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Part of HuffPost Business. ©2020 Verizon Media. All rights reserved.
Tanya D. Marsh, Contributor
Professor of Law, Wake Forest University
Community Banks Are Failing; Pawnshops Are Growing
08/25/2013 02:08 pm ET Updated Oct 25, 2013
Nearly five years after the failure of Lehman Brothers and three years after the passage of Dodd-Frank, the most comprehensive financial services regulatory reform since the Great Depression, a few things are clear.
First, the mega banks are just fine. In the second quarter of 2013, Bank of America saw a 63% increase in net income, Citigroup posted a 42% increase, JPMorgan Chase recorded a 32% increase, and Wells Fargo "only" logged a 19% increase. Headlines boast of the "record profits" enjoyed by the mega banks.
Second, community banks are definitely not fine. Even before the Financial Crisis, smaller banks saddled with a growing regulatory burden found it difficult to compete with more efficient mega banks. The result was a greater consolidation of assets in the hands of a few companies. The number of banks with assets of less than $100 million decreased by more than 80% from 1985 to 2010 while the number of banks with assets greater than $10 billion nearly tripled over the same period. A mere 7.6% of banks currently hold about 86% of all banking assets in the United States. The regulatory burden imposed by Dodd-Frank, the well-intentioned but flawed response to the Financial Crisis, has exacerbated the problem. Brokers who arrange bank mergers are already experiencing a significant uptick in business.
Third, consumers are the big losers. Financial activities that are fundamental to the average American are only worth the time of a mega bank if they involve a completely standardized product and a completely standardized borrower. You either fit in the box or you don't. As a result, millions of Americans are left out of that box altogether. Community banks traditionally serve non-standard customers who lack the deep credit history or documentation necessary for the model-based transactional lending used by large financial institutions. Self-employed workers, seasonal workers, farmers, and people transitioning to work are generally unattractive to the mega banks but have been served by community banks. When community banks fail and merge, what is the result?
According to the FDIC, one in four American households are either "unbanked" or "underbanked." They tend to rely on services like payday loan operations and, increasingly, by pawnshops. These non-traditional lenders impose far higher interest rates and fees than banks -- interest rates range from 2.5% to 25% per month -- that's 30% to 300% per year! In addition, these lenders are not currently subject to the same consumer protection regulations as traditional financial institutions.
A new report by the New York Times reveals that the pawnshop industry grew from approximately 6,400 locations in 2007 to 10,000 in early 2012. Pawnshops are clearly filling a void left by receding community banks. Robbie Whitten, chief executive of Money Mizer Pawn and Jewelry of Columbus, Georgia told the New York Times: "The way the banks have tightened up so much on making small loans and making equity loans, we've kind of evolved into, I like to call it the poor man's bank." Cash America International, a publicly traded pawnshop company, explains that its growth was due to "traditional consumer lenders ... exiting the market." Jerry Whitehead of Pawnshop Consulting Group notes that pawnshops are focused on consumers who are "getting forgotten in the banking system."
So, five years after the failure of Lehman Brothers, the mega banks have rebounded, community banks that serve vulnerable niches of American consumers, and which played no role in causing the Financial Crisis, are failing, and non-traditional lenders are expanding. This is clearly not the outcome that the authors of Dodd-Frank intended. We need to fundamentally rethink our approach to financial services regulation and reverse the tide of community bank failures and mergers, a completely unintended consequence of Dodd-Frank. If we can't (or don't), then traditional credit and banking services will be eliminated or become more expensive for small businesses, those living in rural communities, and millions of American consumers and businesses that are challenging or less profitable for large banks to serve.
Business JPMorgan Chase The Recession Dodd Frank Wall Street Banks


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Home > News > 2018 > User-oriented technology critical for border security: V K Singh
User-oriented technology critical for border security: V K Singh
SME Times |
Minister of State for External Affairs, V. K. Singh on Monday said the need for user-oriented technological solutions is crucial for securing the country's borders.
Close interface of the manufacturers of border surveillance systems with the users was critical to enable border security forces to identify, delay and disrupt infiltration, Singh said, while inaugurating the 'Smart Border Management 2018' conference organised by FICCI in collaboration with India Foundation.
Singh said in view of the uniqueness of borders in terms of the variety of terrain and climatic differences, it was imperative to have in place systems that required minimal maintenance and were easy to handle.
In addition, technology should have reliable and robust alarm systems to reduce the response time for counter-measures, he emphasised.
In this context, he suggested that user core groups need to be constituted to interact with manufacturers of border management technological systems to build customised solutions.
It is noteworthy that the Smart Border Management conference coincided with the launch of two pilot projects in Jammu by Union Home Minister, Mr. Rajnath Singh, under the Comprehensive Integrated Border Management Solution (CIBMS).
Gautam Nanda, Associate Partner, BDO India, said that big data technology and services provided the decision-makers with powerful information. The market for such technology and services was estimated to grow at a CAGR of 22% from 2015 to 2020 and reach $58.9 billion in 2020.
Rahul Chaudhry, Chair, FICCI Homeland Security Committee, stressed the need for looking at technology of today and the future needs in order to meet the country's requirements. Border management, he said, was multi-dimensional and highlighted the critical role of big data and predictive analytics in tackling border infiltration.
Major General Dhruv C. Katoch, Director, India Foundation, underscored the importance of taking on board the concerns of those living in and around the borders and suggested that sarpanches of border villages should be co-opted as members of border management groups.
Source: http://www.smetimes.in/smetimes/news/top-stories/2018/Sep/17/technologyin-border-security40459.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Lillian de Lissa, Women Teachers and Teacher Education in the Twentieth Century
A Transnational History
by Kay Whitehead (Author)
Monographs 278 Pages
eBook for US$ 66.10
Download immediately. Incl. VAT
Format: PDF, ePUB and MOBI – for all devices
Beginning with Lillian de Lissa's career as foundation principal of the Adelaide Kindergarten Training College in Australia (1907–1917) and Gipsy Hill Training College in London (1917–1947), and incorporating the lives and work of her Australian and British graduates, this book illuminates the transnational circulation of knowledge about teacher education and early childhood education in the twentieth century. Acutely aware of anxieties regarding the role of modern women and the social positioning of teachers, students who attended college under de Lissa's leadership experienced a progressive institutional culture and comprehensive preparation for work as kindergarten, nursery and infant teachers.
Drawing on a broad range of archival material, this study explores graduates' professional and domestic lives, leisure activities and civic participation, from their initial work as novice teachers through diverse life paths to their senior years. Due to the interwar marriage bar, many women teachers married, resigned from paid work and became mothers. The book explores their experiences, along with those of lifelong teachers whose work spread across a range of educational fields and different parts of the world. Although most graduates spent their lives in Australia or England, de Lissa's personal and professional networks traversed the British dominions and colonies, Europe and the USA, fostering fascinating global connections between people, places and educational ideas.
This eBook can be cited
Chapter 1: A Transnational History of Women and Education in the Twentieth Century
Chapter 2: 'Miss de Lissa Has Chosen a Life Work' in Teacher Education
Chapter 3: 'Teachers Are Not Merely Leaders of Children, but Makers of Society'
Chapter 4: Gipsy Hill Training College 'Has Made Its Name in the Educational World'
Chapter 5: 'Our Community Is Self-Governing'
Chapter 6: Modern Women Teachers in the Interwar Years
Chapter 7: A Long World War Two on the Home Front
Chapter 8: 'Interesting Work […] in the Uttermost Parts of the Earth'
Chapter 9: Constructing a 'World Pioneer in Education'
Chapter 10: Making Women Teachers, Making History
← vi | vii →Acknowledgements
Family, friends and colleagues near and far have followed the research and development of this book. Mum, my sister Judy, Keren Wicks and Catherine George have patiently kept watch over my progress. Thank you to colleagues at Flinders University for their interest and support for my academic work; particular thanks to Susan Krieg for our many discussions about continuities and changes in early childhood education.
I acknowledge the transnational community of historians of education for their collegiality, stimulating conferences and inquiries into my jetlag after yet another flight from Australia. I have benefited greatly from a close association with the Australian and New Zealand History of Education Society, the International Standing Conference for History of Education and the British History of Education Society. Although I can't name everyone, Ruth Watts and Joyce Goodman have been unstinting in their support for my research and I honour their longstanding contributions to feminist histories of education.
Many people have contributed directly to the book. I acknowledge the support of librarians and archivists in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, especially in the Kingston University Archives and Special Collections. Lynne Trethewey's meticulous archival research into the Adelaide Kindergarten Training College graduates has underpinned several chapters. Kevin Brehony, Susan Feez, Marja Van Breda, Maartje Hazenoot, Amy Hamilton, Chris Evans Appleyard, Kerry Bethel and Sue Middleton have helped me resolve specific knotty issues. I owe an enormous debt (and many desserts) to Craig Campbell and Lyn Wilkinson who read the manuscript carefully and gave invaluable constructive criticism. Annmarie Reid has assisted with the preparation of the manuscript and obtaining permissions from various institutions. For permission to reproduce images I am indebted to the State Library of Western Australia and the Kingston University Archives and Special Collections. Several chapters of the book are informed by previously published papers. I am grateful for permission to reprint the following material.
← vii | viii →K. Whitehead, 'Contextualizing and Contesting National Identities: Lillian de Lissa, 1885–1967', Vitae Scholasticae 28/1 (2009), 41–60.
K. Whitehead, 'A "Break with Tradition" in Interwar Teacher Education', Gender and Education 22/3 (2010), 279–294. Publisher name: Taylor & Francis Ltd.
K. Whitehead, 'A Decided Disadvantage for Kindergarten Students to Mix with the State Teachers', Paedagogica Historica 46/1–2 (2010), 85–97. Publisher name: Taylor & Francis Ltd.
K. Whitehead, 'Contesting the 1944 McNair Report: Lillian de Lissa's Working Life as a Teacher Educator', History of Education 39/4 (2010), 507–524. Publisher name: Taylor & Francis Ltd.
K. Whitehead, 'Gipsy Hill Training College Graduates: Once, Always and Everywhere a Modern Woman Teacher in the Interwar Years', History of Education 44/5 (2012), 617–636. Publisher name: Taylor & Francis Ltd.
K. Whitehead, 'Transnational Connections in Early Twentieth Century Women Teachers' Work', Paedagogica Historica XLVII/3 (2012), 381–390. Publisher name: Taylor & Francis Ltd.
K. Whitehead, 'Kindergarten Teachers as Leaders of Children, Makers of Society', History of Education Review 43/1 (2014), 2–18.
← viii | ix →List of Illustrations
← x | xi →List of Abbreviations
← xii | 1 →CHAPTER 1
A Transnational History of Women and Education in the Twentieth Century
When the foundation principal of Gipsy Hill Training College (GHTC), Lillian de Lissa, retired in January 1947, her British colleagues presented her with a testimonial which read in part
We recognise with pride her magnificent work of helping to create in this country a demand for nursery schools, and of founding a College for teachers of young children. We remember that Gipsy Hill Training College was a pioneer college and suffered periods of great stress […]. We also remember Miss de Lissa's contribution to international understanding, especially in the field of education.1
GHTC graduates concurred. Had her former associates and Adelaide Kindergarten Training College (KTC) graduates in Australia been consulted, they would have commented similarly about her contributions to Australian early childhood education and teacher education between 1906 and 1917, and added proudly that the foundations of de Lissa's life work were laid far from the imperial centre.
Beginning in the late nineteenth and extending through the mid-twentieth century, this book is structured around the chronology of de Lissa's life. De Lissa's career and personal and professional networks connected people and ideas about teacher education and early childhood education within and beyond the British Empire. While she was a highly significant figure in both fields of education, I resist locating her as an 'exemplary heroine'. Following Joan Scott, I position women such as de Lissa
as sites – historical locations or markers – where crucial political and cultural contexts are enacted and can be examined in some detail. To figure a person – in this ← 1 | 2 →case, a woman – as a place or location is not to deny her humanity; it is rather to recognise the many factors that constitute her agency, the complex and multiple ways in which she is constructed as a historical actor.2
By exploring de Lissa's life and work, intertwined with graduates of the Adelaide Kindergarten Training College (1907–1917) in Australia, and Gipsy Hill Training College (1917–1947) in Great Britain, this book illuminates the transnational dimensions of early childhood education and teacher education. Mostly young, white, middle class women, graduates from both colleges taught in a variety of contexts and integrated their teaching skills into their domestic work, civic participation and leisure. The book situates de Lissa and her graduates firmly within contemporary society for as well as having professional lives they were 'were also "ordinary" women, living their lives in the context of the same social norms of femininity as other women in the first decades of the twentieth century'.3 Their personal and professional networks, connected with those of de Lissa, spanned the British dominions, Europe and the USA. The histories of these modern women educators are part of a larger story of the multi-directional flow of people and ideas within and beyond national and imperial borders. Tracing the contours of de Lissa and modern women teachers' lives and work reveals a world that is simultaneously connected and deeply divided by gender, class, race and nation. In so doing, the book contributes to a transnational history of women and education in the twentieth century.
This chapter commences with a review of the current historiography of women teachers' lives and work, including their leadership in Australian and British teacher education and early childhood education in the first half of the twentieth century. The second section proposes that a transnational rather than a national or imperial framework is necessary to encapsulate de Lissa and the graduates' lives and work, address the fluidity of their identities with respect to class, gender, race and nation, and understand the circulation of knowledge about teacher education and early childhood education beyond national borders. The final section addresses the archival collections that inform the historical narrative and provides a chapter outline.
← 2 | 3 →Women educators in profile
From its beginnings, feminist scholarship on the history of women educators has encountered 'a central theoretical problem in understanding the past: How to evoke the oppressive structures that maintained a patriarchal order while at the same time affirming that women were not the passive victims of that oppression'.4 Constructed to serve the needs of mass compulsory schooling, nineteenth century school systems were such that men managed and single women taught.5 From the early twentieth century, formal and informal marriage bars generated a three-caste system of women teachers.6 Most taught briefly prior to marriage; married women were a 'reserve army' of temporary labour, and never-married teachers made teaching their life work.7 Whatever their marital status and tenure, women educators' professional identities were associated with the sector in which they taught – tertiary, secondary, elementary and infant, the latter overlapping with pre-school teachers whose nomenclature varied in different countries.8 Australian kindergarten teachers and British nursery school teachers focused on pre-school children. Thus the field of early childhood education included infant, kindergarten and nursery school teachers. The focus of Lillian de Lissa's work as a teacher educator was Australian kindergarten teachers and British nursery school and infant teachers. Vignettes of several Adelaide KTC graduates have been included in celebratory histories of Australian women in early childhood education but GHTC graduates have not been studied to date.9 Furthermore, studies of women educators in all sectors tend to focus on their professional lives rather than their engagement with contemporary society. Most of the early KTC and GHTC graduates taught briefly, married and resigned from paid work in the interwar years. Following World War Two and the removal of the marriage bar, increasing numbers of married women teachers adopted 'portfolio careers', moving in and out of paid work according to employment opportunities and family circumstances.10 Graduates also dealt with enormous transformations in social and political life as well as both World Wars. The burgeoning literature on modern women that might ← 3 | 4 →be applied to KTC and GHTC graduates supports a nuanced account of twentieth century women teachers' lives and work.11
The majority of educators in this book were middle class white women, either British or Australian in terms of their national identities. They came from families who could afford both secondary and post-secondary education, but there were some differences between sectors. Elementary teachers were likely to be drawn from upper working and lower middle class families whereas secondary and pre-school teachers were more solidly middle class.12 While feminist historians have addressed social categories of class, gender, and age to some extent, much less attention has been paid to women teachers' racialised and national identities. Kate Darian-Smith, Patricia Grimshaw and Stuart Macintyre argue that 'whiteness in the metropolis was, for good reason, generally unconsciously inhabited, unspoken, muted, often only ever articulated in moments of anxiety and felt danger. In the normal run of things, though present, it remained invisible'.13 The same might be said of other social categories, so that women teachers mobilised social class in discussions of their work with 'slum children', for example. When middle class white teachers travelled abroad, they also highlighted a range of social divisions in their discussions of the nations and people among whom they lived and worked.14 Thus people's identities are not unified but responsive to their context. Denise Riley explains that 'most commonly you will skate across the several identities which will take your weight, relying on the most useful for your purposes of the moment'.15 This book attends then to the fluidity of women educators' identities across their lives and work, at home and abroad, in relation to race and nation, as well as gender, class and age.
Women educators' work as leaders as well as teachers is integral to discussions of de Lissa and the Australian and British graduates. Women educators' leadership in teacher unions and the suffrage and civil rights movements as well as educational reform is already well-documented.16 In state school systems women were restricted to 'administering the feminine', namely girls and early childhood education, and the preparation of women teachers.17 Even so, they were an anomaly, complicating 'the general ← 4 | 5 →connection of authority with masculinity', infant departments in elementary schools being a case in point.18 A study of GHTC graduates will reveal their first-hand experiences of these tensions in British schools. Likewise, a focus on de Lissa's forty-year leadership in teacher education has the potential to expose similarities and differences between the Australian and British contexts. British legislation required women principals for women's training colleges from 1909 but there is a paucity of research into women teacher educators.19 Furthermore, the main texts position women's training colleges as isolated and intellectually impoverished compared with the thoroughly masculinised training departments in universities.20 De Lissa's leadership needs to be considered in the context of teacher education as a site of tensions between universities and training colleges and men and women educators.
In contrast with teacher education, women's leadership in the pre-school sector of early childhood education has been illuminated in many studies and de Lissa already occupies a significant niche in the history of Australian education. Helen Jones portrays her as 'an acceptable crusader' in early childhood education and Bob Petersen names her as 'the greatest of all Australian kindergarteners'.21 Thus far her work as a teacher educator and in British early childhood education has mostly eluded historians' attention.22 The main foci of British research into women's leadership in early childhood education have been Margaret McMillan as the founder of nursery schools, and the women who were committed to Froebelian principles.23 There are significant silences regarding de Lissa's life and work both in Australia and the British context where she not only led the first college specifically dedicated to the preparation of nursery and infant school teachers, but was also an activist in the nursery school movement. Additionally, her personal and professional networks, along with those of the Australian and British women graduates whose lives intersected with hers, linked many places, thereby contributing to her reputation for fostering international understanding across national and imperial borders. A traditional framework of national history or of imperial history seems inadequate to the task of encapsulating the lives and work of de Lissa and her peers.
← 5 | 6 →Towards a transnational history of modern women educators
In 1955 de Lissa asserted that her progressive ideals had been shaped in Australia and spread to other countries via students from 'China, Turkey, India, Denmark, Estonia and Canada' who studied at GHTC, as well as 'Gipsy Hill trained teachers in many parts of the world, all of them taking something of Australia with them'.24 Although she did not have access to the conceptual framework used by subsequent historians, she was discussing the transnational circulation of people and ideas within and beyond the British Empire in the first half of the twentieth century. Ann Curthoys and Marilyn Lake define transnational history as
The study of ways in which past lives and events have been shaped by processes and relationships that have transcended the borders of nation states. Transnational history seeks to understand ideas, things, people and practices which have crossed national boundaries.25
Patricia Calvin adds that transnationalism includes non-state actors and 'interactions across state boundaries that were not directly controlled by the central policy organs of government'.26
Transnational history has burgeoned since the 1990s and its growth is evident in conference themes and special editions of journals.27 It exists in complex relation to national approaches to historical research that developed after World War Two. During that era, former colonies such as Australia, Canada and New Zealand developed singular histories, separate from each other and from British history. Likewise, British and USA historiographies tended towards their exceptionalism rather than their connections with other nations.28 However, 'one of the strongest trends in Australian historical writing over the last two decades has been a drive to emphasise the nation's connectedness with the rest of the world'.29 Transnational history does this without abandoning nation as a frame of reference. Instead, it 'treats the nation as one among a range of social phenomena to be studied, rather than the frame of the study itself'.30 Attending to the specificity of national context continues to be important, along with recognising that the nation has permeable boundaries.
ISBN (ePUB)
ISBN (MOBI)
2016 (July)
Teacher education Women teachers Transnational history
Oxford, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Wien, 2016. XII, 278 pp.
Kay Whitehead (Author)
Kay Whitehead is Professor of History of Education at Flinders University, Australia, and co-editor of History of Education Review. She has published widely on the lives and work of Australian, Canadian and British women educators from the late nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century.


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Jennifer Angus
Audrey Rothermel Bascom Professor in Human Ecology
Design Studies Department; Textile & Fashion Design Major
jrangus@wisc.edu
I teach in the Textile and Apparel Design Program in the area of surface design. I am also an affiliate of the Art Department. My research is driven by my interest in pattern. Without a written word, pattern upon cloth can communicate much about its wearer whether it be sex, age, ethnic identity or status within a community. There is a cultural understanding of pattern. That understanding provides a framework or potential for a narrative. I encourages students to think of pattern as powerful tool that goes far beyond enhancing a surface.
My work has been exhibited internationally including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan and Spain. I am fortunate to have been the recipient of numerous awards including Canada Council, Ontario Arts Council and Wisconsin Arts Board grants. The Ontario Association of Art Galleries selected my exhibition "A Terrible Beauty" at the Textile Museum of Canada as "Exhibition of the Year" in 2006. In 2013, Albert Whitman and Company, Chicago, published my first novel, In Search of Goliathus Hercules.
Jennifer's Artwork
Jennifer Angus has exhibited her work internationally including Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan and Spain. She has been the recipient of numerous awards including Canada Council, Ontario Arts Council and Wisconsin Arts Board grants. / http://www.jenniferangus.com /
Visit Jennifer's Personal Site
DS 327: Textile Design: Manual/Computer Generated Imagery and Pattern
DS 501: Introduction to Textile Design
DS 227: Textile Design: Printing and Dyeing I
DS 427: Textile Design: Printing and Dyeing II


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New map reveals UK is leader for EV charging, but still lacks infrastructure
May 27, 2021 May 27, 2021 admin 1701 Views2030 deadline, charging infrastructure, EV charging, HERE Technologies
The map, from location specialists HERE Technologies, displays EV charging stations across Europe and is based on the company's EV Charge Points data.
It shows the UK currently leads the way in number of EV charging stations, and London stands well ahead of other European cities, with more than ten times the amount of Rome and Madrid.
However, with an estimated 2.3 million charging points needed to meet the 2030 deadline ban on diesel and petrol cars, the map shines a light on the current situation, indicating that the UK is still a long way off from the infrastructure required to meet mass adoption of EVs.
Commenting on the map findings, Cyril Leman, senior manager, Auto at HERE, says: "The UK currently leads the way in electric vehicle (EV) charging stations in Europe, but there's still a way to go to build the infrastructure required for the ban on petrol and diesel cars in 2030.
"With less than nine years remaining, the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) estimates that around 2.3 million charge points, with 700 being added every day, will be needed to sufficiently meet this target and deliver the so-called 'green industrial revolution'."
"London is setting an example for the rest of the UK, and while it has around 6,000 EV charging stations, many of which feature multiple charge points, the SMMT numbers show that there needs to be rapid growth on top of this.
"The Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) programme will likely have played a part in London's figures, as electric vehicles are exempt from paying congestion charges, prompting an uptick in EV sales in the capital. Hopefully we could see other areas following London's lead to spur adoption of EVs and drive UK cities toward a sustainable future."
← Nissan reportedly in talks to build electric car battery plant in the UK
EV energy tariff allows motorists to 'drive a mile for just 1p' →
Rightcharge raises £700k to accelerate smart electric vehicle charging
Gaist and TRL to provide new offering in digital asset management
August 2, 2021 August 2, 2021 Alec Peachey
All-terrain EVs made in Scotland set to reach customers in US
August 29, 2022 August 26, 2022 Alec Peachey


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Home » Facts About Orifice Flow Meters
Facts About Orifice Flow Meters
The orifice plate is for flow measurement : an inexpensive yet effective primary sensing element. The concept is disarmingly simple. Place a restriction in a pipe, then measure the resulting pressure drop (ΔP) across that restriction to infer flow rate.
Orifice Flow Meters
You may have already seen a diagram such as the following, illustrating how an orifice plate works:
Now, the really weird thing about measuring flow this way is that the resulting ΔP signal does not linearly correspond to flow rate. Double the flow rate, and the ΔP quadruples. Triple the flow rate and the ΔP increases by a factor of nine. To express this relationship mathematically:
In other words, differential pressure across an orifice plate (ΔP) is proportional to the square of the flow rate (Q2). To be more precise, we may include a coefficient (k) with a precise value that turns the proportionality into an equality:
Expressed in graphical form, the function looks like one-half of a parabola:
To obtain a linear flow measurement signal from the differential pressure instrument's output signal, we must "square root" that signal, either with a computer inside the transmitter, with a computer inside the receiving instrument, or a separate computing instrument (a "square root extractor").
We may see mathematically how this yields a value for flow rate (Q), following from our original equation:
Note : Since we get to choose whatever k value we need to make this an equality, we don't have to keep k inside the radicand, and so you will usually see the equation written as it is shown in the last step with k outside the radicand.
Students are taught that the differential pressure develops as a consequence of energy conservation in the flowing liquid stream. As the liquid enters a constriction, its velocity must increase to account for the same volumetric rate through a reduced area.
This results in kinetic energy increasing, which must be accompanied by a corresponding decrease in potential energy (i.e. pressure) to conserve total fluid energy.
Pressure measurements taken in a venturi pipe confirm this:
In all honesty, this did not make sense to me when I heard this (first time when i was a student). My "common sense" told me the fluid pressure would increase as it became crammed into the constriction, not decrease. Even more, "common sense" told me that whatever pressure was lost through the constriction would never be regained, contrary to the pressure indication of the gauge furthest downstream.
Accepting this principle was an act of faith on my part, putting preconceived notions aside for something new. A leap of faith, however, is not the same as a leap in understanding. I believed what I was told, but I really didn't understand why it was true.
The problem intensified when my teacher showed a more detailed flow equation. This new equation contained a term for fluid density (ρ):
What this equation showed us is that orifice plate flow measurement depended on density. If the fluid density changed, our instrument calibration would have to change in order to maintain good accuracy of measurement. Something disturbed me about this equation, though, so I raised my hand. The subsequent exchange between my teacher and I went something like this:
Me: What about viscosity?
Teacher: What?
Me: Doesn't fluid viscosity have an effect on flow measurement, just like density?
Teacher: You don't see a variable for viscosity in the equation, do you?
Me: Well, no, but it's got to have some effect on flow measurement!
Teacher: How come?
Me: Imagine clean water flowing through a venturi, or through the hole of an orifice plate. At a certain flow rate, a certain amount of ΔP will develop across the orifice.
Now imagine that same orifice flowing an equal rate of liquid honey: approximately the same density as water, but much thicker. Wouldn't the increased "thickness," or viscosity, of the honey result in more friction through the orifice, and thus more of a pressure drop than what the water would create?
Teacher: I'm sure viscosity has some effect, but it must be minimal since it isn't in the equation.
Me: Then why is honey so hard to suck through a straw?
Teacher: Come again?
Me: A straw is a narrow pipe, similar to the throat of a venturi or the hole of an orifice, right? The difference in pressure between the suction in my mouth and the atmosphere is the ΔP across that orifice.
The result is flow through the straw. If viscosity is of such little effect, then why is liquid honey so much harder to suck through a straw than water? The pressure is the same, the density is about the same, then why isn't the flow rate the same according to the equation you just gave us?
Teacher: In industry, we usually don't measure fluids as thick as honey, and so it's safe to ignore viscosity in the flow equation
My teacher's smokescreen – that thick fluid flow streams were rare in industry – did nothing to alleviate my confusion. Despite my ignorance of the industrial world, I could very easily imagine liquids that were more viscous than water, honey or no honey.
Somewhere, somehow, someone had to be measuring the flow rate of such liquids, and there the effects of viscosity on orifice ΔP must be apparent. Surely my teacher knew this. But then why did the flow equation not have a variable for viscosity in it? How could this parameter be unimportant?
Like most students, though, I could see that arguing would get me nowhere and it was better for my grade to just go along with what the teacher said than to press for answers he couldn't give. In other words, I swept my doubts under the carpet of "learning" and made a leap of faith.
After that, we studied different types of orifice plates, different types of pressure tap locations, and other inferential primary sensing elements (Pitot tubes, target meters, pipe elbows, etc.). They all worked on Bernoulli's principle of decreased pressure through a restriction, and they all required square root extraction of the pressure signal to obtain a linearized flow measurement.
In fact, this became the sole criterion for determining whether or not we needed square root extraction on the signal: did the flow measurement originate from a differential pressure instrument? If so, then we needed to "square root" the signal. If not, we didn't.
A neat and clean distinction, separating ΔP based flow measurements from all the others (magnetic, vortex shedding, Coriolis effect, thermal, etc.). Nice, clean, simple, neat, and only 95% correct, as I was to discover later.
Also Read : Basics of Flow measurement
Fast-forward fifteen years. I was now a teacher in a technical college, teaching Instrumentation to students just like myself a decade and a half ago. It was my first time preparing to teach flow measurement, and so I brushed up on my knowledge on a technical book (Liptak, Bela G) and found a type of flowmeter I had never seen or heard of before: the laminar flowmeter. As I read this section of the book, my jaw hit the floor.
Here was a differential-pressure-based flowmeter that was linear! That is, there was no square root extraction required at all to convert the ΔP measurement into a flow measurement. Furthermore, its operation was based on some weird equation called the Hagen- Poiseuille Law rather than Bernoulli's Law.
Early in the section's discussion of this flowmeter, a couple of paragraphs explained the meaning of something called Reynolds number of a flow stream, and how this was critically important to laminar flowmeters. Now, I had heard of Reynolds number before when I worked in industry, but I never knew what it meant.
All I knew is that it had something to do with the selection of flowmeter types: one must know the Reynolds number of a fluid before one could properly select which type of flow-measuring instrument to use in a particular application. Little did I know that Reynolds number held the key to understanding my "honey-through-a-straw" question of years ago, as well as comprehending (not just believing) how orifice plates actually worked.
Laminar flowmeters were effective only for low Reynolds numbers, typically below 1200.Generally Reynolds numbers for typical orifice-plate flow streams were much greater (10000 or higher). Furthermore, the orifice plate section contained an insightful passage on the technical book which I will now quote here. Italicized words indicate my own emphasis, locating the exact points of my "Aha!" moments:
The basic equations of flow assume that the velocity of flow is uniform across a given cross-section. In practice, flow velocity at any cross section approaches zero in the boundary layer adjacent to the pipe wall, and varies across the diameter.
This flow velocity profile has a significant effect on the relationship between flow velocity and pressure difference developed in a head meter. In 1883, Sir Osborne Reynolds, an English scientist, presented a paper before the Royal Society, proposing a single, dimensionless ratio now known as Reynolds number, as a criterion to describe this phenomenon. This number, Re, is expressed as
where V is velocity, D is diameter, ρ is density, and μ is absolute viscosity.
Reynolds number expresses the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces. At a very low Reynolds number, viscous forces predominate, and the inertial forces have little effect. Pressure difference approaches direct proportionality to average flow velocity and to viscosity. At high Reynolds numbers, inertial forces predominate and viscous drag effects become negligible.
What the above paragraph is saying is that for slow-moving, viscous fluids (such as honey in a straw), the forces of friction (fluid "dragging" against the pipe walls) are far greater than the forces of inertia (fluid momentum). This means that the pressure difference required to move such a fluid through a pipe primarily works to overcome the friction of that fluid against the walls of the pipe.
For most industrial flows, where the flow velocities are fast and the fluids have little viscosity (like clean water), flow through an orifice plate is assumed to be frictionless. Thus, the pressure dropped across a constriction is not the result of friction between the fluid and the pipe, but rather it is a consequence of having to accelerate the fluid from a low velocity to a high velocity through the narrow orifice.
My mistake, years ago, was in assuming that water flowing through an orifice generated substantial friction, and that this is what created the ΔP across an orifice plate. This is what my "common sense" told me. In my mind, I imagined the water having to rub past the walls of the pipe, past the face of the orifice plate, and through the constriction of the orifice at a very high speed, in order to make it through to the other side.
I memorized what my teacher told us about energy exchange and how pressure had to drop as velocity increased, but I never really internalized it because I still held to my faulty assumption of friction being the dominant mechanism of pressure drop in an orifice plate.
In other words, while I could parrot the doctrine of kinetic and potential energy exchange, I was still thinking in terms of friction, which is a totally different phenomenon. The difference between these two phenomena is the difference between energy exchanged and energy dissipated.
To use an electrical analogy, it is the difference between reactance (X) and resistance (R). Incidentally, many electronics students experience the same confusion when they study reactance, mistakenly thinking it is the same thing as resistance where in reality it is quite different in terms of energy, but that is a subject for another essay!
In a frictionless flow stream, fluid pressure decreases as fluid velocity increases in order to conserve energy. Another way to think of this is that a pressure differential must develop in order to provide the "push" needed to accelerate the fluid from a low speed to a high speed.
Conversely, as the fluid slows back down after having passed through the constriction, a reverse pressure differential must develop in order to provide the "push" needed for that deceleration:
A moving mass does not simply slow down on its own! There must be some opposing force to decelerate a mass from a high speed to a low speed. This is where the pressure recovery downstream of the orifice plate comes from.
If the pressure differential across an orifice plate originated primarily from friction, as I mistakenly assumed when I first learned about orifice plates, then there would be no reason for the pressure to ever recover downstream of the constriction. The presence of friction means energy lost, not energy exchanged.
Although both inertia and friction are capable of creating pressure drops, the lasting effects of these two different phenomena are definitely not the same.
There is a quadratic ("square") relationship between velocity and differential pressure precisely because there is a quadratic relationship between velocity and kinetic energy as all first-quarter physics students learn (Ek = 1/2mv2).
This is why ΔP increases with the square of flow rate (Q2) and why we must "square-root" the ΔP signal to obtain a flow measurement. This is also why fluid density is so important in the orifice-plate flow equation.
The denser a fluid is, the more work will be required to accelerate it through a constriction, resulting in greater ΔP, all other conditions being equal:
This equation is only accurate, however, when fluid friction is negligible: when the viscosity of the fluid is so low and/or its speed is so high that the effects of potential and kinetic energy exchange completely overshadow the effects of friction against the pipe walls and against the orifice plate.
This is indeed the case for most industrial flow applications, and so this is what students first study as they learn how flow is measured. Unfortunately, this is often the only equation two-year Instrumentation students study with regard to flow measurement.
In situations where Reynolds number is low, fluid friction becomes the dominant factor and the standard "orifice plate" equation no longer applies. Here, the ΔP generated by a viscous fluid moving through a pipe really does depend primarily on how "thick" the fluid is.
And, just like electrons moving through a resistor in an electric circuit, the pressure drop across the area of friction is directly proportional to the rate of flow (ΔP ∝ Q for fluids, V ∝ I for electrons).
This is why laminar flowmeters – which work only when Reynolds number is low – yield a nice linear relationship between ΔP and flow rate and therefore do not require square root extraction of the ΔP signal.
These flowmeters do, however, require temperature compensation (and even temperature control in some cases) because flow measurement accuracy depends on fluid viscosity, and fluid viscosity varies according to temperature. The Hagen-Poiseuille equation describing flow rate and differential pressure for laminar flow (low Re) is shown here for comparison:
Q = Flow rate (gallons per minute)
k = Unit conversion factor = 7.86 ×105
ΔP = Pressure drop (inches of water column)
D = Pipe diameter (inches)
μ = Liquid viscosity (centipoise) – this is a temperature-dependent variable!
L = Length of pipe section (inches)
Note that if the pipe dimensions and fluid viscosity are held constant, the relationship between flow and differential pressure is a direct proportion:
In reality, there is no such thing as a frictionless flow (excepting super fluidic cases such as helium II which are well outside the bounds of normal experience), just as there is no such thing as a massless flow (no inertia).
In normal applications there will always be both effects at work. By not considering fluid friction for high Reynolds numbers and not considering fluid density for low Reynolds numbers, engineers draw simplified models of reality which allow us to more easily measure fluid flow.
As in so many other areas of study, we exchange accuracy for simplicity, precision for convenience. Problems arise when we forget that we've made this Faustian exchange and wander into areas where our simplistic models are no longer reasonable.
Also Read : Important Factors in Flow Measurement
Perhaps the most practical upshot of all this for students of Instrumentation is to realize exactly why and how orifice plates work. Bernoulli's equation does not include any considerations of friction. To the contrary, we must assume the fluid to be completely frictionless in order for the concept to make sense.
This explains several things:
There is pressure recovery downstream of an orifice: most of the pressure lost at the vena contracta is regained further on downstream as the fluid decelerates to its original (slow) speed. Permanent pressure drop will occur only where there is energy lost through the constriction, such as in cases where fluid friction is substantial. Where the fluid is frictionless there is no mechanism in an orifice to dissipate energy, and so with no energy lost there must be full pressure recovery as the fluid returns to its original speed.
Pressure tap location makes a difference: to ensure that the downstream tap is actually sensing the pressure at a point where the fluid is moving significantly faster than upstream (the "vena contracta"), and not just anywhere downstream of the orifice. If the pressure drop were due to friction alone, it would be permanent and the downstream tap location would not be as critical.
Standard orifice plates have knife-edges on their upstream sides: to minimize contact area (friction points) with the high-speed flow.
Care must be taken to ensure Reynolds number is high enough to permit the use of an orifice plate: if not, the linear Q/ΔP relationship for viscous flow will assert itself along with the quadratic potential/kinetic energy relationship, causing the overall Q/ΔP relationship to be polynomial rather than purely quadratic, and thereby corrupting the measurement accuracy.
Sufficient upstream pipe length is needed to condition flow for orifice plate measurement, not to make it "laminar" as is popularly (and wrongly) believed, but to allow natural turbulence to "flatten" the flow profile for uniform velocity. Laminar flow is something that only happens when viscous forces overshadow inertial forces (e.g. flow at low Reynolds numbers), and is totally different from the fully developed turbulent flow that orifice plates need for accurate measurement.
In a more general sense, the lesson we should learn here is that blind faith is no substitute for understanding, and that a sense of confusion or disagreement during the learning process is a sign of one or more misconceptions in need of correction. If you find yourself disagreeing with what you are being taught, either you are making a mistake and/or your teacher is.
Pursuing your questions to their logical end is the key to discovery, while making a leap of faith (simply believing what you are told) is an act of avoidance: escaping the discomfort of confusion and uncertainty at the expense of a deeper learning experience. This is an exchange no student should ever feel they must make.
Author : Tony R. Kuphaldt – Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License
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Jee December 14, 2017 at 6:20 pm
Fantastic explanation thank you so much
Prasanth September 11, 2018 at 9:01 pm
Please clarify how the pressure pattern will be for reverse flow across classic Venturi and normal orifice.
yassine October 7, 2018 at 1:47 am
when using smart differential pressure transmitter, do we need to calculate the coefficent K to display the flow at the scada?
Ahammed shibili y June 14, 2019 at 9:56 pm
Nuri Ghanem July 26, 2019 at 5:43 pm
Hello …. Please I want to know how level transmitter measure level in boiler drum? (Mathematical equation for diff – pressure is required ) .
GOWARDHAN KISHANLAL AGRAWAL December 25, 2019 at 5:00 pm
Absolute class knowledge
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Act as though your identity can be stolen at any time and take steps now to protect your identity and credit. These are just some of the steps you can take to protect yourself. While each one will take some time for you to review and take action, the time spent would be minimal in comparison to that of fixing a credit mess caused by someone who has stolen your identity.
Most personal security breaches are preventable through basic online awareness. The National Cyber Security Alliance has provided a great resource for people to learn how to stay safe online. Review the information in this resource here and take action to change any personal behaviors that may not be in line with their recommendations.
Federal law provides you the ability to request a freeze on your credit report at no charge with each of the three credit bureaus. A freeze on your credit report means that the bureau will not provide your credit report to a business who may have been approached to open a line of credit by a person pretending to be you. This will most likely stop this line of credit from being extended to this person. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has provided a great resource where you can learn more about credit freezes as well as find contact information to execute a credit freeze with the three credit bureaus. Review the information in this resource here and take action to freeze your credit reports.
Federal law also provides you the ability to place a fraud alert on your credit report. Using the same example as above, a fraud alert means that the bureau will instruct any business requesting your credit report to go through additional lengths to verify the identity of the person requesting a line of credit with them. This, especially in combination with a credit freeze, adds an additional layer of protection. Review the information on the various types of fraud alerts that can be established on the FTC website here and take action to set fraud alerts.
In today's world, everyone should take an active role in monitoring their credit. There are services that can be subscribed to for a fee, and there are also free services provided by credit card companies (such as monthly credit scores) and credit bureaus to help keep tabs on your lines of credit and your credit report. Review the FTC's communications regarding credit monitoring here, and take action to begin monitoring your credit more closely.
By law, the credit bureaus are required to provide you a free annual credit report, upon request. This should be reviewed in detail every year if you do not otherwise have access to this via another method such as other services offered by the credit bureaus. This report may have a lot of detail in it, but it will be worth your time to seek to understand the report complete. In this way, you will be able to notice if things don't seem to be right. The FTC has provided a great resource on free credit reports, including information on avoiding impostor websites here. Take action by requesting your free annual credit report, and review the details of this report carefully. Be sure to put a reminders in your calendar each year hereafter to again review the details of this report.
The three credit bureaus have teamed together to put together a program allowing individuals to opt out of receiving pre-screened credit offers. These are the "You're Approved" credit offers that come in the mail. Many of us go through the hassle of shredding these offers to protect whatever information may be in them. Most of us wish they just wouldn't come to us in the mail. Well, now you can make this happen. Keep in mind, this service only helps you avoid pre-screened offers that were developed by reviewing your credit information. Other offers may still make it to your mail box. Review the information on this service here, and take action to opt out of these offers.
Tax-related identity theft occurs when someone uses your stolen Social Security number to file a tax return. You may not be aware of this happening until you attempt to e-file your return or until you receive a notice from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) stating that they consider your tax return to be suspicious. The IRS has provided a resource regarding this type of identity theft here. Take action by filing your tax return promptly and watching for IRS notifications.
In the course of monitoring your personal credit, you may find inaccuracies that are not the result of fraud. The Fair Credit Reporting Act provides you various protections to promote accuracy, fairness, and privacy of your credit information. The FTC has provided summary details of this act here. Take action by reviewing your rights under this act.
The FTC has provided a resource to assist identity theft victims in reporting and recovering from this event. If you are the victim of such an event, find this resource here and take action to recover from this theft. You will also want to review carefully each of the above-mentioned topics and recommendations.


Producer C Kalyan has lost all the money on his last movie 'Inttelligent' which garnered disaster talk and bombed miserably at the box office. As Kalyan went ahead with solo release, he is now making up for the losses.
As per the reports, C Kalyan has kept his land in Manikonda, Hyderabad for sale for Rs 20 crore and have plans to reimburse the money to distributors and exhibitors.
'Inttelligent' was directed by VV Vinayak and had Sai Dharam Tej and Lavanya Tripathi in the lead roles.
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Southwards Along the Coast
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And Why Not?
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Book - Auntie Poldi and the Sicilian Lions
Susan Omand revises her exit strategy and reads Auntie Poldi and the Sicilian Lions by Mario Giordano...
Auntie Poldi can think of no finer place to wait for death than Sicily. All she asks is a sea view, fine wine (and plenty of it), and her family close around.
When death instead takes her handsome young friend Valentino - and under mysterious circumstances at that - Poldi will not take it lying down.
Perhaps it's in her blood (her father was a detective chief inspector); perhaps it's a diverting excuse to spend more time with men in uniform; or perhaps it's just the promise she makes to Valentino while holding his poor dead hand.
But Auntie Poldi's hunting instincts have never felt more alive. Justice must be served - if it's the last thing she does . . .
In ten years' time, I want to wear an orange trouser suit with a black wig, develop a brazen taste for dishy policemen and emigrate to Sicily to look at the ocean and drink myself to death. Ok, I don't (orange really doesn't suit me anyway, although the idea of constant prosecco and coffee with brandy in for breakfast does appeal) but that was the thought I had when I was only a few pages in to the first Auntie Poldi detective novel by Mario Giordano. I'd been given the book in a present from my buddy Paul who has been raving about it for months and I can certainly see why, the characterisation in the book is tremendous.
At 60, Auntie Poldi, or to give her her full title Isolde Oberreiter, came to Sicily from Bavaria at the insistence of her family after her husband Pepe died, because she was beset with dark moods and they wanted to re-instil some joie di vivre. Suitably ensconced in a small townhouse with a view of the ocean in front of her and the majesty of Etna as a backdrop, Poldi spends her days drinking copiously and taking surreptitious photographs of eligible looking policemen around town with whom she may want to have an affair. She shares the house occasionally with her nephew, a struggling author who visits to get "peace to work on his novel", and it is he who narrates the story of the investigation into Valentino's murder to us, second hand, as it is told to him by his aunt. This way of telling the tale seems a little odd to begin with but makes a lot of sense as the story gets more complicated because it allows for a slight retrospective distance from the events, that you don't often get from a first person narration, while still getting Poldi's personal opinion and thought processes on what's been happening as she explains it to her nephew and, being a, shall we say, more mature lady, Poldi definitely has an opinion on everything. The other thing that seemed a little unusual to me about the way the book was written was that each chapter started with a summary, like the "coming up" bits that you get at the start of some TV shows these days, and I found it slightly disconcerting but it did indeed prove to be useful when, at one point, my bookmark parted company with my book and I lost my place, because it made it an awful lot easier to find where I got up to!
And, let me tell you, that bookmark was absolutely necessary because I found myself carrying the book around with me a lot, snatching minutes here and there to read a few pages rather than leaving it for any length of time, because I was hooked. The best way to describe the story itself is if you imagine a Mafiosi version of Murder She Wrote but with extra attitude and alcohol. There are twists and turns in all the right places, superb characters, stunning locations and quite a lot of adventure and excitement as she investigates the murder of her friend, but there's nothing too scary or horrific, instead it's a light, fun read – "cosy" detective fiction I think they call it. But the main reason that I want to start and read the book again immediately, and to hunt out the next book in the series which just came out in June (the third book is due in March next year) is for Poldi herself. Bold, forthright, opinionated, intelligent, curious and cultured, and with a great taste in breakfast drinking, she is indeed an inspiration.
Image & synopsis - Amazon
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Winter can be fun, but the cold weather is not always fun for the skin. Low temperatures and humidity can rob the skin of its moisture, leading to dryness and dullness. Many think that summer months are the time to take extra care of your skin, but it's also important not to neglect it in the winter!
Hot showers feel so good especially when it's cold outside, but it can also strip away the natural oils from your skin. As much as you can, try to use lukewarm water especially when you're just washing your face or hands.
The cold air can cause skin dryness. So, don't forget to moisturize especially after washing your face. Applying moisturizer on damp skin helps in sealing the moisture. When choosing a moisturizer, opt for one that has natural, nourishing ingredients.
The heating systems can dry out your skin. A humidifier helps bring back the moisture in the air, keeping your skin from drying out.
It's too easy to neglect this especially during winter as we usually turn to warm, comforting drinks like coffee, hot cocoa and tea, but remember that the skin needs hydration from the inside out.
Gloves and scarves can protect your skin from cold winds that cause it to dry. Don't forget to apply sunscreen too! Winter sun can be as damaging as summer sun, so don't skip out on the UV protection if you plan to be outside in the sun.
Your skin is the largest organ of your body and it needs to be taken care of year-round! Caring for your skin properly in the cold months is important to keeping it healthy. You should also be doing regular skin checks no matter the season.
Premier Surgical Associates in Knoxville have a team of surgical oncologists who specialize in the treatment of skin cancer. If you notice something unusual, such as discoloration or appearance of 'new' moles, you should contact your doctor immediately.


text:
Newman to try texting platform to reach students
The Vantage Oct 03, 2019 0 Comments
By Madeline Alvarez, Sports Editor
Newman is about to implement a new way to communicate with students.
Director of Admissions Cammie Kennedy said that the university has purchased a texting platform called Mongoose Cadence in the hopes that it will be an easier way to communicate with students than email.
"Basically what Newman has done is we're getting on your communication platform," Kennedy said.
The platform will not replace emails, however.
Kennedy said that Newman's policy on using email as the university's primary method of communication will remain in effect. The texting will be an addition to the emails, but students will have the ability to opt out of receiving texts from certain departments.
"I hope we stop overusing the email, and that way it really is that communication platform between you and your advisor or for important messages and that texting becomes more of that social aspect or a quick way to get in touch with you," Kennedy said.
Kennedy said that the departments that will use the platform will be Admissions, Financial Aid, Student Life, Athletics, Nursing, Career and Support Services, Business and Registrar.
"If there is an event on campus, they're able to send the same message at the same time to all the students," Kennedy said.
Kennedy said that Admissions will test out the platform first, and then train the other departments that will be using it.
"We hope to have everyone trained in the next two weeks," Kennedy said.
Kennedy said that the Business Office will be able to use it to communicate privately to students about their individual payment plans. The registrar's office will be able to use it to remind students to register for graduation.
She also said that student ambassadors will get numbers from the platform to keep in contact with potential students as well.
Student ambassador Karen Do said that the platform will help the people in admissions better reach out to prospective students.
"We used to have to do call nights in the evening after classes where basically a lot of the ambassadors would give cold calls to a huge list of students," Do said. "We're starting to realize now with a lot of the data we've collected that with the newer generation coming up that they prefer texting over calling."
Kennedy said that many universities, if not the majority, have adopted the practice of texting as a primary means of communication with students.
"If you receive a text message from the Registrar, Financial Aid, Student Life, Athletics, Career and Support Services, [or] the Business Office, this will be the opportunity for you to stay in communication or opt out, and we hope that you will stay in communication," Kennedy said.
PHOTO: Courtesy Photo. truedialog.com
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Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts has appointed a fully-integrated agency team, led by global marketing and technology agency DigitasLBi, as Shangri-La's agency of record. DigitasLBi will lead the relationship with support from advertising agency BBH and media agency Zenith.
The integrated team, all part of Publicis Groupe, will work on brand strategy, creative strategy and execution, digital platforms, social media, customer relationship management, and media planning and buying across global markets for the Shangri-La, Hotel Jen, Kerry Hotels and Golden Circle brands. The move to a digitally-focused agency team is aligned with Shangri-La's data-led marketing approach, which is placing digital front-and-centre, and will drive efficiencies across its marketing and media spend.
"The way consumers connect and engage with brands has and continues to evolve at a rapid pace. Consumers are in a constant state of evaluation and use multiple channels and devices to research and purchase travel," said Shangri-La International Hotel Management Limited Chief Marketing Officer Steven Taylor, who joined the group in January 2015. "Fifty per cent of total travel sales will involve more than one device in 2016 and consumers are spending more time and visiting more sites when researching travel online. Brands today need to be able to look across the entire customer journey in all its complexity, and obtain a holistic view of how consumers connect and be able to respond to ongoing conversations around the brand at a moment's notice," said Taylor.
Following Shangri-La's investment in a new CRM platform last year, the group is in the process of redesigning its entire branded digital presence to deliver a responsive, authentic and personalised guest experience.
"We have been inspired by Shangri-La's vision of engaging a new kind of global traveller and their uniquely human approach to hospitality. Today's customers decide what luxury means to them and expect brands to recognize their individual preferences and behaviours, which is why we're excited to partner with Shangri-La to develop a data-driven approach we hope will help them to lead and innovate in a highly competitive environment. We are joined at the hip with BBH and Zenith and together will move the Shangri-La, Hotel Jen, Kerry Hotels and Golden Circle brands forward," said DigitasLBi Global Client Service Director Laurent Ezekiel.
DigitasLBi's work for Shangri-La will be underpinned by behavioural data, which will enable Shangri-La to understand what truly matters to its customers and to use these insights to gain competitive advantage.
Prior to consolidating its agency relationship, Shangri-La had been working with multiple agencies. DigitasLBi was retained last year to develop and execute the fifth anniversary campaign for Golden Circle, the loyalty programme for the Shangri-La family of brands.
"We loved DigitasLBi's creative solution and were impressed by their deep understanding of our audience. The 'Loyalty Is' Golden Circle campaign fostered a global conversation about loyalty and what true loyalty means to our guests and our employees," said Taylor. "With their global scale and integrated approach, we felt DigitasLBi was the ideal partner to build customer engagement and loyalty as we bring our brand promise to life across every part of the guest experience," said Taylor.
"This fully-integrated agency team model reflects Publicis Groupe's continued drive to break down agency silos in order to create more effective partnerships with clients," said Ezekiel.


text:
Box office returns are key for Hollywood films as DVD sales dry up
Published: June 9, 2016 at 7:21 a.m. ET
Theatrical release windows have been shrinking as the industry debates what's best for business and consumers
The movie theater business is under siege from changing consumer behavior and the shift toward watching Hollywood films from the comfort of home using internet streaming services.
Hollywood has been fighting to protect the exclusive theatrical window — the period films are in theaters before home video — as Netflix Inc. NFLX, -1.12%, piracy and a host of websites and distributors threaten Hollywood's traditional, and most important revenue stream. And the money studios generate from box office receipts is only going to become more important, according to PricewaterhouseCoopers
See also:The movie theater business is in panic mode over this
In a new report on the media and entertainment industry until 2020, PwC said the theatrical window debate will continue as films become more dependent on box office performance to make a profit. In today's entertainment landscape, films are no longer able to capture the same ancillary sales (DVD and TV) as in previous years.
"That has been changing in the US market and globally as physical home video is much less relevant to the consumption of TV and video content," said the report.
Digital and video on-demand licensing have served as a bright spot for studios as physical video continues its rapid decline, according to Joe Atkinson, U.S. entertainment and media leader for PwC.
But things are coming to a head. In 2015, the industry average for theatrical release windows was three months and 20 days, shortened from four months and one day in the two years before that. While all of this is happening, PwC is expecting overall box office revenue to see modest gains through to 2020, after a decline in 2016.
Exclusive windows are certain to contract further while day-and-date releases are bound to become more commonplace, said PwC.
Meanwhile in TV land...
The costs are too darn high and only getting higher.
Content distributors are competing in an increasingly competitive TV landscape, jousting with one another for audiences' attention while also fending off streaming services such as Netflix and Amazon.com Inc.'s AMZN, +3.04% Instant Video. The competition is good for content creators, but increases costs for distributors.
"[Cost] has always been a concern for cable companies, but the landscape has gotten much more complicated and competitive," Atkinson said. "Just look at the number of high-quality programs on TV; it creates the challenge of choice for consumers which puts a lot of pressure on distributors."
Check out:Even TV executives think there are too many good shows
Along with increasing content costs, cable providers face possible rising re-transmission fees, the amount providers pay local TV affiliates for access to their channel. And that's not to mention the costs of building out standalone offerings for consumers fleeing traditional bundles.
These rising costs, and diminishing subscriber numbers, ultimately mean consumers pay more. PwC noted that Comcast Corp. CMCSA, -2.00%, Time Warner Cable Inc. TWC, -0.85%, Dish Network Corp. DISH, -0.07% and AT&T Inc. T, -0.25% are all planning price increases for 2016. Even so, cable and satellite operators say the price increases don't cover rising programming costs, according to PwC. Time Warner Cable's spending on local broadcast channels have risen 85% in the past two years, while sports network costs have increased 116% since 2008.
Looking past 2020
"These issues will be with the industry for a while," Atkinson said. "But looking past 2020, I think in TV the consumer experience is going to become even more important. If you look at all of the quality of content, the distributors who are able to capitalize on consumers' experience and emotional response to content are going to be in a much better position come 2020."
Also read:DreamWorks springs into China film market with 'Kung Fu Panda3'
PwC projects the China box office will overtake the U.S. box office in 2017 — a change in the guard the industry has been expecting for a while. Atkinson said that when that happens, it will be interesting to watch how studios adapt to the added complexities of doing business, such as regulation, providing films in local languages and marketing to a global community.
Shares have been halted multiple times Friday.


We at Tribuz interiors specialise in hospitality and hotel design and provide motel styling and interior designing services that cater to all section of travellers. We strive to create places with a soothing and refreshing aura about them. High standards are followed with regard to each and every aspect encountered during the designing process.
We are at the top of the ladder when it comes to firms providing interior designing services in Delhi and Gurgaon. Tribuz interiors is the firm to trust if you want to see your dreams taking shape into reality and eventually turning out to be a huge success.
We base our designing process on the kind of travellers the motel has to serve, the culture and traditions of the place, the mood it has to reflect, whether it will be used for business purposes or for tourist stay etc. We analyse the prospective clientele the place will be serving to and work on designing the motel so as to adequately fulfil their individual needs.
We believe in amalgamating culture and tradition with out of the box innovative techniques. We serve as a one stop shop for all motel designing services. Creation of functional, healthy and happy spaces is our ultimate aim and we are very passionate about it.
Our team of talented and proficient experts works towards providing the client complete value for the money invested by them. They leave no stones unturned in the task of incorporating all modern features and conveniences in the motel rooms that serve all the needs of the client. Great reviews by our huge customer base are a constant addition of feathers to our cap.


especially if you are struggling to think of a last-minute present!
In December 2016, Andy received the devastating news that he had a cancerous and aggressive brain tumour, a Glioblastoma Multiforme, the most common high grade primary brain tumour in adults.
Having undergone brain surgery, six weeks of radiotherapy and six months of the "gold standard" chemotherapy, his tumour, unfortunately showed subtle signs of progression. Since then, Andy has switched to a different chemotherapy but the tumour has continued to grow.
Whilst the NHS have been nothing but amazing, the treatment offered just isn't working so now he needs to consider therapies and drugs that are available privately.
Andy is having his third surgery on 29th December to remove as much of the tumour as his neuro surgeon can physically see and then he will need to hit it using treatment and therapy which is not available on the NHS but has been recommended via a second opinion.
The highest costing treatment is "Optune Therapy" which will involve Andy wearing 4 adhesive patches on his head for upto 22 hours a day to deliver therapy direct to the tumour area. This is a costly treatment and will also require monthly visits to London for maintenance, MRI's etc. Whilst it is not curative, we hope it will keep him here a lot longer.
If you would like to donate to help Andy, follow the link below.
In the event that Andy can't use the money raised, it will be donated to The Brain Tumour Charity for their essential research.
I would just like to give a big thank you to all who supported the bowlathon fund raising match on Sunday 15th April at Hawkesbury. I cannot single anyone out for praise because everyone was a star. I was over whelmed by your support. Crown green bowlers are like one big family with so many lovely people, who all have the warmest heart. I applaud each and everyone who turned up to play (especially the 10 jacks), sold refreshments and helped to do all the other tasks.
At Broughton on Sunday 6th May, Wales won 214 to 174 giving an aggregate of +40.
Unfortunately the away side lost 228 to 185 giving an aggregate of -43.
Losing semi finalists: Linda Williams and Ian Jones.


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Thoughts on Access and Participation in Contemporary American Democracy
by Nathaniel Persily
When election law scholars think about the right to vote, we often divide it into four parts. The first is the right of participation, which involves the right to cast a ballot. The second is the right of expressive association, which concerns the ability of voters to express preferences for parties and candidates they prefer and of parties to organize and gain access to the ballot. The third aspect of the right to vote is described (somewhat inarticulately) as the right to aggregation: by this we mean that it is not enough to have the ability to cast a ballot for a favored candidate—the right to vote must imply rules as to how votes get aggregated together (e.g., through districts). The final notion of the right to vote concerns voting as governance: casting a ballot for a preferred candidate and having it counted equally with others is of little use if there is no connection between elections and governance. With respect to each of these conceptions of the right to vote, we have witnessed extraordinary changes over the last decade.
With respect to participation, it seems like the best of times and the worst of times. First, the bad news: the country has recently witnessed a remarkable wave of efforts to make voting more difficult through restrictions on early voting and enhanced voter ID requirements. It is unclear if these measures (many of which were defeated in court) had the expected or feared voter-suppressive effect. (I tend to think not.) But if it seemed that the trend toward greater and more open access was irreversible, along came partisan efforts to turn back the clock.
At the same time, voter turnout since 2000 has appeared to reverse a perceived downward slide begun in the late 1960s. (I say "perceived" because the story about voter turnout from 1970 to 2000 is more complicated than most recognize, once one accounts for the rise of the share of ineligible voters, particularly noncitizens but also disfranchised felons, in the electorate.) In any event, voter turnout, for one reason or another, increased from 2000 to 2008, before it dipped a bit in 2012. More striking still, the racial gaps in turnout have vanished between African Americans and whites (although most do not realize that this is almost wholly the result of increases in turnout among African-American women who now appear to vote at rates exceeding white men). Finally, Latinos have "come into their own" politically, as their electoral clout has preoccupied the minds of postmortem explicators of the 2012 election. (Here too, by the way, the data are not as incontrovertible as some believe: there is great debate as to Latino turnout rates in the 2012 election, even if it would be difficult to doubt what the future holds.)
Expressive Association
The notion of voting as expressive association concerns the ability of voters to choose their preferred parties and candidates on the ballot. The ability to participate is of little use, for example, if one confronts a Stalinist-style ballot in the voting booth. Elections require actual choices, not predetermined outcomes.
Here too, I think we have an "on the one hand but on the other" kind of story to tell about contemporary American politics. To be sure, we are wedded to the two party system. Minor parties mainly serve a spoiling function (see, e.g., Florida 2000), if any at all. Moreover, the prior laments as to the ideological diffuseness of our "irresponsible" parties have now been replaced by fears of polarization now that the parties are too different and far apart. In other words, when and where voters have a choice between a Democrat and a Republican, that choice is starker now than at any point in the last century.
But do voters have more choice now than previously? To some extent, I think it depends on the era and region we use for comparison. Nothing like the "solid South" exists today—not only in the South, but anywhere. No state or region is completely devoid of officeholders from both parties. At the same time, some argue that we are more politically segregated than at any time in recent memory. I say "some argue" because I remain open minded (or perhaps insufficiently educated) on the central question of "the Big Sort"—proponents of which argue that Democrats are more likely to live near Democrats and Republicans near Republicans than in previous eras. (How near is near is one of the central questions, as I understand it.)
In any event, if we are more politically segregated then at some point in the recent or distant past, then the choice at the general election ballot box is more hollow than previously. Of course, competition in primary elections might suggest merely a temporal move in the arena of competition. However, despite headlines about the ubiquity of Tea Party challengers and the like, levels of primary competition are down across the board from, say, fifty or sixty years ago.
When thinking about the aggregation of votes, the topic of redistricting comes immediately to mind. Although I have usually been a critic of those who overemphasize the importance of redistricting on predetermining outcomes and tilting the electoral playing field, even I must admit that we have reached new levels of creative manipulation when it comes to aggregating people together into districts. Bipartisan gerrymanders are the norm when the two parties divide the population into safe districts, while partisan gerrymanders persist when one party holds the reins on the linedrawing authority. Although the situation is not unprecedented, the Democrats' winning of a majority of votes but a minority of seats in the last election hints at the success of Republican gerrymanders, especially in the many battleground states they redistricted (e.g., Michigan, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Florida). The shrinking number of battleground states in the Electoral College might also be seen as a disservice to the value of voting as aggregation.
Elections must have some relationship to governance, or so we teach our students. In other words, changes in voter preferences ought to be reflected in changes in policy. But if campaign financing and other influence peddling is chiefly responsible for policy change, let alone election of candidates, then voting becomes untethered from the outputs of the democracy.
One of the interesting things about the campaign finance-related complaints often lodged at the current system is that they are in tension with so many of the other arguments stated above. If legislators are increasingly likely to run from safe seats, either because of sorting or redistricting, then why should campaign finance contributions make such a difference? If the parties are increasingly unified from within and polarized from the other, then how much of a role can big contributors play when the parties positions and coalitions are so firmly entrenched?
None of this is to say "big money" has no influence over elections or policy. Undoubtedly it does. However, its effect, I suspect, is greater as we move further down the electoral ladder to low salience offices. If there is cause to worry, it is not because of SuperPACs influence on the well-funded, high salience race for President, for instance. Rather, such "antidemocratic" influence has its greatest effect when democracy often falters: in the contests characterized by low information and low participation.
Nathaniel Persily is the senior research director for President Obama's bipartisan Commission on Election Administration, the James B. McClatchy Professor of Law at Stanford University, and serves on the Anxieties of Democracy program's Advisory Committee.
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Multilateralism and Democracy
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The work of the SSRC's Anxieties of Democracy program is possible due to generous funding from the William & Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Carnegie Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the Knight Foundation and the Rockefeller Brothers Fund.
The Inaugural Democracy Papers are part of the SSRC's Anxieties of Democracy program.
The new Democracy Papers can be found on Items, the SSRC's digital essay forum.
The Inaugural Democracy Papers were produced as part of the planning process for the SSRC's Anxieties of Democracy program, which asks how democracies can capably address large problems in the public interest.