text:
<chapter id="chap.preview">
<chapterinfo>
<pubdate>$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</pubdate>
<releaseinfo>$Revision: 1.1 $</releaseinfo>
</chapterinfo>
<title>Previewing</title>

<para><indexterm><primary>previewing</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary sortas="tex">&TeX;</primary><secondary>previewing</secondary></indexterm>Because &TeX; is not interactive, most &TeX; documents are developed
iteratively.  After adding a significant amount of text or changing
the format of a document, you'll want to see what the document looks like.
Then you can add more text or try different formats.
Then, it's helpful to see it again $…$
</para>

<para>You could print the document, but that's wasteful and slow (not
to mention environmentally unfriendly).
This is where screen previewers enter the picture.  They allow you
to look at your document on a video display.
</para>

<para>Accurate previewing is more difficult than printing your document
for several reasons.  Screen displays are much more diverse than
printers (previewing on a PC is very different from previewing on
a workstation running X11 even though printing to a LaserJet printer
is essentially the same from both places).  Also, it's very difficult
to preview documents that use printer-specific features.  For example,
if you use a PostScript figure in your document, it will be very easy
to print on a PostScript printer, but on most platforms it is much more
difficult to preview that document on the screen (two exceptions are
the Amiga and NeXT which have integrated support for displaying PostScript
images).
</para>

<para>In the following sections I'll explore options for previewing on several
platforms.  The X Window System is usually associated with &unix; workstations,
but several PC implementations (running under both MS-DOS and OS/2) are now
available.  The X11 previewers
described here may be available
for those systems, but I haven't seen them.  <command>Ghostscript</command> is another
previewing option that is available on several platforms so it is described
in its own section.
</para>

<para>Table <xref role="label" linkend="tab.previewers"/> summarizes the previewers described here.
</para>

<title>Common Previewers</title>
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec align="left"/>
<colspec align="left"/>
<colspec align="center"/>
<colspec align="left"/>

<row>
  <entry>\bf Previewer</entry>
  <entry>\bf Supplier</entry>
  <entry>\bf OS</entry>
  <entry>\bf Comments</entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>\program{xdvi}</entry>
  <entry>Free (xdvi)</entry>
  <entry>Unix/DesqView</entry>
  <entry>X11 </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry><command>\XTeX</command></entry>
  <entry>Free (\XTeX)</entry>
  <entry>Unix</entry>
  <entry>X11 </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry><command>Ghostscript</command></entry>
  <entry>Free (gs)</entry>
  <entry>most</entry>
  <entry>PostScript </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry><command>Ghostview</command></entry>
  <entry>Free (Ghostview)</entry>
  <entry>Unix, Windows</entry>
  <entry>PostScript </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry><command>dviscr</command></entry>
  <entry>Free (&emTeX;)</entry>
  <entry>MS-DOS, OS/2</entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry><command>dvipm</command></entry>
  <entry>Free (&emTeX;)</entry>
  <entry>OS/2</entry>
  <entry>Presentation Manager </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry><command>dvivga</command></entry>
  <entry>Free (dvivga)</entry>
  <entry>MS-DOS</entry>
  <entry>EGA/VGA </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry><command>&TeX; Preview</command></entry>
  <entry>ArborText</entry>
  <entry>MS-DOS, Unix</entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry><command>dvideo</command></entry>
  <entry>Kinch Software</entry>
  <entry>MS-DOS</entry>
  <entry>EGA </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry><command>PTI View</command></entry>
  <entry>Personal &TeX;</entry>
  <entry>MS-DOS</entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry><command>dvimswin</command></entry>
  <entry>Free (dvimswin)</entry>
  <entry>MS-DOS</entry>
  <entry>Windows </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry><command>dviwin</command></entry>
  <entry>Free (dviwin)</entry>
  <entry>MS-DOS</entry>
  <entry>Windows </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry><command>wdviwin</command></entry>
  <entry>Kinch Software</entry>
  <entry>MS-DOS</entry>
  <entry>Windows </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry><command>DVIWindo</command></entry>
  <entry>&YY;</entry>
  <entry>MS-DOS</entry>
  <entry>Windows </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry><command>dvi2tty</command></entry>
  <entry>Free (dvi2tty)</entry>
  <entry>Most</entry>
  <entry>ASCII </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry><command>dvigt/dvitovdu</command></entry>
  <entry>Free</entry>
  <entry>Most</entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry><command>crudetype</command></entry>
  <entry>Free</entry>
  <entry>VMS</entry>
  <entry>ASCII </entry>
</row>

</tgroup>

<title>Previewing Under X11</title>

<para><indexterm><primary>X11</primary><secondary>previewing</secondary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>previewing</primary><secondary>X11</secondary></indexterm>The
three most common X11 previewers are <command>xdvi</command>, \XTeX, and
<command>Ghostview</command> (really a PostScript previewer).
<command>Ghostview</command> runs on top of <command>Ghostscript</command> and is
described in the <quote><xref role="label" linkend="sec.ghostscript"/></quote> section of this chapter.
</para>

<title>Previewing with xdvi</title>

<para>You can retrieve <command>xdvi</command><indexterm><primary>xdvi</primary></indexterm> from the CTAN archives in the
directory <filename role="ctan" class="directory">dviware/xdvi</filename>.
</para>

<para>Figure <xref role="label" linkend="fig.xdvi"/> shows the preview process under &xdvi;.
<command>xdvi</command> reads the <filename role="extension">DVI</filename> file and loads the <filename role="extension">PK</filename> files<indexterm><primary sortas="PK files"><filename role="extension">PK</filename> files</primary></indexterm>
for any fonts that are required.  If &xdvi; cannot find a requested
font, it will run \MakeTeXPK<indexterm><primary>MakeTeXPK</primary></indexterm> to create the font.  \MakeTeXPK is a
shell script (or a batch file called <filename>maketexp</filename><indexterm><primary>maketexp</primary></indexterm> under MS-DOS)
that tries to use &MF; or <command>ps2pk</command><indexterm><primary>ps2pk</primary></indexterm> to build the font.
</para>

<title>How Previewing with xdvi Works</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FIXME:"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>

<para>After forming each page, &xdvi; passes it off to the X11 Window Manager to be
displayed.  Previewing under &xdvi; is shown in Figure <xref role="label" linkend="fig.preview.xdvi"/>.
</para>

<title>Previewing with xdvi</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FIXME:"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>

<para>Screen resolution is typically much lower than printer resolution.  Because
&xdvi; uses the <filename role="extension">PK</filename> files at printer resolution, it must scale them
before using them for display purposes.  The scaling process allows &xdvi; to
use <emphasis>anti-aliasing</emphasis><indexterm><primary>anti-aliasing</primary></indexterm> to improve image quality on color
displays.  Anti-aliasing is a technique used to improve the appearance of
scaled images by using colored pixels around the edges of the image to provide
the illusion of partial pixels.  This can dramatically improve the readability
of the displayed text.  If the \ps font files are available, &xdvi; can
display documents that use \ps fonts; otherwise, it performs font
substitution.
</para>

<para>A recent addition to &xdvi; is the ability to preview documents that
include PostScript figures.  The figures are rendered behind the scenes
by <command>Ghostscript</command> and displayed by &xdvi;.
In my opinion, this addition really makes &xdvi; one of the finest X11
previewers available.  It is fast, uses printer fonts, has anti-aliasing for
superb readability on color displays, and can include PostScript figures.
</para>

<title>Previewing with \xtex</title>

<para>The \xtex previewer<indexterm><primary sortas="xtex (previewing)">\xtex (previewing)</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>previewing</primary><secondary sortas="xtex">\xtex</secondary></indexterm> is
very similar to &xdvi;.  The
primary difference is that \xtex uses X11 fonts for display.
This means that \xtex must build fonts at the appropriate
resolution.  After the fonts have been built, \xtex is typically
a very fast previewer.
</para>

<para>You can retrieve \xtex from the CTAN archives in the
directory <filename role="ctan" class="directory">dviware/xtex</filename>.
</para>

<title>How Previewing with xtex Works</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FIXME:"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>

<para>Figure <xref role="label" linkend="fig.xtex"/>
shows the preview process under \xtex.  Like &xdvi;,
\xtex uses the \MakeTeXPK program to build <filename role="extension">PK</filename> files for fonts
that are unavailable.  Additionally, \xtex uses the \TeXtoXfont shell
script, or batch file, to convert <filename role="extension">PK</filename> fonts into X11 display fonts.
</para>

<para>
The \xtex previewer relies on the X11 Window Manager to build
the display.  However, if \ps figures are present in your
document, \xtex will attempt to display them.  When \xtex is
built, you can specify that \ghostscript or another \ps interpreter be used to handle \ps figures.
</para>

<para>An example of \xtex's display is shown in Figure <xref role="label" linkend="fig.preview.xtex"/>.
</para>

<title>Previewing with xtex</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FIXME:"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>

<title>Previewing with Ghostscript</title>

<para>Previewing with <command>Ghostscript</command>
<indexterm><primary>previewing</primary><secondary>Ghostscript</secondary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>Ghostscript</primary><secondary>previewing</secondary></indexterm> is
quite different from previewing with &xdvi; and \xtex.  Most previewers
process the <filename role="extension">DVI</filename> file to build the display.  \ghostscript is a
general-purpose program for displaying \ps files.  Under X11, an additional
program called \ghostview provides more sophisticated control of previewing.
</para>

<para>
<command>Ghostscript</command> and <command>Ghostview</command><indexterm><primary>Ghostview</primary></indexterm> are products of the
Free Software Foundation (FSF)<indexterm><primary>Free Software Foundation (FSF)</primary></indexterm>.  You can retrieve them from the GNU archives on
<literal>prep.ai.mit.edu</literal> in the directory <filename>/pub/gnu</filename> or from any
mirror of those archives.
</para>

<para><command>Ghostscript</command> reads and interprets the \ps file created by a
program such as \dvips.  It provides its own means of handling font
substitution if the appropriate fonts are unavailable.  Because \dvips converts the &TeX; <filename role="extension">DVI</filename> file into \ps, \ghostscript can display all
of the elements of the document including \ps figures and other PostScript
printer-specific commands.
</para>

<para>An example of <command>Ghostview</command>'s display is shown in
Figure <xref role="label" linkend="fig.preview.ghostview"/>.
</para>

<title>Previewing with Ghostview</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FIXME:"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>

<title>Previewing with &emTeX;</title>

<para>Figure <xref role="label" linkend="fig.emdvi"/> in Chapter <xref role="label" linkend="chap.printing"/>,
<emphasis><xref role="label" linkend="chap.printing"/></emphasis>, shows the relationship between the
various components involved when processing a <filename role="extension">DVI</filename> file with
&emTeX;<indexterm><primary sortas="emTeX">&emTeX;</primary><secondary>previewing</secondary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>previewing</primary><secondary sortas="emTeX">&emTeX;</secondary></indexterm>.  Previewing
and printing are very similar operations with
&emTeX;.  To preview, you use the <command>dviscr</command><indexterm><primary>dviscr</primary></indexterm> driver, and the
result is displayed on the screen.  To print, use one of the other
&dvidriver;s, and the result is a file that can be sent directly to
your printer.
Chapter <xref role="label" linkend="chap.freetex"/>, <emphasis><xref role="label" linkend="chap.freetex"/></emphasis>, discusses
&emTeX; in more detail.
</para>

<para><command>dvidrv</command> runs the appropriate &dvidriver;:
<command>dviscr</command> for previewing, <command>dvihplj</command><indexterm><primary>dvihplj</primary></indexterm> for
printing to an HP LaserJet printer, or <command>dvidot</command><indexterm><primary>dvidot</primary></indexterm> for printing to
other dot matrix printers.
</para>

<para>The &dvidriver; reads the <filename role="extension">DVI</filename> file and loads fonts from
<filename role="extension">PK</filename> files<indexterm><primary sortas="PK files"><filename role="extension">PK</filename> files</primary></indexterm> or <filename role="extension">FLI</filename> font libraries<indexterm><primary sortas="FLI font libraries"><filename role="extension">FLI</filename> font libraries</primary></indexterm>.  If your document
uses graphics, they are loaded from <filename role="extension">PCX</filename><indexterm><primary>PCX file format</primary></indexterm> or
<filename role="extension">MSP</filename> files<indexterm><primary>MSP file format</primary></indexterm>.
</para>

<para>If your document uses a font that is not available, the
&dvidriver; writes the commands necessary to build the
font to the <filename role="extension">MFJ</filename> file<indexterm><primary>MFJ files</primary></indexterm>.<footnote><para>{Some setup
is required to obtain
this functionality.  By default, the driver asks for the name
of a font to substitute in place of the missing font.}</para></footnote>  Before
performing font substitution, the driver will ask if you wish
to build the missing fonts.  If you elect to build them, the
&dvidriver; stops and returns control to the <command>dvidrv</command><indexterm><primary>dvidrv</primary></indexterm>
program.
</para>

<para><command>dvidrv</command> notices that the &dvidriver; stopped
because of missing fonts and runs <command>MFjob<indexterm><primary>MFjob</primary></indexterm></command> to build them.  After
building the fonts, the previewer is run again to display
the document.
</para>

<para>The <command>dvidrv</command> program is quite simple.  With some
care, it can be replaced by a batch file that does
more work.<footnote><para>{Particularly in networked environments where
<command>dvidrv</command> assures that temporary filenames won't collide
between users.}</para></footnote>  For example, I have replaced <command>dvidrv</command> with
a <command>4DOS<indexterm><primary>4DOS</primary></indexterm></command> batch file called <command>dvidxx</command> that can
automatically build \ps fonts by calling <command>ps2pk</command> in
addition to building &MF; fonts with <command>MFjob</command>.
The <command>dvidxx</command> batch file is printed in Example <xref role="label" linkend="ex.dvidxx"/>
in Appendix <xref role="label" linkend="app.examples"/>, <emphasis><xref role="label" linkend="app.examples"/></emphasis>.
</para>

<para>A full-screen preview with <command>dviscr</command> is shown in
Figure <xref role="label" linkend="fig.preview.dviscr"/>.
</para>

<title>Previewing with &emTeX;'s dviscr</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FIXME:"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>

<para>Under OS/2, the <command>dvipm</command><indexterm><primary>dvipm</primary></indexterm> previewer offers more power.
A sample
<command>dvipm</command> display is shown in Figure <xref role="label" linkend="fig.preview.dvipm"/> later
in this chapter.
</para>

<title>Previewing with &emTeX;'s dvipm</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FIXME:"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>

<para>The <command>dviscr</command> and <command>dvipm</command> previewers use <emphasis>anti-aliasing<indexterm><primary>anti-aliasing</primary></indexterm></emphasis>
to obtain better image quality on a color display.  However, this translates
into a poorer quality image when captured for display in a black-and-white
book.
</para>

<title>Previewing with dvivga</title>

<para><command>dvivga</command><indexterm><primary>dvivga previewing</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>previewing</primary><secondary>dvivga</secondary></indexterm> is
an MS-DOS previewer for EGA and VGA displays.
You can retrieve <command>dvivga</command> (and a complete set of the Computer Modern
fonts in <filename role="extension">PK</filename> format) from the CTAN archives in the directory
<filename role="ctan" class="directory">dviware/dvivga</filename>.  <command>dvivga</command> requires <filename role="extension">PK</filename> fonts
at screen-resolutions (around 100dpi); that is why a special set of fonts
is provided.  If you are using a dot-matrix printer with a similar resolution,
the special fonts may already be installed on your system.
</para>

<para><command>dvivga</command> does not support any \special commands for including
pictures or figures, but it does support configurable font-substitution for
fonts that are unavailable.
</para>

<para>Figure <xref role="label" linkend="fig.dvivga.vga"/>
shows a preview of the sample document from
Chapter <xref role="label" linkend="chap.macpack"/>.  This image is from a VGA display.
</para>

<title>Previewing with dvivga</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FIXME:"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>

<title>&TeX; Preview</title>

<para><command>&TeX; Preview</command>\index{TeX Preview previewing@&TeX; Preview previewing}<indexterm><primary>previewing</primary><secondary sortas="TeX Preview">&TeX; Preview</secondary></indexterm> is
the ArborText<indexterm><primary>ArborText</primary></indexterm> <filename role="extension">DVI</filename> previewer for MS-DOS.  A similar previewer
is available for &unix; workstations running the X Window System (versions for
Motif and Open Look environments are also available).
The following discussion is based on experiences with <command>&TeX; Preview</command> version 6.1.2, the MS-DOS implementation of ArborText's &TeX; previewer.
</para>

<para><command>&TeX; Preview</command> supports a wide range of graphics adapters, including EGA, VGA,
and Hercules adapters as well as the Olivetti Monochrome Graphics
adapter, the Tecmar Graphics Master, the Genius VHR Full Page Display
Monitor, the ETAP Neftis Monitor, the Toshiba 3100, and the AT&T
PC6300 display.
</para>

<para>Figure <xref role="label" linkend="fig.tpre.vga"/>
shows a preview of the sample document from
Chapter <xref role="label" linkend="chap.macpack"/>, <emphasis><xref role="label" linkend="chap.macpack"/></emphasis>.  This image
is from a VGA display.  Three additional features of the driver, not exercised
in this example, are the ability to scale fonts to any size, display rulers
and bitmapped graphics, and a <quote>two-up</quote> mode for viewing two
pages at a time.
</para>

<title>Previewing with ArborText's Previewer</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FIXME:"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>

<para>When <command>&TeX; Preview</command> is displaying a <filename role="extension">DVI</filename> file, you can move around the page
and between pages; you can change the magnification, search for text
in the <filename role="extension">DVI</filename> file, show the attributes of the character under the
cursor (font, dimensions, magnification, etc.), and switch to another file.
A configuration file allows you to specify a wide range of options to
control how <command>&TeX; Preview</command> appears when it starts up.
</para>

<para>ArborText supplies a full set of Computer Modern Roman <filename role="extension">PK</filename> files
at screen resolutions as well as a complete set of Times Roman and
Helvetica fonts at screen resolutions.  The additional PostScript
fonts are derived from official Adobe sources and allow you to preview
documents that will be printed on PostScript printers (provided that
they use only Times, Helvetica, and Computer Modern fonts).  They are
designed specifically to work with <filename role="extension">TFM</filename> files provided with
<command>DVILASER/PS</command>, ArborText's PostScript &dvidriver;.
</para>

<para>If you want to use additional fonts, for example the \AmS-fonts or
Computer Modern fonts at unusual sizes, you may wish to generate
<filename role="extension">PK</filename> files at the appropriate resolutions.  <command>&TeX; Preview</command> will perform
font substitution for missing fonts (you can control what
substitutions are made) and can use the <filename role="extension">DVI</filename> driver metric
information, so generating additional fonts is not necessary.
</para>

<para><command>&TeX; Preview</command> understands the virtual font mechanisms introduced in &TeX; version
3.0.  Several additional utilities provided with <command>&TeX; Preview</command> allow
you to construct virtual fonts.  These utilities are summarized in
Table <xref role="label" linkend="tab.tpre.utils"/><indexterm><primary>aftovp</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>gftopk</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>packpxl</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>pktopx</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>pxtopk</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>tftovp</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>unpkpxl</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>VFtoVP</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>VPtoVF</primary></indexterm>.
</para>

<title><command>&TeX; Preview</command> Utilities</title>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec align="left"/>
<colspec align="left"/>

<row>
  <entry>\bf Utility</entry>
  <entry>\bf Description </entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>\it aftovp</entry>
  <entry>Converts <filename role="extension">VPL</filename> from <filename role="extension">AFM</filename> file </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry>\it gftopk\,\x</entry>
  <entry>Converts <filename role="extension">GF</filename> files into <filename role="extension">PK</filename> files </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry>\it packpxl</entry>
  <entry>Creates packed (byte-aligned) <filename role="extension">PXL</filename> file </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry>\it pktopx\,\x</entry>
  <entry>Converts <filename role="extension">PK</filename> files into <filename role="extension">PXL</filename> files </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry>\it pxtopk\,\x</entry>
  <entry>Converts <filename role="extension">PXL</filename> files into <filename role="extension">PK</filename> files </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry>\it tftovp</entry>
  <entry>Converts <filename role="extension">VPL</filename> from <filename role="extension">TFM</filename> file </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry>\it unpkpxl</entry>
  <entry>Creates standard, word-aligned <filename role="extension">PXL</filename> file </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry>\it vftovp\,\x</entry>
  <entry>Converts <filename role="extension">VF</filename> files into <filename role="extension">VPL</filename> files </entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry>\it vptovf\,\x</entry>
  <entry>Converts <filename role="extension">VPL</filename> files into <filename role="extension">VF</filename> files </entry>
</row>

</tgroup>

<para>ArborText's <command>&TeX; Preview</command> program recognizes \special commands for drawing
change bars and for rotating <emphasis>any</emphasis> &TeX; <quote>box</quote> through a multiple
of 90 degrees.  These are the same \special commands recognized by
other ArborText &dvidriver;s.
</para>

<title>dvideo</title>

<para>The MS-DOS based EGA
previewer <command>dvideo</command><indexterm><primary>dvideo previewing</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>previewing</primary><secondary>dvideo</secondary></indexterm>
is distributed as part
of the &TurboTeX;<indexterm><primary sortas="TurboTeX">&TurboTeX;</primary></indexterm> distribution by the
Kinch Computer Company<indexterm><primary>Kinch Computer Company</primary></indexterm>.
&TurboTeX; is described more completely
in the section called <quote><xref role="label" linkend="sec.com.turbo"/></quote> in
Chapter <xref role="label" linkend="chap.commercialtex"/>, <emphasis><xref role="label" linkend="chap.commercialtex"/></emphasis>.
&TurboTeX; also includes a Microsoft Windows previewer.
</para>

<para>Figure <xref role="label" linkend="fig.ttexd.ega"/>
shows a <command>dvideo</command> preview of the sample
document from Chapter <xref role="label" linkend="chap.macpack"/>.
</para>

<title>Previewing with Turbo&TeX; dvideo (using limited selection of fonts)</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FIXME:"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>

<para>The preview displayed here uses the default set of fonts distributed
with &TurboTeX;.  This does not include several of the large sizes used
by this example.  In practice, you will have to purchase or build many
fonts before you can use &TurboTeX;.
</para>

<title>PTI View</title>

<para><command>PTI View</command><indexterm><primary>PTI View</primary><secondary>previewing</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm><primary>previewing</primary><secondary>PTI View</secondary></indexterm>
is the MS-DOS previewer that comes with &PCTeX;,
distributed by Personal &TeX;, Inc.<indexterm><primary sortas="Personal tex, Inc.">Personal &TeX;, Inc.</primary></indexterm>
&PCTeX; is described in the section called <quote><xref role="label" linkend="sec.pctex"/></quote>
in Chapter <xref role="label" linkend="chap.commercialtex"/>, <emphasis><xref role="label" linkend="chap.commercialtex"/></emphasis>.
</para>

<para>Figure <xref role="label" linkend="fig.ptipreview"/>
shows a <command>PTI View</command> preview of the
sample document from Chapter <xref role="label" linkend="chap.macpack"/>.
</para>

<title>Previewing with Personal &TeX;'s Previewer</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FIXME:"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>

<para><command>PTI View</command> is distributed with a complete set of the Computer
Modern fonts in <filename role="extension">PK</filename> format (<command>PTI View</command> can use the same
<filename role="extension">PK</filename> fonts as your printer, regardless of the printer's
resolution).  It can display the preview in many video modes,
including several high-resolution super VGA modes.
</para>

<title>Previewing Under Windows</title>

<para>Most MS-DOS previewers are inappropriate for previewing in
Windows<indexterm><primary>previewing</primary><secondary>Microsoft Windows</secondary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>Microsoft Windows</primary><secondary>previewing</secondary></indexterm>
because they assume that they can control the entire display. Recently,
several commercial and free previewers for Windows have become available.
They are described in this section.
</para>

<title>dvimswin</title>

<para>The <command>dvimswin</command><indexterm><primary>dvimswin</primary><secondary>previewing</secondary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>previewing</primary><secondary>dvimswin</secondary></indexterm>
previewer is a Windows version of
<command>dvivga</command>.  It uses the same screen-resolution fonts for
displaying your <filename role="extension">DVI</filename> file and offers font-substitution for
missing fonts.
</para>

<para>You can retrieve <command>dvimswin</command> from the CTAN archives in
the directory <filename role="ctan" class="directory">dviware/dvimswin</filename>.
The <command>dvimswin</command> previewer is shown in
Figure <xref role="label" linkend="fig.preview.dvimswin"/>.
</para>

<title>Previewing with dvimswin</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FIXME:"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>

<title>dviwin</title>

<para>The <command>dviwin</command><indexterm><primary>dviwin previewing</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>previewing</primary><secondary>dviwin</secondary></indexterm>
previewer is another free Microsoft Windows
previewer.  <command>dviwin</command> can use either screen or printer resolution
fonts
to display your <filename role="extension">DVI</filename> file.
You can retrieve <command>dviwin</command> from the CTAN archives in
the directory <filename role="ctan" class="directory">dviware/dviwin</filename>.
</para>

<para>What makes <command>dviwin</command> unique is its support for \special commands.
<command>dviwin</command> understands \special commands for including pictures
and figures, as well as the &emTeX; and <filename>tpic</filename> drawing primitives.
</para>

<para><command>dviwin</command> has built-in support for <filename role="extension">PCX</filename><indexterm><primary>PCX file format</primary></indexterm>, <filename role="extension">BMP</filename><indexterm><primary sortas="windows">Windows</primary><secondary>BMP file format</secondary></indexterm>, and
<filename role="extension">MSP</filename><indexterm><primary>MSP file format</primary></indexterm> graphic formats.
Additionally, it can use any graphics filter
installed in your Windows environment.  Many commercial programs include
additional filters to handle the images that they construct.
<command>dviwin</command> also supports &emTeX; font libraries<indexterm><primary sortas="emTeX">&emTeX;</primary><secondary>font libraries</secondary></indexterm> and customizable
automatic font generation.  By using <command>dviwin</command>, you can print your
<filename role="extension">DVI</filename> files on any Microsoft Windows-supported printer.
The <command>dviwin</command> previewer is shown in Figure <xref role="label" linkend="fig.preview.dviwin"/>.
</para>

<title>Previewing with dviwin</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FIXME:"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>

<para>
The <command>dviwin</command> distribution includes two additional utilities:
<command>clipmeta</command><indexterm><primary>clipmeta</primary></indexterm> for creating <filename role="extension">MSP</filename> graphic files from any image
captured in the Windows clipboard, and <command>wbr</command>,<indexterm><primary>wbr</primary></indexterm> a text-file browser.
</para>

<title>wdviwin</title>

<para>As mentioned above, the &TurboTeX;<indexterm><primary sortas="TurboTeX">&TurboTeX;</primary></indexterm> package includes a Windows
&dvidriver;,
<command>wdviwin</command><indexterm><primary>wdviwin (previewing)</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>previewing</primary><secondary>wdviwin</secondary></indexterm>,
distributed by the Kinch Computer Company<indexterm><primary>Kinch Computer Company</primary></indexterm>.
Sample output from this previewer is shown in
Figure <xref role="label" linkend="fig.preview.wttpreview"/>.
This sample shows the status window,
the preview window, and a few of the available tools.
</para>

<title>Previewing with &TurboTeX;'s wdviwin</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FIXME:"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>

<title>DVIWindo</title>

<para>The
<command>DVIWindo</command><indexterm><primary>previewing</primary><secondary>DVIWindo</secondary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>DVIWindo</primary><secondary sortas="reviewing">previewing</secondary></indexterm> previewer by &YY;<indexterm><primary sortas="YY Inc.">&YY; Inc.</primary></indexterm> is unique among the
previewers used here.  <command>DVIWindo</command> has no support for <filename role="extension">PK</filename> fonts;
it relies entirely on scalable fonts<indexterm><primary>fonts</primary><secondary>scalable</secondary></indexterm> provided
by Microsoft Windows.
(This means either PostScript Type 1 fonts rendered
by <command>Adobe Type Manager</command><indexterm><primary>Adobe Type Manager (ATM)</primary></indexterm> or built-in TrueType font
<indexterm><primary>fonts</primary><secondary>TrueType</secondary></indexterm> support.)  As a result, to use
the <command>DVIWindo</command> previewer, you must purchase the Computer
Modern fonts in TrueType or Adobe Type 1 format (or not use them at all).
</para>

<para>The <command>DVIWindo</command> previewer is shown in Figure <xref role="label" linkend="fig.preview.dviwindo"/>.
The pull-down menu shown in this image is the <quote>&TeX; Menu,</quote> a new feature
of <command>DVIWindo</command> 1.1.  This menu, which can be customized to include
any programs you wish, allows <command>DVIWindo</command> to function as a &TeX;
shell.  Once <command>DVIWindo</command> is running, you can edit files and format
documents with &TeX; directly from this menu.
</para>

<title>Previewing with &YY;'s DVIWindo</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FIXME:"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>

<para>The real advantage of using scalable fonts is that you can resize the
image in arbitrary ways.<footnote><para>{Most previewers support resizing, but they
are generally limited to the resolutions for which <filename role="extension">PK</filename> fonts are
available.}</para></footnote>
For example,
Figure <xref role="label" linkend="fig.preview.dviwindo2"/>
shows a much-enlarged version of
the same page.  Similar enlargement with non-scalable fonts would
require that the <filename role="extension">PK</filename> fonts exist at very high-resolutions
(occupying considerable disk space) or produce very jagged output.
The jaggedness of the image shown here is the result of
magnifying the captured screen image, not the previewer.  Several
useful information boxes are also shown in these images.
</para>

<title>DVIWindo preview much enlarged</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FIXME:"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>

<para><command>DVIWindo</command> has several other interesting features:
</para>

<itemizedlist>
  <listitem>
<para> Portions of a document may be copied into the Windows clipboard
    and then pasted into other applications.  This allows you to construct
    complex mathematics in &TeX;, for example, and paste them into another
    Windows application.  The pasted material will appear as a single
    graphical object that can be moved, resized, and cropped.  The material
    is not rendered as a bitmap, so it can be resized without loss of quality!
</para>

<para>  </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> TIFF images are displayed in the document.  If you use
     <command>dvipsone</command> (&YY;'s PostScript printer driver) and create both
     TIFF and EPS (encapsulated PostScript) versions of an image,
     <command>DVIWindo</command> will automatically display the TIFF image, and
     <command>dvipsone</command> will automatically print the EPS image.
</para>

<para>  </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> Colored text and rules can be incorporated into a document with
    \special commands.
</para>

<para>  </para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> You can create <quote>hypertext</quote> buttons in your document.  Selecting a
    button (an area of text or a rule) automatically moves you to a destination
    marker in the document.  These buttons
    are only meaningful to <command>DVIWindo</command>, but they do allow you to move
    around quickly in a document while you are writing it.  Of course, they
    could also be very handy if you use <filename role="extension">DVI</filename> files for online
    documentation.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>

<para>In addition to the <command>DVIWindo</command> executable, several programs are provided
to help you work with PostScript fonts under Windows.  They are summarized
in Table <xref role="label" linkend="tab.dviwindo"/>.
</para>

<title>DVIWindo Utilities</title>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec align="left"/>
<colspec align="left"/>

<row>
  <entry>\bf Utility</entry>
  <entry>\bf Description </entry>
</row>

<row>
  <entry>\it pfatopfb\,\x</entry>
  <entry>Convert <filename role="extension">PFA</filename> files into <filename role="extension">PFB</filename> files</entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry>\it pfbtopfa\,\x</entry>
  <entry>Convert <filename role="extension">PFB</filename> files into <filename role="extension">PFA</filename> files</entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry>\it tifftags</entry>
  <entry>Show the tags used in a <filename role="extension">TIFF</filename> image</entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry>\it reencode</entry>
  <entry>Change the encoding of a PostScript font</entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry>\it afmtotfm\,\x</entry>
  <entry>Convert <filename role="extension">AFM</filename> files into <filename role="extension">TFM</filename> files</entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry>\it tfmtoafm</entry>
  <entry>Convert <filename role="extension">TFM</filename> files into <filename role="extension">AFM</filename> files</entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry>\it afmtopfm</entry>
  <entry>Convert <filename role="extension">AFM</filename> files into <filename role="extension">PFM</filename> files</entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry>\it pfmtoafm</entry>
  <entry>Convert <filename role="extension">PFM</filename> files into <filename role="extension">AFM</filename> files</entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry>\it safeseac</entry>
  <entry>Circumvents problem with accented letters in PS fonts under Windows</entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry>\it cleanup</entry>
  <entry>Removes inactive Windows from the desktop</entry>
</row>
<row>
  <entry>\it sysseg</entry>
  <entry>Displays information about Windows system memory</entry>
</row>

</tgroup>

<title>Previewing on a TTY</title>

<para><indexterm><primary>previewing</primary><secondary>TTY</secondary></indexterm>Graphical workstations
and personal computers with graphics capabilities
are a natural environment for previewing &TeX; output.  Unfortunately,
they aren't always available.  This section describes several previewers
that work in less sophisticated environments.
</para>

<title>dvi2tty</title>

<para>The <command>dvi2tty</command>
program<indexterm><primary>previewing</primary><secondary>dvi2tty</secondary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>dvi2tty previewing</primary></indexterm> attempts
to convert &TeX; output into
ASCII text.  This program is designed to provide an approximation of
&troff;<indexterm><primary>troff</primary></indexterm>'s <command>nroff</command><indexterm><primary>nroff</primary></indexterm> processor.
To get the best results,
you will have to reformat your document using a limited subset of
&TeX;'s capabilities.  A &LaTeX; style file is included for this purpose.
You can retrieve <command>dvi2tty</command> from the CTAN archives in
the directory <filename role="ctan" class="directory">dviware/dvi2tty</filename>.
</para>

<para>The output from <command>dvi2tty</command> is imperfect in many ways, but it can
provide a workable ASCII document.  I used it to produce plain ASCII
documentation in my <command>Sfware</command><indexterm><primary>Sfware</primary></indexterm> package, for example.
<command>dvi2tty</command> also provides a quick-and-dirty method of applying some
standard text processing tools, like <command>grep</command><indexterm><primary>grep</primary></indexterm>, to &TeX; output.
</para>

<title>dvgt/dvitovdu</title>

<para><indexterm><primary>dvgt</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>dvitovdu</primary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>previewing</primary><secondary>dvgt/dvitovdu</secondary></indexterm>These
programs share a common history.  As a result, they offer an
overlapping set of features.  The most recent work has been done on the
<command>dvgt</command> processor.
You can retrieve <command>dvgt</command> from the CTAN archives in the directory
<filename role="ctan" class="directory">dviware/dvgt</filename>.
</para>

<para>Unlike <command>dvi2tty</command>, which is a conversion program, <command>dvgt</command> is
an interactive previewer.
One very neat feature of <command>dvgt</command> is its ability to preview &TeX; output on a number of graphics terminals, including Tektronix 4010,
VT240, VT640, Gigi, Regis, VIS500, VIS550, VIS603, and VIS630 terminals.
The importance of this
feature is that many versions of <command>Kermit</command><indexterm><primary>Kermit</primary></indexterm>
and <command>NCSA Telnet</command><indexterm><primary>NCSA Telnet</primary></indexterm>
(and possibly other communications programs) support one of these terminal
types.  This means that you can preview documents
even when you are away from your workstation, by using dial-up access with either
a graphics terminal or plain ASCII.
</para>

<para>Even when output is limited to plain ASCII,
<command>dvgt</command> attempts to make its output resemble the printed page.
To do this, it frequently drops characters out of the middle of words
and performs other space-saving abbreviations.  The result is a crude, but
workable preview, on a plain ASCII terminal.
</para>

<para>Figure <xref role="label" linkend="fig.dvgttek"/>
shows an example of <command>dvgt</command> display in
tek4010 emulation.  This is a somewhat contrived example since the
emulation is being performed by an xterm.
</para>

<title>Previewing with dvgt under Tektronix 4010 emulation</title>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<imagedata fileref="FIXME:"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>

<para><command>dvitovdu</command> is an older version of the program.  It is available in
source code form in both C and Pascal.
You can retrieve <command>dvitovdu</command>
from the CTAN archives in the directory <filename role="ctan" class="directory">dviware/dvitovdu</filename>.
</para>

<title>crudetype</title>

<para><command>crudetype</command><indexterm><primary>previewing</primary><secondary>crudetype</secondary></indexterm><indexterm><primary>crudetype previewing</primary></indexterm>
is
another plain-ASCII previewer.  It provides features
similar to <command>dvgt</command> and <command>dvitovdu</command>.  It is written in &Web;,
but it cannot be translated to C with the <command>web2c</command> conversion tool
(so you will have to have a Pascal compiler).
</para>

<para>The <command>crudetype</command> program was written with VMS in mind, although it
may be portable to other systems.
You can retrieve <command>crudetype</command>
from the CTAN archives in the directory <filename role="ctan" class="directory">dviware/crudetype</filename>.
</para>

</chapter>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home DePaul University Yearbooks Music Notes; Book Reviews, page 076
Minerval Easter 1913
Music Notes; Book Reviews, page 076
way, a pupil of last year, has exceptional talent in this line, and it is the hope of those interested in the Art department that he will favor the exhibit with several drawings.
Mrs. McCoy, a member of the Extension class of last year, has returned to continue her work.
The advanced class in extension has been busy on some title headings for the Minerval. That is the spirit which keeps a paper going and likewise makes the class interesting and worth while. May this same spirit take hold of the other Extension classes in this department.
Mr. Rico Tomaso, the talented young man of the Academy, has been doing some very clever work in the way of posters. One which he has just finished and which is to be used on the De Paul dance program, is certainly worthy of consideration.
All departments of the College of Music will be open during the special summer session. A course in Analytical Harmony will cover this important subject, the completion of which will entitle the student to a major credit.
Mr. Walter Keller, Dean of the College of Music, has been invited to play one of his compositions during the convention of the Illinois Music Teachers' Association, which will be held m Bloomington, May 16 to 18.
Miss Marion Stelzl, of the Vocal Faculty, has been engaged tor an extension concert tour, beginning in June.
"Mark Twain," by A. B. Paine. Harper & Bro; 3 vols. $6.00 net. A biography which every American should read. It is full of the vital realities of American life. It will continue to be read when half of Mark Twain's writings are forgotten, for it is said to excel in interest even Forster's "Life of Dickens."
"The Net," by Rex Beach. Harper & Bro., New York. $1.30 net. This story has a steady stream of that humor which is characteristic of the author. The story surges along through the stormy seas of political corruption and revenge to its final anchorage in the placid depths of love. It is interesting from beginning to end.
Identifier Minerval-Easter1913
Title Minerval Easter 1913
Description Easter issue of The DePaul Minerval, published 1913.
Identifier Minerval-Easter1913_080
Title Music Notes; Book Reviews, page 076
Full Text way, a pupil of last year, has exceptional talent in this line, and it is the hope of those interested in the Art department that he will favor the exhibit with several drawings. Mrs. McCoy, a member of the Extension class of last year, has returned to continue her work. The advanced class in extension has been busy on some title headings for the Minerval. That is the spirit which keeps a paper going and likewise makes the class interesting and worth while. May this same spirit take hold of the other Extension classes in this department. Mr. Rico Tomaso, the talented young man of the Academy, has been doing some very clever work in the way of posters. One which he has just finished and which is to be used on the De Paul dance program, is certainly worthy of consideration. Music Notes All departments of the College of Music will be open during the special summer session. A course in Analytical Harmony will cover this important subject, the completion of which will entitle the student to a major credit. Mr. Walter Keller, Dean of the College of Music, has been invited to play one of his compositions during the convention of the Illinois Music Teachers' Association, which will be held m Bloomington, May 16 to 18. Miss Marion Stelzl, of the Vocal Faculty, has been engaged tor an extension concert tour, beginning in June. Book Reviews "Mark Twain," by A. B. Paine. Harper & Bro; 3 vols. $6.00 net. A biography which every American should read. It is full of the vital realities of American life. It will continue to be read when half of Mark Twain's writings are forgotten, for it is said to excel in interest even Forster's "Life of Dickens." "The Net," by Rex Beach. Harper & Bro., New York. $1.30 net. This story has a steady stream of that humor which is characteristic of the author. The story surges along through the stormy seas of political corruption and revenge to its final anchorage in the placid depths of love. It is interesting from beginning to end.
Minerva (an ode), page 001
Medical Science and Modern...
Home, Sweet Home, page 011
Christ is Risen, page 014
St. Patrick and Ireland, page 015
St. Patrick and Ireland; Joan of...
Joan of Arc, page 029
The Passing Bell, page 031
The Morality of Human Acts, page...
The Morality of Human Acts;...
Wireless Transmission, page 040
Wireless Transmission;...
Lincoln's Personality, page 043
Lincoln's Personality; Revival of...
Revival of Gaelic Language, page...
The Return, page 049
The Return; Views on Hyperbole,...
Views on Hyperbole, page 060
The United States in the Orient,...
The United States in the Orient;...
The Monroe Doctrine of Today,...
The Monroe Doctrine of Today; The...
The Recall of Judges, page 070
The Origin and Development of...
Music Notes; Book Reviews, page...
Book Reviews; Dramatics, page 077
The Parish Priest, page 078
DePaul Minerval Staff, page 080
Editorials, page 081
Phi Alpha Delta Law Fraternity;...
Law Department; Personals, page...
Alumnae Notes, page 092
DePaul High School Notes, page 094
DePaul Notes, page 096
The Quarterly Wheeze, page 099
Alumni Notes, page 100
Miscellaneous, page 105
- DePaul University
- Minerva (an ode), page 001
- Medical Science and Modern Psychology, page 002
- Medical Science and Modern Psychology; Home, Sweet Home, page 010
- Home, Sweet Home, page 011
- Christ is Risen, page 014
- St. Patrick and Ireland, page 015
- St. Patrick and Ireland; Joan of Arc, page 028
- Joan of Arc, page 029
- The Passing Bell, page 031
- The Morality of Human Acts, page 032
- The Morality of Human Acts; Wireless Transmission, page 039
- Wireless Transmission, page 040
- Wireless Transmission; Resurrexit, page 042
- Lincoln's Personality, page 043
- Lincoln's Personality; Revival of Gaelic Language, page 046
- Revival of Gaelic Language, page 047
- The Return, page 049
- The Return; Views on Hyperbole, page 059
- Views on Hyperbole, page 060
- The United States in the Orient, page 061
- The United States in the Orient; The Monroe Doctrine of Today, page 066
- The Monroe Doctrine of Today, page 067
- The Monroe Doctrine of Today; The Recall of Judges, page 069
- The Recall of Judges, page 070
- The Origin and Development of Music, page 071
- The Origin and Development of Music; Art Notes, page 075
- Music Notes; Book Reviews, page 076
- Book Reviews; Dramatics, page 077
- The Parish Priest, page 078
- DePaul Minerval Staff, page 080
- Editorials, page 081
- Phi Alpha Delta Law Fraternity; Law Department, page 090
- Law Department; Personals, page 091
- Alumnae Notes, page 092
- DePaul High School Notes, page 094
- DePaul Notes, page 096
- The Quarterly Wheeze, page 099
- Alumni Notes, page 100
- Miscellaneous, page 105

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Coolidge Blog
GRACE: ON THE AIR
GRACE COOLIDGE'S RADIO DEBUT OVER STATION NAA ON DECEMBER 4, 1922 By Jerry L. Wallace Next year is a centennial year for President Calvin Coolidge. But this year marks a […]
The Great 1928 Budget Debate
We tend to project our own assumptions about party positions onto events long past. For example, we assume that Democrats always advocated for increased government spending, at least more so […]
The Coolidges Move West
Are you a Coolidge? Coolidge family members and friends will be gathering at Plymouth Notch, Vt to mark the 99th anniversary of Coolidge's historic homestead inauguration. Below, attendee Christine Coolidge […]
Tige, the Presidential Cat, Goes Missing in A Snowstorm: Radio Comes to The Rescue.
By Jerry Wallace The Coolidges were both pet lovers. The President was particularly fond of cats, while the First Lady was partial to dogs. A pair of kittens arrived at […]
How Coolidge Heals Our Political Divide
President Calvin Coolidge prepares to vote by mail on October 30, 1924. Photo Courtesy of the Vermont Historical Society.
The wild ride of the 2016 presidential election has concluded, and, in January 2017, for the third time this century, the transition of power between America's two major parties will take place. After such a difficult and rancorous campaign it is important to pause and reflect on the unique and singular blessing we share of living in the greatest democracy in the history of the world. In America, we settle our scores at the ballot box, and the smooth operation of that system has now been reaffirmed.
In his work The Price of Freedom, President Calvin Coolidge wrote, "There is no reason for Americans to lack confidence in themselves or their institutions. Let him who doubts them look about him. Let him consider the power of his country, its agriculture, its industry, its commerce, its development of the arts and sciences, its great cities, its enormous wealth, its organized society, and let him remember that all this is the accomplishment of but three centuries. Surely we must conclude that here is a people with a character which is not to be shaken."
No matter whom one voted for, at the end of the day we are all Americans. Our destiny is one. President Calvin Coolidge understood that. Democracy is a rough and tumble system, as mercurial as it is stolid. We must remember to be, as was President Coolidge, both gracious in defeat and humble in victory.
And then we must get back to the work of shaping a more perfect union, secure in the knowledge that, as President Coolidge said, "here is a people with a character which is not to be shaken."


text:
Q: What is the purpose of the Jacobian in iterative error minimisation? I'm not great at maths so go easy.
I'm following this video on how to solve a problem in which repeated guesses are taken at the inputs, $x_{1-6}$, of a function  $f(x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4,x_5,x_6)$ and the output, a vector $y = f(x_{1-6})$ is used to determine the next iteration. $y0$ the desired output is known.
To determine the next guess, $x_{1-6_2}$, the numerical Jacobian $J = (f(x_{1-6}+e) - f(x_{1-6}))/e$ is calculated. With $dy = y0 - y$,  $dx =J^+\,dy$ gives the next iteration of guesses $x_{1-6}$: $x_{n+1} = x_n+dx$.
This $dx =J^+\,dy$, gives the values for $dx$ that is the least square solution for $J\,dx = dy$.
So my confusion is about the Jacobian and why it's used here. Why does finding the values of $dx$ that minimises the least square $J\,dx = dy$ give guesses that incrementally move $x$ to the correct answer?
Also would it be more accurate of those '$d$'s were partial derivatives?
Thanks, I'm trying to understand this so I can give an explanation of it to other engineers.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
package org.hcjf.examples.salary;

import org.hcjf.layers.Layer;
import org.hcjf.layers.crud.CreateLayerInterface;
import org.hcjf.layers.crud.ReadLayerInterface;
import org.hcjf.layers.crud.ReadRowsLayerInterface;
import org.hcjf.layers.distributed.DistributedLayerInterface;
import org.hcjf.layers.query.JoinableMap;
import org.hcjf.layers.query.Queryable;

import java.util.*;

public class EmployeeResource extends Layer implements CreateLayerInterface<Map<String,Object>>,
        ReadLayerInterface<Map<String,Object>>,
        ReadRowsLayerInterface,
        DistributedLayerInterface {

    private Map<UUID, Map<String,Object>> db;

    public EmployeeResource() {
        db = new HashMap<>();
    }

    @Override
    public String getImplName() {
        return "employee";
    }

    @Override
    public Map<String, Object> create(Map<String, Object> employee) {
        UUID id = UUID.randomUUID();
        employee.put("id", id);
        db.put(id, employee);
        return employee;
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    @Override
    public Map<String, Object> read(Object id) {
        return db.get(id);
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    @Override
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text:
News Forum - Phuket police officially ban electric scooters from public roads, in wake of tourist rental crackdown
February 23, 2022 in Thaiger News
In the wake of last week's "scooter-gate" crackdown in Patong, electric scooters have now been officially banned from all public roads in Phuket. Local police stations received an official notice from Major General Sermphan yesterday clarifying how the stand-up form of scooter transportation, popular among tourists on the island, fits in with existing laws. He stated that anyone caught riding an electric scooter on a public road could be fined up to 10,000 baht under section 6 of the motor vehicle act for operating an unregistered vehicle on a public road. No license exists or electric scooters, so offenders could […]
The story Phuket police officially ban electric scooters from public roads, in wake of tourist rental crackdown as seen on Thaiger News.
DoUKnowWhoIAm
If it's about traffic safety(which I doubt), then consider a ban on motorbikes too?
He stated that anyone caught riding an electric scooter on a public road could be fined up to 10,000 baht under section 6 of the motor vehicle act for operating an unregistered vehicle on a public road.
No license exists or electric scooters, so offenders could also be charged with unlicensed operation of a vehicle, Sermphan said. That's because the Department of Land Transport does not recognize the scooters as vehicles, so they can't be registered and no license given for their operation.
If they are not recognised as vehicles, how can they be charged with operating a vehicle or being unlicensed??????
2 minutes ago, Loong said:
I recognise them as vehicles, has wheels, has a propulsion system, and can transport humans...
Unfortunately, the scooters have not been recognised as a vehicle for road use, so they cannot be registered to have a registration book, plates and compulsory insurance.
May I suggest that the thread has been translated from Thai into English, which also must be taken into consideration when looking for wording technicalities...
HolyCowCm
Then by their law, legally almost all bicylces are not acceptable on the road as most do not have lights or a bell. This is all about them trying to save face as like, do you know hwo we are! Yet just another a knee jerk reaction by these type of clowns.
Stonker
6 hours ago, HolyCowCm said:
This is all about them trying to save face as like, do you know hwo we are! Yet just another a knee jerk reaction by these type of clowns.
I'd say the police turned a blind eye for as long as they could and as long as it did no harm.
Some stupid tourists abused it and annoyed people, then the expat media made a big deal out of nothing, so everybody loses.
Som nam na Phuket.
DiJoDavO
Oh no! They figured out a way to get around Phuket without taking a taxi! Let's stop this terrible behavior!
A few days ago I posted: What's next? Arresting tourists who walk to their hotels for not taking a taxi?
I guess I was not far from the truth...
RayT
No different to how these e-scooters are viewed in the UK, except those used by hire companies who have insurance.
Thaiger's advertisement algorithm sure is being funny:
HiuMak
a lot of countries do not register these e-scooter legally.
When they ride along pavements they pose a danger to pedestrians


To my memory the word "resonance" is not used or given any special attention in Essentials of Unification Thought (2000). But Rev. Sun Myung Moon's basic idea from the beginning to the present plays around the concept "resonance (realm of resonance)" or "sympathetic motion." So it is possible to comprehend every topic in this book-creation, epistemology, art, education, ethics, etc.-as the ヤtheory of resonance.' For instance, the Eastern metaphor for ideal education "(口へんに卒)啄同時" (sottaku doji, parent bird and chick pecking at the egg at the same time), or appreciation of art (the state of being moved) cannot be discussed without the concept of "resonance. "
Love and 'Give-and-Receive Action' are also instances of "resonance." Moreover, this is a concept used both by scientists and people of religion, and I think this is the time a view of the world is sorely demanded in which physical resonance and spiritual resonance are united in resonance.
In discussing this topic, I would like to give attention to the phrase "to be guided by sincerity and rectify one's thought" which our new Premier Yoshihiko Noda cited in his inaugural speech. This is a part of the famous maxim found in Daigaku, one of old Chinese Confucian books-"格物, 致知, 誠意, 正心, 修身, 斉家, 治国, 平天下."The part Mr. Noda cited is "誠意, 正心" (seii, seishin). The whole maxim (which is given in Essentials, p.146) purports some such idea: First investigate the principle of things and extend your knowledge, then be guided by sincerity, then rectify your thought, then cultivate your personality, then regulate your own family, then govern your country well, and finally bring peace to the world.
I don't know what Mr. Noda meant by picking out this part. It only caught my ear while half listening to his replayed speech. But it caught my ear because I myself am interested in this part of the dictum. It has been my growing idea for several years that in our age of serious cultural crisis this particular phrase should be highlighted as a warning.
The point of this maxim lies in the order of what you do if you want to bring peace to the world. Trying to bring peace to the world (平天下) or, to properly govern the world, is bound to fail, unless you first cultivate your personality (修身) and regulate your own family (斉家). Therefore, "be guided by sincerity (誠意) and rectify your thought (正心)" should not be reversed in order.
"Be guided by sincerity" refers to the working of the deeper level of your mind, the realm of your intuition or conscience, while "rectify your thought" occurs on a comparatively upper level of your mind where you are mindful of your behavior or orderly thinking. So the former is the basis for the latter to work. Once this deeper level of your mind is warped, your conscious thinking is warped, your personality is warped, then you get your family warped, your community and country warped, and finally the world itself warped.
So everything depends on the working of the deeper level of your mind. Take, for instance, love, which is most basic to mankind. The basic personality of man, whether you are a scientist, an artist, a statesman, a teacher, or anything, is divided in two parts depending on how love works in the deeper level of your mind-whether it works in the direction of your own self or in the direction of others, the world, and ultimately God.
Our culture, our habitat, is predominantly an atheistic (or materialist) culture. It can also be called an arrogant or self-centered culture. This culture works like despotism though its constituent members are largely unaware of it, and even though there are some, even a great many, people who are not self-centered and live for others, the culture itself teaches them they are wrong. This happens because a culture dominates and dictates the very seat of "sincerity," or honesty, or conscience of the people.
How is this possible? It all comes from the unfortunate fact that, in our culture, what is most respected and trusted is materialist science, which works as a dictator in the absence of God. So most people are deceived into thinking that religion and science are at variance, while the truth is that antagonism is really between theistic science and atheistic science. There is a pseudo-principle propagated by Stephen J. Gould, the Darwinian evolutionist, called NOMA (Non-Overlapping Magisteria) which proposes that science and religion are entirely different disciplines which should respect each other, but actually implying religion should be subjugated by science.
In fact, we have had unclear notions about it until recently, believing or half-believing what atheist scientists tried to have us believe. It was ID (intelligent design) movement and our Unification Thought movement that made us aware of this deception. It seems these innovative movements appeared as they were destined to appear at such a critical moment, a turning point in history. The real distinction, distinction between theistic science and atheistic science, is becoming clearer with time. Just as the biblical fable (Matthew 13: 24-43) says, good wheat and poisonous wheat are indistinguishable while they are young, but when reaping time (transitional time in history) comes, the difference is clearly visible, and the poisonous wheat is cut and thrown into fire. This is what is actually happening now.
Atheistic science actually is banishing God, usurping the world from His hand. It asserts the ownership of this world, and essentially considers that the universe and the natural world are something to fight for and subjugate. At its basis is Darwinism. Cosmologist Leonard Susskind, for instance, says, however Darwinian evolution is hard to believe, "biologists are armed with a very powerful tool-the Principle of Natural Selection"1 which means that for him science is a fight against the natural world. What a dreary notion! This can parallel with the Communist China whose atheism inevitably drives it to the overpowering of the world by force. Yet, however shocking it is, this represents the established scientific community today. What happens when such an idea occupies the seat of "sincerity"?
This spirit is apparent in Stephen Hawking's latest (co-authored) book, The Grand Design. Since this is a book that asserts the position of an extreme materialism hardened against "design," its title is puzzling-puzzling even if meant for irony. But apart from it, the wild assertions of this book are bewildering. It says our universe came out of "nothing,"- "because there is a law like gravity, the universe can and will create itself from nothing." (p.180) Also it asserts that "philosophy is dead. Philosophy has not kept up with modern development in science, particularly physics." (p.5) Also it says there is no intrinsic distinction between the real life and a life game on the computer, there being no free will.
How can these crazy conclusions come out of one of the most excellent brains in the world? Whether with Hawking or with Susskind, such a picture of the world must have come from extremely clever, correct working of their brains. Yet, apparently, because the deeper level of their minds, the seat of "sincerity," was warped against human nature, their God-given talent in mathematics and logical reasoning was wasted to draw such crazy conclusions, ultimately helping destruction of mankind and the world. These are exemplary cases of how poisonous wheat has come to be conspicuous enough to be divided from good wheat.
Far from their dismal vision of the world, it is evident that the essence of the universe and the natural world is "resonance" or "sympathetic motion." And since such is the property of life, it can be said the universe is life in essence. The world of life is not something constructed by adding some life element on to the material basis.
Why are there so many scientists who are unable to accommodate to ID, in spite of the fact that the existence of "design" is scientifically testable and demonstrable, so that it naturally demands some intelligent agent? The reason obviously is not to be sought in logical reasoning or anywhere but in the location of "sincerity" of the mind. The materialist is the kind of person who is unable to be sincere or honest or humble in the deepest area of his mind. Does ヤhumbleness' have anything to do with science? It has everything to do with science. Indeed, it seems to me whether one is humble or not makes all the difference in science.
We wonder how a (respectable) scholar could write like this. But at the same time this is a good example to show what is happening on the poisonous wheat side of scientists at this reaping time of history. (Susskind, Hawking, and Richard Dawkins, though I don't cite the last here, are all material for study.) Something unusual is happening to the materialist scientists, who otherwise must have been thoughtful with a high IQ and sensibility.
From a fair position, it seems to be difficult to refute the arguments of ID proponents who have enough logical power ready against the expected opponents. Take just for example Stephen Meyer's Signature in the Cell or Michael Behe's Darwin's Black Box. But as seen in the above invective, the problem is not logical argument but something more fundamental, some deep-seated resistance, more akin to devil-possessed condition.
As before Christ evil spirits begin to be restless, so when the materialist culture begins to be exposed to criticism, it reveals its hidden nature as an arrogant and self-righteous beast. No logic avails, only threat and denouncing are used to silence the opponents. To me who have been watching ID movement from its earliest time, such an image is overwhelming and revealing as well. I grew aware how we had been living in a perverted, unsound cultural environment without knowing it.
We all live by passion or will before we live by logic. Logic is the problem of right or wrong, but passion or will is the problem of sound or unsound. There are sound and unsound interpretations of the world. There are sound and unsound attitudes toward the world. And these two kinds of mindset are unaccommodating to each other. But while the sound can sympathize with the unsound, the unsound regard the sound as unpardonable enemy of science and their own being.
Religious people often say, "The rich and the learned are difficult to save," meaning the arrogant are unable to see truths confining themselves in a small world. There is no time more appropriate than this time for us to cry out this truth. Even from this point of view alone, we are entering into an age for religion and science to be unified. Religion and science should have a common attitude to the world rather than share their knowledge. The real intellectual development of mankind will then be made possible.
What, then, will be an attitude toward the world which is honest, humble and sound, freed from arrogance? I would like to discuss it by taking for teaching material a recently released DVD, Metamorphosis: the Beauty and Design of Butterflies, produced for promoting ID.
This is a story about the wonderful life of a kind of butterfly called Monarch. First, attention is paid to the very beauty of butterflies, which, it is explained, is intended for the sake of beauty itself, "gratuitous artistry." It apparently exists for humans to appreciate, and is not explainable in terms of Darwinian "survival" or use. My impression is that "resonance" is the keyword for every aspect of mystery about the butterfly.
Then we are introduced to the process of growth of this butterfly. As everybody knows a butterfly starts as a caterpillar, then forms a chrysalis and emerges as a beautiful full-formed butterfly not at all resembling the caterpillar. So it follows that in the case of butterfly one genome can produce two kinds of organism, doubling the mystery. To redouble the mystery, the content inside the chrysalis is "soup" or "butter" utterly without form, so a butterfly can be said to die for once and then resurrect in the middle of its life. Still more wonderful is that the completed butterfly appears in several days. All these will be unexplainable without assuming a "designer" far surpassing man, rejecting explanation by chance and natural selection.
Still greater wonder is the migration of Monarch butterflies. These butterflies travel, repeating generation change in the way, therefore without one guide among them with the memory of the previous year, exactly between North Canada and Mexico-the very trees their ancestors alighted on in a very small area of the volcanic middle Mexico.
How can such navigation be possible? Even though they have some precise built-in measuring devices (for instance, it is said they can feel magnetic attraction of the Mexican volcano), that cannot explain everything. How could they acquire them in the first place?
This can only be explained in terms of "resonance" or sympathy between the butterflies and their environment. That is to say, the butterflies and the earth are not separate things but form one organism, just as the parts composing a butterfly form one organic unity. In that respect, every life form (including human) is connected with its environment and other life forms and form one organism (even though the environments contain lifeless matter like rock or magnetism). All organisms on earth and the earth must be considered to form one "realm of resonance" centering on man (because man is special, as I explain later).
The point to make is that everything must be created that way, not evolved that way, and that there must be a creator, a "super intellect" (Fred Hoyle) that created the natural world with some purpose or intention, though not clearly knowable.
This clinches the story of "resonance" starting with Monarch butterfly. That "even the most hardened scientist" should be "moved to tears" at the overwhelming beauty and design of the natural world-this is certainly the ultimate "resonance" of this world. The "resonance" between nature and us humans is the most significant resonance designed by God to occur. This occurs at the deeper level of the human mind, where some go in the perverted way of arrogance while others let themselves "be guided by sincerity" toward unity with nature. And it is the latter, not the former, that can be favored with the revelation of nature as a whole.
Until recently we have been unable to get used to the concept "teleology." And that is because we were trained thoroughly in materialist science. But as the fact of cosmic "fine tuning" has come to be recognized as scientific fact settling in our mind, (and probably, as the "multiverse" hypothesis to escape it by Darwinian explanation has come to be distrusted), the concept of teleology or final causation seems to be escaping the one-time taboo. Our universe is physically unbelievably fine-tuned to produce humans (not merely life) and our habitat, the earth. Viewed differently, our universe as a whole is a vast "resonant" body with us in the center, designed as one vast organism.
Life is different from matter in that its elements are spatio-temporally harmonized, or "resonant." Life and purpose are inseparable concepts. Butterflies know their environment and the environment knows butterflies. In the beginning of the butterfly (plan, purpose, design, DNA) resides the completed butterfly, and in the completed butterfly resides the beginning.
As Monarch butterflies and the earth form a "realm of resonance," life's beginning and life's end form a "realm of resonance." What is created presupposes a creator. In what is created is contained the motive or intention of its creation. "We shall not cease from (scientific or philosophical) exploration." The mystery of Monarch butterfly is an object of our eternal investigation, and it will be solved little by little. But the end of our investigation is to know the origin of the butterfly, and the origin of the "resonance" between the butterfly and ourselves who are endlessly attracted by it. We keep traveling and finally "arrive where we started and know the place for the first time."
Referring to the history of scientific exploration, Rev. Moon recently explained5 there are three stages of human concern: first, "matter-centered (物情)," then "human-centered (人情)," and finally "heaven-centered (天情)." The first is the stage of materialism where man is exclusively concerned about the objects themselves, whether animate or inanimate. The second is the stage where man is interested in his own self, what is man who is so related with the outer world, the age of psychology, cerebral physiology, psychoanalysis, etc. And now finally, man is beginning to be interested in the place where all these originated, how was the mind of God who designed the world in this particular way. This is the stage of "heaven-centered concern," most probably represented by ID and its likes.
Rev. Moon also proposes the word "進化" (evolution) be abolished and replaced by "進和" (develop to harmony).6 He says those who use the term ヤevolution' are "out of their senses." When the whole universe is apparently advancing toward greater harmony, those who try to explain it on the principle of rejection or struggle are certainly "out of their senses." Why did South Floridians "seem starved for ID" and give a big applause at the mere mention of it? Because they have been given a viper when they craved for bread.
Essentials explains the essence of creation in such terms as "円和性" or "円満性" (rotative harmony?). Unless you envisage the universe as interpenetrating in time or anticipating the future, it is hard to imagine how it was possible, as in the Cambrian explosion, to create every variety of full-formed animals abruptly, "out of nowhere" as it is said. Creation must be "進和" (develop to harmony) where give-and-receive action or "resonance" occurs between mind (Sungsang) and material (Hyungsag) to produce a new product.
Give-and-receive action between Sungsang and Hyungsang is possible because each side partakes something of the other, not entirely different as is envisaged in the Western (Aristotelian) tradition. I think God's creation can be likened to give-and-receive of radio waves in broadcasting where your act of tuning can suddenly (not gradually) produce full-formed sounds or images.
What is this "weirdly accommodating to our efforts"? Astronomers' objects are not animate but inanimate matter. And yet they have the impression that it is collaborating with them, answering their will to know it. This seems to be parallel with the "resonant" relation between Monarch butterfly and the earth. It seems to be an instance of organic connection of man and inorganic object as representing the universal "resonance." Such a strange impression seems to be common among astronomers or astrophysicists. This is an instance of cosmic "fine tuning," but this is a fine tuning that cannot be expressed in numerical values.
We all know that the sun provides all energy we need and comfortable environments for living, but that is not all. Here it is pointed out that the Solar System has been an "unreasonably kind" teacher who has responded to our questions according to our growth, but neither too kind nor too unkind, as excellent teachers are. The universe and humans are designed to "resonate" so that we may be led to higher levels of knowledge. Whose will is it? There is no better way to describe it than "universe-scaleそっ啄同時" (parent bird and chick pecking at the egg at the same time). Note that it is pointed out in A Meaningful World (co-authored by Benjamin Wiker and Jonathan Witt, and translated into Japanese by our group) that a very similar thing happened in the laborious process of perfecting the Periodic Table in chemistry.
In other words, we (scientists) and the natural world are so designed as to be able to have a dialog, though with difficulty and perseverance on our part. What we call the development of science is raising the level of this dialog, i.e. "resonance." Materialists cannot think of it as anything but the result of their cleverness (especially in mathematics) and chance (serendipity). And it naturally leads to the perverted idea that the universe is something to be subjugated by man.
This arrogance is due to the fact that our intellectual level remains at the stages "matter-centered" and "human-centered." When we outgrow those stages and begin to wonder what it is at all that makes our scientific inquiry possible, we enter the "heaven-centered" stage. We feel ashamed of our one-time arrogance and become aware of the immeasurable value of humility. This is the time when science and religion truly become unified. The very concepts of science and religion have to change. Education in science grows equal to education in religion. This is what Rev. Moon calls the "post-religious" era. He says, "Religion exists for us to outgrow it."
Most scientists presuppose the measurability of the physical realm: it's measurable because scientists have found ways to measure it. Read any book on the history of scientific discovery and you'll find magnificent tales of human ingenuity, persistence, and dumb luck. What you probably won't see is any discussion of the conditions necessary for such feats, conditions so improbably fine-tuned to allow scientific discoveries that they beg for a better explanation than mere chance.
There was a young man who was unwilling to work after finishing his college and living idle. But there was more than enough money paid into his bank account every month, and whenever he comes back to his rooms from idling outdoors, he found everything cleaned and washing done. But this fellow is indifferent to all these and thinks such is the way things are done in this world. One day his friend said to him, "But there must be someone doing it all for you." But he looks blank not seeing the meaning. One day, however, it was known all these were done by his parents. But still he was neither surprised nor thankful at all, and says to his astounded friend, "It is quite natural that parents do such things for their children. It is nothing but a natural phenomenon. What reason do I have to be thankful to a natural phenomenon?" To crown it, he began to sneer at his friend for being a poor scientist.
I think this parable is a fairly faithful picture of the scientific community today. Probably the greater part of scientists takes the position of this idle fellow. Why? The reason is that materialist-atheist culture distorts the seat of "sincerity," paralyzes it, and leads them to suppose that such a thing as thankfulness or love is an obstacle to the scientist, and that science should be something cold. This is completely mistaken, because it is in scientific demonstration that we should be cold and free from emotion, not in scientific motivation.
How are we to interpret this strange fact that, viewed cosmologically, we are inordinately favored not only for our existence but also favored and guided in scientific discovery? How are we to understand this mysterious collaborative relationship between us and the natural world? Is it a problem that can be solved by our "matter-centered" or "human-centered" sciences? It no doubt needs what Rev. Moon calls "heaven-centered" science.
It takes us further into the more fundamental problem. Why are we (at least, part of us) so much blessed with mathematic ability? Physicist Eugene Wigner once called our attention to it by his essay on the "unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in natural science." (my italics) Albert Einstein in the same vein said, "The most incomprehensible thing about the universe is that it is comprehensible." The answer is that the universe and our minds (minds of a selected few) are designed to "resonate."
We should not think we can do science so well because we are clever. That is like thinking Monarch butterflies can travel so well because they are clever. That is an absurdity. As Monarch butterflies and the earth form one "resonant" whole, so the structure of our thought and the structure of the universe form one "resonant" whole, designed by God to be legible to man, the center of the universe.
This is not something we hear in the classroom. It is a revelation to inspire us with awe. It is a revelation to strike our arrogance to dust.
We cannot but conceive the universe as a vast "realm of resonance" with man at the center. Why is there such a mysterious relationship between man and the universe? The only system of thought that can answer this question seems to be Unification Thought. Unification Thought envisages man as the goal of creation. So in the beginning there was the image of man in the Creator's mind and the history of the universe is the process of realizing that purpose. The reason for the miraculous cosmic fine tuning, the privileged place of man in the universe (it is almost concluded there is no such another place in it), and man's particular endowments in science and reasoning cannot be explained except from the point of view given in UT.
The UT epistemology is called the ヤtheory of collation.' This comes from the view of man as the microcosm to the macrocosm (universe), the view that the structure of the universe is embedded in man, so that the two may form a "resonant" whole. Cognition is possible by tuning on both sides, as it were. So UT epistemology may also be called the "theory of resonance." Even a high level of cognition like scientific discovery can be explained by this epistemology. It is not that there is the basis on this side (our inner self)-Kantian epistemology-nor that there is the basis on the other side (outer world)-Marxian reflection theory. Cognition is possible by "resonance." This view is a revolution brought into the history of epistemology.
Materialists will sneer at such a notion as ヤcommunicative power of prayer.' But viewed from UT epistemology this will become less ヤridiculous.' Won't it, you materialist? You can move the world by your prayer-only if you are no longer arrogant! No longer stupid, in another word.
"Resonance" is a term used in physics, too. The most significant discovery of resonance in the natural world seems to me Fred Hoyle's. As far as I understand, he predicted that, in order for carbon to be made by nuclear fusion in stars, there must be a strictly fine-tuned nuclear energy resonance, which later was confirmed by experiment. If this discovery was not made, it would have been impossible to explain how we were made, for carbon is the central element in building organisms.
Though Fred Hoyle recognized a "super intellect" as responsible for fine tuning, most scientists do not, though they recognize fine tuning. But as long as some "super intellect" or designing agent is not assumed in or beyond (we don't know which, nor does it matter) our universe, physics cannot be incorporated in the whole body of human knowledge and therefore cannot hope for further development.
That Hoyle discovered the phenomenon of "resonance" in carbon, the most important element of life, is of special significance, because the universe itself is a vast phenomenon of life, and life itself is a vast phenomenon of "resonance" both in space and time. Life itself existed from the very beginning, though invisibly. If the microcosm, man, is a being designed to be an organic whole, it follows the macrocosm is designed to be an organic whole, too. There must be such a thing as backward causation. Does anyone believe a human fetus grows to be a man by mechanical causation alone? Also, has anyone ever heard of a pain in the foot unknown to the brain?
If such is true of man and the universe, we ought naturally to be able to feel pain and pleasure of remote unseen people. Thus ethics should be one area of "natural" science based on the universal principle of "resonance." Materialism, in contrast, is a principle of repulsion or rejection. If our culture is (unconsciously) dominated by such a principle, it is more than obvious that discord will prevail and bring us to destruction.
To prevent such a doom, there must first be awareness that we are created beings, and that we were created not incidentally but as the very objective of creation, so that we are entrusted by the Creator to govern everything in this world. We have been trained since Copernicus till today to think just the opposite, to think we are insignificant beings in the universe, incidental products produced by natural causes. This has long worked to breed in us fake humility. I would call this illusion of our worthlessness Satan's strategy. What we need is real humility. It was this fake humility that nurtured its friend: arrogance. This cannot be overstressed.
We not only occupy an exceptional location within the universe, we also occupy a special moment in cosmic history. While we and our environs are not literally the physical center of the universe, we are special in other, much more significant ways. In a sense we are nestled snugly in the "center" of the universe not in a trivial spatial sense but with respect to habitability and measurability. This fact stands in a stark contrast to expectations nurtured by the Copernican Principle.
We are placed essentially at the center of the universe, so we have to assume we are given a privilege and responsibility at the same time. Noblesse oblige! I think before long this will be recognized as a scientific fact, not merely a speculation. Is this not a fact before which we should be struck with awe? What does it mean to try to distract people's attention from this fact, as some scientists do? It means to poison the seat of "sincerity" of our minds and lead people and the world to destruction.
That our universe was created with us in mind, that we are the microcosm conceived prior to the macrocosm, means that we are the center of the cosmic "resonance." On this principle, as the old Confucian dictum says, we should be guided by sincerity, rectify our thought, cultivate our personality, regulate our own family, govern the country well, and bring peace to the world.
Materialism is a principle of self-destruction. All human activities based on that principle are doomed to fail. We must outgrow our materialist culture as soon as possible, which has now revealed itself as "poisonous wheat" though we have long been deluded as to its real nature.
1. Leonard Susskind, The Cosmic Landscape: String Theory and the Illusion of Intelligent Design (New York: Little, Brown & Company, 2006), p.6.
2. See www.evolutionnews.org March 15, 2011, "Michael Behe Hasn't Been Refuted on the Flagellum."
3. See www.evolutionnews.org October 12, 2011, "Metamorphosis Debus at Butterfly World, Florida."
4. The Complete Poems and Plays of T. S. Eliot (London: Faber & Faber, 1969), p.197.
7. Guillermo Gonzalez & Jay Richard, The Privileged Planet: How Our Place in the Universe Is Designed for Discovery (Washington, DC.: Regnery Publishing, 2004), p.126.
10. Cited in Denyse O'Leary, By Design or by Chance? p.4.
11. The Privileged Planet, p.271.


text:
Samsung now more assertive in price negotiations over Apple's hostile tactics
Christian Zibreg on November 16, 2012
Apple appears to be resolving its legal woes with other Android backers such as HTC, reportedly seeking arbitration and even mulling a global settlement with Google's subsidiary Motorola Mobility. On the other hand, the company is to this date entangled in a complicated web of patent disputes with Samsung, from whom it sources components for iOS devices.
And as the frenemies seek to add new gadgets to their respective list of infringing products, one analyst believes Apple's hostile tactics has forced the Galaxy maker to divert from its original business strategy. As a result, the component arm of the South Korean conglomerate has become "more assertive" in price negotiations with Apple, refusing to invest billions of dollars in plants and manufacturing technology without long-term commitment from Apple…
Matter of fact, because of the legal battle the supply chain part of the rocky Apple-Samsung relationship has grown more complex, up to the point where Samsung refuses to commit big bucks in capital expenditure.
Bernstein Research analyst Mark Newman believes (via Barron's) that possibly in response to Apple's hostile tactics, Samsung has become "noticeably more conservative" in capex and "more assertive" in price negotiations on the component side.
The point of contention: profits and returns, which are now more important to Samsung than share gains, the analyst writes.
He vividly explains how the legal standoff affects the supply chain side of the business:
Apple requires more capacity for its custom processors that are exclusively made by Samsung. However, without long-term commitment beyond end of 2013, Samsung is refusing to spend literally billions of dollars.
The risk for Samsung is idle capacity; the risk for Apple is not enough processors for iPhones/iPads in the second half of 2013.
It's not just capacity: Apple may no longer be able to squeeze the best deals out of Samsung because it assumably no longer prepays billions to secure long-term output.
Similarly, Samsung has reduced NAND capacity and refuses to sell to Apple at below market rates, which is forcing a rebound in NAND prices greater than in records we have going back to 2006. Samsung has no intention to increase capacity until prices and returns reach an acceptable level.
There's a way out of this mess, he suggests:
If Apple gives a solid commitment for processors beyond 2013 or if NAND rebounds faster than current projections we may see upside to these numbers (particularly logic for Apple).
Samsung already was thought to have raised Apple chip prices by an astounding 20 percent, but an unnamed executive has denied the claim the following day, allegedly educating the public "that prices are set at the beginning of the year and aren't changed easily".
As you know, Samsung's manufacturing facility in Austin, Texas – pictured above and below – almost exclusively makes Apple-designed processors for iPhones, iPads and iPods. It was reported in August that Samsung was looking to invest as much as four billion dollars toward boosting Texas output.
I doubt such an arrangement is now possible in light of the $1.05 billion loss in the high-profile Apple v. Samsung lawsuit and given talk that Samsung is about to lose the Apple account to rival Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company come 2014.
What's your assessment of the situation?
Official: Samsung stole trade secrets from TSMC
Project Azalea: a $10 billion Apple mobile chip plant
Apple's chip wizard Johny Srouji is allegedly being considered for the CEO job at Intel


text:
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Posted inOpinion
Satellite M2M Comes of Age
by Patrick Shay January 11, 2012 January 30, 2023
Click to share on Clipboard (Opens in new window)
In the mobile satellite communications industry, the machine-to-machine (M2M) market is in the midst of a period of explosive growth, driven by the burgeoning demand for real-time connectivity and location-based services. Long perceived as a niche provider of narrowband voice and data services for relatively limited vertical markets, the industry is in the process of changing drastically. Mobile satellite service companies will become broad-based providers of mobile data services in tandem with terrestrial wireless networks. Mobile satellite service providers, who until now have counted their subscribers by the thousands, will be looking at an addressable market numbering in the millions, as the demand for always-connected devices increases.
M2M is already the fastest-growing business area for the mobile satellite industry. At Iridium, for instance, our commercial M2M subscriber base grew more than 60 percent year over year as of the second quarter of 2011. Other mobile satellite service companies are likely experiencing similar growth rates. We believe this is just the beginning of the wave.
Market demand for M2M services is booming in the public and private sectors. In the defense and security marketplace, we are seeing increased requirements for widespread Blue Force Tracking and battlespace connectivity. Many of these technologies, which started out in the government marketplace, are migrating into the enterprise and now the consumer marketplace. Large organizations are integrating M2M into their enterprise resource planning and logistics management infrastructure in a move to improve visibility and control over assets and value chains. We believe M2M will soon become incorporated into the great majority of customer care and commercial transactions. We expect the real surge will follow as the consumer electronics industry gears up for the coming boom in location-based services as 4G networks supersede earlier-generation wireless technologies.
The GSM Association recently published a report predicting that M2M revenue will grow to $1.2 trillion for mobile operators by 2020, with 24 billion M2M data devices deployed worldwide. Half of them will be mobile connected devices. Major growth markets will be the automotive sector, health care, utilities and — increasingly — consumer electronics. The authors of the study refer to their vision of the future as "The Connected Life."
Despite the widespread expansion of terrestrial cellular networks, the fact remains that only about 10 percent of the Earth's surface is currently reached by terrestrial wireless coverage. What about the remaining 90 percent?
Satellite links provide the only practical alternative for M2M across the rest of the world. To that end, mobile satellite service companies such as Iridium are bringing to market smaller, lighter, lower-powered and less-costly data modems that can be embedded by development partners into a wide range of tracking, monitoring and telemetry devices that can be used in places cellular networks cannot reach.
These satellite M2M devices will not compete against cellular networks. Instead, they will integrate satellite and cellular networks in a way that provides seamless, ubiquitous, global data links. Customers want connections, and they don't really care whether their traffic is routed through satellites or cell towers, as long as they can count on reliable, low-latency throughput at a reasonable cost. KORE Telematics, one of the world's largest wireless M2M network providers, just introduced a dual-mode satellite-cellular service to provide reliable data links for critical M2M applications regardless of their physical location. Importantly, KORE will offer its customers a single point of contact for billing, reporting, device management, troubleshooting and support. We expect other major wireless operators to soon follow suit with similar dual-mode satellite-cellular service offerings.
The mobile satellite service industry is about to cross over into the wider consumer marketplace. A new generation of two-way personal satellite location, messaging and SOS alerting devices are hitting the market this year, and we are seeing the appearance of new hardware and software applications to make it easier for consumers to interface smart
phones with satellite data devices. We're now also seeing the appearance of a new generation of dual-mode satellite-cellular M2M data solutions that provide GPS tracking, email, text messaging and SOS alerting with seamless global coverage. They will use intelligent least-cost-routing software to select automatically the most advantageous routing for data traffic.
So what should the mobile satellite industry do to ride this wave? I believe it will require a new mindset. Instead of thinking of an either-or choice between satellite and cellular networks, we should embrace a concept of seamless connectivity that integrates the best of both worlds. This will require new technology solutions, moving from dedicated hardware to flexible chipsets and software that can be used to offer combined satellite-cellular service offerings providing the lowest cost of ownership and maximum availability.
In this way, we can become the leaders, and not the followers, in the evolution toward "The Connected Life."
Patrick Shay is vice president and general manager of data services for Iridium Communications Inc.
Tagged: Missions, Satellite
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