text:
Slavery Streets
Thread: Slavery Streets
fortinian
It is more likely that rather than 'civic fathers' naming the street after James Penny that Penny owned the land and laid out the street.
A landowner could approach them and say 'i'd like to build a street here on my land, ok?' and the council rarely said no. The council even sometimes asked private men to build streets.
See here for the earliest referece I can find on Parr Street (from 1780):
The age of the lease is expressed as 'three good lives and twenty-one years'.
That would cover yourself, your son or daughter, your grandchildren, and your great-grandchildren....but only up to their 21st birthday!
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ChrisGeorge
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
I wonder... what's the earliest map that shows the thoroughfare as "Penny Lane"? I would trust Taffy, as a local expert, to know if it the road was definitely named for James Penny but he has indicated that he doesn't have information to that effect. As I recall, the housing on Penny Lane is probably Victorian, as is the railway bridge. Before the coming of the railways it was likely to have been a country lane... was it called Penny Lane back then or something else?
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I can confirm that 'Penny Lane' is recorded on the Lancashire & Furness map of 1850/51.
Properties called 'Oakfield, 'Grove House' and 'Grove Cottage' are the only housing indicated. The railway, and railway bridge are also indicated. The rest is farmland.
I can't publish the map here, as it's copywrite protected.
For some reason 'Three Good Lives and Twenty-One Years' was the standard Liverpool lease. Other towns had their own particular standards.
Penny "Lane" suggests that it was not intended by Penny to be a residential street when it was named. Lanes tend to be thoroughfares in the most literal sense of the word. For instance Cromptons Lane was named after Peter Crompton who owned Eton House (nowadays Bishop Eton). It was the lane that led to his dwelling.
Penny lane must have been named before 1800 as James Penny died circa 1799.
Was it ever defined numerically what 'Three Good Lives and Twenty-One Years' amounted to? Or was that not the point here? As lives are variable, so to are the leases?
Do we know the name of Penny's house?
I think (although I do not have the book I read it in to hand) that they used the biblical 'threescore and ten' to mean a lifetime. That would be about 70 years perhaps? So altogether that would be 231 years I think.
Penny lived in numerous places, but I can't find any reference to a mansion house as such. Towards the end of his life I think he was living at Mount Pleasant.
Very interesting, thanks. There must have been a shift between thinking in terms of natural cycles - sunrise, sunset, life and death, three good lives [and 21 years] and increased use of linear abstractions...numbers and clock-time. The day's measured. Noon in Liverpool was always different than noon in London, until the railways regularised them. I guess the shift from agriculture to industry in the cities.
Penny - ok thanks.
Originally Posted by fortinian
Information from the Liverpool Record Office and Local History Service places James Penny at a number of downtown locations:
"James Penny is listed in the available Gore's Directory of Liverpool for the period as follows:
1772, 1773 Capt. Penny, Church Street
1774 Captain Penny No. 18, Old Church Yard
1777 Capt. James Penny, 18 Church Street
1781 James Penny, merchant
1787 James Penny, merchant, Ranelagh Street
1790 James Penny, merchant, Hope Street, Martindale Hill
1796 James Penny, merchant, 2 Hope Street, Mount Pleasant Street
James Penny, Junior, merchant, is also listed at this last address."
He appears to have come originally from Ulverston in the Lake District. The family appears to have retained connections to the Ulverston area as well.
"The burial register of St. James, Toxteth, 1790-1799, gives the date of death for 'James Penny, Mercht. Agd. 58 yrs' as 26th August 1799 and the date of burial as 29th August. James Gibson Epitaphs... in Liverpool Churches..., Vol. 3, p. 201, gives his date of death as 27th August 1799 and the death of his eldest son, James, as 7th August 1820, aged 47 years."
Conceivably it is this Toxteth connection that might imply a link with Penny Lane, the land where Penny Lane is located (running from Greenbank Road to Smithdown Place) being, I should think, within the limits of Toxteth Park. That might imply that Penny Lane might owe its name to his son rather than the Liverpool merchant involved in the slave trade, and who for defending that trade was honored by the Corporation of Liverpool. The other alternative might be that, if the thoroughfare is indeed named for the merchant, someone named it after him because of his work as an anti-abolitionist.
If it is not possible to establish a link between James Penny and Penny Lane, could it be that the connection is more traditional rather than factual, i.e., just be a coincidence of names? What's the true story?
In his Street Names of Liverpool (Countryvise Press, 2002), Steve Horton evidently does not feel comfortable enough to attribute the name "Penny Lane" to a connection with merchant James Penny as he does with other such streets such as Bold Street, Bold Place, and Tarleton Street which have clear connections to families involved in the African trade, as he discusses on pp. 9-11 of his book in a section entitled "The Slave Traders of Liverpool".
By contrast, he does attribute Greenbank Drive, Greenbank Lane, Greenbank Road as well as Rathbone Road in Wavertree to their origin with the anti-slavery Rathbone family whose mansion was Greenbank House, ironically (though the author doesn't say it!) located near the western end of Penny Lane, in a section titled "Liverpool's Slavery Abolitionists" on p. 12 of the book.
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Originally Posted by dazza
Are you sure it included the great grandchildren as wouldn't that be four good lives (if your own was counted)?
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Very perceptive and thorough CG. Penny Lane could have been named after Pennys death by his son... or indeed named after his son. For example:
Lots of people will tell you that Edward Falkner laid out Falkner Square and named it after himself. He certainly began building the square and wanted to name it Waterloo Square but he died half way through building, so his son (confusingly) Edward Deane Falkner completed it and asked the town council if he could re-name it in honour of his late father.
This line, from a poem, is inscribed in wood at the site of St Thomas' Church, Park Lane:
"Penny Lane, Slavery Shame"
The poem has several other 'witty' rhymes about Liverpool life.
Hi Fortinian
As you say, Penny Lane, if it is named for a member of the Penny family, might not be named for the merchant but for his son, as per the example of Falkner Square being named for the son of Edward Falkner and not the father as many assume.
I do note that the lane, though undesignated, appears on the 1765 map of Toxteth Park listed as being in the possession of the Earl of Sefton in Robert Griffiths' History of the Royal and Ancient Park of Toxteth (1907) on pages 14-15 though in very miniscule detail making it hard to make out the wording. At that time, there were just fields on either side of the road, one of them on the northwest side of the road midway between Greenbank Road and Smithdown Place being labeled "Dove Hey" I discovered on enlarging the map -- presumably the origin of the name "Dovedale Road". A similar map of about the same time can be seen opposite page 112 in Ramsay Muir's A History of Liverpool (1907) available on Google Books.
---------- Post added at 02:45 PM ---------- Previous post was at 02:42 PM ----------
Originally Posted by marky
Thanks, Marky. I assume that the poem is recent though, not old, is that right?
Originally Posted by ChrisGeorge
I do note that the lane, though undesignated, appears on the 1765 map of Toxteth Park listed as being in the possession of the Earl of Sefton in Robert Griffiths' History of the Royal and Ancient Park of Toxteth (1907) on pages 14-15 though in very miniscule detail making it hard to make out the wording.
A slightly larger version of the map [LRO].
Yep. That's it. Thanks, Daz. I am assuming then that what we know as Penny Lane is actually an old country lane, and would have been there even before James Penny came to Liverpool from Ulverston. The question then is whether it was named "Penny Lane" before he came to the city, which would negate the claim that the road is named after him.
The poem that includes "Penny Lane, Slavery Shame" was installed several months ago, together with a replica of the Liverbird from the Sailors Home.
Located here on Google Streetview, still showing the remains of the church wall:
http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&so...,41.7,,0,-1.44
It caught my eye as the author has linked the street to slavery. This is one of the few mentions of slavery I've noticed on the streets of Liverpool.
St James Church and Penny Lane are at opposite ends of the boundary of Toxteth Park. Half of Penny Lane (the Northern side) from Smithdown Place and everything from the railway bridge are within Toxteth.
None of the later addresses mentioned for Mr. Penny would fall within the Parish of St. James.
Last edited by marky; 12-01-2010 at 10:28 AM. Reason: spelling
Loacated here on Google Streetview, still showing the remains of the church wall:
Thanks for this information, Marky. Yes I certainly agree that the downtown addresses that are listed for Penny would not have fallen within the Parish of St. James. Still, it's conceivable that as a wealthy merchant, he or his heirs could have purchased or inherited property in the area of Penny Lane. I am just trying to explore the possibility though that the idea that "Penny Lane" was named for James Penny might be a belief that somehow grew up without any foundation in fact. If the street is in fact named for James Penny well so be it... just as Tarleton Street off Church Street is named after the slave-trading Tarleton family (and I have written about and lectured on General Sir Banastre Tarleton in the past) but I would like to see verification that Penny Lane is named for James Penny or his family.
Penny Lane is just inside the boundary of Toxteth Park. It's not very long and leads to Greenbank, the home of the Rathbones. It's not a through lane, like, for example Ullet Lane. I'm guessing that it's no older than the Greenbank estate.
The association with James Penny may have been posthumously awarded, if it does indeed have anything to do with him? It looks like the family have no connection to the area though.
CG and Daz... I think the same thought has occured to us all.
Earliest online newspaper ref I can find to Penny Lane is the sale of "Grove House" in 1852. Its listed as "GROVE HOUSE, situated in Penny Lane, Green-Bank near Wavertree".
Interestingly in 1872, Joseph Boult of the Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society in a (very long-winded and opinionated) essay entitled: 'Gleanings in the early history of Liverpool and the neighbourhood', states that:
"The names of Penny Lane and Penketh
bear testimony to conflict, pinn-nidh, pinn-keit, both
signifying battle-hill. The names of Penketh and Penny
are of firequent occurrence on the ordnance survey. In this
neighbourhood, at the junction of Penny Lane and Smith-
down Road, are two fields, which, on Lord Sefion's
map, circa 1764, bear the name of Higher Smetham
Hey, and Smetham Croft, which are derived from the
hamlet a certain poor man, Bohert de Smethdon, son of
Thurstan, was obliged to surrender to King John, in
exchange for Thingwall, the site of another local court."
Whilst it is possible that Boult is right about Penny Lane he is almost certainly wrong about the origin of Smithdown (Smetham/don) as this was in the earliest records 'Esmedune'.
I didn't find Penny Lane on the 1841 Census here:
http://www.liverpool-genealogy.org.u...41ST-IND-P.htm
But, it is listed as PENNIES Lane:
PENNIES LANE, PENNIES GROVE COTTAGE 511 WAVERTREE 10 04
The above address is on the South side of Penny Lane and therefore is correctly recorded as Wavertree
Hi Marky and Fortinian
I think the 1841 listings of "PENNIES LANE" and "PENNIES GROVE COTTAGE" is potentially valuable and might indicate that the name of the lane has nothing to do with James Penny, the merchant. It could be that someone nearer our day thought that the street is named for James Penny and it is not. It also does though occur to me that there might be a connection between the designation "Penketh" and the name of the lane, conceivably. Could the road have once been known as Penketh Lane? I do know that Penketh Hall stood near the junction of Smithdown Road and Greenbank Road (Robert Griffiths, The History of the Royal and Ancient Park of Toxteth, Liverpool, 1907, p. 148).
There is a PDF file for some of the slavery streets (click top-right on this page)@
http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/d...ead-the-signs/
It's quite possible Pennies is Penny but has just been written down as heard rather than correctly spelt.
I checked the 'street directory' section of Gore's Liverpool Directory, 1825...NO Penny Lane or any variant listed. EDIT: It's absence accounted for by the fact the directory doesn't cover the area this far out from town, though some Toxteth Park addresses are included.
http://www.historicaldirectories.org/hd/index.asp
Last edited by marky; 12-03-2010 at 12:07 AM. Reason: amended directory information.
Good find Marky, i'm sure you've noticed that Penny Lane isn't included in the English Heritage List. I think they have done the research we are doing and cannot find any positive link.
The other alternative might be that, if the thoroughfare is indeed named for the merchant, someone named it after him because of his work as an anti-abolitionist.
By contrast, he does attribute Greenbank Drive, Greenbank Lane, Greenbank Road as well as Rathbone Road in Wavertree to their origin with the anti-slavery Rathbone family whose mansion was Greenbank House, ironically (though the author doesn't say it!) located near the western end of Penny Lane...
I would be interested to learn whether Penny Lane was actually part of the Greenbank estate of the Rathbones, given their pro-abolitionist stance? If the land was held by another, then that could support a naming just to spite the family?
Hi Daz
That sounds a bit unlikely to me, Daz. These people might have been political opponents, and felt passionately about their beliefs, but it was a gentlemanly time with a code of honor even between opponents. It would seem to me that to put the name of a man associated with slavery on the Rathbones' doorstep to spite them doesn't seem likely.
Cumbria produced a booklet that states:
"James Penny (1741- 99) was born at Egton-cum-Newland in Furness"
http://webcache.googleusercontent.co...&ct=clnk&gl=uk
http://www.creative-partnerships.com...-lowres-34.pdf
He was honoured with the Freedom of the borough of Liverpool:
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a...87md62&cid=0#0
I'd have thought definite proof of a link would be all over the internet by now. Maybe the International Slavery Museum have proof.
Here's a street missing from the slavery streets list shown in post No.45:
"Crow St. made in 1809 was named after Captain Hugh Crow, the most famous of the Privateer & Slave trade Captains" (source: 240 Years On, A short history of R. S. Clare, pub. 1988).
Crow Street still exists, together with street-signs at each end, but as it's now within the factory complex it is a 'forgotten street'. I wonder how many other slave streets have been lost.
Crow Street, Google Streetview:
http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&so...89.16,,1,-0.99
Yes, if a neighbour had actually gone ahead and done it, it would've led to a duel no doubt...insulting a man's honour like that [decorum between gentlemen]. Still you have to admit it is a bizarre coincidence given the individuals mentioned and their opposing stance on the slave trade.
I will be swayed by sound argument and good reason nevertheless.
PS - is there a date for Roscoe's poem featuring Penny Lane?
Roscoe wrote a poem that mentions Penny Lane???? I don't think so. He has a poem titled "Mount Pleasant." As far as I know he wrote no poem that references Penny Lane.
Marky they probably turned a blind eye on this one. Captain Hugh Crow was known as "Mind your eye, Crow" on account of him losing his right eye as a child.
My mistake...I re-read Marky's original post 'Penny Lane, Liverpool shame' and thought it had something to do with Roscoe?
No. As I say I think that is probably a recent poem based on what I assume is the equally recent view that Penny Lane must be named for slave captain and merchant James Penny but that, as we have been discussing, might actually be mistaken if we can't find any documentation that the naming of the road was for Penny.
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WEEZER // O2 ACADEMY, GLASGOW
WEEZER BRING THEIR "FEELS LIKE SUMMER" TOUR TO NOT SO SUMMERY GLASGOW
WEEZER PERFORMING AT O2 ACADEMY, GLASGOW - 24/10/2017
PICTURE BY: PAUL STORR PHOTOGRAPHY
★★★★☆☆
Chicago's The Orwells start tonight's proceedings, but sadly they don't really seem to get the crowd going at all. Their own brand of rock doesn't have much of an impact on the fairly large crowd already gathered in the venue, yet this doesn't seem to put them off. Lead singer Mario Cuomo struts around and seems to give his all, but they just never seem to click into gear fully.
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The sold out venue hangs on every word which Rivers delivers, his vocals still as impeccable as they were when the band first formed back in 1992.
"It's Weezer time. It's Weezer o'clock. Glasgow, Scotland!" the frontman proclaims before the band launch into lead single "Mexican Fender" from forthcoming album "Pacific Daydream", released this Friday.
The first monumental singalong of the night comes in the form of "Pork and Beans" and things spiral from there, in the best way possible. We get a cover of Outkast's "Hey Ya" and an amazing rendition of "Undone-The Sweater Song" which features one very lucky audience member taking over lead guitar duties. This is followed by a snippet cover of Mike Posner's "I Took A Pill In Ibiza" before Weezer launch into what could quite possibly be the best end to any gig, ever.
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WEEZER'S TOUR CONTINUES:
Wed 25th October 2017 - MANCHESTER O2 Apollo
Fri 27th October 2017 - BIRMINGHAM O2 Academy
Sat 28th October 2017 - LONDON Wembley SSE Arena
REVIEW + PHOTOS BY: PAUL STORR PHOTOGRAPHY
LONDON GRAMMAR // USHER HALL, EDINBURGH
MIDGE URE // CAIRD HALL, DUNDEE

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text:
A couple of week's ago, I wrote about the construction of the Greenwich foot tunnel, based on a pamphlet published in 1902 by the Institution of Civil Engineers. The pamphlet included details of another recent tunnelling project, constructing the tunnels of the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway (known from the start as the Bakerloo line), under the Thames between Embankment and Waterloo Stations.
Parliamentary Acts of 1893 and 1896 had approved construction of the Baker Street and Waterloo Electric Railway, initially running from Dorset Square near Marylebone Station, to Waterloo Station. Further requests for extensions were approved and by 1904 the line ran from Paddington to Elephant and Castle.
The route of the Baker Street and Waterloo railway ran beneath the Baker Street Station of the Metropolitan District Railway, by Regent's Park and Crescent Gardens into Portland Place, through Langham Place to Oxford Circus (where the tunnels pass over those of the Central Line with a clearance of only 6 inches at one point), down Regent Street to Piccadilly Circus, along Haymarket and Cockspur Street to Charing Cross, along Northumberland Avenue, then under the Thames to College Street, Vine Street and Waterloo Station.
The majority of the tunnel went through London Clay and was a relatively easy construction project, however there was a challenge where the tunnel went underneath the Thames.
The following diagram from the pamphlet shows the route under the river, from Northumberland Avenue to College Street on the opposite side of the river. The station shown above Hungerford Bridge, labelled Charing Cross Station, is now Embankment Station.
The diagram shows a "River Stage" extending south from Hungerford Bridge. This was a large platform, 50 feet wide and 370 feet long on which were built workshops, stores, steam cranes, boilers and air-compressors, staff buildings along with two shafts down to where the tunnels would be built.
The construction platform and shafts on the Thames were needed due to a strange anomaly found in the bed of the river when test boreholes were made along the route of the tunnels.
In the middle of the river there was a sudden depression in the London Clay through which the rest of the tunnel had been bored. This had filled with gravel, which was porous to water and required a different tunnelling method to the rest of the route, which would use compressed air to help keep out water as the tunnel went through the gravel.
The following diagram shows the route under the Thames of the Baker Street and Waterloo railway, the depression in the London Clay and short distance of gravel through which the tunnel would need to run.
The diagram also shows the shafts sunk down to the level of the tunnels for their construction, along with the temporary work platform created on the river.
College Street on the right is now under the Jubilee Gardens.
Note also in the diagram how the depth of the two tunnels diverge as they route under the Thames, with the "up" line having a rising gradient towards Waterloo (shown as dotted lines) and the "down" tunnel having a descending gradient towards Waterloo.
The ground beneath the streets and buildings of London is generally invisible, but is just as interesting as the surface. I have written about some of the areas where the geology beneath the city has influenced the development of an area, for example, how water shaped north Clerkenwell, Bagnigge Wells, St. Chad's Place and a Lost Well, and also when oil was found beneath the streets of Willesden.
There are many features below the surface, some as a result of ice and freezing, some as a result of water, for example when the Thames was a much wider river, and the multiple smaller rivers that ran into the Thames, and some the result of human activity.
I wondered whether the feature shown in the 1902 pamphlet was still there. I suspect we look at the Thames at low tide, and assume a uniform bed to the river as it descends from one side of the river, to rise on the opposite side.
The Port of London Authority (PLA) have a complete set of survey and navigation charts on their website, detailing the river from Teddington to Southend. They show a very different view of the Thames, a view that is essential to those on the river. The depth of water, obstructions, navigation lights, moorings etc.
A view where bridges almost disappear, with only the piers supporting the bridge shown on the chart, as these are the key features for those on the river.
The PLA kindly gave permission for me to include an extract from the chart for Lambeth Reach in today's post, an extract which covers the area where the tunnel for the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway was constructed.
Hungerford Bridge can be seen in the centre of map, although only shown by black lines, with the piers supporting the bridge as the key feature.
The depth of the water is shown in metres (the depth is the average depth at the lower of each day's two tides, which should show the minimum depth of water for those travelling along the river). The green areas along each side of the river are where the land is exposed at each low tide, with the height being shown (numbers underlined).
The depth of the Thames is typically between 2 and 3 metres at low tide in the central part of the river, however as can be seen just south of Hungerford Bridge (arrowed) there is a small area where the depth increases to a maximum of 5.4 metres, which is the same area as the depression in the London Clay shown in the 1902 diagram. Today's Bakerloo line runs a short distance below the deepest area of this depression.
The PLA charts show how the depth of water gradually increases as the Thames heads towards the estuary, which is to be expected. They are some other similar features to the depression by Hungerford Bridge. For example, just off Limehouse Marina, there is a small area where the bed of the river suddenly descends from an average depth of between 6 and 7 metres, down to 11.7 metres, which is quite a depth at low tide.
Returning to the 1902 diagram of the route of the tunnels, it shows the tunnels running under College Street on the south bank of the river. This is one of the many streets that were lost following clearance of the area for the Festival of Britain.
The 1894 Ordnance Survey map shows the location of College Street (underlined in red) in the following extract ('Reproduced with the permission of the National Library of Scotland"):
Interesting to compare the above map with the PLA chart. In the OS map, the priority is the land, so the river is shown as a blank stretch of water, with no defining features.
The location of College Street today, is under the northern edge of the Jubilee Gardens. The Thames has also been pushed back, with the construction of the embankment and walkway along the river for the Festival of Britain. In the following map, I have marked the location of College Street, pre-1950 edge of the river, where the shafts to the tunnels and the working platform were located, along with the route of the tunnels which today form the Bakerloo line ( © OpenStreetMap contributors).
Looking at the area today, the tunnels of the Bakerloo line, run roughly under the blue van in the photo below. The edge of the grass to the right is the approximate pre-1950 boundary with the Thames.
This view is looking back towards Waterloo Station from the walkway along the south bank, following the route of the Bakerloo line tunnels and College Street:
in the following view, the work platform extended from the first bridge pillars on the opposite side of the river (in front of the white boat) and extended 370 feet to the left. The depression in the London Clay is in the centre of the photo, and the Bakerloo line tunnels are running from the white ship to where I am standing to take the photo.
One of the benefits stated in the 1902 pamphlet of the work platform in the river was that material excavated during the construction of the tunnels could be taken away by barge, saving the transport of large amounts of material through the city's streets.
The river continues to be used for a similar purpose, with close to the route of the Bakerloo tunnels, a new construction site on the edge of the river for the Thames Tideway Tunnel or the Super Sewer, being dug at a much greater depth to the Bakerloo line tunnels, but with the same need to understand the geology through which the tunnel will be bored beneath London, and to transport materials via the river.
There is a superb aerial view on Google Maps of the above Tideway Tunnel construction site showing the shaft down to the tunnel, which can be found on this link.
The two tunnels of the Bakerloo are each 12 feet in internal diameter, and were located in the gravel bed at a distance of 23 feet apart from the centre of each tunnel. As the tunnels approach the south bank, they move closer and the east bound tunnel will be running vertically over the west tunnel along the old route of College Street. This was done to keep the tunnels within the limits of the street.
Presumably this was done to avoid any damage to the buildings on either side of the street, or to create problems with later construction on the street, where deep cellars may have been built.
To get from College Street to Waterloo underground station, the tunnel crossed Belvedere Road and then routed along Vine Street. This street was also lost during clearance for the Festival of Britain, and in the late 1950s, the Shell Centre complex was built over the site of the street (only the tower block still remains).
I worked in the building during the 1980s, and fortunately working in what would today be called IT (lots of network, radio and telephone cabling), was able to access many of the tunnels built as part of the complex. There were two tunnels between the upstream (with the tower block) and downstream buildings of Shell Centre (on the opposite side of the railway viaduct to Hungerford Bridge). One of these tunnels was for pedestrians, and the other was a service tunnel.
The service tunnel had a raised section which went over the upper tunnel of the Bakerloo line, and it was possible to hear trains rumbling through the tunnels below.
To start construction of the Baker Street and Waterloo railway tunnels, two shafts of cast iron, 16 feet in internal diameter, were sunk from the work platform on the Thames. They reached down 50 feet. I like to assume these cast iron shafts are still below the surface, filled in, as probably too difficult and expensive to remove.
From a chamber at the bottom of the shaft, tunnels were started heading in both directions, with special attention paid to the tunnels under the Thames due to the gravel. The gravel was waterlogged, and at high tide, the combination of river and waterlogged gravel gave a head of 70 feet which created a considerable pressure of water through which the tunnel had to be driven.
A special shield was constructed, weighing 29.5 tons and with an outer steel cylinder of 13 feet in diameter. The shield included 14 hydraulic rams, each 6 inches in diameter, to push the shield forward as the gravel in front of the shield was excavated.
The following diagrams show some of the detail of the shield's construction, including the hydraulic rams, their controls and the pipes feeding the rams, along with elevations of sections of the shield. Each hydraulic ram could be operated independently
Specially constructed iron rings were designed for the tunnel wall under the river. Each ring was 18 inches wide, and constructed of seven segments. Initially, the joints between the rings were machined to give a smooth fit between rings where bolts were inserted to join the two, however this design was soon revised with rough surfaces on the joints, which were then packed with creosoted pine wood (figures 7 and 9 below).
Gaps were grouted using a specially designed grouting machine (figure 10 above), which applied the grout at pressure, through special grouting holes, to help make the rings water tight.
The first part of the tunnel was through London Clay, however as the tunnel approached the centre of the Thames, it hit the water bearing gravel shown in the diagram earlier in the post. This required a change in tunneling method.
Compressed air was now used to keep the tunnel pressure at a level slightly higher than the pressure of the water through which the tunnel was being bored. This prevented water entering the tunnel, but required adjusted working conditions for the workers, with shifts reducing from 12 to 8 hour shifts.
Air pressure was also adjusted as the tide above rose and fell as the pressure of the column of water above the tunnel through the gravel and the river changed.
As the air pressure in the tunnel was higher than the water column, air would escape from the tunnel, up through the gravel, and could be seen by those on the side of the river as water spouts, with the position of the spouts changing as the tunnel progressed across the river.
The configuration of the shield needed to change as the shield approached and entered the gravel. The following drawings show the shield as it approached and then went through the gravel (called ballast in the diagrams).
Work on the first tunnel commenced on the 19th March 1900. it had taken the previous January and February to construct the shield at the bottom of the shaft. On the 2nd of April, work was stopped to allow the construction of an 8 foot thick bulkhead brick wall in the tunnel. This would form the airlock to the section of the tunnel through the gravel where compressed air would be used.
Tunneling restarted on the 2nd of May and on the 6th of June the shield entered the gravel, and on the 15th July, the tunnel was fully within the gravel.
During the period of tunneling through the gravel, there were a few "blowouts" where water entered the space behind the shield. The design of the shield allowed time for the men working to escape, and provided a means of re-entering sections, and continuing work.
On the 27th September, the tunnel re-entered London Clay, with the last of the gravel seen on the 6th October 1900.
Tests were then carried out by removing the pumped air pressure to check for leaks, repairs carried out and compressed air was ended on the 27th October, with the airlock being demolished in November 1900.
The second tunnel was constructed in 1901, with the majority of the same workers, and using many of the lessons learnt on the first tunnel. This second tunnel was completed separately as the shield from the first tunnel was reused.
There were no deaths during construction, two "illnesses" due to working in compressed air, neither of which appear to have been serious. Workers were provided with hot coffee, clean work clothes, and a place to change before and after work. A doctor was assigned to the project to monitor those working in the part of the tunnels with compressed air.
Figure 11 at the top of the following diagrams highlights the method of tunneling in loose, water-bearing gravel:
The Baker Street and Waterloo Railway commenced services in 1906, from Baker Street to Elephant and Castle. The Middlesex & Surrey Express on March the 9th, 1906 provided a description of the new railway:
"The Bakerloo, London's new tube railway, running from Baker-street to Kennington-road, will be opened tomorrow. There are intermediate stations at Waterloo, Embankment, Trafalgar-square, Piccadilly Circus, Oxford Circus and Regent's Park, and a novelty about the new stations is that they are each treated in a separate colour scheme.
A uniform fare of twopence for the whole or any distance is to be charged, and trains will run at frequent intervals from half-past five in the morning until twelve thirty at night. The cars are of the usual type, well lighted, and with good, if not excessive provision made for 'strap-hangers' and one can imagine a scramble for straps taking place during the busiest hours. Collisions are rendered practically impossible for a most ingenious system, of automatic signaling has been adopted. Should, however, there be a prolonged breakdown, passengers will be able to leave the trains as a lighted footway has been provided between each stopping place along the whole length of the line.
The booking halls at the various stations are almost palatial in their design, and a feature of the lift accommodation is the use of compressed air in the rapid opening and shutting of the gates. All the wood used in construction has been rendered fire resisting".
What is not mentioned in any of the news reports covering the opening of the Bakerloo is the tunnel under the river, and the challenges that were overcome in building two rail tunnels through water logged gravel under the Thames.
There was speculation at the time that the depression in the clay was caused by dredging for an earlier tunneling project for the Whitehall and Waterloo Railway.
This was a scheme to build a pneumatic railway in an iron tube under the river, the tube being sunk into the river bed rather than bored. The Railway News on the 20th of May, 1865, provided a description of project;
"THE WHITEHALL AND WATERLOO RAILWAY. Arrangements have now been completed which will admit of the commencement of works of this proposed railway immediately on the necessary Parliamentary powers being obtained. The bill has passed the Commons, it is now unopposed in the Lords and in a few days it may be expected to receive the Royal assent.
The railway is to be worked on the pneumatic principle, and is to be carried under the River Thames from Scotland-yard to the Waterloo Station of the London and South Western. The work must, of course, be finished before the wall of the Thames Embankment on the north side is built up, hence the necessity of pushing forward the preliminary arrangements as quickly as possible.
The railway will be formed by an iron tube, twelve feet in diameter, sunk into the bed of the river and supported in piers – a bridge, in fact, built in, not over the waters. the iron tubes will be made by Messrs. Samuda, and the laying of the tube and the other works will be undertaken by Messrs. Brassey and Co. The principle upon which the line will be worked will be much the same as that adopted on the experimental railway in the grounds of the Crystal Palace. The machinery will be on the Surrey side at the York-road Station.
The whole of the works will be completed in twelve months from the date of commencement. The cost of the undertaking will be about £130,000. The total weight of iron in the tube will be about 5,000 tons, and it will be sunk in four separate sections."
The project soon ran into financial difficulties, the proposed timescale and costs for the project were hopelessly optimistic. In February 1868, papers were reporting that "The Whitehall and Waterloo Railway is at a complete standstill, and the directors advise the abandonment of the concern, unless, as they say, something turns up between this and the spring. They, of course, hope the South Western will help them in their difficulty, but one would think nothing could be farther from the thoughts of the directors of this company."
In 1871, the company formed to build the Whitehall and Waterloo Railway was wound up.
The route of this earlier railway did follow much the same route as the later Baker Street and Waterloo Railway, and some parts of the iron tube were found during excavation for the construction of the Shell Centre complex, however I am not sure whether the depression in the London Clay was caused by dredging for this abandoned project.
The shape looks natural, the plan was to dig in the tunnel across the river to bury the iron tube, however the PLA chart shows the change in depth running along the river.
Whether natural or man-made, it was a considerable achievement to bore two tunnels that would become the Bakerloo line, through water bearing gravel, under a considerable head of water, at the start of the 20th century.
If you travel from Embankment Station to Waterloo on the Bakerloo, you will pass through this area of gravel soon after leaving the station.
This entry was posted in London Infrastructure, London Transport, Under London and tagged Bakerloo, River Thames, South Bank, Under London on January 2, 2022 by admin.
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14 thoughts on "Tunnelling the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway"
Thomas January 2, 2022 at 8:04 am
Interesting piece. Between Oxford Circus and Piccadilly Circus the line follows the curve of Regent Street exactly because lines had to be directly underneath roadways in order to avoid the necessity of paying easements to property owners. This curve is actually too tight for tube trains to handle comfortably, resulting in speed restrictions on that section of line.
David Cook January 2, 2022 at 10:52 am
Thank you for another fascinating piece. I'm wondering how the rolling stock was loaded into the tunnels – there seem to have been no open air sections of track.
Moquette January 2, 2022 at 12:36 pm
They were delivered, by horse and cart, from the LNWR's depot to the BS&WR's new depot at St. George's Cross/London Rd that is still in use by the Bakerloo line via a shot section of connecting tunnel that rises to the surface. They'd arrived there from the American Car & Foundry Co, PA, having been shipped over in kit form, assembled in Trafford Park, Manchester, and hauled south by the trainload behind LNWR steam locos!
Mikki Leigh January 2, 2022 at 1:43 pm
London Road depot is above ground.
Trevor Haynes January 9, 2022 at 4:10 pm
No, the depot is about 15 metres or so below ground but is not built over.
Moquette January 2, 2022 at 11:07 am
Fascinating as ever! As noted on Twitter I've posted a link to some pages fromt he opening brochure that may interest & that includes an image of the staging in the river along with what looks like a blow out that I hope did not happen! I've never seen reference to such an incident but it did happen elsewhere.
The under River tunnels at Embankment/Waterloo, of the Bakerloo and the Northern (both 'original' terminal loops and Kennington Extension) have an interesting history regarding wartime security and maintanence, given the relative shallowness of the tunnel tubes under the river bed. In WW1 the Bakerloo tunnel was relined in a complex project to strengthen the bore and embarrassingly this had to be re-engineered due to effective failure late in WW2. During that latter conflict, like all cross-Thames tube tunnels, massive closures for fitting of floodgates occured. In recent years the line of the tunnel has again had additional works. Best caught up with in the excellent "Rails Throughthe Clay", 2nd ed, by Croome & Jackson.
Roger Morgan January 2, 2022 at 12:10 pm
"The route of the Whitehall and Waterloo railway did follow much the same route as the later Baker Street and Waterloo Railway, and some parts of the iron tube were found during excavation for the construction of the Shell Centre complex".
Thomas Webster Rammell's pneumatic railways are a particular interest of mine – see http://www.xenophon.org.uk/rammell.html. I have heard vague references to remains being found in the excavation for the Shell Centre, but no concrete proof. Can you provide a reference please?
Judy January 2, 2022 at 3:30 pm
Thanks for a fascinating post.
Richard T January 2, 2022 at 7:26 pm
Thankyou for another fascinating post! I have ever more respect for the engineers and the draughtsmen who produced the plans, right through to showing the concentric rings in the wooden elements. We too easily forget the ingenuity and plain hard work – and danger – that went into what we now take for granted. Whenever the train passes through a particularly tight curve and the wheels squeal, we don't consider the reasons. Wonderful stuff. Many thanks. Richard T
Mark Taylor January 3, 2022 at 9:25 am
Fascinating article as always – you research so thoroughly to provide us with this information, so many thanks to you and a Happy New Year.
A very interesting piece, Admin. I think I may cross my fingers next time I use that section of the tube !
I would also like to wish you a Happy New Year and many more posts for us to read. Thank you.
Peter Holford January 7, 2022 at 8:41 pm
The depression in the London Clay may be the result of the Thames flowing at a lower level during the Pleistocene (the ice age). Sea levels were much lower and the Thames flowed at a much lower level at times. It was beyond the ice front but changed its course in consequence of the huge volume of melt waters flowing from the ice cap to the north. One example of the result of this is the Blackwater Estuary in Essex – a former channel of the Thames. After the Pleistocene sea levels rose and river channels filled with river deposits – frequently gravel.
Having said all that I have no evidence that this particular depression was formed in this way but it is a strong possibility. We see the Thames as a fixed feature but it has been a very dynamic and geographically mobile one until very recently.
Excellent piece as ever – thank you! And no prizes for guessing what I read at uni!
An excellent insight into the tunnelling methods of the early 20th century which is taken for granted by many. Could I just make a couple of observations?
At Oxford Circus, the Bakerloo line is, in fact, 4 metres above the Central line. However, there is a much tighter clearance between the Bakerloo and the Post Office Railway. I recall taking a trip along the length of the PO Railway while working for Crossrail in the 1990s. On our way back to Mount Pleasant, the driver stopped the train in the pitch dark tunnel and we were told to be silent. Very soon we heard through the darkness a Bakerloo line train approaching, the doors opening and then closing after which the train departed. A very weird experience.
The line opened as the Baker Street & Waterloo Railway in March 1906 between Baker Street and Kennington Road (now Lambeth North) and was extended to Elephant & Castle in August 1906. Meanwhile, its name was changed to Bakerloo in July 1906.
Looking forward to many more of your fascinating articles.
Thanks Trevor, that must have been a fascinating experience on the Post Office Railway.
The 6 inch clearance is stated in the 1902 booklet, and it did seem remarkably close for the tunneling technology of the time. Agree with you about taking early 20th century tunnelling methods for granted. The accuracy that was achieved without the technology and tunnelling machines we have today is remarkable.


I looked at this game. You revealed Moat on a few turns to the opponent's Tormentor and the hex didn't affect you.
But it still flipped a hex from the deck and showed you the image of the hex like it would if you had been hit by it. Flipping the hex is supposed to happen even if all other players block the attack.


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Locked up during lockdown: Government target missed yet again to release people with a learning disability and/or autism from 'modern day asylums'
Mencap and Challenging Behaviour Foundation warn that the COVID-19 pandemic could lead to even more vulnerable people being admitted to inpatient units.
The Government has failed to meet revised target by around 300 with at least 1,895 adults with a learning disability / autism still locked away in inpatient units
205 children with a learning disability and/or autism are locked away in inpatient units
There has been little change in the number of admissions with around 100 admissions every month in 2019/20
Delayed discharges continue with at least 125 people still stuck in hospital when they are ready for discharge in March 2020
The Government has failed to meet its own Transforming Care programme target for the second year running as experts warn that the coronavirus crisis risks more children and adults with a learning disability and/or autism being locked away in inpatient units at risk of increased abuse and neglect.
Data released today from NHS Digital shows that at least 1,895 adults with a learning disability and/or autism remain locked away in inpatient units in March 2020. This is almost 300 more adult inpatients than the target, set by the government last March, for the number of 'adult' inpatients we should expect to see at the end of March 2020 (which they said would equate to a 35% reduction from March 2015 in the total number of inpatient beds).[1] This revised target followed the failure to meet a target set in 2015 to close, by March 2019, 35-50% of in-patient beds.
Over the last year, there has continued to be a steady stream of admissions with around 100 admissions recorded each month between April 2019 and March 2020. Delayed discharges also continue with at least 125 people still stuck in hospital when they are ready for discharge in March, with the main reasons being a lack of social care and housing provision in the community.
This comes as charities, advocacy groups, families and MPs warn that powers in the Coronavirus Act risk leaving vulnerable people unable to access the social care they need. This means that people with a learning disability and/or autism are at increased risk of being locked away while those who are currently locked away will remain stuck in inpatient units.
Edel Harris, Chief Executive of the learning disability charity Mencap, said:
"Today's figures show yet another failure of the programme set up to support people with a learning disability and/or autism and give them an opportunity to thrive in the community. It's hugely concerning that targets have been missed so severely – it's clear that little is being done to fix the root cause of the problem.
"We might be experiencing lockdown at this time, which is challenging for anyone. But 'modern day asylums' are a whole different level of isolation; they are hospitals and not homes. People with a learning disability and/or autism are stuck in these hospitals, often hundreds of miles away from their family for years at a time. They are often subject to degrading treatment with inhumane levels of physical, chemical and mechanical restraint and in some cases are kept in solitary confinement.
"The steady stream in the number of admissions and continued delayed discharges shows just how desperately the need is for appropriate social care support in the community – the only proper alternative to these inpatient units. But worryingly, this gap is likely to become greater during this time of pandemic. Changes to the Care Act and Mental Health Act in the Coronavirus Act could create the 'perfect storm' as more people are left to reach crisis point because they can't get help at home. Now more than ever, we need a cross-government strategy to stop inappropriate admissions and get people out of inpatient units and back into the community. And we need funding to reach frontline social care services immediately so that we do not see more people being locked up during this time of lockdown."
Vivien Cooper OBE, CEO of the Challenging Behaviour Foundation, said:
"Children and adults with learning disabilities and autism remain in inappropriate services, often far from their homes, because the Transforming Care programme has not delivered what was promised 8 years ago. In 2015 the Government set a new target to improve support and services in the community and reduce the number of children and adults in inpatient units by 35% - 50% by March 2019. Last year the NHS 10-year plan moved the lower target of 35% to March 2020. Today's figures clearly show the government has yet again failed to meet this target and transform care, and so many hundreds of people with learning disabilities and/or autism remain inappropriately in hospitals.
"The current pandemic is unprecedented and affects us all, but it is essential that the painfully slow progress that has been made is not lost. We expect the Government to ensure there is additional scrutiny on the care and support of those who are in inpatient services during this time as well as attention given to supporting people well in the community. The easement of the Care Act and Mental Health Act, combined with reduced services and restrictions placed on children and adults with learning disabilities and their families, increase the risks of inappropriate restrictive practices and admission to Mental Health hospitals. It is essential resources are invested in community support and action is taken to protect the human rights of children, young people and adults with learning disabilities and autism."
The Care Act easements contained within the Coronavirus Act relieve local authorities of their full duties so that they can prioritise the cases they deem most urgent. Families have already expressed concern that local authorities are already making use of the Care Act easements to cut vital support for people with a learning disability and/or autism.
At least 2,095 people with a learning disability and/or autism continue to be locked away in inpatients units, of which 205 are children.[2]
The average total length of stay in inpatient units is 5.6 years. While in these units, children and adults with a learning disability and/or autism are subject to restrictive interventions (like physical, prone, mechanical and chemical restraint) – 3,885 in one month, of which 745 were against children. This is likely to be just the "tip of the iceberg" as only data for 3 out of 16 private/independent providers and 19 out of 56 NHS providers.
-ENDS–
For further information or to arrange interviews, contact Mencap's media team on:
media@mencap.org.uk
020 7696 5414 (including out of hours).
Mencap and The Challenging Behaviour Foundation have been campaigning with families on these issues since the abuse scandal at Winterbourne View eight years ago.
The Assuring Transformation data from NHS Digital is the most accurate and up to date account of people with a learning disability and autism in institutions. It is a record of how many are in an institution, how long they have been in for, when their care and treatment is checked and what kind of unit they are in. Latest data shows that numbers have fallen from 2,260 at the end of March 2019 to 2,095 at the end of March 2020: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/learning-disability-services-statistics/provisional-statistics-at-march-2020-mhsds-january-2020-final
Figures for restrictive practices quoted from NHS Digital MHSDS Data: January 2020, published April 2020. For more information: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/learning-disability-services-statistics/provisional-statistics-at-march-2020-mhsds-january-2020-final
In the tables for restrictive practices we cannot distinguish between 'less than 5' and 'missing data', so we have to treat this all as missing data.
Mencap and CBF are asking the Government to focus on:
Developing local expertise, support and services
Ensuring there is joint oversight and ownership of the national programme by the Ministers from the Department of Health and Social Care, Department of Housing, Communities and Local Government and Department for Education.
Removing the red tape and funding barriers that are preventing so many people from returning home.
There remains no robust plan from leadership for cross-government working.
There are 1.5 million people with a learning disability in the UK. Mencap works to support people with a learning disability, their families and carers by fighting to change laws, improve services and access to education, employment and leisure facilities. Mencap supports thousands of people with a learning disability to live their lives the way they want.
For advice and information about learning disability and Mencap services in your area, contact Mencap's Freephone Learning Disability Helpline on 0808 808 1111 (9am-3pm, Monday-Friday) or email helpline@mencap.org.uk.
About The Challenging Behaviour Foundation
The Challenging Behaviour Foundation (CBF) is a charity which exists to demonstrate that individuals with severe learning disabilities whose behaviour challenges can enjoy ordinary life opportunities when their behaviour is properly understood and appropriately supported.
The CBF supports families across the UK caring for individuals with severe learning disabilities. Information and support around understanding challenging behaviour and supporting behaviour change is provided through a range of written and DVD resources, email networks, family linking scheme, and through individual telephone support.
For more information about the CBF's work on restraint and seclusion:
visit https://www.challengingbehaviour.org.uk/driving-change/restraintandseclusion.html)
visit: www.challengingbehaviour.org.uk
email: info@thecbf.org.uk
phone: 01634 838739.
[1] According to calculations made by Mencap and the Challenging Behaviour Foundation, for NHSE's 1 year target of '37 adult inpatients per million population' by March 2020 to be met, it would mean there would be approx. 1,600 adults in inpatient units at the end March 2020.
[2] NHS Digital data breakdown does not total – this may be due to rounding or missing data.


Turf fertilization provides essential nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium) and micronutrients for plant growth and health. At Del Conte's, we only use organic materials for this purpose, using a slow release formula to help prevent leaching and run-off into the groundwater.
Turf fertilizers are usually applied in granular form with a broadcast spreader or drop spreader. The typical formulation is a 3:1:2 ratio of (N)itrogen to (P)hosphorous to (K)Potassium. This varies depending on the season and the crop (grasses, annuals, vegetables).
Pre-emergent weed control prevents the growth of weed seeds. They germinate, but their development is arrested by a chemical barrier on the soil surface. Post-emergent weed control kills established weed plants.


text:
Katherine Henderson (born June 23, 1909; date of death unknown) was an American classic female blues singer. Most of her recording sessions took place in Long Island City, New York, in October and November 1928.

Career
Henderson was born in St. Louis, Missouri. She was the niece of Eva Taylor and Clarence Williams.

As a child, she performed in minstrel shows and on the vaudeville circuit. In the late 1920s, she recorded around ten songs, which were issued by Brunswick Records and QRS Records. In 1927, she starred in Bottomland, an ill-fated New York–based stage musical written by Williams. The show included the song "Take Your Black Bottom Dance Outside", which Henderson recorded. In 1928, she married John Jackson.

Henderson continued performing until 1944, long after her recording career was over.

According to Derrick Stewart-Baxter, Henderson's vocal style was marred by "more than a suspicion of ham", as "she put her material across in a rather lachrymose manner".

She was unrelated to Fletcher, Horace, Edmonia, and Rosa Henderson.

Selected discography

See also
List of classic female blues singers

References

External links
Katherine Henderson 1909-? Red Hot Jazz Archive
"West End Blues" on Youtube

1909 births
Year of death missing
Place of death missing
20th-century African-American women singers
American blues singers
Classic female blues singers
Brunswick Records artists
Musicians from St. Louis
Singers from Missouri

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Quiring, Courtney, et al. "Allegra-D 12 Hour." Davis's Drug Guide, 16th ed., F.A. Davis Company, 2019. Pediatrics Central, peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/50810/all/Allegra_D_12_Hour.
Quiring C, Sanoski CA, Vallerand AH. Allegra-D 12 Hour. Davis's Drug Guide. 16th ed. F.A. Davis Company; 2019. https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/50810/all/Allegra_D_12_Hour. Accessed April 18, 2019.
Quiring C, Sanoski CA, Vallerand AH. Allegra-D 12 Hour [Internet]. In: Davis's Drug Guide. F.A. Davis Company; 2019. [cited 2019 April 18]. Available from: https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/Davis-Drug-Guide/50810/all/Allegra_D_12_Hour.


text:
Home East Suffolk Ipswich Celebration as Ipswich priest marks 25 years of service
Celebration as Ipswich priest marks 25 years of service
Keith Morris
Fr John Warrington, parish priest at St Mary's in Ipswich, celebrated his silver jubilee as a priest with the help of a packed church of parishioners from across the Diocese of East Anglia on Saturday July 28. John Cassidy reports.
As the clock struck noon, the choir began to sing the first line of the opening hymn. The huge congregation stood up and joined in: "Let us build a house where love can dwell…."
Sixteen priests and two deacons processed from the rear of the church. As they reached the sanctuary, the whole congregation sang the chorus with gusto: "All are welcome, all are welcome, all are welcome in this place."
We were in St Mary's Church, Ipswich to celebrate 25 years of service from Fr John Warrington. It was a fitting hymn because as well as St Mary's parishioners, many from Fr John's previous parishes – Poringland, Peterborough, and Bury St Edmunds -had travelled.
On the sanctuary were his brother priests and deacons both locally and from across the diocese. The hearty singing "all are welcome' focused too on Fr John, who had returned to St Mary's – just for the day- from his programme of recuperation after a serious illness.
Canon David Bagstaff, Vicar General of the Diocese, who clearly knew Fr John very well, preached beautifully. In his homily he gave some insights into Fr John's personal faith and spiritually: two Shrines of Our Lady are the backbone of his faith. One is Walsingham, in his native Norfolk. It had a deep influence on his vocation. The other is Lourdes, where every Easter Monday for 30 years, even before his ordination, Fr John has gone on the Handicapped Children's Pilgrimage Trust (HCPT). He always goes as a roll-up-the-sleeves worker – putting his faith into practice.
After Mass, it seemed like the whole congregation retired to the Parish hall for refreshments – a delicious bring and share lunch was bolstered by authentic Indian curry and rice from the local Keralan community. It was a wonderfully happy and memorable afternoon during which Fr John was presented with a cheque and all raised their glasses and promised prayers for his continued recovery.
The final words came in a short tribute from a primary school pupil: "We love to see Fr John come to our school because he makes us laugh and he talks to us. Fr John come back soon, we love you."
Pictured above is Fr John Warrington celebrating Mass and, above, cutting a silver jubilee cake.
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Home APC Does Nigeria Have About 190k Polling Units?
Does Nigeria Have About 190k Polling Units?
by CDD Election War Room
March 14, 2018January 9, 2023
VERDICT: False
CLAIM: CDD fact checkers spotted a trending tweet by Daniel Bwala, a lawyer and until recently served as a special adviser on legal matters to the Deputy Senate President, Ovie Omo-Agege.
On August 1, 2022, Mr. Bwala claimed there are about 190,000 polling units in Nigeria. He also maintained that a minimum of three-party agents are required at the polling unit.
The tweet reads: "There are about 190k polling units in Nigeria. A party needs a minimum of 3 agents in each polling unit; 570k human beings in total. "That's structure existing not on social media. Anyway, it will be clearer as we approach elections. Insult is not a substitute for structure".
FACT CHECK PROCESS: CDD Fact check on the claim indicated that Daniel Bwala's data were inaccurate. As at August 2, 2022, the tweet has garnered over 3,000 (626 retweets, 190 Quotes and 2,333 likes) engagements and still growing.
According to the Election Management Body, there are 176,846 polling units listed on the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) website. INEC, on June 16th, 2021, removed polling units from 'inappropriate' places and worship centers across the country. The commission's chairman, Mahmood Yakubu, disclosed this at a meeting with Resident Electoral Commissioners (RECs) in Abuja.
At the meeting, he unveiled the locations of the newly created 56,872 Polling Units (PUs) and also announced other electoral arrangements. With the creation of the new PUs, Mr. Yakubu said, Nigeria now has 176,846 full-fledged polling units against its initial 119,974 PUs in the 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). He pegged the total number of polling units removed from 'inappropriate places' at 749.
Mr Bwala also claimed a party needs a minimum of three party agents in each polling units. Fact check on INEC's pocketbook for party agents, clearly state that a political party is limited to one agent in each of polling units, as against three agents claimed by Mr. Bwala.
CONCLUSION: CDD fact-checkers can confirm that there are 176,846 polling units in Nigeria and not about 190,000. Additionally, there is a limit of one agent rather than three per polling unit as claimed by Mr. Bwala.
Mr. Bwala's data on his tweet are wrong and therefore false.
As the country heads to 2023 general elections, there are several misleading contents online, CDD therefore urges citizens and voters to be careful of content they share, online and offline.
Buhari's Claim on Crude Oil Prices from 1999-2015 Inaccurate
January 20, 2018January 9, 2023
Are Nigeria's Federal, Appeal and Supreme Courts Headed by Christians?
February 27, 2018January 9, 2023
Did Members of the PDP's Executive Committee in Kwara State Decamp to APC?
FACT CHECK: How true are Saraki's claims about Buhari's government?
February 27, 2018Did Members of the PDP's Executive Committee in Kwara State Decamp to APC?


Thanks to $700,000 in Kuwaiti contributions, 174 Syrian students graduated in July 2017 from Jordan's Queen Rania Center at Yarmouk University. They are now qualified in vocational training, considered "essential" for preparing Syrians to enter the workforce, said Dr. Rifaat Faouri, president of the university.
Kuwait has played a leading role in providing humanitarian support to its Syrian "brothers" living as refugees in Jordan, said Dr. Hamad al-Duaij, Kuwait's ambassador to Jordan.
Kuwait aims to "alleviate the suffering of the Syrian people and assist the Jordanian government to withstand the repercussions of hosting refugees," al-Duaij said.
Since the outbreak of the Syrian civil war in 2011, Jordan has absorbed at least 659,000 refugees, according to disputed United Nations figures. But with substantial security concerns following Daesh attacks on the informal Rukban refugee camp — as well as the economic burden Jordan faces trying to accommodate waves of refugees — some Syrians have found themselves with limited access to food and medical aid.
Kuwait has contributed to numerous Jordanian charities active in humanitarian and relief work, according to the Kuwait News Agency. These include Jordan's Takaful Association, the Jordan Hashemite Charity Organization and the Jordanian branch of Kuwait's Society for Social Reform.
The money donated to the Takaful Association will go to a medical center the association runs for 6,000 refugees in Jordan, Director Khalid Nawasara said.


text:
Boeing Celebrates Centennial
By Savannah Jantz & Kaity Teer
Meet the Chef Recipes
Composer Ron Jones Opens SkyMuse Studio
Wonder Woman – Bonnie Hilory
Traveling Abroad Made Easy at Rick Steves' Europe Travel Center
Pacific Fly Fishers
Trail Review | Coal Lake
Stretch and Sip Your Way to Saturday Morning Bliss
Palatine Passive House
The Berry Menu – Delicious Recipes by Local Chefs
Amazing Outdoor Adventures
Blackball Taiwanese Desserts
Spot Prawn Ceviche – Acme Farms + Kitchen
It all started with a flight over Lake Union and the Model C, Boeing's first production aircraft. Ever since, the Boeing name has soared through the North Puget Sound skies. This July, the trailblazing, innovative aerospace company celebrates 100 years of business with special events, exhibits, and features.
William Boeing incorporated Pacific Aero Products Co. in July 1916. Later renamed Boeing Airplane Co., the business took off when the United States entered World War I the next year. After the war ended, the company continued its relationship with the military while also branching out into mail delivery and securing a contract with the U.S. Postal Service.
Through the decades that followed, Boeing has established itself as a major player in the aerospace industry, manufacturing jetliners and pioneering space exploration. The business has constructed numerous types of aircraft, sent astronauts to the moon, and built many of the complicated parts that comprise the International Space Station.
Boeing has played an important role in Snohomish County's economy with its Everett production facility, which is the largest manufacturing building in the world by volume. The Centennial provides many opportunities to learn about the company's history, and especially the history of its founder, William Boeing.
William E. Boeing was born in 1881 in Detroit to Wilhelm and Marie Boeing. His father left Germany when he was twenty-years-old and emigrated to the United States, where he found employment in farming. He later found work with a lumberman who eventually became his father-in-law. Wilhelm Boeing bought land in California and near what is now known as Ocean Shores, Washington.
When his father died in 1890, William Boeing was eventually sent to school in Switzerland. After his mother remarried, Boeing and his stepfather did not get along well. Boeing eventually enrolled in the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale, but not for long.
As adventurous as his father, Boeing left Yale without completing his degree when he was 22 and moved to Grays Harbor, Washington, where he learned the logging business. He got started with the land he inherited from his father. In the early 1900s, when Boeing was 27, he moved to Seattle and started Greenwood Timber Co. This was back when the Smith Tower was the tallest building in the Seattle skyline, and the city had a population of about 100,000 people.
In 1914, Boeing and his good friend Conrad Westervelt celebrated Independence Day by purchasing tickets for rides on a barnstormer airplane. The rides were flown off of Lake Washington. The two of them took turns riding the airplane all afternoon and soon began discussing manufacturing airplanes.
On July 15, 1916, Boeing planned the first test flight of his aircraft. It was a seaplane/biplane Bluebill B&W (Boeing and Westervelt) Model 1. It was on that date that the world's biggest aerospace company began. To commemorate 100 years of the Boeing Co., celebratory events will begin on July 15, 2016, on the company's actual birthday. The Museum of Flight in Seattle will host the Founders Day Celebration, a three-day commemorative spectacle. This community celebration will include fly-ins, special shows, and unique exhibits. These events will be open to the public and family-friendly with free but limited admission.
The Centennial is a fine time for children and students to learn about flight and careers in aerospace. "Above and Beyond" is a brand new hands-on exhibit at the Museum of Flight. The 5,000-square-foot exhibit commemorates the aerospace of the past and explores the enterprising ideas for the future. Visitors can engage in interactive simulations that allow you to "experience flight as a bird or a futuristic wingflapping aircraft," hear stories about innovators of flight from our past and present in a series of video montages, and take a walk on the wild side through a simulated elevator ride to the edge of space. This awe-inspiring exhibit will close on September 12.
Now is also a great time to visit Snohomish County's beloved tourist attraction, the Future of Flight Aviation Center and Boeing Tour of the Everett Production Facility
"This July, the trailblazing, innovative aerospace company celebrates 100 years of business with special events, exhibits, and features."
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It's time again for "Dear Wendy Updates," a feature where people I've given advice to in the past let us know whether they followed the advice and how they're doing now. Today we hear from "One in a Long String of Girlfriends" who disapproved of her boyfriend's ex-wife being invited to his family's annual Christmas get-together, along with their grown daughter, and she worried about the lies he had told about his past relationships. "I feel very torn. On one hand, this man is very attentive, loving, and committed to me. We get along beautifully. On the other hand, I feel like I am one in a long, long, LONG string of girlfriends. He assures me that I am 'the one' and he believes we could be married 'one day.' I wonder if I am being strung along and will fall to the wayside like 50+ women before me, or if he is sincere about marrying me." Keep reading to find out where things stand between the LW and her boyfriend now.
I think your advice is spot-on, most of the time. Your advice to me, however, was pretty bad. Your readers joined your bandwagon and loved your advice.
As luck would have it, though, my gut feelings were correct. She had an ulterior motive, beyond that for the interest of her grown child.
That said, all is well that ends well. My boyfriend is my fiance. He saw the writing on the wall, and he addressed it. It's not my issue.
In your original letter, you said that your boyfriend's ex was invited to join him, their daughter, and his family at his place for Christmas every year. You never said anything about her being invited to "all his family events." In fact, in your follow-up comment you said that, actually, you loved that the ex was included in the Christmas get-together and that YOU even invited the ex to your boyfriend's birthday party. You said you were upset because "if given the choice between me and her, he chose her and said that to me. I don't feel there should be a choice and, if so, at what point do I become the first choice?" You were also upset about the amount of lies your boyfriend had told you about his relationship history.
I stand by my advice. It wasn't bad considering the information you shared. But, hey, if you're happy now and have worked out the issues you had, and are now engaged and have gotten the commitment you were yearning for, then good for you. I wish you both the best. (And, out of curiosity, how does your fiancé's daughter feel about your engagement, I wonder…).
How'd the daughter jump from being 26 to 30 in a few months?
I mostly wonder exactly, what ended? His relationship with his ex? A discussion of boundaries with her? And where is his daughter in all of this?
This marriage will be um, interesting, I suppose. I think 6 months is a pretty short time from feeling put aside and lied to to wanting to marry.
Yes on the 26 to 30 in a matter of months. Just one of several confusing details in these series of letters.
I mean, I'm 27. I would like some advance notice before I turn 30 so I can finish trying to check off my arbitrary want-to-get-dones of my 20s. It could catch me off guard.
Wasn't the real issue how much he was lying to you? Did you actually confront him about the lying? What was the ulterior motive? I don't get it. Congratulations on getting engaged.
I'm not convinced. This guy lied to you, LW. Saying "oh I've never been in a relationship longer than 6 months" when in reality he has been in multiple serious long term relationships is lying. Not that him having a past is a bad thing because EVERYONE has a past, but my question is if he is still lying to you. I'll bet he is in some way, shape, or form. I will say, being engaged doesn't magically fix things and make them better. If anything engagements/long term commitments bring out the issues even more. If the issues have been discussed, I highly doubt they're completely resolved. You were extremely vague in your update about what exactly had changed and what exactly was discussed, which is why I'm having my doubts that this is all fixed and all better. Maybe she did have an "ulterior motive", but how do you know that? Did your fiance tell you that? Was he telling you the truth, or did he just tell you that to make you feel better?
Look. You're really good at being delusional and dramatic, but I'm sorry, I have to dock you down to a 9.5 on the crazy scale because you forgot to tell us what the ex-wife's ulterior motives are. Sheesh. What is this, amateur hour? Can someone give Ramona a call? Maybe she could workshop this with you to get you back on your A game.
I'm confused… you loved the advice in your little note posted on the original letter. But now you hate it?
And how old is this daughter? 26? 30?
And what is this ulterior motive? You can't leave us hanging!
I'm interested to know Jackson's thoughts on this one.
And, yeah, what did the ex do?! Inquiring minds want to know.
Well you got what you wanted OP. I hope your actions don't come back to bite you one day.
My parents split when I was 16 and divorced a few years later. It wasn't an acrimonious split really, or if it was they kept it from us. It still caused a lot of issues at subsequent weddings, christmases etc as we didn't like having them in the same room and it occasionally caused drama. Only in January this year (and I am now the ripe old age of 34) did my parents spend time together with us at my brother's place. We hung out and had family dinners and generally just spent time together like the old days. After so many years of not having that simple yet powerful thing, knowing that you would willingly take it from your fiancés daughter just to suit your own jealousy makes me sick. Guess what, even if the ex is trying to get with your fiancé again or whatever it's up to HIM to shut that down and still put his daughter first.
You won though, I guess. Yay for you.


Switch Dimmers are devices connected to a light fixture and used to lower the brightness of light. By changing the voltage waveform applied to the lamp, it is possible to lower the intensity of the light output. Although variable-voltage devices are used for various purposes, the term dimmer is generally reserved for those intended to control light output from resistive incandescent, halogen, and (more recently) compact fluorescent lights (CFLs) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
The Europe is the largest market of Switch Dimmer, which occupies 26.1% of global market in 2017. It is followed by North America, which have around 24.91% of the global total industry. Other main regions which take important part in this industry include China and some Industrial countries.
As large demand of Switch Dimmer product, the domestic enterprises should hold the opportunity to improve their technology with domestic advantages, such as low raw material price.
The worldwide market for Switch Dimmer is expected to grow at a CAGR of roughly 5.1% over the next five years, will reach 1560 million US$ in 2024, from 1160 million US$ in 2019, according to a new GIR (Global Info Research) study.
This report focuses on the Switch Dimmer in global market, especially in North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East and Africa. This report categorizes the market based on manufacturers, regions, type and application.
Chapter 1, to describe Switch Dimmer product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Switch Dimmer, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Switch Dimmer in 2017 and 2018.
Chapter 3, the Switch Dimmer competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Switch Dimmer breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales, revenue and growth by regions, from 2014 to 2019.
Chapter 12, Switch Dimmer market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2019 to 2024.
Chapter 13, 14 and 15, to describe Switch Dimmer sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.


Helpful information about the numerous sports clubs and local organisations in Newcastle West.
No matter which sport takes your interest, there are a wide variety of vibrant sports clubs that facilitate all levels of abilities from the leisure seeking to the competition orientated.
The sports clubs range from GAA and Soccer to Tennis and Cycling. There's no doubt you'll find a sport that you will enjoy.
If you're living in Newcastle West or just visiting, the community spirit is evident and there are many wonderful organisations in operation that are available for you to get involved in.


Although I have always been interested in family history, only recently have I begun a serious search for my ancestors. Musty, dusty libraries and microfiche records are wonderful resources, but computers and the Internet as a means of research and communication are probably the best tools for genealogists to come along in a long while.
Tracing one's family history backward for several centuries can be a lonely occupation. But here on the Internet are hundreds of resources and, perhaps more importantly, hundreds of people doing the same. And these wonderful people are always willing to share their information and to delight in finding yet another "cousin" in someone's family tree.
I've always thought that collectors -- of glass, pottery, china, ephemera, you name it! -- are among the world's most generous and warm-hearted people. Now I'm happy to affirm that genealogy buffs, as collectors of people and their history, belong in this elite group, too.
Please wander through the information I've collected so far; if you have questions or comments or would like to share additional resources, please E-mail My Glass Duchess.


text:
Samuil's Inscription represents the content found on the tombstone of Samuel of Bulgaria's parents, erected in 992/3. This inscription, which was made by the order of Tsar Samuel, mentions the names of his parents and of his brother David.

Currently, the tombstone is stored at the National Archaeological Museum in Sofia, Bulgaria. In 1916, it was transported there from the village of Agios Germanos, near Lake Prespa in Greece. The dimensions of the tombstone are 125–130 cm high, 52–67 cm wide, and 7–10 cm thick. The inscription has been cited by historians such as Fyodor Uspensky, Iordan Ivanov, and Nicholas Adontz.

Inscription
Original text with reconstructed parts in square brackets and modern-style spaces, capital letters and punctuation (hyphens, commas, two dots and a colon) added:

The following is the French translation of the inscription by Adontz:

"Au nom du Père et du Fils et du Saint-Esprit, moi, Samuel, serviteur de Dieu, je fais mémoire de mon père, de ma mère et de mon frère sur ces croix. Voici les noms des défunts: Nicolas, serviteur de Dieu; Ripsimé et David. Écrit en l'an de la création 6501, indiction VI."

In English, translated from the French: "In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, I, Samuel, servant of God, made a memory of my father, of my mother and of my brother on these crosses. Here are the names of the deceased: Nikolas, servant of God, Ripsimia and David. Written in the year 6501 since Creation, VI indiction."

The year 6501 since the creation of the world corresponds to 992-993 CE.

Notes

See also
 Comitopuli dynasty
 Bitola Inscription
 History of Bulgaria
 History of the Republic of Macedonia

Literature
 Успенскiй, Ф. И. ( Uspenskiĭ, Fedor I., 1845-1928) Надпис царя Самуила,  Известия Русского Археологического Института в Константинополе,1898, III, с. 184 - 194.
 Иванов, Йор. (Ivanov, Ĭor.) Български старини из Македония. София, 1931, с. 25.
 Ivanov, Ĭordan (1872-1947). Bŭlgarski starini na Makedoniia, 1970.
 Кос, М. (Kos, Milko) О натпису цара Самуила, Гласник српског научног друштва 5, 1929, с. 203 - 209.
 Степанос Таронеци-Асохик (Asoghik, Stepanos T., 10th - 11th c.). Всеобщая история Степаноса Таронского - Асохика по прoзванию, писателя ХІ столетия. Перевод с армянскoго и объяснения Н.Эминым. Москва, Типография Лазаревского института восточных языков. 1864. XVIII, 335 стр.
 Asoghik (Stepanos de Taron). L'histoire universelle, Paris, 1859. Translation in German, Leipzig, 1907.
 Stepanos, Tarōnetsi (Stepanos Asoghik Taronetsi, 10th-11th c.) Tiezerakan patmutyun, Erevan, 2000, Pp. 455 (303 - 304).
 Adontz, Nikoghayos. Samuel l'Armenien, Roi des Bulgares. Bruxelles, Palais des academies, 1938, Pp. 63.
 Adontz, Nicolas. Etudes Armeno-Byzantines. Livraria Bertrand. Lisbonne, 1965, pp. 347–407 (384).
 Lang, David M. The Bulgarians, London, 1976.
 Lang, David M. The Armenians. A People in Exile. London, 1981, Pp. 203 (55, 105).

External links
 Picture of the actual tombstone

10th century in Bulgaria
Medieval Macedonia
Old Bulgarian inscriptions
Inscriptions in medieval Macedonia


HPE has finally coughed some details on those all-flash server configs it said it would provide for its Azure Stack rack last week.
El Reg can reveal that "HPE's current plan is to support 4-8 nodes with 12 and 16 SAS SSDs per [Microsoft Azure Stack] node to give us a higher capacity up to 102TB/node with our initial launch in Jan'19."
HPE spokesbod Alastair McCormick added: "The scale-up to eight nodes is HPE's decision and not a restriction from Microsoft.
"HPE will support single tier all-flash configuration for Azure Stack with no cache tier. Other OEM providers (including Dell and Cisco) provide an all-flash configuration based on two-tier design because Microsoft didn't support a single-tier configuration at the time.
"But HPE wanted to introduce our all-flash configuration with ... the single-tier architecture, [and] we had to align to Microsoft's support roadmap of Azure Stack on Storage Spaces Direct (S2D) to allow this."
Dell EMC takes exception to this claim. Paul Galjan, general manager of the Azure Stack business at Dell EMC, mailed us saying: "Dell EMC has been shipping our single tier all-flash Azure Stack since the summer of 2018. Additionally, the all-flash VxRack AS scales to a full 16 nodes in a single scale unit." Take that, HPE.
Azure Stack provides an Azure Cloud environment on-premises with good connectivity to the Azure public cloud.
HPE ProLiant for Microsoft Azure Stack is based on the ProLiant DL380 server, which uses Xeon SP processors, and there can be 1 to 16 nodes.
Michelle Hannula, a cloud solutions marketing manager at HPE, blogged last week Thursday that the all-flash DL380s would deliver low latency and high performance. Well, yes, and so they should over disk-based and hybrid Azure Stack-ery. But world+dog found this very light on detail.
One DL380 Gen 10 configuration option supports 20 NVMe SSDs and that should rocket along, if it's made available.


Articles attributed to this author are designated in EB9 by the initials "L. S."
Articles written by this author are designated in the DNB by the initials "L. S."
Articles attributed to this author are designated in EB1911 by the initials "L. S."
"Browning, Robert" in Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed., 1875–1889).
"Carlyle, Thomas" in Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed., 1875–1889).
"Stephen, Leslie," in Dictionary of National Biography Second Supplement, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., (1912) in 3 vols.


Reader question day here on Word Nerd Wednesday.
UPDATE: I originally wrote this post on a headache brain. Hence, I used the term contraction when I meant conjunction. (Yeah, I know. DUH. Like those two things are anything like one another.) Thanks a million to the alert reader who pointed it out so I could fix it and not look like a total idiot into the eternities.
I tripped on the sidewalk, then dropped my keys.
My question is about the ", then" part.
This is all over literature. Good literature, too.
So why do people say I'm wrong? I try to use both the comma with "and" as much as possible, but sometimes it sounds too heavy like that.
This is especially true when my priority should be trying to maintain a true teen voice. So what's the rule there?
See, Word is wrong about 1/3 of the time on things like lie/lay, so you can't count it on it. Which is really a problem, because I think a lot of people, including editors, are starting to believe Word and its pretend rules. The idea of a second-rate program dictating our future grammar rules? That's scary to me.
Off my Word soapbox and back to using commas before then. Feel free to do it.
Granted, if you do it too often (just like if you do anything too often in writing), it'll get repetitive, and you don't want that. Oh, and then can't stand alone as a conjunction, so don't use it that way, but otherwise, heck, use it, I say. I do.
Conjunctions are words like and, or, for, nor, yet, but, so: something you add a comma before and then use to combine TWO COMPLETE SENTENCES THAT CAN STAND ON THEIR OWN.
He gave his wife flowers, and she smelled them.
He gave his wife flowers.
Totally lame examples, but they give you the idea.
He bought his wife flowers, then gave them to her.
See how you can't take out the comma and then and have 2 complete sentences?
Correct: He bought his wife flowers, then gave them to her.
**Incorrect** He bought his wife flowers, then she smelled them.
He bought his wife flowers.
Two complete sentences. We need a conjunction with the comma to make it right.
Since then isn't a conjunction, it can't combine the two by itself.
Correct: He bought his wife flowers, and then she smelled them.
Now we have two complete sentences grammatically and a conjunction combining them.
But while it's technically correct, people often hate the pairing of AND and THEN or other pairings of conjunction [OR and THEN, BUT and THEN, etc.] because it starts feeling heavy, as our questioner pointed out.
So here's my trick to avoid using both a conjunction AND then: just rephrase one of the grammatically complete sentences so it can't stand alone. That way the conjunction isn't necessary and you can throw in then without it.
BUT we still have the question as to whether you can use the comma before then when there's an incomplete sentence (or subordinate clause, if you're getting all technical).
He bought his wife flowers then gave them to her.
Both can work, but there's a subtle difference in tone and pacing between the two. Sometimes you want that comma pause. And that's OKAY.
My editor tends to lean toward taking out the commas before then. Sometimes I prefer to leave them in for the sake of pause length or rhythm. Sometimes I let him take them out, other times I push to keep them in.
But if you've read all my books, you might notice far fewer commas before then in Tower than in any of my other novels.
I've done a little digging, and as far as I can tell, there really is no a rule (or much consensus) about commas before then being wrong besides Word hating them.
But then, Word has been known to mark so many things with that stupid green squiggle that I know for a fact are correct that I don't generally trust it with grammar issues anyway. Since we can't trust Word's grammar feature, don't stress it.
So there you have it: commas before then are okay, but not if you're using then as a conjunction.
Remember: I have a running list of possible topics for WNW, but if you have a specific question, please do pass it on (e-mail me or drop it in the comments), and I'll throw it onto the list.
Thank you about the grammar feature in Word. Hate it.
A wry thought I had whilst reading about Almighty Word -- maybe they named it "Word" because "in the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word WAS God."
Just a slightly irreverent thought for you.
Also, I love commas. A lot. The main reason I use them is when I want the reader to take a pause like I would if I were speaking to them. I used to edit Superman's papers all the time and he NEVER uses commas. It's very confusing and frustrating.
I think I use commas to much, and it's probably not a good thing.
I dislike the grammar function in Word as well. In fact, I finally turned it off because it bothered me so much.
Thanks for the advice about ", then".
Those little green squiggles make me insane. I am always tempted to go in and click "hide grammar errors" just to get rid of the ones that I know are already right, but I can't do it. I'm so afraid I'll miss the grammar mistakes that Word DOES catch... but it doesn't mean I don't hate them.
Thanks for the reminders. These are rules I know, but sometimes forget in the flurry of writing.
I got to the what is a conjunction part and suddenly found myself singing School House Rock. "Conjunction junction, what's your function? Hooking up words and phrases and clauses..." Ah, those were the days!!
Once again I am just astounded by your ability to clearly explain topics that have previously been hazy to me. I find such concepts difficult to grasp normally but you make it so simple. That's quite the gift you have!
Thanks for this WNW, it really helped!
I think I missed out on a lot of grammar lessons in school. If I just pay a little attention, I might finally understand what alot of those strange grammar words mean.
I probably use, too many commas, but, since they don't cost anything, and, there seems to be an endless supply, I'll probably keep, overusing them.
I was telling my daughter about this post and she told me how her 3rd grade teacher wrote on the chalkboard "The comma is the most used punctuation in the english language, except in my class."
At least now I have a reason to ignore the grammar tips Word tries to give me :) !!
Thanks for the info-who do you publish through?
Tess, I publish with a Christian/LDS publisher, Covenant Communications.
That's in addition to a bunch of freelance article and editing work.