It's amazing how good something as simple as roasted cauliflower can taste after you've been relegated to ordering takeout or eating a can of chickpeas and calling it dinner a few nights in a row.
You see, last weekend, I bit off a big kitchen project. I'm not talking about a fun kitchen project; there were no homemade ravioli, certainly no baked goods, rather hours upon hours of scrubbing, sanding, taping, painting, and, naturally, a few bouts of insanity. When I finally got things (mostly) back together, I couldn't bear the thought of making anything that might splatter my newly grease-free, freshly painted walls, so I took it easy on myself and made the restaurant and culinary magazine vegetarian darling du jour: cauliflower steaks.
Now I love roasted cauliflower, but it can be hard to make it feel like an entrée. Cutting it in thick slabs and treating it as if it's a big, meaty steak remedies that.
We'll start by making a rub using rosemary, fennel, and coriander. Brush the cauliflower with a little olive oil, then rub the herbs into the "steaks".
Sear those babies in a pan and finish in the oven, just like you would any steak that previously had legs.
While the cauliflower "steaks" roast, mix up a citrusy olive and currant gremolata to spoon over the finished steaks. We'll use one of my favorite tricks and plump dried currants in vinegar, then add chopped oil-cured black olives, orange zest, a handful of toasted pine nuts, a pinch of red pepper flakes, and plenty of fresh parsley.
Pull the cauliflower out of the oven when they are nice and golden on the outside, tender on the inside. This is the 1 kind of steak I prefer well-done over rare.
Plate 'em up and dinner is ready. It's good to be back at the edible kitchen projects.
I managed to get 4 steaks out of a head of cauliflower though 1 fell apart in the pan. If you want more than 2 really beautiful steaks, I'd use the 2 inner most slices from separate heads and reserve the rest for another use. Serve over sautéed spinach with a side of quinoa or couscous for a full meal.
Place the currants and vinegar in a small bowl and allow to plump while you prepare the cauliflower.
Remove the outer leaves from the cauliflower and trim the base. Cut in 4¾-1 in. thick slices. Combine the coriander, fennel, and rosemary needles and lightly crush, using mortar and pestle, then stir in the salt. Brush the cauliflower slices with a little oil then rub with the herb mixture.
Generously coat 2 oven-proof skillets with olive oil and heat over medium-high. Gently place the cauliflower steaks in the pans. Sear until a golden crust forms, about 5 minutes, then carefully flip and transfer the pans to the oven. Roast until the cauliflower is very tender when pricked with the tip of a knife, about 25 minutes.
Meanwhile, make the gremolata. Add the chopped olives, pine nuts, orange zest, parsley, and a pinch or 2 of red pepper flakes to the currants and vinegar. Toss and taste. I doubt you'll need salt as the saltiness of the olives will likely be enough, but adjust the acidity with additional vinegar and the heat with additional red pepper, as necessary.
Serve the cauliflower steaks hot with the currant and olive gremolata spooned over the top.
How do you come up with these creations??
Now I want to see your kitchen!
Feel free to come see it AND help me finish it…I still don't have my cupboard doors back up!
These pictures are beautiful and I love cauliflower steak – love the additional of the black olive gremolata. Yum!


Discussion in 'New Member Introductions - Site Assistance' started by Ney Barrozo, Jun 18, 2011.
I live in Brazil and have been using iPhone4 for 6 months, and just bought an iPad2, wifi, 16gb. I hope I can find useful info in this forum, and perhaps contribute with info, too, after I learn a bit more.


First impressions of your premises are extremely important to how a customer views your business. Regular cleaning of your shop front windows, frames and signage will allow your client to see how committed you are to providing a professional service. This can be achieved at a very competitive rate and we are confident that the extra business it brings you will pay for the service many times over.


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text:
Endpoint Security Survey: Price Is Top Factor for Most SMB IT Managers
Many small & medium-sized business (SMB) IT managers prioritize price with endpoint security, new survey from antivirus software company VIPRE shows.
by Dan Kobialka • May 8, 2017
Many small and medium-sized business (SMB) IT managers rank price as their top consideration when they evaluate endpoint security solutions, according to a recent survey conducted by antivirus software company VIPRE.
In the VIPRE survey of 253 SMB IT managers, 53 percent of respondents named price as the deciding factor in their endpoint security purchases, followed by ease of use (47 percent), feature set (41 percent) and support (34 percent).
Also, 71 percent of respondents said they purchased "more basic security as opposed to the advanced protection that they need due to price," according to the survey.
SMB IT Managers Ambivalent About Advanced Security Features
The majority of SMB IT managers are "ambivalent" about advanced security features in endpoint security solutions, the VIPRE survey showed.
Ninety percent of survey respondents said they can afford advanced security features, the survey revealed. However, only 31 percent said they view advanced detection criteria when they select endpoint security solutions.
In addition, 48 percent of respondents indicated their organization does not need advanced malware capabilities, VIPRE stated.
"This is another sign of uncertainty [that] suggests a lack of understanding as to what 'advanced features' means [and is] something security vendors should address," VIPRE noted in its survey report.
Are SMB IT Managers Overconfident About Endpoint Security?
Most SMB IT managers are confident in their organization's ability to defend against malware, which is reflected in the following VIPRE survey results:
Among larger organizations (351 to 500 employees), 93 percent of respondents stated their current security solutions are adequate in defending their organization against ransomware, zero-day attacks and other cyber threats that often evade traditional antivirus software.
89 percent of all respondents said their current security solutions are adequate.
83 percent indicated they would personally guarantee to their organization's customers that their data will be safe this year.
77 percent indicated they feel they have a strong grasp of security because they have sufficient in-house resources to manage endpoint security and other security solutions.
Although many SMB IT managers are confident about endpoint security, data breaches reign supreme.
Eighty-five percent of survey respondents stated their organization was breached in the past year, VIPRE pointed out, and 88 percent said their organization suffered a data breach in the last two years.
Endpoint Security Education Is Paramount
Focusing on the price of endpoint security solutions may lead SMB IT managers to overlook important features such as advanced malware detection, VIPRE stated. As such, a price-centric approach to endpoint security could put an organization, its brand reputation and its revenues in danger.
Instead, SMB IT managers should emphasize education to identify and address cyber risks and reduce the complexity that is frequently associated with endpoint security solutions, VIPRE said.
"When it comes to endpoint security, it's clear education is needed not just to warn users about the danger but also regarding other aspects," VIPRE noted in its survey report. "If administrators find the solutions too hard to manage, they could make mistakes that cause vulnerabilities – even if they are confident in their ability to defend against malware attacks."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The MY HERO Project
by Katelyn from Hillsborough
http://www.news10.net/news/local/article/202229/2/ (News 10)
The quote above means some people are careful and only see what could be problems for them then they do not focus on the goal, and that causes them to be unsuccessful in their journey. Others are only in it for the reward and because they fail to plan for the obstacles they too are unsuccessful. But the heroes see the problem, plan for them and do not let them get in their way, and they see the reward and know it is worth it to them and others.
A hero is a person who is careful, sees the problems in society, finds a way to fix them, does not let anything get in their way, sees the reward and knows the struggle is worth it. Sally Ride is my hero because she saw that women needed to be more recognized as heroes, so she went to space. She knew there would be problems too, but did not let them keep her from going. She saw the great outcome and kept going for it even when it was hard, because she knew that it would be great for her and all women. Sally Ride saw the problems in education, but did not let them get in her way or take her full attention. She saw the things she could do for it and knew she could accomplish it, but she did not lose sight of the obstacles.
Sally Ride Is Larger Than Life
Sally Ride's biggest accomplishments were Sally Ride Science (the organization she founded that does many things to promote science and math in schools) and being the first woman and youngest astronaut. She has many characteristics that made her accomplishments possible. Without these characteristics, she would not be as well known because she would not have accomplished anything. She was insightful, was careful, had leadership, was smart and was deceitful. Each of these traits helped her in her journey in some way. Her insight showed her the problems she would face. Because she was careful, she knew canceling the Challenger mission after the explosion was the best way to go. She was a leader, which drove her to show women to pursue careers they would otherwise give up on. If she hadn't been smart, no one would listen t her, she would not have a Ph. D and she would not have accomplished anything.
The Challenger blowing up during its test flight. (http://www.big13.net/Satellite%20Era%20Jim%20West/wtvt_satellite_news_9.htm (WTVT Satelite News 9))
Sally Ride Went on a Journey
Many events occurred during the course of her life that lead her to her beliefs and her actions. Three years before she was born, the first landmarks in women's rights occurred (beginning with Amelia Jenks Bloomer writing the first women's rights newspaper). Through the course of her life, more women's rights movements took place. These showed her that women were just as important and influential as men. She could see that she needed to help the cause, so she set out to do so.
She went to Graduated Westlake High School in Los Angeles. During her freshman year, the school admitted its first boy. Eventually, the school merged with the Harvard School, a military school for boys. This too, could have influenced her beliefs and actions for women's rights and education. Her life science teacher, Elizabeth Mommaerts, was the person who got her interested in science. Without her, Sally Ride might not have become all that she did.
When she was about twenty years old, Apollo 13 went into space. She was working on her multiple degrees at that time. The launch probably inspired her to go into spaceflight or NASA.
From all these experiences, she took something. A problem and possible ways to solve them. And because she was a hero, she found a way to link them all and fix them.
She also had many obstacles. She had to apply and be chosen for NASA's women's space plan and get in. After she did, she had to be the one chosen for the flight to space. Another obstacle she had was more personal. She was a lesbian and had to hide her life. Only her death let out the truth about her sexuality. Then, there was also the Challenger explosion. During it's test flight, it exploded and ended her career as an astronaut. If she did not have all the traits of being a hero, she would not have overcome these challenges.
Sally Ride Accomplished Many Things For Many People
Sally Ride achieved many things for society. The main things would be all the things she did for education, her help with women's rights, and changing society's perceptions of people. Without her, science and math careers would be more male dominated careers than they already are. She showed women they could do more through both her trips to space and Sally Ride Science. Schools also would not have enough science and math and children would not have enough motivation to aspire to be scientists or engineers or whatever else they wanted. Sally Ride believed the reason children were not already wanting this was because the world created too many stereotypes that control children's thinking. She said " If you ask an 11-year-old to draw a scientist, she's likely to draw a geeky guy with a pocket protector. That's just not an image an 11-year-old girl aspires to. As she looks on the Web, she sees men as scientists. That's not particularly appealing to tween girls. And if an 11-year old girl says she wants to be an engineer, she'll likely get a different reaction from peers than she would if a boy her age said the same thing, and maybe even different reactions from teachers and parents". She also changed how women and women's rights are perceived in society. Women can do things just as well or better than men. Many people already thought that was what women's rights were all about. She showed them that they also mean that women get to do the things men do and they can be just as effective in the science world, education, and society as men. These were and are all large values in the world.
All these things show different heroic traits about her. She was smart and a problem solver. We know this because she always found ways around problems. She was brave and confident. There were people who would doubt her abilities and judgments because she was a woman. She wouldn't care and would do things her way and they would work out in the end for her and everyone else. She was inspiring to women and children because they could look up to her. She was a hero for the things she did for others, not herself. Her most heroic actions were those that were most selfless.
Sally Ride was an amazing hero. She fit all the characteristics of a hero and exceeded most of them. She also did not only help one group of people, like most heroes, she helped many. And even though she is now deceased, she will still help people for years to come through Sally Ride Science and her accomplishments for women. Sally Ride technically will help everyone to come. Sally Ride Science changes schools, so everyone will be affected somehow.
These are the reasons she inspires me. Not only her heroic actions, but the fact that even though she is now gone, her legacy will live on. She was a hero in all ways and will remain a hero. Sally Ride is a hero.
Page created on 6/2/2013 12:00:00 AM
Last edited 6/2/2013 12:00:00 AM
The beliefs, viewpoints and opinions expressed in this hero submission on the website are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the beliefs, viewpoints and opinions of The MY HERO Project and its staff.
MY HERO is a non-profit global educational resource.
Add your work at myhero.com!


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SkyscraperPage Forum (https://skyscraperpage.com/forum/index.php)
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Will O' Wisp Sep 14, 2018 7:41 PM
Originally Posted by Streamliner (Post 8313381)
I know it's kind of tongue-in-cheek, but I appreciate this.
Infrastructure projects can often be larger and more impactful than skyscrapers, although I must say tend to be less pretty to look at. I'll expand on each to give a little context.
>Lindbergh dropped AECOM for the Terminal 1 redesign and is now going with Jacobs.
The airport authority is a pretty harsh taskmaster by most accounts, they pay out well but they expect the world from their developers. From what I've heard AECOM couldn't keep up with the numerous improvements they requested to the design, and Jacobs showed themselves well during the design/build of the new customs facility. One thing's for certain, the new terminal will set a new standard for customer experience and environmental stewardship if the authority gets its way.
>The Brown Field MAP project is going to present at the Smart Growth Committee on the 27th, the last stop on the way to City Council
After 12 years it's finally happening, the development that will utterly change the Otay Mesa region and potentially all air cargo in SD. After a CEQA odyssey nearly as bad as the Manchester Pacific Gateway and holdups waiting for the road infrastructure to be built out, by December construction should be underway (or the whole thing will dissolve in a mess of lawsuits).
>Miramar started construction on the new faculties for the F-35, mainly on the NE corner of the ramp.
With the basing of roughly a quarter of the Marines' F-35 fleet and potentially a new marine training squadron too, this multi-billion dollar project will ensure a continued military presence in SD for the foreseeable future. And it'll open just in time for the new Top Gun movie!
> McClellan-Palomar released an addendum to their EIR showing that moving the approach lighting won't negatively impact any biological resources.
That was pretty much the last step in ensuring the runway extension will pass its EIR, eventually. Sure, they'll probably be a few CEQA lawsuits, but in 20 years a flying from Carlsbad to domestic locations in the US will be a fairly routine thing.
Originally Posted by Nv_2897 (Post 8314244)
http://www.trbimg.com/img-5b999c6e/t...ge/750/750x422
WOW what a nice design! Im surprised its not shorter due to Little Italy being so close to Lindberg Field
You'd be surprised how small the FAA imaginary surfaces are, they more or less only apply to Little Italy and Banker's Hill in the downtown area. If it weren't for the 1.5 mile 500' limit, most of downtown wouldn't have any height restrictions.
Streamliner Sep 14, 2018 10:44 PM
Could downtown's building boom be coming to an end?
San Diego Union-Tribune
Costs for construction materials used in San Diego's newest buildings are rising fast, and some in the industry say it might slow the building boom that has altered downtown's skyline since the end of the recession.
Slowed rent growth and increased labor costs are also seen as problems for the building industry.
The price of steel — crucial for residential skyscrapers and high-tech office buildings — has risen dramatically since the Trump administration announced tariffs in March on nations importing to the United States.
The benchmark price for steel this week was up 31 percent from the beginning of the year, said commodities tracker S&P Global Platts. Prices for aluminum also shot up when tariffs were announced but have stabilized to about where they were at the start of the year.
There are enough major building projects ongoing, especially downtown, that it might be a while before anyone notices a slowdown in construction. Companies like Canadian-based Bosa Development have no option but to continue construction on major projects, such as its planned tower off Broadway that will be the tallest residential building in San Diego County's history.
"It's ridiculous," said Nat Bosa, president of the company, said of steel price increases. "It's costing us a few million bucks more."
Originally Posted by Will O' Wisp (Post 8315036)
Thanks for that! I worked on a small piece of one of these projects, so it's nice to see things chugging along. I really should follow up on these more. Where do you go to keep up with this news?
Haha, there's a distinct possibility we've met before then :D
Wish I had a more formal answer, but most of it's just straight up old school office gossip plus having enough friends and colleagues in the industry that most news filters my way eventually. Since you're already in the industry, try asking your coworkers and supervisors about projects they know about. You'd be surprised how small SD can seem, there's a pretty good chance somebody knows somebody and you'll get another small bit of info.
Will O' Wisp Sep 16, 2018 10:27 PM
Say it isn't so....
mello Sep 17, 2018 8:11 PM
I read that article and I just think that was Phillip Molnar needing to pump out content. "Look guys tons of cranes on horizon, but will it stop??" So many people who live in SD county never even go near downtown so he is probably just updating them that new highrises are coming downtown lol.
Why would Trump kill the construction/infrastructure industry just to make tiny coal/steel industy's happy?? Makes no sense especially because he is a developer. Total jobs related to construction is probably 20 times that of coal and steel combined. Hopefully this trade war tariff stuff ends soon and steel prices normalize.
spoonman Sep 17, 2018 9:37 PM
Originally Posted by mello (Post 8317523)
Agree. Someone needed to write an article and what better to do than bash the President.
Short term steel increases are a small price to pay for correcting a decades long trade imbalance.
Will O' Wisp Sep 18, 2018 1:41 AM
Why would Trump kill the construction/infrastructure industry just to make tiny coal/steel industy's happy?? Makes no sense especially because he is a developer. Total jobs related to construction is probably 20 times that of coal and steel combined.
Because he's an idiot
The idea is that by temporarily implementing tariffs on you'll force companies to invest in manufacturing infrastructure stateside, which will make manufacturing cheaper in the US when the tariffs are removed. Which might be a good idea, if labor wasn't the primary cost of production, if the US economy based on importing physical goods and exporting non-tangible services, and if all the manufacturing companies didn't know that Trump is going to bow to political pressure eventually. So for now the maim effect has been to force American to buy higher priced goods from overseas.
202_Cyclist Sep 18, 2018 2:39 AM
Originally Posted by spoonman (Post 8317617)
Please stick with discussing development because you have the economics completely wrong. This completely unnecessary steel tariffs are raising the prices of raw materials, leading to adverse impacts for users of raw materials. Whirlpool, stock declined 15% in one day earlier this summer as a direct result of Trump's tariffs. So much winning!
https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/24/whir...eel-costs.html
Trump's completely unnecessary trade war has also created a crisis for America's agricultural sector, which has been our second or third largest export. In fact, Trump gave a $12B bailout to these freeloading farmers.
spoonman Sep 18, 2018 3:00 AM
The primary reason for tariffs is to pressure China and other countries to renegotiate better trade agreements, with the goal of reducing trade barriers (import tariffs) for US goods into these countries. This pressure is already forcing Canada and Mexico back to the table regarding NAFTA.
Originally Posted by 202_Cyclist (Post 8317907)
Judging by all the crap in your signature, you probably can't be reasoned with, but correcting trillion dollar annual trade deficits are more important than short term stock changes. If stocks are your focus I guess you can thank the president for the tremendous growth in the market (I'm sure you are big enough to give credit since you can give criticism...you probably can't though).
Surely you can realize that the tariffs are a strategy to renegotiate trade agreements. That is obvious. If you are not in favor of that, please share your ideas on how to renegotiate trade rules between the US and China.
While I'm more than willing to gum up the thread with SD region airports, when we're getting random people jumping in to make political posts I think the expiration date on the discussion has passed. Suffice to say, there are some difficulties in the current economic environment and hopefully SD can work past them.
Back to our regularly scheduled programing...
San Diego approves plan to improve sports arena area with housing, parks, bay-to-bay trail
http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/...917-story.html
Hundreds of acres surrounding San Diego's aging sports arena would slowly be transformed into dense housing, modern commercial projects, 30 acres of parks and a bay-to-bay trail under a plan the City Council approved on Monday.
The plan is to make the community more resident-friendly and less industrial by chopping up its oversized blocks with new, smaller streets featuring bike lanes and pedestrian-friendly plazas.
The population of the area, known as the Midway District, would rise from 4,600 to 27,000 because land with large commercial projects would be re-zoned for housing, spiking the number of units from just under 2,000 to more than 11,000.
The 52-year-old arena could remain as it is, be replaced by mixed-use development or be replaced by a more modern arena, although any new structure higher than 30 feet would require voter approval in a referendum.
While the new plan would increase traffic in the area, it would only be about 1 percent more congested than under a 1991 development blueprint for the area that is being replaced by the plan approved on Monday, officials said. That's primarily because many of the area's commercial projects bring more regional traffic into the area than the housing that would replace them under the new blueprint, which is called a community plan update.
Congestion would also be eased by dozens of road upgrades, including new freeway onramps and greater use by residents of the nearby Old Town Trolley station and some rapid bus routes.
In addition, the plan includes a bay-to-bay trail for bicyclists and pedestrians, which would connect San Diego Bay at Laurel Street to Mission Bay at the San Diego River and Interstate 8.
"This will set the stage for the type of development we want to see in the Midway area, like more housing and jobs for residents and a revitalized entertainment district that all San Diegans can enjoy," Mayor Kevin Faulconer said in a news release. "We're doubling down on our strategy of focusing new development around transit and job centers as we rebuild our city for the future."
Critics said the plan should include more subsidized housing for low-income residents and should do more to help San Diego achieve its climate action goals of having more people commute by mass transit, biking and walking.
Some council members said those criticisms have merit, but the council still approved the plan unanimously after a two-hour public hearing at City Hall.
Councilwoman Lorie Zapf of Bay Ho, whose district includes the 1,324 acres affected by the plan, said it would dramatically upgrade the character and ambience of the area.
"It's been an embarrassment because it's been so blighted," she said. "With this new plan, we can say goodbye to the red light district of yesteryear and welcome in a new era of better transportation, more housing options, park and recreation facilities and a fantastic balance of mixed-use properties."
The plan was also praised by several private property owners in the area, the San Diego Regional Chamber of Commerce, the San Diego Unified Port District and leaders from nearby U.S. Navy facilities.
"In addition to expanding housing opportunities with shorter commutes for Navy personnel throughout the San Diego area, this plan's timing couldn't be better," said Capt. Brien Dickson, commanding officer of Navy Base Point Loma.
Navy officials plan to redevelop their Old Town complex and SPAWAR, two large properties along Pacific Highway in the Midway District, which is bordered by San Diego International Airport, Interstate 5, Interstate 8, Laurel Street and the eastern edge of Point Loma.
"The Navy will strive to ensure our land use and development stays consistent with this plan and compatible with the surrounding community development as it continues to improve," Dicksen told the council.
Some critics said the zoning in the plan should require developers to make a significant portion of the housing units, perhaps 20 percent, subsidized for residents who meet income restrictions.
Mike Hansen, the city's planning director, said officials prefer to make such requirements citywide instead of neighborhood by neighborhood.
He said an "inclusionary" housing policy with such rules is in the works and that it would apply to the Midway District and all other parts of the city.
Housing crisis prompts San Diego to pursue 'inclusionary' legislation opposed by developers
"We feel that the best way to address that issue is through citywide policy," Hansen said. "Although we share your goal, we feel that adding it to one community planning area is not the right solution."
On the climate action plan, Sophie Wolfram of Climate Action Campaign said it was frustrating that none of the 10 community plan updates adopted in recent years meet the city's climate goals.
Councilman Chris Ward agreed, criticizing the plan for its projection that 89 percent of commutes would remain by automobile under the plan. That's far more than the climate action plan, which calls for automobile commutes to drop below 80 percent by 2020 and to 50 percent by 2035.
"I'm not sure what the disconnect is here," he said.
Alyssa Muto, the city's deputy director of environment and mobility planning, said the city would come closer to meeting the goals in upcoming community plans for more transit-friendly areas, such as Mission Valley.
Community leaders, including the Midway Community Planning Group, have spent 11 years working on the plan that was approved on Monday.
"This is an exciting day for our community," said Cathy Kenton, chair of the planning group. "Your action today signals the start of a new beginning for Midway."
Kenton said she's pleased the plan includes upgrades to about 20 intersections and new freeway onramps. They would include a connector from I-5 south to I-8 west, from I-8 east to I-5 north and from Barnett Avenue to I-5 north.
Kenton said those ramps would alleviate congestion because it would eliminate the need to take surface streets to make those connections.
The changes envisioned in the plan would likely happen gradually over the next two decades, but officials said they could accelerate if more than 100 city-owned acres around the arena – branded as the Valley View Casino Center -- get redeveloped quickly and serve as a catalyst to other projects.
Most of the leases for the city-owned land expire in 2020, and city officials have declined to discuss renewals so that ambitious redevelopment of the area can move forward quickly and smoothly.
A developer is also proposing an upscale office complex on the former site of the defunct postal complex on Midway Drive, which could be a catalyst.
Upscale office complex could spur revitalization of sports arena area
City officials say the area is ripe for development because of its central location between downtown, the airport, Mission Bay Park and the city's beach communities.
The Midway District also has strong freeway access and proximity to mass transit and includes the site of a transportation hub serving the airport that is being planned by the San Diego Association of Governments.
SDfan Sep 18, 2018 4:50 PM
Ohmygawd stfu on trade issues ppl
As for Midway, I'd like it more if it included a referendum on raising the height limit there.
Originally Posted by SDfan (Post 8318466)
Exactly. Can't build the needed level of density without increased building heights. Liberty Station is great and all, but 30' heights would make the Sports Arena area Liberty Station 2.0.
PS: Does anyone have any info/updates on the projects in Mission Valley (Riverwalk, Hazard Center expansion, etc?). Would love to see some of these happen.
I know the road that is going to connect Fashion Valley with Hazard Center is being dug under the 163 right now. That was a major sticking point for the HZ expansion back in the day. But that proposal is nearly a decade old. Market conditions have changed. Hell, they built a BJs where one of the proposed towers was supposed to go.
As for Riverwalk, they're dealing with some complications. MTS doesn't want them to build a trolley stop in their project because it will slow down the route. They also want the developer to build a connector road right through the property connecting Linda Vista and Camino Del Rio South, which would essentially be a bridge (think freeway on-ramp style) right through the middle of the property. Of course, those are project killing proposals, so the developer is trying to get MTS to embrace an actual transit oriented development.
Not to mention MTS has land right next to Riverwalk and the FV trolley stop that they're sitting on because why not have an empty parcel in a transit priority area?
Fu*king A our transit agency sucks.
I can kinda see their point though, at a certain point adding stations to a line actually reduces ridership as it starts to slow down the route as a whole, and Friars Rd is notoriously overloaded with traffic (which is why SANDAG is fighting to connect up the northern end of Civita to Phyllis Pl).
Sorry, but I'm going to have to politely smack this down.
We need to achieve 50% alternate ride share to meet our legally binding Climate Action Plan goals. Blocking new transit and building more roads is not how we reach our CAP and reduce GHG emissions (let alone provide housing that's sustainable and more enviro-friendly). And, no, EV is not a realistic alternative due to cost and adoption trends. We need to get people out of their cars and onto trolleys, in bike lanes, and on sidewalks.
MTS is a notoriously anti-transit organization, and their actions at Riverwalk exemplify this reality completely.
Hopefully smarter minds will turn MTS around. CM Georgette Gomez, the new-ish MTS Board Chair is working hard to change the culture there, and an MTS bond ballot initiative is coming in 2020 to help build more trolley lines and provide more frequent service.
As for your points on slower trolleys, and traffic on Friars, providing an accessible and reliable transit option for 4k+ new homes (8-10k residents) at Riverwalk is leagues better than a flyover causeway that will end up being congested anyways by induced demand. Road and highway expansion in Southern California is a proven model of failure. We need real alternatives now.
eburress Sep 19, 2018 3:37 PM
I know the road that is going to connect Fashion Valley with Hazard Center is being dug under the 163 right now.
I realize this was a side note and not the overall point, but FWIW I'm really happy about this new road. It should take some of the pressure off Friars, making it easier to get around in Mission Valley.
Nv_2897 Sep 19, 2018 3:48 PM
I honestly hope the construction boom does not slow down. San Diego has so much demand for housing that it should keep up for a few more years hopefully.
I think the issue is of course there is huge demand for housing here but can people afford the price points developers need to make their projects pencil. If you built 2000 decent quality 2 bed 2 bath apartments at Civita and they were only $1800 dollars per month they would go like hot cakes, but Sudberry will need 2800 to 3200 a month to make it work...
Do you guys think the market can keep absorbing more and more units at these high prices? Along with the Riverwalk mega development you also will have the Stone Creek project in between Miramar Rd and Mira Mesa that is 2000 units, then the huge 12,000 unit mega project just east of it.
I would say for a huge chunk of the county's population there is about a 30 to 40% disconnect in the price they can afford to pay for these newly built housing units and what the developers want to charge to make their projects pencil out.
SDFAN: and an MTS bond ballot initiative is coming in 2020 to help build more trolley lines and provide more frequent service. Haven;'t heard about this kindly share more details.


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Бечу () — село у повіті Вранча в Румунії. Входить до складу комуни Виртешкою.

Село розташоване на відстані 162 км на північний схід від Бухареста, 11 км на захід від Фокшан, 83 км на північний захід від Галаца, 112 км на схід від Брашова.

Населення
За даними перепису населення 2002 року у селі проживали  осіб, з них 437 осіб (99,8%) румунів. Усі жителі села рідною мовою назвали румунську.

Примітки

Села повіту Вранча

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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https://www.barrons.com/articles/car-stocks-may-not-be-a-big-deal-in-the-u-s-china-trade-dispute-51549652726
Car Stocks May Not Be a Big Deal in the U.S.-China Trade Dispute
Al Root
Feb. 8, 2019 2:05 pm ET
Photograph by Spencer Platt/Getty Images
It should go without saying that a global trade war is bad for the economy, Bank of America Merrill Lynch economist Ethan Harris writes in a research report out today. We agree. Harris also points out that the biggest trade imbalances exist in the auto sector. Does that mean car stocks such as General Motors (ticker: GM) and Ford Motor (F) are most at risk from trade turmoil? Probably not, and some trade outcomes could even boost several stocks.
First about those imbalances. According to the International Trade Administration, the U.S. exports about 2 million cars each year. Half of those end up in Canada and Mexico, and Nafta has already been renegotiated. Little risk there.
Over 250,000 cars and light trucks are exported to China annually. A quarter million may sound like a lot, but that's 250,000 out of nearly 12 million cars assembled in the U.S., or just over 2% of total output.
Light-vehicle imports into the U.S. are a much bigger deal. The U.S. receives about 1 million cars from the EU as well as 2.6 million cars from Japan and Korea. But China ships less than 60,000 cars into America each year.
Car parts are a bigger deal for trade in the U.S. than the assembled vehicles. The U.S. imports about $18 billion worth of car parts from China each year. That's more than what the U.S. takes in from Canada. Making those parts more expensive could be a headwind for margins at GM and Ford.
One hidden area investors should take note of is the export of used cars. The U.S. ships out about $5 to $6 billion worth of used cars each year, with $500 million to $1 billion of that value reaching China. If tariffs change materially then that could affect the businesses of car salvagers and resellers such as Copart (CPRT) and KAR Auction Services (KAR). Those stocks have enjoyed a good run lately. In fact, over the last five that duo has returned about 20% a year on average.
These two companies earn spreads and a transaction fees on the automotive product they move around the U.S. and the world, but it isn't clear that "higher tariffs" mean "lower profits." Eric Loughmiller, chief financial officer of KAR Auction Services, asked in December, "If there's a 10% tariff on the import of a new vehicle, what is that going to do to the attractiveness of that near-new vehicle, that three-year-old off-lease vehicle that's had one owner?" Loghmiller's point is that higher prices for imported cars improves used-car pricing. That's actually a potential positive from tariffs on his business.
In the end, Bank of America isn't bearish on auto stocks because tariffs either don't do much or actually help a little. And Harris recommends buying the dips caused by tariff fears. He doesn't believe that the Trump administration will want a repeat of what happened with washing machines. When U.S. tariffs went up on washers, prices jumped 17% and consumers complained. Cars are more important to the economy and more politically visible than laundry appliances.
The deadline for a U.S.-Chinese trade deal is March. Hopefully cooler heads will prevail. Even if they do, don't forget about Europe. That's the next region that could feel the ire of the current administration.
And there is more automotive trade between the U.S. and Europe than between the U.S. and China. But if Nafta is any indication, there will be lots of rhetoric, but little lasting impact from threatened tariffs.
Write to Al Root at allen.root@dowjones.com
It should go without saying that a global trade war is bad for the economy, Bank of America Merrill Lynch economist Ethan Harris writes in a research report out today.


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Series production of the ENYAQ COUPÉ iV has started at ŠKODA AUTO's main plant in Mladá Boleslav
February 16, 2022 | Media
All-electric ENYAQ COUPÉ iV is based on the Volkswagen Group's MEB platform
The world premiere was held in Prague on 31 January
Series production of the new ŠKODA ENYAQ COUPÉ iV has started at ŠKODA AUTO's main plant in Mladá Boleslav.
Like the successful, all-electric ENYAQ iV, it is based on the Volkswagen Group's Modular Electrification Toolkit (MEB). More than 120 units of the elegant coupé will be produced every day at the main plant alongside the ŠKODA ENYAQ iV, OCTAVIA and OCTAVIA iV model series.
"Last year, we produced 50,000 units of the ŠKODA ENYAQ iV. Now we are taking it to the next level by launching the production of the new ŠKODA ENYAQ COUPÉ iV. I would like to congratulate the team on the successful completion of the preparation phase. It's a great honour for the entire team that the coupé version of our successful electric SUV is also being produced at the heart of the brand, in Mladá Boleslav." – Michael Oeljeklaus, ŠKODA AUTO Board Member for Production and Logistics
SEE ALSO: 5 Best Sedans of 2022 and 2023
In future, 2000 employees will be assembling more than 120 units of the ŠKODA ENYAQ COUPÉ iV a day on the same production line as the ENYAQ iV and OCTAVIA. The two ENYAQ iV variants are the only models based on the Volkswagen Group's Modular Electrification Toolkit (MEB) to roll off a European assembly line outside Germany.
The emotive ŠKODA ENYAQ COUPÉ iV combines sporty lines with generous space and offers a boot capacity of 570 litres. The panoramic glass roof, which comes as standard, is the largest in ŠKODA's portfolio and makes up the entire roof. At the same time, it is thinner than the full roof, giving passengers extra headroom.
The drag coefficient has been improved over the ŠKODA ENYAQ iV. It stands at cd 0.234 and contributes to the high efficiency of the ŠKODA ENYAQ COUPÉ iV. Depending on the configuration, the maximum range is up to 545 kilometres* in the WLTP cycle, making the ŠKODA ENYAQ COUPÉ iV particularly suitable for long journeys.
As part of its NEXT LEVEL – ŠKODA STRATEGY 2030, the carmaker is committed to electrifying its model portfolio: By 2030, it will have launched at least three more all-electric models below the ENYAQ iV in terms of size and price. The aim is to increase the ŠKODA brand's share of all-electric models sold in Europe to between 50 and 70 per cent by 2030, depending on market developments.\
This is how the company aims to reduce its fleet emissions by more than 50 per cent compared to 2020. At the same time, ŠKODA AUTO is working to develop its home country, the Czech Republic, into an electromobility hub; E-components or E-vehicles are to be manufactured at all three Czech ŠKODA AUTO sites in Mladá Boleslav, Kvasiny and Vrchlabí by 2030 to safeguard jobs and create new ones.
*All data are provisional


Why Is There So Much Dan Brown at Guantanamo Bay?
A recent FOIA request unveiled the contents of the Guantanamo Bay library. We talked to a prison librarian about what makes the collection notable.
Making libraries more comfortable for all patrons—including the homeless.
Public libraries are becoming a one-stop shop for manufacturing in the digital age. Because libraries are investing in machines like 3-D printers, someday soon everyone with access to a public library could become an inventor or create something.
A new study of Texas teens found no connection between reading edgy books and mental health issues or delinquent behavior.
With nearly 2.5 billion materials circulated through more than 16,000 public branches, 2013 was one of the strongest years for libraries in the past decade. And things are looking up.


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Development of Dentin Bonding Systems from Past to Present
Mağrur KAZAK
Nazmiye DÖNMEZ
Providing a stable and long lasting bonding to the tooth is an ideal requirement for the success of restorations. Therefore dentin bonding systems are important clinical contributions to recent composite technology. The first, second and third generations are classified under historical title while; etch&rinse, self-etch and multi-mode adhesives are classified under the title of current clinical practice procedures strategies. The preferred properties of adhesive systems are biocompatibility with dental tissues, improved bond strength to dental tissues, and better resistance to chewing stresses. In recent years, the success rate of restorative treatment of teeth that have suffered from caries or loss of supporting tissue has increased considerably due to the developments in dentin donding systems.
Keywords: Dental enamel, dentin, dentin-bonding agents, dental adhesives, classification
dhesive systems are one of the most important factors affecting the success of restorative dentistry. First, adhesive dentistry was born out of the idea of Buonocore (1) to provide retention with micromechanical retention by roughening the enamel tissue with 85% phosphoric acid for 30 seconds. At the end of the 1970s, dentin bonding systems have made a major breakthrough with the introduction of the view that phosphoric acid can be applied on dentin tissue.The mechanism of adhesion of the dentin bonding systems used today to the tissues of the teeth is defined as a natural micromechanical adhesion with the penetration of adhesive resin to collagen which is exposed on the surface of the dentin roughened with acid. "Hybrid Layer" (2) in other words' interdiffusion layer' (3) is one of the basic mechanisms of adhesion. The terms and their meanings used to understand adhesion mechanism are very important.
The word "adhesion" (attachment) originates from the Latin word "adhaere". The adhesion of the two materials can be expressed as the contact of their interfaces with each other decisively. In adhesive terminology, adhesion is the bonding of one substance to another. This substance or surface is called "adherent", whereas the substance that creates the adhesion is called "adhesive". Three different mechanisms of adhesion are mentioned in the dentistry literature (4).
Chemical Adhesion: It is based on primary bond values (joining forces) such as covalent, ionic and metallic bonds. Chemical adhesion is the limited and weak bonding between atoms of surfaces which are different in structure (5).
Physical Adhesion: It is a weak type of bonding between surfaces which are different in structure, resulting fromVan der Walls forces and hydrogen bonds (5).
Mechanical Adhesion: At the microscopic level, it is based on the penetration of a material into a different material. It is the strong locking that occurs between rough surfaces. In this strong locking, both geometric and rheological factors are engaged. Mechanical adhesion caused by surface roughness or microscopic porosity is an example of geometric factors, while the flow of the material around a bulge due to its fluid properties and its hanging on with shrinkage is an example of rheological factors (5).
In order to achieve adhesion effectively, the distance between adhesive and adherent must be minimal. It is possible for the adhesive to wet the surface when the free surface energy of the adherent is greater than the surface tension energy of adhesive. It is possible for a liquid to wet a surface when the angle between the surface and the liquid is close to zero degrees. In other words, if this angle is zero degrees, it is assumed that the adhesive completely wets the relevant surface.
These basic criteria, which are necessary to establish adhesion forces, are realized by acid application. The enamel and dentin tissues are subjected to acidification process and the previously mentioned criteria of adhesion are fulfilled. After the acid process is applied, the enamel and dentin surfaces are ready for first primer and then bonding agent applications. The area between the surfaces of these tissues and the surface on which the binding agent comes into contact is called the "interface", and this is where adhesion occurs.
Important Terms Related to Adhesive Systems
Hybrid Layer
After demineralization of the dentin surface by acidification process, collagen fibrils are released. Low-viscosity monomers fill the nano-cavities formed by demineralized hydroxyapatite crystals by penetrating into this region and surround the collagen. By polymerization process, adhesive resin is micromechanically bonded with dentin collagens.This resin-reinforced, acid-resistant layer is called "hybrid layer" (2). The main binding mechanism of adhesive restorative materials is based on the formation of the hybrid layer. The hybrid layer was first identified by Nakabayashi (2) in 1982 and expressed as a mixture of demineralized dentin compounds and polymerized adhesive resin at molecular-level.
Resin Tags
Adhesive resin extensions directed/flowing into open dentin tubules are called "resin tags" (6). The structure of these tags varies according to the application technique of acid, the thickness of the remaining dentin, the surface moisture and structure of the dentin. When the peritubular dentin is removed from the tubule wall by the acidification process, the adhesive resin diffuses into the demineralized matrix. After polymerization, resin tags are attached to the tubule wall by hybridization. "Submicron resin tags" are formed when the adhesive resin infiltrates the lateral tubule arms (7).
Primers are used as binding-enhancing agents and consist of hydrophilic monomers dissolved in organic solvents such as water, acetone and ethanol. They facilitate the infiltration of the monomer into the nano cavities in the resulting collagen network by replacing with water on the dentin surface and in the moist collagen network with their volatile characters (7). Applying primers on the dentin tissue which are acidified restores the shrunken collagen, allowing the resin to be better diffused into the dentin tissue. Thus, the quality and binding resistance of the hybrid layer is increased (8). In other words, primers harmonize hydrophilic dentin with hydrophobic adhesive resin. The primer-applied surface contains non-polymerized binding-enhancing molecules. These molecules polymerize together with the bonding agent applied to the demineralized surface. The ideal binding is completed after polymer intertwins with collagen fibrils and hydroxyapatite crystals and wraps them.
Adhesive Resin
Adhesive resins, also called bonding agents, have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. These systems consist of hydrophobic monomers such as bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), viscosity regulators such as triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and wetting agents such as hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) (2). Hydrophobic monomers interact with restorative materials and copolymerize, while hydrophilic monomers increase the wettability of dental hard tissues (9). The biggest difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic adhesives is the chemistry of their monomers and solvents. The most commonly used monomers in adhesive systems are HEMA and Bis-GMA. HEMA can be fully mixed in water and acts as a polymerizable wetting agent perfect for dental adhesives. Bis-GMA, on the other hand, is much more hydrophobic and, when polymerized, absorbs only about 3% water by weight into its structure (10). The mixture of the two is like an intermediate and serves as a useful adhesive for dental hard tissues. The chemical composition of adhesive systems also includes initiators, inhibitors or stabilizers, solvents and, in some cases, inorganic fillers (11). In 1982, Nakabayashi (12) was the first to demonstrate the formation of a true hybrid layer, and named this new biocomposite structure, the hybrid layer. This layer has been considered the main binding mechanism of binding agents. The most important tasks of binding agents are to fill the nano cavities formed in collagen after acidification, to ensure the formation of resin tags by infiltrating into the dentin tubules, to provide the formation of a uniform and stable hybrid layer (13). Proper wetting of the surface with the binding agent is based on proper selection ofprimer and ideally application of the primer. The hybrid layer obtained after the application of primer is polymerized together with the bonding agent (7).
Development, Use and Classification of Dentin Adhesive Systems
Dentin Adhesives
They are intermediate materials that can be connected with both dentin tissue and composite resin and are developed to help ensure the connection between dentin tissue and composite resin surfaces and the retention of restoration, to prevent microleakage and to prevent dentin sensitivity that may occur after restoration by covering dentin tubules (13).
Adhesive systems consist of dentin conditioner, dentin primer, and dentin adhesives applied at different stages. There are also systems where the primer and conditioner are combined or primer and adhesive are combined (14).
Properties of Dentin Adhesives
Enamel/dentin bonding systems used to perform adhesive bonding are today called "adhesive systems". Properties sought in adhesive systems:
* Prevention of microleakage and secondary caries,
* To be able to withstand stresses caused by polymerization shrinkage and under chewing forces,
* Micromechanical and chemical bonding to enamel and dentin tissue,
* To be able to connect to enamel and dentin tissue as well as to be able to connect to metal and porcelain,
* Easy application on moist surfaces (Wet-bonding),
* Easy clinical application without technical precision,
* Preventing post operative sensitivity by closing all or part of the dentin channels,
* Being biologically acceptable (15).
As a result of the tissue removal procedures performed during cavity preparation by using milling tools, the dentine surface is covered by a smear layer consisting of blood, saliva, bacteria, hydroxyapatite crystals and denatured collagen (16). The smear layer, which protects the dentin and pulp tissue against irritation, is about 0.5-2 µm thick and is porous and amorphous in appearance. The different thickness of the smear layer also causes differences in the permeability of dentin tissue. Dentin tubule mouths are clogged with smear plugs, which reach a depth of 1 to 10 µm of tubules. These smear plugs are a continuation of the smear layer consisting of fragmented and denatured hydroxyapatite (16).There are various opinions about the removal or modification of this layer, which is effective in adhesion binding. Some of the researchers have argued that the smear layer creates a barrier for rnicroorganisms to reach the pulp, and have reported that with removal of this layer, dentin permeability will increase 5-10 times. Another group of researchers have shown that the smear layer is a shelter for bacteria to settle and multiply (12).
Classification of Dentin Adhesives
Over the years, dentin adhesive systems have been classified numerous times by authorities. Researchers have made this classification based on the stages of clinical practice and modern adhesive strategies, sometimes through generation.
With changes in adhesive dentistry, adhesive systems have developed from the stage where no acid is applied to total-etch (4. and 5. generation) and later self-etch (SE) (6., 7. and 8. generation) (17). Each generation has tried to minimize procedure steps, allowing clinicians to finish restorations in less time with less technical precision. In addition, improved chemical structures of dentin adhesives have resulted in better bonding (18).
Dentin adhesives can be classified in three main groups (Table 1) (19-22):
The first group is called the historical classification. It consists of 1st., 2. and 3. generation dentin adhesive systems.
Second group: Dentin adhesives are classified according to their effect on the smear layer. They can be examined in 4 groups: The adhesive systems which are applied on the smear layer, modify the smear layer, remove the smear layer completely and dissolve the smear layer (22).
The third group is the current classification, in other words, the classification of dentin adhesives according to the type of application in the clinic:
1. Etch&rinse (ER)
a-3-stage
b-2-stage
1. Self-etch
a-2) Stage
b-1) Stage
1. Universal (Multi-mode) (17).
According to Historical Classification;
First Generation Adhesive Systems (Adhesive Systems Applied on Smear Layer)
In 1955, Buonocore demonstrated that glycerophosphoric acid dimethacrylate can bind with hydrochloric acid to the surface of roughened enamel (1). Later, Bowen and Rodriguez theorized that N-phenyl glycine glycidyl methacrylate (NPG-GMA) forms a chemical bond with dentin (21). As a result of these studies, in 1962, manufacturers produced NPG-GMA origin dentin bonding agents, also called first generation dentin adhesives, but dentin bondings in this generation had a hydrophobic structure, so their attachment strength to dental tissues was low (2-6 MPa) (23).
Second Generation Adhesive Systems (Adhesive Systems Applied on Smear Layer)
These systems, which are halophosphate esters of resin monomers such as Bis-GMA or HEMA, were developed in the early 1980s. The second generation adhesive systems did not have sufficient binding strength to resist the polymerization shrinkage of composite resin (1-10 MPa). Although the first and second generation adhesive systems were developed to bind to the inorganic structure of the dentin, the desired clinical success was not achieved (23).
Third Generation Adhesive Systems (Adhesive Systems that Modify the Smear Layer)
In this system, the smear layer is modified and the penetration of the resin monomer to the dentine is provided (20). The idea of roughening dentin tissue with phosphoric acid before this bonding agent containing phosphonate ester is applied was put forward by Fusayama et al. (23). However, due to the hydrophobic nature of the bonding agent, the desired success in terms of binding strength was not achieved again (23).
Fourth Generation Adhesive Systems (Adhesive Systems that Completely Eliminate the Smear Layer)
The fourth generation dentin bonding systems are the first to completely eliminate the smear layer and are recognized as the gold standard. They are still used in current clinical applications (20). In these systems, which reduce dentin permeability and eliminate the smear layer, which is considered to be a diffusion barrier, orthophosphoric acid is applied to both enamel and dentin tissue at the same time (Total-etch) at a concentration of 30-40%. Etch & rinse adhesive systems can be either three-stage or two-stage.
Fourth Generation: Three-stage Etch&Rinse Adhesive Systems
These adhesive systems with proven binding strength values toenamel (20-50 MPa) and dentin (13-80 MPa) are applied in three stages following each other.
1st Stage: Changing the surface conditions of enamel and dentin (roughening with acid),
2nd Stage: Application of adhesion enhancing agents (application of primer),
3rd Stage: Infiltration of bonding agent to demineralized enamel/dentin surface.
1st Stage: Change Of Enamel/Dentin Surface Conditions
The reason for changing the enamel/dentin surface conditions is to create a suitable enamel/dentin surface that can provide chemical and micro-mechanical bonding of bonding agents. At this stage, different concentrations of phosphoric acids are applied to the enamel and dentin tissue simultaneously (Total-etch) for a certain period of time (minimum=15 sec, maximum=30 sec) and then the acid is washed away from the tooth surface as far as the duration in which acid is applied. As a result of acid roughening process, the smear layer in the enamel is removed and the aprismatic layer is removed about 10 µm from the surface of the enamel.By acidification, a large number of microscopic indentations and protrusions are created at a depth of approximately 5-50 µm, increasing the surface area and increasing the critical surface tension value (CST) of the enamel tissue to 72 dynes/cm. All these factors provide an alignment between composite resin and cavity wall, increasing the retention of restoration and greatly reducing edge leaks.
Generally, 37% orthophosphoric acid is used for roughening with acid. Silverstone et al. (24) showed with Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) studies that three types of roughening occur in orthophosphoric acid-roughened enamel tissue, depending on the concentration of the acid and the duration of application. In the first type of roughening, the inner parts of the mine prisms are dissolved and removed, resulting in the appearance of honeycomb. In the second type of roughening, the periphery of the mine prisms is dissolved and removed, resulting in a paving stone image. The third type of roughening is a dissolution that does not conform to the morphology of the prisms, and a more faint appearance is observed (23). Hydroxyapatite crystals show a regular distribution in enamel tissue, while in dentin tissue they are randomly distributed in organic matrix. In addition, the hydroxyapatite crystals in the dentin tissue are smaller than the crystals in the enamel tissue and contain less calcium and carbonate. For this reason; the mineralization of the dentine tissue is less than the enamel tissue, more than the cement tissue and bone.
Dentin has a large number of tubules/ducts filled with fluid. These begin from the pulp tissue and pass through the dentine tissue, reaching the mine-dentin border. The tubules are coiled with well mineralized peritubular dentin. Among the tubules is intertubular dentin, whose mineralization is less than peritubular dentin. The liquid inside the tubules is pushed from the pulp tissue towards the outer surfaces with a approximately 25-30 mmHg (34-40 cm water pressure). This is why dentin tissue is always moist (23). There is a continuous fluid exchange in the dentin tissue which is dynamic. The protein ratio of dentin tissue is high and therefore the critical surface tension value (CST, 44.8 dynes/cm) is lower than enamel tissue. The low surface energy of the dentin tissue also reduces the wettability of this tissue and makes bonding difficult.
The main factors involved in dentin adhesion are the content of dentin tissue (density, diameter, peritubular and intertubular dentin ratio), dentin thickness and structure (demineralized/sclerotic), smear layer and age. The diameter and number of dentin tubules in deep or superficial cavities affect the adhesion strength.The tubules make up 28% of the dentin near the pulp by volume and 4% of the dentin at the enamel-dentin border. Furthermore, the number of tubules near the pulp (45,000 in mm2) and its diameter (25 µm) is greater than the number of tubules at the enamel-dentine border (20,000 in mm2) and its diameter (0.8 µm). Accordingly, adhesive bonding strength is lower on deep dentin surfaces closer to pulp tissue (23).
By applying acid to dentin tissue, smear layer is removed as a result of removal of tissues using milling tools or cutting hand tools during cavity preparation, smear plugs (plug) are eliminated, there is a flow of fluid from the dentin tubules towards the dentin surface and the permeability of dentin tissue increases 5-20 times.In addition, a drop in the critical surface tension value of dentin tissue (44.8 dynes/cm) is observed with acidification (29.48 dynes/cm) (23). This decrease in the value of CST negatively affects adhesion. The purpose of the primer applied in the second phase of adhesive systems is to increase this value.
2nd Stage: Use of Adhesion Enhancing Agents
The primer containing the HEMA monomer is applied to the surface of the enamel/dentin, where the surface conditions have been changed, in order to increase the surface energy due to its wettability. Instead of HEMA, many monomers are also used as primers. The primer molecules are bipolar and contain two different functional groups. Of these, the hydrophilic one interacts with moist dentin, while the hydrophobic one interacts with adhesives. Primers are binding-enhancing materials that dissolve in solvents such as water, ethanol, or acetone (23).
The primer is applied to the dentin surface with a microbrush until a bright surface is obtained in two or more layers according to the case after the roughening stage with acid, and dried with air for 5-10 seconds. During the drying process, care is taken to fully vaporize the solvents (acetone, ethanol) in the adhesive content.The primer prepares the surface for adhesive bonding by altering the sequences of collagen fibrils, and then helps make the penetration of the monomer more effective. The primer, which passes through the residual smear base in the acidified dentin tissue, is replaced by water on the dentin surface due to the volatile property of acetone and/or ethanol and fills the nano-cavities left by hydroxyapatite crystals that melt between the collagen fibrils.
3rd Stage: Infiltration of Bonding Agent to Demineralized Enamel/Dentin Surface
Bonding agents attached to enamel/dentin and resin are applied to enamel/dentin surfaces where surface conditions have been changed by acidification and then primer has been applied. Resin tags formed between the outer surfaces of enamel prisms as a result of penetration of bonding agents into interprismatic spaces are called "macrotag", while many resin tags formed in the form of network by penetration into intraprismatic spaces are called "mikrotag" (25,26). Macro and microtags are responsible for micromechanical bonding in enamel tissue. Due to having large number and width of the fields of touch, the contribution of microtags to bonding is greater than that of macrotags. As a result of the studies, acceptable tag length is determined as 10-30 µm and it is shown that longer tags can break from the neck regions and tag length does not have an important role in bonding (27). After the primer applied, bonding agent is applied to the surface with a microbrush, a thin film layer is created by gently squeezing air and then it is polymerized. Thus, the hybrid layer formed after the primer application is polymerized with the binding agent.
Three-stage etch&rinse (ER) adhesive systems (fourth generation) are still recognized as the gold standard. However, these systems can be time consuming because they require multiple application steps and technical precision. Due to the difficulty of the process steps, clinicians have begun to demand more simple and technical precision-free adhesive systems (18).
Fifth Generation: Two-stage Etch&Rinse Adhesive Systems
By switching from three-stage systems to two-stage systems, the practice was simplified and began to be widely used by clinicians. In two-stage ER adhesive systems; following the stage of changing surface conditions of enamel/dentin (1. stage), the primer and bonding agent (adhesive resin) application stages (2. and 3. stage) are combined, hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers are collected in the same bottle (2. stage). The binding strength values of enamel tissue (35-45 MPa) are the same as the three-stage adhesive systems, but the binding strength values of dentin tissue (30-35 Mpa) are found to be lower than enamel (28).
In two-stage ERadhesive systems, in the first stage,enameland dentin tissues (30 seconds) (15 seconds) are simultaneously roughened with 30-40% orthophosphoric acid (total-etch) for 30 and 15 seconds, respectively and then washed with water. While the enamel is air-dried (15-10 seconds) until a matte image is obtained, excessive moisture on the dentin surface is taken with mild air squeezing (15-10 seconds) or a dry cotton pellet (2-5 seconds) to create moist dentin.In the second stage, primer and bonding (adhesive) agent,combined in a single bottle,are applied in two or more layersdepending on the casewith a brush until a bright surface is obtained. Then, by squeezing light air (5-10 seconds), a thin layer is formed and it is spread to the cavity. Then, the polymerization is carried out. Moist dentin tissue is important in terms of moist attachment strength (29). When the demineralized dentin tissue is over-dried, the water supporting the collagen fibrils evaporates and shrinkage occurs about 1/3 of the original volume of the collagen web. There is a contraction in the spaces between the fibers, and then the formation of the hybrid layer is prevented. In the studies, it was determined that the binding strengths of acetone based adhesive systems were affected by the amount of moisture on the dentin surface (23).
Today, polyalcenoic acid in the primer forms a bond with calcium in the dentin tissue and the presence of moisture facilitates ion exchange. It was determined that moisture provides flexibility by reducing the increased elasticity modules value of collagen fibers after acidification, that moisture supports collagen fibers, and that moisture facilitates the infiltration of the monomer by widening the nanoscale gaps between fibers.In moist bonding, the dentin surface is washed (10-15 seconds) after being roughened with acid (15 seconds), the excess moisture on the surface is removed with mild air squeezing (5-10 seconds) or a dry cotton pellet (2-5seconds). Re-wetting of over-dried dentin ensures that the shrunken Type 1 collagen returns to its former volume. As a result, the collagen network expands. Instead of an over-wer (over-wet-20 pL) or over-dry (over-dry-4 pL) dentine surface, a uniform glossy dentine surface is a clinically accepted moist dentin surface (4).
Sixth and seventh generation adhesive systems: SE adhesive systems (Adhesive systems that solve the smear layer)
Sixth Generation: Two-stage Self-etch Adhesive Systems
In this system, adhesiveand acidic primer are applied in two separate stages. In the first stage,after weakly acidic primer is applied intwo layers to dentin covered with smear layer, it is waited for the solute smear layer to join the binding and for adequate penetration of the primer into the intercollogenous cavities. After making it spread into the cavity by squeezing mildair, it is polymerized with a light source. If necessary, this process can be repeated several times in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer. In the second stage, the primer is polymerized with light by applying adhesives to the applied surfaces.
SE adhesive systems have been developed to protect the dentin and pulp tissue of the smear layer against bacterial irritation, to reduce fluid movements in the tubules and dentin permeability. Therefore, the working principle of SE adhesive systems is based not on removing the smear layer but on solving this layer.In these systems, the absence of roughening with separate acid, washing and drying processes found in ER adhesive systems reduces the stages of clinical application and saves clinicians' time. In this system; wet-bonding method is not applied and this system is not sensitive to changes in dentin moisture (over-wet, over-dry) thus, the possibility of error during the application decreases (4).
Weakly acidic primers used in SE adhesive systems are classified as ultra-light (pH >2.5), light (pH ≥2), medium (pH~1.5) and strong (pH ≥1) SE adhesives according to their pH (30). They cause minimal dissolution of the smear tags without eliminating the smear layer and partially demineralize the dentin tissue, allowing the monomer to infiltrate the dentine. SE adhesive systems do not produce as effective roughening of enamel as ER adhesives. For this reason, it is recommended to apply acid to enamel to increase the binding with enamel (31).
The thickness of the hybrid layer formed in these systems, which is not affected by regional differences and pulpal pressures, is thinner than the thickness of the hybrid layer formed by ER Adhesive Systems (0.5-1.5 µm) but the layer formed is uniform in structure. The adhesion mechanism is based on "hybridization", in which a uniform hybrid layer is formed intertwined with the smear layer. The upper part of the hybrid layer, in other words, hybridized smear layer, is formed as a result of infiltrationof resin monomers into the demineralized smear layer. The lower part of the hybrid layer, which is a real hybrid layer and is thinner isformed as a result of infiltrationof resin monomers into the collagen network (23).
Although SE adhesive systems form a thinner hybrid layer than total-etch systems, it has been reported that some of the monomers in their content make chemical bonding with the remaining hydroxyapatite crystals thus, these systems have good attachment strength (11).Because these systems do not completely eliminate the smear layer containing bacteria they may contain MDPB-12-methacryloyloxydode cylpridinium bromide, a quaternary ammonium analogue, which shows a strong antibacterial activity against to bacteria in the mouth, especially to S. Mutans andwhich also continues its effect after polymerization (32).
Seventh Generation: Single Stage Self-etch Adhesive Systems
Self etch adhesive materials that combine acid, primary and bonding steps in a solution, without washing and with reduced clinical application stages are gaining increasing popularity. The reduction of stages has made this system an easier system for physicians (33).Whereas there is a mixing process prior to application in type 1 single-stage adhesive systems with two-components,the mixing process is not necessary in type 2 single-stage (all-in-one) adhesive systems with one component (34). Compared to classical adhesive systems, single-stage adhesive systems contain non-polymerized ionic monomers that come in direct contact with the composite (35).This unreacted acidic monomers are partly responsible for the mismatch between single-stage adhesive systems with self-cure composites (35). Furthermore, these systems tend to act as semi-permeable membranes (34), resulting in hydrolytic degradation of the resin-dentin interface (36). These adhesives usually contain resin monomers with organophosphate and carboxylate structure, as they have to have sufficient acidity to demineralize the enamel and dissolve the smear layer (37). They also contain highly acidic hydrophilic monomers and water (5 to 50%) which allows acidic monomers to be ionized.However, due to their content, they are prone to hydrolysis, hydrolytic degradation and chemical degradation (33,36). The permeability of polymerized adhesive allows water passage from the dentin, creating water bubbles along the composite-adhesive interface that cause hydrolytic degradation (34). Water bubbles are an indication of free water that has not evaporated sufficiently, remaining in the adhesive which is not polymerized during the drying process. Tay and Pashley indicated that these microscopic formations, which Sano et al. (37) first showed in regions where there is not fully resin infiltration before polymerization, are masses of water in the view of the water tree, clinging to adhesive-dentin interface, which vary depending on the ionic structure, hydrophilicity and thickness of adhesive (38). The TEM (Transmission Electron microscopy) microscope showed that these masses of water starting from the hybrid layer and reaching the adhesive-composite interface, allowing the movement of water in the adesiv and hybrid layer, causing nanoleakage formation,formed spotted or reticular images (39). Water masses form obstacles for the polymerization reaction and for completion of hydrogel formation of the HEMA in the adhesive content (38). No such problems are encountered in two-stage SE adhesives, which are less permeable and more hydrophobic than single-stage SE adhesives (23).
Eighth Generation Adhesive Systems
Eighth generation adhesive systems containing nanoscale particles were first introduced in 2010 (36).These systems have single component and have nano fillers with an average particle size of 12 nm in their structure. These nano fillers increase the thickness of the hybrid layer which improves the penetration of resin monomers and the mechanical properties of adhesive systems (31,40). Nano-binding agents are nano-filling solutions with a longer shelf life, which demonstrate better enamel and dentin binding strength and stress absorption (17). Acidic hydrophilic monomers are involved in the structure of eighth generation adhesive systems. The main advantages of these systems are that they can be easily applied to acidified enamel surface even if they are subsequently contaminated with saliva or moisture (41). The manufacturer claims that nanoparticles acting as crucibles will reduce dimensional changes (42,43).The type and manner in which nano fillers are incorporated into the structure affect the viscosity of the adhesive and the ability of resin monomers to penetrate collagen fiber cavities. With dimensions greater than 15-20 nm or with content greater than 1.0% by weight, these systems can increase the viscosity of adhesives. It can also result in clustering of fillers on the moist surface. These clusters can cause cracks and decrease in binding force (43).
Universal (Multi-mode) Adhesive Systems
Universal adhesives have been used in clinics since 2011. These systems are also known as multi-mode or multi-purpose adhesives. Because these adhesive systems can be used as SE adhesives, the ER adhesives or SE adhesives in dentin tissue and ER adhesives on enamel tissue (a technique known as selective acidification of enamel) (31,40,44). These systems, enabling the implementation of the total-etch or selective-etch approaches, have been developed to improve weakness of the previous generation single-step SE adhesives and to obtain a strong bonding in enamel tissue. As a result of the studies, it was revealed that good results were obtained regarding the binding strengths of universal adhesives (31,45).
The majority of universal adhesives are designed based on the all-in-one concept of existing single-stage SE adhesives. Water is needed to ionize hydrophilic acidic monomers in formulations of these new adhesive systems (31). The pH value of current universal adhesives varies between 2.2 and 3.2, although it varies by product (46, 47). There is a concern that universal adhesives in this pH range may be very effective when evaluated for attachment with dentin tissue, but they may not be effective when it comes to attachment to enamel tissue, especially to prepared enamel (36,48). Universal adhesives have, in fact, similar content with conventional single-stage SE adhesives and contain carboxylate or phosphate monomer that binds to calcium in hydroxyapatite. Monomers such as methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP), silane, polyacrylic acid are often added to their structures. 10-MDP monomer is included in universal adhesive systems due to its chemical binding to hydroxyapatite, which exists in both mine and dentin tissue (11). Additionally, these systems include BPDM, PENTA (49) and polyalkenoic acid copolymers which can increase attachment to dental tissues (50,51). Furthermore, the matrix structure of universal adhesive systems consists of a combination of hydrophilic HEMA, hydrophobic UDMA and Bis-GMA monomers. As a result of the combination of these properties, universal adhesives provide a bridge between hydrophilic dental tissue and hydrophobic composite resin under various surface conditions. Silane, which is included in the formulations of universal adhesives, eliminates silanization during the binding phase of composite resins to glass ceramics (17). The multifaceted uses of these systems primarily include the advantages of the traditional ER technique. In addition, clinicians using this bonding system have the opportunity to apply both selective etch and SE techniques. Therefore, universal adhesives have a much wider application area than 7th generation dentin bonding systems. In addition, the manufacturer states that universal adhesives can be used for the application of both direct and indirect restorations, and they are also compatible with self-cure, light-cure and dual-cure resin-based simans, metal, zirconia, porcelain and composites (18). However, the main disadvantage of universal adhesives is that they contain water like other single stage SE adhesives, resulting in hydrolytic destruction. Therefore, it is recommended to apply hydrophobic resin on the polymerized universal adhesive. Since the presence of water is a problem for all single-stage adhesives, ethanol is being studied (31).
Glass İonomer Based Adhesives
These systems are resin-modified glass ionomer adhesives that connect resin composites to dental tissue as a result of combining resin and glass ionomer technology. Glass ionomer material is the only self-adhesive material that can hold on to the tooth tissue without any surface treatment (15).
Places Where Adhesive Systems are used in Dentistry
a) In composite restorations,
b) In compomer (Dyract) restorations,
c) In adhesion of indirect restorations
d) As cavity varnish under Amalgam restorations,
e) In the protection of root surfaces revealed after gingival removal and removal of dentin sensitivity,
f) In repair of crown-bridge restorations obtained from Porcelain, hybrid ceramic, and composite materials in the mouth and in the construction of core together with composites polymerized by light or dual-cure.
Properties of Adhesive Systems that are Widely used in Dentistry Clinical Applications
a. They should be biocompatible and should not damage the pulp tissue of the tooth in particular,
b. They should be able to connect micromechanically and chemically to hard tissues of teeth (enamel and dentin),
c. Apart from the hard tissues of the teeth, they should also be connected to metal and porcelain,
d. They should prevent post-treatment sensitivity by blocking all/most of the dentin channels,
e. Be able to resist the stresses caused by mastication forces and polymerization shrinkage stresses,
f. They must be resistant to thermal expansion and thermal shrinkage,
g. Should be able to apply easily on moist surfaces,
h. They must be resistant to microleakage and prevent secondary caries,
i .Shelf life should not be short,
j. Clinical applications should not be difficult and application steps should be reduced,
k. The film thickness should be minimum (less than 20µm) (18).
Safe bonding of composite resins to enamel and dentin tissues via adhesive systems allows more conservative cavity preparation instead of cavity prepared for amalgam restorations in operative dentistry. Advances in dentin bonding systems and application techniques make it possible for these systems to be used in many other areas of Dentistry. However, even if better and easier-to-use materials are produced, the clinician must first pay attention to the technique during the application in order to make a successful restoration in the clinic. However, it is also very important that bonding is done under ideal conditions.
The current concept of minimally invasive dentistry has led to a significant development in dental adhesiv technology. The Etch & rinse approach, especially in cases where the enamel is more dominant than the dentin tissue, in other words, in cases in whom a better adhesion on the front teeth is wanted, can be more appropriate. In posterior teeth, active application of 10-MDP based two-stage SE adhesive systems to both enamel and dentin tissue following selective etch process in enamel with phosphoric acid, can be considered a good strategy for achieving optimal restoration durability.
With the new adhesive systems, successful results are achieved in reducing or eliminating sensitivity after restoration, reducing micro leakages and ensuring that the resin can be spread nicely to the tooth tissues. Therefore, the success of adhesive materials in in vitro should be supported by clinical follow-up to evaluate the long-term durability of composite materials within the mouth.
Peer-review: Externally peer-reviewed.
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Dental enamel dentin dentin-bonding agents dental adhesives classification