text:
\section{Introduction}
The lacunar spinel \gavs~\cite{brasen1975magnetic} is one of very few examples of a material that hosts a magnetic \neel\ skyrmion lattice (SkL)~\cite{lancaster2019skyrmions} throughout the bulk~\cite{kezsmarki2015neel}.
The SkL, along with the cycloidal (C) phase, stabilized in different parts of the applied field-temperature ($B$--$T$) phase diagram, occurs due to a competition between magnetic exchange and the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI).
The latter arises owing to the the polar rhombohedral structure ($R3m$) that \gavs\ adopts below a structural phase transition at 42~K~\cite{holt2020structure}, generally attributed to a Jahn-Teller distortion.
Above this temperature the material possesses a  cubic $F\bar{4}3m$ structure.
Also important in this material is easy-axis anisotropy~\cite{ehlers2016exchange}, whose direction aligns with the rhombohedral distortion.
Competition between the three interactions leads to a rich magnetic phase diagram, with dependence on the alignment between the applied magnetic field and crystallographic axes~\cite{kezsmarki2015neel}.
In zero field the ground state comprises a complex ferromagnetic-like (FM*) configuration, where the spins on the V atoms in each V$_{4}$ cluster combine to form effective spin-1/2 units that align ferromagnetically~\cite{holt2021investigation}.
On increasing temperature, C ordering then takes place in the region $5~\lesssim T<T_{\mathrm{c}}\simeq13$~K.
Under the application of an applied field, in polycrystalline samples of \gavs, the SkL phase is stabilized at $10\lesssim T\lesssim 13$~K, $40\lesssim \mu_0H_\text{ext}\lesssim 100$~mT~\cite{hicken2020magnetism}.

The application of hydrostatic pressure on \gavs\ has been studied previously at room temperature~\cite{wang2021semiconducting}.
Above 35 GPa there is a pressure induced structural phase transition that results in the high-$T$ cubic phase becoming orthorhombic ($Imm2$), alongside a semiconductor to metallic transition and changes in the optical properties of the material.
At lower pressures, the changes in crystal structure are more modest, with a gradual reduction in the lattice parameter on increasing pressure.
Although there has been some effort to construct a magnetic $T$--$P$ phase diagram of \gavs~\cite{mokdad2019structural}, the transitions between the magnetically ordered states have not been thoroughly investigated.

We have previously studied the magnetism in the GaV$_4$S$_{8-y}$Se$_y$ series using magnetometry and muon-spin spectroscopy (\musr)~\cite{franke2018magnetic,hicken2020magnetism}.
These techniques are sensitive to subtle changes in the magnetism of this series, revealing, for example, that the transition from  FM* to C states is a crossover, rather than an abrupt phase transition~\cite{white2018direct,clements2020robust}.
This process is likely to depend sensitively on the crystalline anisotropy in the system~\cite{izyumov1984modulated}, which has been shown to decrease as $T$ increases~\cite{ehlers2016exchange}.
Here we extend our investigation of \gavs\ to probe the magnetic behavior under the application of hydrostatic pressure up to $P=2.29$~GPa.
With the aid of micromagnetic simulations, we interpret the effect of pressure in terms of changes to the relative strengths of terms appearing in an effective Hamiltonian.

\section{Experimental and Computational Details}\label{sec:expdet}
Polycrystalline samples of \gavs\ were synthesized and characterized as described in Refs.~\cite{franke2018magnetic,stefancic2020establishing}.
Measurements of the magnetization were made using a Quantum Design Magnetic Property Measurement System.
The sample was loaded into a EasyLab Mcell pressure cell which allowed pressures of up to 1~GPa.
The pressure was measured \textit{in-situ} by monitoring the superconducting transition of a tin manometer. Temperature scan measurements were performed in an applied magnetic field (either 10~mT or 5~T) on cooling from room temperature.
Field scan measurements were performed on decreasing field at 2~K.

\musr\ measurements~\cite{blundell1999spin,blundell2021muon,sm} of polycrystalline \gavs\ were carried out at the $\mu$E1 beamline of the Swiss Muon Source (S$\mu$S), Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland, using the GPD instrument.
Both zero-field (ZF) measurements (where no external magnetic field is applied), and transverse-field (TF) measurements (where an external magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the initial muon-spin polarization) were performed.
Polycrystalline samples were loaded in a double-wall piston cylinder cell made of MP35N material~\cite{khasanov2016high,shermadini2017low}, using Daphne oil (7373) as a pressure-transmitting medium, which was mounted in a Janis cryostat.
Data analysis was carried out using the WiMDA program~\cite{pratt2000wimda} and made use of the MINUIT algorithm~\cite{james1975minuit} via the iminuit~\cite{iminuit} Python interface for global refinement of parameters.
We have used the muon stopping sites calculated in Ref.~\cite{franke2018magnetic}, along with the MuESR code~\cite{bonfa2018introduction}, to perform simulations of magnetic field distributions as seen with \musr\ in \gavs.

Micromagnetic simulations were carried out using the ubermag package~\cite{beg2017user,ubermag}.
A $512\times512\times1$ grid of cells (side length 0.8~nm) with periodic boundary conditions in all directions was simulated.
The $C_{nv}$ crystal class was used, with micromagnetic parameters based on previous experimental and computational work~\cite{kezsmarki2015neel,ehlers2016exchange,padmanabhan2019optically}.
We set exchange $\mathcal{A}=0.05975$~pJ/m, DMI $D_0=0.03057$~mJ/m$^2$, magnetocrystalline anisotropy $K_0=16$~kJ/m$^3$, and saturation magnetization $M_\text{s}=33.07$~kA/m.
The easy axis $\vect{u}$ was out of the plane of the simulation, aligned with the magnetic field direction.

\section{Results \& Discussion}
The results of magnetization measurements made at several applied pressures are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:magnetisation}.
We start by considering the measurements performed under the application of a small $\mu_0H=10$~mT external field [Fig.~\ref{fig:magnetisation}(a)] with the intention of studying the system close to the magnetic ground state.
In these measurements, the pressure cell adds a significant background to the measured magnetization.
The data in Fig.~\ref{fig:magnetisation}(a) are therefore normalized to the maximum magnetization $M_{\mathrm{max}}$ at each pressure.
There is no significant change in this quantity with pressure, which appears to vary randomly by a few percent.
As the temperature is decreased, the measurements share the same features: (i) a small peak at $T~\simeq$~13~K, (ii) a range of $T$ where $M/M_{\mathrm{max}}\lesssim 0.2$, and (iii) a rapid increase in the magnetization at low $T$.

\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{magnetisation}
	\caption{Magnetization measurements of \gavs\ under the application of various external pressures. (a) A temperature scan in an applied field of 10~mT. Data are normalized to the maximum magnetization at each pressure. Inset shows an enlargement of the region around $T_\text{c}~\simeq$~13~K. (b) A field scan at 2~K. (c) The change in magnetization associated with the Jahn-Teller induced structural phase transition, measured in an applied field of 5~T. The 0~GPa measurements are performed without the pressure cell. As in (a), the data are normalized. The dashed line marks $T_\text{JT}$ at $P=0$~GPa according to Ref.~\cite{holt2020structure}.}
	\label{fig:magnetisation}
\end{figure}

We  attribute each of the three features to different physical origins.
(i) The peak at $T~\simeq$~13~K marks $T_\text{c}$, which increases very slightly with pressure, although this change is small compared to other features.
As $T_\text{c}$ is set, predominantly, by the strength of the exchange interaction $\mathcal{A}$, we infer that pressure does not significantly change this parameter.
(ii) The range of $T$ where $M/M_{\mathrm{max}}$ is small corresponds to the C state, where the rotating spin structure leads to almost zero magnetization.
(iii) The increase in magnetization as $T$ decreases further is consistent with the crossover to the FM* phase. The sample magnetization does not increase further once the FM* state is stabilized over the entire sample.
Pressure has a marked effect on the temperature at which the magnetization increase occurs, suggesting that as the pressure is increased, the C to FM* crossover occurs at successively lower $T$.
There are two changes to the spin Hamiltonian that might explain this behavior: an increase in the strength of the DMI (making the twisting C state more preferable compared to the FM* state), or a decrease in the easy-axis anisotropy (making the spins less likely to align along a particular direction).
These two possibilities are discussed in more detail below.

Measurements were also performed at $T=2$~K as a function of applied field [Fig.~\ref{fig:magnetisation}(b)].
These results are not normalized, and show the magnetization saturates at effectively the same value regardless of applied pressure.
There is a slight reduction in magnetization with increasing pressure, however this is very small ($<1.7\%/$GPa), and is therefore hard to unambiguously say whether this is an artifact from the pressure cell.
The pressure cell does have a significant impact on the magnetization, hence the absolute values extracted should be treated with caution; the measured magnetization is significantly suppressed compared to measurements of the same samples measured outside of the pressure cell (where saturation is about $0.85~\mu_\text{B}/$f.u.).

Figure~\ref{fig:magnetisation}(c) shows the temperature dependence of the magnetization under the application of a $\mu_0H=5$~T external field, where the system is in a field-polarized state below $T_\text{c}$, around the temperature below which the Jahn-Teller distortion occurs, $T_\text{JT}$($=42$~K at $P=0$~\cite{holt2020structure}).
As in Fig.~\ref{fig:magnetisation}(a), the data have been normalized.
The effect of the pressure cell (proportionally larger above $T_\text{c}$ due to the small sample signal) results in a pressure-independent shift of features to a slightly higher $T$.
There appears to be a systematic increase in $T_\text{JT}$ as $P$ increases (around 1.3~K/GPa at these pressures).
Reference~\cite{wang2021semiconducting} reports that above 35~GPa, at room temperature, the system adopts the $Imm2$ structure.

To further understand the crystal structures, and the effect of pressure, we can consider related chemically-substituted systems, where the effect of substitution is similar to that of an external pressure.
In GaMo$_4$Se$_8$, when the Jahn-Teller distortion is decomposed into different normal modes, it has been shown that~\cite{routledge2021mode} different amplitudes of these modes results in either the $F\bar{4}3m$ phase (stabilized in \gavs\ at low $P$, low $T$), or $Imm2$ phase (stabilized in \gavs\ at high $P$, high $T$).
Further, Ref.~\cite{schueller2020structural} reports that GaMo$_4$Se$_8$ exhibits coexistence of the ground state $F\bar{4}3m$ structure and the metastable $Imm2$ structure at low $T$.
In contrast, in GeV$_4$S$_8$, the structure below $T_\text{JT}$ is $Imm2$~\cite{muller2006magnetic,bichler2008structural}.

One possible explanation for the changes in the structure of \gavs\ with pressure is that the transition observed at room temperature, $P\simeq35$~GPa, is not the same as that observed at $T_\text{JT}$ in the absence of applied pressure.
An alternative, perhaps simpler, explanation could be that (i) $T_\text{JT}$ increases with pressure in \gavs\ such that $T_\text{JT}$ is above room temperature for pressures above 35~GPa, and that (ii) changes to the nature of the distortion results in the realization of the $Imm2$ phase.
For this scenario there would either need to be an increase in the rate of change of $T_\text{JT}$ with pressure (extrapolating the rate from our data is not sufficient), or a discontinuous change in $T_\text{JT}$ due to some significant change in the behavior of the system (which could be related to the realization of the $Imm2$ phase).

\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{muSR_wTF}
	\caption{Parameters extracted through fitting wTF \musr\ measurements of \gavs\ under various indicated external pressures in a applied field of $3$~mT. Asymmetries are shown on the left (a--b), with $\Lambda_\text{r}$ and $B_\text{wTF}$ on the right (c--d) describing the effects of residual fields on muons outside the sample, or in positions of near cancellation of the internal field. The inset of (a) shows representative data measured at 2.29~GPa, 0.4~K, with the corresponding fit.}
	\label{fig:musrwtf}
\end{figure}

To further probe the magnetic phase diagram of \gavs, we performed \musr\ measurements with the application of a weak transverse field (wTF), and in zero applied magnetic field (ZF).
Previous \musr\ measurements in this regime~\cite{franke2018magnetic,hicken2020magnetism} revealed a complicated state of affairs with two classes of muon sites sensitive to both static and dynamic effects, with behavior likely resulting from the evolution of the magnetic structure and the magnetic domains with temperature.
We first consider the wTF measurements, useful in determining the nature of magnetic transitions, which were performed in 3~mT applied perpendicular to the initial muon-spin direction.
The measured asymmetry spectra $A_\text{wTF}\left(t\right)$ (example spectra are shown in the inset of Fig.~\ref{fig:musrwtf}(a), and in the Supplemental Material~\cite{sm}) have two clear contributions from the precession of the muon-spin, one from the response of muons predominantly sensitive to the external wTF (i.e.\ stopped outside the sample, or in positions where the internal field is small), and the other from muons that stop in sites dominated by the internal field in the material.
The contribution from these second class of muon sites track the results we obtain with ZF \musr\ discussed later, but with an expected larger uncertainty than the ZF measurement.
We parameterize the data with
\begin{equation}
	A_\text{wTF}\left(t\right)=a_r\cos\left(\gamma_\mu B_\text{wTF}\right)\exp\left(-\Lambda_\text{r} t\right) + a_\text{b},
\end{equation}
for all $T$, excluding the first 0.2~$\mu$s of data from the fits (where the spectra is dominated by the rapid precession and relaxation from muons stopping in the sites sensitive to the internal field).
This captures contributions from all muon sites for $T>T_{\mathrm{c}}$, but the oscillating component loses the contribution from those muon sites experiencing the large, internal magnetic field resulting from magnetic order below $T_{\mathrm{c}}$.
The results from this parameterization can be seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:musrwtf}.

The relaxing asymmetry, $a_\text{r}$ corresponds to muons stopping at sites where the field is $B_\text{wTF}$.
The associated relaxation rate $\Lambda_\text{r}$ can arise due to both static disorder (leading to a distribution of local magnetic fields at the muon sites, whose width determines the relaxation rate) and dynamic fluctuations on the muon timescale (where the amplitude and rate of the fluctuating field determines the relaxation rate).
Note that the observed exponential relaxation usually corresponds to dynamic fluctuations.
We find that $a_\text{r}$ decreases below $T_\text{c}$ as expected for a magnetic transition [Fig.~\ref{fig:musrwtf}(a)], where we usually see the loss of the signal from the magnetically ordered component of the sample.
In this regime the temperature-dependent $a_\text{b}$ [Fig.~\ref{fig:musrwtf}(b)] mainly captures the contribution from muons with their spins directed along the large, static internal field in the ordered regime (and hence do not precess).
The temperature evolution of this component is slightly unusual, but likely reflects dynamic fluctuations that freeze out as $T\rightarrow0$, leading to a recovery of $a_\text{b}$.
The effect of pressure does not change $a_\text{r}$ within the statistical accuracy of the data and we see no evidence for a pressure-induced magnetic phase separation from these results.
Despite the gradual temperature evolution of $a_\text{b}$, these results, taken with the previous \musr, suggest the entire sample shows long-range magnetic order below $T_\text{c}$ at all pressures.

We now consider $\Lambda_\text{r}$ and $B_\text{wTF}$ [Figs.~\ref{fig:musrwtf}(c--d)], whose behavior below $T_{\mathrm{c}}$ reflects muons stopping outside the sample or in positions where the internal field is small.
Considering first the low-temperature FM$^*$ to C transition, at 0.74~GPa, both $\Lambda_\text{r}$ and $B_\text{wTF}$ show a local maximum coincident with the crossover, consistent with magnetometry results and a similar peak in the relaxation rate observed at ambient pressure~\cite{hicken2020magnetism}.
As $P$ is increased, these peaks are pushed to lower $T$ (consistent with the magnetization results), before the peak becomes impossible to resolve at 2.29~GPa, suggesting the C state persists down to lower $T$ than measured.
A peak in $\Lambda_\text{r}$ is not unexpected for a phase transition or crossover, however, the peak in $B_\text{wTF}$ is more unusual.
We suggest that since, as $T$ increases, the anisotropy in \gavs\ decreases~\cite{ehlers2016exchange}, this will lead to a changing orientational preference of the magnetic domains in the sample, altering the magnetic field experienced by the muons outside the samples due to the macroscopic fields from the different grains.
The field experienced by the muons will then peak in the FM$^*$ state when domains are most aligned, which should occur at the highest temperature where the FM$^{*}$ state is realized.
The peak in $B_\text{wTF}$, therefore, coincides with the transition between the FM$^*$ and C states.

\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{muSR_ZF}
	\caption{(a) Example ZF \musr\ asymmetry spectra of \gavs\ at various pressures, all at 2~K. The internal field extracted from fitting the 1.68~GPa data is shown in (b), and compared to the zero-pressure result reported in Ref.~\cite{hicken2020magnetism}. All other measured pressures show the same shape~\cite{sm}. The average internal field for $8$~K~$<T<T_\text{c}$ (i.e. in the C phase at all pressures) at each pressure is shown in (c). (d) Simulations of the internal field distribution as seen with ZF \musr\ for the cycloidal state in \gavs\ under various different possible conditions.}
	\label{fig:musrzf}
\end{figure}

ZF \musr\ measurements were also performed as a function of pressure, with example spectra shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:musrzf}(a).
Below $T_\text{c}$ the asymmetry spectra $A\left(t\right)$ are well described by
\begin{multline}
	A\left(t\right)=a_1\cos\left(\gamma_\mu B_\text{ZF}+\phi\right)\exp\left(-\sigma_1^2t^2\right) \\+ a_2\exp\left(-\Lambda_2 t\right) + a_3\exp\left(-\sigma_3^2t^2\right) + a_4 .
\end{multline}
Above $T_\text{c}$ only the $a_3$ and $a_4$ terms are needed.
The first term accounts for muons that stop in sites with a component of $B_\text{ZF}$ perpendicular to the initial muon-spin, leading to coherent precession, whereas the second term accounts for muons that stop with the initial muon-spin parallel to the local field and relax due to dynamics in the local field distribution.
In these measurements, there is a significant contribution from the pressure cell, which is captured by the third and fourth terms, leading to several parameters that are temperature-independent: $a_1/(a_1+a_2+a_3)$, $a_2/(a_1+a_2+a_3)$, $a_3/(a_1+a_2+a_3)$.
We find that $a_1+a_2+a_3$ increases with $T$, and $\sigma_3$, and $a_4$ predominantly capture the temperature-dependence of the cell.
We are unable to extract any useful information from $\Lambda_2$ (which is determined by dynamic fluctuations).
We also find that $\sigma_1$ (likely to be determined by a mixture of static disorder and residual dynamics) is temperature-independent, and hence was refined simultaneously at all $T$.
The most interesting parameter is therefore the internal field $B_\text{ZF}$ [Fig.~\ref{fig:musrzf}(b)].
(The behavior we observe here contrasts with our previous work~\cite{hicken2020magnetism} where two internal fields were detected, one higher field, broadly matching the low-pressure $B_\text{ZF}$ found here, and one lower field, which is not observable in this configuration, likely due to the competing signal from the pressure cell.)
At all pressures, $B_\text{ZF}$ increases slightly with increasing $T$, as previously observed~\cite{hicken2020magnetism} (shown for comparison), before collapsing to zero above $T_\text{c}$ as expected.

\begin{table}
	\caption{Method of extracting transition temperatures shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:phasediagram} from different measurement types.}
	\centering
	\begin{tabular}{c|c|c|c}
		\hline
		\hline
		Measurement & Parameter & Transition & Extracted feature \\
		\hline
		\hline
		Magnetization & $M$ & $T_\text{c}$ & Local maximum \\
		& $M$ & FM$^*\rightarrow$~C & $M=M_\text{max}/2$ \\
		\hline
		wTF \musr & $\Lambda_\text{r}$ & $T_\text{c}$ & Local maximum \\
		& $\Lambda_\text{r}$ & FM$^*\rightarrow$~C & Local maximum \\
		& $B_\text{wTF}$ & $T_\text{c}$ & Local minimum \\
		& $B_\text{wTF}$ & FM$^*\rightarrow$~C & Local maximum \\
		\hline
		ZF \musr & $B_\text{ZF}$ & $T_\text{c}$ & $B_\text{ZF}=0$ \\
		\hline
		\hline
	\end{tabular}
	\label{tab:features}
\end{table}

Despite no notable changes in the saturation magnetization with pressure [Fig.~\ref{fig:magnetisation}(b)], the local internal field significantly increases as the pressure is increased, as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:musrzf}(c).
This suggests a change to the structure of the C state that does not lead to a change in the net magnetization of the FM$^*$ state.
To explore possibilities that explain this, we consider the changes to the Hamiltonian previously suggested: an increase in the DMI, or a decrease in the anisotropy.
An increase in DMI with pressure would be expected to lead to a decrease in the cycloidal period (as the wavelength $\lambda_\text{C}\propto \mathcal{A}/D$).
We can simulate the effect this change in the period would have on the distribution of fields seen at the muon site following the approach in Ref.~\cite{hicken2020magnetism}, which was shown to describe the ZF \musr\ data.
The values of $\sigma_1$ and $\Lambda_2$ are the same order of magnitude as the comparable parameters $\Lambda_i$ in Ref.~\cite{hicken2020magnetism}, suggesting the width of the distribution of magnetic fields at the muon site remains similar upon application of pressure.
We therefore conclude that the simulations are likely still good descriptors of the ZF \musr\ data.

The simulated distribution~\cite{hicken2020magnetism} produced for the experimentally observed C state ($\lambda_\text{C}=17$~nm, and the $\vect{q}$-vector perpendicular to the [001] direction~\cite{ruff2015multiferroicity}) is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:musrzf}(d).
We first consider the effect on the distribution that the small change in lattice parameters arising due to the pressure would have.
Taking the change in cell volume from Ref.~\cite{wang2021semiconducting}, and assuming the muon sites remain unchanged (a reasonable assumption given the minimal change to the lattice parameters), we can see that the spectrum is almost unchanged.
Reducing the cycloidal period to $\lambda_\text{C}=8$~nm (equivalent to approximately doubling the  relative strength of the DMI) changes the form, but not the position of the features (i.e. $B_\text{ZF}$) in the spectrum.
It is therefore unlikely that this can explain the observed increase in internal field.
Further, as changes to $\mathcal{A}$ would also result in changes to $\lambda_\text{C}$, these results also support the conclusion from the magnetization measurements that $\mathcal{A}$ does not significantly change with pressure.

One possible effect of a reduction in the anisotropy as the pressure is increased could be a changed preference for the direction of the $\vect{q}$-vector of the cycloidal state.
In Fig.~\ref{fig:musrzf}(d) we show that, if the $\vect{q}$-vector were to point along the [001] direction, the larger-field peak is shifted to higher fields, as seen experimentally.
We note that changing the $\vect{q}$-vector was the only way we could find to simulate the observed increase in internal field without changing the net magnetization.
Whilst we cannot say for certain that this is the only orientation of the $\vect{q}$-vector that would reproduce this result, we found no other feasible direction when randomly sampling, or testing specific high symmetry directions.
We, therefore, suggest that a change in the anisotropy is a possible explanation for both the reduction in temperature of the C to FM* crossover, and the increase in internal field with increasing pressure.

We have summarized our magnetization and \musr\ results with a suggested $P$--$T$ phase diagram in the absence of an applied field, Fig.~\ref{fig:phasediagram}.
We have extracted the transition temperatures from the different types of measurement as shown in Table~\ref{tab:features}.
We find that $T_\text{c}$ slightly increases with applied pressure, whereas the C to FM* crossover decreases in $T$ as the pressure increases.
The  error bar on the highest pressure, low temperature point represents the minimum temperature we were able to measure.

\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{phasediagram}
	\caption{The $P$--$T$ dependence of \gavs\ based on magnetization (green) and \musr\ (ZF: red; wTF: blue) measurements. Closed symbols indicate $T_\text{c}$, above which the system is paramagnetic (PM), and open symbols represent the ferromagnetic-like (FM$^*$) to cycloidal (C) transition. Circles indicate the point comes from the extracted value of the internal field [Fig.~\ref{fig:musrwtf}(d), Fig.~\ref{fig:musrzf}(b)], squares represent points from a feature in $\Lambda_\text{r}$ [Figs.~\ref{fig:musrwtf}(c)], and triangles represent points from magnetization [Fig.~\ref{fig:magnetisation}(a)]. The points are extracted as detailed in Table~\ref{tab:features}.}
	\label{fig:phasediagram}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{micromagnetics}
	\caption{Results of micromagnetic simulations using the parameters in Sec.~\ref{sec:expdet}. (a) An example cycloidal (C) state. (b) Difference in energies between the C and ferromagnetic (FM) states as a function of $D$ and $K$, with the preferred cycloidal period shown in (c). (d) Energies of the skyrmion lattice (SkL) state compared to the ground state (either FM, solid line, or C, dashed line) as a function of applied magnetic field for different combinations of $D$ and $K$.}
	\label{fig:micromagnetics}
\end{figure*}

To further study the effects on the magnetic states of these possible changes in the DMI and/or anisotropy, we have performed micromagnetic simulations.
We use the Hamiltonian,
\begin{multline}
	\hham = -\mathcal{A}\vect{m}\cdot\nabla^2\vect{m} + D\left(\vect{m}\cdot\nabla m_z-m_z\nabla\cdot\vect{m}\right) \\- K\left(\vect{m}\cdot\vect{u}\right)^2 - \mu_0M_\text{s}\vect{m}\cdot\vect{H} ,
\end{multline}
which is appropriate for a $C_{nv}$ crystal system, with the micromagnetic parameters defined in Sec.~\ref{sec:expdet}.
The exchange $\mathcal{A}$ term attempts to locally align $\vect{m}$ whereas the DMI $D$ term prefers periodic rotation of $\vect{m}$.
The anisotropy $K$ term gives a preference for alignment along the easy axis $\vect{u}$, and the final term lowers the energy when $\vect{m}$ is aligned along the external field $\vect{H}$.
We initialize different magnetic configurations before allowing the micromagnetic solver to find a local energy minimum, allowing us to probe the energy of many possible states.

In the absence of an applied field we find that the FM state is the most energetically favorable, with the C state only slightly higher in energy.
(Note that, on the length scale of this simulation, each micromagnetic cell contains around four V$_{4}$ clusters, hence the FM$^*$ and FM state are indistinguishable.)
An example of the C state simulated can be seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:micromagnetics}(a).
We study the effect of changing the $D$ and $K$ parameters, keeping the other parameters fixed, and identify the difference in energy between the lowest energy C state (i.e.\ that which has the preferred C period) and the FM state.
This is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:micromagnetics}(b), where the lowest energy state is marked.
As expected, both increasing $D$ and decreasing $K$ change the preferred state from FM to C.
The minimum energy cycloidal period is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:micromagnetics}(c), and shows that changes in $\lambda_\text{C}$ are mainly correlated with changes in $D$.

Having established micromagnetics can reproduce the observed states, we can examine the effect of applying a magnetic field.
We consider the energy of the skyrmion lattice (SkL) state compared to the ground state (either FM or C, depending on the micromagnetic parameters chosen).
We find that, for $D_0$, $K_0$, (i.e. the zero-temperature parameters we expect in the absence of any applied pressure) the SkL state is hard to stabilize, with very few initialized SkL states retaining this character.
The SkL state is never found to be lower in energy than the C or FM state, as expected from the measured phase diagram, where the SkL is only stabilized via thermal fluctuations above $T=0$ in an applied field, typically over a range of 2--3~K below $T_\text{c}$.
Changing the values of $D$ and $K$ makes stabilizing the SkL much more probable, with many more initialized SkL states staying in that configuration, and the energy of the skyrmion state above the ground state (normally C, apart from at high field in the $D=D_0$, $K=0$ case where the ground state becomes FM) is much reduced.
These micromagnetic simulations therefore suggest that, if the effect of changing pressure is a change in the $D$ or $K$ parameters, the SkL should still be stabilized at elevated temperatures, as it is in the absence of an applied pressure, but with it likely to persist down to lower $T$.
However, since the SkL is still never found to be the lowest energy state it is unlikely to ever be stabilized at zero temperature.

TF \musr\ has previously been shown to be able to identify the SkL phase in \gavs\ via an increase in the internal field and the associated relaxation rate~\cite{hicken2020magnetism}.
We have performed TF \musr\ measurements of \gavs\ at 50~mT and 100~mT (fields which stabilize a SkL in the absence of applied pressure) under the application of pressure.
The asymmetry spectra $A_\text{TF}\left(t\right)$ are well described by
\begin{equation}
	A_\text{TF}\left(t\right)=\sum_{i=1}^2a_i\cos\left(\gamma_\mu B_{\text{TF},i}+\phi_i\right)\exp\left(-\sigma_i^2t^2\right) + a_\text{b} .
\end{equation}
The $i=2$ term captures the effects of muons stopping in the pressure cell when the spins subsequently precess, hence we employed simultaneous refinement of the associated temperature-independent parameters: $B_{\text{TF},2}$, $\phi_2$, and $\sigma_2$.
The total asymmetry $a_1+a_2$ increases at $T_\text{c}$ as expected, with $a_\text{b}$ capturing temperature dependence that appears to be coming from the cell (presumably from muons that stop at sites in the cell where the total magnetic field is zero).
The first term, sensitive to the magnetism in \gavs, has a temperature-independent $\phi_1$ which was simultaneously refined at all temperatures.
The remaining parameters $B_{\text{TF},1}$ and $\sigma_1$ are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:musrhighfield}.

At all applied pressures, the behavior is broadly similar in both parameters.
We first consider the measured internal field, Figs.~\ref{fig:musrhighfield}(a,c).
At 50~mT, there is an enhancement of $B_\text{TF}$ compared to the applied field, as previously seen in the absence of applied pressure~\cite{hicken2020magnetism}.
There is no large increase in this parameter over a limited temperature range that would signify the stabilization of the SkL in that region, as has previously been observed at ambient pressure.
Instead, the internal field seems enhanced for all $T<T_\text{c}$.
Comparatively, at 100~mT the enhancement from the applied field is smaller.

\begin{figure}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{muSR_highfield}
	\caption{Parameters extracted from fitting of TF \musr\ measurements of \gavs\ at different applied pressures and magnetic fields. Dashed lines in (b) and (d) are guides to the eye.}
	\label{fig:musrhighfield}
\end{figure}

Considering now the relaxation rate $\sigma$ [Figs.~\ref{fig:musrhighfield}(b,d)], we resolve two clear regimes of behavior  at 0.81~GPa and 1.68~GPa in both the 50~mT and 100~mT measurements, as marked by dashed lines.
The crossover $T$ between these two regimes decreases as the pressure is increased, following a similar trend seen earlier for the FM$^*$ to C transition.
By 2.23~GPa it is difficult to split the behavior into separate regimes, again as seen in the zero-field data.
We conclude, therefore, that pressure acts to reduce the characteristic temperature scales of the magnetic field fluctuations in this part of the phase diagram.
We stress that we are unable to resolve those features seen at ambient pressure~\cite{hicken2020magnetism} that unambiguously mark the onset of the SkL.
However, since fluctuations in the field distribution experienced by the muon have previously been shown to track the onset of the skyrmion phase, we might speculate that these data are consistent with the SkL phase extending to lower $T$, as anticipated from the micromagnetic results.
The phase diagram would therefore look more like that of GaV$_4$Se$_8$, which has a SkL stable down to low $T$~\cite{fujima2017thermodynamically}.

\section{Conclusion}
Our magnetization and \musr\ measurements of \gavs\ reveal that the application of pressure lowers the crossover temperature of the C to FM* transition.
By 2.29~GPa, we cannot observe this crossover, and suggest that \gavs\ remains in the C state down to the lowest measured temperatures.
On increasing the applied pressure, the internal field as measured by \musr\ increases without any corresponding increase in the magnetization.
Through simulations of the distribution of magnetic fields at the muon stopping sites, we suggest this occurs due to a reorientation of the direction of the $\vect{q}$-vectors due to a reduction in the magnetic anisotropy of the system.
Investigation of this phenomena with a $\vect{q}$-resolved experimental probe would be highly beneficial in a future study.
Micromagnetic simulations suggest further that a decrease in the magnetic anisotropy should lead to an increase in stability of the SkL state in \gavs.

There are multiple reasons that application of pressure may change the anisotropy of the system.
The effect of pressure might be to make the underlying electronic structure more isotropic, hence explaining the above results.
Further, the appearance of an easy-axis in the system is set by the direction of the Jahn-Teller distortion; given our results on the increase of the temperature of the Jahn-Teller distortion with pressure, and the possibility of the changing nature of this distortion, it seems highly likely that the anisotropy would also have corresponding changes with pressure.
Given the possible different scenarios we set out to explain the changes to the Jahn-Teller distortion with pressure, experiments to determine the crystal structure of \gavs\ as a function of both temperature and pressure are an area of research that should be explored.

Our work shows the sensitivity of the magnetism in \gavs\ to applied pressures, and demonstrates that changes in both the magnetic phase diagram and underlying magnetic interaction strengths can be expected.
This provides the opportunity to tailor the magnetic interactions of this system, and perhaps related systems in the GaV$_4$S$_{8-y}$Se$_y$ series, and investigate the effects on the magnetism.
Understanding the changes these parameters make is of great importance for understanding the behavior of these complex magnetic states, which is essential if they are to be used for  applications.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
Part of this work was carried out at the Swiss Muon Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland; we are grateful for the provision of beamtime.
We are grateful for computational support from Durham Hamilton HPC.
The project was funded by EPSRC (UK) (Grant Nos.: EP/N032128/1 and EP/N024028/1).
M. N. Wilson acknowledges the support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).
Research data from this paper will be made available via Durham Collections at \textcolor{red}{XXX}.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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concentra corporate office
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Home / About us / News & blog / Protecting rough sleepers during the second wave
Protecting rough sleepers during the second wave
8 Jan 2021 IN Opinions and insight
Riverside's John Glenton, Executive Director of Care and Support, reflects on Everybody In and how properly-funded emergency accommodation for people sleeping rough must be the priority going forward…
As we have been living with the impacts of Covid for almost nine months I think we sometimes forget that the Government and the civil service is facing a health and economic crisis on a scale that no-one has ever seen before.
This Government's 'Everyone In' programme made a significant impact early in the coronavirus crisis, successfully supporting more than 29,000 people sleeping rough in England into emergency accommodation and then helping two-thirds of those people to move into settled housing.
After nine long months of lockdown and restrictions the health crisis we are facing is arguably even more significant, with a new mutant strain of the virus which is more contagious.
Research led by University College London shows 'Everyone In' – which meant people affected by homelessness had their own personal, Covid-secure place to sleep – helped to prevent 21,092 infections, 1,164 hospital admissions, 338 ICU admissions and 266 deaths during the first lockdown.
Now we are tackling a more infectious strain of the virus it makes sense for the Government to relook at a similar approach. With the increased risks associated with freezing temperatures we need to protect those people experiencing rough sleeping
People affected by rough sleeping are at a greater risk from Covid-19 due to having underlying health issues. So, we welcome the Government's announcement that people sleeping rough will be vaccinated alongside other priority groups however, if these people do no not feel safe to come inside and access support it will be more difficult to put these plans into action.
If we enable people to access safe and secure accommodation we will be able to support them to register with a GP and access appropriate healthcare services.
The Government's latest announcement of an additional £10m of funding is therefore very welcome but we need to understand from councils if this will be enough money to accommodate people safely.


MAYON VOLCANO Eruption, 41,000 Feet Ash – IN PICTURES – Thick lava gushes from Mount Mayon and flows down its crater. An ash cloud towers 8, 202 ft in the Philippine sky. Photographers capture it all in a collection of stunning pictures, from streets which are growing more deserted by the day.


Music junk... where did it go?
Discussion in 'Android Apps & Games' started by excav8ter, Aug 9, 2010.
After my Froyo update, my music junk app no longer works nor does it show up in the market. Any ideas.
Probably doesn't show up in the market due to the fact that it is basically for pirating music... It should work just fine for Froyo though - why it isn't for you doesn't make any sense???


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Tag Results: mary poppins returns
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Asian Aid is a Christian, non-profit organisation with a 40 year history of making a difference to the lives of children and people in poverty.
With over 9000 children sponsored across four countries, Asian Aid was struggling to manage their day-to-day activities with an antiquated system. Alliance Software was approached to design and develop a formal process to manage their children, donors, payments and field workers.
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After hours sitting on an airplane, you finally arrive at your destination. But wait! Porto's airport is 20 minutes away from the city center by car and that's on a good day! So in any case, airport transport is needed.
In this article, we talk about Porto airport transfers: do you really need one? What are the options? And how much does it cost?
Do I need an airport transfer when I travel to Porto?
Like I mentioned before, Porto's international airport is far away from the city center so you do need to use an airport transfer.
There is an airport transfer that is cheaper than a taxi. And another suitable for people traveling with a lot of luggage. I also recommend specific Porto airport transfers for large groups and/or for those who want to have a luxury experience. Some companies have services for people with a wheelchair.
You can also take the Metro of Porto, one of the best subway systems in the world and it's conveniently located inside the airport.
This is the cheapest option on our list of Porto airport transfers. It's a shared one-way arrival or departure transfer. It cost €9.99 per person. This is only for those who want to be dropped off at the city center because if you're staying elsewhere, there's an extra charge. Each passenger is allowed 1 suitcase and 1 carry-on bag only.
This is perfect for solo travelers, minimalist packers and small families (they provide car seats upon request as well). Another plus in this service is that they have drivers that speak English, Spanish and French.
If you're traveling with 3 people, you can book this provider instead. It is a bit more expensive but it's private and the driver will welcome you upon arrival with a sign. The downside though, it only allows 1 bag per person.
A third affordable option is a private ride by this highly-rated provider that allows a total of 4 large bags and 4 carry-on bags per vehicle. It will also wait for you with a sign at the gate.
I have been personally working with a particular private transport firm that provides private Porto airport transfers called A Firma. I am extremely happy with its service because all the drivers are very polite, always on time and eager to help you with any inconvenience.
PortoAirportTransfersTO is one of the highly-rated Porto airport transfers. The company is not strict to large groups but it's one of the few who provides transport for groups larger than 16 people.
You can see the car models and prices online on their booking system which is convenient (except for the private coach). For 4 people, the cheapest option is around €25.
This is great for large groups (max 49) like people traveling for business, conferences or weddings.
This option is great to spoil your significant other or if you just want to ride in comfort and in style. It's also great for small families. You also have VIP Drive, an extravagant option for Porto airport transfers. They have a wide range of vehicles like Mercedes Sedan, Mercedes minibus, a coach bus, a Limousine Hummer, Cadillac Fleetwood 1959…etc.
Many of the best hotels and apartments in Porto offer airport transport to their clients at an additional fee, so it's always recommended to check with your hotel before the flight. Apartments like the stunning Predicados do Douro Palace or the Armazém Luxury Housing offer airport shuttles. You also have hotels like the Art Deco masterpiece hotel called Vincci Porto and the very romantic Porto A.S. 1829 Hotel, both with Porto airport transfers available upon request.
This option is good for people who don't want to deal with bookings and want to go straight towards their hotels. Sometimes it's the most convenient option to rely on your hotel for transport arrangement.
This might require a bit of learning on your part, but that's one of the reasons why traveling is fun (at least we think so). We're very proud of the subway system in Porto as it has been recognized as one of the best in the world on multiple occasions.
You will have to read our guide to familiarize yourself with how the subway works in Porto and then you'll be good to go.
The subway is conveniently located at the airport so you can go directly to many stations (Casa da Música, Trindade, Bolhão, etc.) without the need to change the subway line or to take a bus. It takes around 30-40 minutes to arrive at downtown Porto, but it's an enjoyable ride since the subway tracks are not all underground.
When you're at the airport, make sure you purchase a card from the machine, charge it and scan it on the subway platform before you enter the train. The subway security does random checks on passengers' cards and if you're caught, you will pay a high fine.
This option is good for environmentally-conscious people and for those who want to save money as it's the cheapest of Porto airport transfers. If you're carrying a lot of bags, maybe look for an alternative because other riders are traveling with their bags as well and it does get crowded.
We have to admit, Porto needs to do a lot more to accommodate people with disabilities, but we're getting there.
If you're looking for a wheelchair accessible transport, Taxis Pinheiro provides a van with a platform that fits multiple people. This is one of the few private Porto airport transfers for people with a wheelchair. You can call them on +351 917 987 172 to speak English with someone and you can also email them on geral@taxispinheiro.com to get a quote.
It's also important to know that buses and subway stations in Porto are wheelchair accessible.
Good news, Uber operates in Porto! And if you don't have internet on your phone, worry not, Porto's airport has Wi-Fi so you can order your Uber upon arrival. Uber is one of the best Porto airport transfers thanks to the convenience in ordering a car and paying for the ride. Also, the drivers here are professional, we always have a great customer experience.
Just heads up, taxis are not a fan of Uber, so they sometimes get hostile towards the drivers. So always request your ride far away from the taxi stands to avoid any drama.
This is good for people who are familiar with Uber and don't want to deal with the hassle of finding a transport company or riding the subway after hours of flying.
Well, you can skip all the Porto airport transfers we mentioned and DIY the whole thing by renting your own vehicle. In many of our tours, we have worked with Sixt, as they are always very reliable and professional. However, they don't have vehicles for more than 8 passengers.
This is a good option for people who want to drive around Porto or do other road trips to the regions nearby like the Douro, Braga, Fátima…etc. It's also good for those who love to drive and to experience the road wherever they go.


I loved it when I was twelve, and I read the sequels, which are each half as good as the one before, and I didn't give up until they were homeopathically good.
"Homeopathically good": that's a great — if nasty — line. (Think about it.) But her assessment aligns with mine: I still read Dune again every now and then, but got rid of the rest of the series years ago.


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Outtakes from critically acclaimed war movie, Restrepo
[youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7iet9lRSvp8[/youtube]
The movie is at the theater located over on Dries Lane for another day or two. I haven't been able to make it and I am crushed to think that I will not likely get to see it until it is released on DVD. Just don't have the time right now to make it out to the theater. But here are some out takes from the movie. This one above is a firefight but it's not manic. Rather, it's more dreamlike as the caption says on the You Tube page. The channel for this movie is: http://www.youtube.com/restrepothemovie and there are many other clips.
This video, below, shows the CH-47 Chinook in action… our guys in the 2-238th AVN would get a kick out of this.
[youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUvBj1UQ49Q[/youtube]
Author Andy KravetzPosted on September 28, 2010 May 29, 2014 Categories AfghanistanTags Afghanistan, RestrepoLeave a comment on Outtakes from critically acclaimed war movie, Restrepo
Condolences for a Peoria soldier
Sgt. Mark A. Simpson
Tragic news from Fort Hood,
The Department of Defense announced today the death of a Soldier who was supporting Operation Enduring Freedom.
Sergeant Mark Allen Simpson died Sept. 26 at Kandahar, Afghanistan, of wounds suffered when insurgents attacked his military vehicle with an improvised explosive device on Sept. 25 at Forward Operating Base Frontenac, Afghanistan.
Simpson, 40, of Peoria, Ill., joined the Army in January 2005 as a combat engineer. He was assigned to 584th Mobility Augmentation Company, 20th Engineer Battalion, 36th Engineer Brigade, Fort Hood.
Simpson deployed in support of Operations Enduring Freedom in January 2010. He also deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom from August 2006 to October 2007.
Simpson's awards and decorations include the Army Commendation Medal, Army Good Conduct Medal, National Defense Service Medal with one bronze star device, Iraqi Campaign Medal with combat service star, Afghanistan Campaign Medal with combat service star, Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal, Global War on Terrorism Service Medal, Army Service Ribbon, Overseas Service Ribbon, NATO Medal and Driver and Mechanic Badge and Driver and Mechanic Badge with Driver – Wheeled Vehicles.
Thoughts and prayers to his family. We are trying to develop a story on him. If anyone has any information or knew Sgt. Simpson, please email akravetz@pjstar.com or call at 686-3283. We would like to write a story to pay tribute to this fallen warrior.
Author Andy KravetzPosted on September 28, 2010 September 28, 2010 Categories condolencesTags condolencesLeave a comment on Condolences for a Peoria soldier


text:
Salary and Compensation»
The Average Salary of a Compounding Pharmacy Technichian
by Dana Severson
Pharmacy technicians may benefit from a compounding certification.
Ablestock.com/AbleStock.com/Getty Images
1 Can You Become a Pharmacy Technician With a Bachelor's Degree in Chemistry?
2 How Much Does a Chemical Pharm Tech Make?
3 What is the Difference Between a Licensed and a Certified Pharmacy Tech?
4 Pharmacy Tech Qualifications
On occasion, a doctor prescribes a medication that doesn't quite fit the unique needs of a patient. If, for example, the prescription contains an allergen to the individual, the averse ingredient must be removed. Or perhaps the patient is unable take a drug orally, so it must be converted into an intravenous form. In either scenario, the modification is called compounding. Compounding pharmacy technicians assist licensed pharmacists in this process. Salaries are similar to those of non-compounding techs.
Salary Overview
In 2012, pharmacy technicians earned an average of $30,430 a year, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The top 10 percent made more than $42,400, while the bottom 10 percent earned less than $20,580. But these figures don't account for specialty. JobGeeks.com, a website tracking career-specific statistics, sets the salary for a compounding pharmacy tech slightly higher at an average of $30,526 a year. The lowest reported pay was $21,372, while the highest was $42,891.
Pharmacy technicians typically complete a pharmacy technology training program, which lasts no more than one year. Employers looking to hire compounding pharmacy techs often prefer candidates with an advanced certification in compounding. The National Pharmacy Technician Association awards this designation at a fee of $650 for members and $700 for non-members as of 2013. The program consists of 10 home-study modules with exams and two days of hands-on training. You'll learn the basics of compounding capsules, tablets, powders and other forms of medications, as well as medication flavoring, quality assurance and record keeping.
As with any job, location affects salaries, and pharmacy technicians are no exception. Among the states, pharmacy techs as a whole received the highest pay in the District of Columbia, at an average of $40,560 a year. Those working in the state of Washington ranked second, earning $39,630, while those in Alaska were third, at an average of $39,520. The lowest wages were paid in Kentucky, where the average was $25,510 a year.
The BLS expects employment for pharmacy technicians to grow by 32 percent through 2020. This is more than twice as fast as the average for all U.S. occupations, an estimated 14 percent. As the medical industry continues to grow, so does the support roles available in medical facilities, including pharmacies. The 32 percent growth rate equates to the creation of over 108,000 new jobs, so job prospects should remain excellent.
2018 Salary Information for Pharmacy Technicians
Pharmacy technicians earned a median annual salary of $32,700 in May 2018, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. On the low end, pharmacy technicians earned a 10th percentile salary of $10,170, meaning 90 percent earned more than this amount. The 90th percentile salary is $37,780, meaning 10 percent earn more. In 2018, 420,400 people were employed in the U.S. as pharmacy technicians.
Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Outlook Handbook – Pharmacy Technician
Bureau of Labor Statistics: Pharmacy Technician
National Pharmacy Technician Association: Compounding Certification
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Outlook Handbook: Pharmacy Technicians
Career Trend: Pharmacy Technicians
Based in Minneapolis, Minn., Dana Severson has been writing marketing materials for small-to-mid-sized businesses since 2005. Prior to this, Severson worked as a manager of business development for a marketing company, developing targeted marketing campaigns for Big G, Betty Crocker and Pillsbury, among others.
Severson, Dana. "The Average Salary of a Compounding Pharmacy Technichian." Work - Chron.com, http://work.chron.com/average-salary-compounding-pharmacy-technichian-20820.html. Accessed 18 January 2020.
Severson, Dana. (n.d.). The Average Salary of a Compounding Pharmacy Technichian. Work - Chron.com. Retrieved from http://work.chron.com/average-salary-compounding-pharmacy-technichian-20820.html
Severson, Dana. "The Average Salary of a Compounding Pharmacy Technichian" accessed January 18, 2020. http://work.chron.com/average-salary-compounding-pharmacy-technichian-20820.html
What Is the Difference Between a Pharmacy Tech Clerk & a Pharmacist?
What Is the Salary of a Radiology Assistant?
Job Description for an Inpatient Pharmacy Tech
What Is a Pharmacist's Job?
Responsibilities of Pharmacy Technicians in Hospitals
Description of a Clinical Pharmacist Position
Phlebotomy Salary vs. Dialysis Salary
What Type of Certification Does a Pharmacist Require?
Apothecary Salary
What Could I Expect to Earn as a Beginner in the Pharmacy?
IV Pharmacy Tech Certification


To ensure outstanding taste, measure the ingredients exactly. Pour the ingredients into a shaker in the order that they are listed. Shake thoroughly and pour over ice. To garnish, throw a cherry on top of the ice and place an orange slice on the side of the glass... Kajiki, or Pacific Blue Marlin, is a firm fish so it takes well to preparations similar to tuna or swordfish — like this Asian-inspired sous vide kajiki recipe.
Marlin Recipes Blue Marlin Filipino Recipes Filipino Food Fish Recipes Seafood Recipes Pinoy Food Butter Sauce Recipe Collection Blue Marlin Recipe in Garlic Soy Butter Sauce is a mouthwatering fish recipe, healthy and flavourful. Simple and delish to start a weekend. Quick and easy! Jan Roberts. Must try recipes. Apple Puff Pastries. Puff Pastry Apple Pie Puff Pastry Desserts Puff Pastries... Kilawin Malasugue (Blue Marlin) If the Americas has Ceviche, the Philippines has Kilawin or Kinilaw. While the Ceviche is a seafood salad, our version not only uses raw fish but pork meat as well.
ALTERNATIVE 1: Mahi Mahi. MAHI MAHI is a large gamefish with similar 'meaty' flesh to that of Swordfish and Marlin. It is a more sustainable alternative, well suited to preparations including grilling, BBQ'ing, and use in soups or curries.... To ensure outstanding taste. measure the ingredients exactly. Pour the ingredients into a shaker in the order that they are listed. Shake thoroughly and pour over ice.
ALTERNATIVE 1: Mahi Mahi. MAHI MAHI is a large gamefish with similar 'meaty' flesh to that of Swordfish and Marlin. It is a more sustainable alternative, well suited to preparations including grilling, BBQ'ing, and use in soups or curries.
How to Make Smoked Marlin In order to properly smoke a marlin, you first will need a few supplies. Supplies Needed for Smoking a Marlin I use an offset smoker, the type that has a fire box attached, but works by giving indirect heat to the meat.


Zetta2Go uses the latest browser technologies, and recently in the interest of safety, Google has introduced a breaking change that affects Zetta2Go, if you aren't already using SSL in your configuration. This really only affects gaining access to the Audio Input via the browser for Voice Tracking. No other functionality is affected. The net result is that access to your machine's microphone is no longer supported unless requested from a secure origin (ie Secure Sockets Layer delivered via HTTPS) on Google Chrome. Support was ended in the latest version of Chrome (Version 47).
Bottom line is if someone updates Chrome and tries to use Zetta2Go iVT on a non HTTPS connection it will not work and will present a message that says recording will not be possible. Implementing the SSL instructions will cure the problem and add the nicety of never having to be prompted for access to the audio card again. These instructions are available in your Zetta's help file, or from Zetta2Go itself go to Help | Administration for further information on implementing SSL.


text:
Q: Merge two list randomly returns a strange merged list I've just started to learn Racket and I need to create a procedure that merge two list randomly.
This is my code:
#lang racket
(define merge-randomly
   (lambda (lst1 lst2)
      (cond ((and (null? lst1) (null? lst2)) null)
            ((null? lst1) lst2)
            ((null? lst2) lst1)
            (else
               (cond ((> (random) 0.5) (cons (cons (car lst1) (car lst2)) (merge-randomly (cdr lst1) (cdr lst2))))
                     (else (cons (cons (car lst2) (car lst1)) (merge-randomly (cdr lst1) (cdr lst2))))
               )
            )
      )
   )
)

I need to use with list like these two:
(define l1 '((1 2 3) (7 8 9)))
(define l2 '((4 5 6)))

I need to create a new list like this one:
'((4 5 6) (1 2 3) (7 8 9))

But I get this list:
'(((4 5 6) 1 2 3) (7 8 9))

I'm doing something wrong, probably here, (cons (cons (car lst1) (car lst2)), or here, (cons (cons (car lst2) (car lst1)), at the else instruction in first cond.
How can I get the list I want to get?

A: Your guess is correct. The format for cons is this:
(cons first-element rest-of-the-list)

So, when you use (const '(4 5 6) '(1 2 3)), it returns ((4 5 6) 1 2 3).
The correct format for what you are trying to do would be:
(cons (car lst1) (cons (car ls2) (merge-randomly (cdr lst1) (cdr lst2))))

and similarly for the second case.
Here's what the final function should look like:
(define merge-randomly
   (lambda (lst1 lst2)
      (cond ((and (null? lst1) (null? lst2)) null)
            ((null? lst1) lst2)
            ((null? lst2) lst1)
            (else
               (cond ((> (random) 0.5) (cons (car lst1) (cons (car lst2) (merge-randomly (cdr lst1) (cdr lst2)))))
                     (else (cons (car lst2) (cons (car lst1) (merge-randomly (cdr lst1) (cdr lst2)))))
               )
            )
      )
   )
)

A: The problem is with (cons (cons (car lst1) (car lst2)) ...). Change it to (cons (car lst1) (cons (car lst2) ...).
PS Your closing parentheses are not idiomatically placed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Recently, I've been thinking about endless runners and how the level design of the game will be like. After taking some time thinking, I've come up with an idea to implement an obstacle course rule into my endless runner.
So far, the only game-making tool I'm capable of using is Stencyl. Stencyl is extremely useful to anyone who has no skills or experience in video game programming.
Since I'm working on an obstacle course-like platformer, I thought that it would be suitable if my game's setting took place in an army obstacle course camp in a forest. The concept for the obstacles is influenced from my research of the Mirror's Edge mobile game.
Below is the overall mockup design for my intended platformer.
The lines indicate the height between the different-layered levels in a stage.
Here you can see the stage is divided by 3 layers of levels for the player to navigate through. I plan to add obstacle sprites into the stages.
This image is magnified by the way.
I decided to implement a soldier as the player character's sprite. It would fit in with the 'army obstacle course' setting of the game.


text:
La Sonata per pianoforte n. 1 in Do minore, op. 4 è la prima delle tre sonate composte da Fryderyk Chopin. Opera giovanile, fu scritta fra il 1827 e il 1828.

Storia
Chopin, ancora studente di composizione con Józef Elsner al secondo anno della Scuola Superiore di Musica di Varsavia, scrisse fra il 1827 e il 1828 la sua prima sonata per pianoforte con l'intenzione di far notare al suo insegnante, a cui la composizione è dedicata, quanto egli fosse ormai avanzato nello studio. Quasi certamente Chopin scrisse il suo lavoro concordando i punti salienti con il maestro, in particolare discusse con lui di alcune innovazioni che, ai tempi, non sarebbero state permesse in una sonata classicamente intesa.

Il giovane musicista aveva giustamente a cuore far pubblicare la sua composizione per cui, già alla fine del 1828, spedì una copia manoscritta a Vienna all'editore Tobias Haslinger, ma, poiché Chopin non era ancora noto nell'ambiente musicale, l'opera venne messa da parte e poi accantonata. Circa dieci anni più tardi la casa editrice stampò un'edizione di prova della Sonata, inviandola a Chopin per eventuali modifiche; il musicista, pensando di dover rielaborare molte cose nella partitura, ritenendola piena di difetti, non accettò la stampa e non invio più alcuna copia modificata all'editore. In seguito però alcune copie furono fatte girare privatamente e quando il compositore lo venne a sapere si inquietò molto. La Sonata op. 4 venne pubblicata postuma, nel 1851, da Karl Haslinger, erede di Tobias.

Struttura e analisi
Allegro maestoso (do minore)
Minuetto (mi bemolle maggiore)
Larghetto (la bemolle maggiore)
Finale. Presto (do minore)

Anche se può essere senz'altro considerata un'opera minore, è comunque importante avvicinare questa composizione alle due sonate successive per poter riscontrare alcuni rimarchevoli elementi nello sviluppo del linguaggio del musicista. Franz Liszt, dicendo che nelle sonate di Chopin vi fosse "più volontà che ispirazione", probabilmente si riferiva alla Sonata op. 4; dietro l'intento di realizzare una composizione di grande spessore secondo le regole classiche, era evidente che l'inesperienza giovanile poneva dei limiti che sono presenti nei temi non molto incisivi e coinvolgenti e in uno sviluppo troppo lungo ed elaborato. Le novità introdotte nella sonata da Chopin, concordate con Elsner, sono però notevoli. Il primo movimento che presenta un solo tema, l'inconsueto tempo in 5/4 del Larghetto, un ampio uso del cromatismo, che è presente in tutta la composizione, ne fanno, per l'epoca, un'opera al di fuori dagli schemi e all'avanguardia.

Primo movimento. Allegro maestoso. Il brano si presenta in forma-sonata, ma la scrittura appare ancora un po' approssimativa; l'insolita mancanza di un secondo tema in contrapposizione al primo, priva la costruzione della sonata del suo aspetto centrale; il passaggio di tonalità dal Do minore iniziale al Si bemolle minore nella ripresa smorza però, parzialmente, quella che può essere una mancanza di veri contrasti.

Secondo movimento. Minuetto. Non contando quello presente nello Studio in Re bemolle maggiore del 1839, questo è l'unico minuetto scritto da Chopin. Il musicista probabilmente lo ha introdotto per dare un sapore "classico" alla sua sonata, anche se poi, a ben ascoltare, il ritmo assomiglia molto di più a quello di un valzer. La forma tripartita contiene regolarmente nella sezione centrale il Trio, in Mi bemolle minore; il brano è molto piacevole e presenta alcuni spunti che preannunciano quelle che saranno le composizioni più mature del musicista.

Terzo movimento. Larghetto. Scritto nel tempo insolito di 5/4, il brano è simile a un notturno di cui ha tutta l'atmosfera romantica con in più una sensazione di spaesamento e di esitazione.

Quarto movimento. Finale, Presto. L'ultimo tempo, il più lungo fra quelli conclusivi delle tre sonate, presenta elementi di virtuosismo un po' eccessivo e ostentato.

Discografia
Indubbiamente la meno incisa delle tre, la Sonata op.4 conta almeno due incisioni fra i grandi pianisti: Vladimir Ashkenazy per la Decca Records e Lilya Zilberstein per la DGG.

Note

Bibliografia
Gastone Belotti, Chopin, EDT, Torino, 1984 - ISBN 88-7063-033-1

Collegamenti esterni

Sonate per pianoforte di Fryderyk Chopin

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