Let´s talk about pets ! Nordesk latest interview with Wayne Capriotti, Publisher of the first Vietnamese pet magazine "Me Thu Cung" and industry expert. He provides us with interesting facts and insights about the highly potential Vietnamese market.
1) Please tell us more about yourself and your relation to the Vietnamese pet market?
My first business involvement with the pet industry begun around 2004, surprisingly, it was not from the pet industry in Canada, where I was born, but from the industry in Japan. I lived and work in Vancouver for a couple of decades before moving to Asia / Vietnam where I first became interested in the business potential of Asia. As most people within the city of Vancouver between the years of 1996 and 2000, I was employed within the booming Internet industry sector.
I soon choose to start my own business and developed a multilingual online marketing business agency for international clients in Asia, since very few agencies were offering this type of service; Vancouver was considered a business Gateway to Asia.
I soon began obtaining clients from Japan, China, S. Korea, along with local businesses interested in doing business in Asia through developing business relationships with partners in Tokyo. Clients were from various industry sectors which eventually led to the discovery of the pet industry sector in Japan.
Along with our work with clients, we developed our own projects of selling products and services from N. America to Japan, and vice versa. One particular project involved the marketing and selling of 'Anxiety Separation' DVD's (new age style music loops, with a mix of soothing human voices and background noise to be played for dogs and cats that are 'home alone').
Since most Japanese work long hours and are away from their pets during the day these DVD's became popular. This project began an intense period of market research into the pet markets in Japan. I found the whole venture fascinating. Japan, at the time, was the second biggest pet market globally, right after the USA. The surprising discovery of the large amount of disposable income young pet owners in Japan were spending was astonishing, especially by the demographic of women from 20 to 35 years of age.
This project ended in 2006 and by pure chance work with a business owned by Vietnamese-Canadians in Vancouver, discovering the 'charm of Vietnam'. I then relocated to Vietnam in 2009.
My involvement in the pet industry in Vietnam began with the development of Me Thu Cung (translation from Vietnamese: a passion for pets), the first dedicated magazine for Vietnam, along with my Vietnamese wife, an experienced Journalist and Photographer employed by the largest newspaper in Vietnam, Tuoi Tre.
From prior training in Prepress and DTP (Desktop Composition) along with my marketing skills, they seem to be a perfect match with my wife's skills in journalism and photography.
As we both shared the love of pets, with her passion of cats and with my own history of pet ownership. As most pet businesses, traditionally, are family founded and owned, it just seemed to be a natural thing to do.
Our magazine is unique in a few ways, besides being the first publication of its kind in Vietnam it is also bilingual, in Vietnamese and English. My past experience of developing bilingual website content greatly helped. However, the bigger issue of being bilingual was to create a publication that could become a teaching tool for young Vietnamese animal owners to learn English. The content of our magazine is more educational than entertaining and does have a serious tone of voice. It is not easy to be a pet owner in Vietnam. There are a myriad of dangerous situations awaiting owners and their best friends, we do take the issues of pet ownership in Vietnam seriously.
2) Can you give us a quick snapshot, strengths and weaknesses of the market?
First-mover opportunities for local and international businesses in the pet industry of Vietnam: service markets are not fully developed.
Marketing potential of the Native of Dogs in Vietnam: Phu Quoc Ridgeback, H'mong and Bac Ha dogs, largely unknown to people outside Vietnam, generates a lot of pride in Vietnamese people.
3) How is the Vietnamese mentality towards pets evolving?
In the last five years, the quantity and quality of pet ownership in Vietnam has increased, driven by a pet social phenomena, observed in developed countries called 'pet humanization'. In creating a 'mature' pet culture, a sense of social responsibility must develop between pet owner and their pet and other people, with or without pets (society). Further, as Vietnam's middle class is expanding and evolving the amounts of disposable income spent on pets is increasing, eventually, this raises the status of a 'pet' from a pragmatic position within the household into becoming a family member.
One must put things into perspective in regards to the progress of pet ownership and industry in Vietnam. The first commercial 'small companion animal' Vet clinic was only opened in Hanoi in 2003 and the first pet retail shop opened in 2006 in Saigon. Even a few years in 2009 there were only a few good retail pet care services in Saigon, selling a limited range of products and services.
The breakout year in regard to milestones in the pet ownership and industry was 2014. In this year the first annual Vietnam Animal Welfare Conference was held at the historic Continental Hotel in downtown Saigon. The International Dog Show endorsed by Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) and produced by the Vietnam Kennel Association (VKA) had the largest amount of dog entries, attendance, and number of corporate sponsors. This year also produced the first pet magazine for Vietnam, Me Thu Cung.
In the last five years (2012-2017) the growth of pet retail openings has risen exponentially, although the choice of new pet products offerings has not grown at the same pace, however, services like pet grooming, training and accommodations have grown better than expected. Young entrepreneurs who are passionate pet owners are beginning to develop new businesses for a growing pet ownership in Vietnam. Progress made.
4) Is there a difference between the southern and northern Vietnamese market?
The pet care markets are still maturing in all major urban areas in Vietnam: Hanoi (North), Da Nang (Central) and Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon in the South). There is not much data available as there is no local market research agency gathering data and monitoring the behavior, spending habits and the lifestyle of pet owners in Vietnam.
The only international marketing research agency that gathers data on the pet industry in Vietnam is the International EuroMonitor focusing on overall sales of pet care products by sector and generally the purchase of pet products (considered FMCG) at various points (channels) of sale.
To understand any differences in purchasing of products, regionally, you would have to look at the general buying habits of consumers from Hanoi, Saigon and Da Nang. It has been noted that buyers in Hanoi are more frugal, heavy savers and little more conservative and not as impulsive or daring or 'lose' with their money as buyers in Saigon. However, in regards to the purchase of pets (dogs) in the urban areas in the North, South, and Central Vietnam there seem to be no bounds to price.
There is a perceived heightened sense of 'social status' (conspicuous consumption) in the public display of large and small expensive western or 'exotic' breeds of dogs: Northern Dogs, German Shepherds, Labs, French Bulldogs, Pomeranians, etc. Fortunately, this is slowly transforming into an understanding that owners just want to gather with dogs of all breeds and other dog owners to 'socialize'; creating temporary extended families of dogs and people in public spaces, a learned social responsibility of proper dog ownership.
5) Would you recommend Vietnam as an outsourcing destination for pet care product?
Yes, definitely, in both the food and non-food care product market segments. Overall, the benefits are low wages and cost-effective manufacturing of your pet products in Vietnam allowing your company to compete in the ultra-competitive global pet product markets. Apparel and footwear manufactures in Vietnam are recognized internationally for consistent high-quality manufacturing. You could also export directly to neighboring markets in East Asia & ASEAN, and consider marketing your products locally to Vietnamese owners.
Also, consider Vietnam's abundant agricultural products as ingredients for pet food production. In this competitive industry, there is a continuous search for alternative and exotic ingredients for new pet products, demanded by discerning pet owners.
Vietnam is a country that has abundant sources of proteins, grains, fruits and vegetables. The country is the second-largest rice exporter in the world and it produces a large variety of fruits, vegetables (especially green leafy and grassy type of vegetables, high in nutrition) and a myriad of seafood and fish.
If you are sourcing new ingredients for supplements, consider Vietnam as a superior source of "super foods" that are abundant in this region. For example, consider a fruit called 'Gac', found in Vietnam. The Gac fruit is reduced to a liquid (oil) and mixed with other foods, or made into supplements. Gac is a powerhouse of anti-oxidants, very large amounts of Vitamin A, C, D and E and Omega 3, 6 and 9! Pet supplements can be developed or used as an ingredient in pet foods.
All types of apparel for both dogs and cats including sweaters, coats, outdoor gear and protective wear, designer fashion clothing and accessories, shoes, and boots.
6) In which segment, do you see the best potential for imported brands?
There is rising cat ownership in Vietnam and very few quality food products on the shelf at local retail stores or Vet Clinics for cats, especially wet canned food, so there is potential for Cat food products and nonfood products (not including cat litter, a product segment that is saturated in Vietnam). Also, very few premium dry or wet dog food products (non-grain, natural, etc.) sold nationally by authorized distributors in Vietnam. Veterinarian supplements have potential as dog and cat owners worry about the nutrition of their pets.
7) If you had one advice for companies willing to enter the Vietnamese market, what would it be ?
You must have a long-term business perspective and strategy for Vietnam. Never take anything for granted and it is highly likely that your business strategy that worked in other developed country's pet markets may not work the way you want it in the emerging pet industry in Vietnam. You must adapt.
The first requirement is to begin to learn about pet ownership in Vietnam which is a relatively new concept. Besides most Vietnamese people do not have decades of consumer education and awareness especially in the selecting and purchasing of pet products and services.
Start at the beginning with the basics, educate your potential customers into why they should buy your products. Build trust over time, Vietnamese are loyal to tried and tested brands. Owners are demanding new types of pet products and services for their newly acknowledged 'family members'.


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Midi 20 (in italiano 'Mezzogiorno e 20') è il primo album pubblicato da Grand Corps Malade, uscito il 27 marzo 2006.
Contiene sedici brani, alcuni cantati a cappella, altri con il sottofondo di un pianoforte che suona una melodia minimalista.
Grand Corps Malade parla, con gli interventi di altri slameurs, dei problemi e degli abitanti della banlieue in cui vive e dei suoi problemi fisici riportandoli, però, come semplici accadimenti di vita.

Tracce

Collegamenti esterni

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What to do this week, from the Pittsburgh International Jazz Festival to the Sound Series Block Party
Sep 13, 2021 block, Festival, international, Jazz, Party, Pittsburgh, Series, Sound, Week
What's going on this week in Pittsburgh, September 13-19? Find out here. Be sure to pack your mask and visit each organization's website and social media for updated Covid safety protocols. Know of a cool event? Email us.
For more events, read 13 September events not to miss in Pittsburgh — and most are outdoors.
Monday, September 13: Black Lives in Focus at Pitt
Black lives and voices will be amplified all week long during a new university-wide initiative launched with four inaugural projects. The ongoing project includes a multimedia exhibition, the "Say Her Name" Memorial Gown, an interactive tour of historically significant sites of Black history throughout Pitt's campus, and the establishment of an online hub for the events and programs that are putting Black lives in focus. The free public events run through Sept. 26.
Tuesday, September 14: Norihide Nakajima Quintet
City of Asylum's monthlong Jazz Poetry Festival is underway so don't miss a beat. Tonight marks the first time the event reaches Japan, with a concert filmed inside Kyoto's Rag Jazz club. Featuring Utako Yamauchi (vocals), Tsutomu Takei (saxophone), Kiyoshi Takeshita (piano), Norihide Nakajima (bass) and Takehiro Shimizu (drums), the free online program features original compositions, poetry and Japanese jazz standards.
Tuesday, September 14: Legends in the Limelight at Carnegie Music Hall
One of contemporary opera's most sought-after baritones is making his hometown debut when this Pittsburgh Festival Opera series continues. Acclaimed for his "warm, rich tone," Avalon native Michael Chioldi has performed at opera houses and festivals around the globe. After the performance, opera lovers can mingle with the performers at a reception. Buy tickets.
Bianca Del Rio. Photo by Matt Crockett.
Wednesday, September 15: Bianca Del Rio Comedy at Carnegie Music Hall of Oakland
Prepare to get unsanitized with famed drag queen, comedian, actor and author Bianca Del Rio. Season 6 winner and a fan favorite on "RuPaul's Drag Race," Del Rio is bringing her "all-new set of snark" on a national tour, with many shows already sold-out. Dubbed "The Joan Rivers of the Drag World," the New Orleans native made history by becoming the first drag queen to headline Carnegie Hall and Wembley Arena. Buy tickets.
Thursday, September 16: Black & Solid Gold: The Hits of Magnificent Motown
Enjoy a late summer evening of music, art and community celebration when the Kelly Strayhorn Theater kicks off its fall season of IRL programming. Attend a discussion with Women of Visions, shop for handmade local goods at the ORIGINS Marketplace and then groove your way into autumn with live music by The BGV's, Hakim Rasheed, Wayne Barber and Dwayne Fulton. Buy tickets.
Thursday, September 16: 412 Food Rescue's Yinz Citizen Virtual Concert
Did you know that 1 in 7 people goes hungry every day and 40% of food produced is wasted? Helping end food waste and hunger is just a click or a text away. Join Pittsburgh's only food rescue organization to make a difference during Hunger Action Month. Coming together to rock for a cause will be Joe Grushecky + The Houserockers, Derek Woods Band, Bill Toms Band, the PSO, Driving While Black Records, Leigh Solomon Pugliano, Rock Reggae and Relief and many others. Between performances, viewers will hear from 412 Food Rescue volunteers and be treated to appearances by Wiz Khalifa, Baron Batch and others.
Friday, September 17: 18+ Night: Rock and Roll at Carnegie Science Center
6-10 p.m.
See why science rocks during this no-kids night out on the North Shore. At the relaunch of Carnegie Science Center's 18+ series, you play classic rock riffs on a guitar, rock out to live music by Barnacle Feet and check out the "Sounds Like Science" show to see how a Rubens Tube device visualizes sound waves in flames. Cap off the night with a Pink Floyd Laser Show in Buhl Planetarium. Buy tickets.
Artwork by John Miller courtesy of Pittsburgh Glass Center.
Friday, September 17: Art on Fire Meltdown Online Auction
If you weren't lucky enough to score tickets to Pittsburgh Glass Center's sold-out signature gala, don't worry — you can still get in on the bidding. It's a terrific opportunity to buy cool, handmade glass art (like a glass cheeseburger?!) at a great value while supporting the artists and the center. More than 100 breathtaking glass objects by internationally renowned artists are featured in the silent and live auctions. Anyone can participate online.
Friday, September 17: Chaka Khan at the Benedum Center
The Pittsburgh International Jazz Festival is back and the one and only Queen of Funk is here to get things going. Don't miss 10-time Grammy Award winner Chaka Khan when she performs tonight at the Benedum center as the Cultural Trust swings open its doors to resume in-person programming and ushers in the festival's impressive lineup, which continues this weekend at Highmark Stadium. Buy tickets.
Saturday, September 18: Pittsburgh International Jazz Festival at Highmark Stadium
11:45 a.m.-11 p.m.
Live jazz will flow again when the 11th annual festiveal takes the sounds outdoors to the South Side. Today's must-see lineup features Jazzmeia Horn, Christan Scott Atunde Adjuah, Christian McBride's New Jawn, The Baylor Project, Gregory Porter, The Kenny Garrett Quintet and Marcus Miller. There will also be a Jazz Time Musical for children and families. Buy tickets.
Photo of Jazzmeia Horn courtesy of the August Wilson African American Cultural Center.
Saturday, September 18: Garbage Olympics throughout Pittsburgh
9-11 a.m.
Move over gymnastics, beach volleyball and water polo — it's time to roll up your sleeves and compete in the Garbage Olympics. Join a neighborhood team and see who can remove the most litter, debris and garbage from our city's streets in just two hours. Team captains will report the results to the Clean Pittsburgh Commission for final scores and judging. Register here.
Saturday, September 18: Water Festival at Buffalo Creek Nature Park
Join the Audubon Society of Western Pennsylvania and the Buffalo Creek Watershed Coalition to explore the region's newest natural amenity. Spend the day participating in family-friendly, educational activities exploring Buffalo Creek in Sarver — such as fishing, nature crafts and games. Register for free.
Saturday, September 18: Halfway to St. Patrick's Day Parade
Nope, it's not sleeting, but it IS halfway to March 17. Since the country's second-largest St. Patrick's Day parade was canceled two years in a row due to the pandemic, it's making a much-anticipated return this weekend. Showcasing marching units, bands and floats, the 1.4-mile parade starts near the Amtrak Station and marches down Grant Street to the Boulevard of the Allies and down to Stanwix Street. In Market Square, attendees can enjoy performances from the Shovlin School of Irish Dance and live music from The Low Kings.
Saturday, September 18: Sound Series Block Party at the Andy Warhol Museum
Forget potlucks and cornhole on your street and instead head to a block party with the best view in town. Launching its return to in-person performances, The Warhol Museum's Sound Series Block Party will set up shop on Isabella Street along the North Shore. The varied musical lineup features Vieux Farka Touré, Pastor Deryck Tines & the Lemington Chorale, Cassandra Jenkins, Andy Shauf, Dean Wareham and Britta Phillips. The outdoor mini-fest will include food and beverage vendors along with T-shirt-, tote bag- and poster-making activities. Buy tickets.
Saturday, September 18: Symphony on the Plaza at Hazelwood Green
Enjoy a concert under the stars when the Pittsburgh Symphony Brass performs classical favorites and Hollywood blockbusters, including music from "The Green Hornet," "Superman" and "Star Wars." The opening performance is by the Center of Life Jazz Band. Attendees can buy food and beverages from the Sips Mobile Bar and Secretos PGH Puerto Rican food truck. Register for free.
Saturday, September 18: Krish Mohan at the Irma Freeman Center for Imagination
Pittsburgh-based nationally touring comedian Krish Mohan takes the mic to perform his first live show after a year of virtual shows. Mohan's new show, "The Citizen Revolution," uses humor to tackle progressive socio-political topics, including ruminating on his personal experiences after obtaining U.S. citizenship in 2019. Buy tickets.
Photo courtesy of Pittsburgh Coffee Week.
Sunday, September 19: Pittsburgh Coffee Week
9 a.m.-9 p.m.
Calling all coffee lovers to Beansburgh. Organized around the block party concept, the seven-day festivities will highlight outdoor events and numerous local partners and vendors — from KLVN, Commonplace and Tonic to Trace Brewing, De Fer Coffee & Tea, and many others. There's something for every coffee fanatic to taste, smell and discover with daily themed events such as a latte art contest, roasting class and a trivia night.
Sunday, September 19: Pittsburgh International Jazz Festival at Highmark Stadium
1:15-11 p.m.
Wrap up your weekend and help celebrate the culminating day of the Jazz Festival with a stellar lineup of jazz veterans along with stars on the rise. Sunday's edition will feature performances by Dianne Reeves, Jeff "Tain" Watts, Lakecia Benjamin, Branford Marsalis, Patrice Rushen, and the Eddie Palmieri Afro-Cuban Jazz Septet. Buy tickets.
Photo courtesy of Hello Neighbor.
Sunday, September 19: Home Sweet Home at the Grand Priory Hall
3-6 p.m.
Welcome Pittsburgh's newest neighbors at this celebration of culture, community and cuisine. Hosted by Hello Neighbor, the benefit will support refugee and immigrant families in Pittsburgh. Enjoy live music by Nigerian singer Jemiriye and interactive painting with Ebtehal Badawi, along with dance performances and kids' activities. Savor cultural treats from refugee and immigrant chefs and local restaurants and bakeries and bid on silent auction items. Buy tickets.
Pittsburgh International Jazz FestivalSeptember eventsSound Series Block PartyThings to do in PittsburghThings to do in Pittsburgh this weekThings to do in Pittsburgh this weekendThings to do in SeptemberWhat to do in in Pittsburgh this weekWhat to do in in Pittsburgh this weekend
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11 Unique Food Experiences In Australia, According To A Local
The Wesleyan Argus | Story and Soil Delivers Coffee and Group to RJ Julia Bookstore
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ABOUT ME: I am told I listen well. I do not try to solve problems or offer advice, but simply listen (unless asked). I always listen no matter what the subject is - I will give time and support. I believe that is just one way to show my partner that I love her. It's the little things you do for her that lets her know she's truly loved. Surprise her with something small – bring home take-out without being asked. A kiss when they least expect it. Flowers for no reason. Hold her hand in public, and in private. Little surprises like that can mean much more than words. Also, I am here to pamper and care for you. I will light a candle every once in a while, even when the power does not go out. When you wake up at 3 A.M. filled with worry, I will rub your back, hold your hand and say things will look better in the light of day. Then I will not fall asleep until you do. I will tell you I love you. While actions may speak louder than words, words hold their own special power. This and more is what I have to offer. - from there everything just gets better. I love to be romantic. You marry for love or at least you should. I believe one of the most important factor is being a good lover. But being an exceptional lover starts with communication, which does not necessarily have to be verbal, than mastering the exquisite pleasure of touch, discovering each other in the process. I have learned if I make my mate happy --My life will be happy - It does go both ways - I have also learned to adjust and conform - and be patient - many things come your way with the proper timing or approach. Lastly, I do not smoke and appreciate my partner to be a non-smoker, also I do drink but probably less than 10 drinks per year, but sometimes a cold beer or gin and tonic can hit the spot.
You're washing the dishes. The water is warm and soapy. Your hands are wrinkly your hair is falling into your eyes. You feel a warm hand brush against your lower back, and you turn to see a warm smiling face. He combs your hair out of your eyes and kisses your cheek. Or maybe you're working on your old truck. Nothing is going together like it should, and you don't really know what to do next. You're bending down looking for a wire when something blocks your light and then you feel her arms wrap around your waist. That is powerful. Love isn't big huge things. It's simple. The simple things mean more than any or all the big things combined. It's not the diamond bracelet she loves; it's you thinking about her that she loves. He doesn't love the wonderful meal you made, he loves the simple candles you lit.


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The week in pictures: November 11th – November 17th, 2014
The world last week was a place of excitement and disaster so lets look back at some of the big stories that hit the headlines
Quatar was cleared of allegations of wrong doing surrounding their being awarded the 2022 World Cup by FIFA the body that oversees international soccer. Despite a huge number of allegations the report supposedly gave the rich nation in which it's actually too hot to feasibly play football a clean bill of health although the report itself is not to be published in full and has already been criticized by one of the authors for being misrepresented. UEFA are already threatening to quit FIFA over the scandal.And a scandal is perhaps what the Rosetta project could become as the 1.4 billion Euro adventure into the depths of space managed to get 300 million miles from Earth, catch up with a speeding comet and then crash into it, bounce a few times and dive into one of the few places its solar panels couldn't recharge its batteries. Still hailed as a huge success by the scientific community it remains to be seen just how much real information will be gleaned from the results.
Of course real information is hard to come by these days and Vladimir Putin seemed a tad disingenuous when he cited a long journey home and a need for sleep as being the reasons behind his leaving the G20 Summit in Australia quite as early as he did. Of course many observers would point to the fact just about every other leader had lambasted him for his attitude and behavior over Ukraine, and that Russia was rapidly becoming isolated on the world stage.
In sports a very disappointed Roger Federer was forced to pull out of the ATP World Tour final versus long term rival Novak Djokovic due to a back injury. Apologizing in person at the O2 Arena in London he said sorry for not being match fit in what was a massive PR disaster for the ATP, and an unfortunately tainted default win for Djokovic who admitted this wasn't the way he wanted to win the trophy. Will Federer recover his fitness or have we seen the last of the six time ATP champion? Find out on our daily news pages but in the meantime lets have a look back at our headlines from last week.
1. One company's trash is another company's treasure. With Echo Group hunting VIP gamblers, the Townsville casino was becoming too insignificant in the whole picture, so the company sold it for $70 million to someone willing to fix it up and revive it.
Townsville's gem (Photo: Morgan Evan)
2. After remote gambling operators have taken a major financial blow because of the new license fees and taxes imposed in the UK, the Maltese Government is offering to help heal their bleeding wounds.
Parliamentary Secretary José Herrera comes to the rescue (Photo: Times of Malta)
3. A trained chef and poker player, Martin Jacobson has surely figured out the secret recipe for success, because he just won $10 million and his very first gold bracelet at the World Series of Poker.
If the game of poker were a dish…what would it be? (Photo: Martin Jacobson blog)
4. It took a long time, but Atlantic City is finally waking up and smelling the coffee. Losing five casinos and leaving thousands of workers unemployed has finally hurt enough to convince officials that it's time for a change.
Casino Campus (Photo: Spy Hollywood)
5. One of the largest Asian gambling groups, Genting, is resilient to the general decline on the gambling market.
Genting says VIPs will save the day (Photo: Genting Casino)
6. The state of Illinois allowed video gaming machines in bars and restaurants and so far the experience has been positive.
Casino joy: Illinois style (Photo: Chris LaPelusa/Sun Day Photo)
7. New information has been made available in connection to Paul Phua illegal betting ring, which might lead to case dismissal.
Paul Phua: case dismissed? (Photo: Youtube via The Review Journal )
Meanwhile Boko Haran we accused of being behind the suicide bombing that struck a Nigerian school assembly killing 46 and injuring 79 students, an event that made a mockery of government claims to have signed a ceasefire with the Islamic terrorist group, and elsewhere the Dutch have discovered a new outbreak of an even more contagious, and thus dangerous, strain of bird flu that can be transmitted to humans. Will we all end up tarred and feathered? You'll have to keep up to date with our daily news pages to find out.
Categories: gambling | gambling


The Sea Pines District serves the following communities: Ocean City and all Atlantic County with the exception of Buena.
Skills, techniques, information, program ideas—the know-how that makes for successful unit operation.
Please make every effort to have at least one representative from your unit attend this meeting! If you have any suggestions for the roundtable please contact Terry Bell.
The district committee meets the third Thursday of the month. The district committee is a group of volunteers that serves the local units within the district. The committee is broken into several sub committees which include advancement, training, activities, unit service, membership, camping, and fundraising. The district is always looking for help in any of these areas and has roles that can fit anyone's schedule and skill set. Contact Craig Barnabei if you are interested in helping out youth on the district level!
The commissioner is a friend of the unit. Of all their roles, this one is the most important. It springs from the attitude, "I care, I am here to help, what can I do for you?"
The commissioner is a representative. The commissioner helps represent the ideals, the principles, and the policies of the Scouting movement.
The commissioner is a unit "doctor." In their role as "doctor," they try to see that their units make good "health practices" a way of life. When problems arise they act quickly.
The commissioner is a teacher. As a commissioner, they will have a wonderful opportunity to participate in the growth of unit leaders by sharing knowledge with them.
The commissioner is a counselor. As a Scouting counselor, they will help units solve their own problems. Everyone needs counseling from time to time, even experienced leaders.
If you are interested in volunteering as a commissioner, please contact Kim Locke.


1. Who presided the lucknow session in 1916?
Ambika Charan Majumdar was the president of the Indian National Congress for the Lucknow session 1916.
2. Triton is the moon of which planet?
Triton is the moon of Neptune and it is the largest of Neptune's moons.
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle of 1748, sometimes called the Treaty of Aachen, ended the War of the Austrian Succession following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen, called Aix-la-Chapelle in French and then also in English, in the west of the Holy Roman Empire. The resulting treaty was signed on 18 October 1748 by Great Britain, France, and the Dutch Republic.
4. Public service commission comes under which article of Indian Constitution?
UPSC is a constitutional body under Article 315 to 323 of Indian Constitution.
Malaria is caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium. Human malaria is caused by four different species of Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. vivax.
Lipase is an enzyme that breaks down dietary fats into smaller molecules called fatty acids and glycerol.
10. Which curve shows the inverse relation between unemployment and inflation rates?
Who presided the lucknow session in 1916?
Triton is the moon of which planet?
Public service commission comes under which article of Indian Constitution?
Which curve shows the inverse relation between unemployment and inflation rates?


You will be able to serve breakfast, lunch and dinner as we work our way around your opening hours. Your carpets and floors can suffer from heavy foot flow, weather conditions and spillage. We bring them back in shape ready for the next service.
Important to know is that the eco-friendly solutions that we use are people, pet and food safe. For more background information please visit our pages about carpet cleaning and floor cleaning. Or contact us for an assessment for your specific needs and requirements.
UCC-Services breathes new life into you carpets. Our carpet cleaning contributes to a hygienic, healthy and welcoming environment to eat, work and live. It looks clean, smells fresh and your carpet feels like new!
UCC-Services has an innovative way of cleaning hard, natural, wooden and epoxy floors professionally that goes way beyond traditional cleaning techniques. We restore floors to a premium condition and in doing so help to extend the floors appearance and lifespan.


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Filters: Keyword is Gatlinburg [Clear All Filters]
Taylor, John C.. Students rolling the longest continual clay coil.. The University of Tennessee Libraries Digital Collections: From Pi Beta Phi to Arrowmont, 1997.
Taylor, John C.. Student at work in the new Wood Studio Complex's Carving Studio. Woodworking for Fun and Profit, John McNaughton Instructor.. The University of Tennessee Libraries Digital Collections: From Pi Beta Phi to Arrowmont, 1995.
Tennessee Ornithological Society. "The 1950 Christmas Season Bird Count." The Migrant 21, no. 4 (1950): 74-80.
Tennessee Valley Authority. Shop of the Woodcrafters and Carvers, Gatlinburg, Tennessee. Besides making fine furniture, these two craftsmen turn out interesting souvenirs, etc, 11/14/1933. National Archives at College Park: Lewis Hine Photographs for the Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933.
Tennessee Valley Authority. Ogle, Charles; Tourist Cabins, 1938. National Archives and Records Administration, Atlanta: Kodak Negative File, 1938.
Tennessee Valley Authority. Another view of Aunt Lizzie Reagan weaving old-fashioned jean at the Pi Beta Phi school, Gatlinburg, Tennessee. This aged mountain woman lives near the school and earns her living weaving, 11/14/1933. National Archives at College Park: Lewis Hine Photographs for the Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933.
Tennessee Valley Authority. Huff's Tourist Cabins, 1938. National Archives and Records Administration, Atlanta: Kodak Negative File, 1938.
Tennessee Valley Authority. Ogle, Charles; Retail Store, 1938. National Archives and Records Administration, Atlanta: Kodak Negative File, 1938.
Tennessee Valley Authority. Another view of Mrs. James Watson spinning wool yarn in her cabin near Gatlinburg, Tennessee, 11/14/1933. National Archives at College Park: Lewis Hine Photographs for the Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933.
Tennessee Valley Authority. Rawlings' Tourist House, 1938. National Archives and Records Administration, Atlanta: Kodak Negative File, 1938.
Tennessee Valley Authority. Shop of the Woodcrafters and Carvers, Gatlinburg, Tennessee. Dick Whaley, Manager, and Charley Huskey carry on this little rural shop and employ at times several of the local workers. This view of the shop shows them working on a drop-leaf table, 11/14. National Archives at College Park: Lewis Hine Photographs for the Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933.
Tennessee Valley Authority. Marie Clabo, a mountain girl, making cotton bags at the Pi Beta Phi School, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, 11/14/1933. National Archives at College Park: Lewis Hine Photographs for the Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933.
Tennessee Valley Authority. Tea Room, 1938. National Archives and Records Administration, Atlanta: Kodak Negative File, 1938.
Tennessee Valley Authority. A close-up of one of the men in the shop of the Woodcrafters and Carvers, Gatlinburg, Tennessee. National Archives at College Park: Lewis Hine Photographs for the Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933.
Tennessee Valley Authority. Post Office on Tennessee Highway 71, 1938. National Archives and Records Administration, Atlanta: Kodak Negative File, 1938.
Thieves, Rachelle. Rachelle Thiever 1987-88, Echoes and Rhythms of Trane. The University of Tennessee Libraries Digital Collections: From Pi Beta Phi to Arrowmont, 1987.
Thompson Brothers Commercial Photographers. Mt. Le Conte in Fall. The University of Tennessee Libraries Digital Collections: Thompson Brothers Digital Photograph Collection, 1920.
Thompson Brothers Commercial Photographers. Early Gatlinburg. The University of Tennessee Libraries Digital Collections: Thompson Brothers Digital Photograph Collection, 1920.
Thompson Brothers Commercial Photographers. Mt. Le Conte & Gatlinburg Village. The University of Tennessee Libraries Digital Collections: Thompson Brothers Digital Photograph Collection, 1920.
Thompson Brothers Commercial Photographers. Sunset near Gatlinburg. The University of Tennessee Libraries Digital Collections: Thompson Brothers Digital Photograph Collection, 1920.
Thompson Brothers Commercial Photographers. Gatlinburg. The University of Tennessee Libraries Digital Collections: Thompson Brothers Digital Photograph Collection, 1920.
Thompson Brothers Commercial Photographers. Roundtop - Le Conte - Balsam. The University of Tennessee Libraries Digital Collections: Thompson Brothers Digital Photograph Collection, 1920.


text:
THE SIKH HERITAGE
Illustrated History of The Sikh Shrines In Pakistan
Quick Look Book Inside
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About The Book And Author
Dr. Dalvir Singh Pannu was inspired to research and write Sikh Heritage: Beyond the Borders by his long-standing passion for unearthing the narratives of Sikh historical and religious places displaced during the India–Pakistan partition of 1947. Today, these monuments stand out as the symbols of peaceful and harmonious past lives of people sharing a heritage whose affinities go beyond physical borders and territories.
Dr. Pannu dedicates his book to Guru Nanak on his 550th birth anniversary, being celebrated around the globe in November 2019. The father of Sikhism, Guru Nanak was a great humanitarian, a brilliant scholar, and a devout missionary who spent his life discoursing on and pursuing the conception of one true God. He holds universal reverence for breaking the barriers of class, caste, and communities.
The Sikh Heritage dedicates one chapter each to the 84 sites that it documents, transporting readers to the past by narrating the detailed history of each marvel which the author and his team photographed throughout Pakistan. This book is the culmination of decade-long field work of finding and exploring the heritage sites, alongside analyzing multiple Janamsakhis (hagiography accounts). The author's process of doing extensive analysis and cross-referencing with other sources enables readers to comprehend Sikh history, by posing inquiries, applying critical thinking, and investigating hundreds of sources. He includes a multitude of primary sources and Gurmukhi inscriptions, translated into English, to increase heritage-lovers' understanding of these sites and to help preserve their beauty and histories through his writing.
Along with practicing full-time dentistry, the author has a fervor for the Sikh heritage in Pakistan. Believing that each one has a story to tell, he is gratified to have unearthed their stories for this book.
Dr. Dalvir Singh Pannu
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Mail: info@thesikheritage.com
© 2019 All rights reserved www.thesikhheritage.com


Here we go with part 7.
Gladys Lake. Gladys Lake first appeared on a map in 1953 and was probably named for the wife of Archie Mahan, a packer and former miner who ran the Red's Meadow operation for twenty-seven years starting in 1934. Mr. Mahan was also a politician, serving as Mono County Supervisor for twenty years. He must have done a good job; he ran unopposed during every election in which he was a candidate. From 1890 until 1905 Yosemite actually stretched this far south, and this lake was in the park.
Trinity Lakes. The Trinity Lakes are a group of small, shallow pools connected by a minor stream. They are easy to walk by if you are hurrying down the trail since they are not immediately visible. In the late summer and early fall they make a great break spot, so consider looking for them. In the spring they are hard to see through the swarms of mosquitoes. The origin of the name isn't known, but presumably refers to the fact that there are three larger pools.
Johnston Lake and Meadow. The Minaret Mine was established in 1878, six miles west of the Devils Postpile. It produced lead, copper, zinc, and silver off and on for several decades, until operations ceased in 1930. The mine was owned by C. C. Randall and was operated by Johnston family. The lake and meadow got its name from that family.
The Devils Postpile. The Postpile is one of the world's best examples of columnar basalt. There are several others like it in the United States, and you can find these rock formations in other countries around the world. Columnar basalt has even been discovered on Mars.
Perhaps the most famous is the Giant's Causeway in Ireland.
The Devils Postpile is near the town of Mammoth Lake at about 7,500 feet elevation. You can't get to the foot of it from the John Muir Trail, but a trail which branches off the JMT and then re-connects at Red's Meadow, passes by the base of the rock formation. My unscientific guess would be that 90% of JMT thru-hikers take the trail that goes by the Postpile.
In 1911, President William Howard Taft signed a proclamation naming it the "Devil Postpile National Monument." That seems to make the word "devil" an adjective, attributing to the rocks, themselves, a certain ferocity. (The German army, in World War I, for example, called U.S. Marines Devil Dogs.) While using "devil" as an adjective to describe some rocks is indisputably ridiculous, the string of words does have the advantage of actually meaning something.
By mid-century, maps and signs added the "s" that is the convention today, but without the apostrophe. That is what you will find in all the current National Park Service literature. If I were king for the day, I'd put the apostrophe back in; I kind of like the sinister connotation. Besides, those slender, towering columns do look a little creepy – it's like they know something about you, and they know that you know that they know.
One of my favorite hikes up near the Minarets a most lovely place to spend the night is Rosalie Lake! Quiet, serine, and full of stars on a moonless night. I encountered my first ( and last) mountain lion on that trail and some others had issues with a bear at the far end of the lake. I will always have fond memories of this lake and go back when ever possible.
This narrative continues to fascinate. Looking forward to it every week now. On the Postpile, though, I think the name actually derives from the ungodly crowds you have to deal with to get close to it. I could have sworn I saw it from the trail, and I'll take that view over the crowds in the future. http://cires1.colorado.edu/people/jones.craig/Llama/PostpileD4.jpg And if I am not mistaken, there is more columnar basal visible to the west of the Rainbow burn.


text:
Bośnię i Hercegowinę na Letnich Igrzyskach Olimpijskich 1992 reprezentowało 10 zawodników.

Wyniki zawodników

Judo

Mężczyźni

Kajakarstwo

Mężczyźni

Lekkoatletyka

Konkurencje biegowe

Kobiety

Konkurencje techniczne

Mężczyźni

Pływanie

Kobiety

Mężczyźni

Podnoszenie ciężarów

Mężczyźni

Strzelectwo

Mężczyźni

Przypisy

Państwa uczestniczące w Letnich Igrzyskach Olimpijskich 1992
1992


text:
Details for: A procedure to assess the suitability of plaster to protect vernacular earthen architecture
A procedure to assess the suitability of plaster to protect vernacular earthen architecture
Contributor(s): HAMARD, Erwan | MARCOM, Alain | MEURNIER, Nicolas | MOREL, Jean-Claude | SALGADO, FernandaMaterial type: ArticleDescription: 7 pISBN: 1296-2074Subject(s): Durability | Earth plasters | Earthen vernacular architecture | On-site coating testing In: Journal of Cultural Heritage 3 14 2, 109-115Abstract: As part of a working definition of a new code of practice, this paper develops a methodology to determine the suitability of plasters manufactured on-site to protect the earthen walls of vernacular architecture buildings. Given the diversity of raw earth construction types, ranging from massive earth to stone masonry with earth mortars, and the variability of the materials used, two on-site tests (a shrinkage test followed by a shear test) were proposed. Those tests, as well as additional tests, were performed with lime/sand, earth/sand and earth with plaster admixtures. Lime/sand plasters do not typically pose shrinkage issues, which is why more earth based specimens were tested than lime based specimens. An analysis of the on-site testing complemented with laboratory tests reveals an antagonistic control of the bond between earth plaster and earthen wall based on clay content: an increase in the plaster clay content leads to increased bending strength, which strengthens the plaster and increased shrinkage, which weakens the plaster-wall interface. The heterogeneity of the wall leads to a wide range of results; therefore, this study was conducted to validate the formulation of plasters by means of shrinkage and shear tests at five different points on the wall. The shrinkage test allows finding the earth plaster formulations. Among all the validated formulations, the mason chooses the best one thanks to two criteria: the best workability (which is variable according to masons) with the highest clay content as possible. Then, when the formulation is chosen, the shear test must be done to verify if the bond between the plaster and the wall is high enough. This series of tests allows masons to validate formulations that will ensure good mechanical resistance of the plasters that protect buildings of vernacular earthen architecture.
Article de revista Biblioteca de l' Escola Superior Conservació i Restauració de Bens Culturals de Catalunya
Journal of Cultural Heritage 3 (Browse shelf(Opens below)) Available Art-13
As part of a working definition of a new code of practice, this paper develops a methodology to determine the suitability of plasters manufactured on-site to protect the earthen walls of vernacular architecture buildings. Given the diversity of raw earth construction types, ranging from massive earth to stone masonry with earth mortars, and the variability of the materials used, two on-site tests (a shrinkage test followed by a shear test) were proposed. Those tests, as well as additional tests, were performed with lime/sand, earth/sand and earth with plaster admixtures. Lime/sand plasters do not typically pose shrinkage issues, which is why more earth based specimens were tested than lime based specimens. An analysis of the on-site testing complemented with laboratory tests reveals an antagonistic control of the bond between earth plaster and earthen wall based on clay content: an increase in the plaster clay content leads to increased bending strength, which strengthens the plaster and increased shrinkage, which weakens the plaster-wall interface. The heterogeneity of the wall leads to a wide range of results; therefore, this study was conducted to validate the formulation of plasters by means of shrinkage and shear tests at five different points on the wall. The shrinkage test allows finding the earth plaster formulations. Among all the validated formulations, the mason chooses the best one thanks to two criteria: the best workability (which is variable according to masons) with the highest clay content as possible. Then, when the formulation is chosen, the shear test must be done to verify if the bond between the plaster and the wall is high enough. This series of tests allows masons to validate formulations that will ensure good mechanical resistance of the plasters that protect buildings of vernacular earthen architecture.


Evans EQ4 Clear Bass Drum Head, 24"
Evans EQ4 24" Clear Bass Drum Head- BD24GB4.
The Evans EQ4 series drum heads feature a single ply of 10mil film along with a fixed internal overtone control which focuses the tonal response of the drum. This version comes fitted with a bass hoop in order to accommodate standard bass drum counter hoops.


text:
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T 0992/06 (Anti-microbial compositions/UNILEVER PLC.) of 19.6.2009
European Case Law Identifier:
ECLI:EP:BA:2009:T099206.20090619
Date of decision:
T 0992/06
IPC class:
A01N 37/44
Language of proceedings:
Download and more information:
Decision text in EN (PDF, 43.534K)
Documentation of the appeal procedure can be found in the Register
Bibliographic information is available in:
Title of application:
Anti-microbial compositions
Applicant name:
Unilever PLC, et al
Opponent name:
Board:
Headnote:
Relevant legal provisions:
European Patent Convention Art 123(2)
European Patent Convention 1973 Art 111(1)
European Patent Convention 1973 Art 100(a)
European Patent Convention R 115(2)
Main request and first-, second and third auxiliary - inventive step (no) - obvious solution.
Fourth auxiliary - inventive step (yes) - non obvious solution - remittal for adaptation of the description
Catchwords:
Cited decisions:
Citing decisions:
Summary of Facts and Submissions
I. The appellant (opponent) lodged an appeal against the decision of the opposition division to reject the opposition and thus maintain patent EP-B-1 248 520 as granted.
II. Claim 1 of the main request (granted version) read as follows:
"1. An anti-microbial composition comprising:
(i) a C1 to C4 monohydric alcohol carrier fluid,
present at a level greater than 50% by weight of the
total composition (excluding any volatile propellant
present);
(ii) an iron (III) chelator having an iron (III)
binding constant of 10**(26) or greater;
(iii) a solubility promoter selected from the group
consisting of:
(a) water;
(b) an organic amine;
(c) a polyhydric alcohol or derivative thereof;
(d) a volatile propellant having fluorine-carbon
or oxygen-carbon bonds;
(e) any combination of (a) to (d)."
III. The opposition sought revocation of the patent in suit in its entirety for lack of novelty or inventive step pursuant to Article 100(a) EPC. Novelty was not disputed during the opposition proceedings.
IV. In the opposition proceedings inter alia the following documents were cited:
(1) GB-A-1 420 946
(2) US-A-4 356 190
(3) WO-A-97 44 006
(4) "Antiperspirants and Deodorants", Harry's
Cosmeticology, seventh edition (1982), Chapter
ten, pages 131-133 and 141.
(7) "The evaluation of underarm deodorants" P.M.
Baxter and J.V Reed, International Journal of
Cosmetic Science, pages 85-95 (1983).
(8) Spray technology and Marketing, May 1999, pages
(10) "Chelating agents as preservatives potentiators"
J. Hart, Cosmetic and Drug Preservation Principles
and Practice (1984), pages 323 to 337.
(11) Gleams and Notions, H. M. Fishman,
happi/September, pages 18 and 118 (1992).
(13) "Antiperspirants and Deodorants", Second Edition,
Cosmetic Science and Technology Series/Volume 20,
edited by Karl Laden, page 266 (1999).
The opposition division came to the conclusion that document (7) was to be regarded as representing the closest prior art, since compared to the teaching of document (1), it related to the field of deodorancy and in particular to prolonged activity of antimicrobials in alcohol based deodorant compositions. From document (7), the problem underlying the patent in suit was to be seen in the provision of alternative alcohol based deodorant compositions with prolonged activity. The cited prior art did not contain any hint leading the person skilled in the art to replace triclosan, chlorhexidine or aluminiun chlorhydrate by the specific chelating agents mentioned in claim 1 for prolonging the antimicrobial effect of the active compounds in an environment wherein microbes are permanently present.
V. The appellant submitted in his statement of grounds of appeal the following arguments:
Document (1) should be considered as representing the closest prior art, because it related to antimicrobial compositions and aimed at improving the antimicrobial activity as in the patent in suit. The compositions described in document (1) were also used as deodorant compositions and example 8 described an ethanol based composition containing a propellant. The only difference between the claimed subject-matter in the patent in suit and document (1) lay in the use of another chelating agent.
Since table 4 of the patent in suit showed that EDTA exhibits the same anti-microbial effects as the chelating agents defined in Claim 1, the technical problem could only be seen in the provision of an alternative anti-microbial composition.
Document (10) classified DTPA having an iron (III) binding constant of 10**(28.6)on the same level as EDTA for its anti-microbial properties. Document (11) described the use of EDTA or DTPA as an antioxidant agent to prevent rancidity of fats and esters (producing bad odours) along with an anti-microbial agent. Document (3) disclosed the anti-microbial properties of various chelating agents. Furthermore, the anti-microbial effect of ethanol was well known in view of document (4). It derived therefrom that it would have been obvious for the person skilled in the art to replace in an anti-microbial composition as disclosed in document (1) EDTA by other chelating agents described in documents (2), (10) or (11).
VI. In response to the statement of grounds of appeal, the respondent, in addition to the main request (patent as granted), relied on the five auxiliary requests filed before the opposition division on 3 February 2006, the fourth auxiliary request being abandoned during oral proceedings before the board and replaced by an amended fourth auxiliary request.
Claim 1 of the first auxiliary request read as follows:
"1. An anti-microbial aerosol composition comprising:
total composition (excluding the volatile propellant
(e) any combination of (a) to (d).
(iv) a volatile propellant at from 30 to 99% by weight of the aerosol composition."
Claim 1 of the second auxiliary request read as follows:
or oxygen-carbon bonds selected from dimethylether, 1,1-difluroethane, 1-trifluoro-2-fluoroethane, carbon dioxide, or mixtures thereof;
Claim 1 of the third auxiliary request read as follows:
(b) an organic amine selected from isopropanolamine, 2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-propanol (DMAMP), N,N-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), diisopropanolamine, 2-aminobutan-1-ol, cyclohexylamine, and mixtures thereof;
Independent claims 1, 16, 17 and 18 of the amended fourth auxiliary request, submitted during oral proceedings before the board of appeal, read as follows:
(iii) a solubility promoter that is an organic amine selected from the group 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), diisopropanolamine, 2-aminobutan-1-ol, cyclohexylamine, and mixtures thereof and the group isopropanolamine, 2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-propanol (DMAMP) and N,N-dimethylaminoethanol; and
"16. A method of controlling microbial numbers, said method comprising the application to a substrate of an anti-microbial composition according to any of the preceding claims."
"17. A cosmetic method of inhibiting the generation of malodour comprising the topical application to the human body or to apparel worn in close proximity thereto of a composition according to any one of claims 2 to 15."
"18. A cosmetic method of delivering enhanced fragrance intensity comprising the topical application to the human body or to apparel worn in close proximity thereto of a composition according any one of claims 2 to 15 that also comprise a fragrance material."
VII. By fax of 20 May 2009, the appellant announced that it would not be represented at the oral proceedings scheduled on 19 June 2009 but maintained its requests, namely the setting aside of the decision of the opposition division and the revocation of the patent in suit. The proceedings were thus continued in the absence of the duly summoned appellant in accordance with Rule 115(2) EPC.
VIII. The respondent (patentee), although not considering document (1) as representing the closest prior art, argued that if EDTA and DTPA had good performances in a specific test, it could not be inferred that this was also valid for other tests (e.g. other formulations specified in claim 1). Moreover, chelators having an iron (III) binding constant of more than 10**(26) were mentioned in the application as filed.
IX. With the response to the statement of grounds of appeal, the following document was submitted:
(14) "Iron sequestration on skin: a new route to improved deodorancy", A.S. Landa and S.A. Makin, International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2003, 25, 127-135.
This document of the inventors showed the long-lasting deodorant properties of compositions containing DPTA compared to EDTA. The technical problem to be solved in view of document (1) could, therefore, be seen in the provision of an improved antimicrobial composition having a better deodorant efficacy.
If an improvement could not be acknowledged, the claimed invention was nevertheless not obvious in view of the cited prior art for the following reasons:
- Dichlorophen, mentioned in the composition of example 8 of document (1), is not to be regarded as a polyhydric alcohol or derivative thereof, in the meaning of the present invention.
- Document (1) does not suggest that the chelating agent has an anti-bacterial effect by itself. In this document, EDTA is only used to potentiate the effect of the anti-bacterial compound of formula I (see page 1, lines 28 to 31), whereas the claimed compositions do not require that, in addition to the chelating agent, an anti-bacterial compound be present.
- The person skilled in the art would not select specifically DTPA in document (10), because the antimicrobial property of this chelating agent is worse than that of EDTA.
X. The appellant requested that the decision under appeal be set aside and the patent be revoked.
XI. The respondent requested that the appeal be dismissed, or that the decision under appeal be set aside and the patent be maintained on the basis of one of the auxiliary requests 1 to 3 filed with the response to the statement of grounds of appeal, or on the basis of the amended fourth auxiliary request filed during the oral proceedings, or on the basis of the fifth auxiliary request filed with the response to the statement of grounds of appeal.
XII. At the end of the oral proceedings, the decision of the board was announced.
1. The appeal is admissible.
Main request
2. Inventive step
2.1 Closest prior art
2.1.1 The closest prior art for assessing inventive step is normally a prior art document disclosing subject-matter conceived for the same purpose or aimed at the same objective as the claimed invention and having the most relevant technical features in common with it, i.e. requiring the minimum of structural modifications.
2.1.2 Document (7) discloses antimicrobial compositions having also deodorant properties (see "Synopsis", last paragraph). These compositions contain an antimicrobial agent (e.g. Triclosan, Ciba Geigy) (see page 85, "Résumé") and ethanol. Keeping in mind that ethanol contains water, unless otherwise specifically mentioned, that it is anhydrous, water is also present. However, document (7) does not mention the presence of any chelating agent.
2.1.3 Document (1) discloses antibacterial compositions containing an antimicrobial agent such as Triclosan and a chelating agent such as EDTA with an enhanced activity of the said antimicrobial agent, in particular against Pseudomonas spp (see page 1, line 28 to page 2 line 27). This composition can also contain carriers such as deodorant creams or sticks (see page 2, lines 50 to 52) or perfumes (see page 4, line 44) and can also be under the form of an aerosol formulation (see example 8). Furthermore, example 8 of this document (see page 9) mentions, in addition to the presence of ethanol and thus water (see paragraph above), the presence of EDTA, which is a chelating agent, Dichlorophen or 4,4'-dichloro-2,2'-methylenediphenol, which is a polyhydric alcohol and a propellant.
In view thereof, document (1) is the closest prior art, since it differs from the claimed subject-matter only in that the chelating agent EDTA has a constant of 10**(25.1)whereas the chelating agents of the present invention have a constant of 10**(26) or greater. Document (7), which does not disclose any chelating agent at all, is thus less relevant than document (1).
2.2 Technical problem to be solved
2.2.1 Thus, for defining the objective technical problem to be solved in view of document (1), the technical results or effects successfully achieved by the claimed subject-matter need to be determined.
2.2.2 Figure 2 on page 132 of document (14) shows the link between the iron-stability constant of some transition-metal chelators and the inhibition of in vitro bacterial-growth-inhibitory activity. In view of this Figure 2, the respondent inferred that starting from the binding constant of 10**(26), the inhibition is high and that this could not be predicted from the teaching of document (1). Moreover, Figure 4 on the same page of the same document shows a longer deodorant efficacy when DTPA, having a binding constant greater than 10**(26), is used instead of EDTA as a chelator. The respondent concluded that the long-lasting effect of the claimed compositions was shown and was not derivable from the disclosure of document (1) and thus justifies the presence of an inventive step.
2.2.3 The board is not convinced by the respondent's argument for the following reasons:
- Figure 2 of document (14) shows nine plots on the graph and none of them is specifically attributed to a specific chelating agent. Moreover, the text below this graph mentions only four chelating agents, namely CDTA, EDDHA, EDTA and TTHA. Hence, a conclusion concerning a better bacterial-growth-inhibition of TTHA, CDTA or EDDHA compared to EDTA cannot be drawn, since the plots are not attributed to a specific chelating agent. This graph is therefore not conclusive.
- The results displayed in Figure 4 of document (14), although showing the effect of an ethanolic aerosol containing DTPA is greater compared to the same ethanolic aerosol containing EDTA, do not represent the closest approximation of the closest prior art, since in the patent in suit (see table 4 on page 11) DTPA has a binding constant of 10**(28.6)whereas TTHA, which also falls within the requirement set out for the binding constant in claim 1, has a binding constant of 10**(26.8). TTHA should have been used as the closest approximation of EDTA (see T 181/82, OJ EPO 1984, 401, point 5). Therefore, these data do not show convincingly the presence of an improved effect across all of the claimed compositions.
2.2.4 In the absence of any proven advantages provided by the claimed process vis-à-vis the compositions disclosed in document (1), the problem underlying the patent in suit can be seen in the provision of alternative aerosol compositions having anti-bacterial properties.
2.2.5 As a solution, the patent in suit proposes antimicrobial compositions as defined in the set of claims of the granted version.
2.2.6 In view of the examples set out in the patent in suit, the board finds it plausible that the problem has been solved.
2.3 Obviousness of the solution
2.3.1 It is thus necessary to investigate whether the person skilled in the art would consider the claimed solution obvious in the light of the cited prior art.
2.3.2 Example 8 on page 9 of document (1) discloses the following aerosol anti-bacterial composition:
2,4,4**(1)-trichloro-2**(1)-hydroxydiphenyl ether 0.08%
EDTA (di-sodium salt) 0.08% Dichlorophen 0.25%
Perfume 1.25%
Alcohol denaturant 0.01%
Diethylphthalate 1.39%
Propellant 10.00%
Ethanol to 100%
Propellant which may be used include trichloromonofluoromethane, dichlorofluoromethane and dichlorotetrafluoroethane.
The board considers in this respect that ethanol always contains water unless specifically mentioned, that it is anhydrous. Hence water (see feature (iii) (a) of claim 1) is also present in the composition of example 8 of document (1).
According to the description EDTA enhances the activity of the anti-microbial agent, here 2,4,4**(1)-trichloro-2**(1)-hydroxydiphenyl ether or Triclosan.
2.3.3 The only differences between one of the claimed alternative compositions, namely (iii) (a) (see point II above) and the one described in example 8 of document (1) lie in the nature of the chelating agent and its alleged function.
2.3.4 The first question to be examined is whether or not the person skilled in the art reading document (1) would understand that EDTA is only used as an enhancer without any anti-microbial activity per se.
Document (11) explains that EDTA can be used in cosmetic creams and lotions and that either alone, or as a booster in combination with other commonly used preservatives such as the parabens, imidazolidinyl urea and quaternary ammonium compounds, can function as an antimicrobial agent. It is most effective against gram negative organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli (see page 18, right-hand column). Furthermore, document (10), which mentions on page 324, third paragraph from the bottom, that EDTA can be used in toiletry and cosmetics formulations, also mentions that EDTA is a chelating agent active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (see page 331, Table 4).
In view of the above, the person skilled in the art would understand that EDTA in document (1), in particular example 8, acts also as an anti-microbial agent.
2.3.5 It remains to be examined which alternative composition the person skilled in the art, knowing that EDTA also acts as an anti-microbial agent in document (1), would have envisaged in order to solve the technical problem defined above (see point 2.2.4).
Document (10), Table 4 shows the anti-microbial activity against P. aeruginas in decreasing order for four chelating agents, namely CDTA >
EDTA > DTPA > HEEDTA.
Hence, the person skilled in the art seeking to solve the problem as mentioned in point 2.2.4 would have concluded that the replacement of EDTA with CDTA in Example 8 would have resulted in a further aerosol composition.
2.3.6 Hence, the person skilled in the art, seeking to solve the problem as mentioned in point 2.2.4 above, would replace the chelating agent (EDTA) of example 8 of document (1) by the other chelating agent (CDTA) mentioned in document (10) to arrive at one alternative of the claimed invention, namely (i)+(ii)+(iii) (a) (water), without any inventive skill.
2.3.7 The board observes in this respect that the discussion about Dichlorophen is of no relevance, since the conclusion of the board is based on the claimed alternative (i)+(ii)+(iii) (a) (water) and not on the alternative (i)+(ii)+(iii) (c) (polyhydric alcohol or derivative thereof).
2.4 In view thereof, the subject-matter of claim 1 does not involve an inventive step in the sense of Article 56 EPC and since the board can only decide on a request as a whole, the present request is to be rejected.
First auxiliary request
3.1 Claim 1 contains the feature "(iv) a volatile propellant at from 30 to 99% by weight of the aerosol composition." This amendment finds a basis in the application as originally filed (see page 18, lines 5 to 8). It represents a restriction of the scope of the granted patent.
3.2 There is no objection under Article 123(2),(3) EPC.
4.1 The subject-matter of the first auxiliary request differs from that of the main request in that it mentions the range of propellant present in the aerosol (see feature (iv)).
4.2 Document (1) remains the closest prior art, because example 8 of this document also mentions the presence of a propellant, but in an amount of 10% (see point 2.3.2 above).
4.3 Although the respondent argued that the claimed composition performs well with a high efficacy, this allegation has not been substantiated by any comparative data. Therefore, in the absence of any data, the problem underlying the patent in suit is identical to the one mentioned in point 2.2.4 above, that is to say, the provision of alternative aerosol compositions having anti-bacterial properties.
4.4 In view of the examples set out in the patent in suit, the board finds it plausible that the problem has been solved.
4.5 It is thus necessary to investigate whether the person skilled in the art would consider the claimed solution obvious in the light of the cited prior art.
In assessing inventive step of claim 1 of the main request, the board has decided that it would have been obvious for the person skilled in the art to replace in example 8 of document (1) EDTA by CDTA and to arrive thus, without inventive ingenuity, at one of the alternatives of the claimed invention, namely (i)+(ii)+(iii)(a) (water).
Documents (8) and (13) both relate to aerosol compositions containing an anti-bacterial compound. Document (8) discloses an aerosol personal deodorant containing from 24 to 60% of propellant (see Tables 1, 3 and 6). Document (13) also relates to an aerosol composition containing 40% of propellant. In view of these two documents, it appears that the amount of propellant can range up to over 60% without impairing the anti-bacterial properties of the aerosol compositions. Thus, one of the obvious alternatives offered to the person skilled in the art, starting from example 8 of document (1) and seeking to make another aerosol composition having anti-bacterial properties, would have been to replace EDTA with CDTA and to increase the amount of propellant as mentioned in document (8) and/or document (13), that is up to 60%. Such an alternative falls within the claimed invention, namely (i)+(ii)+(iii)(a)+(iv), and it results therefrom that the subject-matter of claim 1 does not involve an inventive step.
4.6 Since the board can only decide on a request as a whole, the first auxiliary request is rejected.
Second and third auxiliary requests
5. Claim 1 of both the second and the third auxiliary requests contains the same alternative as that of Claim 1 of the first auxiliary request, namely (i) + (ii) + (iii)(a) + (iv).
For this alternative, the board has come to the conclusion that it does not involve an inventive step (see point 4.5 above).
For the same reasons, claim 1 of both the second and the third auxiliary requests do not involve an inventive step.
5.1 These requests do not fulfil the requirements of Article 56 EPC.
Fourth auxiliary request
6.1 The solubility promoter under point (iii) in claim 1 has now been limited to organic amines. Such a limitation to one of the different possible options for a feature does not contravene Article 123(2) EPC, as long as it is directly and unambiguously derivable from the application as originally filed.
6.1.1 In originally filed claim 18, dependent from claim 1 as originally filed, five options were disclosed for the type of solubility promoter to be present in the claimed compositions (see (iii)). An organic amine was clearly mentioned. Therefore, the combination of the features (i) to (iv) now mentioned in claim 1 of the fourth auxiliary request is one of the five originally disclosed combinations. It is thus clearly and unambiguously derivable from the application as originally filed.
6.2 Furthermore, the organic amine (solubility promoter) has been limited to a list of specific amines. This list of specific amines is disclosed in the description as originally filed (see page 15, lines 1 to 7). Hence, this limitation does not amount to the introduction of a new teaching and is thus in agreement with the requirements of Article 123(2) EPC.
Moreover, these amendments amount to a limitation of the claimed scope and are thus allowable under Article 123(3) EPC.
7.1 Document (1) remains the closest prior art and its content differs from the subject-matter of claim 1 not only in the nature of the chelating agent used in the claimed compositions but also in the compulsory presence of specific amines or mixtures thereof.
7.2 As already explained in point 2.2.4 above, due to the absence of any relevant comparative experiments, the problem underlying the patent in suit can only be seen in the provision of alternative aerosol compositions having anti-bacterial effects.
7.3 In view of example 2 in Table 2 and examples 4 to 7 in Table 5, the board is satisfied that this problem was solved.
7.4 It must now be assessed whether the person skilled in the art would consider this solution as obvious in view of the prior art.
7.4.1 The board notes that the appellant did not submit any facts and/or arguments against this request. Nor can the board find in the cited prior art a hint leading the person skilled in the art to the claimed subject-matter. Indeed, no mention can be found in example 8 of document (1) or in the whole teaching of this document or in the other cited documents (see point IV above) of the presence of an organic amine in an aerosol composition. The person skilled in the art would not find either in any other documents cited an incentive to add an organic amine to the aerosol compositions described in document (1) to arrive at the claimed aerosol compositions which still retain the anti-bacterial properties.
7.5 Claim 1 thus meets the requirement of Article 56 EPC. The same conclusion applies to claims 2 to 15, which represent particular embodiments of the subject-matter of claim 1.
Each of the claims 16 to 18 (see point VI above) involving a composition according to claim 1 is based on the same inventive concept and derives its patentability on the same basis as does claim 1.
7.6 In conclusion, the amended fourth request before the board complies with the requirements of the EPC.
7.7 Since this request fulfils the requirements of the EPC, it is not necessary for the board to examine the remaining fifth auxiliary request.
8. Article 111(1) EPC - Remittal to the first instance Although the board has come to the conclusion that the amended fourth auxiliary request was to be allowed, it was noted that the description had still to be brought into conformity with the claims of the present request. Therefore, having regard to the fact that the function of the boards of appeal is primarily to give a judicial decision upon the correctness of the earlier decision taken by the first instance, the board exercises its discretion under Article 111(1) EPC to remit the case to the first instance in order for the description to be adapted to the allowable claimed subject-matter according to the amended fourth auxiliary request submitted before the board at the oral proceedings.
For these reasons it is decided that:
1. The decision under appeal is set aside.
2. The case is remitted to the department of first instance with the order to maintain the patent on the basis of the amended fourth auxiliary request (claims 1 to 18) filed during oral proceedings and after any necessary consequential amendment of the description.
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Jesse Lynch Williams; University of Pennsylvania. Mask and Wig Foundation.
Writing and playwrighting, by J.L. Williams.--Substance and art in the drama, by L. Mitchell.--The carving of the ivory, by Lord Dunsany.--A play is presented, by G. Emery.--The construction of a play, by R. Crothers.
by Jesse Lynch Williams [and others].
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text:
Home > Heroin Addiction > Are Heroin Addicts Dangerous?
Are Heroin Addicts Dangerous?
Medically Reviewed By Benjamin Caleb Williams, RN
Heroin itself isn't necessarily a drug that creates violence or dangerous situations, but addiction behavior, trafficking, withdrawal, and underlying mental disorders can all create dangers.
There can be something that feels extremely scary about the concept of heroin. In the 1960s and 70s, the idea of the "junkie" really came to fruition although the term had been around longer. The concept of a junkie was an image of someone surrounded by needles and high on heroin, often lying in the streets. During that time, while the idea of heroin came more into the national consciousness, it was still something that seemed primarily reserved for fringe elements of society, and not necessarily a mainstream drug.
In the 1980s most people still believed heroin was a drug that was found almost entirely among low-income people in inner cities, so even though people might have been aware of its effects than previous decades, there was still a sense that it didn't impact most of America.
Now, that's all changed. Heroin is a drug that impacts all locations and demographics. People from all walks of life are being affected by heroin addiction, and it's making more people rethink how they see heroin addiction. It also leads them to rethink the answer to questions like "are heroin addicts dangerous."
The following provides some brief information and an overview as to whether or not heroin addicts are dangerous.
How Do People on Heroin Act?
Heroin is an opioid. This makes it different from a drug like meth or cocaine because it's not a stimulant. Sometimes people on meth or cocaine tend to be more prone to violence and erratic outbursts because of the fact that these drugs are stimulants.
Heroin, on the other hand, binds to the brain's opioid receptors and it first elicits a feeling of euphoria or an intensely pleasurable high and then following that the person taking the drug will often sink into a state of deep relaxation or even sedation. Heroin is also a depressant, so it slows down many of the body's functions including the respiratory system.
Because heroin has a strong sedative effect on the body, it can severely impair a person's functioning. This effect can indirectly make someone dangerous if they decide to drive, for example.
For these reasons, heroin on its own isn't necessarily something that makes people dangerous, but there are indirect ways heroin addicts are dangerous.
Addiction Behavior
One of the ways heroin addicts are dangerous or can be is because of their desire to obtain more of the drug. Heroin is highly addictive, and it rewires the brain to focus almost entirely on obtaining the next dose of heroin.
When someone is addicted to heroin and experiencing intense cravings, the addict may start to do things they wouldn't ordinarily, including being violent or participating in dangerous activities. For example, a heroin addict might start stealing in order to obtain more heroin, or they could become abusive or destructive to someone if they felt that person was trying to prevent them from doing the drug.
Additionally, the use of heroin itself is dangerous. Heroin use increases a person's chances of contracting an infectious disease such as HIV or hepatitis C, which they could then pass on to other people.
In general, the risk of violence can be higher than normal with people who have an addiction, including heroin. People with addictions may have reduced impulse control and judgment as well, so they may lose their sense of reality, which can be dangerous for them and the people around them.
Basically, as people sink deeper and deeper into their addiction, they will do whatever they feel is necessary to support their need to use heroin.
Also, if someone has an underlying mental disorder and then uses heroin it can become more pronounced, which can also create a dangerous scenario.
Heroin Trafficking
Another way to look at the question of "are heroin addicts dangerous," is to think about the selling and trafficking of the drug that goes around. Trafficking and distribution of heroin are very much associated with dangerous situations and violent crime.
In this way, heroin addiction can impact entire neighborhoods and areas where trafficking is going on, and it can impact friends and family of people who sell the drug and also who are addicted to it.
Heroin Withdrawal
Also relevant to the conversation surrounding the question of whether or not heroin addicts are dangerous is what happens during withdrawal. When a person is experiencing heroin withdrawal symptoms, they may be aggressive, defensive or violent. They may have extreme mood swings or experience thoughts or actions that could lead them to become a danger to themselves or others. This is why having a medically supervised withdrawal from heroin is so essential.
So, are heroin addicts dangerous?
The answer is yes and no. Heroin in and of itself isn't necessarily a drug that creates violence or dangerous situations, but addiction behavior, trafficking, withdrawal and underlying mental disorders can all create dangers.
Editor – Camille Renzoni
Cami Renzoni is a creative writer and editor for The Recovery Village. As an advocate for behavioral health, Cami is certified in mental health first aid and encourages people who face substance use disorders to ask for the help they deserve. Read more
Medically Reviewed By – Benjamin Caleb Williams, RN
Benjamin Caleb Williams is a board-certified Emergency Nurse with several years of clinical experience, including supervisory roles within the ICU and ER settings. Read more
Heroin related topics:
Heroin Addiction Heroin Withdrawal & Detox Heroin Side Effects Heroin Overdose Am I Addicted to Heroin? Heroin Facts, Statistics and History How Long Does Heroin Stay in the System? Smoking Heroin: What Goes Into Smoking Heroin? Heroin High How Is Heroin Made?
How Do People on Heroin Act? Addiction Behavior Heroin Trafficking Heroin Withdrawal
Am I Addicted to Heroin?


Hewlett Packard Enterprise is announcing product obsolescence of HP Business Service Automation Essentials (BSAE) effective as of the date set forth below. The End of Committed Support, End of Extended Support and End of Self-Help Support with Rights to New Versions dates were announced previously on Software Support Online on April 01, 2013.
The End of Committed Support, End of Extended Support and End of Self-Help Support with Rights to New Versions dates were announced previously on Software Support Online on April 01, 2013.
BSAE includes a version of Business Objects from SAP. HPE's agreement with SAP to distribute this version of Business Objects has been terminated and so, we can no longer distribute the product media that contains this version of Business Objects beyond December 20, 2015. As of December 20, 2015, HPE will remove BSAE 9.2x and any prior version's media affected by this, from our download portals. If you need a copy of the BSAE 9.2x or prior version's media, please ensure that you download that prior to December 20, 2015.
HPE is committed to providing the highest level of customer care to you while you determine your future strategy for BSAE, and will provide support as indicated by the dates listed below.
This product obsolescence is covered by version 5 of the HPE Supported Version Policy; see Definitions of terms.


Hong Kong is located in the South China Sea 100 miles south east of Guangzhou (formerly known as Canton). As of the 1st July 1997 under the Sino-British Agreement of December 1984 Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) of the People's Republic of China. The Basic Law, which is the Constitution of the HKSAR, is intended to maintain the HKSAR and the PRC as separate governmental, legal and economic systems. This is known as the "One Country, Two Systems" concept. Hong Kong is governed by a Chief Executive and a Provisional Legislature. The Chief Executive is voted in by an electoral college and endorsed by the Preparatory Committee, the latter also approving candidates for the Provisional Legislature. One of the major tasks of the Provisional Legislature is the devising of the electoral system for future elections to the first Legislative Council.
The legal system of Hong Kong is English Common Law supplemented by locally enacted Ordinances. There is now a bilingual legal system with Ordinances being translated into Chinese but English will continue to prevail. There are an excellent range of professional services available as Hong Kong serves as the major business centre for the whole of the Far East. This is unlikely to change in the foreseeable future.
Standard share capital - 10,000 Hong Kong dollars. The minimum paid up capital - 1 share at par.
Bearer shares are not allowed.
Minimum number of directors - one (natural or legal person).
Registered office is required, which must be real "physical" address (not mailbox), must be situated in Hong Kong.
Income tax rate is 17.5% and applies only to income earned in Hong Kong. This means the following: while Hong Kong company does not conduct any business in Hong Kong, it is exempt from paying taxes.
However, this exemption is not granted to Hong Kong companies "automatically". Eligibility for tax exemption must be proved to the tax authority. This is the task of auditors, who represent the company before the tax authority when filing tax reports.
In Hong Kong there are no taxes on capital gains, dividends, interest, royalties received from abroad or going abroad. VAT is also absent.
Hong Kong signed a number of tax treaties for maritime and air transportation with the following countries: Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Burma, Brazil, Brunei, United Kingdom, China, Germany, Israel, India, Indonesia, Italy, Canada, Chile, China, Luxembourg, Mauritius , Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Pakistan, Russia, Singapore, Thailand, Turkey, Philippines, France, Switzerland, Sri Lanka, Estonia, South Korea, Japan.
Comprehensive agreements on avoidance of double taxation Hong Kong has signed with three countries: Belgium, China, and Thailand. At present, negotiations are underway with India.
All Hong Kong companies (regardless of whether they carry on business in Hong Kong or no) must pay the registration fee (business registration fee), size of which is currently set in the amount of HK $ 2.600. This fee must be paid within one month from the date of establishment of the company, and later - every year.
The annual general meeting of shareholders in Hong Kong is not required.
Companies must file annual reports that provided detailed information about the directors and shareholders of the company.
Each year, companies must submit an annual report (Annual Return). All Hong Kong companies must keep accounting records, which should be kept at the registered office of the company or elsewhere in accordance with the decision of the directors.
Each company must appoint an auditor who must be a member of the Hong Kong Association of Accountants and have relevant certificates. In Hong Kong there is no requirement for accounting reports to the Register of Companies.
Register of directors and shareholders is open but anonymity can be achieved through the use of nominee shareholders and directors.
We have specially registered some companies for your convenience if you require the company immediately or if you require company with older incorporation date. You can sign the bank account opening forms as soon as you have purchased the shelf company which lets you to receive the account number and IBAN number straight away.


Mogok is well known as the Ruby Land. It is located to the north east of Mandalay. There is about 129 miles( 208 km) away from Mandalay. Mogok is lies in a beautiful mountain valley. Mogok is rich of mines. The mountain ranges of Mogok are a part of the great Shan plateau but the town itself is in Mandalay Region. The residents are mostly Lisus ,Palaung , Shans and Bama who make their living by mining and cutting , polishing and marketing gemstones.
Day-1. Arrival to Yangon International airport. Transfer to respective hotel. Overnight in Yangon.
Day-2. Morning transfer to Yangon domestic airport by private car. Then fly to Mandalay by flight . Then taking the car to Mogok about 4 hours driving. Check in to respective hotel. Overnight in Mogoke.
Day-3. Morning Mogok City tour , visit to Aung Chan Thar Market, Htarpwe ( the place where selling the stones ), Paungdaw Oo pagoda, Padamyar pagoda, Lunch and dinner at local restaurant. Afternoon visit to gold smith and gem souvenir shops. Sunset at Chan Thar Gyi pagoda. Evening back to Hotel. Overnight in Mogok.
Day-4. Morning visit to some miles and Kyauk Pyat That village and pagoda, then visit to Daw Nan Kyi Mountain where is pagoda at Kyat Pyin Village, west of Mogok. Lunch and dinner at local restaurant. Evening back to Hotel. Overnight in Mogok.
Day-5. Morning visit to View point of Mogok and some miles . Then visit to Kachin Taung Water fall, Lunch and dinner at local restaurant. Afternoon back to Hotel. Overnight in Mogok.
Day-6. Morning about 08:00 am, drive back from Mogok to Mandalay via Pyi Oo Lwin. On the way visit to Pyi Oo Lwin. Evening back to Mandalay. Overnight in Mandalay.
Day-7. Morning Mandalay city tour, visit to U-Bein teak bridge on the Taungthaman Lake in Amarapura, Mahaganayone Monastery where to see the life style of Buddhist monk, Mahamuni Buddha Image, stone carving and sculpture sites, Lunch and dinner at local restaurant. Then visit to Golden Palace, Golden palace Monastery, Kuthodaw pagoda ( the world's largest book for 729 marble stone slabs inscribed with Buddhist scripture), sunset at Mandalay Hill. Evening back to Hotel. Overnight in Mandalay.
Day-8. Morning transfer to Mandalay airport by private car. Then fly back to Yangon. Transfer to Yangon International airport. Check in to departure lounge.


Despite its prominence in the U.S. Constitution's Bill of Rights, "the gift of religious freedom" runs "the risk of being taken for granted," the head of the U.S. bishops' religious liberty committee told members of Arizona's legal profession and state legislators.
PHOENIX, Arizona — Despite its prominence in the U.S. Constitution's Bill of Rights, "the gift of religious freedom" runs "the risk of being taken for granted," the head of the U.S. bishops' religious liberty committee told members of Arizona's legal profession and state legislators.
Kurtz, who chairs the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops' Committee for Religious Liberty, said preserving and upholding religious freedom is intertwined with the Catholic faith and the church's stand on the issue. He noted that America's experience contributed heavily to the 1965 deliberations of the Second Vatican Council during which Dignitatis Humanae, the Declaration on Religious Freedom.
"This Red Mass is meant to stir into flame your calling as real as Andrew's and Simon Peter's," Kurtz said in a reference to the Gospel passage in which St. Mark recounts Jesus' calling of his first apostles.