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The Infinity Shard. If you can get your mastery up to 30 and play this card, YOU WIN. This is the most exciting innovation in Shards of Infinity.
Review: Shards of Infinity
By FarmerLenny on	 October 31, 2018 Featured Reviews
The Infinity Engine–a doomsday device–has been destroyed, and with it most of the world. But somehow you've survived, and you're on your way to master the shards of the engine that have exploded into the world. Can you use your mastery (and a little combat know-how) to defeat your rivals and harness infinite power for yourself?
Shards of Infinity is a deck-building game for two to four players. Players are superhumans trying to unlock the power of the shards of infinity. The last player to be eliminated wins.
Shards of Infinity set up for two.Gary
To begin, each player receives a starting deck of cards and a character dial that tracks health and mastery. The central deck of cards is shuffled and six cards are laid out as the starting row. Play begins.
On a turn, players will play cards from their hand to generate crystals (currency to buy new cards) and combat and for their special abilities. Players may purchase as many cards as they want, and new cards purchased enter their discard pile. Alternatively, some cards are mercenaries, and instead of adding the cards to the player's discard pile, they may be played immediately for a one-time effect (after which they are placed on the bottom of the central deck). Players may also, once per turn, spend 1 crystal to increase their mastery by 1.
The game comes with four avatar dials that track a player's health and mastery. These are a nice inclusion, and a bit surprising with the game's low price point.
After the player is done playing cards, they may spend combat attacking the other players–either their champions (cards that remain in play from round to round) or the other players directly. The health tracker on the player's dial indicates a player's current health.
Cards come in one of four factions, and some cards give the player an ally bonus if another card of that type has been played or is revealed this turn. Some cards also show a "mastery" level, and if the player is at that mastery level or higher, a new ability on the card unlocks. One of the players' starting cards is the infinity shard, which, if the player reaches 30 mastery, unlocks infinite combat.
The game ends when all players but one have been eliminated. The last player standing wins.
I'll admit it: I'm a bit of a deck-building snob. While I've dabbled with other deck builders in the past, for me, it has always been Dominion. Even Star Realms, which I gave a very favorable review when it was released, after over 60 face-to-face games and countless online matches, has fallen out of favor with me.
But Shards of Infinity could be the game that gets me to change my tune.
Beyond the fantasy cyberpunk trappings and fairly generic story–neither of which entices me–Shards of Infinity takes what is enjoyable about the Ascension-style deck-building formula and elevates it and perfects it, making a game that, while still not as good as Dominion, is pretty fun in its own right.
The main criticism I came to have against Star Realms is that, once players are of equal skill, the game often comes down to luck. That is, if players are equally matched, it often comes down to who draws their allied cards together, or who has a better card available to them in the center row, or who is able to afford that better card first. I'm not saying that the game is all luck, but once I reached a certain point in the game, it felt like a skill plateau, and I could usually accurately guess within a few turns who would win the game. (I'm sure top Star Realms players will disabuse me of these notions.)
And, really, I recognize that there's that danger in many competitive card games. But what I appreciate about Shards of Infinity is the wealth of choices that seem to mitigate this luck factor.
Poor Ko Syn Wu! He had almost mastered his shard before his untimely demise.
For one thing, if you want to avoid having to wait for for a card to cycle through your deck, you can purchase a mercenary for a one-time hit right when you need it. In my first game, this seemed like a waste–why take a one-time hit when you can have a card hit over and over again if it cycles? But this is one of the new and exciting decision points of Shards of Infinity: sometimes a single card at just the right time can tip the momentum in your favor. I like this option, and it is one way to mitigate, or at least hide, luck. With more options for the cards that come out, it's harder to see a direct one-to-one correlation between a lucky draw and a win.
A sample card row. The red-bordered cards are mercenaries, able to be purchased and immediately played (at the expense of not keeping them in your deck).
But perhaps my favorite novelty in Shards of Infinity is the "mastery" system of leveling up. While Dominion is my favorite deck-building game, its system of card leveling up (introduced in Adventures) is, to put it charitably, clunky. You trade a card in for another card, which you trade in for another card, and so on. If you remember. Shards of Infinity's mastery dial tracks your experience over the course of the game, and each card's "levels" are recorded on the card itself. Rather than having to exchange cards (and possibly forgetting to do so), you check your mastery dial, which tells at a glance how powerful your cards are. This is an elegant solution and opens up possibilities for dynamic cards. I love this idea, and I love its presence in Shards of Infinity. (My only wish is that it were more prevalent: currently, the number of mastery-checking cards is lower than I'd want.)
The starting deck is…not very exciting. Although each player holds the potentially game-winning card at the start of the game.
I also like the mastery dial because it will eventually force an end game. While I haven't played a game yet that ended with one player earning infinite damage with their Infinity Shard, the threat has been present in each game. If one player presses mastery, the other player is forced to play defense and hope for a quicker elimination than might come otherwise. Even without causing infinite damage, the Infinity Shard can cause a good deal of damage over the course of the game just through increasing mastery. I don't know how often games end with one player using their Infinity Shard to overtake all comers, but like the science and military end-game conditions in 7 Wonders Duel, if a player hammers mastery, it changes the course of the game just for fear that that strategy will prove effective. Again, I think the mastery system is very cool.
Some cards from the Wraethe faction. This faction usually deals damage alongside checking your discard pile and removing cards from your deck.
While mastery and mercenaries are the stars of the show in Shards of Infinity, the game that surrounds these core concepts is a good one. The four factions are distinct, each featuring a different way to interact with the game's currencies of cards, combat, health, mastery, and crystals. The card powers are interesting, although the powers in Shards of Infinity feel like a step up in complexity from Star Realms and base Dominion. There are also persistent cards (Champions), similar to bases in Star Realms and Constructs in Ascension, which stay out until destroyed by opponents.
The Order faction offers card draws and improved mastery and offers several huge bonuses if you can play a card of each faction in a single turn.
Shards of Infinity lacks a consistent "easy" card to buy as in some other deck builders, although it doesn't seem like a limitation here. At least in my games, I haven't been deadlocked out of the market much, and again, mercenaries help to keep the flow of the game moving even if you have to wait to buy a card. I also like that there are defense cards that players can reveal to block damage to themselves, and I like the "ally" system here, where playing cards of matching factions is usually a boon to your strategy. (Unlike Star Realms, cards can be revealed from hand to satisfy ally abilities, meaning each card is fully activated when played, which is nice for upkeep.)
The Undergrowth faction regenerates health and offers lots of good ally bonuses for playing other Undergrowth cards.
Shards of Infinity is my favorite of the Ascension-style center-row deck builders, but it might not do enough to mitigate luck for some players. There still are moments of frustration when the center row seems more kind to another player than to you, or when you can't draw your same-faction cards together, or occasionally when you can't afford as much as you want from the center row. These are more features of the center-row deck builder than bugs. Shards of Infinity is quick to set up and variable in what cards will come out when, and because of that it is more on the situational/tactical decision-making end of the strategy spectrum. I think this is fine, especially for the short, dueling card game this is.
The Homodeus faction revolves around keeping champions in play.
The components in Shards of Infinity are nice. The artwork doesn't do much for me, but it's good for the style it's going for. The cards are on decent stock, and the dials work incredibly well for tracking health and mastery. (I've heard of some dials being too loose; mine hold in place fine. I think my copy might be from the second printing.) Each of the four dials show a different avatar from a different faction, and it does seem like a missed opportunity that these are, essentially, all the same; however, in the first expansion for Shards of Infinity, there will be more differentiation between the main characters. All told, Shards of Infinity is an incredible value for its $20 asking price, and even if it needs expansions to stay fresh, you will likely have gotten your money's worth before that time comes.
Shards of Infinity has benefited from years of Ascension iteration, and it has launched with a compelling pool of cards and a few novel concepts that set it apart. If you like two-player dueling CCGs or quick-playing deck builders, you will love Shards of Infinity.
iSlaytheDragon would like to thank StoneBlade Entertainment for providing us with a copy of Shards of Infinity for review.
Your Rating: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Hones and perfects the Ascension-style center-row deck builder
Mercenaries and mastery are novelties that open the decision space and reduce the luck inherent in center-row deck builders
Incredible price point for what you get
Probably best with two players
Luck can still be an issue if you're a stickler for strategy
Will probably need expansions to keep it fresh for the long haul
8.5 Future cool
Tags: Ascensioncyberpunkdeck buildingdominionDominion: AdventuresFantasyfuturisticJustin GaryShards of InfinityStar RealmsStoneblade Entertainment
FarmerLenny
I'll try anything once, but my favorite games are generally middleweight Euros.
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Review: Adventure Games: The Dungeon
Review: Shards of Infinity (app)
Review: Haven
Moderate difficulty geared towards players with some familiarity to the hobby
20-30m (box says 30m)
2 to 4 (best with 2)
Gary Arant, Justin Gary
StoneBlade Entertainment


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\section{Introduction}

Gamma-ray bursts are among the most distance objects observed in the Universe.  Having been detected as nearby as z = 0.0085 for GRB~980425 \citep{Galama99} and as distant as z = 9.4 for GRB~090429B \citep{Cucchiara11} , the redshift range over which these objects occur spans almost the entire length of the observable Universe. This large dynamic redshift range, combined with the transient nature of their prompt gamma-ray emission, makes them excellent source with which to look for evidence of time dilation due to the expansion of the Universe.  At such large distances, the duration of prompt gamma-ray burst temporal profiles should be stretched by a factor of $1+z$ due to cosmological expansion in Friedman-Lema\^{\i}tre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) models of the Universe, resulting in an increase in the average burst duration as a function of redshift.

Such evidence for a systematic broadening of GRB durations as a function of distance has not materialized in either the \emph{Swift} \citep{Gehrels04} or \emph{Fermi} detected GRBs with known redshift \citep{Campana07}.  In fact, the most distance GRBs to date, GRB~980425 at z = 9.4, GRB~090423 at $z \sim 8.1$ and GRB~080913A at $z \sim 6.7$, have measured durations of 5.5 sec \citep{Cucchiara11}, 10.3 sec \citep{Salvaterra09} and 8.1 sec \citep{Greiner09} respectively, giving them rest frame durations of $\sim0.52$ sec, $\sim1.13$ sec, and $\sim1.04$ sec.  These values are far shorter than the average rest frame duration of $\sim 23-30$ sec for long GRBs detected at $z \sim 1$.  The lack of any correlation between a GRB's duration and its distance can be seen quite clearly for  \emph{Swift} detected GRBs with known redshift shown in Figure \ref{Swift-T90VsRedshift}.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[height=.23\textheight,keepaspectratio=true]{Swift-T90VsRedshift.pdf}
\caption{T90 duration vs. redshift for 195  \emph{Swift} detected GRBs as reported via GCN.}
\label{Swift-T90VsRedshift}
\end{figure}

In this paper, we examine the effects of time dilation on the temporal profiles of GRBs through the use of a new spectral evolution code that can model the observed properties of GRBs as a function of redshift.  By using prescriptions for the shape and evolution of prompt gamma-ray spectra, we can generate a simulated population of single pulsed GRBs at a variety of redshifts and observe how their resulting light curves would appear to a gamma-ray detector here on Earth.  We find that the observer frame duration of individual pulses does not increase as a function of $1+z$ as one would expect from cosmological time dilation.  In fact, the duration of individual pulses is seen to decrease as their signal-to-noise decreases with increasing redshift, as only the brightest portion of a high redshift GRB's light curve is accessible to the detector.  This effect is analogous to the problem faced when measuring the physical radii of galaxies at large distances, where the regions of lower surface brightness fall below the sensitivity of the collecting instrument.  In addition, the energy at which most of the photons are emitted (i.e$.$ the peak of the $\nu F_{\rm \nu}$ spectra) for high redshift bursts is redshifted to energies where traditional gamma-ray detectors become less sensitive, decreasing the observed signal even further.  The net result is that all estimates of duration and energetics for high redshift GRBs can only be taken as lower limits to their true values.  We conclude that GRB temporal profiles that exhibit narrow pulses separated by significant quiescent periods, may in fact the tell tail sign of high redshift GRBs and predict that the average peak to peak duration for a large number of multi-pulsed GRBs as a function of redshift may eventually provide the evidence for time dilation that has so far eluded detection.

We present an overview of our population synthesis code in Section 2.1, followed by a more in-depth description in Sections 2.2 through 2.4.  We present the result of our simulation in Section 3 and discuss the implications of our results in Section 4.

\section{GRB Model} \label{sec:Models}

Gamma-ray burst continuum spectra can evolve quite dramatically over the course of a burst.  This evolution is generally characterized by an overall softening of the spectra, with the peak of the ${\nu}F_{\nu}$ spectrum ($E_{\rm pk}$) evolving through the detector bandpass over the duration of the burst.  This evolution will be delayed by the effects of time dilation for GRBs at high redshifts, resulting in a longer observed spectral lag between the high and low energy channels and a broadening of the pulse profile.  At the same time, the observed GRB flux falls as a function of increasing luminosity distance.  The net effect is that soft and faint emission will become increasingly difficult to observe with traditional gamma-ray detectors, which suffer large drops in sensitivity at low energies.  The observed bursts properties are therefore a complex convolution of the effects of cosmological redshift and detector sensitivity and hence we turn to simulations to obtain a better idea of how these bursts would appear in the observer frame.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[height=.23\textheight,keepaspectratio=true]{SpecEvolution.pdf}
\caption{The hard to soft spectral evolution of $E_{\rm pk}$ as a function of time as prescribed by relativistic kinematics for a spherical shell traveling towards the observer with high Lorentz factor.}
\label{SpectralEvolution}
\end{figure}

Two empirical correlations form the basis for the GRB model that we have constructed to investigate this question.  The first is the {\it hardness-intensity correlation} or HIC, which relates the instantaneous hardness of the spectra and the instantaneous energy flux $F_{E}$, within individual pulses \citep{Golenetskii83}. For the decay phase of a pulse, the most common behavior of the HIC is a power-law relationship between $F_{E}$ and the peak of the ${\nu}F_{\nu}$ spectrum, $E_{\rm pk}$, of the form  $F_{E}\propto E_{\rm pk}^{\eta}$ \noindent, where $\eta$ is the HIC power-law index. The second correlation is the {\it hardness-fluence correlation} or HFC \citet{Liang96} which describes the observation that the instantaneous hardness, or $E_{\rm pk}$, of the spectra decays exponentially as a function of the time-integrated flux, or fluence, of the burst.  The HFC can be stated as $E_{\rm pk} = E_{0} e^{-\Phi / \Phi_{0}}$, where $\Phi(t)$ is the photon fluence integrated from the start of the burst and $\Phi_{0}$ is the exponential decay constant.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[height=.23\textheight,keepaspectratio=true]{PhotonFluxVsTime.pdf}
\caption{The resulting fast rise exponential decay (FRED) pulse shape generated by the model by integrating the bolometric GRB spectrum at each time bin.}
\label{PhotonFluxLightCurve}
\end{figure}

\citet{Kocevski03} have shown that both correlations can be produced through simple relativistic kinematics when applied to a spherical shell expanding at relativistic velocity (i.e. the curvature of a relativistic shock front).  By assuming a spectral shape, in this case a Band model \citep{Band93}, for the GRB's instantaneous photon spectrum and evolving that spectrum in time according to these two empirical correlations, we are able to reproduce the Fast Rise Exponential Decay (FRED) pulse shape that is so ubiquitous in GRB data.

An example of a time resolved photon spectra and the resulting photon flux light curve for a simulated burst using a Band model with an initial $E_{\rm pk,src} = 500$ keV and a fixed $\alpha = 1$ and $\beta = -2.2$ can be seen in Figures \ref{SpectralEvolution} and \ref{PhotonFluxLightCurve} respectively.  The photon flux light curve in Figure \ref{PhotonFluxLightCurve} is calculated by integrating the photon spectra over the instrument's energy range and as such is not bolometric.  Therefore the shape of the resulting light curve will be greatly effected by the location of $E_{\rm pk}$ within the instrument's energy range.

In order to convert our modeled photon spectrum into a count spectrum and eventually a count light curve, we take our simulated photon spectrum and fold it through an instrument data response matrix (DRM).  For the purposes of this analysis, we use a response file from the \emph{Burst and Transient Source Experience} (BATSE) \citep{Meegan92} that was generated for a real burst which occurred nearly at zenith for one of BATSE's Large Area Detectors (LAD).   The DRM describes the distribution of counts over the instrument's energy channels due to the arrival of a photon of a given energy.  The result is a time resolved count spectra as a function of channel energy and time.

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
        \includegraphics[scale=0.50]{LightCurves_OneRow.pdf}
\caption{The effects of increasing redshift on the observed light curve of a GRB pulse.  The effects of time dilation are hidden by the decreasing signal-to-noise and the pulse duration in fact decreases with increasing redshift.}
\label{CountLightCurves}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}

We then add a Poisson distributed, energy dependent, background spectrum derived from the median backgrounds of a sample of BATSE detected bursts to each time resolved count spectra.  A count light curve with a realistic background spectrum can then be produced as a function of time by integrating the individual time resolved count spectra over the instrument's effective energy range for each time bin.  The burst duration is then measured using a Bayesian block algorithm to determine periods of emission that are above the Poisson background.  We refer to this estimate as the T100 duration (as opposed to the traditional T90 duration found through flux integration methods).

We refer the reader to Kocevski et al.\ (2011) for a more comprehensive description of the GRB model used for the present analysis.

\section{Results} \label{sec:Results}

Figure \ref{CountLightCurves} shows the resulting count light curves for the simulated GRB shown in Figure \ref{SpectralEvolution} placed at three different redshifts, along with the Bayesian block reconstruction of the burst duration (solid green lines).  Contrary to what is expected due to cosmological time dilation, the duration of the simulated pulse decreases as a function of increasing redshift.  This is primarily due to the decreasing signal-to-noise of the observed pulse with increasing redshift, which progressively limits only the brightest portion of the GRB's light curve from being accessible to the detector.  This effect is analogous to the problem faced when measuring the physical radii of galaxies at large distances, where the regions of lower surface brightness fall below the sensitivity of the collecting instrument.  In addition, the energy at which most of the photons are emitted (i.e$.$ the peak of the $\nu F_{\rm \nu}$ spectra) is redshifted to energies at which the instrument becomes less sensitive, reducing the observed signal even further.

Both of these effects can be seen in Figure \ref{T100VsRedshift-ObserverFrame}, where we plot the observer frame duration for a set of simulated GRB pulses, of equal intrinsic duration but varying intrinsic luminosity, as a function of redshift.  The solid line represents the expected observer frame duration in a FLRW Universe, found by multiplying the pulse's intrinsic duration by $(1+z)$.  The dotted line represents the observed duration as measured from the photon flux light curves, found by integrating the photon spectra over the detector's energy range.  The dashed lines represent the observed duration as measured from count light curves for each of the simulated GRB pulses.  These count durations actually represent the median value of 200 count light curve realizations for each redshift bin, computed in order to account for statistical fluctuations in the simulated background which may dominate the duration measurements as the observed signal-to-noise decreases with increasing redshift.  The error bars represent the standard deviation of the resulting duration distribution for each set of 200 realizations.

The divergence between the predicted observer frame duration and the duration of the photon flux light curve can be understood as due to the redshifting of the underlying GRB spectra.  Because the simulated photon flux light curves are non-bolometric, their shape will be greatly effected by the redshifting of $E_{\rm pk}$ towards the lower edge of the detector's energy range.   Essentially, the pulse profile that would have been seen by the detector if the burst had occurred at $z = 0.01$, for example, is not the same as the profile seen at $z = 2$, because the lower end of the GRB spectrum is no longer detected by the instrument.  Therefore, even a perfect detector that observes over limited energy range would not faithfully measure the expected time dilation effects on a GRB pulse as a function of redshift.

The divergence between the predicted observer frame duration and the measured duration becomes wider when considering duration measurements made through the use of the detector's count data. When noise is added to the observed signal, the measured duration turns over and begins to decrease with increasing redshift.  As the pulse's signal-to-noise falls, only the brightest portion of pulse becomes accessible to the detector, until the observed duration approaches zero and the pulse is no longer detected.  As seen in Figure \ref{T100VsRedshift-ObserverFrame}, the redshift at which the transition between a rising and falling duration depends largely on the luminosity of the pulse, but is also influenced by the burst's intrinsic $E_{\rm pk,src}$, since the redshifting of $E_{\rm pk,src}$ towards the lower edge of the detector's energy range acts to further reduce the signal-to-noise of the pulse.

Transforming the observed durations into the source frame by dividing by $(1+z)$ has the effect of further widening the difference between the pulse's true intrinsic duration and our estimates.  The systematic error that this duration bias introduces also propagates into our estimate of the burst's total energy release, as $E_{\rm iso}$ is estimated by integrating the burst's flux over the observed duration.  Figures \ref{T100VsRedshift-SourceFrame} and \ref{EisoVsRedshift} show both of these effects.

In Figure \ref{T100VsRedshift-SourceFrame}, we have plotted the estimated source frame duration, normalized to the true intrinsic duration, for burst's of varying luminosity, but of equal intrinsic duration (dashed lines).  The turn over observed in Figure \ref{T100VsRedshift-ObserverFrame} can now be seen as a steeping of the estimated source frame duration as a function of redshift.  In all cases, the under-estimation of the source frame duration can approach as much as 80$\%$ near the detection threshold of the instrument.

The consequences that this systematic error has on the estimates of $E_{\rm iso}$ can be seen in Figure \ref{EisoVsRedshift}, where the ratio of the the pulse's estimate to true $E_{\rm iso}$ can reach as much as 90$\%$, or more, as the pulse nears the detector's sensitivity threshold.  The $E_{\rm iso}$ measurements presented here were k-corrected to a standard energy range of $10-10000$ KeV, hence this error in our estimate of $E_{\rm iso}$ is largely due to the under-estimate of the duration over which the burst's observed flux is integrated.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[height=.23\textheight,keepaspectratio=true]{T100VsRedshift-ObserverFrame.pdf}
\caption{The observer frame duration for a set of simulated GRB pulses, of equal intrinsic duration but varying intrinsic luminosity, as a function of redshift.  Even a perfect detector collecting data over a limited energy range would not faithfully measure the expected time dilation effects on a GRB pulse as a function of redshift.  When noise is added to the observed signal, the measured duration turns over and begins to decrease with increasing redshift.   }
\label{T100VsRedshift-ObserverFrame}
\end{figure}

In Figure \ref{T100VsSNVsFlux}, we quantify the severity of the duration bias as a function of the observed signal-to-noise ratio by simulating a 4000 single peak GRBs at $z = 1$ of equal intrinsic duration, but varying luminosity.  The estimated observer frame duration normalized to the intrinsic duration is plotted vs the pulse's observed signal-to-noise, with a color coding displaying the peak photon flux of the observed signal.  Again, the bias in the duration estimate is largest for intrinsically weak bursts with low signal-to-noise as seen in the detector.  Although the bias is far less severe for the highest signal-to-noise bursts, the offset between the estimated duration and the true duration is still evident and due to the redshifting of $E_{\rm pk,src}$.  The divergence between the true observer frame duration and the estimated duration at low signal-to-noise ratios reflect the similar breaks seen in Figures \ref{T100VsRedshift-SourceFrame} and \ref{T100VsRedshift-SourceFrame}.  More importantly, this divergence occurs at roughly the same signal-to-noise ratio, in this case SNR $\sim 25$, for all of the bursts in this simulation.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[height=.23\textheight,keepaspectratio=true]{T100VsRedshift-SourceFrame.pdf}
\caption{The estimated source frame duration, normalized to the true intrinsic duration, for a set of simulated burst's of varying luminosity.  Transforming the under-estimated observer frame durations into the source frame has the effect of further widening the difference between the pulse's true intrinsic duration and our duration estimates}
\label{T100VsRedshift-SourceFrame}
\end{figure}

\section{Discussion} \label{sec:Discussion}

The systematic error introduced into our estimate of the observer frame duration has severe consequences for our subsequent estimates of the source frame duration and the isotropic equivalent energy $E_{\rm iso}$ of a GRB pulse.  By under-estimating the observer frame duration, any transformation into the source frame by dividing by $1+z$ only acts to further diverge our estimates of the source frame duration from their true values.  For the simulated pulses shown in Figure \ref{T100VsSNVsFlux}, this fundamental duration bias is largest for bursts detected near the instrument's detection threshold and can be as much as $90\%$ before the pulse is no longer detected by the instrument.  Such a large divergence between our estimated source frame duration and the true intrinsic duration result in large systematic error in our estimates of the burst's total energetics.

Our simulations show that, baring the existence of an intrinsic evolution in the duration of GRBs and redshift, we do not expect high redshift, single pulsed, GRBs to be characterized by extremely long pulse durations.  This conclusion agrees with the fact that evidence does not exist for the systematic broadening of GRB durations as a function of redshift in either the \emph{Swift} or \emph{Fermi} detected GRBs with known redshift.  The most distance GRBs to date, GRB~980425 at z = 9.4, GRB~090423 at $z \sim 8.1$ and GRB~080913A at $z \sim 6.7$, have measured durations of 5.5 sec \citep{Cucchiara11}, 10.3 sec \citep{Salvaterra09} and 8.1 sec \citep{Greiner09} respectively, giving them rest frame durations of $\sim0.52$ sec, $\sim1.13$ sec, and $\sim1.04$ sec.  Our simulations show that these values are actually lower limits to the true duration of these events and as such, so to are their estimated $E_{\rm iso}$ values.

Although the results presented in Figure \ref{T100VsRedshift-ObserverFrame} show an increase in the observed duration of the five simulated pulses at low redshifts, a broad luminosity function, such as the one reported by \citet{Butler10}, will act to mask such time dilation signatures through the existence of intrinsically weak bursts at all redshifts.  Our simulations show that such a broad luminosity function effectively rules out the possibility that early studies successfully detected signatures of time dilation when considering the average duration of BATSE detected GRBs as a function of peak flux \citep{Norris94}.  This is essentially the same argument presented by \citet{Band94}, years before the first measurement of redshifts associated with GRB afterglows and their host galaxies.

The fundamental duration bias presented here has broad consequences of our understand of the energetics of GRBs, as the true $E_{\rm iso}$ distribution may extend to higher energies than had previously been estimated \citep{Butler10,Kocevski08}.  It also implies that attempts to predict the time of jet $t_{\rm jet}$ breaks in afterglow light curve, usually performed by measuring $E_{\rm iso}$ and assuming a canonical collimation corrected energy $E_{\gamma}$, may also be suspect.  If $E_{\rm iso}$ values for low signal-to-noise ratio bursts are truly lower limits to the true energy, then their associated  $t_{\rm jet}$ values are likewise lower limits and their jet break may actually occur at a point when the afterglow has faded beyond detectability.

Although measurements of $E_{\rm iso}$ may suffer from the systematic bias in duration measurements, estimate of a burst's peak isotropic equivalent luminosity $L_{\rm iso,pk}$ should not be effected, as long as a measurement of  $E_{\rm pk,obs}$ allows for a proper k-correction of the burst's underlying spectra.  This would mean that although $E_{\rm iso}$ evolution studies may in fact be biased at high redshift where a greater percentage of detected bursts have low signal-to-noise ratios, no such bias should exist when considering $L_{\rm iso}$.  Therefore, studies finding the lack of luminosity evolution \citep{Butler10} as a function of redshift would not be effected, although the similar attempts to quantify the evolution of $E_{\rm iso}$ may be suspect.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[height=.23\textheight,keepaspectratio=true]{EisoVsRedshift.pdf}
\caption{The burst's estimate $E_{\rm iso}$ normalized to the burst's true $E_{\rm iso}$ for a set of simulated burst's of varying luminosity. The systematic error that the duration bias introduces  propagates into our estimate of the burst's energetics}
\label{EisoVsRedshift}
\end{figure}

Ultimately, it is the shape of GRB pulses that leads to the fundamental duration bias observed in this analysis.  In general, signals with high kurtosis will suffer a greater degree of bias in their duration estimate, whereas a signals with low kurtosis will suffer no bias at all.  For example, a duration bias would not manifest for a signal exhibiting a step function profile.  The duration of the step function would simply increase as a function of $1+z$ until it fell below the instrument's detection threshold.

Although our simulations were performed using a BATSE data response matrix, these results should generally apply to any flux limited instrument that collects time series data.  The results presented in Figure \ref{T100VsSNVsFlux} indicate that a burst's observed signal-to-noise ratio can provide a useful proxy to determine the severity of the bias in the estimates of burst duration.  In the simulations presented in Figure \ref{T100VsSNVsFlux}, any bursts detected by BATSE with a signal to noise less than $\sim 25$ should be considered heavily biased.  In a similar fashion, simulations of a large number of GRBs of varying luminosity, duration, and source frame spectra for different spacecraft may aid in determining the instrument specific signal-to-noise ratio below which duration estimates may be considered suspect.

The existence of the classic bimodal duration distribution reported in \citet{Kouveliotou93} would seem to limit the degree to which this duration bias can produce arbitrarily short durations for intrinsically long duration GRBs, despite that we have shown that GRB durations can be underestimated in some cases as much as 80$-$90$\%$.  This apparent contradiction can be reconciled by considering that most GRBs are in fact not single pulsed events, but comprise multiple emission periods.  Contrary to the effects that increasing redshift have on the observed duration of individual pulses, the duration between pulses, i$.$e$.$ the quiescent periods, should in fact increase.  Therefore, although long GRBs that exhibit a single, low signal-to-noise, pulse may result in observed durations that would allow them to be confused with the short GRB population, a majority of long GRBs would not suffer this fate even though their durations would still be under-estimated.  None-the-less, our work demonstrates that attempts at distinguishing between long and short GRBs based on a burst's temporal properties alone \citep{Fynbo06c, Ofek07}) cannot be trusted and additional information about the burst (e.g. spectral lag, host galaxy properties, hardness ratios) must be brought to bare.

A profile exhibiting narrow pulses separated by significant quiescent periods, may in fact be the tell tail sign of a high redshift GRB.  Although there are undoubtably low redshift GRBs which intrinsically exhibit such temporal profiles, additional spectral information could be used in order to distinguish these bursts from their high redshift counterparts,  Therefore, a burst's hardness as measured by an instrument with broad-band energy coverage, such as the Fermi-GBM, combined with its observed temporal profile and signal-to-noise ratio could play an important role in distinguishing high redshift events.

Finally, we conclude by predicting that the average peak-to-peak time for a large number of multi-pulsed GRBs as a function of redshift may eventually provide the evidence for time dilation that has so far eluded detection.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[height=.23\textheight,keepaspectratio=true]{T100VsSNVsFlux.pdf}
\caption{The resulting fast rise exponential decay (FRED) pulse shape generated by the model by integrating the bolometric GRB spectrum at each time bin.}
\label{T100VsSNVsFlux}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions} \label{sec:Conclusions}

By simulating the effects of time dilation on the evolution of the prompt gamma-ray spectra, we have found that:

\indent $\bullet$ The observer frame duration of individual GRB pulses does not always increase as a function of redshift as one would expect from the cosmological expansion of a Friedman-Lema\^{\i}tre-Robertson-Walker Universe. \\
\indent $\bullet$ The observed duration of individual pulses can actually decrease with increasing redshift as only the brightest portion of a high redshift GRB's light curve become accessible to the detector.  \\
\indent $\bullet$ The net result of this fundamental duration bias is that all estimates of duration and energetics for high redshift GRBs can only be taken as lower limits to their true values.\\
\indent $\bullet$ Bursts detected near the instrument's detection threshold are effected the most by this bias and an instrument specific signal-to-noise ratio below which duration estimates may be considered suspect may be isolated through simulations. \\
\indent $\bullet$ Any attempts at distinguishing between long and short GRBs based on a burst's temporal properties alone should not be trusted.  Additional information about the burst its spectral lag, host galaxy properties, and hardness ratios must be used in such classification attempts. \\

We conclude that GRB temporal profiles that exhibit narrow pulses separated by significant quiescent periods, may in fact the tell tail sign of high redshift GRBs and predict that the average peak-to-peak duration for a large number of multi-pulsed GRBs as a function of redshift may eventually provide the evidence for time dilation that has so far eluded detection.

\acknowledgements

D.K. acknowledges financial support through the Fermi Guest Investigator program. This work was supported in part by the NASA Fermi Guest Investigator program under NASA grant number NNX10AD13G and the U.S. Department of Energy contract to the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory under no. DE-AC3-76SF00515.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


If you have ever wondered about the intricacies of surgical procedures or considered a career path in medical device sales, this is the role for you! Our team of ASC's support medical device sales reps in the areas of Trauma, Spine, or Sports Medicine. They are trained on the devices used in orthopedic procedures that include; ankle replacements, ortho trauma surgeries, spine surgeries, and more. This role provides a unique opportunity to learn the ropes of the medical device industry while gaining valuable experience to develop your skillset into a medical device role.


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PRA clear F1b toy cockerpoo puppies. Mum is our spoiled F1 toy cockepoo and dad is a stunning kc register miniature poodle. Puppies will be wormed on panicure from two weeks old and every two weeks until they leave. Be vet checked and have there first injection and be microchipped. The puppies will be non shedding so great for allergy sufferers. Ready to leave on the 9th April. Non refundable 200 deposit secures pup of your choice. We have five puppies in total four boys and one girl. We have the following boys: Black 700 Apricot/ reds 900 And a female Apricot 950 Puppies bought up with my 17 month old daughter and used to washer dryer hoover noise etc. No time waster please.


It was 7:40 am, a little too bright and early, last Sunday when I parked my car near St. Luke's Church and heard from the interior of 1937 Historic City Hall at Central Square the sweat sound of table saws buzzing and the pop-pop-pop of the nail and screw guns. As I put on my work gloves and entered the building, I saw former City Manager and Police Chief Nick Willick, who is the daily construction manager and leading this huge project of rehabilitating the old city hall spaces for the new offices of the Auburn Chamber of Commerce, side by side with Harvey Roper, of Roper's Jewelers, as they lifted and secured the heavy piece of sheetrock into place. Rock music blared in the background and set the work rhythm. Turning my head, I saw a local insurance agent, executive director of parks, a landscape architect, a solar panel sales representative and two retired owners of small businesses in the mid-70s grabbing tools and going to work. All were volunteers. All were donating their time, energy and learned wisdom toward building a more dynamic Auburn for the future.
Seeing the enormous progress being made each week, I was reminded of the wise observations of Alexis de Tocqueville, a French civil servant from an aristocratic family, who visited the United States in 1831-32 and wrote the two-volume book, Democracy in America. In this classic work, one of de Tocqueville's keen insights in contrasting the democratic and dynamic American Republic with the aristocratic and bureaucratic Europe was the phenomenon of American citizens creating voluntary associations to build stronger communities. He wrote, "In the United States, as soon as several inhabitants have taken an opinion or an idea they wish to promote in society, they seek each other out and unite together once they have made contact. From that moment, they are no longer isolated but have become a power seen from afar whose activities serve as an example and whose words are heeded." It is not difficult to realize when, for instance, reading the August 7, 1906 Charter establishing the Auburn Chamber of Commerce as a "central body, always organized and always ready to take up any proposition for the public good," that the numerous dedicated and civic-minded volunteers in Auburn are following a great American tradition.
You don't have to be a physicist to know that it takes energy to create movement and dynamism. All successful organizations remember and cherish their past accomplishments but they also think anew to meet the needs of the modern era. The volunteer Board of Directors of the Auburn Chamber of Commerce is taking a gutted, asbestos-laden, 1930-era building and raising and investing over $100,000 in improvements to make the Historic City Hall a new center of dynamism for Auburn. The new wiring and enthusiasm of small business owners, non-profits, employees, and volunteers and our partnerships with business associations, the Placer Welcome Center and local governments will power the effort to create more prosperity and a higher quality of life for Auburn area residents. We will expand the Think Auburn First and tourism marketing campaigns and use enhanced website, search engine and video technologies to provide even greater support for small businesses. We will expand our efforts to bring in experts to give valuable information to small business owners and their employees to keep them up-to-date with the impact of new laws. We will be an even stronger voice before all levels of government to make sure that the voice of hard-working people is heard and heeded.
De Tocqueville wrote, "In the United States, there is no limit to the inventiveness of man to discover ways of increasing ways of increasing wealth and to satisfy the public's needs. The most enlightened inhabitants of each district constantly use their knowledge to make new discoveries to increase the general prosperity, which, when made, they pass eagerly to the mass of the people." Look around, in Auburn, residents and volunteers are everyday building a stronger community for all.


Merry Christmas!!!! Well what's left of the day, I've had a lovely day with my family and actually managed to get some crochet time in this evening too.
I really do enjoy Eleven handmade patterns and she has some amazing ones on her Etsy shop , make sure you have a nosey.
I've also finished drake the dragon from the unicorns and dragons book, this was chosen by Max my nephew towards his Christmas gift, I'm really pleased with it and he loves it too!!
It's been so nice not being at work the last few days, catching up with friends, finishing Christmas shopping, I think a few days of rest and crochet are in order and then it's time to start finalising things for February! It's The Crochet Sanctuary very first birthday in February and we're gong all out, I'm so looking forward to it, we had a great year last year and we're looking forward to another, so many things amazing things planned!
And I really enjoyed making this although excuse the picture it needs blocking!
Anyway I do believe that a whopping 4 finished items! Not bad for me!


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THE NEW STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE FOR RUGGED CONNECTOR SELECTION.
Connector selection has morphed from the old standby "how many contacts do you need" to a much more serious challenge for design engineers who need to find ways to pump increasing amounts of data through smaller and smaller spaces. With usability experts adding their ideas into the mix, there are additional challenges with connector selection that often mean figuring out how to run electrical and signal in one connector/cable combination without interference. All this creates new priorities when you start your connector selection process. With that in mind, we've updated our step-by-step rugged connector selection guide for the new realities engineers face today.


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Nothing sleepy about the new "HOLLOW" (formerly "WYVERN HILL") trailer & poster
Wednesday, May 4, 2022 | News
A human-sized puppet pulls the strings of this supernatural flick.
Devilworks has announced it will release HOLLOW on premium TVOD and DVD May 17, followed by a full digital release. The film, which we previously covered here under the title WYVERN HILL, was directed by Jonathan Zaurin from a script by Keith Temple and stars Pat Garrett, Ellie Jeffreys, Mike Coombes, Ben Manning and Pablo Raybould. According to the official synopsis, "the chilling tale tells the story of a woman who begins experiencing lucid dreams and nightmares of a living Punch puppet. As her loss of reality worsens, she uncovers something sinister is observing her and preparing a darkness that leads her into a frenzied and terrifying confrontation."
Jonathan Zaurin
Keith Temple

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


You can watch this VR film on the mobile app of Youtube on your smartphone. But for the best experience, we recommend using Samsung Gear VR or a smartphone in combination with a Cardboard. This will allow you to truly enter a different world. Read on: http://www.operaballet.nl/en/how-to-watch-night-fall --- Dutch National Ballet presents Night Fall, the first Virtual Reality ballet in the world. Enter a fascinating world where the boundary between dreams and reality seems to vanish. Through Virtual Reality, you become totally immersed in the story. Night Fall is inspired by the famous 'white acts' from Swan Lake and La Bayadère. The music was especially composed for the film by Robin Rimbaud (Scanner) and is performed by violinist Pieter van Loenen. An enchanting experience for ballet-lovers – but also for people who never go to ballet performances. More about this project: http://www.operaballet.nl/vr Team & cast Concept & choreography - Peter Leung Director - Jip Samhoud Creative director - Marijn Korver Music - Robin Rimbaud - Scanner Violinist - Pieter van Loenen 3D audiodesign - Amp.Amsterdam door Bertus Pelser Assistent choreographer - Angela Agresti Principals - Anna Tsygankova, Artur Shesterikov Corps de ballet - Nancy Burer, Lisanne Kottenhagen, Priscylla Gallo, Clara Superfine, Melissa Chapski, Emilie Tassinari, Hannah Williams, Belle Beasley Dutch National Ballet created Night Fall in co-production with &samhoud media and Chester Music. The film is powered by Samsung.


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Reynolds School District 2015 Athletic Hall of Fame Inductees Banquet: Sat Nov 21, 2015 5:30P
By admin - Posted on November 1st, 2015
Start: 11/21/2015 - 5:30pm
End: 11/21/2015 - 8:00pm
Reynolds School District 2015
Athletic Hall of Fame Inductees
When: Sat Nov 21, 2015 5:30PM
Where: Gresham National Armory
544 NE Division St
Gresham OR
Get Map!
The Reynolds School District is proud to announce the 2015 class of inductees to the Athletics Hall of Fame:
Clem "Spaz" Hancock (1960 – 1997)
Jim Miller (1968 – 1972)
Steve Raze (1986 – 1990)
Sue Tuggle (1981 – 1985)
The 1989-90 Reynolds Boys Soccer Team
(Inductee details below page break)
This year's banquet will be held on Saturday, November 21, 2015, at the Gresham National Guard Armory. The evening will begin with a no-host social and silent auction at 5:30pm, followed by a sit-down dinner. After dinner is served, the inductees will be introduced and recognized for their tremendous contributions to the Reynolds School District athletics program. This year's major banquet sponsors are Barclay Events and the Skyland Pub.
Tickets for this year's banquet are $30 per plate, with reserved tables of eight available for $240. Tickets may be purchased online at: www.reynolds.k12.or.us/rhs/reynolds-school-district-athletic-hall-fame-class-2015
For more info contact Shauna Stanfill at: rhs_athleticboosters@yahoo.com
2015 RHS Athletic Hall of Fame Inductees
Clem "Spaz" Hancock (1960 – 1997):
From 1960 to the time of his passing, Spaz was an invaluable resource for the Reynolds School District and our athletic programs. He continually took it upon himself to maintain the athletic facilities, including mowing, trimming and painting fields. He volunteered to paint locker rooms, clean bleachers, lock gates and repair equipment that wasn't working properly. He constructed a concession stand and press box using his own money and resources. He was the person any teacher, coach or administrator called upon when something needed to be done.
Jim Miller (1968 – 1972):
Jim was a two-sport standout in both football and track and field for the Lancers, lettering three times in both sports. As a junior, he was selected 2nd team All-Wilco League defensive tackle in football. He was the league champion in the discus and went on to become the state champion. As a senior, Jim was selected 1st team All-State defensive tackle and 2nd team All-State offensive tackle in football. In track, he was once again the league champion in the discus, establishing the all-time state mark of 193'. At the state meet, Jim won the discus championship for a second time with a throw of 189-4. After Reynolds, Jim received a football scholarship from Oregon State University but after being injured his freshman year, he chose to focus on track and field, where he had a successful career with the Beavers.
Steve Raze (1986 – 1990):
Steve participated in both soccer and basketball where he excelled in both sports. During his senior year, he led the soccer team to the state championship, earning 1st team all-state honors and being named the Oregon Soccer Player of the Year. In basketball, he helped lead the Raiders to the state basketball tournament at the Memorial Coliseum, where they eventually lost in the quarterfinals. Steve went on to play both soccer and basketball at Willamette University, where he was a member of the 1993 NAIA Division II National Championship basketball team.
Sue Tuggle (1981 – 1985):
Sue was a three-sport standout for the Lancers in soccer, basketball and softball, earning twelve varsity letters and multiple All-Mt. Hood Conference and All-State honors. In soccer, she was part of two state championships, three conference championships, as well as a state runner-up. In basketball, she helped the Lancers win the conference title in 1984 as well as a second place finish at the state tournament. In softball, she was part of the 1983 Mt. Hood Conference championship team. Sue went on to compete at Concordia University in Portland where in basketball, she was the school record holder for all-time assists average, which was just recently broken.
The 1989-90 Reynolds Boys Soccer Team:
In the first year of the Reynolds/Columbia merger, the Raiders won the Mt. Hood Conference with an 11-0-3 record. Led by coach John Garrow and 2015 Hall of Fame Inductee Steve Raze, Reynolds outscored their opponents 13-1 in the State Playoffs and went on to win the first State Championship for the Reynolds Raiders, finishing with a 15-0-3 record and a #15 national ranking.
Gresham City Council Business Meeting: Tue, Jan 19, 2021 10AM-12PM(2 days)
Gresham Redevelopment Commission Jan 19, 2021 Meeting: Tue, Jan 19, 2021 2PM-3PM(2 days)
City of Gresham Design Commission Meeting: Wed, Jan 20, 2021 6:30PM-8:30PM(3 days)
City of Gresham Finance Committee: Wed, Jan 20, 2021 7PM-9PM(3 days)
City of Gresham Urban Forestry Subcommittee Meeting: Mon, Jan 25, 2021 4:30PM-6:00PM(8 days)
City of Gresham Planning Commission Meeting: Mon, Jan 25, 2021 6:30PM-8:30PM(8 days)
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Portland suspects arrested in shooting, fatal hit-and-run
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East County News Briefs - Friday Jan. 15
Search for missing woman becomes recovery mission
COVID-19 cancels 2021 Portland International Auto Show
Lopez Hopper joins Gladstone schools leadership team
OHA: State meeting Brown's vaccination goal
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Fort Lewis College Foundation
Fort Lewis College stands as a stronghold of education and academic excellence for students, lifelong learners, and the surrounding Four Corners' community. These former Ute Tribal lands serve as a village to all who seek wisdom, to all who chase dreams, to all with vision.
Our legacy of giving stretches back to 1969 when Mrs. T. Chase McPherson donated $18,700 to launch the Fort Lewis College Foundation. Half a century later, and with the support of other major benefactors, like the Sitter, Bradley, and Busby families, we're able to put more than $20 million in assets into providing scholarships, updating facilities and campus infrastructure, improving academic programs and supporting professional development opportunities for faculty and staff.
With all that FLC's students, faculty, and alumni are accomplishing today, we must anticipate the needs of FLC's future creators, adventurers, entrepreneurs, and problem-solvers.
Individually, we contribute to FLC today, making it sustainable for tomorrow. Together, we create an FLC to last forever.
Your investment in FLC's infrastructure, academic programs, and research and scholarship opportunities leads to ensuring we are the Four Corners' stronghold of academic excellence forever.
FLC Foundation Updates
Largest Gift in FLC History
The gift completes the 10% match required for Capital Construction funding to begin on the long-awaited $33 million FLC Health Sciences Center.
Capital Projects Moving Forward
Governor Jared Polis signed into law Senate Bill 20-219 on Tuesday, paving the way for funding for higher education capital construction projects at three Colorado colleges and universities, including Fort Lewis College's proposed Health Sciences Center.
Angelic Troublemaker #62
President Stritikus found himself in the company of LeBron James, AOC, Alexis Ohanian, Ava DuVernay, Megan Rapinoe, and others last week when named as "angelic troublemakers" who are each reshaping the world through social justice.
Bridging the digital divide
For Indigenous students, the struggles of campus closure and online learning are exacerbated by a severe digital divide. At FLC — where four in 10 students are Native American or Alaska Native — Lee Bitsóí, director of the Diversity Collaborative, led administrators, faculty, and staff in creating personal connections to meet individual technology needs.
Going Solar
The sun is shining on the new Fort Lewis Solar Innovation Park with $1.5M in funding as part of the Advanced Industry Accelerator Grant Program. The Park will be developed in Hesperus, Colorado on the Old Fort property.
One Final Gift
After 20 years of service and millions of dollars in grants to FLC and the Native American Center, the John & Sophie Ottens Foundation is winding down operations, imparting one final gift to the NAC — the largest single cash gift in FLC history.


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Q: How can I get the server time in Minecraft? Is there a plugin to tell what time it is in my SMP server (time in game) without changing the time? I'm hoping for a plugin, and not a mod like Single Player Commands that I have to compile into the server .jar. My other idea is to parse the logs for the last time someone used /time and figure it out from there.

A: Figured it out. The data is in the level.dat file. Assuming you're using Python, here's a code snippet that should get the current time (run "sudo pip install nbt" first):
import nbt
def get_time():
    n = nbt.NBTFile('%s/%s/level.dat' % (minecraft_dir, session_name))
    if n == None:
        return None
    else:
        return n[0]["Time"].value % 24000

For bonus points, you can change the modulo to a division sign and get how many days it has been since you started.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Alzheimer's – First Secret of Prevention?
Did you know that 7.7 million cases of Dementia are diagnosed every year? Frightening statistics. But there is a chance for us to take control and help prevent being one of those statistics. This article covers one area of how we can help ourselves. More to follow.
Recent research suggests that smoking may play a major role in Alzheimer's disease.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) published a report this year called Tobacco Use and Dementia which was a scientific review of tobacco use, exposure to second-hand smoke and incidence rate of all types of dementia including Alzheimer's Disease. The report found that smokers have a 45% higher chance of developing dementia than non smokers. Interesting figures.14% of all Alzheimer's cases worldwide could possibly be attributed to smoking. So if there is a chance to stop getting this disease then I know I would try. How about you?
Smokers with dementia also die earlier than non – smokers with dementia.
2. Accelerating atherosclerosis in your heart and brain, which deprives your brain cells of oxygen and important nutrients. Arterial stiffness is associated with the build-up of beta-amyloid plaque in your brain, which is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease.
For those who used to smoke but no longer smoke the risk is less predictable, which suggests that stopping smoking reduces your risk of developing dementia and lowering your overall mortality which is another good reason to stop.
This adds to the benefits of giving up smoking regardless of your age. Studies showed that women who stopped smoking before age 40 stopped almost 90% of total mortality caused by continued smoking. Even better news for women who quit by age 30 avoid 97% of increased mortality. Remember you are NEVER too late to stop and the earlier you do it the better!!
Another study found that smokers over age 65 who stopped smoking, could reduce their risk of dying from heart related problems to those of a non smoker within 8 years.
Risks from Second-hand Smoke are Almost as High.
"The pathophysiological link between secondhand smoke exposure and dementia is not well understood. At this time, an indirect causal pathway is biologically plausible because of recognized associations between secondhand smoke exposure, increased risk of cardiovascular conditions and stroke.
The cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke are nearly as great as for smoking, and operate through essentially the same biological mechanisms..." So if you do smoke and stand outside your home when smoking, you know that you are doing the right thing for all who live within.
All 6 studies suggested that exposure to second-hand smoke increases your risk of dementia and Alzheimer's. The risk depends on the frequency and duration of exposure.
"Smokeless tobacco contains over 2000 chemical compounds, including nicotine. It is biologically plausible that the use of smokeless tobacco could increase the risk of dementia through cardiovascular disease-related mechanisms, as use of snus [a type of Swedish smokeless tobacco sold in loose form or in paper sachets that users stuff under their upper lip] has an increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease."
Second-hand smoke is also dangerous for your pets. Exposure to smoke, residual chemicals left by cigarettes and from toxins that cling to a smoker's hands and clothes can cause lung damage and certain kinds of cancer in animals.
Cats are twice as likely to get Lymphoma from second-hand smoke according to research. Are you a pet lover?
So would you like to stop smoking to feel fitter, healthier, age slower, less wrinkly, smell better, as well as preventing getting Alzheimer's Disease, Cancers and Cardiovascular disease (heart attacks and strokes)?
If so I can help make this change the easiest it can be before using hypnotherapy and other useful tools that will stop you smoking and even stop you ever wanting a cigarette again. Worth ago surely. Plus you will be so much wealthier after you quit. Win – Win surely? If so please get in touch as love to help you make this change.
You know it's the right thing, don't you?
Give your family a gift and be around for them for longer with a good quality of life also. Prevent being a burden, I know that's my aim. Hopefully speak to you soon.


We are a team of over 30 researchers and doctors from universities and hospitals across Victoria and interstate, with the core team based at the Royal Women's Hospital and the University of Melbourne. Together we are conducting and developing a large health and wellness initiative that we hope will help improve the overall health and wellbeing of young women.
Suzanne Garland is one of Victoria's leading Clinical Microbiologists. She is well known for her research on infectious diseases, having been involved in clinical trials of antivirals and vaccines for herpes simplex virus. Suzanne has been a leader in the role of patient self-collected genital sampling in the detection by molecular techniques of reproductive tract infections, particularly those sexually transmitted. She also has key research interest in cervical cancer and the role of human papillomaviruses (HPV), having been involved in defining the molecular epidemiology of HPV in cervical dysplasia, cervical cancer, and the healthy population within Australia, as well as defining the prevalence of HPV genotypes in urban, rural, indigenous and non-indigenous Australian women pre-HPV vaccine rollout. She is the past and inaugural President of the newly formed society, AOGIN (Asian-Oceania Research Organization on Genital Infection and Neoplasia), which brings together clinicians and scientists within the Asian and Oceania regions and whose work is related to genital infections and neoplasia.
John Wark is an endocrinologist with major clinical and research interests in bone disorders spanning 30 years. He is Head of the RMH Bone and Mineral Service. He has an international reputation in the bone field and is known for his work on vitamin D metabolism; for studying twins of different ages and genders over many years; for the role of physical activity in bone health and for his work with the World Health Organization as a consultant on osteoporosis and menopause. He is principal investigator in an ongoing, 15-year longitudinal study of bone health and other indices in over 2,000 female twins. Current projects include the impact of cigarette smoking on bone and its potential reversibility, and the adverse effects of antiepileptic drug therapy on falls and fracture risk.


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Rebels wake up in time for win at Airline
Cody Futrell
cfutrell@thenewsstar.com
"It was not pretty, but it was a win,"
West Monroe coach Jerry Arledge will take a win any day of the week, but Friday was a struggle that his team came into heavily favored, but didn't meet those expectations in the first half.
West Monroe fell behind 7-0 but grabbed a 10-7 lead at halftime and controlled things in the second half for a 27-14 win at Airline in a battle of former district rivals.
"This was a great lesson for our team, because I thought our kids came out flat," Arledge said. "Airline outplayed us for the most part. These kids have to realize that we can't just roll that Rebel helmet out there and people are gonna roll over and play dead. We are going to get everyone's best game — and Airline sure gave us a good showing (Friday night)."
Arledge said he has never been to Airline when it was not a hard fought game, yet the players did not heed his words.
"Our kids don't seem to realize that when you go into someone's backyard like that, it is going to be battle," Arledge said. "I expected a battle, and it was."
West Monroe also played the game without two of their biggest offensive weapons in starting running back Devonte Williams and reserve running back Lushawn Ware.
"Both those guys have been going through some ankle problems, and we could have played them if we had to," Arledge said. "But we felt like it was a good opportunity to rest them, and get some other guys some experience. I thought (sophomore running back) Trey Coleman did an exceptional job. We knew he had it in him, it has just been a matter of him maturing and doing those things."
Coleman finished the game with 113 yards on 18 carries. Parker Davidson also chipped in with 12 carries for 43 yards and scored the first touchdown of the game on a 1-yard score.
The defense also got involved in the scoring attack when senior linebacker Nick Sanders returned a fumble 41 yards for the final touchdown of the night.
West Monroe will now turn their attention to defending Division III state champion Calvary Baptist of Shreveport. The Cavaliers come to Don Shows Field at Rebel Stadium on Friday along with highly touted quarterback recruit, senior Shea Patterson.
West Monroe has been redefining their offense with much more of a balanced attack as of late and quarterback Robert Scott Foust showed improved accuracy on Friday, completing 7-of-16 for 74 yards, including a 14-yard touchdown pass to tight end Will Hoogland.
"We want to be a balanced offense," Arledge said. "It is good if we can spread people out and be productive."
Jimmy Watson contributed to this report.
Connect with Cody on Twitter @cfutrellTNS


Congratulations to the Dauphin County Prison Medical Department as the National Commission on Correctional Health Care (NCCHC), upon the recommendation of its Accreditation Committee, has selected the Dauphin County Prison to receive this year's NCCHC Program of the Year Award. This prestigious award is presented each year to only one facility's program, selected from among the 500 – 1000 jails, prisons, and juvenile confinement facilities that participate in NCCHC's nationwide accreditation program. Congratulations are due to every member of the Dauphin County Prison Medical Department and treatment team who have worked so hard to achieve and maintain NCCHC accreditation and now receive this prestigious award.


Get yourself ready for summer grilling with these 7 easy, make-ahead chicken marinade recipes. Everything you need to know to make, freeze, and grill a bunch of delicious meals with minimal effort! #chickengrill Get yourself ready for summer grilling with these 7 easy, make-ahead chicken marinade recipes. Grill a bunch of delicious meals with minimal effort!


Utility Telecom Presents StocktonCon 2018!
Utility Telecom is proud to once again be the Presenting Sponsor of Stockton's seventh annual StocktonCon event!
The two-day weekend event held on August the 18th and 19th hosted a fun and unique experience for parents and children alike. Guests got to experience all aspects of pop-culture, ranging from comic books, card games, video games, anime, manga, science fiction, toys, television, all with the opportunity to discover outstanding artists local to the San Joaquin Valley area.
Special celebrity guests and artists included WWE's Sting, John Noble, Rachael Leigh Cook, WWE's James Ellsworth, Michael Bell, Greg Baldwin, Tara Sands, Shawna Waldron, Gigi Edgley, Brittany Daniel, Charles Fleischer, Joanna Cassidy, John Petersdorf, C. Andrew Nelson, George "The Giant" McArthur, Leva Bates, Bill Miekina and more!
StocktonCon offers much more than just fun and pop-culture: the convention brings awareness of standout local artists while also raising awareness and support for the United Way of San Joaquin County and Saint Mary's Dining Room.
We at Utility Telecom had a great time meeting all the fans and families who stopped by our booth for some free goodies! Our booth offered free reusable bags for the first 50 guests, along with plenty of treats for anyone who visited the booth.
Attendants also had the chance of winning some free goodies by liking us on Facebook to either spin our Wheel-of-Prizes or enter our free raffle. Utility Telecom's prizes included full-sized candies, mugs, water bottles, hats, shirts, and a grand prize that included Avengers: Infinity Wars Funko Pop Vinyls and an Amazon Fire Tablet!
Thank you to everyone who joined in helping enrich the community by supporting StocktonCon, the United Way of San Joaquin, and Saint Mary's Dining Room.
StocktonCon on August 3rd and 4th, 2019!
StocktonCon President Mike Millerick with Utility Telecom President and CEO Jason Mills.
Peanut oil is used for cooking in submarines because it doesn\'t smoke unless it\'s heated above 450 degrees Farenheit.


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Q: Easiest way to move a Linux setup to another partition? I want to move my root filesystem to an another(bigger) partition on my hard drive. What is the most convenient way of doing that? Is the following a feasible scenario?
1- Boot via a live CD
2- Format target partition
3- cp -a all the files
4- update /boot/grub/menu.lst
5- grub-install
6- Profit?
I do not have a separate /boot partition.

A: Most of the time, you don't need to move the installation. Just resize the partition.
http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php - this livecd is able to resize partitions.
If you really need to move to another partition, then rsync is your friend.
Read its manual if you need to, but my hints are to use the -a switch ('archive' like in cp command). Rsync is better than cp, because sometimes cp will fail, or you will   need to stop it etc. No need to start from scratch afterwards
  rsync -rvva /source/dir/  /dest/dir/

be sure to use slashes after the paths.
You have generally figured out most of the things you need to do. Other than these things, you will need to edit your /etc/fstab file, so that the new installation is able to mount the filesystems on the updated partition schema.

A: Last time I did that type of thing (a long time ago), I setup a minimal Linux install from scratch on the new disk and made sure it booted OK and then I copied of all the important areas.
I need to move another system onto a new disk soon and I was wondering whether Clonezilla, with dynamic partition resizing, would be the way to go.


text:
Talal Qureshi explores new horizons
Reminiscing the better days of Bollywood
Controversially yours: 'TV dramas are our only representation across the globe'
Actor Hamza Ali Abbasi talks item numbers, Bollywood and everything else he's loved and hated for
Ians June 30, 2015
Actor Hamza Ali Abbasi talks item numbers, Bollywood and everything else he's loved and hated for. PHOTO: NEWUNIQUEFASHION.COM
Actor Hamza Ali Abbasi says the influx of Hindi films has spelt trouble for his country's entertainment industry, which he feels is losing its distinct identity in a race to "be a cheap copy of Bollywood".
"I feel the Indian film industry has had a huge impact on Pakistan because they filled the void, which was created when films were not being made [in my country]. Our filmmakers have grown up watching Hindi films, so they are trying to make films which look like Bollywood films," said Hamza in an interview.
"Pakistan's film industry should make its own identity. I don't want our film industry to be some wannabe film industry," added the actor, whose maternal family hails from Amritsar.
Now he has walked into the Indian small screen through his show Pyaare Afzal, which beams on Zindagi TV in India.
Hamza, who has studied bachelors in international relations and development from US and is also the former cultural secretary of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, sees hope in the new wave of Pakistani cinema.
While there was Zinda Bhaag, which was sent as a prospective Oscar nomination, Pakistan's first Oscar winner Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy has brought in animated films to the country with 3 Bahadur.
"Our film industry is still in a process of emerging. With this new film industry, we have a chance to make it a distinct medium of representation instead of trying to be a cheap copy of Bollywood," he added.
The actor, who has worked in films like WAAR and Main Hoon Shahid Afridi, and whose theatrical repertoire includes local productions of Bombay Dreams, Phantom of the Opera and Home is Where Your Clothes Are, added that the Pakistani film industry can learn a thing or two from its own TV industry.
"TV dramas are our only representation across the globe. Our identity is brilliantly represented in TV dramas. I think our film industry need not learn from Bollywood 'masala' films, but from our drama industry," said Hamza, who notes that "Pakistani TV dramas stay true to the country's culture".
And how is that going to happen?, "For instance, I've not seen an item song in Pakistani dramas. Whether we agree or not, Pakistan doesn't approve of such things," he said, and added: "Item number is a phenomenon, which is creeping into Pakistani films and is not being appreciated by our people."
Hamza also believes that Pakistani film industry is "not adapting good Bollywood films, but which are full of 'masala' like Grand Masti and Housefull, adding that the current trend is disappointing as "Bollywood is itself trying to do away with such cinema with meaningful films like 3 Idiots and Piku.
On whether he'd like to feature in a Bollywood film, Hamza stated, "I don't see myself in Bollywood for a while because I think I'm more useful in Pakistan." He said if there's ever a joint venture, where Pakistan also has a stake in the project, then he'd probably consider it. Hamza had previously turned down an offer to feature in the Akshay Kumar-starrer Baby.
While he has nothing against actors like Fawad Khan and Ali Zafar, who have made their mark in Bollywood, he pointed at one drawback. "Our actors become really big in Bollywood and then they become a bit inaccessible and a delicacy for Pakistan," said Hamza.
Published in The Express Tribune, July 1st, 2015.
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VJ Ramesh | 6 years ago | Reply Hamza Ali Abbasi is right. Pakistani dramas are much better content and quality wise. The actors and story are top class. They remind us of the Sham Benegal Smita Patil-Shabana Azmi era of 1980. Todays Bollywood films are all about big costly locations, heavy costumes, makeup and jewelry and little clothing. Also kissing and passionate loving scenes with sexy item number performed either by an actress or Salman Khan shirtless. Fawad Khan has already put his foot down against kissing and love making shots. Even Ali Zafar could hardly come in a few films because of the strict Islamic upbringing. Therefore Hamza Ali is correct in saying to stick to doing what you are good at.
Chachoo | 6 years ago | Reply The people like Hamza Abbasi are a boon for the already Confused young generation of Pakistan. The guys like him state so conveniently that we have nothing in common with Indians and this creates many problems. We have to agree to terms that we were all Indians before 1947. There are many cultural similarities and rejecting all similarities is just against the facts. It is alright to develop the so called Pakistani identity. But we should not confuse our masses. Also i want to point out that Hamza belong from a Political family of Pakistan. His father and mother are in the Politics. The political family kids have this type of Holy attitude. Their parents earn the money through all means and then their children become Haajis in the end.
Thought | 6 years ago | Reply Cinema can not be defined in between two "...". It is an expression of thoughts, feelings and much more things. Every film industry has its own style but you can not label all the work done should follow that same style or substance. Film making is an evolving process which gets changed with the time. I admit that Pakistani TV drama are definitely better than its Indian counterparts but I feel it's been caught between a certain stereotypical pattern in which every girl aim is to get married and are much more focused on females similarly the Indian cinema is also been stuck in glossy pictures and loud songs by ignoring the story which is the soul of the movie making and more focused on male desires.
Khurram | 6 years ago | Reply I dont know what people want from Pakistani film industry. Audience are looking for entertainment and masala whether be it through item songs, mindless action scenes or crazy love stories. Public dont want to see crying faces and heavily dosed social issues on big screen after whole day of hectic routines. This is what cinema and films are all about, an artificial entertainment world. What Hamza Ali Abbasi and others want our film industry to produce TV dramas for big screens?
drS(lhr) | 6 years ago | Reply he may be right to some extent here but overall he is a bigoted personality.. hope et will publish
Hamza Ali Abbasi, social activist or moral crusader?
Hamza Ali Abbasi turns social media into a war zone


** 2018 PLATE CLEARANCE **** BALANCE OF 5YR WARRANTY **** Save as this MY19 Subaru Impreza has been reduced to clear. Featuring Leather seats Sat Nav Sunroof Eyesight Crash Avoidance Blind spot monitoring Available for Immediate delivery, Trade in welcome, Easy over the phone finance available. Country and interstate callers welcomed. Enquire now for a great deal at Australia's largest Subaru dealership!


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Curator: Nira Itzhaki
The exhibition will present approximately a hundred works made by Uri Gershuni in the last twenty years. In this exhibition artist Uri Gershuni chooses to stop a moment, stand in place and observe the footprints he has left behind. In recent years it seems that looking back is a main gesture in Gershuni's work, and this gesture convey in a both concrete and metaphorical manner the artist's dialogue with his autobiographical, familial past, as well as a dialogue with the historical roots of his chosen medium, photography. The retrospective gesture in this case isn't nostalgic or wistful –
Uri Gershuni, Amateur photographer, 2015, Collage on millimeter paper, 57x42.5 cm
Uri Gershuni, Untitled (1), collage, 2012, 50x40 cm
Uri Gershuni, 'Untitled', collage, 2012, 50x40 cm
Uri Gershuni, Untitled (10), collage, 2012, 50x40 cm
Uri Gershuni, 'Untitled', 2012, collage, 50x40 cm
Uri Gershuni, Web (1 & 2), from the series Yesterday's Sun, 2010, inject print, 90X70 cm. each
Uri Gershuni, Lattice (Positive & Negative), from the series Yesterday's Sun, 2010, archival pigment print, 88X61 cm. each
Uri Gershuni, 'A Clock in the Kitchen', 2010, inkject print, 30x40 cm, framed 60x80 cm
Uri Gershuni, Mr. Kronnagel (Bambi), 2009, inkject print, 74X54 cm, Framed 80X60 cm
Uri Gershuni, 'Untitled (from the series Butterfly Effect)', lumen print, 2020
Uri Gershuni, 'Untitled', 2019, Van Dyke brown print
Uri Gershuni, 'Untitled (from the series Butterfly Effect)', 2019, Van Dyke brown print
Uri Gershuni, Untitled ( from the series Hundred and Twenty), 2014, inkjet print, 25.5x20 cm (framed 40x30 cm)
Uri Gershuni, Untitled (from Blueprint), 2020 inkjet print, 50x40 cm
Uri Gershuni, Untitled (Andreas), 2012 inkjet print, 50X40 cm
Uri Gershuni, Untitled (1a), from The Blue Hour, 2014, cyanotype, 13.5x18 cm
Uri Gershuni, Untitled (1b), from The Blue Hour, 2014, cyanotype, 13.5x18 cm
Uri Gershuni, Untitled (10a), from The Blue Hour, 2014, cyanotype, 13.5x18 cm
Uri Gershuni, Untitled (10b), from The Blue Hour, 2014, cyanotype, 13.5x18 cm
Chelouche gallery is pleased to announce the opening of a new solo exhibition by the
artist Uri Gershuni: 'Thus Far Shall You Come', and to introduce a new artist residency in old Jaffa, where Israeli artists (Jews and Arabs), as well as international artists, will work side-by-side.
In this retrospective exhibition Uri Gershuni exhibits a hundred works from the last twenty years. These, present his choice to "stop a moment, stand in place and observe the footprints he has left behind." This choice conveys the artist's dialogue with his autobiographical, familial past, as well as his
dialogue with the historical roots of his chosen medium, photography. The artist's mastery of photographic language and tools allows him to expand, time and again, the medium's boundaries. His work deals with the border separating truth from fiction, the historical shift from analogical to digital photography and the gap between those two methods, the dialogue between photography and painting, and spirit versus matter. Gershuni's work is immersed in the history of photography and of art, and the passing of time has become a central concept in his work.
The name of the exhibition, 'Thus far shall you come', is a partial quote taken from the Book of Job, 38:11: "And said, hitherto shalt thou come, but no further: and here shall thy proud waves be stayed"
This exhibition launches Chelouche Gallery's new project: an artist residency in Jaffa's Old City; A beautiful building overlooking the Mediterranean, comprising of seven spaces for work, hospitality and residence, which will serve as a home for the joint work of Israeli artists – Jews and Arabs – and international artists. The residency program is designed to support artists through an envelope that includes funding of stay, a project production budget, enrichment workshops for professional development, and guidance and counseling by a curatorial team. It is the first program in the country done in such a scale, guided by a holistic worldview that aims to contribute to both artists and the community.
The residency program will, in addition, include cooperation with neighboring Chelouche Gallery through varied exhibitions, including exhibitions by residency artists. Chelouche Gallery will be re-opened in a new building, a breath-taking Ottoman structure (dated 1850), located in 15 Hazorfim street, Jaffa. A holistic vision of art and culture has always been the guiding principle of Nira Itzhaki, the owner of Chelouche Gallery. That vision has led her to relocate from Tel Aviv center to Jaffa, to
establish an artist residency and to found a gallery space. The aim is to turn Old Jaffa into a center for young and vibrant contemporary art, to frequently attract a culture-loving audience, to offer interest to
passers-by on the streets, and to provide a platform for exciting and innovating projects from Israel and abroad.


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Bulbophyllum nigritianum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.

References
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia

nigritianum

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I was born in Lancashire and graduated from the University of Sheffield. The author of two novels and one non-fiction work, I have contributed as a journalist to the Guardian, Independent and Independent on Sunday, and The Sunday Telegraph. I joined the writing team for EastEnders in 2014.
BA History, University of Sheffield.
Fellow of the Higher Education Academy (FHEA).