text:
For other people named Kim Jong-un, see Kim Jong-un (disambiguation).
This is a Korean name; the family name is Kim.
Kim Jong-un (officially transcribed Kim Jong Un; Korean: 김정은; Korean pronunciation: [kim.dzɔŋ.ɯn];[a] born 8 January 1983 or 1984) is a North Korean politician currently the Supreme Leader of North Korea since 2011 and Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea since 2012. Kim is the second child of Kim Jong-il (1941–2011), the country's second leader from 1994 to 2011, and Ko Yong-hui (1952–2004).[5] He is the grandson of Kim Il-sung, who was the founder and first leader of North Korea from 1948 to 1994.[6] Kim is the first North Korean leader who was born after the country's founding, and is also the second youngest currently-serving head of government in the world.[7]
Marshal of the Republic
김정은
Kim Jong-un at the April 2018 Inter-Korean Summit
3rd Supreme Leader of North Korea
Kim Yong-nam
Choe Ryong-hae
Choe Yong-rim
Pak Pong-ju
Kim Jae-ryong
Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea
Kim Ki-nam
Choe Thae-bok
Ri Su-yong
Kim Phyong-hae
O Su-yong
Kwak Pom-gi
Ri Man-gon
Pak Kwang-ho
Pak Thae-song
Thae Jong-su
Pak Thae-dok
An Jong-su
Choe Hwi
as First Secretary
Chairman of the State Affairs Commission
First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
11 April 2012 – 9 May 2016
Mun Kyong-dok
Pak To-chun
Kim Yong-il
Kim Yang-gon
Hong Sok-yong
Kim Kyong-hui
Kang Sok-ju
as General Secretary
as Chairman
First Chairman of the National Defence Commission
13 April 2012 – 29 June 2016
Kim Yong-chun
Ri Yong-mu
Jang Song-thaek
O Kuk-ryol
Hwang Pyong-so
as Chairman of the State Affairs Commission
Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army
Supreme Representative of the Korean People
Title established
(1983-01-08) 8 January 1983 (age 36)
(South Korean records)[1]
(American records)[2][3]
Pyongyang, North Korea
Workers' Party of Korea
Ri Sol-ju (m. 2009)
Kim Ju-ae and possibly another two
Ko Yong-hui
Kim Il-sung University
Kim Il-sung Military University
Branch/service
Korean People's Army
Central institution membership
2012–present: Member, Presidium of the Political Bureau of the 6th, 7th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
2012–present: Member, Political Bureau of the 6th, 7th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
2010–present: Member, 6th, 7th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
2014–2019: Deputy, 13th Supreme People's Assembly
2019-present: Head of State
Other offices held
2012–present: Chairman, Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea
2010–2012: Vice Chairman, Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea
Leaders of the
← Kim Jong-il
Current holder
Kim Jong-un or Kim Jong Un
"Kim Jong-un" in Chosŏn'gŭl (top) and hancha (bottom) scripts
Chosŏn'gŭl
Hancha
金正恩[4]
Revised Romanization
Gim Jeong(-)eun
Kim Chŏngŭn
From late 2010, Kim Jong-un was viewed as heir apparent to the leadership of the DPRK, and following the elder Kim's death, North Korean state television announced him as the "Great Successor".[8] Kim holds the titles of Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea (as First Secretary between 2012 and 2016), Chairman of the Central Military Commission, Chairman of the State Affairs Commission, Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea,[9] and member of the Presidium of the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea, the highest decision-making body in North Korea.[10] Kim was promoted to the rank of Marshal of North Korea in the Korean People's Army on 18 July 2012, consolidating his position as the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.[11] North Korean state media often refers to him as Marshal Kim Jong-un, "the Marshal"[12] or "Dear Respected."[13]
On 12 December 2013, Kim ordered the execution of his uncle Jang Song-thaek for "treachery".[14] Kim is widely believed to have ordered the assassination of his half-brother, Kim Jong-nam, in Malaysia in February 2017.[15][16]
In 2018, Kim Jong-un and South Korean Moon Jae-in met twice in Panmunjom on the border between North and South, and once in Pyongyang. On 12 June 2018, Kim and US President Donald Trump met for a summit in Singapore, the first-ever talks held between a North Korean leader and a sitting US President, to discuss the North Korean nuclear program. A follow-up meeting in Hanoi in February 2019 ended abruptly without an agreement. On 25 April 2019, Kim and Russian President Vladimir Putin held their first summit in Vladivostok, Russia.[17] On 30 June 2019, Kim met with both South Korean President Moon Jae-in and US President Donald Trump at the Korean Demilitarized Zone.
The Liebefeld-Steinhölzli public school in Köniz, Switzerland, which Kim Jong-un is reported to have attended
North Korean authorities and state-run media have stated that Kim's birthdate was 8 January 1982,[18] but South Korean intelligence officials believe the actual date is a year later.[1] It is thought that Kim's official birth year was changed for symbolic reasons; 1982 marks 70 years after the birth of his grandfather, Kim Il-sung, and 40 years after the official birth of his father Kim Jong-il. The US Treasury Department lists Kim Jong-un's official birthdate as 8 January 1984.[19] Former basketball star Dennis Rodman confirmed that 8 January was Kim Jong-un's birthdate after meeting in September 2013 in North Korea, and that Kim was 30 years of age at the time.[1]
Kim Jong-un was the second of three children Ko Yong-hui bore to Kim Jong-il; his elder brother Kim Jong-chul was born in 1981, while his younger sister, Kim Yo-jong, is believed to have been born in 1987.[20][21]
All the children of Kim Jong-il are said to have lived in Switzerland, as well as the mother of the two youngest sons, who lived in Geneva for some time.[22] First reports said that Kim Jong-un attended the private English-language International School in Gümligen in Switzerland under the name "Chol-pak" or "Pak-chol" from 1993 to 1998.[23] He was described as shy, a good student who got along well with his classmates and was a basketball fan.[24] He was chaperoned by an older student, who was thought to be his bodyguard.[25] However, it was later suggested that the student at the Gümligen was not Kim Jong-un, but his elder brother Kim Jong-chul.[26]
Later, it was reported that Kim Jong-un attended the Liebefeld Steinhölzli state school in Köniz near Bern under the name "Pak-un" or "Un-pak" from 1998 until 2000 as the son of an employee of the North Korean embassy in Bern. Authorities confirmed that a North Korean student from North Korea attended the school from 1998 to 2000. Pak-un first attended a special class for foreign-language children and later attended the regular classes of the 6th, 7th, 8th, and part of the final 9th year, leaving the school abruptly in the autumn of 2000. He was described as a well-integrated and ambitious student who liked to play basketball.[27] However, his grades and attendance rating are reported to have been poor.[28] The ambassador of North Korea in Switzerland, Ri Chol, had a close relationship with him and acted as a mentor.[22] One of Pak-un's classmates told reporters that he had told him that he was the son of the leader of North Korea.[29][30] According to some reports, Kim was described by classmates as a shy child who was awkward with girls and indifferent to political issues, but who distinguished himself in sports and had a fascination with the American National Basketball Association and Michael Jordan. One friend claimed that he had been shown pictures of Pak-un with Kobe Bryant and Toni Kukoč.[31]
In April 2012, new documents came to light indicating that Kim Jong-un had lived in Switzerland since 1991 or 1992, earlier than previously thought.[32]
The Laboratory of Anatomic Anthropology at the University of Lyon, France, compared the picture of Pak-un taken at the Liebefeld Steinhölzli school in 1999 with a picture of Kim Jong-un from 2012 and concluded that the faces show a conformity of 95%, suggesting that it is most likely that they are the same person.[33]
The Washington Post reported in 2009 that Kim Jong-un's school friends recalled he "spent hours doing meticulous pencil drawings of Chicago Bulls superstar Michael Jordan".[34] He was obsessed with basketball and computer games.[31][35]
Most analysts agree that Kim Jong-un attended Kim Il-sung University, a leading officer-training school in Pyongyang, from 2002 to 2007.[36] Kim obtained two degrees, one in physics at Kim Il-sung University, and another as an Army officer at the Kim Il-sung Military University.[37][38]
In late February 2018, Reuters reported that Kim and his father had used forged passports—supposedly issued by Brazil and dated 26 February 1996—to apply for visas in various countries. Both 10-year passports carry a stamp saying "Embassy of Brazil in Prague". Kim Jong-un's passport records the name "Josef Pwag" and a date of birth of 1 February 1983.[39]
For many years, only one confirmed photograph of him was known to exist outside North Korea, apparently taken in the mid-1990s, when he was eleven.[40] Occasionally other supposed images of him surfaced but were often disputed.[41] It was only in June 2010, shortly before he was given official posts and publicly introduced to the North Korean people, that more pictures were released of Kim, taken when he was attending school in Switzerland.[42] The first official image of him as an adult was a group photograph released on 30 September 2010, at the end of the party conference that effectively anointed him, in which he is seated in the front row, two places from his father. This was followed by newsreel footage of him attending the conference.[43]
Pre-2010 Party Conference speculation
Kim Jong-un's eldest half-brother, Kim Jong-nam, had been the favorite to succeed, but reportedly fell out of favor after 2001, when he was caught attempting to enter Japan on a fake passport to visit Tokyo Disneyland.[44] Kim Jong-nam was killed in Malaysia in 2017 by suspected North Korean agents.[45]
Kim Jong-il's former personal chef, Kenji Fujimoto, revealed details regarding Kim Jong-un, with whom he had a good relationship,[46] stating that he was favored to be his father's successor. Fujimoto also said that Jong-un was favored by his father over his elder brother, Kim Jong-chul, reasoning that Jong-chul is too feminine in character, while Jong-un is "exactly like his father".[47] Furthermore, Fujimoto stated that "if power is to be handed over then Jong-un is the best for it. He has superb physical gifts, is a big drinker and never admits defeat." Also, according to Fujimoto, Jong-un smokes Yves Saint Laurent cigarettes, loves Johnnie Walker whisky and has a Mercedes-Benz 600 luxury sedan.[48] When Jong-un was 18, Fujimoto described an episode where Jong-un once questioned his lavish lifestyle and asked, "we are here, playing basketball, riding horses, riding jet skis, having fun together. But what of the lives of the average people?"[47] On 15 January 2009, the South Korean news agency Yonhap reported that Kim Jong-il had appointed Kim Jong-un to be his successor.[44][49]
On 8 March 2009, BBC News reported that Kim Jong-un was on the ballot for elections to the Supreme People's Assembly, the rubber stamp parliament of North Korea.[50] Subsequent reports indicated that his name did not appear on the list of lawmakers,[51] but he was later elevated to a mid-level position in the National Defense Commission, which is a branch of the North Korean military.[52]
People paying homage[53] to the statues of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il, April 2012
From 2009, it was understood by foreign diplomatic services that Kim was to succeed his father Kim Jong-il as the head of the Korean Workers' Party and de facto leader of North Korea.[54] He has been named "Yŏngmyŏng-han Tongji" (영명한 동지), which loosely translates to "Brilliant Comrade".[55] His father had also asked embassy staff abroad to pledge loyalty to his son.[56] There have also been reports that citizens in North Korea were encouraged to sing a newly composed "song of praise" to Kim Jong-un, in a similar fashion to that of praise songs relating to Kim Jong-il and Kim Il-sung.[57] Later, in June, Kim was reported to have visited China secretly to "present himself" to the Chinese leadership, who later warned against North Korea conducting another nuclear test.[58] The Chinese foreign ministry has strongly denied that this visit occurred.[59]
In September 2009, it was reported that Kim Jong-il had secured support for the succession plan, after a propaganda campaign.[60] It is believed by some that Kim Jong-un was involved in the Cheonan sinking[61] and the bombardment of Yeonpyeong[62] to strengthen his military credentials and facilitate a successful transition of power from his father.[63]
Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission
Kim Jong-un was made a daejang, the equivalent of a four-star general in the United States,[64] on 27 September 2010, a day ahead of a rare Workers' Party of Korea conference in Pyongyang, the first time North Korean media had mentioned him by name and despite him having no previous military experience.[65] Despite the promotion, no further details, including verifiable portraits of Kim, were released.[66] On 28 September 2010, he was named vice chairman of the Central Military Commission and appointed to the Central Committee of the Workers' Party, in an apparent nod to become the successor to Kim Jong-il.[67]
On 10 October 2010, Kim Jong-un was alongside his father when he attended the ruling Workers' Party's 65th-anniversary celebration. This was seen as confirming his position as the next leader of the Workers' Party. Unprecedented international press access was granted to the event, further indicating the importance of Kim Jong-un's presence.[68] In January 2011, the regime reportedly began purging around 200 protégés of both Jong-un's uncle-in-law Jang Song-thaek and O Kuk-ryol, the vice chairman of the National Defence Commission, by either detention or execution to further prevent either man from rivaling Jong-un.[69]
Leader of North Korea
Portraits of Kim Jong-un's father and grandfather (Arirang Festival mass games in Pyongyang)
Assuming official titles
On 17 December 2011, Kim Jong-il died. Despite the elder Kim's plans, it was not immediately clear after his death whether Jong-un would in fact take full power, and what his exact role in a new government would be.[70] Some analysts had predicted that when Kim Jong-il died, Jang Song-thaek would act as regent, as Jong-un was too inexperienced to immediately lead the country.[71][72]
Following his father's death, Kim Jong-un was hailed as the "great successor to the revolutionary cause of Juche", "outstanding leader of the party, army and people"[73] and "respected comrade who is identical to Supreme Commander Kim Jong-il",[74] and was made chairman of the Kim Jong-il funeral committee. The Korean Central News Agency described Kim Jong-un as "a great person born of heaven", a propaganda term only his father and grandfather had enjoyed.[75] And the ruling Workers' Party said in an editorial, "We vow with bleeding tears to call Kim Jong-un our supreme commander, our leader."[76]
He was publicly declared Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army on 24 December 2011[77] and formally appointed to the position on 30 December 2011 when the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party "courteously proclaimed that the dear respected Kim Jong Un, vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission of the WPK, assumed the supreme commandership of the Korean People's Army".[9]
North Korean soldiers saluting at the Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery in Pyongyang, 2012
On 26 December 2011, the leading North Korean newspaper Rodong Sinmun reported that Kim Jong-un had been acting as chairman of the Central Military Commission,[78] and supreme leader of the country, following his father's demise.[79]
On 9 January 2012, a large rally was held by the Korean People's Army in front of the Kumsusan Palace of the Sun to honor Kim Jong-un and to demonstrate loyalty.[80]
On 27 March 2012, Kim was elected to the Fourth Conference of the Workers' Party of Korea. On 11 April, that conference wrote the post of general secretary out of the party charter and instead designated Kim Jong-il as the party's "Eternal General Secretary". The conference then elected Kim Jong-un as leader of the party under the newly created title of First Secretary. Kim Jong-un also took his father's post as Chairman of the Central Military Commission, as well as his father's old seat on the Politburo Presidium.[81] In a speech made prior to the Conference, Kim Jong-un declared that "Imbuing the whole society with Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism is the highest programme of our Party".[82] On 13 April 2012, the 5th Session of the 12th Supreme People's Assembly appointed Kim Jong-un Chairman of the National Defence Commission.[83]
On 15 April 2012, during a military parade to commemorate Kim Il-sung's centenary, Kim Jong-un made his first public speech, Let Us March Forward Dynamically Towards Final Victory, Holding Higher the Banner of Songun.[84] That speech became the basis of a hymn dedicated to him, "Onwards Toward the Final Victory".[85]
In July 2012,[86] Kim Jong-un was promoted to wonsu (translated as marshal), the highest active rank in the military. The decision was jointly issued on by the Central Committee and the Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea, the National Defence Commission, and the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly, the Korean Central News Agency subsequently announced.[11] The only higher rank is Dae Wonsu (roughly translated as Grand Marshal or Generalissimo) which was held by Kim's grandfather, Kim Il-sung, and which was awarded posthumously to his father, Kim Jong-il, in February 2012.[11][86] The promotion confirmed Kim's role as top leader of the North Korean military and came days after the replacement of Chief of General Staff Ri Yong-ho by Hyon Yong-chol.[11]
External image
Satellite imagery show the message "Long Live General Kim Jong-un, the Shining Sun!" in Korean on a hillside.
In November 2012, satellite photos revealed a half-kilometer-long (1,600 ft) propaganda message carved into a hillside in Ryanggang Province, reading, "Long Live General Kim Jong-un, the Shining Sun!"[87]
A selection of Kim Jong-un's works
Officially, Kim Jong-un is part of a triumvirate heading the executive branch of the North Korean government along with Premier Kim Jae-ryong (no relation) and parliament president Choe Ryong-hae. Each nominally holds powers equivalent to a third of a president's powers in most presidential systems. Kim Jong-un commands the armed forces, Kim Jae-ryong heads the government and handles domestic affairs, and Choe Ryong-hae handles foreign relations. Nevertheless, it is generally understood that Kim Jong-un, like his father and grandfather before him, exercises absolute control over the government and the country. Indeed, a constitutional amendment enacted by his father explicitly named the NDC (first) chairman as "the supreme leader of the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea".[88]
On 30 November 2012, Kim met with Li Jianguo, who "briefed Kim on the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China", according to the state's official news agency, the Korean Central News Agency.[89] A letter from Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, was hand-delivered during the discussion.[89]
On 9 March 2014, Kim Jong-un was elected to a seat in the Supreme People's Assembly, the country's unicameral legislature. He ran unopposed, but voters had the choice of voting yes or no. There was a record turnout of voters and, according to government officials, all voted "yes" in his home district of Mount Paekdu.[90] The Supreme People's Assembly subsequently elected him first chairman of the National Defense Commission.[91]
New leadership style
In July 2012, Kim Jong-un showed a change in cultural policy from his father by attending a Moranbong Band concert. The concert contained several elements of pop culture from the West, particularly the United States. Kim used this event to debut his wife to the public, an unprecedented move in North Korea.[92]
In 2012, Kim Jong-il's personal chef Kenji Fujimoto visited North Korea and said, "Stores in Pyongyang were brimming with products and people in the streets looked cheerful. North Korea has changed a lot since Kim Jong-un assumed power. All of this is because of leader Kim Jong-un."[93]
In 2013, Kim re-established his grandfather's style when he made his first New Year's address, a break from the approach of his father. Kim Jong-il never made televised addresses during his 17 years in power.[94] In lieu of delivering a speech, Kim Jong-il contributed to and approved a New Year's Day editorial, jointly published by Rodong Sinmun (the daily newspaper of the Korean Workers' Party), Joson Inmingun (the newspaper of the Korean People's Army), and Chongnyon Jonwi (the newspaper of the Kimilsungist-Kimjongilist Youth League).[95]
People in Pyongyang watch Kim Jong-un on North Korean TV, 2015
In May 2014, following the collapse of an apartment building in Pyongyang, Kim Jong-un was said to be very upset at the loss of life that resulted. A statement issued by the country's official news agency the Korean Central News Agency used the rare expression "profound consolation and apology". An unnamed government official was quoted by the BBC as saying Kim Jong-un had "sat up all night, feeling painful".[96] While the height of the building and the number of casualties was not released, media reports described it is a 23-story building and indicated that more than a hundred people may have died in the collapse.[97]
A set of comprehensive economic measures, the "Socialist Corporate Responsible Management System", were introduced in 2013.[98] The measures increase the autonomy of enterprises by granting them "certain rights to engage in business activities autonomously and elevate the will to labor through appropriately implementing the socialist distribution system". Another priority of economic policies that year was agriculture, where the pojon (vegetable garden) responsibility system was implemented. The system reportedly achieved a major increase in output in some collective farms.[98] North Korean media were describing the economy as a "flexible collectivist system" where enterprises were applying "active and evolutionary actions" to achieve economic development.[99] These reports reflect Kim's general economic policy of reforming management, increasing the autonomy and incentives for economic actors. This set of reforms known as the "May 30th measures" reaffirms both socialist ownership and "objective economic laws in guidance and management" to improve living standards. Other objectives of the measures are to increase the availability of domestically manufactured goods on markets, introduction of defence innovations into the civilian sector and boost international trade.[99]
There has been a construction boom in Pyongyang, bringing colour and creative architectural styles to the city. While in the past there was a concentration on building monuments, Kim Jong-un's government has constructed amusement parks, aquatic parks, skating rinks, a dolphinarium and a ski resort.[100][101]
Purges and executions
Further information: List of officials purged and executed by Kim Jong-un
As with all reporting on North Korea, reports of purges and executions are difficult to verify.[102] In May 2016, analysts were surprised to find that General Ri Yong-gil, reported by South Korea to have been executed earlier in the year, was, in fact, alive and well.[103]
In December 2013, Kim Jong-un's uncle Jang Song-thaek was arrested and executed for treachery.[104] Jang is believed to have been executed by firing squad. Yonhap has stated that, according to multiple unnamed sources, Kim Jong-un has also put to death members of Jang's family, to completely destroy all traces of Jang's existence through "extensive executions" of his family, including the children and grandchildren of all close relatives. Those reportedly killed in Kim's purge include Jang's sister Jang Kye-sun, her husband and ambassador to Cuba, Jon Yong-jin, and Jang's nephew and ambassador to Malaysia, Jang Yong-chol. The nephew's two sons were also said to have been killed.[105] At the time of Jang's removal, it was announced that "the discovery and purge of the Jang group ... made our party and revolutionary ranks purer ..."[106] and after his execution on 12 December 2013 state media warned that the army "will never pardon all those who disobey the order of the Supreme Commander".[107]
O Sang-hon (Korean: 오상헌; RR: O Sangheon; MR: O Sanghŏn) was a deputy security minister in the Ministry of People's Security in the government of North Korea who was reportedly killed in a political purge in 2014. According to the South Korean newspaper The Chosun Ilbo, O was executed by flamethrower for his role in supporting Kim Jong-un's uncle Jang Song-taek.[108]
See also: Human rights in North Korea
The 2013 report on the situation of human rights in North Korea[109] by United Nations Special Rapporteur Marzuki Darusman proposed a United Nations commission of inquiry[110] to document the accountability of Kim Jong-un and other individuals in the North Korean government for alleged crimes against humanity.[111] The report of the commission of inquiry[112] was published in February 2014 and recommends making him accountable for crimes against humanity at the International Criminal Court.[113]
In July 2016, the United States Department of the Treasury imposed personal sanctions on Kim. Although his involvement in human rights abuses was cited as the reason,[114] officials said the sanctions target the country's nuclear and missile programs.[115]
In June 2017, President Trump condemned Kim Jong-un's "brutal" regime and described Kim as a "madman" after the death of American student Otto Warmbier who had been imprisoned during a visit to North Korea.[116] However, in 2019, U.S. President Trump said that he believed Kim was not responsible for Warmbier's death.[117]
Alleged 2017 CIA assassination attempt
In May 2017, the North Korean government stated that the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the United States and the South Korean National Intelligence Service (NIS) hired a North Korean lumberjack who worked in Russia to assassinate Kim Jong-un with a "biochemical weapon" that was both radioactive and nano-poisonous, and whose effect would have been delayed by a few months.[118] North Korea said that it would seek extradition of anyone involved in the assassination attempt.[119]
Nuclear weapons development
See also: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
Model of a Unha-9 rocket on display at a floral exhibition in Pyongyang, 30 August 2013
Under Kim Jong-un, North Korea has continued to develop nuclear weapons, testing bombs in February 2013, January and September 2016, and September 2017, and conducting over 80 missile tests.[120] At a plenary meeting of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party held on 31 March 2013, Kim Jong-un announced that North Korea will adopt "a new strategic line on carrying out economic construction and building nuclear armed forces simultaneously".[121]
According to several analysts, North Korea sees the nuclear arsenal as vital to deter an attack, and it is unlikely that North Korea would launch a nuclear war.[122] According to a RAND Corporation senior researcher, Kim Jong-un believes that nuclear weapons are his guarantee of regime survival.[123]
During the 7th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea in 2016, Kim Jong-un stated that North Korea would "not use nuclear weapons first unless aggressive hostile forces use nuclear weapons to invade on our sovereignty".[124] However, on other occasions, North Korea has threatened "pre-emptive" nuclear attacks against a US-led attack.[125] In December 2015, Kim stated that his family "turned the DPRK into a powerful nuclear weapons state ready to detonate a self-reliant A-bomb and H-bomb to reliably defend its sovereignty and the dignity of the nation".[126]
In January 2018, estimates of North Korea's nuclear arsenal ranged between 15 and 60 bombs, probably including hydrogen bombs. In the opinion of analysts, the Hwasong-15 missile is capable of striking anywhere in the United States.[120]
The United Nations enacted a series of sanctions against North Korea for its nuclear program and missile tests.[127]
Kim and South Korean President Moon Jae-in shake hands during the 2018 inter-Korean Summit, April 2018
Kim and U.S. President Donald Trump shake hands at the start of the 2018 North Korea–United States Summit, June 2018
Kim and Russian President Vladimir Putin shake hands during of the North Korea–Russia Summit, April 2019
In his 2018 New Year Speech, Kim announced that he was open to dialogue with South Korea with a view to take part in the upcoming Winter Olympics in the South.[128] The Seoul–Pyongyang hotline was reopened after almost two years.[129] North and South Korea marched together in the Olympics opening ceremony, and fielded a united women's ice hockey team.[130] In addition to the athletes, Kim sent an unprecedented high-level delegation including his sister, Kim Yo-jong, and President of the Presidium, Kim Yong-nam, and performers such as the Samjiyon Orchestra.[131] On 5 March, he had a meeting with South Korea's Chief of the National Security Office, Chung Eui-yong, in Pyongyang.[132]
In March 2018, Kim visited Beijing, meeting with General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Xi Jinping.[133][134][135]
At the April 2018 inter-Korean summit, Kim and South Korean President Moon Jae-in signed the Panmunjom Declaration, pledging to convert the Korean Armistice Agreement into a full peace treaty, formally ending the Korean War, by the end of the year.[136][137][138]
From 7–8 May, Kim made a second visit to China, meeting with Xi Jinping in Dalian.[139]
On 26 May, Kim had a second and unannounced meeting in the North Korean side of Panmunjom, meeting with Moon to discuss his proposed summit with Donald Trump in Singapore.[140][141]
On 10 June, Kim arrived in Singapore and met with Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.[142]
On 12 June, Kim held his first summit with US President Donald Trump and signed a declaration, affirming a commitment to peace, nuclear disarmament, and the repatriation of the remains of U.S. war dead.[143]
In September, Kim held another summit with Moon Jae-in in Pyongyang. Kim agreed to dismantle North Korea's nuclear weapons facilities if the United States took reciprocal action. The two governments also announced that they would establish buffer zones on their borders to prevent clashes.[144]
In February 2019, Kim held another summit with US President Donald Trump in Hanoi, Vietnam, which Trump cut short on the second day without an agreement. The Trump administration said that the North Koreans wanted complete sanctions relief, while the North Koreans said that they were only asking for partial sanctions relief.[145]
On 25 April 2019, Kim held his first summit with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Vladivostok, Russia.[146][147]
On 30 June 2019, Kim again met with U.S. President Donald Trump, shaking hands warmly and expressing hope for peace. Kim and Trump then joined South Korea's President Moon Jae-in for a brief chat, marking an unprecedented three-way gathering.[148]
Kenji Fujimoto, a Japanese chef who was Kim Jong-il's personal cook, described Kim Jong-un as "a chip off the old block, a spitting image of his father in terms of face, body shape, and personality".[149] He said Jong-un was a big fan of The Beatles and Jean-Claude Van Damme.[150]
On 26 February 2013, Kim Jong‑un met Dennis Rodman,[151] which led many reporters to speculate that Rodman was the first American that Kim had met.[152] Rodman described his trip to Kim Jong-un's private island: "It's like Hawaii or Ibiza, but he's the only one that lives there."[153]
During Dennis Rodman's trip, Vice magazine correspondent Ryan Duffy said that "the leader was 'socially awkward' and didn't make eye contact when shaking hands".[154]
According to Cheong Seong-chang of the Sejong Institute, Kim Jong-un has greater visible interest in the welfare of his people and engages in greater interaction with them than his father did.[155]
South Koreans who saw Kim at the summit in April 2018 described him as straightforward, humorous, and attentive.[156] After meeting him, Donald Trump said, "I learned he was a talented man. I also learned he loves his country very much." He added that Kim had a "great personality" and was "very smart".[157]
In 2009, reports suggested that Kim Jong-un was a diabetic and suffered from hypertension.[56][158] He is also known to smoke cigarettes.[159]
Kim Jong-un did not appear in public for six weeks in September and October 2014. State media reported that he was suffering from an "uncomfortable physical condition". Previously he had been seen limping.[160] When he reappeared, he was using a walking stick.[161]
In September 2015, the South Korean government commented that Kim appeared to have gained 30 kg in body fat over the previous five years, reaching a total estimated body weight of 130 kg (290 lb).[162]
Kim (holding envelope) with Chung Eui-yong. Kim's sister Kim Yo-jong (on the right) is said to be very close to him
On 25 July 2012, North Korean state media reported for the first time that Kim Jong-un is married to Ri Sol-ju (리설주).[163][164] Ri, who was believed to be in her early 20s, had been accompanying Kim Jong-un to public appearances for several weeks prior to the announcement.[164] According to a South Korean analyst, Kim Jong-il had hastily arranged the marriage after suffering a stroke in 2008, the two married in 2009, and they had a child in 2010.[165] Dennis Rodman, after visiting in 2013, reported that they had a daughter named Ju-ae.[166][167] However, South Korean sources speculated that they could have many children.[168]
Kim is sometimes accompanied by his younger sister Kim Yo-jong,[20][21] who is said to be instrumental in creating his public image and organising public events for him.[169] According to Kim Yong-hyun, a professor of North Korean studies at Dongguk University in Seoul, and others, the promotion of Kim Yo-jong and others is a sign that "the Kim Jong-un regime has ended its co-existence with the remnants of the previous Kim Jong-il regime by carrying out a generational replacement in the party's key elite posts".[170][171]
On 13 February 2017, Kim Jong-nam, the exiled half-brother of Kim Jong-un, was assassinated with the nerve agent VX while walking through Terminal 2 at Kuala Lumpur International Airport.[172]
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^ "Dennis Rodman lets the world know Kim Jong-un has a daughter". National Post. Associated Press. 19 March 2013. ISSN 1486-8008. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
^ Walker, Peter (9 September 2013). "Dennis Rodman gives away name of Kim Jong‑un's daughter". The Guardian. London, UK. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015.
^ "Kim Jong-un 'Has a Little Daughter'". Chosun. 20 March 2013. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
Kim Jong-un 'Has 2 Daughters' Archived 21 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Chosun.com, 16 May 2013.
^ Sherwell, Phillip (8 January 2017). "Sister helps Kim strut his stuff as key missile test looms". The Times. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
^ McCurry, Justin (9 October 2017). "Meet Kim Yo-jong, the sister who is the brains behind Kim Jong-un's image". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "Kim Jong-un's sister sits just yards from the tyrant after promotion". Mail Online. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "Kim Jong-nam killing: VX nerve agent 'found on his face'". BBC News. 24 February 2017. Archived from the original on 24 February 2017.
Bechtol, Bruce E., Jr. (2014). North Korea and Regional Security in the Kim Jong-un Era: A New International Security Dilemma. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-40007-9.
French, Paul (2016). Our Supreme Leader: The Making of Kim Jong-un. London: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-78360-900-0.
Fifield, Anna (2019). The Great Successor: The Divinely Perfect Destiny of Brilliant Comrade Kim Jong Un. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1541742482.
Kim Jong Un Aphorisms (PDF). 1. Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House. 2016. ISBN 978-9946-0-1430-2.
Lee, Kyo-Duk; Lim, Soon-Hee; Cho, Jeong-Ah; Song, Joung-Ho (2013). Study on the Power Elite of the Kim Jong Un Regime (PDF). Study Series 13-01. Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification. ISBN 978-89-8479-708-6.
Thak Song-il; An Su-yong, eds. (January 2014). Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un in the Year 2012 (PDF). Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House. ISBN 978-9946-0-1192-9.
An Chol-gang, ed. (November 2014). Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un in the Year 2013 (PDF). Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House. ISBN 978-9946-0-1192-9.
Thak Son-il; An Su-yong (2017). Anecdotes of Kim Jong Un's Life. Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House. ISBN 978-9946-0-1530-9.
Thak Song-il, ed. (2018). Son of the People (PDF). Translated by Mun Myong-song; Jong Myong-jin. Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House. ISBN 978-9946-0-1719-8.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kim Jong-un.
Wikinews has news related to:
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Kim Jong-un
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Kim Jong-Un at the Encyclopædia Britannica
North Korea's Young Leader on Show – video report by The New York Times
NSA Archive Kim Jong-Il: The "Great Successor"
Official short biography at Naenara
Kim Jong-un's works at Publications of the DPRK
Kim Jong-il Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea
First Secretary: 2012–2016
2016–present Incumbent
Chairman of the Central Military Commission
Acting: 2011–2012
Leader of the Presidium of the Politburo
of the Workers' Party of Korea
New office Vice Chairman of the
Central Military Commission
Served alongside: Ri Yong-ho Succeeded by
& Ri Yong-ho
Kim Jong-il Supreme Leader of North Korea
National Defence Commission: 2012–2016
Military offices
Kim Jong-il Supreme Commander of the
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Jong-un&oldid=906616420"


text:
import { configure, addDecorator, addParameters } from '@storybook/html';
import { withA11y } from '@storybook/addon-a11y';
import { addReadme } from 'storybook-readme/html';

import WebFont from 'webfontloader';
import 'bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css';
import '!style-loader!css-loader!sass-loader!./scss-loader.scss';

WebFont.load({
  google: {
    families: ['Roboto:300,400,700', 'sans-serif'],
  },
});

addDecorator(withA11y);

addParameters({
  options: {
    showPanel: true,
    panelPosition: 'right',
    // theme: basicTheme,
    // theme: themes.dark,
  },
  readme: {
    codeTheme: 'github',
  },
});
addDecorator(addReadme);

// automatically import all files ending in *.stories.js
const req = require.context('../stories', true, /\.stories\.js$/);
const loadStories = () => {
  req.keys().forEach(req);
};

configure(loadStories, module);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A new reason to eat broccoli: Munching the green veggie may improve outcomes after a breast cancer diagnosis, finds a new study presented at a meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research. And it's not just broccoli: All cruciferous vegetables—like cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage—can play a role, too, according to the study that looked at data from more than 4,800 breast cancer survivors in China. Women who ate the most cruciferous vegetables reduced their risk of overall mortality and breast cancer mortality by 62 percent compared to women who consumed the least.
The American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation and Consumer Reports have created a Choosing Wisely project to help cut down on unnecessary medical tests that are costly and potentially risky. Here are five tests experts say you may not need: A CT scan or MRI after fainting; an annual cardiac stress test; a chest X-ray before outpatient surgery; a back scan within the first six weeks of lower back pain; and a repeat colorectal cancer screening.
If you exercise regularly, you can't be a couch potato, right? Wrong, says a new study from Finland. Researchers had a group of healthy, active volunteers wear shorts that measure muscular activity in the legs. They worked out as usual on one day of the study, and then they didn't exercise on another day. The results? There was virtually no difference in how much time people spent being couch potatoes on both days. After exercising, people tend to opt for lighter or sedentary activities, say researchers. The takeaway: Look for opportunities to reduce your daily sitting time every day.
Toting reusable grocery bags to the store is a great move for the planet—just remember to wash them for your health, say experts. Only 15 percent of Americans regularly wash their bags, which inadvertently creates a breeding zone for harmful bacteria and cross-contamination. Keep safe by frequently washing your grocery totes with hot, soapy water; clean all areas where you place your bags, such as the kitchen counter; store totes in a clean, dry location; and avoiding leaving empty bags in the trunk of your car.
Your coffee and gym habit may cut the risk of developing skin cancers caused by sun exposure, finds a new mouse study from Rutgers Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy. Mice that exercised and were given caffeine had 62 percent fewer skin tumors compared to mice that didn't exercise or have caffeine. Researchers say they believe the findings can apply to humans, too.
Why are some women spending $10,000 on vaginal rejuvenation with surgeries such as vaginoplasty and labiaplasty? One brave writer visits a plastic surgeon to get to the bottom of this—and gets her lady parts checked out in the process. You won't want to miss this fascinating first-person account.
People with the skin condition psoriasis may be at increased risk for health problems that affect the heart, says an expert from the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine. The connection: Inflammation is a major feature of psoriasis, and chronic inflammation is also a characteristic of obesity, high cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease.
You've heard ofeating intuitively—responding to your body's hunger cues—but what about exercising intuitively? One fitness blogger says being an intuitive exerciser is the way to go: Stop forcing yourself to exercise regardless of how you feel, and instead trust your body when it comes to working out. But when deciding not to work out, how can you tell if it's your brain being lazy or your body saying you need a break? It doesn't matter, she says. See why, and find out how listening to your body can boost your fitness.


bma Hydroponics - GROW YOUR OWN!
GROW YOUR OWN! is filmed on location at either a Health Canada ACMPR approved personal production site or a commercial production site licensed under the Cannabis Act or First Narions regulations. .


It's taken a few years to get over that childish, September back-to-school feeling but I love the month now. The crisp air smells of autumn but the summer sun has not left, hay bales dot russet fields and my favourite fruit is in season: Figs!
Now, a fig that has fallen from a tree in the sticky heat of Italy or Madeira, say, is a different thing to the imported figs I managed to buy. Their plump and purple velvet skin broke to reveal a rather dry center, so they needed a little help in the flavour department.
Some I stuffed with the classic combination of blue cheese, walnuts and honey and then tied them up in the leaves from our figless fig tree to enhance the fig flavour. When roasted, the sweet and salty taste was delicious with the perfumed fruit. I then came across this great Fig Ice Cream recipe from Delicious Shots (see her beautiful pictures) in which you cook the figs down with sugar and honey and mix into a vanilla custard then churn. The ice cream comes out with the fig seeds looking rather like vanilla seeds and making a pop in your mouth which I rather liked but it may not suit everybody. It has a lovely pale lavender colour with the chunks of figs still visible and looked gorgeous in these exquisite blue bowls handmade by Rosemarie Durr in Kilkenny, Ireland.
In a large saucepan, combine the figs, half of the sugar and honey. Let it macerate at room temperature for 20 minutes. Simmer over low heat for 15 minutes, stirring occasionally, until the mixture thickens. At this point, break down the fig (as much as you like) with a potato masher, cook for 3 minutes more. Let it cool completely, cover and refrigerate it for a couple of hours until well chill. In a mixing bowl, whisk together the rest of the sugar and egg yolks until pale yellow. In another saucepan, combine milk, heavy cream and the vanilla bean. Heat the mixture until just begin to boil (but don't let it boil) Temper the milk mixture over the eggs, mix well and return the saucepan to the heat. Cook for three minutes more stirring well. Don't let the mixture come to boil. Let it cool completely, cover and refrigerate it for a couple of hours until well chill. When ready, combine well the figs and the milk mixture and pour it into an ice cream maker and follow manufacture's instructions.


text:
Jiba Molei Anderson
Jiba Molei Anderson is the CEO of Griot Enterprises, a publishing company / visual communication studio and creator of its flagship property, The Horsemen. He is also the curator of 4 Pages 16 Bars: A Visual Mixtape, an anthology which focuses on independent works from creators of color and maintains The Afrosoul Chronicles, a blog about comics, pop culture, politics and race.
Anderson has had numerous one-man and group shows, art directed and published over 12 books and has been invited to speak about his work and the representation of race and culture at various institutions including the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and the Ohio State University. The Horsemen: Divine Intervention and the anthology 4 Pages 16 Bars: A Visual Mixtape have been used as textbooks for classes at OSU.
Anderson has been employed as a graphic designer, animator, art director and graphic novelist for entertainment and educational institutions such as Universal Music Group, the University of Illinois – Chicago, the Smithsonian National Museum of African Art and the Chicago Academy of Music including The Song of Lionogo: An Indian Ocean Mythological Remix for the Smithsonian National Museum of African Art (with Brightseed Collaborative).
Currently, Mr. Anderson is employed as a Part – Time Lecturer at Chicago State University.
COMICS ARE HIP HOP: THE REMIX

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
How to Deploy React Apps on Android PlayStore and IOS AppStore
Written by Dela Ogbemudia
Edited by Henrique Vermelho
React Native is a great cross-platform development tool with benefits like smart debugging tools and error-reporting features. Developers can take advantage of all its benefits to create high-functioning apps for Android and iOS devices. On the other hand, React Native has one downside: it doesn't automate the app deployment process to Android or iOS stores. Therefore, this article is a step-by-step guide to assist developers with preparing their Android and iOS apps for publishing on both stores. To provide a detailed understanding of the steps, we cover the following in this article: Requirements for Launching Mobile Apps, Steps for Building Native Apps, Building an Android and iOS App using Expo, and How to Publish an Expo App on iOS and Android PlayStore.
React Native is a great JavaScript framework for writing natively rendered mobile apps for iOS and Android. The framework came from React, Meta's (formerly known as Facebook) JavaScript library. It is used to build user interfaces that leverage principles from functional programming and it also helps to handle stateful behavior more efficiently. Rather than focusing on the browser, React Native is a version of the framework built for mobile platforms, which is written as plain React and later compiled into native Android or iOS code.
With React Native, developers can take advantage of all the benefits of smart debugging tools and error-reporting features. For example, if a developer is comfortable using Chrome or Safari developer tools, React Native makes it possible to use them for mobile app development as well. Likewise, developers can use any text editor they prefer for JavaScript editing. Using React Native requires working with Xcode to develop for iOS and Android Studio for Android app development.
While React Native is a great cross-platform development tool, one of its downsides is that it doesn't automate the process of deploying apps to Android or iOS stores.
That being said, we've provided a step-by-step guide in this article to show developers the best way to get their Android and iOS apps ready to be published on either store.
Requirements for Launching Mobile Apps
A developer account for Apple and Google is the first and most important requirement to get started. To build a standalone iOS app and publish it to the stores, create an Apple Developer account.
Android follows a slightly different approach because a developer account is not required to build an Android app, but it is needed to submit the app to Google Play Store.
Also, it's important to prepare some essential pieces of information before beginning the launching process, such as:
Name of the App: Keep it short, unique, relevant, and catchy;
App Description: A brief description of what the app is about while paying attention to keywords;
Screenshots of the App: The screenshots will be used to promote major features of the app;
Bundle ID: Here's the standard Bundle ID format: com.CompanyName.AppName (eg. com.mtv.mtvmusic);
The App Version;
Developer/Publisher Profile information.
App Store Requirements
Some items needed to prepare for the App Store Launch includes:
The App Icon: It should be a 1024x1024 px image without transparency for iOS apps. For an Android app, the icon should be 512×512 px, and transparency is allowed;
Keywords: Must contain at most 100 characters where relevant keywords separated by commas can be utilized;
Location/Countries: Decide if the app will be available worldwide or in selected locations;
App Category: Select an App Store category and place the app in a subcategory based on its features;
Copyright Information: It contains the year and company name;
Demo Account: A test account created for the App store to review the application. Once the app is approved, the demo account can be removed.
Steps for Building Native Apps
A widely recommended tool for aiding the development of React Native apps is Expo, an open-source platform that runs universal native apps on Android, iOS, and the web. This tutorial will show how to build and deploy Android/iOS apps using this tool.
These particular steps assume you've developed your app using expo (via npx create-expo-app) and that you're using npx expo start to run and test it. So ensure you have expo-cli installed before you get started.
Disclaimer: Please also note that these instructions may be updated in the near future, as expo build will be superseded by eas build, another internal tool by Expo for project builds. To learn more about this, you can check out the official expo build instructions.
How to Build an Android App using Expo
First, run the following command:
'expo build:android'
You will get a message asking to confirm your Android package name, which will have a default value provided as "com.<username>.<appname>" if you press enter.
Selecting apk will build an app that can be either installed directly on Android devices or later uploaded to the app store. app-bundle, on the other hand, will build an optimized bundle specifically for the app store.
Note: A developer can decide to upload a personalized Keystore or have Expo generate one for them. If the developer chooses to have Expo generate one, they have to ensure it is backed up because they'd have to submit updates in the future. Without the backups, updating the created app won't be possible.
Here's how to backup the Keystore - run:
expo fetch:android:Keystore
The Android app will begin the building process. To check the build's status, run:
expo build:status
Once the app has been built, either an .apk or bundle URL of the Android app will be displayed on the terminal so it can be downloaded.
Building an iOS App with Expo
Start by running the following command:
'expo build:ios'
Once you press enter to confirm the iOS bundle identifier (a default value is provided, typically as "com.<username>.<appname>"). Simulator is ideal for developing locally and testing. Archive will build an app to be deployed to the iOS store itself. Please note that the latter already requires the iOS credentials upfront, and upon selecting it you will be prompted for those;
Following the same pattern as Android's Keystore, either upload a personalized distribution certificate or allow Expo to do the uploading. The development of the iOS app would begin, and to check the build status, run:
Once the app building process is complete, a ".ipa" URL of the iOS app will be displayed for download.
Once the .apk and .ipa files are ready, the developer can submit them to the Apple App Store or Google Play Store the same way they would with any native app.
How to Publish an Expo App on iOS and Android PlayStore
The first thing to do is publish the Expo app and to do that, ensure all app.json configurations are set up. Many properties can be added at this point, but only three are required: Name, Icon, and Version. Including the Bundle identifier and Build number for iOS apps is also important. For android apps, the package name, and version code should be added.
Adding a slug is also something the Expo team advises developers to add as it represents a part of the URL for the app. Another piece of information that can be added to app.json is the release channels but this only describes the necessary properties.
As soon as the app is ready and all configurations are set, follow the next steps to build the application through expo-cli.
To publish the project, open the terminal window and run: expo publish
A link like this would show up: expo.io/@username/app-name. This is where you can derive two versions of the code for iOS and Android;
Every time the app is updated, it would have to be published again, instantly implementing the changes for users to enjoy.
Building and publishing React Native apps to their respective stores aren't so easy because it's important to have the right knowledge before getting started. Thankfully, following the steps in this article simplifies that process because it describes in detail how to publish an expo app using expo-cli.
*This is not the official Fetchly opinion but the opinion of the writer who is employed by Fetchly*


text:
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Prime Legal > Blog > Blog > If such a restricted meaning is given to the words "basic qualification", the very purpose of proviso would stand frustrated: Bombay High Court.
If such a restricted meaning is given to the words "basic qualification", the very purpose of proviso would stand frustrated: Bombay High Court.
Prime Legal
The Bombay High Court passed a judgement on 4th of May, 2022 in which it the court answered the queries posed by the division bench of the same court. This was seen in the case of Vishnu Rambhhaji Harishchandre Vs Bar Council Of India Through Secretary And Others (Writ Petition No.6752 Of 2021) and this judgement was passed by The Honourable Mr. Justice S.V. Gangapurwala, The Honourable Mr. Justice R. G. Avachat and The Honourable Mr. Justice R. N. Laddha.
FACTS OF THE CASE:
The petitioner in the case, completed his Secondary School Certificate Course (S.S.C.) i.e., 10th Standard in the year 1992 from the State Board. He thereafter passed 11th Standard examination (First Year of Junior College) in 1993. He took admission to 12th Standard, in the subject of Arts, had been unsuccessful in passing the examination. Later in 2008, the petitioner earned a Bachelor's degree in Commerce (B.Com.) from Yashwantrao Chavan Open University, Nashik (Open University for short). He could secure admission to First Year B.Com. of the Open University, since he passed pre-programme test to secure admission to the degree course. The petitioner successfully cleared State Common Entrance Test conducted for an admission for the three-year LL.B. Course in 2020 and was at Sr.No.1 in the Waiting List of the respondent, M.P. Law College, Aurangabad. He, was, informed by the College that he was not eligible to secure admission to Three Year LL.B. course on ground to Rule 5 of Bar Council of India Rules of Legal Education, and therefore, filed the present Writ Petition, seeking a writ of mandamus for directing the respondents to admit him to the LL.B. Course.
The Division Bench of the Bombay High Court has referred the current writ petition to a Larger Bench with the following questions: –
(a) Whether, the preparatory course under clause 4.1(1) of the Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Nashik could be treated as being equivalent of HSC?
(b) Whether, acquiring the B.com. Degree under distant learning programme of the Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Nashik, on the basis of the preparatory programme of six months, could tantamount to a candidate having acquired 10+2+3 sequential educational qualification so as to be eligible for acquiring admission to the three years LL.B. degree course?
JUDGEMENT:
The court in its judgement said if such a restricted meaning is given to the words "basic qualification", the very purpose of proviso would stand frustrated. Proviso has clarified that an applicant who has passed the first-degree certificate after prosecuting studies in distance or correspondence method, shall also be considered as eligible for admission. The explanation cannot be interpreted in a manner that it would negate the proviso and the main section. The explanation cannot take away the statutory right with which a person is bestowed with under the rule. For explanation to harmoniously survive with the proviso and the main rule will have to be interpreted in a manner that the basic qualification would mean the basic qualification as provided by that University for obtaining admission to the graduation/ postgraduation or 10 + 2 course. Any other interpretation would lead to an anomalous situation and would render the Rule 5 and the proviso otiose and superfluous. 27. For the reasons above, the court declared the Reference to be disposed of and the matter may be placed before the appropriate Bench for deciding the Writ Petition.
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JUDGEMENT REVIEWED BY TANAV ZACHARIAH.
Click here to view the Judgement.
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January 28, 2023 Analysis of Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012(POCSO)
January 28, 2023 In the absence of violation of a statutory Rule or a provision of the Constitution, a writ of quo-warranto cannot be granted by the High Court.: Jammu Kashmir and Ladakh High Court
January 28, 2023 It is clear that if a person, in respect of whom a detention order has been made, has absconded or is concealing himself so that the order cannot be executed, the Government has to make a report in writing to the Magistrate concerned.: Jammu Kashmir and Ladakh High Court
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1. Pass the review procedure and receive a positive feedback from the reviewer.
2. Adoption and approval by the editor-in-chief of the article to the next issue of the magazine. In the case of a large number of articles submitted for printing in the next issue, a queue is formed in accordance with the date of registration of submission of a scientific article to the editor.
3. Receipt from the editorial office of the official letter with the information on the payment for publication.
The publication cost is $ 3 per page.


text:
Iwrestledabearonce (abgekürzt IWABO) war eine 2007 gegründete Mathcore-Band aus Shreveport, Louisiana, die beim deutschen Label Century Media unter Vertrag stand. Ihre Musik ist eine Mischung aus Jazz, Swing, Electronic und Deathcore. In ihrer Karriere veröffentlichte die Band eine EP und vier Alben. Iwrestledabearonce trennten sich im Jahr 2016.

Der Name der Band entstammt einer Bemerkung des US-amerikanischen Schauspielers Gary Busey, der während einer Sendung auf Comedy Central behauptete, einmal mit einem Bären gerungen zu haben.

Geschichte
Iwrestledabearonce gründete sich 2007 mit dem Wunsch einfach nur miteinander zu musizieren. Nachdem mit Krysta Cameron eine Sängerin gefunden wurde und die Band nach einigen Änderungen der Bandmitglieder auf zwei Beinen stand, begannen sie mit ihren ersten Aufnahmen am heimischen Computer des Gitarristen Steven Bradley. Kurz darauf erschien ihre erste selbstbetitelte EP unter Tragic Hero Records. Zudem spielten sie zusammen die ersten selbstorganisierten Konzerte.

Über das Internet teilte die Band ihre Musik mit ihren Fans und weckte somit das Interesse des deutschen Plattenlabels Century Media. Ihr Debütalbum It's All Happening wurde am 2. Juli 2009 in den USA veröffentlicht. Knapp zwei Monate später folgte die Veröffentlichung in Europa. Es wurde in der ersten Woche nach Erscheinen 4.300 mal verkauft und erreichte den 122. Platz der Billboard-Top-200-Charts, Platz 1 in den Heatseekers, Platz 47 der besten Rock-Alben und den 16. Platz der Besten Hard-Rock-Alben. Im Oktober und November 2009 traten sie zusammen mit Architects, Despised Icon, As Blood Runs Black, Horse the Band, Oceano und The Ghost Inside bei der Impericon Never Say Die! Tour auf, welche im Vereinigten Königreich und Europa stattfand. Zudem tourte die Band zusammen mit Winds of Plague, The Human Abstract, Greeley Estates, Sea of Treachery und See You Next Tuesday.

Im Jahr 2010 wurde It's All Happening als Special Edition mit regulärem Album, Remix-Album und DVD wiederveröffentlicht. Außerdem wurde die frei zugängliche EP It's All Dubstep veröffentlicht. Am 26. Juli 2011 ist das nächste Full-Length Album Ruining It For Everybody erschienen. Im Vorfeld zu den Aufnahmen für das neue Album verkündete Gitarrist Steven Bradley, die Band werde in Zukunft Black Metal machen, was durch Auftritte der Band in Corpsepaint unterstrichen wurde. Die Black Metal-Geschichte entpuppte sich mit der Veröffentlichung des ersten neuen Songs als groß angelegter Scherz, den sich die Band zusammen mit der Webseite MetalSucks ausgedacht hatte, um die sich selbst viel zu ernst nehmenden Black Metal-Fans zu parodieren.

Die Band produzierte 2011 unter der Regie von Justin Beasley den Independent-Horrorfilm A Beary Scary Movie, in welchem sie sich selbst spielten.

Diskografie

 2007: Iwrestledabearonce (EP, Tragic Hero Records)
 2009: It's All Happening (Century Media)
 2011: Ruining It for Everybody (Century Media)
 2013: Late for Nothing (Century Media)
 2015: Hail Mary (Artery Recordings)

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Mathcore-Band
Metalcore-Band
US-amerikanische Band

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This Puppy shampoo contains natural botanical aroma oils such as Lavender essential oil, lemongrass essential oil that carried Anti-bacterial, Anti- Fungal & Antiseptic properties along with vitamin E extracts.
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Josh Gordon covers Macomb Township, Chippewa Valley Schools and the Macomb County Board of Commissioners for the Macomb Township Chronicle. He previously wrote for the Woodward Talk from 2013-2016 and attended Central Michigan University. Josh has won Society of Professional Journalist awards for his work with C & G Newspapers. He is an avid fan of the Green Bay Packers, craft beer and movies.
SHELBY TOWNSHIP — Shelby Township Library Director Katie Ester was surprised at the ease of use when she first logged on to Mango Languages and started the first lesson to learn Arabic.
SHELBY TOWNSHIP — The latest audit of Shelby Township's finances by Plante Moran showed that the township is continuing to make smart money decisions.
UPDATE: The suspect, Jessie Nagy, 78, died Sept. 6 from complications from a self-inflicted gunshot wound, according to a press release from the Macomb County Sheriff's Office. Nagy is accused of allegedly killing his wife and then shooting himself on Aug. 28 at their Macomb Township home.
SHELBY TOWNSHIP — The Shelby Township Police Department is investigating a report of indecent exposure and assault that took place at 9:15 p.m. Aug. 26 on 22 Mile Road, near Shelby Road.
SHELBY TOWNSHIP — A Sterling Heights woman charged in the death of a 23-year-old Shelby Township man as a result of a car crash in February had her case bound over to Macomb County Circuit Court on a second-degree murder charge.
MACOMB COUNTY — Service from the Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation will continue in Macomb County after a request for a voter recount on the latest millage was withdrawn Aug. 29.
SHELBY TOWNSHIP — The 14th annual Gopher the Gold charity run didn't have as much participation as in previous years, but organizers of the event that benefits the Special Olympics still called the final iteration of the race a success.


Ink Stories is a new series of documentary shorts about tattoo artists and culture. In the follow up to the premiere episode, the series takes a look at Simon Erl, an acclaimed tattoo artist. Hear him talk about growing up with an artist mother, his first encounter with tattoos, the artists and painters who inspire him and his personal aesthetic.