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✅ Nazriya Nazim Beautiful Cute HD Photos (1080p) (675x900)
Nazriya Nazim (born 20 December 1994) is an Indian film actress and producer who has mainly starred in Malayalam films and Tamil films.
She started her career as an anchor on Malayalam television channel Asianet before pursuing a career as an actress. She made her debut as a child artist with Palunku (2006) and then as a lead actress in the 2013 Malayalam film Maad Dad. She has gone on to star in successful films such as Raja Rani (2013), Ohm Shanthi Oshaana (2014) and Nayaandi and Bangalore Days (2014). Following her marriage to actor Fahadh Faasil, she's taken a break from acting.
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How to Knit with Circular Needles
Whitney A. Brandt / Getty Images
Circular knitting needles are a lot of fun to work with. They allow you to make bags and sweaters without seams, as well as other fun projects like hats and socks. But most patterns assume that people know how to work with circular needles, which can be intimidating for people who don't.
What Are Circular Needles?
Circular knitting needles can be made of most of the materials that straight knitting needles are made of: bamboo, metal, plastic, and resin are the most popular materials. Two hard tips are joined by a flexible cord that holds most of the stitches.
Circular needles can be permanently fixed to the cord, or they can be purchased as part of an interchangeable system, where the tips can be taken off the cord and exchanged for larger or smaller needles. Interchangeable needles can be purchased separately or in a set that includes many different sizes of needles and cords. Circular needles can commonly be found in all the US sizes up to 15 (interchangeable needle kits usually run from size 3 or 4 to 15, depending on the brand).
You can buy different lengths of cord depending on the circumference of your project. Common lengths are 16, 24, 29, 36, and 40 inches. Different manufacturers may make other lengths such as 11 or 34 inches. The pattern you are planning to knit should tell you what length as well as what size circular needles you need.
Using the proper length needle for your project is important because the number of stitches you have needs to fit comfortably on the needle. You don't want so many stitches that they're all bunched up or so few that you can't really work them.
Alternatives to using a single circular needle when you don't have one the right length include using two circulars or one long circular and the Magic Loop method.
Watch Now: How to Join Knitting in the Round
Working Patterns in the Round
When knitting in the round, you are knitting on the right side or front of the fabric all the time. That means you'll need to alter your basic pattern stitches to get them to come out right.
A lot of circular knitting is done in Stockinette Stitch, which is great because all you have to do is knit every row. To make Garter Stitch, instead of knitting every row you'll need to knit one row, purl one row. For Reverse Stockinette, you purl every row.
Other pattern stitches can be worked in the round, but these are the most common stitches you will come across. Patterns that are designed to be knit in the round usually will be written so you don't have to think about the fact that you're always on the right side, but some will say something like "knit in Stockinette (knit every row)" to remind you of what you need to do.
Knitting Flat on Circular Needles
You can also use circular needles to knit something flat. This is especially helpful when working on big projects like afghans, wraps or throws. A circular needle will hold the stitches a little better and make it easier on your body because the needle holds more of the weight of the project.
Knitting flat on circular needles is the same as working on straight needles. Do not join in the round, just cast on and knit. Knit from the left needle to the right as usual, and when you get to the end of the row, switch hands just like you would in knitting with straight needles.
Types of Knitting Needles
How to Knit Flat With Circular Needles
How to Knit a Free Tunic Sweater Pattern
How to Knit a Ribbed Hat on Straight Needles
What Is Condo Knitting?
How to Knit the Garter Stitch
Toddler Ballet Wrap Cardigan Knitting Pattern
Knitting With Double-Pointed Needles
How to Read the Gauge of a Knitting Needle
Knitting in the Round With Two Circular Needles

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We've all seen, or maybe even been, the person multitasking our meal — eating lunch while driving through traffic or catching a bite to eat at our desk because we could not take the time to have a proper lunch. Our bodies need an uplifting and settled environment in order to process and absorb the nutrients from our meals. If that is not available, then we should at least be sitting down to eat — not standing, walking, or driving our way through a meal!
2. Enjoy the act of eating.
3. Stimulate the digestive fire.
Improve digestion by stimulating the agni, or digestive fire, before we begin eating. Weak digestive agni may result in fatigue after eating, so ayurveda recommends eating a one-inch piece of fresh ginger with a few drops of lemon juice and a few pinches of salt on it before a full meal. This starts to activate the salivary glands, producing the necessary enzymes so that nutrients from food are easily absorbed by our body. Maintain healthy, strong digestion by adding Ginger as an herbal supplement.
Balancing agni, the digestive fire, is key in ayurveda. If the flame is very low, it will take a long time to cook the food. In the same way, if the fire is too big, it can burn the food. If we put a huge log on a low fire, it will extinguish it. Our digestive fire should be balanced so that we can digest our meals efficiently and smoothly.
4. Avoid cold drinks at meals and ice-cold foods in general.
This is like putting cold water on the burning logs. Iced water, normally served at restaurants, extinguishes the digestive fire. Even juice or milk right out of the refrigerator is too cold for the digestion. Juice should be taken at room temperature and water without ice.
Once you get into this habit of drinking beverages at room temperature, you will notice a dramatic improvement in your digestion and the way your body feels while eating and after the meal. Cold drinks and foods mixed with warm, cooked foods can cause stomach cramps, bloating and general discomfort in the stomach area. If you have a Pitta imbalance, you can take cool drinks in between meals. Cold or frozen foods are not recommended for Pitta either because, even though they may temporarily cool down the heat, the agni is still being overstimulated and the imbalance will continue.
5. Eat meals aligned with nature's rhythm.
Have you ever gone out for a late dinner and found that it was a strain to wake up the next morning, or that it was difficult to be efficient during the following day? These are often the side effects of improperly-digested food. The best way to avoid these problems is to follow nature's rhythm of suitable times to eat. When the sun is strongest, between 12 and 2 p.m., is when the digestive fire is also strongest. Agni is associated with the sun, and we know through Ayurveda that our mind and body are connected to the environment in which we live.
Lunch should be the largest meal of the day, since that is the time the digestive agni is working at its maximum potency. As the sun goes down, so does our agni. Dinner should be lighter than lunch, and should ideally be eaten before 8:00 p.m. Late-night meals interfere with sleep, and after 10:00 p.m. the body is working to burn off toxins and continue to digest food from the day. If you eat after 10:00 p.m., the food may cause toxins to accumulate in the system, and as a result the next day you wake up tired.
Drink a fresh yogurt lassi either during or after the meal. This drink consists of ¼ cup fresh homemade yogurt, 1 cup of purified room-temperature water and sugar to taste. Blend it for one minute in the blender. Lassi is light and contains necessary bacteria that lubricate the intestines to help digestion go smoothly. Lassi drinks help to reduce gas and bloating. They also taste delicious and can make a meal more satisfying and nutritious.
For more lassi recipes visit our Ayurvedic Recipes library.
Organic Digest Tone (Triphala Plus) is a powerful formulation that detoxifies the colon and aids in gentle elimination while increasing absorption of nutrients. For most people Triphala is a mild laxative, and for that reason it is excellent for clearing toxins from the digestive system. In very rare cases it has a stronger laxative effect, but usually it is an ideal bowel cleanser precisely because of its mildness. In moderate doses it is gentle, and detoxifies the body slowly. Because it is slow, you can take Organic Digest Tone for longer periods of time, and then it has a deeply purifying effect. It goes deep into the physiology and releases the toxins at a much deeper level.
For elimination, take one to three tablets with water, one hour before bedtime.


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Try the 3-ingredient breakfast a Harvard doctor eats every day
You know you're doing breakfast wrong when it makes a doctor want to cry. Here's a better solution.
Dr. Monique Tello took this photo of her own breakfast. She eats this morning meal on most days.Courtesy Monique Tello
Oct. 30, 2017, 5:08 PM UTC / Updated Sept. 27, 2018, 3:06 PM UTC / Source: TODAY
By A. Pawlowski
You know you're doing breakfast wrong when it makes a doctor want to cry.
Think about your typical morning meal. Does it involve a bowl of cereal, a bagel, a donut or a muffin? To your body, that's the same as eating dessert, warns Dr. Monique Tello, a clinical instructor at Harvard Medical School and primary care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Add processed meat like bacon and high-sugar orange juice to the mix, and it makes her want to shed a tear, she wrote in the Harvard Health Blog.
What's REALLY in your breakfast cereal? Look for whole grains, avoid sugar
Feb. 23, 201704:22
The post came about after Tello's conversations with patients who struggle with diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and heart disease. Many are overweight.
"We try to talk about their diet and people say, 'Oh, I have a big bowl of cereal in the morning,'" Tello told TODAY. "I tell patients, 'Would you ever have a bowl of crushed chocolate chip cookies for breakfast?'"
10 healthy make-ahead breakfast ideas
10 healthy make-ahead breakfast ideasGet a jump start on the week with 10 healthy make-ahead breakfast ideas
The problem with typical breakfast offerings like muffins, bagels, pancakes and French toast is that they're made of processed carbs and sugar, she said. You start off with a huge blood sugar rush and insulin spike, and it sets you up to repeat that pattern for the rest of the day. That can be especially problematic for people who are prone to diabetes or weight gain, Tello noted.
Instead, plan your morning meal around food that's full of fiber, protein and healthy fat to hold your blood sugar stable and keep you satisfied.
Breakfast on the go? These are the healthiest fast food options
July 16, 201804:01
Tello shared her own daily quick, portable recipe that accomplishes those goals using just three main ingredients. You can eat this breakfast at home or easily assemble it at work:
Step 1: Fruit
Fill a bowl or container with your favorite fruit — Tello's go-to container holds about three cups. If it's plastic, make sure it's BPA and dioxin-free, and FDA-approved microwave-safe. Tello is a fan of frozen fruit because it's easy, less expensive, picked at the peak of freshness and ripeness, and available year-round. You can defrost it in the microwave in minutes.
"Fruit is wonderful. Colorful fruit is going to be high in vitamins and antioxidants," Tello said. "It tastes good, it's appealing, and it's helping us to meet our daily requirement of fruits and vegetables."
The sweetness comes from natural fruit sugars packaged along with lots of fiber, so you're not going to get the blood sugar spike that you'd get with added sugars.
Step 2: Yogurt
Yogurt is a great source of protein and probiotics. "Our gut health is really more important than we realized in the past," Tello said. Top your fruit with a small single-serve container of plain or low-sugar yogurt. Tello skips the fat-free versions: "A little bit of fat is probably good for us," she said.
Fat is back! Why full-fat yogurt is a delicious trend
Step 3: Nuts
Grab a handful of your favorite nuts or seeds and sprinkle on top. Tello often goes for unsalted cashews or almonds. "Nature has packaged healthy fats and energy for us in this really nice fiber-rich package," she said. "You're going to have a nice slow release of energy as that's digested. It's going to hold you over a lot longer."
Don't force breakfast
Finally, you should know Tello doesn't feel breakfast is the most important meal of the day. A lot of people just don't feel that hungry when they get up and that's OK, she said.
"For most healthy people, their bodies are going to tell them when they need fuel," Tello noted. "When you do have fuel, it should be healthy, especially your first meal of the day, regardless of what time it is."
Follow A. Pawlowski on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter.


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The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A) in London is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects. It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.
The V&A is located in the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, in an area that has become known as "Albertopolis" because of its association with Prince Albert, the Albert Memorial and the major cultural institutions with which he was associated. These include the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum and the Royal Albert Hall. The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. Like other national British museums, entrance to the museum has been free since 2001.
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require  'spec_helper'

describe Admin::Merchandise::Wizards::PropertiesController do
  render_views

  before(:each) do
    activate_authlogic

    @user = create_admin_user
    login_as(@user)
    controller.session[:product_wizard] = {}
    controller.session[:product_wizard][:brand_id] = 7# @brand.id
    controller.session[:product_wizard][:product_type_id] = 7# @brand.id
  end

  it "index action should render index template" do
    get :index
    expect(response).to render_template(:index)
  end

  it "create action should render new template when model is invalid" do
    Property.any_instance.stubs(:valid?).returns(false)
    post :create, params: { property: { identifing_name: 'test', display_name: 'test'} }
    expect(response).to render_template(:index)
  end

  it "create action should redirect when model is valid" do
    Property.any_instance.stubs(:valid?).returns(true)
    post :create, params: { property: { identifing_name: 'test', display_name: 'test'} }
    expect(response).to render_template(:index)
  end

  it "update action should render edit template when model is invalid" do
    @property = FactoryGirl.create(:property)
    put :update, params: { id: @property.id, property: {:ids => [ ]} }
    expect(response).to render_template(:index)
  end

  it "update action should redirect when model is valid" do
    @property = FactoryGirl.create(:property)
    put :update, params: { id: @property.id, property: { ids: [ @property.id ]} }
    expect(controller.session[:product_wizard][:property_ids]).to eq [@property.id]
    expect(response).to redirect_to(admin_merchandise_wizards_shipping_categories_url)
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Deer Hollow Drug Rehab employs some of the best Suboxone Doctors in Utah to help you with either your heroin or Suboxone withdrawal symptoms. We understand just how daunting and scary this part of the recovery process truly is.
That is why we do everything possible to get you the medical attention you need to stay clean and sober and start the residential treatment and outpatient rehab process out right! Click on the link below to learn more information on how our Suboxone Doctors can help you!
Deer Hollow Drug Rehab provides the most amazing addiction recovery program in congruence with their world renown drug and alcohol detox programs. If you are addicted to alcohol or heroin, or benzos or prescription drugs (methadone, suboxone, subutex, oxymorphone, buprenorphine, etc.) we have the perfect detox center in Utah for you!
We have relationships with some of the best hospitals in Salt Lake City (Utah University Hospital) as well as all major hospitals in Utah in general. This means you are able to access some of the best evidenced-based treatment methods guaranteed to help alleviate the current physical withdrawal symptoms including the constant cravings making life completely unbearable!
It is always a perfect idea to go to drug detox before going to any drug rehab centers in Utah. The reason is that you are not able to perform at your full potential or even capacity if you are plagued with the disease of addiction. Riddled with both mental and physical pain that is constantly eating away at you with the only thought on your mind of, "Just one more"! That is no way to live and nearly impossible to function properly while at rehab.
By going to a heroin detox center, you are able to fight the first stage of your recovery which is... sobriety. If you are still in active use, how could you possibly learn how to deal with the daily stressors of life while high. Especially since getting high is your current number one faulty defense mechanism to deal with life?!
Once you have thoroughly cleansed (detoxified) your body from all impurities and toxins, you should have a fair fighting chance at recovering from your alcohol or drug addiction. Your mind should be much more sharp and able to hold and retain information and you should no longer have to deal with much of your current withdrawal symptoms besides the (PAWS) post cute withdrawal complications which can last upwards of two years in some cases.
To learn more about all of your drug and alcohol detox options, give Deer Hollow Drug Rehab a call now and start healing today!


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Humboldt State University Publications
This journal is a publication by the Department of Critical Race, Gender & Sexuality Studies (CRGS) at Humboldt State University with submissions of creative writing works by students in the Ethnic Studies 107: Chican@ / Latin@ Lives class.
The Multicultural Center focuses on exploring identity and history, experiencing cultures and traditions, expressing feelings, ideas and observations, empowering each other to advocate for social justice, and engaging to build and sustain community. The Cultural Times newsletter centers on this same values.
The Matrix provides a space for the expression of feminist ideas, and the many forms that it comes in. Including but not limited to: poetry, fiction, news, politics and art. The Matrix staff accepts submissions from everyone willing to submit, there is no need to be a student or alumni. The Matrix has also been recognized as one of the top college publications by The Nation magazine, and has loyal readers all over the country.
el Leñador is a bilingual newspaper produced by Humboldt State University students with minority backgrounds. Our core values drives us to become the voice of the Latino community in Humboldt County. We are committed to keeping our community informed of the most important in actuality. Through our newspaper, we hope to inspire other minorities to share their stories and experiences, thus creating more social, political and cultural diversity in local media.
More About HSU Publications


From left, Abby Howell, a senior at Artesia High School, and Meghan Lexa, a freshman at Aztec High School, practice punching during an unarmed stage combat workshop on Friday.
PORTALES - Dozens of high school students were punching and hitting each other on the Eastern New Mexico University campus on Friday. But don't worry. It wasn't part of an underground fight club.


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<This Woman Built A Second Home In Her Living Room 100% Out Of Amazon Boxes – The Results Are Amazing
Third-Grader's Swear Jar Proceeds Will Pay For Her Ivy League Education>
NRA Lobbies Congress To Arm Qualified Women With Vaginal Assault Rifles
The Pulp Presson March 13, 2018 /0 comments
Dana Loesch poses with her new vaginal assault rifle.
Fairfax, Virginia – The NRA has announced plans to arm qualified women with vaginal assault rifles to "protect against rape." The CB-69 Vaginal Assault Rifle targets male urethras with tiny hot pellets. The NRA has said they don't want to protect women from rape, but that that maintaining relevance in the eyes of Congress is the critical matter here. Oh, and your family's safety, of course.
"If this is the only way for us to stay relevant, so be it."
The CB-69 Vaginal Assault Rifle is "100% safer than anything else."
If you thought firearm technology had advanced since the founding fathers drafted the Second Amendment, just wait until you see this bad boy.
The CB-69 is not only the most compact firearm in existence to date; the product is also eco-friendly. The vaginal assault rifle comes equipped with ten reusable mini pellets "to take care of your attacker and the environment," and a silicone applicator "to ensure you can get it up there all nice and snug," said Ms. Loesch. "This is the best way, the safest way, for women to protect themselves against rape and save the environment while they're at it; kill two birds with one stone, or whatever."
The news has sparked speculation over whether the NRA is making a desperate attempt to appeal to anti-gun Democrats and supporters of Planned Parenthood. The NRA has said that, yes, this weapon can be inserted upside down to shoot pellets at an embryo through the cervix, but claim to have taken measures to reduce the potential number of abortion incidents by adhering several warning labels on the packaging.
Pregnant women, for one, are not qualified to use this weapon. However, the NRA says that they will "turn a blind eye" if pregnant women do use the CB-69 as an abortion tool. "Our reputation is of utmost importance," said NRA Spokeswoman, Dana Loesch. "If you give yourself an abortion with the CB-69, that's really fucked up, but we will continue defending your right to choose."
Furthermore, menstruating women are not allowed to use the CB-69. "Menstruating women are too irrational, and the chances of them getting raped are pretty slim anyway," said Ms. Loesch. In general, "hysterical" women will be denied access to these weapons. "We don't want a bunch of trigger-happy crazies putting this in their birth canals," Ms. Loesch added.
The guns are for internal, feminine use only. "Putting it in your anus would be a crime against nature."
If the lobby is successful, you will be able to buy your own CB-69 Vaginal Assault Rifle at your local gun shop. They will also be available at chains such as Dick's Sporting Goods, Walmart, and Amazon.
Tagged: Gun reform Guns National Rifle Association Politics


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Home Politics
Kaduna: When El-Rufai, Shehu Sani fight, APC suffers
From Sola Ojo, Kaduna
The political atmosphere in Kaduna State with regards to both the All Progressives Congress (APC) and main opposition Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) seems beclouded by uncertainties ahead of the 2019 general elections.
The APC in Kaduna under the leadership of Governor Nasir El-Rufai is suffering from many challenges. They include a divided house, ban on Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) in Northern Senatorial district where the sect has its stronghold, inability to end herdsmen and farmers' crisis in Southern Senatorial district within a reasonable time and internal disagreements between the governor and some party stalwarts including the Senator representing Kaduna Central Senatorial District in the upper chamber of the National Assembly, Shehu Sani.
Though political watchers expected the opposition PDP under the leadership of the immediate Vice President, Namadi Sambo and immediate past governor of the State, Mukhtar Ramalan Yero to rise and take advantage of the loophole created by the APC, the party seems to have gone into oblivion. This is even as some believe that the former vice president may dump the party for APC anytime from now.
While the governor strongly believe that working for the people of the state may earn him another turn of leadership whether at the state or federal level, the activist-turned lawmaker keeps winning the heart of locals at the grassroots through his constituency projects and personal encounter with people who never thought of having a handshake with him.
Arising from the crack in the party's leadership since its Chairman in the State, Architect Yusuf Bala Barnabas became deputy governor, APC members like Dr Hakeem Baba-Ahmed, Senator Shehu Sani, Isa Ashiru and Hafsat Mohammad Baba among others have formed what they called true APC 'Akida', an Hausa word which means 'our interest' sometime in February 2016. They said they were not against policies of Governor Nasir El-Rufai because they were not appointed commissioners, as all of them are already above 60 and would not have interest in such positions, but to have a successful and credible political party that can go beyond 2019 in the state because the party is already being damaged due to lack of accessible leadership.
It would be recalled that about 14 party executice members of the party in the state are currently serving in different political offices thereby rendering their offices vacant.
"In Kaduna State, we have been blessed with many people who can contribute in many positive ways, but the system has locked out all these people out and what we see inside is not sufficient to run APC that will do justice to the people of Kaduna State.
"We don't want a situation whereby in 2017, 2018, so much damage would have been done to APC in Kaduna State that somebody will just walk in and take over the government of Kaduna State. We want another APC government to come and build on what Governor El-Rufai has done and that is why we are jealously guarding the success and integrity of the party. We also want to redeem the damages that have been done between the governor and some members of the party.
"What we are agitating for is a united party so that our enemies, PDP, will not have to use our disunity against us in 2019," Dr Hakeem Baba said one year ago. But the situation has not improved an inch as the status quo remains.
Now, the APC Akida too has been silent shortly after the visit of the former secretary to the Kaduna State government and frontier of the group, Baba-Ahmed to El-Rufai during the 2016 Ramadan, though he has said that his faith as a Muslim is first and very important to him than politics thereby refuting the insinuations that he had gone to settle scores with the governor on personal ground. Baba-Ahmed was known to be a key stakeholder in the APC Akida in Kaduna State which appears not to be on the same page with Governor El-Rufai as it frowns at the government's policies and style of leadership.
The APC stalwart however said though the invitation for the break of fast by the governor which he described as symbolic turned out to be good as El-Rufai saw the need to resolve and look into the problems rocking the party and issues to do with policies of government of Kaduna State.
As regarding the bloody clash between members of IMN and men of the Nigerian Army that left scores dead in December 2015 in Zaria, the sect members, who ironically constitute significant voters in the state believed that the state government has already taken sides with the Nigerian Army by arresting their leader and the destruction of their property both in Zaria and Kaduna before setting up a Judicial Commission of Inquiry into the clash. The IMN has since rejected the report of the commission because they did not participate in the hearing that led to the report. This group of people may not vote for APC if El-Rufai will re-contest in 2019.
Also, the incessant killings in southern part of the state by alleged armed herdsmen is another critical factor that may pull down APC in the next political dispensation in the state. Tongues have been wagging within and without the country against the slow pace at which the state government and security apparatus in the state have been reacting to the attacks. Already, the people in that senatorial district felt neglected by both the federal and state governments.
For those who have been following the shenanigan and bleak future of Nigerian politics, it would be recalled that loyal party members to the governor have in late 2015 suspended Shehu Sani from the party's affairs for 11 months due to the allegation of anti party activities.
Though the activist-turned politician did all he could to reverse the suspension, he apparently could not. Many believe that he has not been seen in public functions to avert possibly coming in contact with his perceived enemies within the party. He seems comfortable with the Akida faction of the party but in the estimation of critical observers, that is not also good for the party.
Towards the end of 2016, the sleeping dog was once again reawakened. There was allegation of N3million given to the party executives at ward 6 where the senator comes from to effect his indefinite suspension from the party. The money was allegedly given by Special Adviser to El-Rufai, Uba Sani to expel the senator upon the expiration of eleven months suspension. It was rumoured that Uba Sani is fueling the suspension of Shehu Sani so he could replace him as the Senatorial candidate in 2019.
To make the episode more interesting, some members of the ward 6 executive, led by the Chairman, Abbas Mohammed Anni at a press conference in Kaduna, had alleged that there were "some unscrupulous elements acting on the orders of the state governor to create rancour and disaffection within the APC in the state alleging that, the governor's aide was hatching a plot against Senator Shehu Sani.
Abass said: "we have been reliably informed that the political advisers to the State Governor held a closed door meeting with few members of this Exco and bribed them with the sum of Three Million Naira (N3,000,000.00) just to engineer the expulsion of one of our most illustrious leaders in the person of Sen. Shehu Sani.
"It is very unfortunate that this ugly move is popping up again after the disgraceful episode of a Five Hundred Thousand Naira (N500, 000.00) bribe that was purportedly given by the same set of people to instigate the alleged suspension of Sen. Shehu Sani about a year ago."
But in a swift reaction to the alleged bribery brouhaha, the Secretary of APC Ward 6, Alhaji Auwal Abdulhamid Garba said, the allegation is not only malicious, but unfounded and baseless, stating categorically that it was not true that monies were given or shared to either extend suspension period or expel Senator Sani from the party, "if there is any proof that we collected money, they should provide or we sue them."
On efforts put up to reconcile the warring parties, he said, "we have made several efforts to reconcile the erring senator with the party, we were even attacked by one of his boys and one Jamilu Mohammed's confessional statement is already with the police. We have even withdrawn that case in the spirit of peace; up till now, he has not made any attempt to see us and reconcile.
"The Senator has continuously violated party rules and even raised dust over the removal of subsidy and $30billion loan request by President Muhammadu Buhari.
"We expected that period of your suspension would have given you the grace of being remorseful, but you rather choose to go otherwise and this made our party to be vulnerable to disunity, disharmony and further shattering the existing peace mechanism within our ward and the state at large.
"Therefore, in consideration of the constitutional provisions as contained in Article 21 (A) i, ii, iii, v, vi, and vii of the constitution of the All Progressives Congress (APC), you are hereby suspended indefinitely from active participation of APC activities. "This is in conformity with article 21 (D) i-(F) which provides punishment for any erring member of the party", he stressed in a letter sent to Sani on November 30, 2016.
For now, the dust is believed to be temporarily settled and missiles are not forthcoming from both sides of the divide. Critical observers argue that the party crisis is also gradually infiltrating from the state to the entire North-west zone even as Kaduna has been and is still the political melting pot of Northern Nigeria. The thinking in many quarters is that any serious political party will not just fold its arms and watch the party going down the drain without making any move.
To this end, one can only have his fingers crossed and watch where the political pendulum in Kaduna State will swing. As it is now, the APC is not certain whether the vast majority of voters in the state will vote for the party in the next election. Many insist it may be one of the reasons the party is yet to fix a date for local government election in the state. As it appears, only time will determine the fortunes of the APC in Kaduna State.
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Russian deputy prime minister Vladislav Surkov forced to resign after Vladimir Putin lambasts cabinet
Russia's deputy prime minister Vladislav Surkov, a key figure once dubbed the Kremlin's "puppet master", has resigned, dealing a blow to prime minister Dmitry Medvedev.
Vladislav Surkov, left, with Vladimir Putin in the Urals city of Kurgan in February last year Photo: AFP
By Tom Balmforth, Moscow
7:46PM BST 08 May 2013
Mr Surkov, a former ally of President Vladimir Putin, served as a Kremlin adviser for 12 years before being put in charge of economic modernisation in Mr Medvedev's cabinet.
But he may have fallen foul of political in-fighting spurred by the increasingly powerful Investigative Committee, a law enforcement agency modelled on the FBI that reports directly to Mr Putin. It has zealously prosecuted a crackdown on the Russian opposition and has also launched a series of corruption probes, sometimes for what critics say are political motives.
Speaking on a trip to London last week, Mr Surkov denounced the Investigative Committee for pursuing one such investigation into Skolkovo, an innovation hub founded under Mr Medvedev that was intended to replicate California's Silicon Valley in Russia.
His departure may also reflect growing animosity between the government and the Kremlin as Mr Putin has tried to palm off blame on his ministers for failing to deliver on presidential campaign promises, as well as for the slowing Russian economy, one year after he began his third term as president.
On Tuesday evening Mr Putin upbraided cabinet ministers for their failure to implement his presidential decrees - in a meeting which overran and delayed the beginning of talks with John Kerry, the US secretary of state who was in Moscow.
Putin: a man we can do business with?
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The Investigative Committee probe into embezzlement at the Skolkovo project – widely seen as selective and political – may be part of a broader attempt to dismantle Mr Medvedev's power base and there is speculation that the prime minister himself could eventually be fired, should Mr Putin need a scapegoat.
It is unclear whether Mr Surkov will be given a new position.
An advertising guru who trained as a theatre director, Mr Surkov gained an infamous reputation in politics as a Russian grey cardinal or "Richelieu" figure after he joined the Kremlin administration in 1999.
He is credited as the author of Russia's "sovereign" version of democracy and the architect of its micromanaged political system.
When that system began to wobble in December 2011 as Russia was rocked by unprecedented protests, Mr Surkov was moved from the Kremlin administration and given a post as a deputy prime minister in a move widely seen as a demotion. Since then Putin has kept him at arm's length.
Mr Surkov has cultivated a mysterious image. He is half Chechen and has kept portraits of Che Guevara and President Barack Obama in his study. He is also thought to have written songs for the Russian gothic rock group Agata Kristi and written a gangster novel under a pseudonym.
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The phytotoxic abilities of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), in a population consisting of wild species, potato diploid hybrids and potato cultivars, against mustard (Sinapis alba L.) were investigated. Measurements of total glycoalkaloid, phenolic and flavonoid concentrations in potato leaf extracts and their role in phytotoxicity were performed. Extracts prepared from wild potato species, particularly Solanum maglia and Solanum chacoense, had the strongest inhibitory effect on mustard growth. Most extracts significantly extended the germination time, as determined by Piepper's index, but extracts prepared from potato cultivars did not affect seedling growth/development. However, only S. maglia and S. chacoense prolonged the time of germination, corresponding to inhibition of mustard growth. The Pearson's correlation coefficient of concentrations of total glycoalkaloids, phenolics and flavonoids in potato leaf extracts and length of mustard seedlings showed a significant negative correlation for glycoalkaloids (r = − 0.51), with the strongest effect for root length of potato wild species (r = − 0.79) and potato diploid hybrids (r = − 0.86). Our data indicated that glycoalkaloids are the major phytotoxic compounds responsible for potato phytotoxicity against mustard. However, we observed phenolics and flavonoids may influence the strength of the phytotoxic effects caused by glycoalkaloids.
Allelopathy Gallic acid Phytotoxicity Quercetin Solanine Solanum sp.
Communicated by M. J. Reigosa.
The online version of this article ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-019-2848-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the fourth most important food crop after maize (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In addition to cultivated potato, there are 232 species of wild potatoes, and all tuber-bearing Solanum species belong to the section Petota (Spooner et al. 2016). Wild relatives of cultivated potato are distributed along a broad range of habitats, from semidesert conditions to subzero temperatures. These adaptations indicate that wild species are tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, they are often used as a secondary gene pool in breeding (Machida-Hirano 2015).
Glycoalkaloids are the major group of bioactive compounds in Solanum species. Glycoalkaloids are derivatives of solanidine (aglycone) and differ from each other in the number, type and binding site of the sugar moiety (glucose, galactose, rhamnose) (Ginzberg et al. 2009). High levels of glycoalkaloids in leaves are the first line of defense against pathogens and herbivores (McCue 2009). They act as a feeding deterrent to potato aphids, leaf hoppers and snails. Two of these compounds, α-solanine and α-chaconine, are common in all Solanum species, while some are restricted to the single species, e.g., arudonine in (Solanum arundo) (Mattei) (Fukuhara et al. 2004). The pathways and environmental factors regulating glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in Solanum species, as well as their roles in common resistance, are well known. However, recent reports have suggested that glycoalkaloids may be responsible for potato (plant–plant) allelopathy/phytotoxicity, but knowledge about this phenomenon is poorly documented.
In potato agroecosystems, similar to natural ecosystems, allelopathic interactions between potato and other plants can be observed. After potato cultivation, planting tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) or peppers (Capsicum sp.) is not recommended due to impaired growth. Furthermore, among wild species of potato, which are known for their wealth of plant shapes and differing habitat preferences, one may favor individual growth, while another forms carpet-like growth. The absence of neighboring plants around potatoes may indicate their allelopathic potential.
Allelopathic compounds act on target plants primarily in mixtures. Two compounds (e.g., those leaching into soil) may display reciprocal relationships, or they can act additively, synergistically or antagonistically on neighboring plants (Fang et al. 2008). Previous research on silverleaf nightshade (Solanum nigrum) indicated that the phytotoxic effect of glycoalkaloids is enhanced by saponins (Chiale et al. 1991; Bothma 2002). Therefore, the involvement of compounds other than glycoalkaloids, such as phenolics and flavonoids, in phytotoxicity should be recognized. Interestingly, for potato, quantitative and qualitative studies on glycoalkaloids, phenolics and flavonoids were performed primarily with regard to human nutrition and the anti-feeding effects of potato tubers (Brown 2005) or pathogenesis and herbivore resistance (Hlywka et al. 1994; Hazel et al. 1988). However, there are few studies describing potato bioactive compounds as potential phytotoxic agents with a focus on glycoalkaloids isolated from potato tubers or sprouts (Sun et al. 2010; Fang et al. 2008). Knowledge concerning the nature of allelopathic/phytotoxic interactions of cultivated and wild potato remains poor. Thus, investigations of the potato phytotoxic abilities to confirm/exclude the role of glycoalkaloids, phenolics and flavonoids in this phenomenon are needed.
We undertook studies to identify the phytotoxic potential of cultivated and wild potato species against mustard (Sinapis alba L.) as an acceptor plant. Cultivated potatoes differ considerably from wild species due to changes during domestication. They are also characterized by decreased glycoalkaloids content in tubers and leaves (Uppal 1987). Thus, potato hybrids are believed to have phytotoxic abilities from both potato groups. We hypothesized that diversified populations with various genetic backgrounds will be informative in determining the phytotoxic potential of potato. The content of allelopathic compounds changes during the growing season, and the highest levels are observed at the physiological stage of full anthesis (Ahmed and Wardle 1994). Moreover, the synthesis and storage of these compounds are spatially and temporally diversified (Distl and Wink 2009). Therefore, the phytotoxic potential depends on the type of organ/tissues, which is why we used leaves as the richest source of bioactive compounds. To validate the role of glycoalkaloids, phenolics and flavonoids in potato phytotoxicity against mustard, we examined how selected compounds affect mustard growth when applied alone or in a mixture, in various proportions.
The experimental material comprised wild species of potato (Solanum pinnatisectum, Solanum michoacanum, Solanum vernei, S. maglia, S. chacoense, Solanum fendleri, and Solanum ruiz-ceballosi), interspecific potato diploid hybrids (DG 08-28/13, DG 88-89, DG 97-952, DG 08-26/39, DG 07-104, DG 03-152, and 08-305; their pedigree is presented in Supplementary Table 1 and selected potato cultivars (Katahdin, Yampa, Dalila, Cayuga, Magura, Urgenta, and Ari). Potato tubers were planted in the cuvettes with peat (10 plants of each genotype). Cuvettes were incubated at 20 °C until the appearance of stolons. Then, from each genotype, five similar plants were selected and replanted in plastic pots (ø 18 cm). During the growing season (from May to the end of September), plants were grown in a greenhouse.
At the phase of full anthesis, early in the morning (2 h after abundant watering), leaves (leaflets) from the middle of the shoot were collected and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The plant material was stored at − 80 °C until use. The results are presented as an average of 2 years of material from the growing seasons of 2013 and 2014.
Initially, 0.5 g of potato leaves was ground in liquid nitrogen, transferred to Falcon tubes and combined with 50 ml of distilled water. Samples were shaken on a laboratory shaker for 24 h at 20 °C in the dark. Next, potato leaf extracts were centrifuged for 10 min at 2000×g and filtered gravitationally using Rotilabo® cellulose filters (retention 11–15 µm) (Carl Roth). Freshly prepared extracts (1%, w/v) were used for morphometric and spectrophotometric analyses. The concentration of the extracts was chosen experimentally, based on the ability to inhibit mustard cv. Rota growth (extract should not lead to plant death but should significantly inhibit seedling length).
Mustard seeds were obtained from the VERA-AGRA Breeding Company, Cieszkow, Poland. Seeds were sterilized for 5 min in 5% sodium hypochlorite and washed three times in distilled water. Seeds were germinated on Petri dishes (ø 18) filled with filter paper. The paper was soaked with 15 ml of distilled water (control) or 1% potato leaf extracts (samples).
dn germination time, an the number of germinated seeds on each day (Orzeszko-Rywka and Rochalska 2007).
The experiment had three biological repetitions, and for each biological repetition, three technical repetitions were performed.
Mustard seeds were germinated in Petri dishes (ø 18) at 20 °C in distilled water for 18 h. After radicle protrusion, seedlings of equal size (root of approx. 3 mm length) were transferred to Petri dishes filled with filter paper and moistened with water (control) or 1% potato leaf extracts. Seedlings were covered with an additional layer of filter paper. Plates were set vertically so that the root grew under the action of gravity. Seedlings grew for 5 days in the dark. After this time, roots and hypocotyls lengths were measured.
The experiment was performed in three biological repetitions, and each repetition had four technical replicates.
The concentration of total glycoalkaloids (TGA) in potato leaf extracts was determined by the modified method of Andreu et al. (2001).
Potato leaf extracts (1%) were concentrated fourfold in a vacuum rotary evaporator (SpeedVac Appligene Refrigerated Aspirator, Germany). The 5 ml of 10% acetic acid solution was added to 2 ml of a fourfold concentrated potato leaf extract. Samples were centrifuged for 30 min at 4700×g at 10 °C (Hareus Instruments, Megafuge 1.0 R). The supernatant was transferred into the tubes, and the pH of supernatant was adjusted to 10.0 using 5 M ammonium hydroxide. Samples were placed into the water bath at 80 °C for 30 min (Ika-Werke, HB 4basic, Germany) and then transferred to 4 °C for 3 h. Next, samples were centrifuged for 30 min at 4700×g, at 10 °C. The solution was removed, and the precipitate was dissolved in 330 µl of 100% methanol and transferred on ice. Then, 660 µl of 98% sulfuric acid and 330 µl of 1% paraformaldehyde were added. In the next step, extracts were incubated at room temperature for 90 min.
Blank samples contained 330 µl of 100% methanol, 660 µl of 98% sulfuric acid and 330 µl of 1% paraformaldehyde.
Absorbance was measured on the Hitachi U-1900 (Japan) spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 562 nm. The concentration of glycoalkaloids was expressed as an equivalent of α-solanine.
The concentration of total phenolics (TP) in potato leaf extracts was determined using the modified method described by Maurya and Singh (2010).
Potato leaf extracts (1%) were concentrated twofold in a vacuum concentrator (SpeedVac Appligene Refrigerated Aspirator, Germany). Then, 250 µl of twofold concentrated potato leaf extract was sequentially mixed with the following: 250 μl of methanol (99%), 2.5 ml of freshly prepared tenfold diluted Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (Sigma, F9252) and 2 ml of 7.5% (w/v) sodium carbonate. The blank sample contained 250 µl of distilled water, 250 µl of 99% methanol, 2.5 ml of tenfold diluted Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and 2 ml of 7.5% sodium carbonate. Samples were allowed to stand for 30 min at room temperature. Absorbance was measured on a Hitachi U-1900 (Japan) spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 760 nm.
The concentration of TP was expressed as an equivalent of gallic acid.
The concentration of total flavonoids (TF) in potato extracts was determined according to the method of Chang et al. (2002).
Potato leaf extracts (1%) were concentrated twofold in a vacuum concentrator (SpeedVac Appligene Refrigerated Aspirator, Germany). To 0.5 ml of twofold concentrated extracts was sequentially added the following: 1.5 ml of 96% ethanol, 0.1 ml of 10% aluminum chloride (w/v), 0.1 ml of 1 M potassium acetate and 2.8 ml of distilled water. The blank sample contained 3.4 ml of distilled water, 1.5 ml of 96% ethanol and 0.1 ml of 1 M potassium acetate. Samples were incubated for 40 min at room temperature. Absorbance was measured on the Hitachi U-1900 (Japan) spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 415 nm. The concentration of TF was expressed as an equivalent of quercetin.
All experiments were performed in two biological replications, and there were two technical replicates for each experiment.
Based on analyses of potato leaf extracts (concentration of phenolics, flavonoids and glycoalkaloids) and the impact of these extracts on mustard root and shoot lengths, we performed experiments using selected compounds exhibiting phytotoxic abilities. We used gallic acid (phenol), quercetin (flavonoid) and α-solanine (glycoalkaloid) and tested mixtures of these compounds in various proportions. For this purpose, mustard seedlings of equal size (root of approx. 3 mm length) were transferred into Petri dishes moistened with water (control) or a solution containing (a) 50 µM solanine; or a mixture of (b) 50 µM solanine + 50 µM gallic acid + 15 µM quercetin, and (c) 50 µM solanine + 100 µM gallic acid + 30 µM quercetin. After 5 days, lengths of mustard roots and shoots were measured. The experiment was performed with three biological repetitions, and at each repetition, four technical replicates were performed.
Statistical analyses were performed using STATISTICA software (StatSoft, Poland). The mean differences were calculated using the Student's t test, and homogenous groups were evaluated using Tukey's HSD post hoc test. Standard errors were also provided to indicate the variations associated with the particular mean values. To determine which group of bioactive compound is primarily responsible for potato phytotoxic potential, we performed Pearson's correlation coefficient analyses among mustard root, shoot, and seedling lengths with TGA, TP and TF concentrations in potato leaf extracts using Pearson's r-value. Additionally, we correlated concentrations of TGA, TP and TF in potato leaf extracts to analyze dependency between each group of compounds.
Most tested genotypes (except for S. fendleri and DG 03-152) significantly increased the germination time described by Pieper's index (Fig. 1a, Supplementary Table 2). Germination time was longest in the cultivated potato extracts from cvs. Magura and Cayuga (2.10) (Fig. 1a).
Potato leaf extracts significantly affected mustard growth and had both stimulatory and inhibitory effects (Fig. 1b, Supplementary Table 2). Extracts from wild potato species inhibited the growth of mustard seedling in all tested genotypes, from 22% (S. fendleri) to 70% (S. maglia), compared to control plants growing in water (Fig. 1b). Roots were the most affected organ in all wild potato species, with the strongest effect from S. chacoense and S. maglia extracts, which inhibited mustard root length by 80% and 87%, respectively (Fig. 1b). Among potato hybrids, one genotype inhibited mustard growth (DG 08-28/13, by 29%) (Fig. 1b), and three stimulated growth (DG 07-104 and DG 03-152 by 10% and DG 97-952 by 6%). Root growth was inhibited by leaf extracts of DG 08-28/13 (by 42%) and was stimulated by DG 07-104 (by 6%). However, except for DG 08-305, all potato hybrids stimulated mustard hypocotyl growth, from 3% (DG 08-28/13) to 26% (DG 03-152) (Fig. 1b). Among potato cultivars, growth of mustard seedlings was stimulated by leaf extracts of cv. Magura (by 15%), Cayuga (by 6%) and Yampa (by 4%, stimulation of hypocotyl growth) (Fig. 1b).
α-Solanine applied alone significantly inhibited root (in 50%) and hypocotyl (22%) growth of mustard seedlings (Table 1). Addition of 50 µM gallic acid and 15 µM quercetin to the α-solanine mixture had no effect on root length; however, it significantly reduced the negative effect on the length of mustard hypocotyl. Doubling the gallic acid (100 µM) and quercetin (30 µM) added to the 50 µM α-solanine solution decreased the negative effect of α-solanine when applied alone. Root length was still shorter than that of the control (by 25%), while hypocotyl length was similar to that in control plants (Table 1).
Concentration of TGA, TP and TF in potato leaf extracts varied both among potato groups and genotypes. Among wild potato species, extracts prepared from leaves of S. maglia and S. chacoense were the richest in glycoalkaloids (Table 2). In the group of potato hybrids, only DG 08-28/13 had a high TGA concentration in leaf extracts (66.3 µg ml−1). Potato cultivars had low or intermediate concentrations of TGA in leaf extracts (Table 2). The highest concentrations of TP were observed in leaf extracts of potato hybrids, especially DG 97-952, whereas wild species and potato cultivars did not show the high degree of variety in TP concentrations as observed for TGA concentration (Table 2). The TFs were the least abundant group of compounds in potato leaf extracts. The highest concentrations of TP were observed in S. michoacanum (12.5 µg ml−1) and DG 97-952 (13.4 µg ml−1) (Table 2). Concentrations of TGA, TP and TF in years 2013–2014 are presented in Supplementary Table 3.
Correlation analysis of seedling length with concentration of bioactive compounds in potato leaf extracts was performed to determine which group of compounds had the strongest effect on mustard growth. The analysis revealed a significant influence of TGA present in the extracts of wild species and potato hybrids on the length of mustard seedlings (Table 3). The observed negative correlation indicated that higher concentrations of TGA inhibited seedling growth. The strongest negative correlation was noted for mustard root length and glycoalkaloids of wild species (− 0.79) and potato hybrids (− 0.86) (Table 3), while no correlation was observed for hypocotyl length. However, there was a significant influence of TGA on root length, which led to inhibition of whole seedling growth (Table 3), from both the wild species and potato hybrids. No significant correlation was noted for cultivated potato. A summary analysis of correlations between all potato groups confirmed the influence of glycoalkaloids present in leaf extracts of potato on mustard seedling growth (as well as single roots, r = − 0.53), with a correlation of − 0.51 (Table 3). For other examined compounds, TP and TF showed no significant correlations (Table 3).
Pearson's correlation coefficient between TGA, TP and TF concentrations revealed that in all three potato groups, TP was significantly positively correlated with TF (r = 0.87, Table 4). The strongest effect was noted for potato hybrids (r = 0.95). Additionally, for potato cultivars, a significant correlation was observed for TGA and TF (r = 0.96, Table 4).
In this study, we examined phytotoxic potential, which varies within the examined potato population, expressed as the ability to inhibit mustard seed germination and seedling growth. Morphometric analyses of mustard seedlings growing on potato leaf extracts showed that wild potato species had the highest phytotoxic potential (all tested genotypes inhibited mustard seedling growth), especially S. chacoense and S. maglia. Potato cultivars have both, no or stimulatory effects on mustard growth (Fig. 1b). The inhibitory effect is most easily observed on root (Fig. 1b). These differences in the strength of phytotoxic potential are not surprising, given the different genetic background of plants in each potato group (Supplementary Table 1), which entails changes in the quality and quantity of the bioactive compounds. Moreover, in cultivated potato may be present compound acting antagonistically with other compounds that are able to diminish theirs phytotoxic effect on mustard growth. The second hypothesis is highly feasible, since among cultivars we have observed positive correlation between TGA and TP (Table 4). This suggests that TP may reduce phytotoxic effect of TGA present in potato leaf extracts. This phenomenon is also very interesting for further examination.
Most extracts significantly extended time of germination (Fig. 1a), with a barely noticeable influence on percentage of germinated seeds (S. chacoense is the exception) (data not shown). Despite the extended time of mustard germination, extracts prepared from potato cultivars had no negative effect on mustard growth (Fig. 1a, b). The most phytotoxic species, S. chacoense and S. maglia, have comparable values of Piepper's index to potato cultivars; however, the effect on mustard growth was much more pronounced (Fig. 1a, b). High values of Pieper's index indicate longer germination times.
Germination is, in principle, less sensitive to phytotoxic compounds than plant growth. This is due to a seed coat that provides a barrier against penetration of bioactive (Soltys et al. 2012). The observed data indicated that both processes are differentially affected by bioactive compounds present in potato leaf extracts.
Variations in the quality and quantity of glycoalkaloids between wild potato species and cultivated potato are well known. For example, in leaves and tubers of S. maglia, demissine, commersonine and dehydrocommersonine, which are lacking in the cultivated potato S. phureja ssp. phureja, were detected (Distl and Wink 2009). These qualitative changes in glycoalkaloid composition may influence the phytotoxic abilities of potato.
To our knowledge, no other studies have shown that compounds other than glycoalkaloids, can contribute to potato phytotoxicity. For this reason, we examined the concentration of two more groups of bioactive compounds, TF and TP, in potato leaf extracts to assess their phytotoxic effects (length of mustard seedlings).
The presence of allelopathic compounds in various genotypes of the same species has been recognized primarily in crop plants; these compounds include momilactone in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and sorgoleone in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (Ben-Hammouda et al. 1995; Czarnota et al. 2003), but they can also be observed in different species of the same genus, e.g., cyanamide in vetch (Vicia sp.) (Kamo et al. 2012). The quantity of listed allelopathic compounds is directly associated with the strength of the phytotoxic potential of these plants. In our study, Pearson's correlation coefficient between TGA, TP and TF concentrations and length of mustard seedlings revealed a significant negative correlation of TGA (r = − 0.51, Table 3). The highest negative correlation of TGA was observed for root growth of potato hybrids (r = − 0.86, Table 3). Therefore, we concluded that in the examined potato population, glycoalkaloids are the major bioactive compounds responsible for the phytotoxic effects of potato leaf extracts on mustard growth. Additionally, correlation analysis between TGA, TP and TF demonstrated a significant role of TP and TF in influencing the phytotoxic potential against mustard. Significant positive correlations between TP and TF among wild potato species, TP and TF in potato hybrids and TGA and TP in cultivated potato indicated the essential roles of TP and TF in this phenomenon (Table 4). The positive correlation of TGA with TP suggested that TP may reduce the phytotoxic effect of TGA present in potato leaf extracts, and a positive relationship between TP and TF denoted synergistic action of these compounds (Table 4). This hypothesis seems to be confirmed in our observations in case of S. fendleri and DG 97-952. Both genotypes have comparable TGA concentration in leaf extracts; however, DG 97-952 has almost doubled concentration of TP and TF and slightly stimulates mustard growth, while S. fendleri inhibits in 22% (Fig. 1a, b; Table 1). For this reason, we performed experiment and hypothesized that phenolics and flavonoids are a class of antioxidant agents that may abolish phytotoxic effect of glycoalkaloids. To confirm our thesis, we firstly observed effect of α-solanine (50 µM) on mustard growth applied alone, and then in mixture with gallic acid (50 µM and 100 µM) and quercetin (15 µM and 30 µM) applied at the same proportion to α-solanine as determined in S. fendleri and DG 97-952 (Table 1). The α-solanine inhibited seedling growth, roots in 50% and hypocotyl in 78%. Addition of quercetin and gallic acid in proportion to α-solanine as observed in S. fendleri significantly decreases phytotoxic effect of α-solanine; however, this effect is more pronounced when both compounds are applied in double doses as observed in DG 97-952 (Table 2). These results confirmed that both bioactive compounds diminished the negative effect of glycoalkaloids on mustard growth and may play important roles in the phytotoxic potential of potato. Moreover, Pearson's correlation coefficient between TGA, TP and TF confirms positive relationships between TP and TF, which denote synergistic action of these compounds (Table 4).
The qualitative relationships among TGA, TP and TF may not be the only factors determining the phytotoxic potential of potato. A comparison of TGA concentration in leaf extracts with seedling length raises the question of why genotypes with approximately similar concentrations of TGA often cause different effects on mustard growth. For example, S. pinnatisectum and cv. Urgenta have analogous concentrations of TGA, TP and TF, but S. pinnatisectum had very strong phytotoxic effects on mustard growth (seedling inhibition of 40%) (Fig. 1b, Table 3). This may be due to the different composition of bioactive compounds present in potato leaf extracts. Intraspecific variation in glycoalkaloids is due to the high genetic variability of wild potato species. Moreover, in cultivated potato, the major glycoalkaloids are α-chaconine and α-solanine, while among wild species, this is not always the rule. For example, in S. neocardenasii, the main glycoalkaloid is tomatine (Deahl et al. 1993). We hypothesized that potato hybrids from crosses of wild potato species with cultivated potato combined traits of both parents and that the phytotoxic effect on mustard growth would be intermediate. We confirmed this hypothesis; however, potato hybrids had various TGA content, but the effects on mustard growth were weaker than those of wild potato species, which had similar TGA content (Fig. 1b, Table 1). Hybrids between wild potato species and S. tuberosum may have tenfold higher TGA content than the parent cultivar (Georgieva and Ronkov 1954). Additionally, in the offspring of crosses between parents that differ in the type of glycoalkaloids, genes controlling TGA synthesis can recombine with each other, which can result in new types of glycoalkaloids (McCollum and Sinden 1979). Based on potato hybrids used in this study, we noticed that phytotoxic potential and TGA content is determined not by the presence of single, specific species in the genetic background but rather by specific combination of species (Supplementary Table 1). According to Fang et al. (2008), combinations of glycoalkaloids may have a significant influence on phytotoxic effects, e.g., solamargine mixed with solasonine may act synergistically at 3:1, additively at 3:2 or antagonistically at 1:3. Potato cultivars have the weakest phytotoxic potential, even stimulation of the growth, which may be due to low concentration of TGA in leaf extracts. Additionally, in some cultivars, the main glycoalkaloids are α-solanine and α-chaconine, which have a weaker influence on plant growth than solasonine or solamargine (Fang et al. 2008).
We demonstrated that the phytotoxic potential of potato leaf extracts corresponds to their glycoalkaloid concentration and concluded that glycoalkaloids are the major compounds responsible for the phytotoxic effects on mustard. However, phenolics and flavonoids may act together with glycoalkaloids to control these interactions. Glycoalkaloids may be involved in allelopathic interactions in the field either, since during growing season on potato field is present about 25 kg ha−1 of glycoalkaloids (in plants) and after harvest, in the soil remains about 0.6 kg ha−1 of glycoalkaloids (Jensen et al. 2007, 2009). Allelopathic effect may be expressed mainly against neighboring plants (weeds) or next-season crops.
DSK comprehended and designed ideas of the project, conducted the experiments, write up part of the manuscript; ZM conducted lab work, write up part of the manuscript; DSŻ reproduced the plants and collected the plant material. IWF cultivated the plants. WM revised and edited the manuscript. All of the authors read and approved the manuscript.
The research was funded within statutory donation 1-3-00-1-01 from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education and partially supported by The National Science Center in Poland, Grant UMO-2016/23/D/NZ9/02672. The authors thank Agnieszka Gniazdowska for valuable comments and suggestions during preparation of this manuscript and Chrystian Chomontowski for help in estimation of the osmotic potential of potato leaf extracts.


What kind of interaction did you have with the Knightmare teams immediately before or after yours?
Great question. Unfortunately, I don't think we had much more interaction with Duston, Alan, Oliver and Alex than we did with the team that followed us (obviously there wasn't one of those).
I vaguely recall chatting with the guys by the window in the Green Room (the window was on the far wall from where you entered the room). But I couldn't tell you about what. Someone did mention they'd survived the CoB but the guys were well behaved in not divulging much and we were well behaved in not asking them to.
I don't recall where abouts team 6 was at in the dungeon when we arrived. I do remember we arrived Monday 8th August. We filmed our entrance scene late in the day on Tuesday (the only scene we filmed that day) and then filmed all day Wednesday 10th August and then went home. It was a long and tiring day. I presume team 6 went home Tuesday 9th - I don't think there was much overlap as we went swimming and out for lunch on the Tuesday so weren't even in the Green Room much that day, at least not for the first half.
I recall that it was strongly discouraged.
I seem to recall the rules (or one of the bits of paperwork we had) not exactly prohibiting it, but strongly discouraging us from interacting and sharing information.
Keep in mind that the backup team was called as soon as the primary team started, and it would usually take the backup team a day or two to arrive, so there was little overlap anyway. In addition, adjacent teams were kept in different hotels and, if the primary team were still playing, then the backup team were usually sent to the nearby leisure centre in the afternoon (we didn't get this because the team before us died at lunchtime).
I recall Sue and Tim saying that the teams were sent to lunch at different times, too.
Teams 4 & 5 of Series 5 were an interesting case. Both were from Exeter; Team 4 completed Level 3; Team 5 lost on Level 1; they not only met but travelled home together too. Ray from Team 4 shared a photo (on Knightmare.com) showing both teams on the train; Andrea from Team 5 has shared a photo (via social media) of both teams in the green room at Anglia TV.
Talking of the Series 5 winners, there's an excellent Twitter thread here analysing the letters Ray received from the Knightmare production team.
We met our predecessors: team seven of series four. They had clearly been told not to tell us anything about the game, and it was pretty soon after we arrived on the Monday afternoon that, as they returned from a filming session, one of the boys declared, "We're dead!". They didn't seem to be too upset by their defeat, though; so far as we could tell, anyway.
Thank you all for your insights on this topic.
We met our predecessors: team seven of series four. They had clearly been told not to tell us anything about the game, and it was pretty soon after we arrived on the Monday afternoon that, as they returned from a filming session, one of the boys declared, "We're dead!".
Their exceptionally short Level 2 had the Block & Tackle as the second (and the fatal) room: earlier than in any other quest. It was in contrast to yours: you encountered the same obstacle later than any other team.
They didn't seem to be too upset by their defeat, though; so far as we could tell, anyway.
As a fan, one of the surprises of hearing from Knightmare contestants in subsequent years has been that some of those who 'didn't do well' from a watcher's point of view (compared to other teams) still had a winning experience, simply through getting to be on Knightmare.
I guess that in participating in Knightmare, you were open to the very high probability of failure. It set your expectations from the start.


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Home > Realitytv > My 600-lb Life
Source: TLC
Margaret Wants to Get Healthy on 'My 600-Lb Life' — Where Is She Now?
Jan. 5 2022, Published 10:00 p.m. ET
Spoiler warning: This article contains spoilers for the Jan. 5, 2022 episode of My 600-lb Life.
It's not often that My 600-lb Life episodes feature truly bedridden patients, but in the Jan. 5, 2022 episode, Margaret Johnson is reliant on remaining in her bed or a wheelchair more often than not. She can sit up on her own if needed, but even when she has physical therapy, she can't move all that much while in bed. So, where is Margaret from My 600-lb Life now?
In the episode, Margaret explains why she weighs more than 700 pounds, and as far as stories go on this show, it's one of the most heartbreaking by far. She explains that her food issues began as a small child when her father, who she says was 1,000 pounds, ate most of the food in the house. Margaret and her siblings nearly starved as a result.
So by the time Margaret was able to start sneaking into the pantry or refrigerator to steal some of her father's food, it became a way to get back at him. By the time she was six years old, Margaret weighed more than 100 pounds. From there, her weight increased every year. She was also consistently verbally abused by her father, which only made her reliance on food for comfort stronger.
Margaret and her mother have a close relationship in her 'My 600-lb Life' episode.
Margaret explains in the episode that her mom, Millie, had gastric bypass surgeries years ago. Even so, her mom has given in to Margaret's cravings for unhealthy food. And at times in the episode, Margaret's mother alternates between treating Margaret almost like a child and lashing out at her out of frustration.
Margaret's mother is her primary caretaker, and she is there with Margaret for her doctor appointments and follow ups. She seems genuinely excited for Margaret when they learn she lost 100 pounds while scaling back on her calorie intake at home. Her mom assures Dr. Now that she will continue to urge Margaret to eat healthy foods and move forward with her weight loss in order to qualify for bariatric surgery.
Dr. Now is concerned about Margaret's commitment to change, but she says she's willing to do whatever it takes to qualify for surgery. Follow her journey tonight at 8/7c on #My600lbLife. pic.twitter.com/ywVZm42csn
— TLC Network (@TLC) January 5, 2022
Where is Margaret from 'My 600-lb Life' now?
There are times in the episode when Margaret relapses on her progress. There's a scene where a pair of physical therapists come to her house to work with her and she sends them away at first, but after reconsidering, she allows them in and they have a session while Margaret lays in bed. And after Margaret learns of her 100 pounds weight loss on her own, she's encouraged to keep working hard.
"I know this is my last chance to turn my life around," Margaret says of getting the surgery. "So I'm not going to mess this up. I'm gonna do all the things I should be doing and I'm not gonna let up no matter what, because now I can see the light at the end of the tunnel. And I'm just running faster towards it."
There doesn't seem to be a public social media account associated with Margaret, so she may be keeping her life private since she filmed My 600-lb Life. But, given her progress in her episode, it's totally possible that Margaret is now living a much healthier lifestyle.
In the episode, Margaret does have a setback when she has an appointment with Dr. Now and finds out she's lost only five pounds since her previous appointment. It seems like Margaret might give up altogether, but she eventually gets back on track and she qualifies for her surgery. Hopefully she remained on the road to her goal weight and lifestyle after filming ended.
Watch My 600-lb Life on Wednesdays at 10 p.m. EST on TLC.
What Happened to Ryan Barkdoll From 'My 600-Lb Life'? He Hasn't Been on the Show
Remembering the 'My 600-Lb Life' Cast Members Who Have Sadly Passed Away
'My 600-lb Life' Participants Aren't Exactly Making Bank to Appear on the Show


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Cornell University To Establish Medical School in Qatar
A Private Foundation in Qatar Commits $750 Million to Establish the "Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar"

Hailed as First of its Kind, and an "Important Diplomatic Initiative"
In an unprecedented expansion of the international presence of American higher education, Cornell University and a private foundation organized by the Emir of Qatar announced today the establishment of the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar. The new medical college will offer a complete medical education in Qatar leading to a Cornell University M.D. degree, based on the same admission standards and curriculum as the New York campus. During the first 10 years, the operating costs of Cornell's medical college in Qatar are projected at $750 million.
Cornell's new medical college is the latest of several ambitious projects initiated by the Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community Development, a charitable foundation established in 1995 by Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani, Qatar's Emir and Head of State. During the past six years, the foundation has redefined the standards of quality for education in the Gulf region by building prestigious, high-quality primary and secondary schools in Qatar. The Qatar Foundation envisions the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar as a central feature of a planned "education city" in Qatar's capital, Doha, that also will include schools for pre-kindergarten to post-graduate students, specialized training in design arts and languages and sports facilities.
These schools, and the new medical college, were developed under the leadership of Sheikha Mozah Bint Nasser Al-Missned, chairwoman of the Qatar Foundation, wife of the Emir, and dedicated campaigner for quality education. In describing Cornell's new medical college in Qatar, Sheikha Mozah said, "Our foundation and Cornell chose each other for this historic project. We have a shared commitment to quality, and to building an institution that will endure for generations—continuing the great traditions of Cornell in training future leaders and healers from all over the world."
"This agreement is a first in Cornell's 136-year history, and, in fact, a first for U.S. higher education," said Hunter Rawlings, president of Cornell. "Establishing a Qatar branch of the Weill Cornell Medical College is an unprecedented example of the strength of American education, and it reflects the common commitment to educational opportunity that links all nations and peoples. This history-making venture is educational diplomacy at its finest."
Former U.S. Secretary of State James Baker, a friend of the Emir and Sheikha Mozah, said, "Shared experiences and shared values in education can be a strong basis for improved understanding and even peace among nations. As such, this partnership is an important diplomatic initiative in the Middle East."
Founded in 1898, and affiliated with The New York Hospital since 1927 and New York Presbyterian Hospital since 1998, Weill Cornell Medical College (formerly known as Cornell University Medical College) is among the top-ranked clinical and medical research centers in the world.
Qatar is a major energy-producing state on the Arabian Gulf with one of the world's largest reserves of natural gas. Qatar and the United States are close allies in preserving security in the Gulf region, and American energy firms have a large presence in Qatar. Although Qatar maintains sophisticated hospital facilities and universal health care is provided at government expense, the country does not presently have a medical college. Training physicians and pursuing medical research are particularly important goals for Qatar, where there is a high incidence of certain genetic diseases such as diabetes.
While several U.S. colleges and universities have partnerships and collaborative programs abroad, the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar is unique insofar as it will confer a Cornell degree. The college will be the first co-educational higher-learning environment in Qatar. Cornell will select all academic and administrative staff, and admit students according to existing university standards. The program will commence with a two-year pre-medical (non-degree) and four-year medical curriculum leading to the Cornell degree of Doctor of Medicine.
Most of the faculty are expected to be recruited from the Medical College and from other New York schools. Daniel Alonso, M.D., the former senior associate dean for academic affairs and professor of pathology at the Weill Cornell Medical College in New York, has been appointed to serve as the inaugural dean of the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar. He will report to Antonio M. Gotto, Jr., M.D., dean of Weill Cornell Medical College in New York. "The Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar truly extends Cornell's standards, quality, and mission into the world," said Gotto. "This institution will have the same standards central to Cornell's heritage. It will afford our students and faculty in the U.S. new research and referral opportunities. It will contribute in a direct way to the aspirations and needs of the people of Qatar and of the region."
Dr. Alonso said, "Her Highness Sheikha Mozah and the Qatar Foundation have demonstrated their vision and commitment to the establishment of a world-class medical college in Qatar. I look forward to the opportunity to represent Cornell University and Weill Cornell Medical College in this unique undertaking that will significantly expand educational opportunities in the Middle East."
The first pre-medical program class for the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar is scheduled to enter in fall 2002, and the first medical program class in the fall of 2004. The first Cornell degree will be awarded in the spring of 2008.


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Unboxing: Cardcaptor Sakura – The Movie (Blu-Ray) [USA]
When Discotek Media announced that they had acquired the distribution rights to Cardcaptor Sakura – The Movie and that they would be releasing it on Blu-ray i was quite surprised; not because it's from a relatively unknown distributor but because NIS America had previously secured the TV Series and done a fine job with it. So with an 'underdog' of a distributor releasing the film on Blu-ray what can you expect from it? Well lets take a look.
From the offset the packaging style and design mimic's that of previous American and Japanese DVD releases of the film; whereby we have a classic image sakura along with the original cardcaptor sakura logo (not newly drawn artwork like the NIS America TV Series sets) on the front. The back of the sleeve features several screenshots of the film, a synopsis as well as a list of bonus materials; basically it's clean, its clear and looks when spread out – which is all you can really ask for.
In regards to the disc artwork then it uses the same image as that on the front cover, as most anime releases tend to; yet again its basic and clean. While the artwork may seem a bit simplistic to some it's the disc content which will receive majority of the praising; for starters the American Blu-ray release of Cardcaptor Sakura – The Movie looks pretty much the same as the original Japanese Blu-ray release whereby a remastered picture brings new-life into a relatively old film. The HD Transfer isn't as good as the TV Series but it still looks as fanastic and the best you'll receive at this current moment in time.
Mind you it's not just the picture quality; as the inclusion of both English and Japanese audio languages, both of which are in 5.1, as well as all previous DVD Only bonus content are included on the disc – thus making this release a truly 'definitive' edition of the film. There may not be much in terms of bonus content, as its mostly Japanese promotional materials and an English Trailer for the film, but its a lot more than what most anime movie releases get, such as One Piece: Strong World and Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods which only received English created bonuses.
This Blu-ray release of Cardcaptor Sakura – The Movie is another American Blu-ray thats worth adding to the collection; it may be Region Locked (Region A only) and it may come from a relatively unknown distributor but its easily one of the best remastered re-releases of a popular franchise and considering the price tag (you can pick-it-up for under $20) it's well worth the asking price; and i just hope that Discotek Media release the second film to similar standards (if they do acquire it).
Cardcaptor Sakura – The Movie is now available on Blu-ray (and DVD) within America.
Filed under Unboxed Tagged with Cardcaptor, Cardcaptor Sakura, Discotek Media, Movie 1, Sakura, The Movie, Unboxed, Unboxing


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Married Men Coming Out! – The Ultimate Guide to Becoming the Man You Were Born to Be
David Christel | Reno, Nevada
Married Men Coming Out! is about the evolution of personal identity when a man who has previously been identified as heterosexual and married finally comes to terms with his true sexuality and chooses to accept, with conviction, who he really is: a gay man.
The purpose of this book is not to provide reasons for or against homosexuality. It is a guidebook for those who, having lived a heterosexual lifestyle, realize that they've made an error by denying and suppressing their true identity — being attracted to members of their own sex — and now realize that being married and even having children, they can no longer live a double life. They need to be who and what they truly are: gay.
At heart, this book is about authenticity, a word that's been prominent in spiritual circles for several decades now. The need for this book is paramount as we each seek to live authentically and in so doing, find some level of inner peace, self-acceptance, integrity, joy, and love. Without this, the world may not evolve to reflect these essential attributes for all of mankind.
About David Christel (Reno, Nevada Author)
David was bitten by the theatre bug at age 10, which eventually led to his moving to New York City at age 21 to pursue a career in dance. He worked with numerous luminaries in the dance field, as well as in opera, music, television, and theatre. He has appeared on PBS Great Performances, taught at many well-known dance schools, and traveled extensively throughout Europe and Central, South, and North America.
Upon retiring from dance in 1986, he was hired by a computer-based training company and either worked on or led projects for clients ranging from American Airlines to Halliburton Oil Company, NASA/Lockheed, Northern Telecom, NYNEX, Fireman's Fund, Boeing/McDonald-Douglas, and the Top Gun School when it was still located near San Diego. David also taught offices in Canada and throughout the U.S. in computer-based training methodology, design, technical writing, and on-line course authoring.
In 1982, he began working with Persons With AIDS (PWAs) in New York and upon moving to San Diego, co-founded the AIDS Response Wholistic Health Program at the LGBT Community Center. He continued working with PWAs and their families, as well as facilitating numerous support and therapy groups and leading seminars in identity building for people in recovery from substance abuse.
David has been a ghost writer, editor, and book coach for over 20 years. He currently lives in Nevada with his partner.