text:
The data speak: Stronger pandemic response yields better economic recovery
Study of 1918 flu pandemic shows U.S. cities that responded more aggressively in health terms also had better economic rebounds.
Peter Dizikes | MIT News Office
Abby Abazorius
Email: abbya@mit.edu
Caption: A new study co-authored by Emil Verner, an assistant professor at The MIT Sloan School of Management, shows that in the 1918 flu pandemic, cities that had more aggressive interventions including social distancing also experienced stronger economic recoveries afterward.
Credits: Image: Christine Daniloff, MIT; stock image buildings
A new study co-authored by Emil Verner, an assistant professor at The MIT Sloan School of Management, shows that in the 1918 flu pandemic, cities that had more aggressive interventions including social distancing also experienced stronger economic recoveries afterward.
Image: Christine Daniloff, MIT; stock image buildings
The research described in this article has been published as a working paper but has not yet been peer-reviewed by experts in the field.
With much of the U.S. in shutdown mode to limit the spread of the Covid-19 disease, a debate has sprung up about when the country might "reopen" commerce, to limit economic fallout from the pandemic. But as a new study co-authored by an MIT economist shows, taking care of public health first is precisely what generates a stronger economic rebound later.
The study, using data from the flu pandemic that swept the U.S. in 1918-1919, finds cities that acted more emphatically to limit social and civic interactions had more economic growth following the period of restrictions.
Indeed, cities that implemented social-distancing and other public health interventions just 10 days earlier than their counterparts saw a 5 percent relative increase in manufacturing employment after the pandemic ended, through 1923. Similarly, an extra 50 days of social distancing was worth a 6.5 percent increase in manufacturing employment, in a given city.
"We find no evidence that cities that acted more aggressively in public health terms performed worse in economic terms," says Emil Verner, an assistant professor in the MIT Sloan School of Management and co-author of a new paper detailing the findings. "If anything, the cities that acted more aggressively performed better."
With that in mind, he observes, the idea of a "trade-off" between public health and economic activity does not hold up to scrutiny; places that are harder hit by a pandemic are unlikely to rebuild their economic capacities as quickly, compared to areas that are more intact.
"It casts doubt on the idea there is a trade-off between addressing the impact of the virus, on the one hand, and economic activity, on the other hand, because the pandemic itself is so destructive for the economy," Verner says.
The study, "Pandemics Depress the Economy, Public Health Interventions Do Not: Evidence from the 1918 Flu," was posted to the Social Science Research Network as a working paper on March 26. In addition to Verner, the co-authors are Sergio Correia, an economist with the U.S. Federal Reserve, and Stephen Luck, an economist with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
Evaluating economic consequences
To conduct the research, the three scholars examined mortality statistics from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC), historical economic data from the U.S. Census Bureau, and banking statistics compiled by finance economist Mark D. Flood, using the "Annual Reports of the Comptroller of Currency," a government publication.
As Verner notes, the researchers were motivated to investigate the 1918-1919 flu pandemic to see what lessons from it might be applicable to the current crisis.
"The genesis of the study is that we're interested in what the expected economic impacts of today's coronavirus are going to be, and what is the right way to think about the economic consequences of the public health and social distancing interventions we're seeing all around the world," Verner says.
Scholars have known that the varying use of "nonpharmaceutical interventions," or social-distancing measures, correlated to varying health outcomes across cities in 1918 and 1919. When that pandemic hit, U.S. cities that shut down schools earlier, such as St. Louis, fared better against the flu than places implementing shutdowns later, such as Philadelphia. The current study extends that framework to economic activity.
Quite a bit like today, social distancing measures back then included school and theater closures, bans on public gatherings, and restricted business activity.
"The nonpharmaceutical interventions that were implemented in 1918 interestingly resemble many of the policies that are being used today to reduce the spread of Covid-19," Verner says.
Overall, the study indicates, the economic impact of the pandemic was severe. Using state-level data, the researchers find an 18 percent drop in manufacturing output through 1923, well after the last wave of the flu hit in 1919.
Looking at the effect across 43 cities, however, the researchers found significantly different economic outcomes, linked to different social distancing policies. The best-performing cities included Oakland, California; Omaha, Nebraska; Portland, Oregon; and Seattle, which all enforced above average duration and intensity of social distancing in 1918. Cities that instituted significantly fewer than days of social distancing in 1918, and saw manufacturing struggle afterward, include Philadelphia; St. Paul, Minnesota; and Lowell, Massachusetts.
"What we find is that areas that were more severely affected in the 1918 flu pandemic see a sharp and persistent decline in a number of measures of economic activity, including manufacturing employment, manufacturing output, bank loans, and the stock of consumer durables," Verner says.
Banking issues
As far as banking goes, the study included banking write-downs as an indicator of economic health, because "banks were recognizing losses from loans that households and businesses were defaulting on, due to the economic disruption caused by the pandemic," Verner says.
The researchers found that in Albany, New York; Birmingham, Alabama; Boston; and Syracuse, New York — all of which also had below average days of social distancing in 1918 — the banking sector struggled more than anywhere else in the country.
As the authors note in the paper, the economic struggles that followed the 1918-1919 flu pandemic reduced the ability of firms to manufacture goods — but the reduction in employment meant that people had less purchasing power as well.
"The evidence that we have in our paper … suggests that the pandemic creates both a supply-side problem and a demand-side problem," Verner notes.
As Verner readily acknowledges, the composition of the U.S. economy has evolved since 1918-1919, with relatively less manufacturing today and relatively more activity in services. The 1918-1919 pandemic was also especially deadly for prime working-age adults, making its economic impact particularly severe. Still, the economists think the dynamics of the previous pandemic are readily applicable to our ongoing crisis.
"The structure of the economy is of course different," Verner notes. However, he adds, "While one shouldn't extrapolate too directly from history, we can learn some of the lessons that may be relevant to us today." First among those lessons, he emphasizes: "Pandemic economics are different than normal economics."
Writing for The Boston Globe, Prof. Emil Verner underscores how public health measures to slow the spread of Covid-19 can aid economic recovery. "This shouldn't be seen as a choice between saving lives and saving the economy," writes Verner. "It's clear that well-calibrated public health interventions are the most beneficial way to protect our health and the health of our economy."
Full story via Boston Globe →
Wall Street Journal reporter Mike Bird writes that a new paper by researchers from MIT and the Federal Reserve found that "during the 1918 flu pandemic in the U.S., cities with stricter lockdowns actually seemed to emerge with less-severe economic consequences."
Full story via The Wall Street Journal →
An analysis of data from the 1918 flu pandemic by MIT and Federal Reserve researchers finds cities that committed earlier and longer to social distancing measures fared better economically, reports Emily Badger and Quoctrung Bui for The New York Times. Stricter interventions "actually make it safer for economic activity to resume, and they mitigate the negative impact of the pandemic itself on mortality," explains Prof. Emil Verner.
Full story via New York Times →
Researchers from MIT and the Federal Reserve have found that public health measures like social distancing can help the economy rebound after a pandemic, reports Travis Anderson for The Boston Globe. The researchers found "cities that implemented social distancing and other measures 10 days earlier than other municipalities saw a 5 percent 'relative increase' in manufacturing employment when the pandemic ended, through 1923."
WBUR reporter Zeninjor Enwemeka writes that a new study co-authored by MIT researchers finds aggressive measures aimed at curbing the spread of Covid-19 could also aid economic recovery. "Our findings suggest that reopening the local economy and lifting these restrictions too rapidly may actually be bad for the economy down the road," explains Prof. Emil Verner.
Full story via WBUR →
Researchers from MIT and the Federal Reserve analyzed data from the 1918 flu pandemic and found that "the notion that reducing deaths from a pandemic necessarily hurts the economy is false," reports The Economist.
Full story via Economist →
Reuters reporters Ann Saphir and Jeff Mason write that a new study by Prof. Emil Verner finds that during the 1918 flu epidemic cities that responded aggressively had fewer deaths and emerged from the pandemic with stronger economic growth. "One can do those types of quite gruesome calculations" says Verner. But evidence suggests "that in some sense, that's a false tradeoff."
Full story via Reuters →
Paper: "Pandemics Depress the Economy, Public Health Interventions Do Not: Evidence from the 1918 Flu"
Emil Verner
MIT Sloan Finance Group
3 Questions: Jonathan Parker on building an economic recovery
Supply chain outlook: The timing of the slowdown
MIT-based team works on rapid deployment of open-source, low-cost ventilator
A message from MIT astronauts: Accept the mission and find your motivators

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Don't be like Boris! Get closer to your local river without getting wet
Keeping our rivers free of litter and flytipping
Helping control non-native invasive species like Himalayan Balsam
Helping people learn about & experience our rivers
Lewisham development – looking after our rivers when development takes place
Due to Covid-19 our upcoming events will be postponed until further notice.
Please do check our social media for the latest updates, and we look forward to seeing you (hopefully very) soon!
Get set for the last major restoration of the Quaggy
Imagine being able to walk from central Lewisham to Lee Green, over the border into Greenwich and then on to Grove Park – all within a stone's throw of a restored, fully functioning River Quaggy.
We are now planning the last major restoration of the River Quaggy – and we want you to get involved.
17 Nov – Zoom Meeting: Wild Swimming – a Personal View
Christopher Woodward, Director of the Garden Museum There has been rising interest in wild swimming. People speak of the health benefits as well as how to prepare and awareness of the legalities. In his talk for QWAG, Christopher will give his personal view of wild...
19 Jan – Zoom Meeting: Nature's Recovery in Bromley, Greenwich and Lewisham
The government is consulting on its Nature Recovery Green Paper. Boroughs will also soon start to help prepare Local Nature Recovery Strategies. Ahead of the global biodiversity summit (COP15) in spring 2022 the government is consulting on how to restore nature in...
16 Mar – Zoom Meeting: Amazing Eels! Overcoming the barriers they face
Community Eels Project Officer, Thames21 Eels are amazing, but they face immense struggles. Since the 1980s European eels (Anguilla anguilla) have declined by over 90 per cent. A main threat eels face is man-made physical obstacles in rivers. Having migrated over...
Remembering Lewisham's 1968 floods – and lessons 50 years on
50 years ago, on 15 September 1968, much of Lewisham flooded.
QWAG has searched the archives for pictures and people's recollections of the floods and the clean-up.
We've also found out what the local MP of the time and the government thought of our local rivers and what they had planned for them.
Join QWAG!
QWAG is an award-winning community voluntary group. We bring urban rivers to life.
Our focus is the River Quaggy – one of the UK's most heavily engineered rivers – in SE London.
We've a proven record of restoring the natural role of the Quaggy and other local rivers to reduce flood risk, boost the river's wildlife and people's interaction with their local rivers. It's what we call 'river-powered regeneration'.
QWAG work with Ravensbourne Group
QWAG started as 'Friends of Quaggy' in 1990
QWAG attended a late summer meeting of the Ravensbourne Catchment Improvement Group to hear how Government bodies and local government representatives planned to work with the demands of the Water Framework Directive.
Quaggy by A20
The aim of the WFD, an EU initiative to improve catchments within the UK, is to report on the progress toward the achievement of good ecological potential for river catchments, including the Ravensbourne. Issues such as degraded habitat, diffuse pollution, invasive species, urban growth & regeneration affect us all and the meeting set out to see how we could all help one another in reaching WFD standards by 2015. Representatives from the Environment Agency, Thames21 and the boroughs of Lewisham, Greenwich and Bromley joined QWAG's chairman Paul de Zylva and trustee Lawrence Beale Collins in acknowledging the level of agreement and planning required to achieve positive status for the WFD. Work such as the annual 3 Rivers Clean Up and ongoing work by the Rivers and People Project in Lewisham were hailed as shining examples of the kind of teamwork necessary to help the WFD cause. QWAG already works with many of the stakeholders at the get-together and so is well placed to respond to the challenges put forward by the WFD. We have been asked by the Environment Agency to highlight problem areas along our side of the catchment where pollution, reduced habitat status and invasive species still present problems. We have therefore invited the agency for a 'walk along the river' where we will show them some of the great work that has already been completed along the Quaggy and some other areas where there is room for improvement.
The group formed to fight flood alleviation proposals for the river which would have destroyed its remaining natural sections by encasing them in concrete channels and culverts. The group successfully proposed and championed a very different scheme that reached completion in May 2007.
Sutcliffe Park
This scheme requires naturalised sections of the river and uses large open spaces beside it for temporary water storage in times of flood. The largest of these is Sutcliffe Park (above). Its transformation from an underused park to an urban oasis for wildlife has recently won two prestigious awards. Until QWAG intervened, the River Quaggy in south east London had suffered a fate typical of urban rivers. Much of its flood plain had disappeared under the relentless growth of the suburbs. In a vicious circle, the inevitable flooding that followed led to misguided alleviation measures that only made the problem worse. By 1990 much of the river flowed lifelessly in concrete channels and culverts, awaiting the seemingly inevitable coup de grace. Since its formation, QWAG has promoted, initiated and taken part in restoration projects along the Quaggy. In 2002 a much acclaimed naturalisation scheme broke out the river from its hedge-lined concrete channel in Chinbrook Meadows, recreating a natural meandering stream (below).
Chinbrook Meadows
QWAG has proved that by restoring the Quaggy we can bring wildlife, education, amenity and beauty into the fabric of our urban environment. Our challenges now are to achieve further restoration and protect the river from the many threats to its well-being. Why not join QWAG and help us help the Quaggy?
Tweets by @qwag


text:
Q: Git Merge with Remote Master I've contributed to many open source projects. Typically, as external contributors don't have write access to the repository they contribute to, the workflow is as follows:

*

*Fork the repo and clone a private copy

*git checkout -b feature-branch on the forked repo

*Push commits to this branch

*Open a pull request to merge local:feature-branch into remote:master
This is all fine, but I've recently ran into a problem when there is a merge conflict forcing me to merge master into my feature branch so the pull request can be accepted.
The command would typically be:
git checkout master
git pull origin master
git checkout feature-branch
git merge master

But when I go through these steps, git displays Already up-to-date., which makes sense. Because I'm in a forked version of the repo, my copy will never be able to get the recent remote changes to master.
So it looks like because I'm working on a forked copy that can't be merged, my PR is forever un-mergable.
How can I fix his problem?
Thanks so much for your help!

A: What you'd have to do is merge master of the remote repo into your feature-branch so your branch is up-to-date with the remote master, not your own origin master.
git checkout feature-branch
git pull remote master

A:
The command would typically be:
git checkout master
git pull origin master
git checkout feature-branch
git merge master

Well, the problem would be there on the 2nd line.
git pull origin master

The origin remote is set to your fork.  If you run something like
git remote show origin

something like
* remote origin
  Fetch URL: https://github.com/YOUR-NAME/repo.git
  Push  URL: https://github.com/YOUR-NAME/repo.git
  HEAD branch: master

will show up.
That being said, you have to pull from the forked remote. Run
git remote show

which will show all of the remotes.
Checkout to your master branch and then run
git pull <the-remote-that-isnt-origin> master

where <the-remote-that-isnt-origin> is the remote that shows up that isn't origin when you run git remote show.
Now, most open source projects don't like merge commits, so I suggest rebasing.
git checkout your-branch
git rebase master

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Back in the early 1990s Richard Charles's family had a non-pedigree, commercial herd. However being a young, enthusiastic Holstein fan, the pedigree world was a new avenue Richard wanted to...
Don Bennink of No-Fla Holsteins in Florida has a clear vision which guides his breeding in his over 10,000 head herd: his ideal cow has a slightly below average size,...
Intriguing Sires - November 2019
Apprentice has already left his mark on the breed, especially via his sons such as the wildly popular red bull Swingman. Apprentice was bred by an investor group Endeavour Genetics...
In April, he had insufficient daughters (30). But by August, the number had risen to 138 head and he was able to storm onto America's TPI top-30: Wet Tatum Mitchell,...
World Champion Irene - Timeline of a Unique Career
She did it again. For the second time after 2016, the 15-year-old Swiss exceptional phenomenon Suard-Red Jordan Irene EX-97 was crowned World Champion. What more is there to tell about...
Sibéria Holsteins: "Hot" Red-Holstein Genetics at One of the Coldest Locations in Switzerland
We couldn't have found a more ideal herd for our Red Review issue: Or a much better herd either. Do you know a dairy farm in your neighborhood where exclusively...
Ladd was the first polled bull used by Casey Jones on his family farm Scenery-View Farm in Pennsylvania. The results are noteworthy; within two generations Scenery-View Crackup (Simplicity-Silver) was bred;...
Océanie: One of Europe's Premier Red families
Production, longevity and type: It is hard to find a breeder who isn't interested in at least one of these traits – and it is even harder to find a...
Gastlosen Integral Laylani and a dream story
The truth of the matter is that we would like to use as few words as possible for this story to maximize the focus on the picture that our photographer...
La Waebera - A Fixture of the Swiss breeding Scene Goes the Next Step
La Waebera, the ultra-modern farm of the Clément family, is world-class for conformation. But there is much more to the story than that. La Waebera does not only have a...
Esprit: In the European footsteps of her great-great-granddam!
Grand Champion of the Swiss Expo and Reserve Grand at the European Show in Libramont: Sunibelle Dempsey Esprit is one of the true superstars of the European show ring. Here...
Heline: The New Queen of Europe
During the finale of an enthralling Holstein show, thousands of enthusiastic Holstein fans in Libramont (Belgium) witnessed as judge Mark Nutsford crowned the pitch-black Du Rahun Chelios Heline as European...


Bogota is the capital (city) of Colombia. In 2009 more than 7 million people live in Bogota which is the largest city in Colombia. It is about 2,640 meters above sea level, on top a plateau (a mountain with a flat top). This makes it the third highest capital in the world. With many universities and libraries, Bogotá has become known as "The Athens of South America".The weather is usually nice during the day and cool at night. It has a series of bike paths (trails that are made for bikes) that wind through the city. It has many recreational and amusement parks open to the public. The current mayor is Enrique Penalosa.
Originally, Native Americans called Muisca lived in the area. Then, in 1538, Gonzalo Jimenes de Quezada, a Spanish conqueror, founded Bogota. Bogota became a center of trade, art, and education. Some of the oldest universities in the Americas are in Bogota. After Independence from Spain, Bogota became the capital of Gran Colombia in 1819.
Bogota has had extremely awful moments. In 1948, a presidential candidate, Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, was murdered while doing a speech in front of hundreds of persons. This tragic moment brought with it terrible consequences: one of the most remembered one is the "Bogotazo". The "Bogotazo" started as a political party war, the blue party, self named the "conservatives", began to hunt and kill every single member of the red party, the "liberals". Such a sadistic event had not been seen in the history of Colombia since the independence war of this very country. Seeing this terrible unfair situation, the remaining blue party members decided to create the "Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia" (FARC); however, this group was ironically created to protect the oppressed people from their oppressors. Nowadays, this group is known as terrorists and murderers;nevertheless, Colombia's capital city, Bogota, has not being attacked in the last few years.
Map of the TransMilenio system.
Bogotá Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.


The Hoggatt Laboratory is broadly interested in the stem cell niche regulatory mechanisms that govern tissue regeneration, particularly regulation by macrophages, and that have a specific interest in translational science for bone marrow transplantation and other treatments.
The Hoggatt Laboratory is broadly interested in the stem cell niche regulatory mechanisms that govern tissue regeneration, particularly regulation by macrophages, and that have a specific interest in translational science for bone marrow transplantation and other treatments. We have identified a unique "highly engraftable" hematopoietic stem cell that we are currently investigating which has applications for further probing of stem cell niche biology, and clinical applications in transplantation, gene therapy, and other fields. We have also developed unique genetic mouse models allowing us to dynamically explore macrophage heterogeneity in a variety of disease settings.
To learn more about the Hoggatt Laboratory, visit their website at hoggattlab.com.
Macrophages are ancient cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. My old microbiology textbook defines macrophages as "scavengers and sentries – routinely phagocytizing dead cells and debris, but always on the lookout, ready to destroy invaders, and able to call in reinforcements when needed." Our laboratory believes they are so much more.
We have created a unique mouse model that allows tracking of macrophages with deferring embryonic origins with specific, genetic-fluorescent markers, aiding in de-convoluting this heterogeneous cell population. Our laboratory is exploring several clinically relevant applications for stem cell transplantation, and will broadly use these macrophage tools and knowledge to delineate macrophage regenerative signals in multiple tissue stem cell niches, organ transplantation, and disease.
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is used to treat a number of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Over the last decade, there has been increasing evidence that the HSC pool is heterogeneous in function; with identification of HSCs with differing lineage outputs, kinetics of repopulation, length of life-span, and perhaps differences amongst HSCs contributing to homeostatic blood production from those that are the engraftable units in transplantation. Delineating the mechanisms of these functional differences has the potential to increase the efficacy of stem cell transplantation.
Currently, there are no great methods for prospectively isolating differing HSC populations to study heterogeneity; much of the data that has been acquired is based on clonal tracking, single cell transplantation, etc. We have developed a rapid mobilization regimen as a new method to acquire HSCs. After fifteen minutes, a single subcutaneous injection in mice leads to mobilization that is greater than 5 days of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment; the current gold standard for hematopoietic mobilization. Surprisingly, when equivalent numbers of highly-purified HSCs from the blood of mice treated with the rapid regimen versus G-CSF were subsequently competitively transplanted into lethally irradiated recipients, the HSCs mobilized by the rapid regimen substantially outperformed those mobilized by G-CSF. The rapid regimen mobilizes a "highly engraftable" hematopoietic stem cell (heHSC) compared to those mobilized by G-CSF.
Much like panning for gold, we have used the differential mobilization properties of our regimen and G-CSF as a "biologic sieve" to isolate the heterogeneous HSC populations from the blood. Our laboratory will continue to leverage this approach to analyze the transcriptomic and epigenetic differences between the two populations of HSCs to determine the specific gene(s) that account for the heHSC phenotype and to further explore the biologic potential of this new population of stem cells. These efforts have the potential to substantially increase our knowledge of heterogeneity and increase efficacy of HSC based clinical therapies.
Shown are sinusoidal vessels (green) within the calvaria bone of mice during live, in vivo imaging of the hematopoietic stem cell niche.
Hoggatt J. Gene Therapy for 'Bubble Boy' Disease. Cell, 2016; Jul 14;166(2):263.
Hoggatt J, Kfoury Y and Scadden DT. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche in Health and Diseases. Annual Review of Pathology, 2016;11:555-581.
Hoggatt J†*, Hoggatt AF†*, Tate TA, Fortman J, Pelus LM*. Bleeding the Laboratory Mouse: Not All Methods are Equal. Experimental Hematology, 2016: Feb;44(2):132-137.
Hoggatt J, Tate TA and Pelus LM. "Role of Lipegfilgrastim in the Management of Chemotherapy Induced Neutropenia. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2015;10:2647-52.


text:
rhap.so.dy in words
No hyperbole, just passionate musings.
The Virtuoso
Official Soundtrack to The Virtuoso
Trulūm Skin Care
Welcome & Contact Me
A Fascinating Tour of the Historic Heart of Trinity College Cambridge
July 2, 2018 / ginnyburges
"If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants." ~ Sir Isaac Newton
Monday 25th June was an important date in my diary. My job was to take my younger son, William, to visit Trinity College Cambridge for an Arts Open Day. The invite had come via his school, and I was determined that he shouldn't miss the opportunity to get an idea of what it might be like to study at one of the most respected universities in the UK, if not the world.
Trinity College – the Great Court and fountain
Until now, Will has not considered attending university; he wants to go to a specialist drama school after A-Levels. But he now has another option depending on his academic results at GCSE and A-Level over the course of the next two years.
The invite came as part of the university's drive to take on students from more diverse and less privileged backgrounds than they traditionally would consider.
Trinity College Cambridge – Clock Tower
Trinity's motto is Virtus Vera Nobilitas (Virtue is true nobility), a fitting slogan for all who aspire to achieve, no matter their circumstances.
I was hoping the experience would inspire William and create a belief that anything is possible regarding his future – if he is prepared to work hard. He has shown an incredible work ethic in year 11 and while studying for his GCSEs, to the point that his school have bestowed an award for his attitude to learning which will be formally presented at a special ceremony on 17th July.
Trinity College – the Great Gate from inside the Great Court
Trinity College – Dining Hall – presided over by Henry VIII!
There is no doubt that Will was impressed by Trinity, and he is absorbing the information he received during the visit. He would not be able to study drama there, but under the subjects encompassed in Arts & Humanities he could read History. Trinity only take around 10 – 12 students per year as undergraduates in History, so he would have to get top grades in history and across the board, as well as pass an entrants exam and interview.
History is probably his favourite after drama, and one of his chosen A-Level subjects.
I don't have a glass ball with which to predict the future, but I do know that if he sets his mind to something he will move heaven and earth to make it happen.
"History provides an intellectual training and a stimulus to the imagination: it enables one to put expertise into its human context." ~ Trinity College Cambridge
Whilst Will was involved in his history discussion subject, as a parent, I was permitted to have a tour of the college.
Trinity College Cambridge – view of the Dining Hall from Nevile's Court beneath the Wren Library
Trinity College Cambridge – Bowling Green off the Great Court.
I would have been rather at a loose end in Cambridge for most of the day after I dropped Will off to register and attend the welcoming lecture, as no parents were allowed to accompany their children. My dad and step mum live near Colchester and so met up with me for a leisurely lunch on the terrace at Prezzo's, watching the punts go by on the peaceful and serene River Cam.
River Cam by Queen's College, Cambridge
We then returned to Trinity for our tour of the college. It was the hottest day of the year so far, marking the start of the current heat wave sweeping the UK. I don't think we could have asked for a more beautiful day to see the college.
Afterwards we strolled along past Gonville & Caius College, King's College, Corpus Christi and Queens College before a much needed drink to cool off in The Anchor.
The Corpus Clock and Chronophage in Cambridge, photo taken at 3.13pm
There's an amazing, if somewhat bizarre, clock on the route, the Corpus Clock:
King's College Chapel, Cambridge
A recording of the famous King's College Choir inside King's College Chapel from 2011:
Entrance to King's College Cambridge
A university side street
Corpus Christi College Cambridge
Will loving the Cambridge vibe…
The Round Church (Holy Sepulchre) in Cambridge c. 1130
Short history of Trinity College Cambridge
Trinity College was founded by King Henry VIII in 1546, as an amalgamation of King's Hall (founded in 1317 by Edward II) and Michaelhouse (founded by Hervey de Stanton in 1324).
1575 map of Trinity College Cambridge
Henry was hell-bent on plundering the monasteries, abbeys and church lands, (as touched on in a previous post about Tintern Abbey), and Cambridge University may well have suffered the same fate, but for the intervention of his sixth wife, Catherine Parr; who persuaded her husband to create a new college from existing ones rather than shutting them down.
Henry's statue on the exterior of the Great Gate commemorates his forming of Trinity College.
Trinity College Cambridge – The Great Gate from Trinity Street
The Great Court
Just stepping inside the Great Court makes you feel intelligent! Perhaps it's a sense of being part of something bigger than even the University of Cambridge and its constituent colleges such as Trinity, Corpus Christi, St. John's and King's – the act of higher education itself.
The centuries of learning that has taken place on this site has somehow seeped into the bricks and permeates the air with inspiration…
Trinity College Cambridge – the Great Court (Great Gate and fountain).
The Great Court was designed and conceived by Thomas Nevile (Master of Trinity from 1593 to 1615), who adapted buildings where necessary and added new ones, including the Great Hall in the early 1600s, to what is essentially still in daily use.
Unknown artist – Thomas Nevile (1548-1615), Master (1593-1615), Dean of Peterborough (1590-1597) and Dean of Canterbury (1597-1615); Trinity College, University of Cambridge
Print of the Great Court and Nevile's Court of Trinity College by David Loggan c. 1690
Trinity College Cambridge – Dining Hall from the Great Court, adjoining the ivy covered Master's Lodge.
Trinity College Cambridge – Lavender around the fountain in the Great Court.
The Great Court Run is a long running tradition; an all-out 400 yard dash undertaken by freshers around the court on the day of their matriculation dinner, (portrayed in the film Chariots of Fire about the British Olympic runners of 1924).
Trinity College Chapel
It was especially wonderful to experience the college chapel, built in the Gothic Tudor style, and Grade 1 listed like much of the college. The chapel construction dates to the mid 16th century by order of Queen Mary, completed by Queen Elizabeth I.
The only part of Trinity College Chapel seen from Trinity Street
The chapel is on the right as you enter through the Great Gate. We were fortunate to hear choral undergraduates rehearsing. Their voices resembled a choir of angels, rising like ethereal vibrations into the vaulted ceiling, wafting peace and tranquility over us mortals below…
Trinity College Cambridge – entrance to the chapel from the Great Court
Trinity College Chapel during a choral rehearsal
Beautiful windows inside the chapel
Trinity College Chapel – Royal crests on the ceiling
Marble statues of Tennyson, Newton, Bacon and other great alumni are placed in the entrance to the chapel.
Trinity College Chapel – Tennyson
Trinity College Chapel – Sir Francis Bacon
Trinity College Chapel – Sir Isaac Newton
The Wren Library
As the name suggests, Thomas Nevile also built the smaller, eponymous Nevile's Court in 1614, between the Great Court and the River Cam.
Trinity College Cambridge – the cloisters of Nevile's Court
Trinity College Cambridge – facing the Wren Library from the opposite side of Nevile's Court
Its elegant cloistered space remained three sided until the addition of the prestigious Wren Library, designed by Sir Christopher Wren and built between 1676 and 1695 to house the college's burgeoning requirement for books and keep up with Trinity's growth and diversity of interest.
My dad admiring the Wren Library
View from the lower stairs at the back of the Wren Library over the River Cam.
I could have spent all day in there, but it is a place of scholarly reading and not generally open to the public. I was thrilled to see one of two of Shakespeare's First Folios housed in the library, alongside a handwritten poetry book (which preceded paradise Lost), by John Milton – the only known example of his handwriting. My eyes devoured original writings by Alfred Lord Tennyson, A.A. Milne and A.E. Houseman.
The Wren Library also holds Sir Isaac Newton's own original copy of Principa Mathematica, (Will was stoked to see that and took a sneaky photo).
The Wren Library – Newton's Principa Mathematica
There have been many notable and famous alumni across diverse fields of study and achievement: science, mathematics, politics, literature, music, history and philosophy.
"Cambridge has seen many strange sights. It has seen Wordsworth drunk, it has seen Porson sober. I am a greater scholar than Wordsworth and I am a greater poet than Porson. So I fall betwixt and between."
~ A. E. Housman, in Richard Perceval Graves A.E. Housman: The Scholar Poet
Famous Alumni
Two British composers that had much success here included Sir John Villiers Stanford, who would go on to teach Trinity Alumni Ralph Vaughan Williams at the RCM as a post graduate.
"Stanford's music the sense of style, the sense of beauty, the feeling of a great tradition is never absent. His music is in the best sense of the word Victorian, that is to say it is the musical counterpart of the art of Tennyson, Watts and Matthew Arnold."
~ Ralph Vaughan Williams
Portrait of Sir Charles Villiers Stanford at the top of the stairs leading to the Wren Library
Stanford's most well-known composition is probably 'The Blue Bird', set to words by Mary E. Coleridge:
"The lake lay blue below the hill.
O'er it, as I looked, there flew
Across the waters, cold and still,
A bird whose wings were palest blue.
The sky above was blue at last,
The sky beneath me blue in blue.
A moment, ere the bird had passed,
It caught his image as he flew".
My favourite composition by Ralph Vaughan Williams is The Lark Ascending, for violin and orchestra, closely followed by Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis:
Land and investments
Trinity is thought to be the richest of the Oxbridge colleges, with a landholding alone worth £800 million. Trinity is sometimes suggested to be the third or fourth wealthiest landowner in the UK (or in England) – after the Crown Estate, the National Trust and the Church of England. In 2005, Trinity's annual rental income from its properties was reported to be in excess of £20 million.
Trinity purportedly owns:
3400 acres (14 km2) housing facilities at the Port of Felixstowe, Britain's busiest container port
The Cambridge Science Park
The O2 Arena in London (formerly the Millennium Dome)
There is so much history and greatness embedded within these ancient, sandy walls, but as you would expect, plenty of learning, debating, drinking, socialising and unabashed fun as part of atavistic university life.
I would be thrilled if he made it into their hallowed ranks, but either way, I'm immensely proud of him.
"I am looking forward very much to getting back to Cambridge, and being able to say what I think and not to mean what I say: two things which at home are impossible. Cambridge is one of the few places where one can talk unlimited nonsense and generalities without anyone pulling one up or confronting one with them when one says just the opposite the next day."
~ Bertrand Russell, Letter to Alys Pearsall Smith (1893)
Experience Review, Trinity College Cambridge
A.E. Houseman, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Arts Open Day, Bertrand Russell, King Henry VIII, Nevile's Court, Principa Mathematica, Ralph Vaughan Williams, River Cam Cambridge, Sir Charles Villiers Stanford, Sir Christopher Wren, Sir Isaac Newton, The Great Court Trinity, The Great Gate, The Wren Library, Thomas Nevile, Trinity College Cambridge, Trinity College Chapel, Virtus Vera Nobilitas
← Remarkable Women: The Life and Times of Alice Herz-Sommer (Part 1)
Could this Year be the Perfect, Blissful Summer…? →
View Virginia Burges Author's profile on Facebook
View @Ginsterbabe's profile on Twitter
View Virginia Burges's profile on LinkedIn
View Virginia Burges's profile on YouTube
Happy Birthday Beethoven! An Ode to the Joy and Genius of the Great Man's Music – Beethoven250
Birth of a Nation: How did Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness Come About?
Life is a Creative Process: Provenance and Value in Art
Now is a Great Time to Hear 'Words that changed the world'
A Pragmatic and Powerful Parable to Guide Your Life…
Alan Yu on Happy Birthday Beethoven! An O…
ginnyburges on Happy Birthday Beethoven! An O…
Happy Birthday Beeth… on Beethoven and Bridgetower: The…
Life is a Creative P… on Guarneri (del Gesù), Stradivar…
ginnyburges on Remarkable Women: The Life and…
William on Remarkable Women: The Life and…
ginnyburges on A Pragmatic and Powerful Parab…
mpker on A Pragmatic and Powerful Parab…
What's in a Painting? Taking a Closer Look at Paolo Veronese's Masterpiece: Feast in the House of Levi (c. 1573)
Remarkable Women: The Life and Times of Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd, (Warrior Princess of Wales)
Remarkable Women: The Life and Times of Immaculée Ilibagiza
How Should we Perceive Failure and Success?
17 Quotes on Vulnerability that will inspire an Authentic Life
What's in a Painting? Taking a Closer Look at Théodore Géricault's Masterpiece: Raft of the Medusa (c. 1818-19)
What's in a Painting? Taking a Closer Look at Pieter Bruegel the Elder's Masterpiece: The Census at Bethlehem (c. 1566)
Thoughts on Nature Vs. Nurture
Survival Archetypes – Their Role in the Collective/Personal Psyche; and Why You Should Know About Them (Part 1)
What's in a Painting? Taking a Closer Look at Peter Paul Rubens' Masterpiece: Massacre of the Innocents (c. 1611-12)
Categories Select Category #Brexit Acting Alchemy Alhambra Palace Alice Herz-Sommer Alzheimer's disease Archetypes Art Artemisia Gentileschi Artificial Intelligence Attitude Audiobooks Autumn Bach Bard Baroque Music Beethoven Beliefs Black History Month Blenheim Palace Book Cover Book Launch book review Brain Health Breast Cancer Breastfeeding Cardiovascular Disease Charisma Connection Chernobyl Choices Christmas Classical Concert Classical Music Climate Change Clouds Coconut Oil Coincidence Colour Analysis Composers Conception Concorde Conducting Contemporary African Art Corelli Cornwall Coronavirus Creativity David Oistrakh Dürer Declaration of Independence Decluttering Dementia Democracy Dorset Dreams Education Energy Epigenetics European Union Evolution Exercise Experience Review Failure & Success Femininity Fiction Films Game of Life Gerard ter Borch Goal Setting Goddess Gratitude Greek Mythology Guarneri del Gesu Guest Blog Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd Halloween Happiness Health Heart Matters Hell Fire Caves Hieronymus Bosch History Hope Human Microbiome Humour Iceland imagination Immaculée Ilibagiza Inspiration International Women's Day Italy Jane Austen Jascha Heifetz Joachim Joan of Arc Lake District Leonard Bernstein Life Life Lessons Love Martial Arts Masterclass Meditation Mental Health Mindset Motherhood Movie Review Mozart Music Music Education Music in Literature Music Therapy Nature Nature Vs. Nurture Nutrition OCD Opera Orchestras Paganini Pain Paolo Veronese Peace Peter Paul Rubens Photography Photosynthesis Pieter Bruegel the Elder Poetry Positive Psychology Pregnancy PSYCH-K Purpose & Passion Quotes Rachmaninoff Radio Reincarnation Rejection Remarkable Women Ronda Sarasate Schubert Science Shakespeare She Shed Sibelius Soul Stamina Sound Sound Therapy Spain Speeches Sports Spring Star Wars Stonehenge Stories Stradivarius Success Summer Sunday Blog Share Suspension Bridges Tartini Tchaikovsky Théodore Géricault The Age of Humans The Eureka Effect The Human Condition The Inner Child The Persian Parable The Pre-Raphaelites The Virtuoso Thermography Thomas Hardy Thoughts Time Tintern Abbey Travel Related Trinity College Cambridge TV Drama Uncategorized Velázquez Versailles Vienna Vieuxtemps Violin Viotti Virginia Hall Vision Vivaldi Vulnerability Wandering Mind Warwick Castle Water Waterfalls Wheelpower Willpower Winter Writing Yehudi Menuhin
Acting Alchemy Archetypes Art Attitude Autumn Bach Baroque Music Beethoven Beliefs book review Brain Health Breastfeeding Christmas Classical Concert Classical Music Composers Conducting Cornwall Creativity Dreams Education Evolution Experience Review Failure & Success Fiction Films Game of Life Goal Setting Goddess Gratitude Halloween Happiness Health Heart Matters History Hope Human Microbiome Inspiration International Women's Day Life Love Masterclass Mental Health Motherhood Movie Review Mozart Music Music Education Music in Literature Music Therapy Nature Paganini Poetry Positive Psychology Purpose & Passion Quotes Remarkable Women Science Shakespeare Sound Sound Therapy Spain Sports Stradivarius Sunday Blog Share Tartini The Human Condition The Virtuoso Time Travel Related Violin Vivaldi Writing Yehudi Menuhin
Archives Select Month December 2020 November 2020 October 2020 September 2020 July 2020 June 2020 May 2020 April 2020 March 2020 January 2020 December 2019 November 2019 September 2019 July 2019 June 2019 May 2019 April 2019 March 2019 February 2019 January 2019 December 2018 November 2018 October 2018 September 2018 July 2018 June 2018 May 2018 April 2018 March 2018 February 2018 January 2018 December 2017 November 2017 October 2017 September 2017 August 2017 July 2017 June 2017 May 2017 April 2017 March 2017 February 2017 January 2017 December 2016 November 2016 October 2016 September 2016 August 2016 July 2016 June 2016 May 2016 April 2016 March 2016 February 2016 January 2016 December 2015 November 2015 October 2015 September 2015 August 2015 July 2015 June 2015 May 2015 April 2015 March 2015 February 2015 January 2015 December 2014 November 2014 October 2014 September 2014 August 2014 July 2014 June 2014 May 2014
Publishers Weekly Review of The Virtuoso
The Virtuoso on audible
Contemporary Classical Soundtrack Composed & Recorded for The Virtuoso
https://youtu.be/8C92OvwT8Ks
evolution of storytelling
From Visually.
how reading improves your mind and body
How audio promotes literacy
10 Scientifically proven facts about CREATIVITY
10 ways to boost your creativity
The secrets of successful musicians
21 benefits of learning a musical instrument
View Virginia Burges's profile on Facebook
View VirginiaBurges's profile on YouTube
© Virginia Burges rhapsodyinwords.com 2016.
Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site's author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Virginia Burges and rhapsodyinwords.com with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.


text:
NewsGalleries
Meet Mel Gibson's look-alike son, Milo Gibson
And he's about to be a big deal too.
By Ashley Spencer|2:12am Oct 17, 2016
Milo Gibson
Mel Gibson is a man of many talents, and a father of many children.
His sixth eldest of eight (soon to be nine!), Milo Gibson, is now making his acting debut in Mel's directorial return, Hacksaw Ridge.
In Hacksaw Ridge, Milo (center) plays a small part as one of the US soldiers sent to Okinawa – where one of the bloodiest battles of World War II was fought. Next up, he'll star opposite Jennifer Garner in The Tribes of Palos Verdes.
Milo is the second to last child born to Mel and first wife Robyn Moore. Mel had another child with girlfriend Oksana Grigorieva in 2009, and he's expecting yet another with his current girlfriend, Rosalind Ross.
Naturally, we scoured Milo's Instagram to find out more about this 26-year-old Mel look-alike. Scroll to see all of his best shots!
Here is Malibu-raised Milo posing with a can of - what else? - Milo.
"Young squirrel #mullet #grom #banana #TBT #whodoesthistotheirchild," he captioned this throwback shot on a private jet.
Milo is currently dating DJ Lindsay Goodstein.
"Such good vibes with this one and many more to come," he captioned this couple pic.
"Congrats to my babe," he posted on this shot with Lindsay.
"Happy Halloween from AUS!!!" he shared while filming Hacksaw Ridge here last year.
"Wisdom teeth out like a champ."
"I'm off my friends wish me luck much love," he shared while journeying to Oz.
"I'm super thanks for asking!!" he captioned this pose. "Me in rare form."
"The iceman."
Look at little Milo!
-- no more galleries --


text:
Hard Rock Hotel Singapore
3 days ago, I went to the newly opened Hard Rock Hotel Singapore with my relatives! It's an experience that I mustn't miss and also a grea...
Travel Singapore
at Mar 21 2010
3 days ago, I went to the newly opened Hard Rock Hotel Singapore with my relatives!
It's an experience that I mustn't miss and also a great learning opportunity for my DSLR! I sort of became a "representative" of my family, because my parents were working and brother had to go to school.
Ah Yi booked a taxi and we set off to Vivo City. The taxi driver, a pretty old uncle, spoke in fluent English and talked about gambling and suicides and his life experiences, his lengthy speech was a bit too much! I just keep nodding my head...
Finally we reached and my ears instantly settled down. I had my first meal of the day at a Nyonya restaurant, spicy food that suits my taste! I'm totally in love with their Otah. :)
Ah Gu drove us into Sentosa, the parking fees was damn expensive! First hour $6, and the continuing is $2/hr! They really know where to "suck blood" from consumers...
Anyway, we made our way to the lobby. As mentioned it's Hard Rock, you're bound to hear their rock music in the hotel itself! Inside the lobby, there's a bar right in the middle and of course a shop selling Hard Rock merchandises! Hard Rock Hotel Singapore is separated from the other hotels nearby, a distance away from the Casino and branded shops. Thus normally you don't see crowds, which is preferably for peace-loving guests.
It's a new hotel, so perhaps that's why some problems occurred. We're expected to check in at 3pm, but ended up waiting for half an hour.
Owen and Ivan!
So finally we were given room #440, and another problem arise. There was already someone in there! Without knowing at first, we opened the door and the tenant was like so angry and shocked that we've access to their room! She said luckily she's in there, if not we can steal their stuff or something...
We're being wronged and yet there's nothing we can do but to apologise. In the end, our room was one floor higher at #540. The manager apologised and well, forgive and forget then...
Upon entering, I'm in awe by the ambient lighting and decorations in the room, it felt so relaxing! For your info, both of the rooms are connected.
Appreciate the way they sort the necessities creatively based on Hard Rock!
A convenient digital weighing scale in the bathroom.
Ah Ma cutting pears for everyone. :)
Ah Gu and Ivan!
Spectacular! Got the postcard-feel. *lol*
I really enjoyed being here, thanks Ah Yi and everyone for everything! ^^


Being arrested or having a legal case taken up against you is an event that is completely unexpected. Defend yourself with Legal Liability Protection, giving you the best protection against potential legal trouble. Arrest Insurance offers you the peace of mind you need to make it through your legal proceedings. No matter where you are in your case, you can ensure that you are prepared. Our Legal Plan Underwriters and customer service team are always available for your needs and to answer your queries. For legal liability insurance in Bennington, VT, contact (855) 440-2245 today for Legal Liability Protection.
Arrest Insurance Get the high quality protection you need for your situation and to safeguard your family and finances from Legal Liability Protection.
With the lessening influence of unions, protection for doctors, lawyers and others has dwindled, leaving these positions to fend for themselves. When you select Arrest Insurance and Legal Liability Protection, you get high quality coverage and protection from prosecution to safeguard you. This plan benefits you regardless of legal situation, providing you with protection for your family and assisting you in your case.
Legal Liability Protection can give you the assistance you require for your arrest or legal requirements through legal liability insurance in Bennington, VT. It may be hard to identify the right lawyer for your case. Regardless of where you may be, our nationwide attorney network is accessible to help you and give you first rate legal coverage. The best criminal defense lawyers have got your back and will guide you through America's complex justice system. Regardless of the time of day, our crisis hotline will connect with you immediately. Get processed and out of jail fast with our bail. Assure that you are taken care of when you guarantee your legal requirements with Legal Liability Protection. No matter if it is just for you or includes your loved ones, you can stay defended with arrest insurance and a discount legal plan. Contact Legal Liability Protection today at (855) 440-2245 to speak with our legal plan underwriters about your needs.


Drax Project is a four piece band from Wellington, New Zealand. They started out doing late night busking sessions in the City - creating their own unique versions of hip-hop and pop tracks.
After entertaining crowds of hundreds on the street, they began using what they had learned, and earned, on writing and recording original music. Their debut EP was well received, ultimately resulting in their signing to Universal. While still known for their killer live remixes - the boys have been working hard to produce studio records that reflect where they want to take their sound.


How do I communicate the value of social media as a learning tool to my organization?
Presenting the Value of Social Media for Learning?
My coworkers are Baby Boomers and Traditionals. When I mention blogs or any social networking they "poo-poo" me and say our workers should not use those tools because it will make them inefficient and not do their jobs. When I have presented the idea of how we can use discussion threads on our environment to discuss topics and make comments outside the classroom, many of my co-workers said it can't be done. They either haven't opened their mind to the idea or really care. In essence, if it is not classroom, they are really not interested in it.
My question is how do I get my coworkers to even consider the capabilities of these tools when it really does not interest them.
How do you communicate about the potential here to other learning professionals? to knowledge workers? to management?
How do you communicate the value to an audience who doesn't have experience with social media?
Paul Angileri - How To Make The Case For Social Media?
How to show value? Show value.
Karyn Romeis - What has been the impact of the use of social media on my professional practice as a corporate learning professional?
Last month's big question got quite a great response. I'm very much looking forward to the response this month.
I'm learning about things like instructional theories, learning theories, how to tie learning to performance, how to tie learning to business requirements, and ways to measure all these things.
I'm learning that my technical skills are important as learning moves to a web 2.0 platform. I'm learning my experience as a community organizer is very transferable to building online communities. I've learned my background in information studies helps tie all these things together.
Participating in courses like CCK08 helped accelerate my thinking on the real possibilities of change that are available now.
The realities of being part of a large organization and my responsibilities are more clear to me now too.
I feel I'm going to be stuck doing the same thing forever with all these cool ideas in my head that will never get implemented.
There's really quite a bit to this question.
Do you sometimes feel stuck? Feel like you have so many more ideas about how you could help your organization or your clients, but that What Clients Want is just some training?
Should you attempt to get unstuck? How hard should you push your internal or external clients to get them to see the full range of what is possible? Or should you give them what they ask for?
If you are feeling some level of stuck, what should you do to get unstuck? How important is it to get unstuck? Is it okay to learn a lot about all kinds of different solutions, but to primarily work on simple training solutions?
If you are stuck, should you be concerned about your future?
For those of you who are not bloggers, come and at least comment on whether you feel a bit stuck!
Sreya Dutta - Big Question: OMG I'm Stuck!!
Rupa Rajagopalan - Big Question: Stuck? Getting Unstuck?
Ignatia/Inge de Waard - Get your innovative eLearning ideas out no matter what others think!
Anthony Montalvo - Help! I'm stuck!


text:
using namespace std;
namespace sf1r
{
typedef uint32_t FREQ_TYPE;
struct QueryType
{
        std::string strQuery_;
        FREQ_TYPE freq_;
        uint32_t HitNum_;
        inline bool operator > (const QueryType other) const
        {
            return freq_< other.freq_ ;
        }

        inline bool operator < (const QueryType other) const
        {
            return freq_ > other.freq_;
        }
        inline bool operator == (const QueryType other) const
        {
            return freq_ == other.freq_;
        }
        inline bool cmp(const QueryType other) const
        {
                    string strA=strQuery_;
                    string strB =other.strQuery_;
                    boost::algorithm::replace_all(strA, " ", "");
                    boost::algorithm::replace_all(strB, " ", "");
                    std::transform(strA.begin(), strA.end(), strA.begin(), ::tolower);
                    std::transform(strB.begin(), strB.end(), strB.begin(), ::tolower);
                    return strA == strB;
        }

};
struct QueryTypeToDeleteDup
{
      std::string strQuery_;
      QueryType qt_;
      inline bool operator > (const QueryTypeToDeleteDup other) const
      {
            return strQuery_< other.strQuery_ ;
      }

      inline bool operator < (const QueryTypeToDeleteDup other) const
      {
            return strQuery_ > other.strQuery_;
      }
      inline bool operator == (const QueryTypeToDeleteDup other) const
      {
            return strQuery_ == other.strQuery_;
      }
      void initfrom(QueryType qt)
      {
            qt_=qt;
            string strA=qt.strQuery_;

            boost::algorithm::replace_all(strA, " ", "");

            std::transform(strA.begin(), strA.end(), strA.begin(), ::tolower);
            strQuery_=strA;
      }
      QueryType getQueryType()
      {
            return qt_;
      }
};
struct queryover
{
    bool operator() (const QueryType Q1,const QueryType Q2)
    {
             return Q1.strQuery_ > Q2.strQuery_;
    }

 } ;//queryover;
 struct queryequal
 {
    bool operator() (const QueryType Q1,const QueryType Q2)
    {
              string strA=Q1.strQuery_;
              string strB =Q2.strQuery_;
              boost::algorithm::replace_all(strA, " ", "");
              boost::algorithm::replace_all(strB, " ", "");
              std::transform(strA.begin(), strA.end(), strA.begin(), ::tolower);
              std::transform(strB.begin(), strB.end(), strB.begin(), ::tolower);
              return strA == strB;;
    }

 } ;//queryequal;
class LogAnalysis
{

public:

    static void getRecentKeywordList(const std::string& collectionName, uint32_t limit, std::vector<izenelib::util::UString>& recentKeywords);
    static void getRecentKeywordFreqList(const std::string& collectionName, const std::string& time_string, std::vector<UserQuery>& queryList,bool fromautofill=false);
    static void getRecentKeywordFreqList(const std::string& collectionName, const std::string& time_string, boost::unordered_map<std::string, UserQuery> queryList);
    static void getRecentKeywordFreqList(const std::string& time_string, std::vector<UserQuery>& queryList);

    static void getPropertyLabel(const std::string& collection, std::vector<PropertyLabel>& propertyList);
    static void delPropertyLabel(const std::string& collection);

private:

    LogAnalysis() {}

};

}

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
[![](https://img.shields.io/github/license/falahati/CircularProgressBar.svg?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/falahati/CircularProgressBar/blob/master/LICENSE)
[![](https://img.shields.io/github/commit-activity/y/falahati/CircularProgressBar.svg?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/falahati/CircularProgressBar/commits/master)
[![](https://img.shields.io/github/issues/falahati/CircularProgressBar.svg?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/falahati/CircularProgressBar/issues)

Circular ProgressBar is a custom control and inplace replacement of 'ProgressBar' for WinForm with animation.

## Where to get
[![](https://img.shields.io/nuget/dt/CircularProgressBar.svg?style=flat-square)](https://www.nuget.org/packages/CircularProgressBar)
[![](https://img.shields.io/nuget/v/CircularProgressBar.svg?style=flat-square)](https://www.nuget.org/packages/CircularProgressBar)

This library is available as a NuGet package at [nuget.org](https://www.nuget.org/packages/CircularProgressBar/).

## Help me fund my own Death Star

[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/crypto-CoinPayments-8a00a3.svg?style=flat-square)](https://www.coinpayments.net/index.php?cmd=_donate&reset=1&merchant=820707aded07845511b841f9c4c335cd&item_name=Donate&currency=USD&amountf=20.00000000&allow_amount=1&want_shipping=0&allow_extra=1)
[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/shetab-ZarinPal-8a00a3.svg?style=flat-square)](https://zarinp.al/@falahati)
[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/usd-Paypal-8a00a3.svg?style=flat-square)](https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&business=ramin.graphix@gmail.com&lc=US&item_name=Donate&no_note=0&cn=&curency_code=USD&bn=PP-DonationsBF:btn_donateCC_LG.gif:NonHosted)

**--OR--**

You can always donate your time by contributing to the project or by introducing it to others.

## How to use
Use toolbox to add the control to your forms.

Check the 'CircularProgressBarSample' project for tons of usage examples.
![Screenshot](/screenshot.gif?raw=true "Screenshot")

## Documentation
#### [Properties]

* `CircularProgressBar.Maximum`: Shows and changes the maximum acceptable value for the progress bar.
* `CircularProgressBar.Minimum`: Shows and changes the minimum acceptable value for the progress bar.
* `CircularProgressBar.Value`: Shows and changes the current value of the progress bar.
* `CircularProgressBar.Style`: Shows and changes the style of the progress bar. Only `Continues` and `Marquee` is now supported. `Blocks` behaves as same as `Continues`.
* `CircularProgressBar.BackColor`: Background color of control, transparent is not supported
* `CircularProgressBar.Text`: Primary text
* `CircularProgressBar.TextMargin`: Margin of the primary text
* `CircularProgressBar.Font`: Font of the primary text
* `CircularProgressBar.SuperscriptText`: Superscript text
* `CircularProgressBar.SuperscriptMargin`: Margin of the superscript text
* `CircularProgressBar.SuperscriptColor`: Font color of the superscript text
* `CircularProgressBar.SubscriptText`: Subscript text
* `CircularProgressBar.SubscriptMargin`: Margin of the subscript text
* `CircularProgressBar.SubscriptColor`: Font color of the subscript text
* `CircularProgressBar.SecondaryFont`: Font of subscript as superscript text
* `CircularProgressBar.AnimationFunction`: Contains the function that controls the animation. Use `WinFormAnimation.Functions` namespace for some of the basic implementations.
* `CircularProgressBar.AnimationSpeed`: Speed of the animation. Applies to the main progress animation.
* `CircularProgressBar.StartAngle`: Start angle of the progress bar. 270 being top of the control.
* `CircularProgressBar.InnerColor`: Color of the inner circle.
* `CircularProgressBar.InnerWidth`: Width of the inner circle. -1 means full fill.
* `CircularProgressBar.InnerMargin`: Margin of the inner circle.
* `CircularProgressBar.ProgressWidth`: Width of the main progress bar circle. -1 means full fill.
* `CircularProgressBar.ProgressColor`: Color of the main progress bar circle.
* `CircularProgressBar.OuterColor`: Color of the outer circle.
* `CircularProgressBar.OuterWidth`: Width of the outer circle. -1 means full fill.
* `CircularProgressBar.OuterMargin`: Margin of the outer circle.

## License
The MIT License (MIT)

Copyright (c) 2016-2020 Soroush Falahati

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.


Describe how TB bacilli are spread.
Explain the difference between TB infection and tuberculosis.
Explain why children are at high risk of TB infection.
List communities in which tuberculosis is common.
Explain the features of pulmonary tuberculosis.
List the common forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis (TB or TB disease) is a chronic infectious disease which may involve many organs of the body, but most often affects the lungs. Tuberculosis of the lung is called pulmonary tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease.
Tuberculosis is a bacterial illness caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These bacteria are also referred to as TB bacilli (tuberculous bacilli).
Tuberculosis is caused by TB bacilli.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis was first described by Robert Koch in 1882.
1-3 How are TB bacilli spread?
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease which results from the spread of TB bacilli from one person to another. TB bacilli are usually spread when a person with pulmonary tuberculosis talks, coughs, spits, laughs, shouts, sings or sneezes. This sends a spray of very small droplets from the person's infected lungs into the air (i.e. airborne droplet spread). Live TB bacilli in these droplets then float in the air and may be breathed in by other people. If the inhaled TB bacilli reach the alveoli they cause a tuberculous infection of the lung.
1-4 Who usually spreads TB bacilli?
TB bacilli are usually spread from adults with untreated pulmonary tuberculosis. Therefore, a child with tuberculosis almost always has been in close contact with an adult with pulmonary tuberculosis (the source of the TB bacilli). It is less common for a child to catch tuberculosis from another child as children usually do not cough up TB bacilli in large numbers. Therefore, adults with untreated tuberculosis are a danger to children in the family or household.
TB bacilli that infect children are usually spread from an adult with untreated pulmonary tuberculosis.
TB bacilli in unpasteurised or unboiled cows' milk (Mycobacterium bovis) can be drunk and cause infection of the tonsil or gut, but this is very uncommon in South Africa.
1-5 Which children are at greatest risk of infection with TB bacilli?
Children, especially those under five years of age, who are exposed to large numbers of TB bacilli.
1-6 Which children are exposed to large numbers of TB bacilli?
Children who live in overcrowded, poorly ventilated homes or are exposed to crowded buses, taxis, schools, crèches and spaces where there are adults with untreated pulmonary tuberculosis. A child with tuberculosis often has an adult with untreated tuberculosis living in the same home. A mother with untreated pulmonary tuberculosis who is in close contact with her children is a great danger to her children.
Children in close, prolonged contact with adults who have untreated pulmonary tuberculosis are at greatest risk. Younger children are more likely to spend most of the day and night with an adult.
Children in poorly ventilated, overcrowded homes are at greatest risk of infection with TB bacilli.
1-7 Do all children infected with TB bacilli develop tuberculosis?
No. Most children infected with TB bacilli do not develop tuberculosis (TB disease) because their immune system is able to control the infection and kill most of the TB bacilli. As a result, the natural immune response protects most children with TB infection from progressing to tuberculosis.
It is very important to understand that a child can only develop tuberculosis if the child is first infected with TB bacilli. Furthermore, TB infection does not always progress to tuberculosis (TB disease). Therefore TB infection without further progression is not the same as tuberculosis.
Fortunately most children infected with TB bacilli do not develop tuberculosis.
The progression of TB infection to tuberculosis is more common in children than in adults.
1-8 Which children with TB infection are at the greatest risk of developing tuberculosis?
Children with a weak immune system are at the greatest risk. In these children, infection with TB bacilli may progress to tuberculosis because they have an inadequate immune system which is unable to control the infection. TB infection caused by large numbers of TB bacilli is also more likely to progress to tuberculosis.
Therefore, both TB infection and progress to tuberculosis are most common when a child with a weak immune system is exposed to large numbers of TB bacilli.
Children with weak immune systems are at greatest risk of tuberculosis.
1-9 Which children have weak immune systems?
HIV infection is the most important cause of a weakened immune system.
Children less than 2 years of age and HIV-infected children are at high risk for progressing from TB infection to tuberculosis. They are also at the highest risk for developing severe forms of tuberculosis, notably tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and military tuberculosis.
Children with HIV infection have the highest risk of developing tuberculosis.
1-10 Is TB infection common?
Yes, infection with TB bacilli (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) is very common, and it is estimated that almost 50% of adult South Africans have been infected. Most infections take place during childhood.
TB infection is common and usually occurs during childhood.
1-11 How many children with TB infection develop tuberculosis?
Only about 10% of all people with TB infection progress to tuberculosis (TB disease) during their lifetime. Therefore, TB infection is far more common than tuberculosis.
The risk of TB infection progressing to tuberculosis is greater in young children than in older children or adults. In children infected under two years of age, the risk is as high as 50%.
About 10% of people with TB infection will develop tuberculosis.
1-12 What do you understand by the incidence of tuberculosis?
The incidence is the number of people who develop tuberculosis per 100 000 of the population per year. This is a very useful measure as it allows the frequency of tuberculosis in different communities or countries to be compared. The incidence of a single community can also be compared from one year to the next.
1-13 What is the incidence of tuberculosis in South Africa?
While tuberculosis is uncommon in most developed countries, it is common in developing countries such as South Africa where the number of people with tuberculosis has increased rapidly in the last few years. The incidence of tuberculosis in South Africa was 834/100 000 in 2015. This is high when compared to developed countries like the United Kingdom where the incidence of tuberculosis in 2015 was 10/100 000.
In South Africa tuberculosis is particularly common in the Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. It is estimated that there are 400 new cases of tuberculosis per 100 000 children each year in the Western Cape. In any clinic children will make up approximately 15% of all the cases of tuberculosis.
About ten million new cases of TB occur worldwide each year with 1.8 million deaths due to TB. About 265 South Africans die of TB each day. With improving HIV care this figure is declining.
1-14 In which communities is tuberculosis common?
TB is common in poor, disadvantaged communities where overcrowding, undernutrition and HIV infection are common. Tuberculosis is a disease of poverty. Tuberculosis spreads in any overcrowded living spaces, both at home and in the community. TB is often transmitted by a child's family member, friend or close neighbour. However it may also be caught in a public space if there are many untreated patients in the community.
Tuberculosis is usually seen in poor communities.
About 95% of new TB cases and 99% of TB deaths worldwide are in developing countries. In developed countries TB is virtually confined to poor, overcrowded environments and ethnic minorities.
1-15 Why is tuberculosis an important disease?
Tuberculosis is a major cause of illness and death in many poor countries. These are preventable deaths, and the large number of patients with tuberculosis is a huge drain on healthcare resources.
Tuberculosis is an important cause of illness and death.
1-16 What is primary TB infection of the lung?
Tuberculous infection usually starts when TB bacilli are inhaled deep into the distant parts of the lungs, called alveoli. During the first six weeks of infection the immune system is unable to control the TB bacilli, which multiply rapidly in the alveoli where they cause a small, local area of inflammation. This is called primary tuberculosis. From the primary infection TB bacilli spread along the lymphatics to the local lymph nodes at the place where the main bronchi divide into branches (hilar nodes). The primary infection in the lung, together with the infected hilar lymph nodes, is called the primary complex. Parahilar and other mediastinal nodes may also be affected.
After six weeks the immune system usually becomes active and kills most of the TB bacilli in the lung and lymph nodes. As a result, the primary infection is asymptomatic in most children and does not cause clinical illness.
Therefore, the primary TB infection usually heals and does not spread any further, as the TB bacilli have been contained by the body's natural immunity.
The primary TB infection in the lung used to be called the Ghon focus.
Inhaling TB bacilli into the lung may result in primary infection.
1-17 Can the primary TB infection cause illness due to spread of the infection within the lung?
Sometimes the primary TB infection is not controlled by the immune system and the child now becomes ill with the signs and symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis. This is a common form of tuberculosis in children.
With progression of the primary infection to pulmonary tuberculosis, the TB bacilli continue to multiply and an area of inflammation develops in the lung and lymph nodes in an attempt to prevent the TB bacilli from spreading any further. Often the centre of the inflamed area becomes soft as the tissues die. These dead cells (caseous material) can drain into the surrounding tissues.
There are a number of different ways that the primary TB infection can spread (progress) and lead to complications.
The primary TB infection may spread to cause pulmonary tuberculosis.
The immune response to TB bacilli is dependent on T lymphocytes.
1-18 What are the pulmonary complications of the primary TB infection in the lung?
In some children with a weak immune system, the body is unable to control the primary infection in the lung. The TB bacilli continue to multiply and spread into neighbouring parts of the lung to cause tuberculous pneumonia. Progression from the primary infection to pulmonary tuberculosis usually takes place rapidly within weeks or months and the child becomes ill. This pattern of tuberculosis, together with enlarged hilar nodes, is the commonest form of tuberculosis in young and undernourished children.
Cavitary tuberculosis ('open tuberculosis') is usually seen in older children and adolescents. The area of tuberculous pneumonia progresses and breaks down to form a hole. This occurs most commonly in the upper parts of the lung and results in an air-filled cavity containing dead (caseous) tissue which contains huge numbers of TB bacilli. This form of pulmonary tuberculosis is very infectious as TB bacilli grow fast and many TB bacilli enter the airways. From here they are coughed into the air where they may be breathed in and infect the lungs of other people. Children and adolescents with cavitary tuberculosis are very infectious and can infect other children and adults.
Damage to the large airways by tuberculosis can result in bronchiectasis.
In older children and adults the TB bacilli often remain dormant (inactive or 'sleeping') in the lung for many months or even years after the primary infection. The body has been able to control but not kill all the TB bacilli. If the immune system later becomes weakened by malnutrition or another infection, such as HIV or measles, the TB bacilli may start to multiply once more (reactivation) and a local area of tuberculous pneumonia will develop. Therefore, pulmonary tuberculosis due to reactivation of dormant TB bacilli may only present years after the primary infection.
Pulmonary tuberculosis with enlarged hilar lymph nodes is the commonest form of tuberculosis in children.
1-19 What are the pulmonary complications of TB infection in the hilar lymph nodes?
TB bacilli may multiply rapidly in the hilar lymph nodes, causing the nodes to enlarge and compress the bronchus or trachea (airway). Clinically this may present as wheezing or stridor with either collapse or hyperinflation of a lobe or the whole lung.
The enlarged lymph node may rupture into a bronchus spreading large numbers of TB bacilli into other areas of the lung. This results in widespread tuberculous bronchopneumonia.
Enlarged hilar lymph nodes may compress the airways causing wheezing.
1-20 Why are the lungs the commonest site of tuberculosis?
The lungs are the commonest site of tuberculosis as TB infection is usually caused by inhaling TB bacilli.
1-21 What is the difference between pulmonary tuberculosis in children and adults?
While children usually have lymph node enlargement with few TB bacilli in the sputum, adolescents and adults usually have cavitary tuberculosis with destruction of lung tissue and large numbers of TB bacilli in their sputum.
Cavities are formed in adult-type tuberculosis, usually in the upper lobes or apices of the lower lobes of the lungs. This can result in permanent lung damage and scarring (fibrosis).
1-22 Can tuberculous infection spread from the lung to other parts of the body?
Tuberculosis may spread from the lung to the pleura causing a pleural effusion.
Infection with TB bacilli can spread from the lung, and especially the hilar lymph nodes, via the bloodstream (TB bacteraemia) to most organs of the body. In children the TB bacilli usually spread at the time of the primary lung infection. As a result, tuberculosis of other organs usually presents soon after the primary lung infection. However, the TB bacilli may remain dormant in these organs for many months or years before they start to multiply and cause local tuberculosis. This reactivation of TB bacilli is usually due to weakening of the immune system.
TB bacilli can also spread to other lymph nodes via the lymphatics (e.g. from the hilar lymph nodes up to the cervical lymph nodes or down to the abdominal lymph nodes). Lymph nodes in the axilla or groin may also be involved. However, lymphatic spread is usually to the cervical nodes. TB infection of lymph nodes is called tuberculous lymphadenitis.
Tuberculous bacilli may spread from the lungs to other organs via the bloodstream or the lymphatics.
1-23 Which other organs can be involved in tuberculosis?
The skin, tonsils, pericardium, bone marrow, middle ear and genitalia are less common sites of tuberculosis in children. Tuberculosis of the kidney usually follows five or more years after the primary infection and therefore is uncommon in childhood.
1-24 What is disseminated tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis involving multiple organs is referred to as disseminated tuberculosis. This follows spread of TB bacilli through the bloodstream to many organs. If disseminated tuberculosis includes widespread infection of both lungs, it is called miliary tuberculosis. This is a very serious illness with a high mortality rate unless diagnosed and treated early. It usually occurs in young children.
Disseminated tuberculosis is a serious illness with a high mortality rate.
1-25 Is extrapulmonary tuberculosis infectious?
Unlike pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculosis of other organs is rarely infectious to other people.
1-26 Is extrapulmonary tuberculosis common in children?
Yes, extrapulmonary tuberculosis is far more common in children than in adults. Cervical lymph node enlargement is the commonest form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in children.
Cervical lymph node enlargement is the commonest form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in children.
1-27 Can one have a tuberculous infection more than once?
Yes. Previous TB infection does not give complete immunity to further TB infections. A child with a healed primary infection can, months or years later, have another new primary infection when they are exposed to an infectious case of tuberculosis, especially if their immune system is weakened by severe malnutrition or HIV.
Therefore, pulmonary tuberculosis may be due to immediate spread from the original primary infection, reactivation (relapse) of an old primary infection which had not healed fully (latent tuberculous infection), or spread from a new primary infection (reinfection). In children, spread from the primary TB infection to cause tuberculosis is most common and usually occurs within two years of being infected (90% within one year of being infected).
1-28 Can a mother with tuberculosis infect her infant either before or after birth?
Yes. During pregnancy TB bacilli in the mother can be spread via the bloodstream to the placenta. From here the TB bacilli may reach the fetus via the umbilical vessels or may infect the amniotic fluid and then be swallowed by the fetus. Infection during delivery is rare.
However, the spread of TB bacilli from a mother to her infant usually happens after delivery. The greatest risk is for an infectious mother to cough over her newborn infant. TB bacilli do not appear in the breast milk. Therefore breastfeeding is safe as long as the mother is on treatment and the infant receives prophylaxis.
A child of six years develops primary TB infection in her one lung. She remains clinically well however. When she is weighed by the school nurse, the mother is reassured that the child is healthy and thriving.
1. What is the cause of TB infection?
2. Why is this child clinically well if she has a primary TB infection?
Because most children with a primary TB infection have no signs or symptoms of illness. Her immune system has controlled the TB infection.
3. Will this child develop tuberculosis?
Probably not, as most children are able to prevent the spread of TB bacilli from the primary infection.
4. Which children are at greatest risk of the primary infection progressing to tuberculosis?
Children with weak immune systems. These include young children, malnourished children and children with HIV infection.
5. How common is TB infection?
Very common. Almost 50% of adult South Africans have had a primary TB infection at some time in their lives, most during childhood.
6. How many children with TB infection develop tuberculosis?
The risk of progression from TB infection to tuberculosis during a lifetime is about 10%. However the risk is higher in children and is as high as 50% in children under two years of age. Therefore TB infection is particularly dangerous in young children.
An 18-month-old child lives in an overcrowded home. During the day he is looked after by his grandfather who is unwell and has had a chronic cough for the past few months. The clinic nurse is worried as the child is malnourished and recently had measles.
1. Why is this child at high risk of TB infection?
Because the grandfather probably has undiagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis. The house is overcrowded and the child has prolonged contact with the grandfather. These factors all suggest that the child is being exposed to large numbers of TB bacilli.
2. Why will the TB infection probably progress to tuberculosis?
Because the child has a weak immune system due to his young age, malnutrition and recent measles infection.
The child's age and exposure to large numbers of TB bacilli will, therefore, increase his risk of both TB infection and progress to tuberculosis.
3. What other infection may weaken the immune system?
4. Is childhood tuberculosis common in South Africa?
Yes, especially in poor, disadvantaged communities. Childhood tuberculosis makes up approximately 15% of all the cases at a TB clinic.
5. What are the pulmonary complications of primary TB infection in the lung?
The primary infection in the lung may progress to tuberculous pneumonia. In older children and adults this may form a cavity. The grandfather probably has cavitary tuberculosis.
6. Are the hilar lymph nodes often involved in primary TB infection?
Yes. The primary TB infection in the lung is usually associated with enlarged hilar lymph nodes. Together they are called the primary complex. The enlarged hilar nodes can compress a large airway causing wheeze or stridor. Further enlargement of the lymph nodes may result in collapse or overinflation of a lobe.
The parents are very worried as their daughter has a lump in her neck which has been diagnosed as tuberculosis. Friends tell them that the diagnosis must be wrong as tuberculosis only affects the lungs.
1. Does tuberculosis only affect the lungs?
No. Tuberculosis may affect most organs of the body. Tuberculosis outside the lungs is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
2. What is the likely cause of the lump in her neck?
Tuberculosis of a lymph node (tuberculous lymphadenitis).
3. What other organs are most commonly infected with TB?
The meninges (TB meningitis), bones (TB osteitis), joints (TB arthritis) and abdominal organs (abdominal TB).
4. What is disseminated tuberculosis?
The spread of TB infection to many organs. This is a serious illness with a high mortality rate.
5. Is extrapulmonary tuberculosis infectious to others?
Usually not. However, extrapulmonary and pulmonary TB may occur in the same patient. Pulmonary tuberculosis is the most infectious form of the disease.
6. Can a newborn infant be infected with tuberculosis from the mother?
Tuberculosis can spread from mother to infant during pregnancy but this is uncommon. The greatest risk is when a mother with tuberculosis coughs onto her newborn infant.
Children are infected with TB bacilli after exposure to someone with infectious pulmonary tuberculosis.
Most TB infection in children does not progress to disease (tuberculosis).
The children at greatest risk of progression to disease are children infected when less than two years of age, HIV infected children, and children with malnutrition.


The Arizona Department of Health Services promotes and protects the health of Arizona's children and adults. Its mission is to set the standard for personal and community health through direct care, science, public policy, and leadership.
The Pacific AIDS Education and Training Center (PAETC) is a member of a national AIDS Education and Training Center network of 11 regional and three national centers, covering all 50 states as well as US Territories and Jurisdictions.


text:
Crème: Interdisciplinary Democracy
Collaborating closely with a wide array of clients – including Hyatt, Shake Shack, and Gerber Group – Crème applies it hands-on approach in everything from interior, product, strategic and branding design. We spoke to founder Jun Aizaki about his practice and the new Exchange Signature Collection for Stellar Works.
Scroll right to read more ›
Text by TLmag
New York design firm Crème was founded by architect Jun Aizaki on the principle that all design challenges can be solved with the same problem-solving methodology. The diverse design team approaches every new project with a holistic understanding that all elements are equally important. Collaborating closely with a wide array of clients – including Hyatt, Shake Shack, and Gerber Group – Crème applies it hands-on approach in everything from interior, product, strategic and branding design. The firm develops retail, hospitality, residential, event and pop concepts but also custom objects and furniture. Notable projects include the Mr. Purple bar in Manhattan's Lower East Side, the Greystone Hotel in Miami, branding for the Irvington Bar & Restaurant, Journal Standard's Tokyo flagship, and the Guapos food truck in Philadelphia. Crème's Exchange Collection, which started in 2016, was awarded best collection in ICFF New York's Editor's Awards in May 2017 as they revealed an indigo dyed special edition of their Exchange Chair – exploring traditional natural dying techniques while celebrating the beauty of indigo. We spoke to Jun Aizaki about his practice and the new Exchange Signature Collection for Stellar Works.
Could you tell us a bit more about your practice?
Jun Aizaki (J.A.): Our design studio is like New York; multi-cultural, international, dynamic, passion driven. New York's creative energy inspires us as a whole and the incredible variety of individuals living here. Diverse backgrounds and talents drive our practice towards a high level of collaboration, which is key to our process. We nurture a culture of design democracy and draw inspiration from our clientele, our design team's diverse backgrounds and from our extended family of artists and fabricators. We are storytellers and experience builders. Our exploration does not begin nor end at the completion of a building, space or object, but rather when a person interacts with the space and the experience enters someone's lifestyle.
How and when did you started collaborating with Stellar Works?
J.A.: About five years ago, we began working with Stellar Works on a chair design for our Eventi project. Exchanging preliminary sketches and prototypes established a fruitful relationship. The results were the beginning of the Exchange Signature collection.
Could you describe your new collection for Stellar Works? What is the narrative you employed?
J.A.: The first collection started with the Exchange Chair in 2015, which was initially designed with the intention of growing into a full collection. When the first design was launched in Paris, it was received with great interest. This response reaffirmed our goals of expanding the chair into the full Exchange Collection. The new collection is both traditional and contemporary, timeless and modern. While drawing inspiration from the iconic spindle form of a classic Windsor Chair, we replaced the conventional wood material for steel. We created a new design that fits better in a modern lifestyle. Each version is available in multiple finishes. The steel chair back is also customizable in a variety of shapes and patterns. Employing practical, transformative and humble shapes ensures that the collection is honest, balanced, and timeless.
What are the materials, designs and industrial/handmade processes you explored in this collection, which makes it unique and distinctive? How did you employ Stellar Works' unique craftsmanship?
J.A.: Stellar works began a unique partnership with Laval, developing a level of craftsmanship from a long history of European design. All wood is worked by hand while the metal is made by a company specializing in bicycle frames, shaved and finished by hand. We work closely with Stellar Works through multiple rounds of prototyping, design, and fabrication. They do 99% of the work in-house, making the collaborative process fluid. They have all the skills necessary to turnaround and develop quickly and efficiently. They also know their market well. Members of the Crème team spent several days in Shanghai working closely with the Stellar Works team to develop early phases of the collection.
How do you see Stellar Works profiling itself both on the hospitality and retail markets in the near future?
J.A.: The power of hospitality is that it creates an experience that inspires customers and offers an opportunity to take a piece of that inspiration and integrate it into their own spaces. Nowadays people are curating their home, creating environments made of objects they love. Stellar Works creates this bridge. With Pinterest and Instagram, people are sharing photos of hospitality projects around the world and are exposed to different design pieces. It grows interest and inspiration both on a hospitality and residential level.
What is your perception of Shanghai as a megacity compared to Paris or New York?
J.A.: Like our Exchange Chair, Shanghai is an amazing mix of the traditional, contemporary, modern and timelessness. This is beautifully showcased in the meeting of Shanghai's authentic architecture, British/French influence, and modernist buildings. It's a city where styles meet to become something new and original.
Is Stellar Works more Shanghai-based, Japanese or Global?
J.A.: The design scene in Shanghai is one of the most prolific in the world, and Stellar Works can be proud of the role they play. They are truly global. Their founder is Japanese but their skills are rooted in a French craftsmanship. Stellar Works is based in Shanghai but collaborates around the world with different partners, much like the Crème team. Crème is also formed by an international group of designers, brought together to create something truly unique.
What would be your 'dream' Stellar Works project?
J.A.: There are so many furniture projects we'd love to explore in the future. Perhaps a baby crib, living room pieces, bedroom pieces, a standing desk, outdoor furniture, more pieces for hotel projects, but perhaps most importantly developing more collections that will stand the test of time.
www.cremedesign.com
https://www.stellarworks.com/
Crème, Indigo Dyed Exchange Chair
Créme, Exchange Chair and Dining Table © Su Li
Créme, Exchange Signature Collection © Su Li
Créme, Exchange, Bar Stool © Su Li
Créme, Exchange Dining Chair, close up © Su Li
Créme, Exchange Chair Two-Seater close-up © Su Li
Articles you also might like
A Breath of Fresh Air at IMM Cologne 2020
Each year, IMM Cologne invites a design studio to create a full-sized home in the furnishings fair. In 2020, the MUT Design team from Spain breathes new life into the Das Haus challenge, and extends its bounds beyond its interior.
Bausol: Reinventing Artistic Rugs
For 50 years, Liège-based interior designer Robert Schinckus has produced and sold exceptional rugs, including some artist-signed designs. Today he is supported in his efforts by his daughter Florence and son Charles. We focus in on this Belgian company with international aspirations.
Perspectives Shift in WIELS and TANK Shanghai's "Convex/Concave"
In a city about 9000 km away from where they're based, Brussels art centre WIELS collaborates with the recently opened TANK Shanghai in an exhibition that reflects on the dualistic nature of Belgian contemporary art and culture.
Reciprocal Syntax: Metaphorical Illustration
Reciprocal Syntax is an interactive installation, depicting the outcome of a creative exchange between two beings, through a metaphorical illustration of a concerted work process.


(Jan. 7, 1893 to 1905) No early dated issues have been seen. A companion publication to The Armchair Library and is believed the dates correspond to those of the ACL.
Beginning around No. 100 a brown tinted illustration was featured on the cover. Earlier numbers were also issued this way when reprinted. Original early numbers contained no illustrations.
Each issue consists of a book of from one hundred to two hundred double-column octavo pages, with illustrated colored cover. (Colored cover consisted of brown tinted pictorial illustration).
Beginning with No. 98 or so, date, schedule of appearance second-class notice, and subscription price were omitted. The individual price and numbering continued to the end however. LeBlanc believed that the library ended with No. 165 some time in 1905; a listing for no. 166 in WorldCat suggests that it lasted at least one issue longer.
The original LeBlanc listing was incomplete; thanks to Curtis Paul for providing information about #155 and Cary Sternick for providing details on #158. Information on #166 comes from WorldCat.
37. Self-Made; or, Out of the Depths. Vol. I.
38. Self-Made; or, Out of the Depths. Vol. II.
45. Britmarte, the Man-Hater. Vol. I.
46. Britmarte, the Man-Hater. Vol. II.
53. Winning Her Way. Vol. I.
54. Winning Her Way. Vol. II.
63. The Hollow Eve Mystery. Vol. I.
64. The Hollow Eve Mystery. Vol. II.
94. The Malediction; or, The Widows of Widowville. Vol. I.
95. The Malediction; or, The Widows of Widowville. Vol. II.
96. Darkness and Daylight; or, The Sacrifice. A Tale of Collingwood.
148. Who Was the Heir?


"Jack Wilcox 1" video info.
This is an analysis of a pre-recorded session with 2 deep-stack tables and 2 standard 100BB stack tables. It's the first in a series of 6max cash game strategy videos made by Jack Wilcox.
Jack has recorded a session previously and comments on his plays as he replays it and records it again. It's like a normal sweat session but with the ability to pause the action as you go along. There are two great examples of putting your opponents on a range of hands starting at 24:00 and 49:50.
(1:08) → 6 outs = 25% equity by river - see the % odds chart.
(4:10) → J-high flop good for cbetting - when to cbet (one high, two low).
(10:20) → Deepstacked "threat of future bets" - related to SPR.
(21:20) - (22:05) → Intermission.
(24:00) - (28:00) → Great example of putting opponents on hands.
(29:25) → Checking turn and river with TT on A66 - WA/WB situation.
(31:20) - (31:50) → Intermission 2.
(44:25) → Leading after flopping the nuts - value betting.
(47:50) → Fold equity mentioned.
(49:50) - (52:00) → Another great example of putting opponents on hands.
(52:25) - (57:15) → Mathematics of 4bet bluffing.
Assigning hand ranges is a recurring theme throughout video (as it should be in any good strategy). It's a key part of the REM process.