy bosonic mode. Electron-phonon coupling was quickly excluded from the candidates\cite{Boeri_e-ph_LaFeAsO} and to date spin fluctuations\cite{Mazin_Splusminus,Chubukov_ItinerantScenario,Fernandes_DriverSeat,Chubukov_Hirschfeld-PhysToday} or orbital fluctuations \cite{Kontani} are the most considered pairing mediators. The former is naturally suggested by the rather common proximity of superconductivity to a magnetically ordered phase, the latter is tied to a more elusive orbital ordering, which is a possible explanation of the phenomenology of those materials (like FeSe) where the magnetically ordered phase is not found.

However the rather bad metallicity\cite{Rullier_Review} of these compounds, together with some unsatisfactory aspect of the DFT modeling, such as overestimates of the band dispersion by a factor 2-3 (with corresponding discrepancies with the measured specific heat Sommerfeld coefficients, ARPES and quantum oscillation bandstructures) and of the ordered magnetic moments, naturally leads to include the electron correlation which is neglected in DFT and to a large extent in the perturbative approaches which attribute the superconducting and magnetic symmetry breaking to Fermi-surface instabilities.

A rather extreme point of view, where the low-energy physics is described in terms of a  $t$-$J_1$-$J_2$ model, was indeed considered since the very beginning\cite{Si_Abrahams_J1J2}, but faces the difficulty due to the absence of a Mott insulating state in the immediate proximity of the superconducting phase, which is a necessary starting point in this scenario. An intermediate perspective of coexisting weakly correlated and strongly correlated electrons was suggested in Ref. \onlinecite{demedici_3bandOSMT} based on orbital-selective Mott physics and phenomenologically assumed in models for magnetism and pairing\cite{Hackl_Vojta_OSMT_pnictides,Kou_OSMT_pnictides,Yin_Weiguo-Spin_fermion}.

In order to account in an unbiased way for the competition between the kinetic energy and the local interactions we include  multi-orbital Hubbard terms in the Hamiltonian.
These can be treated with a plethora of methods, from the exact solution of small cluster of atomic sites, to dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT) in the thermodynamic limit. Early studies showed that for realistic values of the interactions, sizable correlation effects should be present in this class of materials. In particular the Hund's coupling, the measure of the difference in electronic repulsion that electrons feel depending on their orbital character and spin alignment (giving rise to the well known ``Hund's rules'' in isolated atoms) was shown\cite{Haule_pnictides_NJP} to have a key effect. This is a particular manifestation of a very general phenomenology\cite{demedici_MottHund,demedici_Janus}, particularly strong in materials where the conduction bands arise from near-half-filled atomic shells, as it happens in FeSC where 5 conduction bands of mainly Iron character host 6 electrons per site in the parent compounds.
This phenomenology is reviewed in Ref. \cite{Georges_annrev}, while the metallic phase dominated by the Hund's coupling was called a ``Hund's metal''\cite{Yin_kinetic_frustration_allFeSC}.

Model studies identified a well-defined crossover line separating a normal metal from such Hund's metal in a density-interaction phase diagram and have characterized the latter
in terms of high-spin local configurations and reduced inter-orbital correlation between charge fluctuations (For a review see Ref. \onlinecite{demedici-SpringerBook}).This phase can be roughly identified at finite temperatures with the so-called ``spin-freezing'' regime\cite{Werner_spinfreezing}.
This frontier of the Hund's metal phase departs from the Mott transition point at half-filling  and extends to finite doping bending towards larger interactions\footnote{
We recall that because of the Hund's coupling the Mott transition at half-filling is pushed in the range of the realistic interactions for FeSC, while at $n=5 \pm 1$ it is pushed to very large values of $U$, as it is illustrated, e.g., in Fig. of Ref. \onlinecite{demedici-SpringerBook} together with the above mentioned crossover line}.
The picture is confirmed also by realistic calculations  for FeSC\cite{Ishida_Mott_d5_nFL_Fe-SC,demedici_OSM_FeSC,demedici-SpringerBook,Liebsch_FeSe_spinfreezing,Werner_dynU_122,Misawa_d5-proximity_magnetic},
highlighting how the proximity of the  $d^5$ Mott insulating state determines  the strong correlations of the Hund's metal phase all the way up to the  $d^6$ FeSC parent compounds.

Since the many-body physics involved in these studies is symmetric around the half-filling $d^5$ atomic configuration, it is natural to expect that it should be realized also on the other side of the Mott insulating state, i.e. for $d^4$ compounds. In materials where the bandstructure is not too different from that of FeSC one can thus hope to find some of the phenomenology of the FeSC, among which high-temperature superconductivity.

An ideal candidate to verify these expectations is  BaCr$_2$As$_2$, which is analogous to BaFe$_2$As$_2$ in all aspects but the transition metal valence, that goes from $d^6$ for iron to $d^4$ for chromium. In this manuscript we perform a theoretical investigation of this material, explicitly including many-body effects.

The paper is organized as follows: In Section \ref{AF-DMFT} the DMFT results in the magnetically ordered phase are presented. Section \ref{paraSlSp} is instead dedicated to the paramagnetic phase investigated with the slave-spin mean-field method. In the last section we conclude with some considerations based on the result of our study.

\section{DMFT study of the G-type magnetic metal} \label{AF-DMFT}

BaCr$_2$As$_2$ was experimentally characterized in Ref. \onlinecite{Singh_BaCr2As2}, where resistivity and specific heat measures on single crystals were reported. In the same work density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to infer its magnetic state, that was identified as a G-type metallic antiferromagnet. This metal shows non-negligible correlation effects as indicated by the measured low-temperature slope of the specific heat, i.e. the Sommerfeld coefficient $\gamma$, which is a factor of two larger than the one calculated in DFT, as reported in Table \ref{TableSomm}.
In the same table we report $\gamma$ calculated also with GGA and GGA+U. While the former yields, as expected, essentially the same result as LDA, the latter goes -- at a first sight surpisingly -- in the wrong direction compared to experiments.
\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\label{TableSomm}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline
 &  $\gamma$ [ mJ/(K$^2$ mol)] \\
\hline
experiment (from Ref. \onlinecite{Singh_BaCr2As2}) &    19.3 \\
\hline
LDA (from Ref. \onlinecite{Singh_BaCr2As2})  &     9.3  \\
\hline
GGA  (this work) &     9.4  \\
\hline
GGA+U (this work)  &     7.2  \\
\hline
DFT+DMFT (this work)  &     14.5 $\pm$ 0.5 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Values of the Sommerfeld coefficient $\gamma$ in BaCr$_2$As$_2$. The error bar in the last line comes from the fitting procedure required to esitimate the Fermi-liquid parameters from DMFT. The DMFT result refers to the density-density Hamiltonian.}
\end{table}

With GGA+U we indeed obtain an even smaller value of $\gamma$, as reported in Table \ref{TableSomm}.
The rationale for this is that while shifting the majority and minority densities of states, DFT+U does not describe the dynamical electronic correlations, which are instead expected to yield a mass enhancement and quasiparticle-bandstructure renormalization. This in turn leads to an enhancement of the total density of the states $D(\epsilon)$ and thus of the Sommerfeld coefficient $\gamma={\pi^2 k_B^2}/{3} \, D(\epsilon_F)$.
We thus study this compound with DFT+DMFT\cite{Kotliar_LDA_rmp} in order to incorporate this effect and properly explore the evolution of this magnetic phase with the interaction strength.

Before doing so, let us give some details about the DFT calculations:
The GGA results have been obtained using the projector augmented wave (PAW) method as implemented in the VASP package \cite{VASP1,VASP2}. For the lattice structure of BaCr$_2$As$_2$ we relied on data given Ref. \onlinecite{Singh_BaCr2As2} for the G-AFM phase. A 12$\times$12$\times$12 Monkhorst-Pack reciprocal lattice mesh as well as a plane wave energy cut-off of 283.9 eV has been used.
Electronic correlation in GGA+U calculations has been introduced via the rotationally invariant form introduced by Liechtenstein {\it et al.} \cite{LDAU} where the interaction strength for the Cr $d$-orbitals has been set to $U=F^0=2.112$ eV and $J=1/14(F^2+F^4)=0.602$. These values correspond to the cRPA results for BaFe2As2 ($U=2.8$eV, $J=0.43$eV, from Ref. \onlinecite{miyake_interactions_jpsj_2010}).
The obtained lowest energy phase (see table \ref{tab:GGA+U}) is as in the DFT case a G-type antiferromagnetic metal, of which we report the Fermi surfaces and the density of the states (DOS)
in Fig. \ref{fig:GGA+U}. The shape of these surfaces only differs marginally from those reported for LSDA calculations by Singh, {\it et al.} in Ref. \onlinecite{Singh_BaCr2As2}.
\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline
order & $E_0$ [$10^2$ eV] \\
\hline
PM: &       -0.28514224  \\
\hline
FM:   &    -0.29885715 \\
\hline
G-AFM: & -0.30235100 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Respective ground-state energies $E_0$ for the paramagnetic (PM), ferromagnetic (FM) and G-type antiferromagnetic (G-AFM) phases of BaCr$_2$As$_2$, calculated within DFT(GGA)+U, showing that the stable phase is the G-AFM as also obtained within DFT in Ref. \onlinecite{Singh_BaCr2As2}.}
\label{tab:GGA+U}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=7cm]{Figures/top-down_FSs_BCA_better}
    \includegraphics[width=7cm]{Figures/G-AFM_DOS}
      \caption{GGA+U Fermi surface and DOS in the antiferromagnetic phase. The Fermi surfaces are colored according to the Wannier orbital contribution to the band creating said surface. Green shading indicates contrubition from a $xz$-like orbital while blue indicates contribution from a $yz$-like orbital. Teal shading thus signals a mixture of the two aforementioned contributions. The DOS is given in an energy range around the Fermi energy $\epsilon_\text{F}=0$. The partial DOS stemming from Cr-$d$ orbitals is indicated by the dashed blue line, with majority spin partial DOS on the positive $y$-axis and minority spin on the negative $y$-axis, respectively.}
  \label{fig:GGA+U}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The dynamical treatment of the local electronic interaction is obtained supplementing an explicit (multi-orbital Hubbard-like) interaction term to the non-interacting Hamiltonian obtained by fitting the conduction bands of mainly Fe 3$d$-character. This fit (reported in Fig. \ref{fig:Wannier}) is done by expanding the relevant Bloch wave functions on an optimized one-particle basis of maximally localized Wannier orbitals (through the Wannier90 code \cite{Mostofi_Wannier90}).
The minimal basis is obtained by projection onto ten local Wannier orbitals, including the five 3$d$-orbitals on each of the two Cr atoms in the unit cell. Careful disentanglement of the Cr $d$-bands from those bands of mainly Ba $s$-character above and those of mainly As-$p$ character below in energy is necessary to find optimal agreement between the bands of the minimal local basis and the VASP bands. The strong hybridization between the Cr-$d$ and Ba-$s$ as well as As-$p$ bands in certain parts of the Brillouin zone leads to obvious deviations of the minimal basis eigenenergies to the DFT results in these regions. Fig. \ref{fig:Wannier} displays the best agreement between those two. The resulting local orbitals are used to construct the many-body basis states on which act the local interaction terms of a standard Kanamori Hamiltonian:
 \begin{eqnarray}\label{H_int}
 H_{int}\#&\,=\,\#&U \sum_{il}
 n_{il\spinup} n_{il\spindown}+(U-2J)\sum_{i,l>l^\prime,\sigma} n_{il\sigma} n_{il^\prime\bar\sigma} \nonumber \\
  \#&\,+\,\#& (U-3J)\sum_{i,l>l^\prime,\sigma} n_{il\sigma}  n_{il^\prime\sigma}\nonumber \\
 \#&-\#&J\sum_{i,l\neq l^\prime}\left[d^\+_{il\spinup}d_{il\spindown}d^\+_{il^\prime\spindown}d_{il^\prime\spinup}+d^\+_{il\spinup}d^\+_{il\spindown}d_{il^\prime\spinup}d_{il^\prime\spindown}\right].
 \end{eqnarray}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{Figures/bands_BZ}
  \caption{Conduction bands (green lines) for BaCr$_2$As$_2$ calculated in GGA in the paramagnetic phase. The eigenvalues of the fitted Hamiltonian in the basis of Cr-centered $d$-like Wannier orbitals are shown in red.}
  \label{fig:Wannier}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

A correction is in principle necessary to avoid double counting the static part of this interaction already included in the DFT Hamiltonian. However since we use here a basis of 5 Wannier d-like orbitals centered on each Cr atom this correction can simply be reabsorbed in an effective chemical potential which is fixed by imposing the correct total population of the conduction bands i.e. four electrons per Cr, in the stoichiometric compound.
DMFT maps this lattice problem on a multi-orbital impurity model supplemented by a self-consistency condition\cite{georges_RMP_dmft}.
We solve the impurity model here by continuous-time quantum Monte Carlo\cite{gullRMP,w2dynamics}. Most of the times we drop, unless explicitly state otherwise, the last two terms in Eq. (\ref{H_int}) and retain only the density-density terms of the interaction. This leads to a numerically much more tractable problem allowing us to explore the parameter space.

The spin- and orbitally-resolved self-energies $\Sigma_{m\sigma}(i\omega_n)$ (where  $\sigma=\uparrow,\downarrow$, $m$ indicates one of the five Wannier orbitals and $i\omega_n$ the fermionic Matsubara frequencies) have been calculated for both forms of the Hamiltonian, i.e. with the last two terms (Kanamori form) and without (density-density form) with $U=2.8$eV and $J=0.43$eV.
We have done so also without allowing for the antiferromagnetic long-range order, i.e. in the paramagnetic phase.
When the imaginary part of these Matsubara self-energies are of the Fermi-liquid form (i.e. when they have a small imaginary part at zero frequency and a linear behavior) we have extracted the corresponding Fermi-liquid parameters, such as the renormalization of the quasiparticle bands $Z_m=(1-\partial\text{Im}\Sigma_m(i\omega_n)/\partiali\omega_n |_{i\omega_n \! \rightarrow \! 0})^{-1}$ as well as the extrapolated value at zero frequency which is proportional to the scattering rate of the quasiparticles.
The calculated values are reported in Table \ref{tab:Z_G-Type} and in Table \ref{tab:Z_para} for the antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic phase, respectively.
\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\multicolumn{1}{c}{}  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{$Z_m$ (spin $\uparrow$)} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{$Z_m$ (spin $\downarrow$)}  \\
\hline
orbital  & $z^2$ & $xz/yz$ & $xy$ & $x^2\#\!-\#y^2$ & $z^2$ & $xz/yz$ & $xy$ & $x^2\#\!-\#y^2$\\
\hline
Kanamori &    0.55 & 0.47 & 0.36 & 0.59 & 0.57 & 0.68 & 0.68 & 0.68\\
\hline
dens-dens   &    0.77  & 0.75  & 0.70  & 0.79  & 0.83 & 0.84  & 0.83  & 0.86 \\
\hline
\multicolumn{9}{c}{}  \\
\multicolumn{1}{c}{}  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Im$\Sigma_m(i\omega_n \! \rightarrow \! 0)$ (spin $\uparrow$)} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Im$\Sigma_m(i\omega_n \! \rightarrow \! 0)$ (spin $\downarrow$)}  \\
\hline
orbital & $z^2$ & $xz/yz$ & $xy$ & $x^2\#\!-\#y^2$ & $z^2$ & $xz/yz$ & $xy$ & $x^2\#\!-\#y^2$\\
\hline
Kanamori &    0.09 & 0.05 & 0.08 & 0.03 & 0.01 & 0.01 & 0.01 & 0.03\\
\hline
dens-dens   &    0.00  & 0.00  & 0.00  & 0.00  & 0.00 & 0.00  & 0.00  & 0.00 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Orbital- and spin- resolved quasiparticle weight (inverse mass enhancement) and values in eV of Im$\Sigma_m(i\omega_n \! \rightarrow \! 0)$ calculated in DFT+DMFT at $\beta = 100 eV^{-1}$ for the G-type antiferromagnetic phase. These numbers are extracted by means of a polynomial fit of the self-energies, excluding the first one Matsubara point from the fit in the cases where these display small deviations from the linear Fermi-liquid behaviour at the lowest frequencies.}
\label{tab:Z_G-Type}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\multicolumn{1}{c}{}  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{$Z_m$} \\
\hline
orbital & $z^2$ & $xz/yz$ & $xy$ & $x^2\#\!-\#y^2$ \\
\hline
Kanamori  &   0.39  &  0.43  &  0.47   &  0.47   \\
\hline
dens-dens   &  -  &  0.61  &  0.55  &  0.73   \\
\hline
\multicolumn{5}{c}{}  \\
\multicolumn{1}{c}{}  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Im$\Sigma_m(i\omega_n \! \rightarrow \! 0)$ } \\
\hline
orbital & $z^2$ & $xz/yz$ & $xy$ & $x^2\#\!-\#y^2$ \\
\hline
Kanamori  &   0.55  &  0.16  &  0.37   &  0.11 \\
\hline
dens-dens   &  -  &  0.52  &  0.68  &  0.44 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Orbital-resolved quasiparticle weight (inverse mass enhancement) and values in eV of Im$\Sigma_m(i\omega_n \! \rightarrow \! 0)$ in the paramagnetic phase, calculated at $\beta = 100 eV^{-1}$ with DFT+DMFT. As in the antiferromagnetic case, these results have been obtained via a polynomial fit of the self-energies. No value means that, at this temperature, the DMFT Im$\Sigma_m(i\omega_n)$ displays too strong deviations from a linear and decreasing behavior at small frequencies that we did not attempt to extract the corresponding Fermi-liquid parameters.}
\label{tab:Z_para}
\end{table}

The Kanamori Hamiltonian yields thus a factor-of-two renormalization of the quasiparticle bands in the antiferromagnetic metallic phase, as indeed found in experiments\cite{Singh_BaCr2As2}. The corresponding Sommerfeld coefficient we obtain ($\sim$ 30 mJ/(K$^2$ mol)) is however higher than the measured one, but this is to some extent due to a small inaccuracy of our Wannier fit, which is unable to capture all the details of the low-energy band structure and has an extra pocket on the Fermi surface (as visible in Fig. \ref{fig:Wannier}) leading to a larger $D(\epsilon_F)$ compared to the fitted DFT one.
This is not a severe drawback however, in the present context in which we are not investigating the detailed features of the Fermi surface. We are more interested in the many-body (Mott) physics due to local correlations, which is rather insensitive to these aspects of the band structure. We thus conclude that the interaction values that we used here, calculated for BaFa$_2$As$_2$, are roughly appropriate (or just slightly larger) for the description of BaCr$_2$As$_2$.
This is consistent with the fact that the two compounds are extremely similar in the structural parameters and the only difference is the transition metal ion. We thus find very similar radial extension of Wannier functions, just slightly superior for the Cr compound, consistent with its smaller atomic charge. Assuming reasonably a likewise similar screening of the electronic interaction, this points to interaction parameters in BaCr$_2$As$_2$ similar to BaFe$_2$As$_2$ or marginally smaller.

Remarkably, as it is clear from these tables, the density-density Hamiltonian yields somewhat less correlated results compared to the Kanamori one, for the same interaction parameters. This may come as a surprise as the experience in the paramagnetic phases is rather the opposite (the lower degeneracy of the atomic ground states in the density-density case favoring stronger correlations than in the Kanamori case).
This outcome can however be easily understood in light of the results that will be illustrated hereafter. Indeed we show how a stronger magnetization lowers the amount of mass renormalization. This in turn implies that, since the simplified form of the density-density Hund's coupling reduces the local spin fluctuations, a higher magnetization is thus favored and a weaker imaginary part of $\Sigma_m(i\omega_n)$ than with Kanamori is to be expected in the magnetically ordered phases.
From Table \ref{tab:Z_para} one sees that the situation is reverted in the paramagnetic phase, where the density-density approximation gives much smaller values of $Z_m$ and in some cases even non-Fermi liquid results (for which we did not extract the value of $Z_m$ at all).

We have studied the dependence of the correlation strength on the value of Hund's coupling for fixed $U=2.8$eV, in the case of density-density interactions. The quasiparticle weight, averaged over spin and orbitals, is reported in Fig. \ref{fig:Zav_vs_J_mag}. Indeed one can see that the degree of correlation diminishes uniformly with increasing $J$ in this phase. The magnetization is also monotonically increased by a growing $J$.
Indeed when plotting the average $Z$ as a function of the magnetization one finds a rather linear behavior.
We can thus in general associate a larger magnetization to a reduced degree of mass renormalization. Even though we are in a metallic situation, this general result can be intuitively understood in the simple limit of a single-band fully spin polarized antiferromagnetic insulator, where the mass renormalization would be absent even if $U$ is extremely large.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=4.25cm]{Figures/Zav_vs_J}
  \includegraphics[width=4.25cm]{Figures/Zav_vs_mag}
  \caption{Average (over spin and orbitals) quasiparticle weight $Z$ in the G-AFM phase within DFT+DMFT, for fixed $U=2.8$eV, as a function of $J$ (left panel) and of the corresponding magnetization (right panel). In this phase the system is decorrelated by Hund's coupling, as a consequence of a larger induced magnetization.}
  \label{fig:Zav_vs_J_mag}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The magnetization obtained for $U=2.8$eV and $J=0.43$eV with the Kanamori Hamiltonian is smaller (2.42$\mu_B$) compared to the density-density case (2.94$\mu_B$) and this supports the view according to which more pronounced magnetic effects reduce the quasiparticle effective mass renormalizaion.

Having shed light on the quantitative difference between the results obtained with the two Hamiltonian, in the following we rely on the density-density form to perform a thorough exploration of the phase diagram of the magnetic phase.
In Fig. \ref{fig:magnetization_PhaseDiag} we report the magnetization in the plane density-interaction (at fixed $J/U=0.43$(eV)$/2.8$(eV)$=0.153$). We parameterize, in the spirit of Ref. \onlinecite{Misawa_d5-proximity_magnetic}, the strength of the interaction through a parameter $\lambda$ which multiplies the full  $H_{int}$ so that $\lambda=1$ corresponds to the original values of the interaction $U=2.8$eV and $J=0.43$eV and $\lambda=0$ to a non-interacting system. The magnetization decreases by decreasing the interaction strength until it vanishes for $\lambda\simeq 0.5$.
Interestingly the quasiparticle weights do not trivially rise towards $Z=1$, the non-interacting value, but show a plateau, as illustrated by Fig. \ref{fig:Z_vs_lambda}.
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{Figures/Z_vs_lambda}
  \caption{Orbitally- and spin- resolved quasiparticle weights as a function of the interaction strength computed with DFT+DMFT at fixed $J/U=0.43$(eV)$/2.8$(eV)$=0.153$ ($\lambda=1$ for $U=2.8$eV and $J=0.43$eV) and $\beta=100$eV$^{-1}$.}
  \label{fig:Z_vs_lambda}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
This is the outcome of the compensation between the decreasing interaction strength and the decreasing magnetization.

The magnetization is instead found to increase when increasing the electronic density away from $n=4$ and towards half-filling. This half-dome bears strong similarities to the one found in Ref. \onlinecite{Misawa_d5-proximity_magnetic} above half-filling for the iron pnictides. Indeed, besides decreasing with decreasing interaction strength, both stem from half-filling and decrease with doping away from it in a symmetric fashion.
Our (dynamical) mean-field treatment obviously overestimates the extension of the magnetic phase compared to the variational Monte Carlo treatment of Ref. \onlinecite{Misawa_d5-proximity_magnetic}, and so does the simplified density-density Hamiltonian, as mentioned.
Modulo these caveats the large extent in doping of this G-type antiferromagnetic dome stemming from the half-filled compound (which is a Mott insulator, see below) is a commonality between the present $d^4$ case and the $d^6$ physics of the pnictides that hints at the realization of similar many-body physics in the two cases.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{Figures/mover_l_n}
  \caption{Magnetization (in $\mu_B$) calculated with DFT+DMFT at  $\beta=100$eV$^{-1}$ for the density-density Hamiltonian in the plane density ($n$) - interaction strength $\lambda$. The large half-dome is symmetrically placed around half-filling ($n=5$), with respect to the analogous half-dome found between $n=5$ and $n=6$ found in Ref. \onlinecite{Misawa_d5-proximity_magnetic}.}
  \label{fig:magnetization_PhaseDiag}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Paramagnetic phase: Hund's metal and compressibility enhancement} \label{paraSlSp}

In order to investigate more directly the many body physics realized in BaCr$_2$As$_2$ we turn now to its paramagnetic phase, where there is no magnetic ordering to compete with the effective mass renormalization and reduce the degree of correlation.
As it is clear from the Z values for the lowest reported interaction value in Fig. \ref{fig:Z_vs_lambda} (that corresponds to the paramagnetic phase just outside the magnetic dome - see Fig. \ref{fig:magnetization_PhaseDiag}), this phase is therefore expected to be substantially more correlated than the magnetic one.

In order to fully explore the interaction-density phase diagram we use here the very agile and computationally cheap slave-spin mean-field method\cite{demedici_Vietri} (SSMF), which can be seen as a essential dynamical mean field capturing mainly the renormalization of the quasiparticle dynamics in the Fermi-liquid paramagnetic regime.
In this semiquantitative framework a fair agreement with DMFT using the Kanamori hamiltonian is obtained with the density-density Hamiltonian with a larger Hund's coupling compared to the physical value\cite{demedici_Vietri}. For BaFe$_2$As$_2$  $J/U=0.25$ was used (corresponding to a physical $J/U\simeq 0.15$, by comparisons between DMFT and SSMF in models\cite{demedici_Vietri}). This turns out to be a very satisfactory choice since it is capable to capture, with a single value of $U$, the quasiparticle renormalization\cite{demedici_OSM_FeSC} and specific heat Sommerfeld coefficient\cite{Hardy_122_SlaveSpin_exp} for the whole family of 122 FeSC.
We keep the same value in the present case, which also allows to compare the present chromium compounds with the iron counterparts.
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{Figures/Z_n_vs_U_no_DMFT}
  \caption{Orbital populations and quasiparticle weight as a function of the interaction strength ($J/U=0.25$ is used as appropriate for BaFe$_2$As$_2$\cite{demedici_OSM_FeSC,Hardy_122_SlaveSpin_exp}) in the paramagnetic phase within slave-spin mean field.}
  \label{fig:Z_n_vs_U_cfr_DMFT}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
These calculations remarkably confirm our expectations that the many-body physics of this $d^4$ material is completely analogous to the $d^6$ case of BaFe$_2$As$_2$. Indeed one can observe the typical crossover\cite{Ishida_Mott_d5_nFL_Fe-SC,YuSi_LDA-SlaveSpins_LaFeAsO,Lanata_FeSe_LDA+Gutz,Yu_Si_KFeSe,Fanfarillo_Hund} between a low-$U$ weakly correlated phase where the quasiparticle weight (and correspondingly the mass enhancements, see lowermost panels in Fig. \ref{fig:cross-over-peak}) is very similar among all electrons, and a ``Hund's metal'' phase, which is much more strongly correlated and where the correlation strength is orbitally-selective.

In this respect it is to be noted that the $e_g$ orbitals ($z^2$ and $x^2-y^2$)  are more strongly correlated than the $t_{2g}$ orbitals ($xz$, $yz$ and $xy$) in this large-$U$ regime, opposite to what happens in FeSC. This is actually understood in term of the ``orbital-decoupling'' mechanism outlined in Refs. \onlinecite{demedici_MottHund,demedici_OSM_FeSC,demedici-SpringerBook,demedici_Vietri}.
This mechanism is based on the central role of the half-filled Mott insulator, which has a much smaller critical $U$ than any other integer filling, in the present case we find $U_c\simeq$2.4 eV. The proximity to this state
decouples the charge excitations in the different orbitals, making each orbital behave like a single-band Mott insulator as far as the correlation dependence on the density is concerned: indeed, for each orbital $m$, $Z_m$ becomes linearly proportional to the respective orbital population $n_m$, with relatively similar slopes among the orbitals. As a main outcome the electrons in the different orbitals are more correlated the closer they are to individual half-filling.

This is what explains the different values of $Z_m$ also in our theoretical study of BaCr$_2$As$_2$. The lower overall electron density with respect to BaFe$_2$As$_2$ moves the $e_g$ orbitals closer to individual half-filling than the $t_{2g}$ (upper panel in Fig. \ref{fig:Z_n_vs_U_cfr_DMFT}), opposite to what happens in BaFe$_2$As$_2$. This naturally explains the inverted correlation stregnth between the two kind of orbitals in the compounds at large $U$.

As outlined previously for FeSC\cite{Lanata_FeSe_LDA+Gutz,Hansmann_localmoment_prl,demedici_Vietri,demedici_Compressibility} this crossover is characterized also by a sharp growth of the instantaneous local moment (see middle panels in Fig. \ref{fig:cross-over-peak}), which reflect that the strong-coupling metallic phase is dominated by the high-spin configurations favored by Hund's coupling, motivating the name ``Hund's metal''.
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=4.25cm]{Figures/cross-over-peak_BaCr2As2_ntot4.0-corr}
  \includegraphics[width=4.25cm]{Figures/cross-over-peak_BaCr2As2_ntot4.2-corr}
  \caption{Compressibility enhancement (top panels), total local magnetic moment and orbital-resolved mass enhancements as a function of $U$ ($J/U$=0.25) for constant densities $n$=4.0 (left) and $n$=4.2 (right). The compressibility enhancement is realized in correspondence of the crossover into the Hund's metal phase.}
  \label{fig:cross-over-peak}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Another remarkable feature developing at the crossover was recently reported in Ref. \onlinecite{demedici_Compressibility}: a strong enhancement of the electronic compressibility $\kappa_{el}=\frac{dn}{d\mu}$  just inside the frontier of the Hund's metal phase. In a density-interaction plane, the region where the enhancement takes place departs from the half-filled Mott transition like the Hund's metal crossover, and extends at finite doping reaching larger values of $U$.
At low doping, where the crossover is sharper, this compressibility enhancement culminates with an actual divergence, while it slowly fades away at large doping.

 This finding is again confirmed here for BaCr$_2$As$_2$, as shown in the upper panel of Fig. \ref{fig:cross-over-peak}, where the correspondence with the Hund's metal crossover is highlighted.

In Fig. \ref{fig:Compressibility} a full map $\kappa_{el}$ is reported in the interaction-density plane.
This shows that the zone of compressibility enhancement extends until the density $n$=4 relevant for BaCr$_2$As$_2$, symmetrically to the case of BaFe$_2$As$_2$ where it extends until $n$=6\cite{demedici_Compressibility}.
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=8.5cm]{Figures/compressibility_map_BaCr2As2}
  \caption{Compressibility calculated for BaFe$_2$As$_2$ in the interaction-density plane within SSMF ($J/U=0.25$). Solid yellow color indicates values of $\geq$ 10 and the actual instability (divergent or negative values).The actual compound is located at density $n$=4 and $U$=2.8eV or slightly less, so that negative pressure and/or electron doping should bring it inside the enhancement zone, possibly favoring hight-temperature superconductivity.}
  \label{fig:Compressibility}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
Differently from that case however, we find here that the estimated interaction strength for the compound ($U=2.8$eV or slightly less), places it below the zone of enhancement. We thus speculate that chemical substitution with smaller ions (negative pressure) reducing the ratio between $U$ and the hopping matrix elements,  or more directly electron doping, might bring the compound within the zone of  enhancement.

The interest of this compressibility enhancement lies in the fact that it is the outcome of an anomaly in the residual quasiparticle interactions\cite{demedici_Compressibility}.
This might favor superconductivity by directly driving an interaction between quasiparticles (testified by a negative Landau parameter $F_0^s$) as well as a booster of some electron-boson vertices involved in the pairing mechanism.

Provided thus the aforementioned chemical substitutions are sufficient to get rid of the magnetic ordering of the parent compounds, they might actually favor high-temperature superconductivity.

\section{Conclusions}

In this work we have theoretically explored both the experimentally realized\cite{Singh_BaCr2As2} G-type magnetic metallic phase of BaCr$_2$As$_2$, and the corresponding metallic phase where this order has been suppressed.
In the magnetic phase DFT+U and DFT+DMFT calculations allowed us to show that dynamical correlations are necessary to obtain a specific-heat Sommerfeld coefficient close to experiments. In this framework we have clarified that the formation of an ordered magnetic moment reduces the degree of correlation and leads to a relatively small effective mass renormalization factor $\sim$2 despite the estimated substantial value of the interaction. We thus find that at the same interaction strength the paramagnetic phase is more correlated.

In this phase, using SSMF to thoroughly explore the whole phase diagram in the interaction-density plane using the electronic structure of BaCr$_2$As$_2$, we establish that the many-body physics in this compounds mirrors that of BaFe$_2$As$_2$, motivating also the corresponding similarity of the magnetic phase diagrams of the two materials.

Indeed the phase diagram features a crossover from a weakly correlated conventional metal to a strongly correlated metal with orbital-selective quasiparticle weights is found as a function of $U$, on a frontier departing from the half-filled Mott transition and bending towards larger $U$ at finite doping. Analogously to the FeSC case we also find a compressibility enhancement accompanying this frontier.

Assuming for BaCr$_2$As$_2$ a similar interaction strength as for BaFe$_2$As$_2$, the compound  lies close and slightly below the region of enhancement. We can conjecture that negative pressure and/or electron doping might bring it right in the zone of compressibility enhancement, favoring the appearance of electronic instabilities, including superconductivity. This could be realized by e.g. substituting chromium with manganese or iron  or replacing barium with lanthanum, scandium or yttrium.

We remark that the physics that we have outlined in this paper stems largely from the $d^4$ filling of the five $d$-orbitals of chromium, and doping away from it. This implies that our conclusions might be relevant for other compounds of chromium (such as for instance K$_2$Cr$_3$As$_3$\cite{Bao_K2Cr3As3}) and in general for similar compounds with filling in the proximity of $d^4$, if a Mott insulator is realized at half-filling in the relevant band structures.

\acknowledgements We thank G. Giovannetti for his help with the Wannier projection in the early stages of this work. Useful discussions with A. Hausoel, M. Karolak, L. Fanfarillo and A. Toschi are also acknowledged.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Gauss Centre for Supercomputing e.V. (www.gauss-centre.eu) for funding this project by providing computing time on the GCS Supercomputer SuperMUC at Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ, www.lrz.de).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Joan T. Wolverton passed away with her family and dear friends by her side, on Saturday, January 26, 2019, following a brief battle with cancer. She was 81 years old.
Joan led an amazing life and leaves behind to cherish her memory her beloved husband of 15 years, William T. Wolverton, Jr.; her children Robert L. Pecquet (Pam), Joan P. Gurganus (Tony), Paul L. Pecquet (Tiffany), and Raymond L. Pecquet (Irene); grandchildren Lauren Landry (Matthew), Ashley M. Bonura (Randy), Kaylyn Shaw (Dan), Kelcey Pecquet, and Kirsten Pecquet; 5 great grandchildren; one brother, Richard D. Tuschick (Carol); two sister-in-laws Barbara Murray and Susie Casanova (Kirk); her niece Beth Simkins (David); as well as the extended Wolverton family, as well as Barbara and George Fay and many dear friends. Joan is preceded in death by her late husband Louis Joseph Pecquet. She also leaves behind her beloved dachshund Liesel Marie.
Joan was vibrant and will be remembered for living life to the fullest. She loved her family and friends and traveled in her later years, where she continued making precious memories. She was a faithful parishioner of St. Rita of Cascia Parish in Harahan, and served as a CYO girl's coach for many years. She was a member of USTA, the City Park Ladies' Tennis Club, the organizer and leader of "The Group", her beloved lifelong friends. She will be deeply missed by those who knew and loved her.
Relatives and friends are invited to attend a funeral mass at St. Rita Catholic Church 7100 Jefferson Highway, Harahan, LA 70123 on Thursday, January 31, 2019 at 12:00 noon. Visitation will be held at church prior to mass beginning at 10:00 a.m. until service time. In lieu of flowers, please make donations to the American Cancer Society www.cancer.org/involved/donate.


It turns out the Facebook and Cambridge Analytica user data scandal didn't merely blow over, it has significantly impacted the way consumers feel about online privacy.
Privacy has become a serious concern for most U.S. consumers interacting with brands online, a new SlickText survey finds. A year after Facebook's sharing of user data with Cambridge Analytica become publicly known, 76.3% of consumers surveyed indicated they're now moderately or significantly concerned about their data when interacting with brands.
This could spell trouble for marketers looking to target consumers online. How will they do it if most customers are afraid to share their information?
Here's what our latest survey revealed about customer sentiment toward privacy and what brands should do to overcome these fears.
The 2018 Facebook and Cambridge Analytica scandal caused lasting worries about user data: 73.9% of consumers surveyed said the Cambridge Analytica scandal made them concerned about how their information is used.
Customers are scared away by poor privacy practices: 94.1% of consumers surveyed are unlikely to do business with a company if they have concerns about their privacy practices.
Consumers don't like knowing they're targeted by brands: 76.8% of consumers surveyed said when they notice online targeted ads it makes them uncomfortable.
Brands need to do a better job of finding communication channels: 80.3% of consumers surveyed said brands contact them in ways they find inappropriate.
Watch those unsubscribes: 51.5% of those surveyed said in the last year concerns about privacy have motivated them to unsubscribe from email newsletters.
It's not just that consumers have some worry about privacy, the survey asked consumers to categorize the extent to which their attitude toward privacy has changed over the last year. Almost 40% of respondents said security had become a significant concern, only slightly fewer respondents, about 37%, said it was a moderate concern.
When asked specifically about Cambridge Analytica's impact, a majority of respondents, 26.7%, said the data sharing scandal made them extremely concerned about how their information is used online. Slightly fewer, about 25% said it made them somewhat concerned while about 22% said it made them very concerned.
So much for hoping targeting could be a smooth marketing tool—85.8% of consumers surveyed said in the year since Cambridge Analytica they have become more aware of brands trying to target them online.
While the majority, about 30%, said they have become very aware of targeted marketing from brands, those who said they have become extremely aware of targeted marketing from brands weren't far behind, at 28.8%.
Only about 20% of survey respondents indicated brands are never inappropriate with their contact methods, leaving about 80% of respondents who feel brands are getting in touch with them through the wrong channels.
What are these inappropriate channels? Well, only 2.4% of respondents indicated they actually like when businesses call them. Even fewer, 0.5% of respondents, said they like when you leave a voicemail.
What can we learn about how to contact consumers?
Based on these statistics on consumer privacy concerns after Cambridge Analytica, there are several insights to be gained about how consumers want to interact with brands.
If you're sending text messages for your business this should be a standard anyway, since it's legally required, but even if you're sending email newsletters make sure you're doing so with the consumer's content. When people actually want to hear from you and feel comfortable about the messages they're receiving, you'll probably notice a greater response to your marketing efforts. Remember, strong documentation of opt-in is important legally if you're doing text marketing so stay organized.
Phone calls and voicemails, the two methods consumers indicated were their least favorite ways to be contacted, take a lot of time and are as much an intrusion on privacy as they are on the busy schedules of your customers. Don't ask for too much from your customers when you're trying to contact them about a product or a service you think they'd like.
There's a difference between contacting customers by name and knowing the exact item they were planning to order on Amazon but haven't whispered out loud yet. Personalizing your mass messaging can be helpful but going overboard makes customers uncomfortable. They don't want to feel like they're being watched.
Don't make consumers feel like you know everything about them and when you do use personalization, use it to be helpful and with data that logically makes sense for you to have. For example, if you're a dental office it's probably logical for you to know the last time your client was in for a cleaning. Sending them a text or an email saying "Hi, we haven't seen you since [DATE], want to schedule a cleaning next week?" isn't likely to raise alarm bells.
This survey was administered to a nationally representative sample of 1000 U.S. consumers between January 31, 2019 and February 1, 2019.


text:
LDC puts ByBox in its locker
LDC has provided £37.5million of acquisition and development capital to accelerate the international growth of ByBox, the UK's leading field service engineer logistics and supply chain technology solutions provider, in a transaction that values the business at £105million.
Headquartered in Harwell, Oxfordshire, ByBox provides technology-enabled locker-based solutions to help more than 250 blue chip clients, including BT, Fujitsu, Npower, Marks & Spencer, Walmart and Vodafone to manage their engineering parts inventory and solve difficult supply chain problems.
Each year, ByBox ensures more than 20 million mission-critical parts reach the field engineers that maintain the UK's technology, telecoms and energy infrastructure. The company's proprietary software, Thinventory, connects ByBox's network of smart boxes in nearly 900 locations with its hub in Coventry and nine distribution centres across the UK, providing visibility to clients. Added-value services include a team of technical couriers that can provide a low-cost flexible resource model to fix equipment in the field quickly and cost-effectively.
In addition, ByBox's B2C Click&Collect network of electronic lockers in 27 countries help retailers manage increasing consumer demand and high expectations around the delivery of online shopping.
LDC is backing ByBox's entrepreneurial leadership team; CEO Stuart Miller, who co-founded the business in Silicon Valley in 2000, co-founder COO Steve Huxter, co-founder Dan Turner MD Click&Collect and CFO Pete Rowse.
LDC has invested £37.5million for a significant stake in the business, and a banking syndicate led by RBS provided £55million senior debt facilities plus additional CapEx and working capital facilities to support the transaction.
Yann Souillard, LDC Managing Director for the South, and Alastair Weinel, LDC Investment Director, will both join the board alongside Martin Hiscox as Chairman. Hiscox has over 25-years' experience working with private equity backed businesses and supporting the supply chain technology industry.
With an existing annual turnover of around £73 million, the investment will support ByBox's continued organic growth in the UK, especially in areas such as smart metering. It will also help ByBox significantly accelerate its global technology deployment, expand its technical courier proposition and continue to develop its Click&Collect service.
Stuart Miller, CEO at ByBox said: "Our business is rewiring the supply chain to help the companies that maintain the UK's infrastructure better meet the increasingly high expectations of consumers through innovative solutions. Our ambition is to take this concept truly global through a combination of software, technology and infrastructure.
"We knew we needed the right investment partner to support our long-term growth plans. It was clear from the outset that LDC's experienced team, straightforward approach and flexible investment model meant they were the perfect partner for us, and I'm excited that we're now really well placed to expand, innovate and invest in the future of our business."
Alastair Weinel, Investment Director at LDC in the South, said: "ByBox's impressive growth has been driven by the management team's ability to deliver both unrivalled customer service and improved efficiency for its clients. The firm's owned Smart Box and locker network as well as its proprietary software give it a considerable competitive advantage and a significant opportunity to expand. ByBox is exactly the kind of forward-thinking, ambitious business we want to back and we're looking forward to working with Stuart and the team."
LDC was advised on the deal by Spectrum Corporate Finance, Shoosmiths, BDO and Hullbrook. ByBox was advised by PwC Deals team led by Coolin Desai, Liberty Corporate Finance and Osborne Clarke.
View ByBox in our portfolio

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Home of the John D. Lee Family Organization
History of John Doyle LEE (1812 - 1866)
At the time of John Doyle Lee's birth Kaskaskia, Illinois was the capital city of the Territory of Illinois, the most important town on the Mississippi River and the center of activity for a large area. It was settled in 1803 when a French Jesuit priest gathered a small Indian tribe on the site. It was captured by the English during the Indian Wars of 1763. In 1778 it was taken from the English in a stroke of military genius by the American general, George Rogers Clark. One member of that intrepid little army of Americans was John Doyle, the maternal grandfather of John D. Lee.
Early records of Randolph County, Illinois showed that John Doyle was among the first to claim land in that area by reason of his service in the army. His four-hundred-acre allotment lay on the bluffs opposite the village and below the point where the Kaskaskia River emptied into the Mississippi. Of his wife Elizabeth Smith, we know nothing except that she must have been the daughter of Henry Smith whose will named the two Doyle daughters as his only heirs. Those two girls, Elizabeth and Charlotte Doyle, were the only children of their father, John Doyle.
Elizabeth Doyle, the older, married first Oliver Reed, by whom she had a daughter, Elizabeth Reed, who was usually called Eliza Virginia, and a son, William Oliver Reed, who died early. In 1802 her husband Oliver was brutally murdered by a man named Jones, who was tried and hanged for his crime. Oliver Reed's widow Elizabeth then returned to live nine years in the home of her father, where she remained until her marriage to Ralph Lee on February 26, 1811.
John Doyle Lee was born eighteen months after Elizabeth Reed's marriage to Ralph Lee. Writing of his mother later, Lee said she was always in poor health and an invalid for more than a year before her death. He also said that his father, at first ambitious and thrifty, began drinking later until he became a confirmed alcoholic. The court record of Randolph County showed that Ralph Lee and his wife, Elizabeth Doyle, in May 1815, executed a deed of trust to George Fisher of all property to be held in trust for the children, Elizabeth Reed and John Lee. That gave some proof of John D. Lee's statement, for his mother died in November 1815 within a half year after the deed was executed. Some months later, his father, Ralph Lee, left and was never heard of again in that area.
After the death of the mother, her daughter, Eliza Reed, then about fourteen years old, went to live with the family of her guardian, George Fisher. Little three-year-old John Doyle Lee was taken to the home of his aged grandfather where he was placed in the care of a colored nurse who spoke only French. His grandfather spoke Indian as well as French and English and had often been employed as an interpreter. He had also been a school teacher and was known generally as a man of honor. But he was an older man whose health failed until he died on October 20, 1819. Charlotte Doyle's husband, James Conner, was named administrator of the Doyle estate.
John D., a seven-year-old orphan, was then sent to live with his Aunt Charlotte Conner's family. Years later he wrote with bitterness of the treatment he received in the Conner home and of the difficulty of adjusting to a new language and a family of children. His aunt was a quick-tempered, sharp-tongued woman who did not spare the rod on her own children nor on the extra little boy in the home.
By the time he was sixteen John D. Lee was so thoroughly sick of life there that he left the Conner home to make his own way. He first secured a job carrying the mail on horseback through a long stretch of sparsely settled country. Later he worked on a river boat on the Mississippi. Still later he was employed at a warehouse and store in the northern mining town of Galena. During those years, he built a reputation for industry and trustworthiness.
He left Galena and returned briefly to the home of his Uncle James Conner, then went to visit his half-sister, Eliza, who was married and living near Vandalia. There he met the Woolsey family and soon fell in love with the oldest daughter, Aggatha Ann. They were married on July 24, 1833 and set up their home nearby. Their first child, William Oliver, died before he was two years old. Their second child, Elizabeth Adaline, also died young, soon after the third child, Sarah Jane, was born.
A short time before the death of his second child, Lee had sheltered some Mormon elders and had listened to their message but was not impressed. When his neighbor, Levi Stewart, brought him a copy of the Book of Mormon and told him of a personal meeting with the youthful prophet, Joseph Smith, Lee decided to read the book, finishing it on the night he sat up with the corpse of his little Elizabeth Adaline. As he neared the end and read the words of Moroni in Chapter 10, Verse 4, he received such an impressive manifestation that he knew without a doubt from that moment that he had found the true church. Throughout his life that conviction stayed to strengthen him. Having received a testimony, he then felt that he must gather with the body of the Saints.
Traveling with Levi Stewart and others, the Lee family made their way west across the Mississippi River to central Missouri in the vicinity of the newly-formed city of Far West. They took up land on the prairie and called their settlement Ambrosia. It was at that place that John D. Lee and his wife Aggatha Ann were baptized on June 17, 1838.
With a history of repeated persecutions in Ohio and elsewhere, the Saints were already being threatened again by Missourians near Far West. They had been driven from Jackson County earlier, and being the majority in that new area, they resolved to try to protect themselves and their property. John D., being young and full of vitality, quickly joined in the defense of his people and became a member of the Mormon military organization. During that summer a condition of civil war prevailed in which one excess called forth another until an attack on the town of Far West was threatened. John D. Lee was one who was read to fight to the death in its defense but when word came of the massacre at Haun's Mill, Joseph Smith, the Mormon leader, decided to surrender himself in order to avert another bloody tragedy.
The Church leaders were taken to prison and all the Far West citizens were forced to give up their land, homes, and all their property except their teams and wagons, after signing affidavits to the effect that they would soon leave the state. Thus, six months after he was baptized, John D. Lee and his family were on their way back to safety at Vandalia, Illinois. But his faith in the Church was only made stronger by that persecution; he felt that he must go out as an active missionary for the cause.
His pattern for the next five years was to spend about half his time traveling as a missionary and half at home providing for his family. As a preacher he had remarkable success. Working chiefly among the well-to-do class, he never lacked for friends and protectors. Altogether he converted and baptized more than a hundred persons, most of whom joined in the building up of Nauvoo and later made their way west as pioneers.
On his first mission he traveled with Levi Stewart into Tennessee where they separated, Stewart to work among his own kinfolk and Lee to proselyte among strangers. Upon their return to their families they joined in the move to Nauvoo where both acquired lots and built homes. Their ways parted again, though all their lives they would remain friends.
When Lee arrived in Nauvoo, Illinois in the fall of 1843 he decided that he would spend his time working in that city. He received several appointments of importance, one of them being chosen as a member of the group of forty special police officers selected in December of that year. He was also appointed secretary of the Seventies' Quorum and was asked to supervise the building of a hall for their meetings.
In the meantime the doctrine of plurality of wives was being taught and practiced in Nauvoo. His position as police guard over the Prophet Joseph as well as Brigham Young made it possible for Lee to be taught that principle also. Joseph Smith took his first plural wife, Louisa Beaman, on April 5, 1841; Brigham Young took his, Lucy Decker, on June 15, 1842. John D. Lee, who was working closely with both men, wrote: "Nancy Bean became a member of my family February 4, 1844. On April 19, Louisa Free, Caroline Williams, Abigail Woolsey and Rachel Woolsey."
About that time the Prophet Joseph Smith decided to run for the office of president of the United States, and with that in mind he sent out many missionaries. John D. Lee was one of a large group who left Nauvoo on May 28, 1844 for that purpose. A month later when word came that Joseph had been killed by a mob at Carthage Jail, Lee could not believe it. Surely, he argued, God would not permit such a thing to happen to his chosen servant. Only after fasting and prayer and a special manifestation could he accept the reality of the prophet's death. Broken in spirit and sick at heart, he started back to Nauvoo. He arrived after the incident wherein the people of the Church voted to sustain Brigham Young as their leader.
Then John D. Lee became even more vitally involved in the activities of the Church. Brigham Young appointed him as his private secretary to keep his records and write his letters, in addition to the responsibility of completing the Seventies' Hall and keeping their books. Lee was such a good manager that he not only finished the hall for the Seventies but soon had erected a fine home for himself in Nauvoo.
By that time troubles with their neighbors had become so acutely threatening that the Mormon leaders had agreed that the Saints would leave the state of Illinois as soon as "grass grows and water runs." Late in January of 1846, it became evident that some must cross the river very soon to make preparations for the general migration. Charles Shumway was first to go over into Iowa on February fourth. Eight days later, John D. Lee crossed with one wagon, two horses and one cow, and with provisions to sustain the family for two months or more. With him were two wives: Polly Workman, his youngest wife, and Nancy Bean, with a six-week-old baby girl in her arms.
President Young and a part of his family joined the group on February fifteenth. Severe winter storms set in, bringing snow, hail, wind, and bitter cold to the area so that the people traveling in wagons across the open prairie suffered greatly from exposure. On March fourth, Lee brought the remainder of his family across into Iowa. That time he had four wagons and a number of cattle. The Lee group included Aggatha Ann and her four children; her mother, Abigail; her sister, Rachel; and two other young wives, Martha Berry and Louisa Free with her small son, John Brigham. Driving the teams were one of Polly Workman's brothers and Hyrum Woolsey, as well as Horace Rowan, a recent convert, with his wife.
For the next six months the Lee family shared the extreme hardships of the exiles on the prairie, inching westward as the weather permitted, arriving in late August at Winter Quarters. During that time Lee kept a journal of the activities of the leaders and the decisions that were made. His own family was mentioned rarely; in fact, it is not known definitely as to the makeup of his family during that period and the following year. In addition to the seven wives named, there were at least two, Delethia Morris, who left him to marry a trader while he was gone on one of his numerous trips, and Sarah Caroline Williams who lived most of the time with her aunt, Marcia Allen.
Besides keeping minutes and records and writing numerous letters, Lee was sent on several missions of vital importance. The first one was early in 1846, when he was given the entire sum of money accumulated by the Saints and directed to go to St. Francisville, Missouri, to buy wagon covers and material for the general Church migration. In late August of that year, he was sent across the continent to Santa Fe, New Mexico to collect what he could of the wages of the Mormon Battalion to help with the general maintenance of their suffering families. After the trip which had lasted nearly three months, he reported back and turned over the money on November twentieth, but he remained in Winter Quarters with his family just one month when he was sent on another trading and buying expedition. The bishops of the twenty-two wards had reported that the foodstuffs of the camp were almost depleted; their only chance for survival seemed to be to send to the Missouri settlements for food. Lee was responsible for two large wagons, each pulled by four mules. Traveling three weeks through bitter weather, he brought back his two wagonloads of food. In addition he sent back by a Gentile trader a load of provisions consisting of salt, dried fruit, molasses, honey, tallow, dry beans and twelve hundred pounds of pork. One month after his return, in February 1847, he organized and sent out three more teams under the direction of John Laub. All those foods must have been gratefully received in the burgeoning Iowa settlement where hunger stalked in nearly every family.
Now all the talk was of moving on to the mountains but it was clear that only a picked company could make the trip that first season. Others had to remain and cultivate the land or work for supplies to feed the thousands through the second winter. Each man also had to create a surplus to provide for his family during the trek. Lee had an intense desire to be one of the band of first pioneers but President Young told him that he was needed more to stay and help raise corn. Accordingly he and twenty-seven others moved out of Winter Quarters about eighteen miles to a location they called Summer Quarters. During the summer of 1847 they raised more than four thousand bushels of corn to aid in the migration the following year.
In the meantime his family affairs had become more complex. He recorded his marriage to Emoline Woolsey, younger sister of Aggatha and Rachel, on December 21, 1846. Then on February twenty-seventh following, he took three additional wives in one ceremony: Nancy Gibbons Armstrong and two sisters, Polly and Lavina Young. All were girls whom he had converted while serving as a missionary.
The strains and privations of frontier life, his long absences on trips for the Church, and the natural jealousy common to women resulted in considerable disharmony in his household. One wife, Delethia Morris, left him and married another man. Emoline Woolsey became insubordinate, giving aid to one of Lee's enemies, so she was separated from his family. Polly Workman, who was prone to stir up strife, was sent to live with her brother. Nancy Armstrong fell victim to the plague and died at Summer Quarters in August 1847. Nancy Bean and Louisa Free, each of whom had borne a child by him, left him and crossed the plains with their parents. Though she had been sealed to him early, Sarah Caroline Williams remained with her Aunt Marcia Allen and did not join the Lee family again until 1850.
Thus it was that when John D. Lee set out on his trip across the plains with the 1848 company, he took with him Aggatha Ann with her children; her mother, Abigail; and her sister, Rachel, both of whom were sealed to Lee, and three other plural wives, Martha Berry, Polly Young and Lavina Young.
The three-and-a-half-month journey began on June first and lasted until September 23, 1848. It was plagued by the difficulties which attended overloaded wagons pulled by underfed teams traveling on uneven terrain. There was some sickness and one death. Abigail Woolsey was taken violently ill on September first, and two days later, she was buried by the roadside. Abigail was an older Woolsey mother who had joined his family for support and protection, never having been a wife in fact.
Upon their September arrival in the valley so late in the season, two major problems presented themselves. They had to quickly provide shelter before the winter storms began and find a way to feed the livestock. Before the first snow in November, Lee had finished a cabin and had taken the cattle to the banks of the Big Cottonwood Creek where he found some natural pasture and took up land.
For the next two years, everyone worked diligently to clear and fence land, raise crops, build homes, and accumulate some few comforts. Lee himself was a member of the Council of Fifty which directed the general policies and could be compared to a president's cabinet. He attended meetings regularly and carried out many assignments in the public interest. In December, to his surprise, he was called to be one of the company sent to colonize the Iron Mission at Parowan, in the extreme southern part of the state. That call was a severe test of his faith and loyalty, because he was just beginning to prosper in the Salt Lake Valley. At last he had been ready to reap some of the fruits of his two years of hard labor there, and now he was asked to leave it and start all over again.
Since the journey was to be in mid-winter, he left most of his wives and all his children at home, taking with him only the two sisters, Polly and Lavina Young, each of whom would bear a child in about three months.
Although that journey was less than three hundred miles, we could guess at the difficulties for they were five weeks on the road. During that time the group suffered miserably from cold and exposure and the animals were in peril from lack of food. The arrival at the sit of the new settlement did not immediately improve the situation, for spring was late that year.
Within a few weeks Lee had a cabin built and some land cleared; however, the late snows made it impossible to plant crops and the cold froze all the seed potatoes. But spring finally came. Grain and gardens were planted, and the new fort town hummed with activity. In the Lee home Lavina gave birth to a son, John David, on March 19, 1851. On April 24, 1851, Polly had a daughter whom they named Elizabeth.
On June fourth John D. returned to the Salt Lake City area to attend to his affairs there. All summer he cared for his farm while disposing of his property and preparing to move the remainder of his large family to southern Utah. At the October conference his name was read from the pulpit as being in charge of the colony on the Virgin River. As soon as possible, the Lee family were on their way, arriving back at the fort at Parowan in early November "without the loss of a single animal."
The next season the Lees and a few other families moved south to Ash Creek and built a small enclosure of houses. In early 1854 they pushed on still farther to a large plain east of the present town of Harmony where they established Fort Harmony. President Brigham Young and a number of other church leaders were present in May 1854 and helped to select the site and lay out the new fort.
By 1857 Fort Harmony was the center of a community of thirty-two heads of families, some living outside the fort at the present site of the town of Harmony. Other families from the north had settled at the new communities of Santa Clara, Washington, Pine Valley, and Pinto. A mission had been established and abandoned at Las Vegas and there was a colony at San Bernardino. The Reformation within the Church had been started the year before. This required all members to be questioned and exhorted to better living. Many were rebaptized, and all were reminded to renew the covenants they had made in earlier days in Nauvoo. The fragmentary diary of Rachel Lee gave much detail of that activity.
By that time, matters in Salt Lake City had reached a climax in relation to the public officials appointed and sent from Washington, D.C. One U.S. government official after another had returned back east to report that the Mormons were in "a state of rebellion and that the Saints acknowledged no authority except that of Brigham Young." For political reasons, President Buchanan authorized sending an army to Utah to put down the supposed "rebellion." Word of his decision reached Salt Lake City on July 24, 1857 as the Saints were celebrating the tenth anniversary of their entrance into the valley. At once President Young and the other leaders decided upon a policy of resistance and thus activated their military organization. Word of the action reached the southern settlements on August fourth. Immediately there was a call to arms, much drilling of militia, and repeated rehearsals of the persecutions of the past in Illinois and Missouri.
About that time a company called the Fancher train, en route to California, arrived in Utah. Among that group were some ten hired drovers who claimed to be from Missouri who said they had participated in the persecutions at Nauvoo, even some who claimed to have been present when the Prophet Joseph was martyred. As the Fancher train moved through the state along the Old Spanish Trail they met with opposition at every town. People refused to sell them grain or other foodstuffs, having been counseled to store all supplies against the need which could arise during a long war. By the time the company reached Cedar City, a band of three hundred angry Indians, infuriated over the Fancher train's alleged poisoning of water holes, was following them. John D. Lee, who had been appointed Indian agent some time before, was called in to cope with the vengeful horde. In a tragic combination of circumstances, the entire train of one hundred twenty emigrants, with the exception of eighteen young children, was massacred at Mountain Meadows in southwestern Utah.
That disaster marked the climax of the "Mormon War," the end of the policy of resistance, and the beginning of the move south from Salt Lake Valley. For Lee, it marked a change in the whole course of his life. There were at least fifty other white men on the ground as participants, and Lee was not the commanding officer of the militia. As the appointed Indian agent, he was in charge of Indian affairs in the south. The decision to call the tragedy "an Indian massacre" brought Lee's name into the later reports. As the years passed, the general public attitude grew that he was chiefly to blame for the crime. Later, most people in southern Utah believed that he alone was responsible for the horrible tragedy, along with some Indians.
The massacre had occurred on September 11, 1857. Immediately afterward on September twentieth, Lee started for Salt Lake City, going directly to his adopted father, Brigham Young, with a report of the affair. That also helped to identify him with the incident, and the fact that President Young ordered him then to be in charge of the cattle and outfits that had belonged to the Fancher train helped to direct the finger of blame upon him in the south. Still, for the following seventeen years, Lee regularly went in to headquarters at Salt Lake City and took his place in the Council of Fifty which was still the governing body of the Church. He entertained President Young and most of the visiting authorities in his home in the south and traveled as a member of the parties through the southern settlements.
With the outbreak of the Civil War in the east, the Church authorities decided to establish a cotton mission in the extreme southern part of the state. Since 1856, there had been experiments in cotton culture at Santa Clara, at the town of Washington, and at various Church farms along the Virgin River. In the fall of 1861 about three hundred families were called to settle St. George; their assignment was to provide the Church with cotton. At that time Polly and Lavina were living at Washington, where Lee later built an impressive rock mansion. At Harmony he was preparing to leave the Fort and move to a site about three miles above the town near the base of the mountain, where he had some smaller houses under construction.
The winter of 1861 became known in southern Utah as "the Year of the Floods." Actually it was a year of floods throughout the west since the Nevada and California settlements all had records of the devastation caused by severe flooding. At Santa Clara the rock fort was washed away along with the fiber mill and the molasses mill on the upper Virgin. Philip Klingensmith's holdings were completely wiped out with the loss of home, barns, cattle, and farm land. At Harmony, Lee tried to move his families from the adobe fort which was beginning to disintegrate in the steady downpour. The roof had been blown from one section, but his new homes at the base of the mountain were not ready to occupy and the challenge of moving his household in hub-deep mud was slow and heartbreaking. The final tragedy came when a part of the fort wall blew down and killed two of his young children as they lay in bed on the evening of February 6, 1862. They were little George A. and Margaret Ann, children of Sarah Caroline.
Four years later in June 1866 Aggatha Ann died at Harmony after a lingering illness during which she asked her sister Rachel to take charge of Aggatha's young children. Her loss was felt by all, since as the first wife, she had much to do with directing family policies. By that time the family was prospering financially. Lee had holdings at Toquerville and Parowan; his farm at Harmony was large and productive, as were his orchards and vineyards at the settlement of Washington.
His family had also grown in numbers. Although Martha Berry had left him in 1858, taking her younger children, Lee had married other wives after his move south. Those included Mary Leah Groves (1851), Mary Ann Williams (1858), Emma Batchelor (1858), Terressa Morse (1859), and Ann Gordge, sometime before 1866. Of those, Mary Ann Williams left him to marry his oldest son, John Alma; Terressa Morse was a middle-aged woman who had earlier refused to go back with her husband, Solomon Chamberlain; and Ann Gordge was an emigrant girl from Australia whose first child was born March 14, 1867. She later left him also, taking her young baby with her and leaving a little girl and a little boy with the family. Emma Batchelor remained faithful, standing by him until his death.
By this time Lee was beginning to feel more and more the weight of public disapproval. New settlers in the area had come to look upon him as the one wholly responsible for the tragedy at Mountain Meadows. Though President Young continued to stay at the Lee home and to give him some public recognition, the whole family all began to suffer painfully from the stigma of his name.
In September 1870 Lee accompanied Brigham Young and a group of explorers to the Colorado River via Kanab. In fact, Lee was the man selected to ride ahead to mark the road, cut down high banks, and select camping places for the night. They laid out the town of Kanab where Levi Stewart was called as the bishop. When President Young advised Stewart to set up a portable sawmill in the area to get lumber out for the settlement, Stewart replied that he would be glad to do so provided that John D. Lee should be called to run the mill. President Young then suggested that Lee buy a half interest in the mill, sell all his property at Harmony, and move out to the new settlement called Skutumpah, the Indian name for Kanab.
That was another great sacrifice, for the prospective home was in the midst of a wide, desolate area. Lee, however, did not question the assignment but proceeded to get the mill, set it up, and begin operations. That was in mid-September. When Lee needed to make a trip back to the settlements in November, at Pipe Springs he met a messenger with a packet of mail. One of the letters was a notification that he had been excommunicated from the Church but the cause was not named. The action had been taken on October 8, 1870 soon after Brigham Young's return to Salt Lake City from Kanab.
Nothing could have been harder to take than that. Lee had been whole-heartedly loyal for so many years that he loved the Church better than life itself. Nothing could have been more eloquent of his feelings at that time than the entry he made in his diary, dated November 22, 1870:
"My love for the Truth is above all other things & is first with me, & I believe that President Young has suffered this to take place for a wise purpose & not for any Malicious intent. My prayer is, May God bless him with light & with the intelligence of Heaven to comprehend the things of God & discriminate between truth and error..."
His excommunication was evidently made public by announcement at the stake conference held in St. George the following spring although there is no mention of it in the conference minutes. That seems unusual because other men's names were recorded as being excommunicated at the time. The Assistant LDS Church Historian, A. Will Lund, said also that no record has been found in the minutes of the meeting of October 8, when the action was supposedly taken.
With that formal declaration of excommunication against him, Lee was then a publicly accused man. He went immediately to St. George where he had a conference with President Young in which he asked for and was granted a date for a hearing regarding his excommunication. December 20, 1870 was the chosen day. However, prudence counseled against dragging the complex and potentially damaging situation out for public examination. Lee was advised to make himself scarce, move to the Colorado River, and set up a ferry in a remote spot where he would be relatively safe from the law. He at once began preparations.
The move out to that area during the winter of 1870-71 was attended by hardship and heavy hearts. His wife, Terressa, moved north to make her home with a married son by her previous marriage. Ann Gordge took her baby and went north to seek employment; Lavina and Polly had homes at Skutumpah; Caroline stayed at Panguitch; Rachel set up at Jacob's Pools; and Emma moved to the ferry at Lonely Dell. Lee spent his time among his families as he could, even visiting the settlements occasionally. But life there at the ferry was one continual struggle with the elements. In a land where there was little of either plant or animal life, it was extremely difficult for a family to survive. Hardest of all were the long, empty times when for months they would see no other human being. That isolation was in painful contrast to active socialization the family had enjoyed in earlier years, sometimes seating twenty or more visitors at meals.
In 1872 the administration of the Church decided to push hard to colonize Arizona and asked Lee to operate a ferry across the Colorado. They offered substantial help in that major project, sending out "Uncle Tommy" Smith to superintend the boat building. He brought building materials and his son to assist. With Lee's cooperation, the ferry boat was completed and dedicated on January 11, 1873. By the first of February an exploring party reached the river. From that time until June sixteenth, many pioneers crossed on the ferry, both going to and returning from Arizona. That was a dry year, so many of the water holes on the Arizona side of the Colorado River were dry and most of the people sent to establish colonies were forced to return because of drought. On June 16, 1873 a great storm blew a tree into the large ferry boat which broke the boat loose, and the river carried it away. At that point, there could be no more crossing of emigrant trains into Arizona until another boat was built.
Within a few days of the loss of the big ferry boat, Lee was warned that law officers were on their way to take him into custody and that he should cross the river into Indian territory in Arizona. That he did and remained nine months, working alone, planting and harvesting crops.
It was during that period that Lee became desperately ill and unable to take care of his basic needs for a time. A most wondrous event occurred then. As described in verse in his diary, he asked a little bird to fly swiftly to his home miles away and tell his wife to come to his aid. Rachel, in her little house near the ferry, noticed a small bird behaving in a most peculiar manner, excited and apparently trying to attract her attention. After observing the bird for a time, Rachel decided that this was a message that her husband needed her. Packing food and medicine on her horse, she left without delay to ride to her husband. That is one of the priceless traditions of the Lee family.
While he was away in Arizona, his wife Emma had given birth to a baby at Lonely Dell, attended only by her twelve-year-old son. Lee received a letter from the office of Brigham Young dated January 28, 1874 assuring him that "if you will see that this Ferry is kept up, you are welcome to the use of the boat. You should charge a suitable price for your labor. When we come along with our company, we shall expect to pay you liberally for your services..." That was the real reason for Lee's return to the ferry. The whole tenor of the message was so favorable that Lee was overjoyed. Referring to Young, he wrote in his diary: "It was only another evidence of the high minded Philanthropy that ever characterized the Nobleness of his Character."
Lee went back to Lonely Dell, and as soon as he could arrange it, started back to the southern Utah settlements. En route he visited his families at Skutumpah where his two wives, Polly and Lavina, lived. Together with Emma, his son, John David, and a friend, Tom Clark, he started for St. George. At Pipe Springs he met the outfit taking out materials to build the new boat. He left Emma and the wagon at Washington and rode over to St. George on horseback, arriving at Brigham Young's home on Sunday evening, April 5, 1874. There he was greeted cordially, was invited to stay for supper, introduced to the family, and was given the full evening for visiting and discussion.
During the next three days he traveled with the President's group from the north, taking leave of them at Kanarraville on April eighth, where he recorded that: "President Young implicitly enjoined it upon me to see after the Ferry & not let the boat get away & not let it get into the hands of our Enemies, not to hire Gentiles to tend it..."
Six months later, on November 7, 1874 Lee was apprehended at Panguitch by United States Marshal William Stokes and brought in to Fort Cameron at Beaver for trial for his part in the Mountain Meadow massacre. The trial dragged on, with no witnesses in good standing in the Church appearing, the defense taking the position that Lee personally was not responsible for what happened as he was but one of a group and not the one in command. At the close of the trial, the jury was divided, half for acquittal, and half for the death penalty. A new trial would be necessary.
On August 9, 1875 he was moved under heavy guard from the Beaver jail to the Utah State Penitentiary. There he was confined for nine months during which time he kept a daily record of what went on. It is a most remarkable document, not only from Lee's personal experiences, but for what it shows of the treatment of criminals in the state during that era. He was able to purchase a limited freedom because he inspired the confidence of the officials. He was helpful and cooperative, and he paid $5.00 a month to the warden. Thus he was allowed to help pick fruit and can it in the fall, to milk the cow, feed the horse, and shovel snow during the winter. Best of all, he was allowed to teach a school among the young men in the jail. He made a table and benches for their use, set copy for them to write, listened to them read, and generally encouraged them to a better life. His wife, Rachel, was allowed to join him in the penitentiary, paying for her way and part of his limited freedom by cooking and washing for the prisoners. Through all this, he maintained a great hope for a retrial in which he felt certain that he would secure his freedom.
Lee was finally released on bail of $15,000 on May 11, 1876. During the next three months, he visited all his families, tried to get his affairs in order, and reconciled himself to the thought that it could well be the end for him. Though his bondsman, William H. Hooper, had indicated that he would be pleased if Lee escaped, and his sons at the ferry urged him to cross the Colorado and flee to Mexico, he took the position that he would rather "die like a man than live like a dog." Always he insisted that he would prefer death to dishonor, and he had given his word to be at Beaver on September eleventh.
The second trial moved with dispatch. Other participants in the massacre took the stand as witnesses, and men in good standing in the Church testified as to what they had heard. The lawyers were careful to ask only questions concerning Lee without incriminating anyone else. Under those conditions, memories were sharpened and answers were prompt so far as the conduct of Lee was concerned. If a witness forgot all else that had happened, his testimony was not discounted. In just a week the all-Mormon jury was unanimous for conviction, some admitting later that they had salved their consciences by the thought that "it was better that one man should perish than that a whole nation should dwindle in unbelief."
Between the time of his conviction and his execution, a petition was circulated in his behalf. It was signed by more than eight hundred citizens of the Beaver and Panguitch areas. Lee was given the alternative: "Life and freedom, if he would tell all that he knew of what went on that fateful day, or death before a firing squad if he would not." The political enemies of Brigham Young had pressured Lee throughout all the years of his imprisonment to testify that his prophet had ordered the massacre. He chose the firing squad. He said, "There's no man I hate worse than a traitor. Especially I could not betray an innocent man."
Transporting him all the way to the Mountain Meadows for his execution was probably another attempt to arrange the stage props for the final tragedy, a last effort to break his will. During his last statement he remained calm; he spoke clearly; he asked only that his executioners center his heart and not mutilate his body. Five simultaneous shots rang out. He fell back into the coffin upon which he sat and died without a struggle. He was buried in the cemetery at Panguitch where a simple shaft marked his grave.
Today his published diaries have brought him before the world in his true light as a man of great ability and integrity, and above all, a man of deep and true loyalty to his Church. Perhaps others of his records may be found in future years to shed light upon the tragic period which is still clouded, but it is likely that, if found, those will only increase the stature of the man who now stands as a lonely, tragic figure, one of the great among the builders of the western empire.
John married (1) Aggatha Ann WOOLSEY 23 Jul 1833 in Kantlink, Randolph, Illinois. She was born 18 Jan 1814 in Danville, Boyle, Kentucky, the daughter of Joseph WOOLSEY and Abigail SHAFFER. Aggatha died 4 Jun 1866 in New Harmony, Washington, Utah, and was buried 5 Jun 1866 in New Harmony, Washington, Utah.
John married (2) Nancy BEAN 4 Feb 1844 in Nauvoo, Hancock, Illinois. She was born 14 Dec 1826 in West Troy, Lincoln, Missouri, the daughter of James BEAN and Elizabeth LEWIS. Nancy died 3 Mar 1903 in Parowan, Iron, Utah, and was buried 5 Mar 1903 in Parowan, Iron, Utah.
John married (3) Louisa FREE 19 Apr 1844 in Nauvoo, Hancock, Illinois. She was born 9 Aug 1824 in Fayetteville, St. Clair, Illinois, the daughter of Absalom Pennington FREE and Elizabeth or Betsy STRAIT. Louisa died 18 Jun 1886 in Salt Lake City, Salt Lake, Utah.
John married (4) Sarah Caroline WILLIAMS 19 Apr 1844 in Nauvoo, Hancock, Illinois. She was born 24 Nov 1830 in Murfreesboro, Rutherford, Tennessee, the daughter of Isaac Horton WILLIAMS and Margaret WALKUP. Sarah died 16 Feb 1908 in Torrey, Wayne, Utah, and was buried 19 Feb 1908 in Torrey, Wayne, Utah.
John married (5) Abigail SHAFFER 19 Apr 1844 in Nauvoo, Hancock, Illinois. She was born 13 Sep 1785/1786 in Maryland. Abigail died 3 Sep 1848 in Wyoming, and was buried 3 Sep 1848 in Wyoming.
John married (6) Rachel Andora WOOLSEY 3 May 1845 in Nauvoo, Hancock, Illinois. She was born 5 Aug 1825 in Danville, Mercer, Kentucky, the daughter of Joseph WOOLSEY and Abigail SHAFFER. Rachel died 7 Jul 1912 in Lebanon, Graham, Arizona, and was buried Jul 1912 in Lebanon, Graham, Arizona.
John married (7) Polly Ann WORKMAN 1845 in Nauvoo, Hancock, Illinois.
John married (8) Martha Elizabeth BERRY 1845 in Nauvoo, Hancock, Illinois. She was born 22 Nov 1827 in Nashville, Davidson, Tennessee, the daughter of Jesse Woods BERRY and Amelia SHANKS. Martha died 17 Jun 1885 in Kanosh, Millard, Utah, and was buried Jun 1885 in Panguitch, Garfield, Utah.
John married (9) Delethia MORRIS 1845/1846 in Nauvoo, Hancock, Illinois. She was born about 1812.
John married (10) Nancy Ann VANCE 1845/1846 in Nauvoo, Hancock, Illinois. She was born 29 Sep 1824 in Morgan, Illinois, the daughter of John VANCE and Sarah Lavinia Gant PERKINS. Nancy died 30 Oct 1851.
John married (11) Emoline Vaughn WOOLSEY 21 Dec 1846 in Winter Quarters, Douglas, Nebraska. She was born 4 Jan 1830 in Danville, Boyle, Kentucky, the daughter of Joseph WOOLSEY and Abigail SHAFFER.
John married (12) Nancy GIBBONS 27 Feb 1847 in Winter Quarters, Douglas, Nebraska. She was born 7 Jan 1799 in Knoxville, Knox, Tennessee. Nancy died Aug 1847 in Summer Quarters, Nebraska.
John married (13) Mary Vance "Polly" YOUNG 27 Feb 1847 in Winter Quarters, Douglas, Nebraska. She was born 10 Nov 1817 in Jackson County, Tennessee, the daughter of David YOUNG and Elizabeth VANCE. Mary died 7 Apr 1883 in Nutrioso, Apache, Arizona, and was buried in Nutrioso, Apache, Arizona.
John married (14) Lavina YOUNG 27 Feb 1847 in Winter Quarters, Douglas, Nebraska. She was born 25 Sep 1820 in Putman, Jackson, Tennessee, the daughter of David YOUNG and Elizabeth VANCE. Lavina died 4 Jul 1883 in Nutrioso, Apache, Arizona, and was buried Jul 1883 in Nutrioso, Apache, Arizona.
John married (15) Mary Leah GROVES 2 Dec 1852 in Cedar City, Iron, Utah. She was born 30 Oct 1836 in Far West, Caldwell, Missouri, the daughter of Elisha Hurd GROVES and Lucy SIMMONS. Mary died 12 Jul 1912 in Virgin, Washington, Utah, and was buried 14 Jul 1912 in Virgin, Washington, Utah.
John married (16) Mary Ann WILLIAMS 1856. She was born 11 Sep 1844 in Springfield, Sangamon, Illinois, the daughter of John WILLIAMS and Marcy LUCAS. Mary died 8 Feb 1882 in Panguitch, Garfield, Utah, and was buried in Panguitch, Garfield, Utah.
John married (17) Emma Louise BATCHELOR 7 Jan 1858 in Salt Lake City, Salt Lake, Utah. She was born 21 Apr 1836 in Uckfield, Sussex, England, the daughter of Henry BATCHELOR and Elizabeth. Emma died 16 Nov 1897 in Winslow, Navajo, Arizona, and was buried 18 Nov 1897 in Winslow, Navajo, Arizona.
John married (18) Terressa MORSE 18 Mar 1859 in Fort Harmony, Washington, Utah. She was born 20 Oct 1813 in Clifford, Luzerne, Pennsylvania, the daughter of William Amos MORSE and Hannah FINN. Terressa died 20 Mar 1862 in Sevier County, Utah, and was buried 23 Mar 1862 in Sevier, Sevier, Utah.
John married (19) Ann GORDGE 10 Jun 1865 in Salt Lake City, Salt Lake, Utah. She was born 30 May 1849 in Adelaide, Australia, Australia, the daughter of Samuel GORDGE and Merab HANCOCK.


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Our MRL13.5 Monster Lights are shipped configured with 12 degree optic lenses, shower glass diffuser, an LDM module and a 4 meter cable as a standard package.
The supplied LDM driver must be used for both continuous or strobe operations! Do not connect the fixture directly to 24VDC! Operating the fixture without the supplied LDM driver will result in premature LED failure and will void the warranty.


text:
Nimbu-Pani:The Lemon-Water Song by Jordana De La Sierra on On Air: DISCONANI Live
Sly & the Family Stone Everyday People Single The Cutting Room Floor Sun, Nov 14, 2021
Sly & The Family Stone Everyday People Everyday People Dave's Deep Dives Wed, Jul 15, 2020
Sly and the Family Stone Everyday People Stand! Musically Inclined Thu, Jan 23, 2020
Sly and the Family Stone Everyday People Stand! Musically Inclined Sun, Dec 29, 2019
Sly and the Family Stone Everyday People Stand! Musically Inclined Sun, Dec 1, 2019
Sly and the Family Stone Everyday People single indrani gets next to you Tue, Sep 17, 2019
Sly and the Family Stone Everyday People Greatest Hits Musically Inclined Sun, Sep 1, 2019
Aretha Franklin Everyday People What You See is What You Sweat Pirate Radio Wed, May 29, 2019
Joan Jett & The BlackHearts Everyday People Album The Records Division Sun, May 26, 2019
Sly & The Family Stone Everyday People Stand Something Completely Different Wed, Jan 2, 2019
Aretha Franklin Everyday People What You See Is What You Sweat Nancy Has the Shingles Wed, Nov 7, 2018
Sly and the Family Stone Everyday People Stand Nancy Has the Shingles Sat, Sep 22, 2018
Sly and the Family Stone Everyday People Stand Nito's "Neat Show!" Sun, Jul 1, 2018
Sly and the Family Stone Everyday People Stand Mike After Midnight Thu, Feb 1, 2018
Sly & The Family Stone Everyday People Stand Good Vibrations Tue, Jul 18, 2017
Aretha Franklin Everyday People What you See is What you Sweat indrani gets next to you Thu, Apr 20, 2017
Sly & The Family Stone Everyday People The Essential Sly & The Family Stone mrjones Sat, May 2, 2015
Sly and the Family Stone Everyday People Best Of mari_cornett Mon, Oct 28, 2013
Aretha Franklin Everyday People Everyday People cheyenne Fri, Oct 25, 2013
Sly and the Family Stone Everyday People Rolling Stones Greatest Hits mari_cornett Mon, Oct 14, 2013
Artist: Sly & the Family Stone
Track: Everyday People
Show: The Cutting Room Floor
Album: Everyday People
Time: Wed, Jul 15, 2020, 10:46 AM
Artist: Sly and the Family Stone
Album: Stand!
Show: Musically Inclined
Time: Thu, Jan 23, 2020, 6:11 AM
Album: Greatest Hits
Time: Sun, Sep 1, 2019, 5:36 AM
Artist: Aretha Franklin
Album: What You See is What You Sweat
Time: Wed, May 29, 2019, 10:50 AM
Artist: Joan Jett & The BlackHearts
Album: Album
Time: Sun, May 26, 2019, 8:34 PM
Album: Stand
Time: Wed, Jan 2, 2019, 7:03 AM
Time: Sat, Sep 22, 2018, 10:44 PM
Show: Nito's "Neat Show!"
Time: Sun, Jul 1, 2018, 5:05 AM
Show: Mike After Midnight
Show: Good Vibrations
Time: Thu, Apr 20, 2017, 3:56 PM
Album: The Essential Sly & The Family Stone
Show: mrjones
Album: Best Of
Show: mari_cornett
Show: cheyenne
Time: Fri, Oct 25, 2013, 12:37 PM
Album: Rolling Stones Greatest Hits


text:
Q: Can I programmatically get the MAC address of wifi which is connected to my phone? My phone is connected to wifi.I want to get mac address of my wifi.

A: BSSID and mac address is same thing.
You can get mac address from this function.
just import SystemConfiguration.CaptiveNetwork
func getWIFIInformation() -> [String:String]{
    var informationDictionary = [String:String]()
    let informationArray:NSArray? = CNCopySupportedInterfaces()
    if let information = informationArray {
        let dict:NSDictionary? = CNCopyCurrentNetworkInfo(information[0] as! CFStringRef)
        if let temp = dict {
            informationDictionary["SSID"] = String(temp["SSID"]!)
            informationDictionary["BSSID"] = String(temp["BSSID"]!)
            return informationDictionary
        }
    }

    return informationDictionary
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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This company specializes in the domestic production and global distribution of agricultural vehicles and equipment. One major concern for this manufacturer was locating its custom shipping racks needed to support production. When racks were lost, or missing, supply chain managers would send out mass, internal emails looking to recover them. In the process, the company learned that racks were being used inappropriately, such as for drying racks to store freshly painted parts. Supply chain managers determined that a better solution was needed for monitoring the location, movement, and use of its racks.
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