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Home » Publications » Federal Register Notices » 2011
Request for Comments on the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Functions
110207099-1099-01
Self | Dina Barakat
Kindly find the file attached regarding the comments on IANA Functios.
Thank you and my best regards,
Dina Barakat
Egyptian Universities Network
Self | John Schnizlein
Please find my comments on the IANA Function NoI attached as both Word (.doc) and as a PDF. I prefer that the PDF rather than the .doc be posted to the comments location because it is easier for most people to view.
GoDaddy.com, Inc. | Tim Ruiz
Please accept the following comments in response to the Notice of Inquiry regarding IANA functions(1). Go Daddy reserves the right to future comments on this issue and our positions include, but are not necessarily limited to, the text herein.
In general, we are satisfied with the current procurement of IANA functions and the incumbent operator. We would, however, encourage the NTIA to consider additional enhancements to IANA functions, as described below.
Additionally, we do not believe there are dependencies that require all IANA functions to be provided by a single operator, nor are there compelling reasons to divide these functions. This arrangement is purely a matter of NTIA policy and community consensus.
Furthermore, we do not believe that any significant changes, such as separating IANA functions, changes to the procurement process, selecting a new IANA operator, or permanent assignment of the IANA contract should be undertaken so early in the Affirmation of Commitments lifecycle. The reviews prescribed in the AoC could inform such changes, and completing this work is therefore critical before any substantial changes are considered.
ENHANCING ROOT ZONE MANAGEMENT
The IANA Operator's management of Root Server operators can be characterized as good, but inconsistent. Because the Root Server System is critical to the operation of the Internet, we encourage the IANA operator to formalize its relationships with Root Server operators. All operators should be transitioned to a standard agreement, which includes a Service Level Agreement (SLA). Additionally, we note that Root Server operators are in a position to collect and aggregate traffic statistics that may have significant commercial value. Root Server operator agreements should prohibit this practice.
The ongoing deployment of DNSSEC is a technically and operationally complex project, and we believe that the IANA operator has functioned well in its role. We anticipate expanded DNSSEC deployment and adoption going forward.
NUMBER RESOURCE ASSIGNMENTS
In this functional area, the primary topic is the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. The IANA operator has performed satisfactorily in this area, but we note with concern that the increased scarcity of IPv4 address space is creating a market for unused blocks. We would prefer to see these returned to the Regional Internet Registry (RIR).
MANAGEMENT OF .ARPA AND .INT
Ideally, the IANA operator would not be engaged, either temporarily or indefinitely, in the direct management of any TLDs. The two existing examples of this, however, do not present any immediate concerns.
However, with the expectation that dozens or hundreds of new gTLDs will be delegated in the next 1-2 years, we would caution against contingency planning that involves direct management of failed gTLDs by the IANA operator.
In most cases, we support the existing procurement arrangement, and would like to see some specific enhancements in the areas mentioned above. And while we have numerous concerns with ICANN, and do not believe that the IANA contract should be assigned to them on a permanent basis, we do support private sector leadership and maintain that it is the most appropriate IANA Contract operator. We appreciate the opportunity to share our thoughts on this procurement process, and will continue to work within the larger community to improve and enhance the critical functions of the Internet.
GoDaddy.com, Inc.
Tim Ruiz
Corporate Development and Policy
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/frnotices/2011/fr_ianafunctionsnoi_02252011.pdf
Canadian Internet Registration Authority | Byron Holland
Dear Ms. Alexander,
On behalf of the Canadian Internet Registration Authority, please find attached our response to the NTIA on the IANA functions.
Byron Holland
Canadian Internet Registration Authority
Internet Society of China | CQ
there is Internet Society of China comments on the IANA contract in the annex,please see the annex.
auDA | Chris Disspain
Please find attached auDA's response to the NTIA's request for comments on the IANA functions.
Netnod | Kurt Erik Lindqvist
The below response has also been submitted with postal letter.
- kurtis -
Chair – ccNSO Council | Lesley Cowley
Please find attached the ccNSO comments to the NOI on IANA functions.
Nokia | Leo Fitzsimon
Dear Ms. Alexander:
Attached please find comments from Nokia on the above-referenced proceeding. A copy of these comments will also be sent via regular mail.
Should you have any questions or need additional information, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Leo Fitzsimon
Head of Government & Industry Affairs
Asia Pacific Top Level Domain Association (APTLD) | Ms. Jian Zhang
Asia Pacific Top Level Domain Association (APTLD) response to NTIA Notice of Inquiry (NOI) on the IANA functions
TO: Fiona M. Alexander, Associate Administrator, International Affairs National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) U.S. Department of Commerce
1401 Constitution Avenue, Rm 4701
About APTLD
Asia Pacific Top Level Domain Association (APTLD) is a membership based organisation for ccTLD (country-code Top Level Domain) registries in the Asia Pacific region. APTLD was informally established in 1998, and in 2003 legally established as a membership society incorporated in Malaysia. APTLD works as the forum of information exchange regarding technological and operational issues of domain name registries for ccTLDs.. Also, APTLD acts as an interface to other international Internet coordinating bodies including Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), APNIC and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). APTLD fosters and elevates participation of AP ccTLDs in these global fora, as well as acting in the best interest of APTLD members in global Internet policy development processes.
Currently, APTLD has 60-odd members in total; including 36 AP based ccTLD's..
APTLD welcomes the opportunity to provide comments in response to the National Telecommunications and Information Administration's (NTIA's) Notice of Inquiry on the IANA functions. APTLD shares and supports NTIA's commitment to preserving the security and stability of the DNS. At the same time, we echo NTIA's view that the security and stability of the DNS are a shared responsibility among all stakeholders in the Internet community, nevertheless, we are of the view that the topic of reform and possible separation of IANA functions should be approached with caution and extensive stakeholder consultations, in order to avoid unintended fragmentation and disruption of the current services.
APTLD conducted a survey among its members specifically for this NoI. Our comments on the questions raised in the NoI are largely based on the survey results.
1. The IANA functions have been viewed historically as a set of interdependent technical functions and accordingly performed together by a single entity. In light of technology changes and market developments, should the IANA functions continue to be treated as interdependent? For example, does the coordination of the assignment of technical protocol parameters need to be done by the same entity that administers certain responsibilities associated with root zone management? Please provide specific information to support why or why not, taking into account security and stability issues.
APTLD recommends NTIA take a most cautionary approach to this issue. There are merits to having a single entity performing the IANA functions, and avoiding overcomplicating the process. APTLD appreciates the historical reasons behind having a single entity to perform a range of interdependent technical functions.
APTLD agrees there are 4 distinctly different categories included in the IANA function, namely the database management of the root zone file for ccTLDs, gTLDs, IP addresses, and the fourth area of technical databasing such as that required for .arpa and IETF purposes. From the technical perspective, the updating and maintenance of the IANA database is potentially best provided by a single operator and under the ICANN umbrella the IANA technical functions appear to be operating moderately efficiently and effectively and APTLD notes ongoing improvements in IANA services. APTLD recommends that there should be a clear distinction between the technical IANA function and the policy development processes required to provide the necessary guidelines for the IANA function. Some of the policy processes are discreet to the individual 4 areas in which IANA functions, and some are intertwined across these 4 areas.
APTLD suggests that if ICANN is able to demonstrate a clear separation and distinction between the policy development processes and the IANA technical functions, whereby all affected stakeholders are involved in the policy development processes, then some greater autonomy from the US Government for ICANN to manage IANA functions would be appropriate. To elaborate, for example, within ICANN the ccNSO is accorded the responsibility for the development of policies applicable to the ccTLDs who are members and such policy function should be performed by ccNSO clearly separated from IANA functions. However less than half of the ASCII ccTLDs are members of ICANNs ccNSO, and therefore any policy development affected the ccTLD world must include ccTLDs both within and outside of the ccNSO. APTLD would further suggest that increased independence from the US Government for IANA would be appropriate for the ccTLD community,
2. The performance of the IANA functions often relies upon the policies and procedures developed by a variety of entities within the Internet technical community such as the IETF, the RIRs and ccTLD operators. Should the IANA functions contract include references to these entities, the policies they develop and instructions that the contractor follow the policies? Please provide specific information as to why or why not. If yes, please provide language you believe accurately captures these relationships.
In accordance with the multi-stakeholder approach advocated by the ICANN and generally accepted by the entire global Internet community, APTLD recommends that references should be made to the policies developed by the ccTLD community in the IANA functions contract. The IANA contractor should acknowledge that polices developed by the ccTLDs are legitimate and relevant in their respective local Internet communities and governments, and consistent with the U.S. Principles on the Internet's Domain Name and Addressing System.
3. Cognizant of concerns previously raised by some governments and ccTLD operators and the need to ensure the stability of and security of the DNS, are there changes that could be made to how root zone management requests for ccTLDs are processed? Please provide specific information as to why or why not. If yes, please provide specific suggestions.
In view of the introduction of the DNSSEC and new TLDs, the automation of processes relating to IANA's root zone management would certainly improve the efficiency of routine zone management changes, and should be given the highest priority.
DNSSEC deployment has introduced a severe timing issue to the root zone management that may affect the TLD zone visibility on the Internet. For example, if a TLD registry put a wrong DS record value in the root zone, such TLD zone disappears from the Internet. In such a case, such DS record should be deleted immediately by the root zone management following the urgent demand by the TLD operator. Such process should not be intervened by non-automated process to achieve the immediate consequence. As in this case, secured, immediate, and automated root zone management function is mandatory.
APTLD notes that within the ccNSO a working group has been formed to provide a Framework of Interpretation for the delegation and redelegation of ccTLDs that will help significantly to make these processes more transparent. With this process underway we see no need at this juncture for the NTIA to consider an alternate policy development entity to ICANN to address the shortcomings in the treatment of ccTLDs in regard to the critical issues surrounding delegations and redelegations.
4. Broad performance metrics and reporting are currently required under the contract. Are the current metrics and reporting requirements sufficient? Please provide specific information as to why or why not. If not, what specific changes should be made?
About half of the APTLD members found the IANA performance to be acceptable in terms of process and timeframe. Nevertheless, APTLD supports the development of a service level agreement for the IANA services that includes the framework parameters and timelines. The agreement should be accompanied by detailed documentation that explains the root zone management functions. However, APTLD suggests avoiding the implementation of an overly complicated and bureaucratic reporting regime of the IANA functions.
Furthermore, maintaining an up-to-date website on the requirements of the various services provided by IANA is crucial to the further speed of the services provided.
5. Can process improvements or performance enhancements be made to the IANA functions contract to better reflect the needs of users of the IANA functions to improve the overall customer experience? Should mechanisms be employed to provide formalized user input and/or feedback, outreach and coordination with the users of the IANA functions? Is additional information related to the performance and administration of the IANA functions needed in the interest of more transparency? Please provide specific information as to why or why not. If yes, please provide specific suggestions.
APTLD members are generally satisfied with the feedback and coordination mechanism of the IANA. Reiterating our comments to question 4, documentation should be provided by IANA detailing the functions, framework parameters and timelines for better predictability and transparency of the IANA processes.
6. Should additional security considerations and/or enhancements be factored into requirements for the performance of the IANA functions? Please provide specific information as to why or why not. If additional security considerations should be included, please provide specific suggestions.
APTLD members are of the view that better authentication process should be introduced to the receipt and management of the change requests, as email authentication is inadequate We also suggest periodic auditing of the security provisions of the IANA function by external, independent, specialised auditors against a relevant international standard. Also a documented urgency process for customers to follow if they are experiencing an emergency, which includes private emergency contact numbers for the operator to be contacted on.
Furthermore, APTLD contests that it is an essential development for IANA to have a published disaster recovery plan, that is regularly consulted upon.
APTLD thanks the NTIA for providing the opportunity to input into the future of the IANA function.
Ms Jian Zhang
APTLD
Coalition for Online Accountability (COA) | Steven J. Metalitz (Counsel)
Attached please find the comments of the Coalition for Online Accountability (COA) in response to the Notice of Inquiry published Feb. 25, 2011. The comments are attached both in MS Word format, in accordance with the Federal Register notice, and as a PDF file. Please contact the undersigned with any questions or for more information. Thank you in advance for considering the views of COA.
Steven J. Metalitz
Counsel, Coalition for Online Accountability
www.onlineaccountability.net
IAB | Bernard Aboba
Find attached the IAB's response to the Request for Comments on the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Functions (Docket No. 110207099–1099–01). The IAB is available should you have further questions or seek clarification.
for the IAB,
Bernard Aboba
IAB Chair
Swiss Federal Office of Communications (OFCOM) and the Swiss foundation SWITCH
Attached the Swiss response to your inquiry regarding the future of the IANA
function. It is a joint document submitted to you by the Swiss Federal
Office of Communications (OFCOM) and SWITCH, the Swiss registry for .CH
domain names. Hard copy and diskette follow by postal mail. Thank you very
much for the opportunity to comment.
Marcel Schneider
Mgr. Special Operations and International Relations
* Response-NTIA-IANA-NoI-2011_31113_05.pdf
Self | George Papapavlou
I am one of Greece's representatives in the GAC, previously European Commission representative in the GAC.
Attached you will find my personal comments on possible changes to the IANA Functions.
George Papapavlou
National Telecom Regulatory Authority, Egypt | Manal Ismail
Dear Ms Fiona,
Please find attached, in both .doc & .pdf formats, the response by the Government of Egypt to the Department of Commerce National Telecommunications and Information Administration [Docket No. 110207099–1099–01] RIN 0660–XA23: Request for Comments on the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Functions.
Please accept my best regards ..
--Manal Ismail
Egypt GAC Representative
Director International Technical Coordination
National Telecom Regulatory Authority, Egypt
Self | Stephen Deerhake
As you undertake your evaluation of the IANA functions contract, I would like to bring your attention to the following recently completed ICANN Working Group (WG) document on the question of Delegation and Re-delegation of country code top-level (ccTLD) domains:
"Final Report of the Delegation, Re-delegation and Retirement Working Group of the ccNSO"
The document may be found at
http://ccnso.icann.org/workinggroups/final-report-drd-wg-17feb11-en.pdf
A copy of it is attached in text format as specified in your notice and as a PDF file for ease of reference.
Stephen Deerhake
sdeerhake@gdns.com
Self | Sivasubramanian M
Fiona M Alexander
Assistant Administrator
Sivasubramanian M
Internet Society India Chennai Chapter
isolatednet@gmail.com
Comments (submitted as an Individual) in response to the Notice of Inquiry issued by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce on the Internet Assigned Numbers Authroity (IANA) functions
1. The IANA functions have been viewed historically as a set of interdependent technical functions and
accordingly performed together by a single entity. In light of technology changes and market developments, should the IANA functions continue to be treated as interdependent? For example, does the coordination of the assignment of technical protocol parameters need to be done by the same entity that administers certain responsibilities associated with root zone management? Please provide specific information to support why or why not, taking into account security and stability issues.
It is a good idea to continue to have all the IANA fucntions performed together by a single entity to preserve the Internet as a unified network of networks. The present funcitons of IANA are central and critical to the funcitoning of the Internet and it is not wise to distribute these core functions among mutltiple entities, which could cause interorganizational communication latencies and larger (or at least subtle) coordination issues, which are to be avoided for the smooth functioning of the Internet.
The performance of the IANA functions often relies upon the policies and procedures developed by a variety of entities within the Internet technical community such as the IETF, the RIRs and ccTLD operators. Should the IANA functions contract include references to these entities, the policies they develop and instructions that the contractor follow the policies? Please provide specific information as to why or why not. If yes, please provide language you believe accurately captures these relationships.
This process of including references to various entities has to ensure enromous care in identifying the entities for this purpose, to start with. It is important to ensure that the IANA embraces only those policies that are developed by the traditional Internet Technical Community which is a community free of direct and indirect commercial links in the business of communication and a community that remains free of political aspiration for enhanced commercials ends. The Internet Technical Community is the one driven by a passion to contribute more and more to the evolution of the Internet while the unfathomable commercial potential of the Internet has caused Commercial entities to aspire for control of the Internet Standards process. Internet, at its core, is a community process driven by a desire to continue its evolution as a free, open, accessible and universal medium beyond barriers. The Technical Community including the IETF continuously contribute to the Internet and their role and contribution has been central and significant. It would be fair to make a reference to the policies and standards developed by the Internet Community with a strong recommendation that the policies be largely embraced as developed and where there are is a compelling need felt to alter developed policies IANA could request review of componets of the policy.
The policies developed by RIR's as regional organs could be considered as policies peculiar to the respective regions to be respected as long as the regional policies are broadly in tune with Global Polies, and where the RIRs propose policies that extend beyond one region, the policies could be treated as regional inputs at mid-level of the bottom up policy making process of the IANA functions.
Cognizant of concerns previously raised by some governments and ccTLD operators and the need to ensure the stability of and security of the DNS, are there changes that could be made to how root zone management requests for ccTLDs are processed? Please provide specific information as to why or why not. If yes, please provide specific suggestions.
I am not familiar with the inside workings of the process of handling root zone management requests. At the same time, my general suggestion is that the technical policies and processes for root zone management of ccTLDs should be the same as that of gTLDs. Except for the essential differences in category, that of a gTLD being global and a ccTLD being national, and for the differences in the process of delegation, there ought not to be any technical separation of ccTLDs from gTLDs in the root zone or in the DNS.
Broad performance metrics and reporting are currently required under the contract.7 Are the current metrics and reporting requirements sufficient? Please provide specific information as to why or why not. If not, what specific changes should be made?
The current performance metrics and reporting requirements appear to have been drafted based on templates of Government Contracts for general purchase of goods and services rather than a contract drafted for the unique situation of an independant organization that is part of a non-commercial corporation with a multi-stakeholder governance model carrying out the Number functions for the global Internet. The terminology "cost contract" at "no costs to the US Government" and "the contractor receives no fees" does not fit in at all.
The reporting requirements also appear to come from a Government contract modalities and procedures, rather than from the realities and the uniques needs of the IANA functions.
The emphasis could instead be on checks and balances, rather than on forms and paperwork. (The inspiration for the idea of checks and balances comes from the elaborately conceived American Constittuion.)
Can process improvements or performance enhancements be made to the IANA functions contract to better reflect the needs of users of the IANA functions to improve the overall customer experience? Should mechanisms be employed to provide formalized user input and/or feedback, outreach and coordination with the users of the IANA functions? Is additional information related to the performance and administration of the IANA functions needed in the interest of more transparency? Please provide specific information as to why or why not. If yes, please provide specific suggestions.
ICANN helps coordinate IANA's areas of responsibilities; IANA does not set policies, but follows the policies developed by the community policy development process of ICANN and follows the technical standards developed by the Internet Technical Community. Its present outreach activities at ICANN and IETF and with TLD operators, RIRs are sufficient given its role as a body that does not directly decide on its policies. However, IANA could extend / improve upon its outreach activities with ccTLDs with a view to work towards blurring the distinctions between gTLDs and ccTLDs in areas where a separation is unnecessary.
Should additional security considerations and/or enhancements be factored into requirements for the performance of the IANA functions? Please provide specific information as to why or why not. If additional security considerations should be included, please provide specific suggestions.
ICANN's Security and Stability teams pay ample attention to the Security needs of the root zone and the DNS, and are dedicated to the cause of ensuring the security and stability of the Internet. Additional Security considerations could be shared with them but such concerns may not quite fit in as contractual obligations on the part of IANA. It would be more effective to rely on informal and time to time communications with the Secutiy and Stability teams of ICANN, (or better still, to share the Security concerns throught the multi-stakeholder process) than to seek to draft clauses after clauses for compliance, which can not possibly be as thorough when drafted as contractual clauses. Informal communication with ICANN's Securiy and Stability volunteers, or formal participation through a multi-stakeholder Polciy Development Process would help define the needs better by actually filling in gaps in Government's definitions of Secutiy needs while helping to redefine inadequately advised or unnecessary concerns if any.
It is vital to preseve the Internet numbering system as a central, unified, singular function. IANA has been the Authroity that has maintained these functions that are essential to the stability of the DNS. But IANA's performance of its functions are not to be assumed as a result of the oversight and definitely not to be assumed to be a result of the clauses ennumerated in the "purchase order" so drafted.
IANA is the legacy of Jon Postel. It functions more by following Community Standards and Community Policies rather than from Governmental directives.
US Government has so far assumed a purpose in holding on to the IANA contact and to the very process of contracting, as the contracting party. This is a political position that arises out of concern for two conflicting causes, namely, concern for the Stability and Security of the Internet which is Global and universally benevolent as also by an unwillingness to concede this central, symbolic and vital function to the multilateral, possibly multi-stakeholder arena. Even part of this unwillingness to give up its unilateral hold could possibly arise from apprehensions of altering the Security and Stability of the Internet. However, viewed from the outside as an outsider, it appears narrow and counter-productive to America's Global thinking to hold on to its traditional role of being the unilateral contracting party to IANA.
IANA is totally useless to the United States of America as a infrastructural, strategic or even a symbolic asset. America's unilateral control over IANA accords merely a notional Authority and an empty postion of actual power that is akin to the empty power of nuclear weapons that can't even be used on the negoitiating table. What would the United States do by retaining the IANA fucntions? Would it shut down an existing TLD that is a commercial success or deny any new TLD that emerges from the ICANN Board? Would it exclude any one country or region from the Internet, friend or foe? Would it negotiate for its national trade interests in exchange for 'granting' a larger address space?
While the rest of the world has broader trust in the United States and largely understands that the US postion on IANA fucntions is mostly symbolic, there remains a widespread feeling of discomfort that it is not entirely fair that US should maintain unilateral control of the root, and this gives room for spoken and unspoken differences with at least a few of the rest of the world. US could choose not to take note and could continue for an extended period, but it would be in tune with the US spirit of Internationalism to make this contracting process inclusive.
While it is important to include all or more participants, it is necessary to ensure a responsible transition from unilateral control to a balanced, coordinated multilateral / multistakeholder oversight.
My recommendations as an individual, (drafted entirely and completely on my own, without any reference to any of the published or unpublised views of the Government of my country or any other, and without any form of help or consultaion or even conceptual correction from the community I belong to) is that the United States Government could gracefully graduate IANA from being a US Government 'contractor' to that of an independant, truly global, non-governmental, apolitical organ that is coordinated by ICANN which has an exemplary form of Governance which is being strengthened more and more as a transparent and accountable multi-stakeholder organization.
What is desirable is not a contract, not even a multi-lateral contract, but a process of checks and balances. ICANN, which sets broader policies for IANA, has the desired process of checks and balances largely built in already and American Government could inspire the ICANN community to further strengthen the processes of checks and balances within for a greater balance.
Such a gesture for the good of the Internet and for the good of the whole world, would cause America to part with this notional and unusable Authority and gain greater informal Infulence over global Internet policy, and would naturally gain deeper and wider acceptance of US concerns over broader global issues.
(attachements:
Sivasubramanian M India comment on NTIA's NOI on IANA.doc ( in word 97/2000/XP format )
Sivasubramanian M India comment on NTIA's NOI on IANA.pdf
Isoc India Chennai
http://isocindiachennai.in
facebook: http://is.gd/x8Sh
LinkedIn: http://is.gd/x8U6
Twitter: http://is.gd/x8Vz
Namibian Network Information Centre (NA-NiC), | Dr EberhardWLisse
Ms Fiona M Alexander,
Associate Administrator,
Office of International Affairs,
National Telecommunications and Information Administration,
1401 Constitution Avenue, NW., Room 4701,
Federal Register/Vol 76, No 38 2011-02-25
Request for Comments on the IANA Functions
Dear Ms Alexander
On behalf of the Namibian Network Information Centre (NA-NiC), the
manager of the ccTLD .NA, of which I am the principal, I herewith
respectfully submit our response to your Notice of Inquiry
As per your instructions I have enclosed an ASCII version of our
input, and for ease of reference same in PDF (as I do not use either
of the proposed commercial word processing packages).
In the paragraph SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: you refer to
a series of contracts between the Department of Defense?'s
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the University of
Southern California (USC), as part of a research project known as
the Terranode Network Technology (TNT)
from which apparently the US Government purports to derive authority
over what is known as the Top Level Domain names, including the
country code Top Level Domain (ccTLD) names.
I assume you refer to the contract DABT63-09-C-0095 and would like
to point out, that its name was Tera-node Network Technology, and
assume that it is a spelling error on your part. With regards to
the Tera-node Network Technology contract purporting to serve as
foundation of the USG's claim to have authority over TLDs registered
during Mr Postel's life time in particular, DABT63-09-C-0095 can
obviously not serve as foundation of the USG's claim over any TLD
having been registered prior to the awarding of this contract. I do
not wish to comment at this point in time on whether it can serve as
foundation for this claim over TLDs after having been awarded, but
do reserve all rights in this regards.
The uncertainty of what a TLD and in particular a ccTLD actually is,
is most troubling. Not being a lawyer myself, it is however obvious
that it is some form of intangible property. As such it must be
owned (in the legal sense) by someone. If it were owned by the US
Government, I assume that there are procedures and policies in place
that regulate alienation of assets of the federal government which
thus would apply here. If owned by a second party, the US
Government can, of course, not dispose of it, per se, nor can a
third party, such as a contractor.
The issues of intellectual property having developed by TLD managers
also need to be solved as a matter of urgency, prior to any change
in the status quo of any TLD.
Permit me then to draw your attention to footnote 4:
Performance of this function in relation to country code top level
domains (ccTLDs) has evolved over time to address specific issues,
one of which has been how best to respect the legitimate interests
of governments in the management of their respective ccTLD within
the current model.
As there are few if any documents published with regards to this
particular evolution (but also others), thus inhibiting any
assessment of performance of the current contractor, the Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, I request that you
kindly publish and/or forward the pertinent documentation you base
the above statement on, as a matter of urgency, to enable us to make
additional comments if required, and extend the deadline for
responses thereto accordingly.
With regards to your specific questions, hereinafter quoted in full:
1. The IANA functions have been viewed historically as a set of
interdependent technical functions and accordingly performed
together by a single entity. In light of technology changes and
market developments, should the IANA functions continue to be
treated as interdependent? For example, does the coordination
of the assignment of technical protocol parameters need to be
done by the same entity that administers certain
responsibilities associated with root zone management? Please
provide specific information to support why or why not, taking
into account security and stability issues.
The main reason why the functions commonly called the IANA functions
are bundled together is historical, they were performed by a single
individual, Mr Postel during his life time, evolving over time.
They are however, entirely distinct and separate functions and there
is no technical necessity to keep them bundled to be performed by a
single entity. In addition, since IP addresses are allocated by the
RIRs, and protocols are developed by the IETF, and both have
performed admirably over the years, these functions should in fact
be separated from root zone management.
2. The performance of the IANA functions often relies upon the
policies and procedures developed by a variety of entities
within the Internet technical community such as the IETF, the
RIRs and ccTLD operators. Should the IANA functions contract
include references to these entities, the policies they develop
and instructions that the contractor follow the policies?
Please provide specific information as to why or why not. If
yes, please provide language you believe accurately captures
these relationships.
Even if one does not follow my argument for separating these
functions, it does make sense to bind the contractor to these
policies, in particular since the processes of those entities for
developing their policies have proven themselves over many years.
Especially if regard is had to ccTLD operators, a contractual
obligation of the contractor to abide by the principles I outline in
my response to the next question, would be very wise.
3. Cognizant of concerns previously raised by some governments
and ccTLD operators and the need to ensure the stability of and
security of the DNS, are there changes that could be made to how
root zone management requests for ccTLDs are processed? Please
provide specific information as to why or why not. If yes,
please provide specific suggestions.
Notwithstanding my objections regarding the authority being asserted
over TLDs, in particular those registered prior to the awarding of
the Tera-node contract,
- the contractor must respect all established rights and
legitimate expectations of all incumbent TLD managers; and
- the contractor must not act unilaterally under any
circumstances unless there is a clear and present danger to the
stability of the Internet or there is serious misconduct on the
part of the incumbent TLD manager; and
- the contractor must abide by fundamental principles such as
fairness, equality, predictability, transparency and
subsidiarity, in all its dealings with third parties.
A useful document in this regard is RFC 1591 and efforts are
underway within the ccNSO to establish a framework for
interpretation thereof. Though this can not bind those ccTLD
operators which are not members of the ccNSO I expect that many will
accept such a framework, provided the contractor abides by it as
4. Broad performance metrics and reporting are currently
required under the contract. Are the current metrics and
reporting requirements sufficient? Please provide specific
information as to why or why not. If not, what specific changes
should be made?
As outlined before, predictability of performance is more important
than the measuring and reporting of it.
As far as requests for .NA are concerned I have had no major issues
with responsiveness to requests by the current contractor, however
this may be different for other, in particular large TLDs.
5. Can process improvements or performance enhancements be made
to the IANA functions contract to better reflect the needs of
users of the IANA functions to improve the overall customer
experience? Should mechanisms be employed to provide formalized
user input and/or feedback, outreach and coordination with the
users of the IANA functions? Is additional information related
to the performance and administration of the IANA functions
needed in the interest of more transparency? Please provide
specific information as to why or why not. If yes, please
provide specific suggestions.
As multiple implementations of registration systems have been
developed all over the world, it is not really understandable why
the root zone management has not been automated by the incumbent
contractor. In particular if regard is had to the enormous budget
it has and the extravagances committed by its management. An
automated zone register would take care of issues such as formalized
user input/feedback, outreach and coordination at the same time.
However, with regards to transparency, and I must disclose a
potential conflict of interest here, as having been a member of the
ccNSO's Delegation Re-Delegation and Deletion Working Group, the
report of which has been submitted to you already, and speaks for
itself, there is hardly any.
6. Should additional security considerations and/or
enhancements be factored into requirements for the performance
of the IANA functions? Please provide specific information as
to why or why not. If additional security considerations should
be included, please provide specific suggestions.
Automation of the root zone management process would incorporate
additional security by definition, but one wonders why
public/private key signatures such as PGP for example, have not been
employed already.
- From the above it also follows that the operator of the IANA
function, whichever entity, should implement but not set or develop
the policy it operates under.
eCOM-LAC | Anthony Harris
Fiona M. Alexander
Associate Administrator
N.T.I.A. - U.S.Dept. of Commerce
Please find attached response to the RFC on the
IANA Functions.
Anthony Harris
eCOM-LAC
www.ecom-lac.org
European Telecommunications Network Operators (ETNO) | Caroline Greer
The Association of European Telecommunications Network Operators (ETNO) is pleased to present its attached
ETNO Reflection Document - Response to the National Telecommunications and Information Administration of the US Department of Commerce on the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Functions
ETNO represents 40 major European telecommunications operators from 35 countries (www.etno.eu).The attached paper has the format of a Reflection Document, meaning it has been unanimously approved by all Member companies and has been endorsed by the Association's Executive Board. The paper falls in the public domain and may be published.
In ETNO's view, the responsibilities of the IANA functions should remain as a whole within ICANN and not fall under any direct government oversight. In this respect, we urge ICANN to work towards fully implementing the Affirmation of Commitments and its resulting recommendations for improvement and we ask the US government to act as a catalyst in this direction.
Caroline Greer
Regulatory Affairs Manager
European Telecommunications Network Operators (ETNO)
Self | Jean-Jacques Subrenat, Beau Brendler, and Eric Brunner-Williams
Fiona,
Please find our comments on the IANA Function NoI attached as a .pdf.
The Multilingual Internet Group | Khaled Fattal
(Late Submission)
Dear Ms. Alexander
The Multilingual Internet Group is pleased to submit the following comments in PDF format to the National Telecommunications and Information Administration process on the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority functions.
[Docket No. 110207099–1099–01] RIN 0660–XA23: Request for Comments on the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Functions
Group Chairman
The Multilingual Internet Group www.MLiGrp.com
Linking Together The Current & Next Multi-Billion Multilingual Internet Users
Member of ICANN President's Advisory Committee on IDNs (ICANN) www.icann.org
Nokia Siemens Networks | Derek Khlopin
Associate Administrator, Office of International Affairs
Re: NOI in Docket No. 110207099-1099-1
Please find attached comments from Nokia Siemens Networks in response to NTIA's Notice of Inquiry requesting comments on the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) functions. I have included the comments in both our preferred format, PDF, but also in Word format as the NOI did not specifically include PDF format as an option.
Please contact me with any questions about this submission.
Derek Khlopin
NetChoice | Steve DelBianco
Please accept the attached comments in response to NTIA's request for comments on IANA functions.
Steve DelBianco
NetChoice
http://www.NetChoice.org and http://blog.netchoice.org
Cisco | Robert Pepper
Cisco Comments
Self | Shawn Gunnarson
Attached are comments in Word 2007 format on the above-referenced NOI. Please contact me if you have questions or concerns.
R. Shawn Gunnarson
China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) | Xiaodong Lee
Dear NTIA,
China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) welcomes the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) request for public comment on the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) functions. CNNIC appreciates NTIA's commitment to preserving the security and stability of the Internet DNS. In the meantime, we would like to emphasize that the security and stability of the DNS are shared responsibility among all stakeholders in the Internet community, which CNNIC thinks is yet properly incorporated in the management of the IANA functions. In this context, CNNIC would suggest that the future management of IANA functions reflect the smooth operation of IANA and reflect the interests of multi-stakeholders in the Internet community.
Specifically, CNNIC would like to make comment on the questions raised in the NTIA's NOI,
Generally, CNNIC doesn't think it's necessary to separate the IANA functions except for running a root server by IANA itself. CNNIC would suggest any separation of IANA functions take into consideration the stability and smooth operation of the functions.
CNNIC thinks IANA contract should include references to ccTLD operators for advice with regard to the ccTLD management principles and guidelines on IANA performance. Similarly, it is also advised that other performance of IANA functions consult with other proper entities to meet the demand of other stakeholders.
CNNIC submitted its IDN ccTLD application last year, and the request process took two distinctive processes within ICANN and IANA. While the ICANN process is relatively clear and transparent, the IANA delegation process isn't clear and well-defined, which made CNNIC made a strenuous effort to meet the requirement. Based on this experience, CNNIC suggests the IANA process optimized to ease the burden with regard to the change of the request of ccTLDs. Moreover, it is also suggested the approval process by DOC be removed in the IANA process when change of request is submitted by ccTLDs to reflect the fact that the ccTLDs are to serve local community of the nation. The change of root zones should be maintained by IANA itself completely without involving DOC and Verisign.
The reporting should be public, and the best multi-stakeholder model is to change the DOC-supervising-only model, and make IANA to be a real independent organization or run by an independent organization, which is supervised by the global Internet communities themselves.
Current IANA contract failed to include Service Level Agreement (SLA) in its service to the whole Internet community. In order to better serve the Internet community and to protect the stability and security of the Internet, it is highly recommended that SLA be introduced in the IANA management and the performance of IANA be published in a transparent and timely manner.
IANA should strengthen the multi-stakeholder model, and ensure all the root server operators to follow the policies and instructions that are developed by the community. Of course, as a neutral organization, it's not necessary for IANA to operate a root server by itself.
About CNNIC
Founded in 1997, China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), a non-profit organization, assumes the responsibility of ".CN" and ".中国/.中國" ccTLDs registry and other services for the development of the Internet in China, which are authorized by Chinese government. CNNIC is also an active participant in the global Internet community, helping to shape the global Internet policy making process for the sake of Chinese Internet users.
Xiaodong LEE
Deputy Director General and Chief Technology Officer, CNNIC
International Trademark Association (INTA) | Claudio Digangi
Dear Fiona Alexander:
I am writing to provide the comments of the International Trademark Association (INTA) in connection with the NTIA's Notice of Inquiry (NOI) on the "the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Functions".
Should you have any questions regarding our submission, please do not hesitate to let me know.
Thank you for the opportunity to comment.
Claudio Digangi
External Relations Manager - Internet & the Judiciary International Trademark Association
ictQATAR | Mohammed El-Bashir
Please find attached ictQATAR Response to NTIA request for comments on Internet Assigned Numbers Authority "IANA" Functions .
Self | Jacob B.Odame
Please find attached my comments for the renewal of the ICANN contract.
Jacob B.Odame
Self | Lorna Simiyu
Please find attached brief comments on the IANA as requested by the Department of Commerce raised in your (Docket No. 110207099-010) RIN 0660-XA23
Lorna T.M. Simiyu
Participant on the online Internet Governance training
Kenya (Government) | Alice Munyua
Kenya comments on the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Functions
Association for Competitive Technology | Jonathan Zuck
My name is Jonathan Zuck and I am the President of the Association for Competitive Technology, a information technology trade association, representing nearly 4,000 small and medium sized enterprises. Attached please find our comments to the Department of Commerce Notice of Intent regarding the IANA Functions contract. Thank you for your consideration.
ARIN | John Curran
Attached please find ARIN's comments (in pdf and in ascii text format) in response to NTIA's IANA functions NOI. We will also send a hard copy by mail.
Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation Limited (HKIRC) | Jonathan Shea
On behalf of Mr Jonathan Shea, CEO of the Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation Limited (HKIRC), I submit the attached response to the captioned Notice of Inquiry. The original hardcopy of the attached submission will reach your address soon.
Henry CHAN
Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation Ltd (HKIRC)
Ph: +852 2319 3830
IP Justice | Robin Gross
Please see attached Word file (and text below) comments from IP Justice
RE: Docket No. 110207099-1099-01
RIN 0660-XA23
1401 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Room 4701
Via email to: IANAFunctions@ntia.doc.gov
ICANN's Responsibility to Respect International Human Rights Principles
IP Justice [1] appreciates this opportunity to provide comment to US Department of Commerce National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) regarding improvements to the functions of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and its relationship with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
IP Justice would like to focus NTIA's attention on one issue fundamental to all of ICANN's responsibility -- one that impacts all of ICANN's functions: ICANN's obligation to respect internationally recognized human rights principles in carrying out its duties.
With power, comes responsibility. As the organization responsible for the global governance of certain functions of the Domain Name Space (DNS), ICANN must also be willing to live up to the same high standards as other legitimate governance organizations in respecting the fundamental rights of Internet users. Until a suitable legal framework is in the place that can hold ICANN accountable for circumventing internationally recognized human rights guarantees, ICANN is in no position to receive additional autonomy.
As a private corporation, there is very little to hold ICANN in compliance with international legal standards and human rights protections that nation states must respect. As a private corporation ICANN does not believe it owes any legal duty or ethical obligation to respect internationally recognized legal principles. Some contend that the legal structure of ICANN as a private corporation serves as a legal "loop hole" through which the organization can escape any responsibility to uphold human rights in the space where it governs.
ICANN's connection to the United Stated Government through its contractual arrangement with NTIA is one of the few ways that ICANN can be held accountable to upholding fundamental rights and freedoms. The US Government is legally obligated to respect human rights, while private corporations are not. ICANN has provided mixed messages about the extent to which it owes an obligation to uphold international legal principles including human rights.
Legitimate governance organizations are rooted in legal traditions that respect human rights and have means of enforcing them. For example, the US Government is prohibited from restricting the speech of its citizens except in narrowly defined circumstances under the First Amendment to the US Constitution. Furthermore the US (and most governments that participate at ICANN) have signed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, including Article 19, which "guarantees everyone the right to freedom of expression in any medium and regardless of frontiers". Unfortunately ICANN remains unwilling to commit to human rights principles, preferring to remain without any legal duty or ethical obligation to ensure the public's most fundamental rights are protected in the critical realm over which it claims authority.
ICANN must affirmatively answer that it will uphold internationally recognized human rights, but to date ICANN has flouted any obligation to protect the public in this manner. At the Rome ICANN Meeting in 2004, a European Union Privacy Commissioner said that ICANN's "whois" policies violate international privacy protections. ICANN has done nothing to rectify this deficiency of privacy protections in its policies.
ICANN sees no duty to protect freedom of expression in the DNS either. Proposed policies for new top-level domains that would prohibit "sensitive" words as domain names are in stark contrast to internationally recognized freedom of expression guarantees. Internationally recognized legal principles of "due process" which ensure fairness can also be easily skirted in a private corporation that believes it owes no duty to the public.
Unfortunately ICANN's lack of commitment to internationally recognized fundamental rights and freedoms threatens the healthy growth of the DNS and the global public interest. ICANN's structure must be rooted in a firm foundation and a legally enforceable obligation to uphold basic rights. Today more than ever, we see the promise and the power of a free and open Internet to empower citizens and strengthen democracies. And we recognize the critical need to ensure the Internet remains an engine of human progress and freedom. Respect for human rights in the policies governing the DNS is critical to furthering the global public interest.
Since ICANN claims its objective is to promote the global public interest, it ought to be willing to adhere to internationally recognized legal principles that guarantee the public basic rights and fundamental freedoms. Removing any duty or legal obligation to respect human rights, which ICANN may have by virtue of its relationship with the US Government, would leave the public defenseless in cyberspace.
Without a legal mechanism to ensure ICANN will respect internationally recognized human rights, the same way a legitimate governance organization must respect human rights, it would be dangerous to grant ICANN further autonomy.
Robin Gross
IP Justice
http://www.ipjustice.org
ISOC | Bill Graham
ISOC Comments
Promotion de l'Education à Distance | Antoine KANTIZA
For the Attention of Fiona M. Alexander,
Office of International Affairs ,
I have the advantage to send you my suggestion to strengthen the performance of the IANA
The document of suggestion is in attached file and I wrote it under the word format HTML
Sincerely Yours.
Prof. Antoine KANTIZA, Master UTICEF,-
Webmaster à la Radio-Télévision Nationale du Burundi
http://www.burundi-quotidien.net & http://www.rtnb.bi/
Représentant légal de l'ASBL PLEAD " PROMOTION DE L'EDUCATION A DISTANCE" BP 5175 BUJUMBURA-BURUNDI
Tél. Fixe : 00257 2222 4760 ou 00257 2221 9797
Tél.Mobile : 00257 (0) 79 994 560
http://plead.ifrance.com/index.html
Lee and Li, Attorneys-at-Law | Ken-Ying Tseng
In response to NTIA's seeking public comments on the IANA function, attached please find my comments as attached. Your attention is highly appreciated.
Ken-Ying Tseng
Lee and Li, Attorneys-at-Law
7F, 201 Tun Hua N. Road
Taipei, Taiwan 10508, R. O. C.
Tel: 886-2-27153300 ext. 2179
Did: 886-2-21832179
E-mail: kenying@leeandli.com
Self | Robert C. Hutchinson
Please see attached document.
Robert C. Hutchinson
Dynamic Ventures
Chair - Number Resource Organization | Raúl Echeberría
Dear Ms. Fiona Alexander.
The Number Resource Organization (NRO) is very pleased to submit comments to the National Telecommunications and Information Administration [Docket No. 110207099–1099–01] RIN 0660–XA23 Request for Comments on the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Functions.
The NRO comments are attached.
Raúl Echeberría
Number Resource Organization
United States Council for International Business (USCIB) | Christopher G. Martin
Dear NTIA Team,
Please find USCIB's comments on the IANA NOI attached.
Christopher G. Martin
Manager - Marketing & Advertising, ICT, Banking, Emerging Markets
United States Council for International Business
CADNA | The Coalition Against Domain Name Abuse | Yvette Miller
Attached please find CADNA's comments on the IANA contract.
Please find attached herewith the response by the Government of India to the Department of Commerce ,National Telecommunications and Information Administration [Docket No. 110207099–1099–01] RIN 0660–XA23: Request for Comments on the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Functions.
Dr Govind
Government Department of Information Technology
Self | Christopher Wilkinson
Please find attached my response to the Request for Comments.
Christopher Wilkinson.
PayPal | Michael Barrett
1401 Constitution Avenue, NW., Room 4701 Washington, DC 20230
PayPal is pleased to respond to the Department of Commerce's Request for Comments on the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Functions [Docket No. 110207099-1099-01], in the attached document.
Michael Barrett,
Chief Information Security Officer, PayPal
DotConnectAfrica (DCA) | Samuel Ochanji
We hereby submit with this attachment the above tendered request from DotConnectAfrica organization,
Samuel Ochanji
Project Coordinator/Africa
DotConnectAfrica Org
www.dotconnectafrica.org
Nominet | Alex Blowers
I am pleased to attach a response to the consultation on the IANA functions on behalf of Nominet, the .uk Internet domain name registry.
Minds + Machines | Antony Van Couvering
Please accept the attached PDF and Word files as our submission to the Request for Comments on the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Functions, [Docket No. 110207099-1099-01].
ITU | Alexander Ntoko
Please find attached comments by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as a response to Request for Comments on the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Functions; National Telecommunications and Information Administration, Docket No. 110207099-01, RIN 0660-XA23; published in the Federal Register /Vol. 76, No. 38 / Friday, February 25, 2011, page 10569. You will also receive a paper copy of the comments by mail.
We kindly request your acknowledgement of the same.
Alexander Ntoko


the company of the future.
Lots of things happening in the nature of work itself.
And we're going to categorize them into three areas.
First of all, the nature of the work that we actually do.
you know, you or I specifically.
secondly, where, where we do that work and the hours that we keep.
finally, and very briefly actually, how work varies over our working lives.
looking at the major drivers of change.
we talked about emerging economies, we talked about the sustainability agenda.
certainly we will recognize these four major drivers for change.
how are these drivers affecting the nature of the work that we do.
So we'll take the nature of work itself first of all.
A couple of fairly obvious points.
very tedious jobs have thankfully over the years been automated.
te, telecommunications exchanges is now just simply done by computers.
call centers will continue to exist forever.
But big chunks of work have been automated.
sophisticated work is also being automated.
computer-aided systems which help them make better decisions.
outsourced to countries in which they can be done as well at a fraction of the cost.
you know, these enormous IT services providers, particularly in India.
The rise of big call centers in, in places like Ind, India and Bangladesh.
All of this is well-known.
It's not just the low-end jobs though that are being outsources.
you know, an investment banker or being a trader.
surprisingly, remotely, by a highly trained doctor, for example, in India.
So there are many jobs being outsourced and many jobs being automated.
some people worry that there's just simply not going to be enough of them around.
somehow jobs have emerged that didn't exist before.
takes hold the second generation of technology change.
Is it possible that we're not going to have enough jobs to go around?
those living particularly in developed countries.
So let's just think very, very briefly about this.
live like the UK, like the US, like Japan, what sort of jobs are secure?
Well, there's, there's two categories.
One of the ones which involve, service.
a customer, by definition that has to happen physically in that place.
And of course clients like service so we have to find ways of doing that better.
So the whole service experience side of work is not in any sense going away.
investment banker with a relationship with a client those jobs continue.
is the sort of job which requires a high level of internal collaboration.
Obviously, it's impossible for that stuff to be located overseas.
a real premium put on, on education and in creativity and innovation.


text:
Barbiturati su skupina lijekova koji djeluju kao depresori središnjeg živčanog sustava, proizvodeći time širok spektar djelovanja, od blagog uspavljivanja do anestezije. Neki se koriste i kao antikonvulzivi.

Povijest

Barbiturati su stari lijekovi. Prve je barbiturate sintetizirao još 1864. godine Adolph von Bayer i to na dan sv. Barbare (4. prosinca). Stoga je spoj dobiven sintezom malonske kiseline i ureje na dan Sv. Barbare dobio naziv barbituratna kiselina. Godine 1912. godine sintetiziran je fenobarbiton (fenobarbital) i ubrzo je primjećeno njegovo djelovanje na napadaj epilepsije.

Kemija

Barbiturati su derivati barbiturne kiseline.

Sama barbiturna kiselina nije dovoljno lipofilna, stoga ne može proći krvno-moždanu barijeru i djelovati u središnjem živčanom sustavu.
Uvođenjem alkilnih i arilnih supstituenata na položaju 5 nastaju derivati barbiturne kiseline - barbiturati, koji su dovoljno lipofilni da se dostave do mjesta djelovanja.

Najvažniji predstavnici

Djelovanje

Slično benzodiazepinima, barbiturati u malim dozama djeluju kao sedativi i anksiolitici, a u većim djeluju i kao hipnotici.
U još većim izazivaju anesteziju, pa i smrt zbog depresije disanja.
Također imaju miorelaksirajuće i antikonvulzivno djelovanje, te izazivaju anterogradnu amneziju.

Djelovanje barbiturata je znatno jače od benzodiazepina, kao i rizik od razvoja ovisnosti i fatalnog predoziranja.
U slučaju predoziranja ne postoji specifični antidot.

Barbiturati također induciraju CYP450 enzime (skupina enzima koji sudjeluju u metabolizmu većinu lijekova) te tako mogu smanjiti djelovanje lijekova.

Mehanizam djelovanja

Mehanizam djelovanja barbiturata je višestruk:

1. Slično benzodiazepinima, barbiturati djeluju kao pozitivni alosterički modulatori GABAA receptora. Drugim riječima - pojačavaju inhibicijsko djelovanje GABA-e na središnji živčani sustav.
GABAA receptor je spregnut s transmembranskim kanalom koji propušta kloridne ione u neuron svaki put kad se GABA veže na GABA receptor. Propuštanjem kloridnih iona u neuron dolazi do nastanka inhibicijskog signala, tj. neuron se hiperpolarizira.
Vezanjem za tzv. "barbituratno vezno mjesto" na GABAA receptoru, barbiturati produljuju vrijeme zadržavanja kloridnog kanala u otvorenom stanju i time uzrokuju masivan utok kloridnih iona u neuron i posljedičnu jaku hiperpolarizaciju i umirenje neurona. Takav neuron daleko teže izbija nego onaj koji nije hiperpolariziran.

2. Za razliku od benzodiazepina, barbiturati pri višim dozama mogu izravno otvoriti kloridni kanal, odnosno mogu djelovati kao agonisti GABAA receptora.

3. Barbiturati također djeluju kao antagonisti AMPA i kainatnih receptora (blokiraju djelovanje glutamata, glavnog ekscitacijskog neurotransmitera.)

Primjena

Svojedobno su se koristili kao lijekovi kao anksiolitici i sedativi, dok su danas uvelike zamijenjeni benzodiazepinima.

Također su bili popularni kao lijek za samoubojstvo.

Zbog brojnih zloporaba i velike opasnosti od smrtnih slučajeva zbog predoziranja oni se više ne koriste kao anksiolitici i sedativi ali je zadržana njihova upotreba kao antiepileptika i anestetika.

Kao antiepileptici se koriste fenobarbital i metilfenobarbital.
Primidon (dezoksifenobarbital) se također koristi kao antiepileptik, iako on nije "pravi" barbiturat, nego derivat fenobarbitala.

Tiopental (tiopental-natrij) se koristi kao uvod u anesteziju, ali je isto tako i jedna od komponenti "letalne injekcije" za izvršavanje smrtne kazne (izaziva komu).

Vidi još
 Psihofarmaci
 Depresori
 Benzodiazepini

Lijekovi
Farmakologija

it:Acido barbiturico

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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A Loving Mother Gives Life Lessons to Son, New Lessons to Others
Since the shooting that left him paralyzed from the waist down, Shawn has become one of Chicago's leading voices in the anti-gun and nonviolence movements in the city.
Frinda Harrington was everything to her son, Shawn. He remembers her as a loving, generous woman who, as a single parent of an only child, instilled strong values and respect in him. "She had a great smile," said Shawn.
"People said she could light up a room. And she was always giving to others, giving in any way she could. That's the one thing that she always taught me: to always give and appreciate."
In early 2003, Frinda, 43 at the time, gave in the ultimate way when she fell victim to a home invasion and died from her injuries. Shawn and his mother had never discussed organ and tissue donation, but when a representative of Gift of Hope asked Shawn, just 27 at the time, how he felt about authorizing donation for his mother, he decided it was the right thing to do.
"It was a difficult decision to make because, at that time, donating my mom's organs was the furthest thing on my mind being an only child," Shawn said. "But, if she was there and she was asked to donate, I know she would have."
Frinda saved the lives of three people as an organ donor. A 53-year-old man received her liver, a 56-year-old woman received her left lung and a 61-year-old woman received her right lung. "My mother helped three people,"Shawn said. "Her gift of giving still lives on."
That experience moved Shawn, now 42, to embrace the donation cause, and he committed himself to spreading the donation message, particularly in Chicago's African- American community where he and his mother had lived all of their lives.
EMBRACING THE DONATION CAUSE
Shawn took his first step into the donation arena shortly after his mother's death. In April 2003 during National Donate Life Month, Shawn shared Frinda's story as the centerpiece of Illinois Secretary of State Jesse White's annual month-long television and radio campaign conducted to raise awareness of organ and tissue donation and the need for registered donors.
And witnessing the good things that Gift of Hope does to honor the legacy of donors and help others through its lifesaving work, Shawn joined Gift of Hope's Ambassadors for Hope volunteer corps in 2003 to help educate the public about organ and tissue donation and encourage others to do as he did and choose donation on their loved one's behalf.
"I joined the group to help show support for donor families during some of their most difficult times, just like someone did for me," Shawn said.
In the 15 years since then, Shawn has helped spread the donation message at events like Gift of Hope donor family tributes, Gift of Hope Day at a Chicago White Sox game and Hoops for Peace Chicago, an annual basketball tournament that Shawn co-directs with friend and former basketball teammate Jimmy Sanders. The event promotes non violence, voter registration and organ and tissue donation to athletes and community residents on Chicago's West Side.
TENACITY IN THE FACE OF ADVERSITY
Shawn's contributions to the donation cause have been especially remarkable considering the adversity he has faced much of his life and, particularly, because of what happened to him in 2014. Shawn was driving a rental car on Chicago's West Side because his had been stolen. His 12-year-old daughter, Naja, was in the passenger seat.
They were stopped at a red light when two young men approached the car with guns drawn. In a case of mistaken identity, the men opened fire on the vehicle. Instinctively, Shawn covered his daughter's body. Naja emerged uninjured, but Shawn was shot twice in the back. One bullet severed his spinal cord, leaving him paralyzed from the waist down.
Just as Shawn faced his mother's donation decision head on, he did the same with this life changing event. Since the shooting, he has become one of Chicago's leading voices in the anti-gun and nonviolence movements in the city. He is now a Restorative Justice Counselor at Chicago's Marshall High School — where he excelled as a basketball star and was serving as an assistant coach for the Commandos basketball team when he was shot — working with at-risk kids. He is also the subject of a newly published book, "All the Dreams We've Dreamed: A Story of Hoops and Handguns on Chicago's West Side."
The book shines a deserving spotlight on the inspirational figure that Shawn has become while facing and overcoming some of life's most difficult obstacles. "Shawn can't walk anymore, but
Shawn's experience with donation moved him to become a donation advocate and join Gift of Hope's Ambassadors for Hope volunteer corps in 2003 where he works with people like Gift of Hope Aftercare Specialist Susan Cochran (right) to encourage others to choose donation as he did. Since the shooting that left him paralyzed from the waist down, Shawn has become one of Chicago's leading voices in the anti-gun and nonviolence movements in the city.
he can still inspire," said Susan Cochran, a Gift of Hope Aftercare Specialist who has developed a strong professional relationship with Shawn since his mother's death. "Each year he helps co-direct Hoops for Peace Chicago on the West Side and speaks to the players, coaches and fans about non violence, voter registration — and organ and tissue donation. He has also continued his work with the Illinois Secretary of State. Shawn is a humble person with a powerful message. He inspires us to think of others, to promote kindness and compassion amid tragedy."
His experience with donation has helped him become who he is today, according to Shawn.
"I'm part of a blessed and unique donor and recipient family," he explained. "My mother's organs helped better the quality of life for three people, and my aunt, Lisa Givens, received a kidney transplant and is a transplant Olympian. Donation has truly shaped me as an individual."
Others can have a similar experience by choosing donation, he added. "I know it's a tough and gut wrenching decision at that moment because you've just lost a loved one. But your loved ones can help save or improve the quality of life for more than 25 people as organ and tissue donors, so their gifts of life will continue to live on."
By giftofhope|2018-12-13T12:02:05-06:00November 2nd, 2018|Categories: Blog, Connections Newsletter, Donor Family & Recipients, For the Public|Tags: Donor Family, organ donation awareness|
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
What is the difference between Chinese names and Japanese names?
How can you tell the difference between Chinese and Japanese names?
Are Japanese and Chinese names similar?
Can a Chinese person have a Japanese name?
Can Chinese names be pronounced in Japanese?
What is the prettiest Japanese name?
Is Wong Chinese or Korean?
Is it okay to give your child a Japanese name?
How Japanese name their child?
Can I change my name to a Japanese name?
Can non Japanese use Japanese names?
Is Tan a Japanese or Chinese name?
Can I adopt a Japanese name?
Who invented Chinese writing?
What is Onyomi reading?
What is a kanji reading?
In Chinese and Japanese, the surname comes before the first name. Chinese names are generally formed by 2 or maximum 3 characters; the Japanese instead can even go up to 4 characters (actually, it's a common practice). In both languages, titles and professions must follow the surname.
Although usually written in Kanji, Japanese names have distinct differences from Chinese names through the selection of characters in a name and pronunciation. A Japanese person can distinguish a Japanese name from a Chinese name by looking at it.
There are similar names but there are no same original Japanese and original Chinese names in both languages. Any name that is in Japanese Kanji can be pronounced in Chinese.
Short answer: Yes! Even one in 漢字 kanji (Japanese ideographs)! … In addition to a field for the 氏名 shimei (name), there were also fields above it for a 漢字 kanji (Chinese/Japanese/Korean ideograph) version of the name.
IT\'S FUNNING: Best answer: Can you marry two people in China?
Can Chinese names be pronounced in Japanese? – Quora. Yes, in principle, and this is commonly done, especially with older figures (for example, Mao Zedong is usually 'Mou Takutou' in Japanese rather than 'Mao Tsooton' or the like).
Beautiful Japanese Baby Names
Aika – This cute girls name means "love song".
Aimi – Japanese name meaning "love, beauty".
Aina – Japanese name meaning "beautiful eyed woman".
Akemi – This Japanese name means "bright beautiful".
Anzu – Japanese name meaning "sweet child".
Asami – Japanese name meaning "morning beauty".
Wang (/wɑːŋ/) is the pinyin romanization of the common Chinese surnames 王 (Wáng) and 汪 (Wāng).
Wang (surname)
Pronunciation Wāng ([wáŋ]) (Mandarin) Wong (Cantonese) Waan (Shanghainese) Ong, Ang (Hokkien) Wang (Korean) Uông (Vietnamese)
Language(s) Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese
Language(s) Chinese
Meaning "Vast"
It's OK for you to name your kid a Japanese name.
Some names use the same Kanji as the one in their parent's name. … For instance, parents give a name "心" to their child and they call it "ハート" (Haato : Japanese pronunciation of Heart). Also when it comes to a name "心愛", they call it "kokoa" (ここあ). Yes, its pronunciation is same as cocoa in English.
You need to write your name in hiragana, kanji or katakana on your official citizenship documents. Some people simply 'kanarize' their own name, others choose an entirely new name using kanji, some a mixture. You just have to write in Japanese you can't use non-Japanese scripts.
IT\'S FUNNING: Is U Dictionary Chinese app banned?
If you're asking whether foreigners usually change their names in Japan/when speaking Japanese, the answer is… not really. They'll write their names in kanji or katakana but not use completely different, native Japanese names in most cases.
Tan is the Chinese character's Hanyu Pinyin romanisation in Mandarin Chinese. It is pronounced and romanised differently in different languages and dialects.
Apart from people taking citizenship, there is one more option to adopt a "Japanese" name. All foreign residents of Japan have a registered Japanese version of their name. For most people this will be katakana, but it is possible to register something else.
The Shang were the first Chinese people to invent writing. The Shang people, who lived over 3000 years ago, etched characters—pictures—onto bones. Shang writing is known as 'oracle bone script'.
Onyomi translates roughly to "sound reading." It means that the kanji is read the same way that it would in the Chinese language—or at least is read as a close approximation of the sounds that are found in the Chinese language, sometimes with their own unique, Japanese spin.
Simply put, on-reading (On-yomi) is the Chinese reading of a kanji character. It is based on the sound of the kanji character as pronounced by the Chinese at the time the character was introduced, and also from the area it was imported.


text:
Oilers' James Hamblin took the long way to the NHL
Colton Pankiw
November 29, 2022, 10:13 a.m. ·4 min read
James Hamblin's path to the NHL was unlike any other's, and he's intent on sticking with the Edmonton Oilers for the long haul. (Getty Images)
James Hamblin wasn't supposed to make it to this point.
The undersized, undrafted Edmonton Oilers prospect was viewed as a longshot to ever carve out an NHL career just a season ago, but boy, have things changed.
Hamblin, at least in the minds of both fans and media, had no shot at cracking the Oilers opening night lineup in 2022-23. Despite some respectable numbers in the American Hockey League a season prior, there were still plenty who were ahead of him on the depth chart. At least, that's what everyone thought.
Using his underdog story to his advantage, Hamblin stuck with the Oilers through all of training camp, and would likely have earned himself a roster spot had it not come down to Edmonton's tight salary cap constraints. While he was undoubtedly frustrated with his late re-assignment, he went down to the Bakersfield Condors and continued his great play.
As a result, he was recalled to the Oilers on Monday, and was able to suit up in his first NHL game just hours later, logging just shy of 10 minutes of ice time in a thrilling 3-2 victory over the Florida Panthers.
The 23-year-old scored just eight goals in 33 games with the SSAC Lions in 2012-13, a Bantam AAA team located in Edmonton. Ironically enough, another Oilers prospect in Tyler Benson led that team in scoring, while Stuart Skinner was their starting goaltender.
Fast forward a few seasons, and Hamblin cracked the Medicine Hat Tigers roster as a 16-year-old, an impressive feat for anyone at that age. That said, he struggled to make an impact, scoring just a single goal while registering only two helpers in 54 games. Once again, he didn't appear to have the makings of a future NHLer.
Hamblin's numbers grew over the next few seasons with the Tigers, but not enough to catch the eye of any NHL clubs, and he wouldn't hear his name called in any of his draft eligible years. Once again, however, he continued to put his head down and work, and it paid off in a major way.
During his final season with the Tigers as a 20-year-old, the 5-foot-9 forward scored 36 goals and 92 points in 63 games, totals that not only led his team in scoring, but were also enough to secure him a two-year AHL deal with the Bakersfield Condors.
In his rookie season with the Condors, Hamblin played in 38 games, scoring seven goals and 15 points. Respectable totals, but not ones that had anyone thinking he had a shot at suiting up with the Oilers any time soon. In 2021-22, he improved on those numbers, scoring 21 goals and 35 points in 64 outings. Those numbers caught the eye of Oilers management, who rewarded him with a two-year entry-level deal.
It certainly wasn't an easy path, but he is quickly turning into one of the NHL's feel-good stories; a true testament to never giving up on your dreams. But while the young forward has undoubtedly faced plenty of on-ice adversity in his life, he has faced even more hardships away from the rink.
In 2017, Hamblin's mother, Gina, lost a hard-fought battle with cancer. Hamblin was just 18-years-old at the time. It's clear that, while he is trying to live out his childhood dream, a big part of the reason he has battled so hard to make it to this point in recent years is to make his late mother, along with the rest of his family, proud.
"A lot of tears were shed right off the bat," Hamblin told reporters when asked about his initial reaction to being called up to the Oilers. "A lot of hard work put in to get to this point. Kind of a rush for emotions. I immediately called my dad and hardly even got it out to him. It's just super cool to be here, and I'm just thankful for the opportunity."
As far as how long Hamblin will remain with the big club, that will depend largely on how he performs over these next few games. With players like Evander Kane, Kailer Yamamoto and Ryan McLeod out of the lineup, there is plenty of opportunity on a team that is starving for production from its bottom six. Whether or not Hamblin will be able to help in that area remains to be seen, but if there's anything he's proven throughout his career to this point, its that he will give everything he has in order to ensure he can stick around for the long haul.
Sounders relishing meaning, opportunity at Club World Cup
Electric Vehicle (EV) Batteries Global Market Opportunities And Strategies To 2031
Jeff Clark and Imre Gams Currency Trader Event: New Trading Breakthrough (by TradeInvestNow.com)
A swath of the nation from Texas to Ohio and Tennessee was bracing Monday for days of dangerous travel conditions. Elsewhere it was bitter cold.
Exposed to the beating sun and hot dry air, more than 10% of the water carried by the Colorado River evaporates, leaks or spills as the 1,450-mile (2,334-kilometer) powerhouse of the West flows through the region's dams, reservoirs and open-air canals. For decades, key stewards of the river have ignored the massive water loss, instead allocating Arizona, California, Nevada and Mexico their share of the river without subtracting what's evaporated. The West's multi-decade drought has sent water levels in key reservoirs along the river to unprecedented lows.
Maybe it's because he was raised in Seattle, played for the Sounders and later coached the club when it competed in the lower levels of American soccer that Brian Schmetzer is almost giddy at the prospects of what the next couple of weeks could bring. Seattle's participation in the Club World Cup in Morocco marks the United States finally taking part in one of the showcase international events. Seattle is the first Major League Soccer franchise to participate in the event, the result of winning the CONCACAF Champions League title last May. They're only the second team from outside of Mexico to represent CONCACAF in the event, joining Costa Rican club Saprissa back in 2005.
Join Jeff Clark and Imre Gams on Thursday, February 9th at 8 a.m. ET when they will reveal a new Currency Trader system. You'll have the chance to join them and "beta test" it. TradeInvestNow.com Join Jeff Clark and Imre Gams on Thursday, February 9th at 8 a.m. ET when they will reveal a new trading system that is currently giving beta testers the opportunity to make $1–2k in profit. New York, NY, Jan. 30, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- TradeInvestNow.com would like to share an important update from o
Pepper Spray Market to Surpass USD 58.7 Million by 2028 at 5.83% CAGR - Report by Market Research Future (MRFR)
Pepper Spray Market Size and Trends Research Report: Information by Product Type (Pepper Spray Fogger, Pepper Spray Stream, Pepper Spray Gel, and Others), Distribution Channel (Store-Based [Supermarkets & Hypermarkets, Convenience Stores, and Others] and Non-Store-Based), and Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of the World)—Competitive Market Growth, Size, Share and Forecast to 2028New York, US, Jan. 30, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Pepper Spray Market Overview: Market Research Fu
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Does Working After Full Retirement Age Increase Your Social Security Benefits?
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Flamengo puts trust in Portuguese coach for Club World Cup
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Skyhigh Security Named One of CRN's "Coolest Cloud Companies"
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text:
Q: GWT application runs in dev mode but fails to compile My GWT app works in development mode but when I compile I get this error:
[ERROR] Errors in generated://F1C9BA113391FC353E7321372D77396D/com/mygwtapp/client/gin/ClientGinjectorImpl.java'
[ERROR] Line 64:  Rebind result 'com.mygwtapp.client.core.presenter.ResponsePresenter.MyView' must be a class
[ERROR] Line 2319:  Rebind result 'com.mygwtapp.client.core.presenter.MainPagePresenter.MyView' must be a class
[ERROR] Cannot proceed due to previous errors

I am using GWT 2.4.0 and GwtPlatform.

A: This suggests that you have MainPagePresenter.MyView and ResponsePresenter.MyView injected, but not bound to concrete types. The fact that it is working in dev mode (and I'm assuming that you only have one module) but not compiling suggests that the ginjector is finding injection sites that you aren't bumping into when running dev mode.
Make sure both of those are bound in your ginjector (or you have replace-with rules defined for them), or remove references to them.
(If that is all worked up right, consider posting some code, like your ginjector interface, perhaps the generated code, your module, etc)

A: See the documentation: Binding Everything Together. You have to bind the presenter, the view and the proxy together. Nevertheless I am surprised it's working in dev mode.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


My software developer friend just started working on a really complicated product. Without any clear description or user stories, it took him almost 2 whole weeks to understand the product's value and functionality from the user point of view.
That's a hell of a lot of time.
When you're creating any kind of application, you need to clearly define who the users are and what they can actually do with your app.
The reason is quite simple: project stakeholders need to understand the project from the user point of view.
User stories are pretty great for that.
Vague specification and unclear priorities are huge red flags and they decrease the chances that your project will be successful.
I'm not saying that creating user stories can save you from any problems, but they can clearly define the value provided to your users.
In this post, we put together the most important things you need to know about user stories.
Why do You Have to Create User Stories?
User stories are great to capture product functionality from the end users' perspective. They clearly show what a specific user type can do with an application.
Conduct interviews with target users and understand their pain points related to your product's focus. Here is a cool questionnaire guide that will help you ask the right questions during these interviews.
It's necessary to know what problems your target users are facing but you also have to make sure that the solution you provide actually solves that problem. These are just your early assumptions that need to be validated first.
Before writing any code, it's highly recommended to create simple mockups that can be tested or reviewed by users. Just in case, here is a list of 20 easy-to-use mockup tools.
It's quite easy to create app prototypes in PowerPoint. Here is an example and a free template.
Prototypes are great to test your assumptions and help you get closer to building an app that provides real value.
An epic is a big story, a high-level description of what your target users can do with your product. It helps you sketch your product's main functionality without going deep in the details. An epic contains a collection of user stories and also provides a hierarchy for your project.
User story (1): As a user, I want edit my contact details so I can keep it up to date.
User story (3): As a user, I want set my profile's privacy so only my friends are able to see it.
So, you know what user types will use your app and the epics are also identified. The next step is to get into the nitty-gritty details and break down what each epic means.
What value does he get from it?
Bill Wake, in his article from 2003, introduced a framework that helps everyone create good user stories. It's called INVEST.
Testable: It needs to be tested easily. Which also indicates that the requirements are well-defined.
In his blog, Roman Pichler suggests that you should add acceptance criteria to every user story describing the conditions that have to be met to consider a story done.
Definition of done is crucial for every project, in this blog post you can find some examples on how to define done in your project.
As a user, I want to add and edit my contact details so I can keep it up to date.
Huge list of other examples here and some user story templates.
User stories are great to describe product functionality, but visual explanation is still missing from the picture. Adding mockups and sketches to user stories makes it even easier to understand the user journey and the core functionality.
If you need more, check out our mockup tools collection.
Functional Criteria: identifying user tasks, functions or business processes.
Non-functional Criteria: design and UI-related criteria.
Performance Criteria: criteria that are related to performance metrics such as loading time, response time.
Read more about acceptance criteria here.


I just "discovered" someone had embedded some PHP code on the home page of one of my web sites which redirected search engine robots to a page full of "links".
I'm not quite sure "how" it got inserted onto the bottom of this home page, but its intent is fairly obvious.
Well if you were to look yourself, you'd see nothing unless you look at the actual HTML coding... And then you'd see a whole list of randomly generated URLs which point to keyword spam sites organised by these filthy people.
URLs to sites that capitalise on Adsense clicks and other affiliate programs that these slime are members of!
possibly transfer some of your page rank to these spam sites.
There are several reasons why you should be worried about such an exploit!
someone has hacked into your home page in the first place. It wasn't something you would even notice unless you actually examined your HTML code.
your site might be penalised or even banned by search engines for associating with "bad neighbourhoods" - i.e. pointing to these keyword spam sites.
a variation of this type of script could have resulted in your site being the source of an uninvited spyware download into your visitor's computer.
So now there's something else you have to look out for!
This item was originally published in 2007... but this is STILL very much a common problem today!