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Appealing to Black Voters in South Carolina, Elizabeth Warren Fires Up White Liberals
Warren's campaign meets the "Great Awokening."
Kara Voght
ReporterBio
Elizabeth Warren addresses a crowd at Clinton College, an HBCU in Rock Hill, S.C., on September 28, 2019.Meg Kinnard/AP
Elizabeth Warren came to the South Carolina Lowcountry on Saturday and played all the standards. At a town hall in Goose Creek, about 20 miles north of Charleston, she talked about corporate greed and government decisions that put the wealthy few ahead of the working many, before rounding into her proposals for voting reforms that would strengthen democracy. This was an important part of her message in South Carolina, the crescendo where she could address herself directly to the procedural impediments facing the state's many Black voters. The crowd was with her, too, cheering wildly when she promised to end the gerrymandering practices that have historically disempowered racial minorities and to "end racist voter suppression."
The curious part was that, by my count, the audience of 750 or so people was at least 80 percent white. Several attendees I'd spoken with had driven up from Charleston, an ever-gentrifying, ever-whitening coastal city full of transplants who've fled colder climates for the Sun Belt. For this predominantly white crowd, some of the day's biggest applause lines were about ending structural racism against Black people.
In its swing through South Carolina, host of the fourth nominating contest in the Democratic presidential primary, Warren's campaign has gotten a glimpse of the central dynamic in the so-called "Great Awokening," the name given to our current era of expanding racial consciousness among white liberals. Pitching herself to Black voters who are essential to winning the state's primary, Warren finds herself firing up white liberals.
I asked Warren after the Goose Creek town hall why she thought a majority-white audience responded so enthusiastically to the explicitly antiracist parts of her message. "I think people understand that our democracy is broken," she told me, reiterating her points about why rich people don't deserve a bigger share of it. She added, "One of the most fun parts about being out and doing this town halls"—Goose Creek is her 160th of the cycle—"is how engaged people are over rebuilding our democracy."
It's hard to say whether the Warren campaign might have expected a different mix of folks to show up to see her on Saturday. Goose Creek High School serves a majority-minority student body that's 40 percent Black, 30 percent white, and 15 percent Latino; the town and surrounding areas hew closer to 70 percent white, though nearby North Charleston—about halfway between Goose Creek and downtown Charleston—is nearly 50 percent Black.
But the town hall was the last stop on Warren's three-day swing through the Carolinas focused on wooing nonwhite voters and highlighting her racial equality message. It included an appearance at an environmental justice forum aimed at highlighting how communities of color disproportionately suffer the effects of environmental inaction, as well as an education forum in Summerton, South Carolina, a majority-Black town in the state's "Corridor of Shame," so called for its history of educational inequality, poor school funding, and low educational achievement. On Thursday, Warren appeared in Raleigh, North Carolina, alongside Rep. Ayanna Pressley (D-Mass.), who had endorsed Warren's candidacy earlier that day.
Warren's mission set her up for some obvious questions. At the environmental justice forum, moderator Amy Goodman pressed Warren on whether Iowa and New Hampshire—"two of the whitest states"—should be the first states to host presidential primaries. Warren huffed a little and dodged the question, noting she's "just a player in the game on this one."
Elizabeth Warren berates Amy Goodman for asking her a reasonable question she refuses to answer, then ends the interview by replying to Goodman's "thank you" with a scoffed "yeah."
Her disdain for the left couldn't be more blatant.pic.twitter.com/CeALdRy4e3
— DSA Otherkin Caucus ❼ (@QueenInYeIIow) November 9, 2019
Following her Goose Creek town hall, a reporter pointed out the majority-white audience and asked what the campaign's strategy is to diversify its crowds. Warren replied with her own question, asking the reporter if she'd seen the majority-Black audience who gathered in a high school library to see her speak with educators in Summerton.
"It's keep showing up and keep reaching out," Warren said of her approach. "I want to introduce myself to every single voter in South Carolina. And that's true, regardless of what their race is, what their gender is, what their party affiliation is—2020 is our chance, our chance to turn around a country that's working great for those at the top and not so much for" everyone else.
At its core, Warren's campaign poses the question of whom government works for—the answer, of course, being the wealthy and well-connected. But there's a line she almost always chases that point with. "Why are working families finding the path so much harder than generations ago?" she'll say, as she said in Summerton that morning and again that afternoon in Goose Creek. "And why, for people of color, is it even rockier, even steeper?"
Warren is acknowledging the entwinement of racial and class inequalities in a way that seemed to energize the white supporters I spoke with at her events in South Carolina. Christine Jasonis, a white retiree and South Carolina transplant originally from Connecticut, says Warren's education and Medicare for All plans appeal to her, but she feels "very strongly" about Warren's antiracism. "If I was a mother of a young Black man today, I would be terrified," she says. "We fought too hard for this."
Alec Neller, a white twentysomething who recently graduated from college, told me systemic racism was his top voting issue—and a reason he's drawn to Warren. "Everyone should have the opportunity to succeed and do what they dream. It makes for a stronger United States and a stronger world," he said. "I think Trump put [racial inequality] on the table by attacking certain minority groups and calling certain countries 'shitholes.'"
Trump's oafishness, while emboldening racists across America, has also had the effect of making racism more obvious to the sort of white liberals who might not have been paying close attention. "You have people saying, 'Oh, I thought racism was supposed to be over, but clearly, it's not,'" said Jillian Clayton, a white woman who's backing Warren.
Clayton, who attended the College of Charleston in the mid-2000s and has lived in the area since, sees something similar at work in her own city. White residents witnessing Charleston's transformation have become highly attuned to gentrification's effects, she said, even if they're also reaping some of its benefits. "We see it happening every day," she said. "People are getting pushed farther and farther away from the city."
Back in March, Vox's Matt Yglesias wrote about the Great Awokening through the lens of researchers and pollsters who have observed a sharp increase in concern among white Democrats about racial inequality and discrimination over the past five years. Yglesias pointed to polling from the Pew Research Center that, back in 2014, found that most Americans didn't think there was any work left to do to address Black-white inequality. Now, more than 80 percent of self-identifying Democrats say the country needs to make changes to give Black Americans the same rights as whites. Until recently, according to the left-leaning think tank Data for Progress, most white Democrats ascribed racial inequality to a lack of individual initiative. Today, as Yglesias writes, white liberals are now "less likely than African Americans to say that black people should be able to get ahead without any special help."
The Great Awokening was Yglesias' coinage, a reference to the religious revival among white Northerners in the years before the Civil War that lent a moral fervor to abolitionist movements. And he predicted similar results for this current moment. "The fundamental reality is that the Awokening has inspired a large minority of white Americans to begin regarding systemic racial discrimination as a fundamental problem in American life—opening up the prospects of sweeping policy change when the newly invigorated anti-racist coalition does come to power," Yglesias wrote.
Warren has been steadily rising in the polls of South Carolina, where more than 50 percent of the primary electorate is Black. The Post and Courier's first poll back in May put Warren at a dismal 8 percent behind Bernie Sanders, Kamala Harris, and Joe Biden, who received 46 percent of support. The latest Post and Courier survey, conducted in mid-October, found Warren in second place at 19 percent, only 11 points behind Biden. Though pollster Pat Reilly did not directly explain Warren's rise, he told the Post and Courier that Biden's drop came "principally from African-American women who are moving to other candidates," though "none of the top candidates are seeing a decisive jump as a result."
The rate of conversion suggests that Black women might be moving toward Warren. At the event in Summerton I watched the candidate use her own story to establish a connection. The education forum had been an intimate gathering of a few dozen attendees—among them local elected officials, business owners, and faith leaders, all of whom told me it was too early for them to throw their support behind any of the Democratic candidates. As Warren recounted her familiar anecdote about how, as a preschool teacher in the 1970s, her contract wasn't renewed when she became visibly pregnant, a number of Black women in the audience nodded knowingly. A few told me afterward that their friends had had similar experiences during that era.
But there was still work to be done, as the demographics of the Goose Creek event suggest. Just before Warren began speaking there, I met Amelia Duvall, who was standing by herself near the back of the gymnasium. Duvall, a Black woman and business owner from nearby Ladson, had attended the town hall alone. She's supporting Warren, but when I asked her what she thought of attendance, she shook her head. "She's gotta get more people in here who look like me," she said.
Elizabeth Warren Just Released a Plan to Protect American Elections
AJ Vicens
Elizabeth Warren Just Unveiled a Plan to Close the Racial Wealth Gap


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


GBP/USD has created a pennant pattern on the hourly chart – a bullish continuation setup, which usually accelerates the preceding bullish move.
A break above 1.3210 (pennant resistance) would confirm pennant breakout and could be followed by a rally toward 1.33.
However, the bullish case put forward by the higher lows and higher highs pattern, as represented by the rising trendline, would weaken if the pennant is breached to the downside.


The Dodge Momentum Index grew 3.6 percent in December to 153.9 (2000=100) from the revised November reading of 148.6. The Momentum Index is a monthly measure of the first (or initial) report for nonresidential building projects in planning, which have been shown to lead construction spending for nonresidential buildings by a full year.
December's increase was due to an 8.6 percent jump in the institutional component of the Momentum Index, while the commercial component eked out a 0.7 percent gain. For the full year 2017, the Momentum Index averaged 132.3, up 10.7 percent from the full year average for 2016, with similar improvement for the commercial sector (up 11.4 percent) and the institutional sector (up 9.7 percent).
After retreating during the third quarter of 2017, the Momentum Index regained its upward track in the fourth quarter, which enabled December's reading for the Momentum Index to be up 20.9 percent compared to the same month a year ago. The continued strengthening by the Momentum Index in 2017 suggests that nonresidential building construction activity will advance further during 2018.
In December, 12 projects each with a value of $100 million or more entered planning. For the institutional sector, the leading projects were a $200 million renovation of the Smithsonian Institute Visitor Center (The Castle) in Washington, D.C., and a $175 million Veterans Affairs Living Center in Long Beach, Calif. The leading commercial projects were a $100 million hotel on Harvard University's campus in Allston, Mass., and a $100 million office building in Little Rock, Ark.


Mangun, Kimberley. "Driving the Discussion from Relevance to Resonance: How Historians Can Inspire Passion for Place and People." American Journalism 31, no. 1 (2014): 150-160.
Straus, Emily E., and Dawn M. Eckenrode. "Engaging Past and Present: Service-Learning in the College History Classroom." The History Teacher 47, no. 2 (2014): 253-266.
Check out one or more of the podcasts listed below or one of your choice. Write a blog post about how podcasting can be used to extend a public history audience.
Looking at many of these sites we see how complete they look with all the connections and links. The time to open many of these like the History Matters course involves a lot of waiting time tho using dsl. Hard to believe we can complete sites as inventive as suggested by Ayers. i do agree that the future of history has to acquire the flash and depth of knowledge but do I see the subject of a paper having so much technologies developed that one is lost in the graphics and misses the point?


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2022 2 x 1 oz Silver Germania Beasts Fenrir Geminus Sets (Box + CoA)
Combining artistry with imagination, Germania Mint has fashioned a truly unique set of rounds as part of their Germania Beasts collection. Similar to the Fafnir release from 2020, this new round features a single design split between the obverse and reverse sides. As a set, you are able to line up each round side by side to form a complete picture of the iconic wolf Fenir from Norse mythology. Today, 2022 2×1 oz Silver Germania Beasts Fenrir Geminus Sets are available to you online at Silver.com.
Set Highlights:
Available in a blister card with a Certificate of Authenticity!
Exquisite new set in the Germania Beasts collection!
Mintage limited to only 500 sets!
Includes black ruthenium and 24 karat gold plating!
Each round consists of One Troy ounce of .9999 fine silver.
The obverse fields show the upper half of Fenir's body.
On the reverse side is the lower portion of Fenir.
The Germania Beasts Series is currently in its second release following the successful 2020 launch featuring the dragon Fafnir. The collection is brought to you from Germania Mint, a private company whose story dates back over three decades. In 1986, Apolinary Kurowski established a numismatics family business in Poland which has since grown to include over 200 employees. In 2018, The Kurowksi Group launched Germania Mint, which offers plenty of exciting numismatic collectibles as well as investment-grade bullion products.
Each of these 2022 2×1 oz Germania Beasts Fenrir Geminus Sets consists of two silver rounds struck in .9999 fine silver. The rounds will arrive in their original mint packaging, which consists of a themed blister pack and a Certificate of Authenticity. The blister pack includes an impressive colorized depiction of Fenir on the front and the Germania Mint seal on the back side.
On the obverse of each round in these 2022 Silver Germania Beasts Fenrir Geminus Sets there is a depiction of Fenir. This design includes just the upper half of the wolf's body as he's tied in chains imposed by the gods. The Fenir design is coated in 24-karat gold on one round, and finished with black ruthenium on the other. Inscriptions read Fenir, 1 oz Ag 999.9.
The reverse face of the rounds in 2022 2×1 oz Silver Germania Beasts Fenrir Geminus Sets continues where the obverse left off. Here we see the rest of Fenir's body, once again with both gold-plated and black ruthenium visuals. Other details include the Germania mint seal and inscriptions reading Germania 2022, 5 Mark. Please note that the denomination is purely symbolic and does not represent an actual face value.
If you have any questions about these silver sets, please feel free to ask. You can call us at 888-989-7223, chat with us live online, or simply send us an email with your inquiries.
Manufacturer: Germania
Face Value: 2 x 5 Mark
Issuing Country: Germania
Edge Design:Reeded
Weight: 2 x 1 Troy Ounce

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A six cylinder UL Power in the 750 would be cool but not really necessary and it would add a lot of cost. The UL350iS at 130HP really is a good choice. Having said that.... I'm game.
Mike - I like that idea; new "Non STOL" version of the 750. Cessna's underwear would get all knotted-up. However, Chris is probably retired.
If you want to go faster, build something other than a Chris Heinz design. His priorities point his designs towards simple, strong, decent short field type airplanes that are easy to build, and they are great at what they are designed to do. His priorities actually serve as a deterrent of speed, in my not so humble opinion.
Now your other idea, that works for me. More power. Better climb. Always welcome.
If you want to go faster take the slats off.
I'm fairly certain Zenith has the UL350IS in both the 650 and 750. I have not heard about the 6 cylinder yet.


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Q: Grunt-connect-proxy, forwarding files does not work I'm using this library to forward api-request from grunt (port 9000) to my api at node (port 3012). https://github.com/drewzboto/grunt-connect-proxy
It works when the response from the server is a json. But it does not work when it's a image.
I tried to make a proxy with apache and there it works. So it must be something wrong with my proxy in grunt.
This is the response in chrome from apache:

This is the repsonse in chrome from grunt server

The response tab is empty
These are the relevant packages I'm using:
"grunt": "^0.4.1",
"grunt-connect-proxy": "^0.2.0",

This is the proxy in my gruntfile.js
  proxies: [
    {
      context: '/api_paros',
      host: 'localhost',
      port: 3012,
      https: false
    }
  ],

livereload: {
        options: {
          open: true,
          base: [
            '.tmp',
            '<%= yeoman.app %>'
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          middleware: function (connect, options) {
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              options.base = [options.base];
            }

            // Setup the proxy
            var middlewares = [require('grunt-connect-proxy/lib/utils').proxyRequest];

            middlewares.push(connect.static('.tmp'));

            middlewares.push(connect().use(
              '/bower_components',
              connect.static('./bower_components')
            ));
            middlewares.push(connect.static(appConfig.app));

            // Serve static files.
            options.base.forEach(function (base) {
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            });

            // Make directory browse-able.
            var directory = options.directory || options.base[options.base.length - 1];
            middlewares.push(connect.directory(directory));

            return middlewares;
          }
        }
      },

Any ideas?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The McLean County Nursing Home is an aging facility county administrators say will be difficult to update.
The facility is losing about $120,000 a month, and the County Board will decide whether to close the facility or how to improve the bottom line over the next year.
McIntyre has selected a number of current and retired healthcare leaders for the panel including some from businesses that own or run nursing homes. McIntyre said he has sidestepped the potential for conflict of interest by making sure the appointees are either retired or head not-for-profit agencies.
The 10-member panel includes: Westminster Village CEO Barb Nathan; retired Advocate BroMenn CEO Roger Hunt; retired Chestnut Health Systems CEO Russ Hagen; retired Heritage Enterprises Vice President Rose Stadel; Doug Brown and August Querciagrossa, the heads of Homecare and Post-Acute Services at Advocate BroMenn and OSF Healthcare respectively; retired ISU Vice President Al Azinger; retired Mennonite College of Nursing Dean Catherine Miller; Illinois Community Health and Aging Collaborative Director Mike O'Donnell; and Advocate BroMenn Director of Health Facilities Planning Sonja Reece.
The McLean County Nursing Home has been plagued by low census numbers, and the facility is widely acknowledged to be outdated for the times, though many measurements of the care delivered still show superior quality.
The county board has also voted to hire a consultant for a study on the same issues, but McIntyre said depending on the panel results that might not be needed.
McIntyre said the panel has met once already and plans to make its final report to the County Executive Committee April 10th.
There is some behind-the-scenes skirmishing over the future of the McLean County Nursing Home, but the County Board has now agreed to hire a consultant to look at the future of the facility.
Drug overdose deaths in McLean County rose more than 150 percent last year.


Benzyl acetate has an ester functional group (in red), an acetyl functional group (encircled with dark green) and a benzyloxy moiety (encircled with light orange). Other divisions can be made.
In organic chemistry, a moiety (/ˈmɔɪəti/) is a part of a molecule which is typically given a name as it can be found within other kinds of molecules as well.
The term moiety should be reserved to describe the larger characteristic parts of molecules and not used to describe smaller functional groups, which are made up of atoms that participate in similar chemical reactions in most molecules that contain them. In some instances moieties may be composed of yet smaller moieties and functional groups.
Moieties that constitute branches extending from the backbone of a hydrocarbon molecule, which can often be broken off and substituted with others, are called substituents or side chains.
In pharmacology, an active moiety is the part of a molecule or ion – excluding appended inactive portions – that is responsible for the physiological or pharmacological action of a drug substance. Inactive appended portions of the drug substance may include either the alcohol or acid moiety of an ester, a salt (including a salt with hydrogen or coordination bonds), or other noncovalent derivative (such as a complex, chelate, or clathrate). The parent drug may itself be an inactive prodrug and only after the active moiety is released from the parent in free form does it become active.
^ a b "Illustrated Glossary of Organic Chemistry - Moiety". web.chem.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
^ "CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21". United States Food and Drug Administration. 1 April 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
^ "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Title 21: Food and Drugs § 314.3". Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. United States Government Publishing Office. 22 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019. Active moiety is the molecule or ion, excluding those appended portions of the molecule that cause the drug to be an ester, salt (including a salt with hydrogen or coordination bonds), or other noncovalent derivative (such as a complex, chelate, or clathrate) of the molecule, responsible for the physiological or pharmacological action of the drug substance.


text:
Home The Wire Biden Hit With Ethics Complaint from Watchdog Group Over…
Biden Hit With Ethics Complaint from Watchdog Group Over…
Joe Biden's recently revealed plans to run for the presidency again in 2024 appear to be skidding off of the runway this week, as a scandal involving several troves of classified documents continues to spiral out of control.
The documents, which were found at a number of Biden-owned properties, have prompted serious concerns and major investigations into the Commander in Chief. But now, Biden is also facing a troubling ethics complaint over just how his team has handled the fallout from the troubling discovery.
A government watchdog filed a federal complaint over the involvement of the White House Counsel's office in President Biden's growing classified documents scandal.
Fox News Digital has learned that government watchdog Protect the Public's Trust (PPT) filed their complaint with the U.S. Office of Government Ethics on Tuesday.
The organization was livid.
"The American public will not tolerate a two-tiered system of justice – with well-connected insiders subject to a lower standard of scrutiny than the normal citizen," PPT director Mike Chamberlain said in a statement to Fox News Digital.
"President Biden promised the most ethical and transparent administration in history," Chamberlain said. "If the White House compounded a scandal involving possible mishandling of classified documents by improperly using taxpayer resources for his personal benefit and putting White House attorneys in positions that created conflicts of interest, we could be witnessing a serious betrayal of the public's already-plummeting trust."
"It also creates the spectre of possible obstruction of a congressional investigation, depending on the legal basis for the intervention and any future privileges claimed by the White House on this escalating scandal," he added.
Just last week, insiders close to the president revealed that his team is planning on announcing his reelection campaign sometime between February and April, but those plans could be put on hold while this salacious new scandal plays out.
Previous articleAdam Schiff Drops BOMBSHELL About Biden Document Scandal
Next articleDOJ Told FBI to Stand Down in Biden Documents Search


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CITIZNESHIP DECISION REVERSED DUE TO LENGTHY ABSENCES FROM CANADA BY ELDERLY WOMAN
The case below provide a short summary of the various citizenship tests that the citizenship judge may apply. In this case, however, it was unclear which test was applied, so the Federal Court quashed the grant of citizenship and ordered t he case returned for a new decision.
Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Mera
The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Applicant, and
Segunda Manuela Mera, Respondent
[2014] F.C.J. No. 509
2014 FC 473
Docket: T-1811-13
Mactavish J.
Heard: May 14, 2014.
Judgment: May 14, 2014.
JUDGMENT AND REASONS
1 MACTAVISH J.:-- The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration appeals from a decision of a Citizenship Judge approving Segunda Manuela Mera's application for Canadian citizenship. For the reasons that follow, I have concluded that the appeal must be allowed.
2 Ms. Mera is an 82 year old permanent resident of Canada who is originally from Ecuador. She has four daughters living in Canada, and three sons who live in Ecuador. She lives with one of her daughters while she is in Canada, and owns her own home in Ecuador.
3 Ms. Mera filed her citizenship application on August 7, 2005. Thus the relevant four-year period for assessing her residence was from August 7, 2005 until August 7, 2009.
4 Ms. Mera indicated on her citizenship application that she was absent from Canada for four trips totalling 542 days, and that she was physically present in Canada for approximately 918 days during the relevant period.
5 On September 11, 2013, Ms. Mera attended before a Citizenship Judge, following which the Judge requested a copy of her Entry and Exit report (an "ICES report") from the Canada Border Services Agency. The ICES report essentially confirmed Ms. Mera's evidence regarding her travels outside of Canada, although it did not record a brief trip to Mexico in 2008. This omission was not material to the decision of the Citizenship Judge, nor is it material to the outcome of this appeal.
6 According to Ms. Mera, her last trip outside Canada commenced on July 25, 2009, although the Citizenship Judge erroneously found that her last trip had commenced on January 21, 2010.
7 The Citizenship Judge approved Ms. Mera's application on September 12, 2013. Considering all of the evidence, including Ms. Mera's "pattern of ... absences" and her testimony, he concluded that she"was actually living and was physically present in Canada on the number of days sufficient to comply with the Citizenship Act."
II. Analysis
8 To be entitled to Canadian citizenship, an applicant must demonstrate that he or she has been resident in Canada for three out of the four years immediately preceding the application for citizenship.
9 The jurisprudence of this Court has recognized three tests that may be used in determining whether an applicant has met the residency requirements of the Citizenship Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-29.
10 The first is the physical presence test established by this Court in Re Pourghasemi [1993] F.C.J. No. 232. This test only asks whether the applicant has been physically present in this country for a total of three years out of four, or a minimum of 1095 days.
11 The second test is that articulated in Re Papadogiorgakis, [1978] 2 F.C. 208; [1978] F.C.J. No. 31. This is a less stringent test in that it looks at whether an applicant has an established residence and strong attachment to Canada, even if he or she has been temporarily absent away from Canada.
12 The third test is one often used in citizenship cases. This is the so-called "Koo" test, established in Re Koo, [1993] 1 F.C. 286, [1992] F.C.J. No. 1107. The Koo test looks at residence as being the place where one "regularly, normally or customarily lives" or has "centralized his or her mode of existence". Re Koo identifies six factors that are to be considered in assessing whether this test has been met. These include:
physical presence in Canada for a long period prior to recent absences;
whether immediate family and dependants are resident;
whether the pattern of physical presence in Canada indicates a returning home or just visiting;
the extent of physical absences;
whether physical absence is caused by a clearly temporary situation; and
the quality of the connection to Canada.
13 It is not clear from a review of the Citizenship Judge's brief reasons which test he applied in coming to the conclusion that Ms. Mera met the residency requirements of the Citizenship Act. As a result, the decision lacks the justification, transparency and intelligibility required of a reasonable decision. Nor is it possible to ascertain from the Citizenship Judge's reasons whether the decision falls within the range of possible acceptable outcomes that would be defensible in light of the facts and the law: see Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick, 2008 SCC 9 at para. 47, [2008] 1 S.C.R. 190.
14 In finding that Ms. Mera met the residency requirement of the Act, the Citizenship Judge states that he was satisfied that Ms. Mera "was actually living and was physically present in Canada on the number of days sufficient to comply with the Citizenship Act". This language suggests that he used the Re Pourghasemi physical presence test.
15 If that is so, the finding that Ms. Mera had satisfied the requirements of the physical presence test is perverse, given that the Judge had specifically found as a fact that Ms. Mera had only been physically present in Canada for 922 days during the relevant period, making her 173 days short of the requisite 1095 days.
16 If, as Ms. Mera suggests, the Citizenship Judge intended to apply the one of the more qualitative tests for residency, he failed to explain how he arrived at the conclusion that she had established residency in Canada. There is no indication that he considered the fact that Ms. Mera continues to own a home in Ecuador, and that she does not own a home in Canada. While this is by no means determinative of the issue of residency, they are relevant considerations that did have to be addressed in determining whether Ms. Mera had established residency in Canada.
17 Nor did the Citizenship Judge consider a number of the Re Koo factors in order to determine where Ms. Mera "regularly, normally or customarily lives" or had "centralized her mode of existence".
18 For example, no consideration appears to have been given to whether Ms. Mera's physical presence in Canada indicates that she was returning home to Canada after her lengthy trips to Ecuador, or whether she was just visiting Canada from her home in Ecuador. Nor was any attempt made to determine whether her connection to Canada was more substantial than her connection to Ecuador, in light of her substantial ties to both countries.
19 Having failed to properly apply any of the three recognized tests for residency, it follows that the Citizenship Judge's conclusion that Ms. Mera had established residence in Canada was unreasonable.
20 As a result, the Minister's appeal is allowed, without costs. The Citizenship Judge's September 12, 2013 decision is set aside. The matter is remitted to a different Citizenship Judge for re-determination in accordance with one of the recognized tests for residency.
21 As was noted by counsel for the Minister, it is also open to Ms. Mera to make a fresh application for citizenship. This would have the effect of creating a different residency period for her new application. In light of information provided by Ms. Mera's counsel at the hearing of the appeal, it appears that she may well satisfy the physical presence test for this more recent four year period.
THIS COURT ORDERS AND ADJUDGES that:
· 1.
The Minister's appeal is allowed, without costs.
Ms. Mera's application for Canadian citizenship is remitted to a different Citizenship Judge for re-determination in accordance with one of the recognized tests for residency.
Labels: Canada citizenship application test residency
MARRIAGE BREAKDOWN, SPONSORSHIP WITHDRAWAL AND SUPPORT OBLIGATIONS
This is an interesting recent case that illustrates the perils of spousal sponsorship applications. In this case, it is noteworthy that the sponsorship process was apparently not completed as the sponsorship was withdrawn, but the sponsor was found to be financially responsible in any event.
Sidhu v. Sidhu
Vikram Sidhu, Applicant, and
Navneet Kaur Sidhu, Respondent
Court File No. FS-12-74993-00
T.A. Bielby J.
Heard: April 2 and 7-9, 2014.
Counsel:
Applicant, Self-represented.
A. Nayyar, agent for Glenn Cook, Counsel for the Respondent.
1 T.A. BIELBY J.:-- The Applicant and Respondent herein are husband and wife and married each other, in India, on February 18, 2011. The parties separated in May 2012, the month after the applicant withdrew his sponsorship of his wife to become a resident of Canada. The respondent learned of the cancellation only after she arrived in Canada, on May 13, 2012.
2 The applicant was born in Canada on September 25, 1980, and has resided in Canada all of his life. He has always lived with his mother and brother, in his mother's home, and continues to do so.
3 The respondent was born in India, on August 1, 1985, and lived there all of her life until she came to Canada in May, 2012.
4 The applicant commenced these proceedings in order to obtain a divorce. The respondent, in her answer, seeks various heads of relief, including spousal support.
5 There are no children of the marriage.
6 The applicant now asks the court to order that all the gifts of gold jewelry that he gave the respondent be returned. He also seeks damages for the monies he and his family expended on account of the wedding, which he says, amounts to $28,000.00.
7 It is the position of the applicant that the marriage was a fraud and that the respondent only married him in order to immigrate to Canada.
8 The respondent agrees the marriage was a fraud but argues that the applicant only agreed to marry her in order to access the respondent's family's money through wedding gifts and a share of her mother's estate.
9 The parties initially met online and thereafter the applicant's mother made contact with the respondent's family, to open the discussions in an effort to negotiate an arranged marriage.
10 On February 6, 2011 the applicant and his mother arrived in India and by February 10th the parties were engaged. The applicant and his family were given a number of engagement gifts which included gold jewellery, clothes and cash.
11 Shortly after the engagement, the applicant's mother provided to the respondent and her family a list of relatives who should also be presented with gifts by the respondent.
12 The applicant and his mother remained in India and the wedding arrangements were quickly completed. The parties were married on February 18, 2011, with over 200 guests in attendance. The wedding again required the respondent to provide gifts to the applicant and his family.
13 The parties thereafter lived together in India for approximately 30 days, sharing a bedroom and a bed. However the marriage was never consummated. The applicant said he tried to be intimate but that the respondent wanted no part of it and if the applicant attempted to be intimate, the respondent would grab and squeeze his genitals, causing him great pain.
14 The respondent denied this allegation and testified that on the first two nights they were together no intimacy was attempted. Over the following three nights sexual intimacy was attempted but the applicant could not complete the deed. She testified that no further attempts were made.
15 On or about February 20, 2011, the respondent and applicant attended a jewellery store to exchange a ring and bracelet given to the applicant by the respondent. The applicant was not satisfied with the jewellery he had received and wanted to pick out items more to his liking. This represented more expense to the respondent and her family.
16 The applicant and his mother left India on March 3, 2011, and returned to Canada. Thereafter the parties commenced an application to the Canadian government to allow the respondent to immigrate to Canada. The process took a very long time and it was not until the spring of 2012, that a visa was issued, as discussed below.
17 While residing in different countries, the parties communicated with each other, whether by phone or the internet, on an almost daily basis. The respondent testified that she was happy and looking forward to her life in Canada as the wife of the applicant. She believed the applicant felt the same way.
18 The respondent's mother passed away on February 9, 2012 and the applicant and his mother travelled to India to pay their respects and remained in India for a few weeks thereafter. During this time the parties again shared a bedroom but did not consummate the marriage.
19 For their first anniversary the applicant gave the respondent, a gold pendant set.
20 The applicant and his mother returned to Canada on March 1, 2012. On their return to Canada, the applicant's mother brought with her all of the respondent's gold jewellery. It was suggested to the respondent that the applicant's mother should take all of the jewellery in Canada, to ensure its safe keeping. It was also suggested that the respondent would have an easier time getting through Canadian Customs if she was not carrying a quantity of gold jewellery.
21 On April 6, 2012, the applicant contacted the Canada Border Agency and cancelled his immigration sponsorship of the respondent. The respondent's admission to Canada was dependent on this sponsorship.
22 The applicant testified that on April 12, 2012, he called the respondent and told her he would be seeking a divorce.
23 The applicant testified that the respondent has been unfaithful to him. He alleges he saw photographs of the respondent with other men, which suggested some inappropriate familiarity.
24 The applicant also submits that he also wanted the divorce because the respondent refused to be sexually intimate with him and would hurt him physically if he tried to initiate any such intimacy.
25 The respondent denies this and states that the applicant learned, while in India the second time, that the respondent was not going to inherit anything from her mother's estate. She testified that the respondent and his mother were present when discussions were held concerning the respondent's mother's estate and will. The will states that the cost of the wedding represented the respondent's share of the estate.
26 The respondent suggests that the applicant decided to divorce her when he learned there would be no more gifts or money available. However, this suggestion is no more than speculation.
27 Where there is a conflict in the evidence on any point as between the parties, I accept the evidence of the respondent over that of the applicant. On virtually every question he was asked, the applicant asked that the question be repeated. A few times he even asked that the question be restated a third time. It appeared to me that the applicant was buying the time he needed in his own mind, to determine the intent and purpose behind the question and then fabricate an answer. Many of his answers ended with the phrase, "trust me".
28 Too often the applicant said that he couldn't remember, in regards to details surrounding what happened in 2011 and 2012. He thought this was a long time ago. I do not find 2011 and 2012 so long ago as to explain the applicant's significant lack of recall. He testified that he really loved the respondent and that he was heartbroken over the break-up of his marriage. If that were true one would expect the events to be more memorable to him.
29 Further the applicant displayed very little emotion when discussing the break-down of his marriage.
30 I do not accept the applicant's stated reasons for ending the marriage. The respondent was to immigrate to Canada to live with him as his wife. She was prepared to leave behind her family and her career and leave India for the very first time. She would be completely dependent on the applicant. Given these circumstances, if the applicant cared for the respondent as much as he said he did, I would think he would have given the marriage a chance.
31 The applicant's mother was called as a witness by the respondent's counsel. When asked certain questions concerning the applicant, she too had a difficult time recalling details.
32 The respondent, on the other hand, had a very good recall of the facts and circumstances in issue and rarely indicated she could not remember. She answered the questions in a straightforward manner and without any significant hesitation. Further, during points of her testimony the respondent became emotional particularly when describing how she was held in detention and had very little contact with anyone. She was in a strange country with almost no support of any kind.
33 I find that the applicant did not advise the respondent of the cancellation of the sponsorship. Nor did he call her on April 12, 2012, and tell her he was seeking a divorce.
34 I accept the evidence of the respondent that she did not know of the cancelled sponsorship until she had arrived in Canada on May 13, 2012 and was told of the cancellation by an Immigration Officer.
35 Further, I accept the respondent's evidence that she was not, in any way, unfaithful to the applicant. I accept that from the date of marriage to the date she arrived in Canada, it was the wish of the respondent to live with the applicant, as his wife, in Canada.
36 In regards to the issuance of the visa, the respondent received her visa from the Canadian Government on May 8, 2012, and upon receipt immediately placed a telephone call to the applicant's home.
37 The respondent testified that throughout the spring of 2012, she was having a difficult time talking directly to the applicant. If she called the applicant's land phone the call was answered by the applicant's mother who told the respondent the applicant was very ill and could not talk. If the respondent called the applicant's cell phone, the applicant would not pick up.
38 The respondent was repeatedly told by her mother-in-law that everything was fine and that the respondent should fly to Canada as soon as she can. There were numerous and long telephone conversations between the respondent and the applicant's mother as shown by the phone records included in Exhibit 2.
39 Accordingly, when the respondent called the applicant's home after she had been issued her visa, she spoke to the applicant's mother who told the respondent to purchase her plane ticket and get to Canada as soon as possible.
40 The applicant's mother even told the respondent what gifts to buy for the applicant's relatives, presumably to be given to these relatives by the respondent on her arrival in Canada.
41 On the 11th of May, 2012, the respondent, with the help of her brother, acquired the gifts and started packing. She had two suitcases, one for her personal belongings and one full of gifts. As it turned out, she was only allowed one piece of checked luggage on her flight to Canada and she had to leave behind the suitcase with the gifts.
42 The applicant's mother called the respondent twice to inquire as to the status of her packing and arrangements for travel. While the respondent was starting to think it odd that the applicant was not talking to her, she continued to rely on his mother and her positive comments about the future of the respondent's marriage to the applicant.
43 On the same day, the respondent's sister told the respondent that she had received a call from the Canadian Embassy advising there may be a problem with the respondent's documents. The respondent attempted to contact the Embassy by telephone, more than once, to inquire as to the problems but either talked to someone who knew nothing about the case or was required to leave a voice message.
44 At midnight on May 12, 2012, the respondent spoke to the applicant's mom by telephone for an extended period of time. Her mother-in-law told her there was no problem that she knew of and there must be some mistake. The respondent was again told to fly to Canada as soon as possible.
45 The respondent booked her plane ticket on the 12th and flew to Canada on May 13, 2012, landing at the Lester B. Pearson International Airport. Upon landing the respondent was directed to Immigration where she detained and questioned. She was kept in detention for over one week.
46 I accept that members of the respondent's family advised the applicant's mother and thereby indirectly, the applicant, of the flight particulars yet no one from the applicant's family attended to meet the respondent at the airport.
47 The respondent testified that she was told by the Immigration Officer that the applicant had cancelled his sponsorship the previous month and testified that this was the first time she learned of the cancellation.
48 While in detention, the respondent was served with the divorce application.
49 At Exhibit 2, tab 16, are the notes of the Immigration Officer who interviewed the respondent.
50 These notes and some of the opinions expressed therein are hearsay. However they were filed by the respondent and relied upon by the applicant.
51 In that report there are a series of question and answers. The respondent was told that the officer had spoken to her husband and was told that he did not know the respondent was coming to Canada that day. The respondent would not believe the officer.
52 A review of the questions and answers suggest that the respondent may have known of the cancelled visa. However, in her testimony, the respondent stated she was only told there was a problem with her documents. I accept the evidence of the respondent that she was not told specifically that her visa was cancelled and that prior to leaving for Canada, the respondent made reasonable efforts to contact the Canadian Embassy, following up the phone message left with her sister.
53 The officer's notes indicate that when he spoke to the applicant initially, he was told that the applicant was starting divorce proceedings on the grounds of physical, emotional and sexual cruelty. Later the applicant called back and said that he wanted to apologize for his comments and that he would like to make the marriage work and would come to the airport. The applicant called back again and reneged on what he had said and told the officer that he had not talked to the respondent in two months and described the marriage as, "one of convenience" and that no one in his family knew the respondent was travelling to Canada that day.
54 On cross-examination the applicant admitted to these series of calls but could not remember many details concerning the contents of the calls.
55 The respondent was eventually released on an Immigration bond and has lived with a cousin and his family, who reside in the Toronto area. She is fully dependent on them for money and necessities as she is not allowed to work. Her status in this country is uncertain.
56 When the respondent was introduced to the applicant she had recently completed her Master's Degree and was lecturing at a university in India. She is the oldest of three children and, at the time, all resided with their widowed, now deceased, mother.
57 The respondent testified that the applicant asked her to quit her job as they were going to be married and she would be moving to Canada. Thereafter the respondent continued to reside in her mother's house and was completely financially dependent on her mother and family while she waited for her Canadian visa.
58 At the time of his marriage, the applicant only worked part time. He testified that he was registered with employment agencies and he would be called when temporary work was available. The applicant testified that most of his job assignments are as a labourer although he does have a college education. While he may have had full time work in 2005, it would seem for the most part, full time work has eluded him.
59 The applicant testified that he was always seeking employment. He did not, however, have any documents to corroborate that claim. He testified that any records he had with respect to job applications were routinely deleted from his computer.
60 At the end of 2005, the applicant, with his mother as a co-signer, bought a new Hummer motor vehicle at a total cost of over $54,000.00. The vehicle was financed over a 3 year period of time and required payments of $1,271 per month. While the applicant may have made a couple of payments he testified that it was his mother who carried the cost of the vehicle including loan payments and insurance.
61 In the spring of 2012 the applicant signed over his interest in the Hummer stating he wanted to gift the vehicle to his mother, for all she had done for him. He has since retained a trustee in bankruptcy and has filed a consumer proposal under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act. He is required to make payments of $400.00 per month pursuant to the proposal.
62 I accept the evidence of the respondent that when the families first met, the applicant told them he had a good job in human resources and that he had a vehicle and a home. I accept that the respondent's family, before agreeing to the marriage, would have wanted to ensure the applicant could properly provide for the respondent. Had he told the truth, and while it is only speculation, I doubt a marriage agreement would have been reached.
63 The applicant in 2009 had earnings of $3,705.00 and employment insurance earnings of $8,688.00. In 2010 he had earnings of $6,079.00. In the applicant's financial statement, sworn December 21, 2012, the applicant stated that his income for "last year" was $8,275.00. In 2012 the applicant declared earnings of $1,061.00. For 2013, the respondent will declare earnings of about $2,500.00. His 2013 tax return has yet to be completed and filed.
64 The applicant submits that he has done all he can do to better himself and earn a greater income and that he survives on the generosity of his mother.
65 The respondent, in response, argued that the applicant is employed "under the table" and is paid in cash. She attributes to him a lifestyle well beyond his reported means.
66 Alternatively she submits that the applicant is intentionally under-employed.
67 At tab 16 of exhibit 2, are internet generated income surveys in regards to the wages of people employed as data analysts or in the human resources field. It is submitted that an annual salary of $45,000.00 is within the range suggested by such surveys.
68 It was also argued that the applicant testified that in 2005 he might have been earning $15.00 per hour. Such an hourly payment, adjusted for inflation would suggest an annual salary of $35,000.00.
69 I find that the applicant has not proven that he has taken reasonable steps to find full time employment. He has no disabilities and is a college graduate. I find that the applicant is, in fact, intentionally under-employed and will impute an income to him of $35,000.00 per year. I consider this amount to be conservative in estimate.
70 In regards to the argument that the applicant is employed "under the table" and being paid in cash, counsel for the respondent argues that the applicant's mother does not have the income necessary to carry their house and to pay all the expenses including the cost of operating the Hummer motor vehicle.
71 The evidence, however, falls short of establishing that the applicant is contributing any significant monies to the household or that he has employment beyond that what he claims.
72 The respondent cannot return to India without financial assistance. She has no money and no one to support her in India. Her brother is a student. Both her parents are deceased. She testified that jobs are very difficult to find and the job she left is not available to her. She stated she was lucky to get it in the first place. There is no social safety net in India; no welfare system or universal health care.
73 The respondent testified that she would need to acquire a PhD. in order to find employment in India and that such an endeavour would take 5 years. She testified that if she returned to India, she would need $20,000.00 in order to live and re-educate herself, in order to find employment.
74 The respondent suggested that if she could stay in Canada things would be better. She could qualify for social assistance and would benefit from our system of universal health care. She testified that she would still need to return to college and update her skills.
75 I am cognizant of section 15.2 of the Divorce Act R.S.C. 1985, c. 3 and the factors to consider in regards to spousal support and the objectives of spousal support.
76 One of the factors to be considered is the length of the marriage. In this case the marriage was only 14 months in length and the parties only lived together for, at best, 6 weeks. The length of the marriage would not favour an order for spousal support.
77 However the following two objectives of a spousal support order are relevant and are found in section 15.2(6) of the Divorce Act which states:
· An order made under subsection (1) or an interim order under subsection (2) that provides for the support of a spouse should:
· a)
Recognize any economic advantages or disadvantages to the spouses arising from the marriage or its breakdown;
· b)
Relieve any economic hardship of the spouses arising from the breakdown of the marriage;
78 Given the facts of this case it is hard to imagine a greater economic disadvantage as the one facing the respondent. Clearly it has arisen from the breakdown of the marriage.
79 The respondent gave up everything to marry the applicant. She has nothing, and is left in such a predicament, as a result of the marriage breakdown.
80 Support is required to relieve the respondent's economic hardship resulting from the breakdown of the marriage, notwithstanding the brevity of the marriage.
81 The respondent arrived in Canada not knowing her husband had withdrawn his sponsorship which would have bound the applicant to financially support the respondent for a specific length of time.
82 I find that the applicant has an obligation to support the respondent. However before I turn to the issues of quantum and duration I will deal with the issues regarding the gifts and the claim for damages.
83 The applicant seeks the return of the gold that he gave to the respondent. The fact is the respondent and her family gave much more in the way of gifts to the applicant and his family, at the insistence of the applicant's mother. At one point the applicant testified that he would give back the gold he received, in exchange for the gifts he gave. He later testified that he had sold all the gold jewellery he received from the respondent.
84 The applicant seeks compensation for his costs related to the wedding which he estimated were $28,000.00. He did not provide any evidence to support the value of the claim.
85 In any event, such damages are not compensable when a marriage breaks down. Such causes of action have been long repealed. The gifts were just that, gifts and are not recoverable. Counsel for the respondent in her argument advised the Court that her client was not seeking the return of any of the jewellery or other gifts or wedding costs of any kind, the total cost of which exceeded $36,000.00. The respondent limited her claim to that of spousal support.
86 Turning now to the issue of the quantum of support, the respondent is seeking periodic support as well as lump sum support.
87 The Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines, in this case, suggest a range of monthly support of between $44.00 and $58.00 using the imputed income for the applicant of $35,000.00. An award of support at this level would be of very little assistance to the respondent. The Guidelines however as just that, guidelines and while I am to have regard to them, they are not binding.
88 The Guidelines recognize that in exceptional circumstances they are not applicable and the circumstances of this case are exceptional.
89 Further the applicant's expenses are not his responsibility but rather are paid by his mother. He lives in her house and drives, what he argues, is her motor vehicle. Accordingly his expenses are minimized, providing more income to pay periodic support.
90 Commencing May 1, 2014, and for a period of 3 years, I order the applicant to pay spousal support to the respondent in the amount of $350.00 per month.
91 Further I order the applicant to pay to the respondent a lump sum support award of $10,000.00, to provide immediate financial assistance and to help the respondent to take the steps necessary, whether here or in India, to become self-sufficient. I consider this award to be compensatory in nature.
92 On an imputed income of $35,000.00 and given the applicant's minimal expenses the applicant has the means to pay this support and certainly the respondent has established her need.
93 In reaching this decision I have had regard to the decision of Price J. in Singh v. Singh, 2013 ONSC 6476.
94 On the issue of costs I will accept written submissions of no more than 3 pages in length to be delivered within 21 days of the release of this judgment.
95 A support deduction order is to issue.
Labels: Canada immigration sponsorship arranged marriage failure, India
TEMPORARY FOREIGN WORKER PROGRAM NEEDS MINOR TWEAKS, NOT MAJOR OVERHAUL
The temporary foreign worker program requires some minor tweak to ensure that there is no abuse and that the type of workers coming to Canada are truly required by the economy and that they remain tied to their employers for the purposes and time that they were brought into the country, ant that it acts as a path to immigration for some but not all foreign workers. The program does not require a suspension of major overhaul. If the federal government is truly concerned about competition against Canadians, it should stop or reduce granting open Work Permits in the International Experience Class that allow unemployed youth in other countries to apply for any jobs in Canada. That is different from the regular program where the employee remains tied to one employer for the duration of the permit. Here Is a good opinion piece from the National Post:
http://business.financialpost.com/2014/05/22/temporary-foreign-workers-canada-expansion/
Labels: Canada immigration temporary foreign workers
APPLICANT DENIED CITIZENSHIP, INSUFFICIENT TIME IN CANADA
Federal Court rules that even if applicant was short just a few months from 1095 days, Citizenship Judge had the right to apply the physical presence test.
Donohue v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)
Erin Christine Donohue, Applicant, and
The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Respondent
Manson J.
Heard: April 14, 2014.
Judgment: April 28, 2014.
1 MANSON J.:-- This is an appeal of the decision of Floyd C. Babcock, a Citizenship Judge with the Citizenship Commission, Immigration Canada [the Judge]. The Judge denied the Applicant's application for Canadian citizenship by concluding that she did not meet the residency requirement as defined in 5(1)(c) of the Citizenship Act, RSC, 1985, c. C-29 [the Act]. As a preliminary issue, this matter should have proceeded as an appeal pursuant to subsection 14(5) of the Act. I hereby convert the proceeding into an appeal.
· I.
2 The issues in the present application are as follows:
· A.
Did the Judge err by applying the physical presence test?
· B.
Was the Judge's application of the facts to the physical presence test reasonable?
· C.
Did the Judge breach the duty of procedural fairness?
· II.
3 The Applicant is a citizen of the United States. In 2001, she entered Canada, and became a permanent resident on January 22, 2008. On February 28, 2010, the Applicant applied for Canadian citizenship. She submitted a Residence Questionnaire on April 14, 2011.
4 On October 7, 2013, the Applicant appeared with counsel for a one-hour hearing before the Judge.
5 The Judge evaluated whether the Applicant met the residency requirement in 5(1)(c) of the Act in accordance with the test from (Re) Pourghasemi, [1993] F.C.J. No. 232 (TD) [Pourghasemi], which relies in a strict count of days. He determined that the Applicant failed to meet the requirement from Pourghasemi that she be physically present in Canada for at least 1095 days out of the four years immediately preceding her application for citizenship.
6 In coming to this conclusion, the Judge noted that the Applicant declared 156 worth days of absences from Canada in her citizenship application, but 205 on her Residence Questionnaire. Likewise, he found that the Applicant was physically present in Canada for 958 days according to her citizenship application, but 909 days according to her Residence Questionnaire.
7 The Judge also concluded that he was unable to calculate the number of days of the Applicant's presence in Canada because her History of Entries to Canada [ICES Report] conflicts with information provided by the Applicant. In particular, he noted that the Applicant's ICES Report lists 49 exits from and entries into Canada, while her Residence Questionnaire lists 44. Further, only 19 of those listed on the ICES Report were verified against the Applicant's Residence Questionnaire.
8 The Judge noted that the Applicant's history with the Ontario Ministry of Health and other documents submitted are passive indicators of residence in Canada.
9 The Judge found that the Applicant had the burden to prove her physical presence in Canada via consistent and reliable evidence, but did not do so (Atwani v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2011 FC 1353 at paras 12, 18).
10 The relevant statutory provisions under consideration are attached as Annex A.
· III.
Standard of Review
11 The first issue involves a question that has been the subject of much debate and uncertainty in the jurisprudence.
12 In Gavriluta v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2013 FC 705 at para 27, Justice Elizabeth Heneghan stated that the appropriate standard of review is reasonableness. Her rationale was based on Lam v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [1999] F.C.J. No. 410 at para 14 [Lam], where Chief Justice Lutfy, as he then was, stated that a citizenship judge has discretion to choose one of three legal tests to assess the residency requirement. Given this discretion, a citizenship judge's decision to select one of these tests should be reviewed on the standard of reasonableness (Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick, 2008 SCC 9, at para 53 [Dunsmuir]).
13 However, this issue involves the selection of an appropriate legal test to determine whether the requirements of 5(1)(c) of the Act are met. As this is a question of law of central importance to the legal system, I believe that the appropriate standard of review is correctness (Dunsmuir, above, at para 60), as been held in several cases (Ghosh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2013 FC 282 at para 18; Martinez-Caro v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2011 FC 460 at para 52 [Martinez-Caro]; El Ocla v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2011 FC 533 at paras 17-18).
14 The second issue, as a question of mixed fact and law, is reviewable on the standard of reasonableness. The third question is one of procedural fairness and is reviewable on the standard of correctness (Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Takla, 2009 FC 1120).
· IV.
15 The Applicant argues that the Judge ought to have conducted a qualitative assessment of the evidence submitted which showed the quality of her ties to Canada. The Applicant suggests that such an assessment would allow her to meet the residency requirement, despite not satisfying the physical presence test.
16 The Applicant submitted over 300 pages of documents with her Residence Questionnaire to demonstrate her attachment to Canada. Other than a blanket statement that he considered the evidence, there is no indication that the Judge undertook a qualitative assessment.
17 The Applicant notes that the documents submitted show a detailed and continuous history of employment, residence, taxes, and auto and health insurance in Canada. Furthermore, they show evidence of her establishment via documentation relating to her husband, child and various community initiatives with which she is involved. The Respondent notes that this constitutes overwhelming evidence that she would meet the residency requirement if a qualitative assessment were conducted.
18 The selection of the appropriate test to establish the residency requirement in 5(1)(c) of the Act is the subject of much debate, as three distinct tests have emerged from the jurisprudence of the Federal Court.
19 The tests originate from Pourghasemi, Re Papadogiorgakis [1978] 2 F.C. 208 [Papadogiorgakis], and Koo (Re), [1993] 1 F.C. 286 [Koo]. The Pourghasemi test is the most restrictive: it requires a quantitative assessment of the number of days the applicant has physically spent in Canada in order to determine whether they have met the residency requirement in 5(1)(c) of the Act. In contrast, the tests from Papadogiorgakis and Koo make an additional qualitative assessment. They ask whether the applicant, while not meeting the physical presence requirement as articulated in Pourghasemi, can nonetheless meet the residency requirement based on the quality of their attachment to Canada. The tests from Papadogiorgakis ("centralized mode of living") and Koo ("substantial connection") both take different approaches to undertaking this qualitative assessment, but fundamentally ask the same question.
20 The availability of the differing tests has endured because section 16 of the Act limits citizenship appeals to the Federal Court. As no appeal lies with the Federal Court of Appeal, there has been no unifying authority to guide trial decisions on this issue. Owing to this and the absence of legislated guidance by Parliament, various decisions by the Federal Court have taken different roads in determining which test or tests should be used by a citizenship judge in assessing the residency requirement in 5(1)(c) of the Act.
21 The first approach is the one advanced by the Applicant on the basis of the precedent in Lam, above: a citizenship judge may apply any of the three tests described above.
22 A second approach was first articulated in Chen v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2001 FCT 1229, and adopted in the Martinez-Caro decision. In Martinez-Caro, Justice Rennie concluded that principles of statutory interpretation dictate that the residency requirement in 5(1)(c) of the Act must be assessed using the strict physical presence test from Pourghasemi.
23 The third is a hybrid approach. Justice James O'Reilly in Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Nandre, 2003 FCT 650 at para 12, held that if the physical presence test from Pourghasemi is not met, one of the qualitative tests should be considered if an applicant has submitted evidence that would allow such an assessment. Justice O'Reilly later clarified that the Koo test should be the qualitative test used in this hybrid approach (Dedaj v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2010 FC 777 at para 7).
24 I find the reasoning by Justice Rennie, at paras 29-34 of Martinez-Caro, compelling:
· 29 On a plain and ordinary reading of the statute, as a whole, Parliament has expressly defined the degree or extent of latitude or flexibility to be granted to putative citizens. Residence speaks of presence, not absence. In my view, the qualitative tests do not adequately take into account either the literal meaning of the section nor the requirement that the statute be read as a whole. The qualitative approach also leaves unanswered how or under what principle of statutory interpretation the Court imports into otherwise precise language greater absences or periods of non-residency greater than those already expressly defined by Parliament. There is, in sum, no principle of interpretation that would support the extension of periods of absences beyond the one year expressly provided by Parliament. Absent an issue of constitutionality the language of Parliament prevails and which a court, having reached a conclusion as to its interpretation, must apply.
· 30 In construing the statute, the fundamental question, therefore, is, why did Parliament prescribe at least three years of residency in the four years preceding the application? The use of the words at least, in the Act indicates that 1,095 days is the minimum number of days a given citizenship applicant must accumulate. Parliament provided to would-be citizens the flexibility to accumulate 1,095 days over the course of four years, or 1,460 days. Accumulation by its ordinary meaning, imports a quantitative analysis. A test of accumulation is, quite separate and distinct from tests of citizenship based on intention or where one centers ones life. Intention cannot be accumulated as the statute dictates nor does the concept of "centralizing ones mode of life" fit well with the quantitative elements of the words at least.
· 31 Subsection 5 (1.1) has seldom been addressed in considering the definition of residency. It provides:
· 5 (1.1) Any day during which an applicant for citizenship resided with the applicant's spouse who at the time was a Canadian citizen and was employed outside of Canada in or with the Canadian armed forces or the federal public administration or the public service of a province, otherwise than as a locally engaged person, shall be treated as equivalent to one day of residence in Canada for the purposes of paragraph (1)(c) and subsection 11(1).
· 5 (1.1) Est assimilé à un jour de résidence au Canada pour l'application de l'alinéa (1)c) et du paragraphe 11(1) tout jour pendant lequel l'auteur d'une demande de citoyenneté a résidé avec son époux ou conjoint de fait alors que celui-ci était citoyen et était, sans avoir été engagé sur place, au service, à l'étranger, des forces armées canadiennes ou de l'administration publique fédérale ou de celle d'une province.
· The plain reading of subsection 5 (1.1) reinforces the conclusion arising from a reading of the statute as a whole, namely that periods spent outside of Canada, by non-citizens, would not, save in the limited circumstances described, count. Parliament thus expressly contemplated the period of time during which putative citizens could be out of the country and in what circumstances. In my opinion, based on the plain reading of the text the requirement of three-year residence within a four-year period has been expressly designed to allow for one year's physical absence during the four-year period.
· 32 Again, returning to the first principle of interpretation, residency signifies presence, not absence, in both official languages. The French version is equally authoritative as the English, and points to the same conclusion as to Parliament's intent.
· 33 This interpretation is not new. It has a long antecedence which can be traced back to the decision of Pratte J. in Blaha, Nadon J. in Chen, and Muldoon J. in Re Pourghasemi. It finds its most recent expression in the decision of this Court in Sarvarian v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2010 FC 1117, of Justice Mosley in Hao and Justice Gauthier in Alinaghizadeh.
· 34 To conclude on the question of statutory interpretation, I note that Parliament conferred on the Citizenship Court judge the discretion to make recommendations to the Minister of Citizenship that citizenship be granted in cases of exceptional circumstances. The discretion to relieve from any undue hardship or unfairness, such as when an individual was kept out of Canada for reasons beyond their control were thus contemplated and addressed in subsection 5(4), and to read the same discretion into the very definition of residency, is to import, indirectly, that which Parliament has already addressed directly in subsection 5(4). It also, in effect, renders that discretionary power nugatory. Why else would it be necessary to make a recommendation to the Minister if, by the selection of a more lenient standard, citizenship can be conferred?
25 While I have sympathy for the frustration of the Applicant in the inconsistent approaches taken both at the Citizenship Commission level and in this Court, I find that based on the plain and ordinary reading of the statute, the strict physical presence test is the principled approach to take.
26 The Applicant argues that the Judge erred in finding that there was an inconsistency between the number of days that the Applicant stated that she was absent from Canada in her citizenship application (156) versus her Residence Questionnaire (205). Likewise, the Applicant takes issue with the Judge's finding that the number of days she was physically present in Canada was inconsistent between these two sources.
27 The Applicant argues that this distinction is explainable, because the method of calculating days for purposes of 5(1)(c) of the Act differs depending on whether the days accumulated before or after the Applicant became a permanent resident while residing in Canada, as per 5(1)(i) and 5(1)(ii) of the Act. The Applicant notes that she listed 205 absences in total on her citizenship application, but 98 were in the period before she became a permanent resident. As per 5(1)(i), each day absent from Canada which occurred prior to her becoming a permanent residence is equal to one half-day for the purposes of fulfilling the residency requirement in 5(1)(c). Accordingly, these 98 days become 49 days for the purpose of the Act. Adding these to the remaining 107 days of absence, which occurred after she received permanent residency, the total is 156 days. This is consistent with the absences stated on her Residence Questionnaire.
28 The Applicant also states that she noted 207 absences on her questionnaire, not 205 as the Judge suggests, as she remembered subsequent to filing her application that she was absent from Canada for an additional two days before she became a permanent resident. She acknowledges that, for the purposes of the Act, there is a discrepancy of one day between her citizenship application and her Residence Questionnaire.
29 I agree with the Applicant that the discrepancy between the dates cited by the Judge is explainable. However, in light of the fact that neither the absences cited on the Applicant's citizenship application or her Residence Questionnaire add up to 1095 days of physical presence in Canada, this explanation is irrelevant to the Citizenship Judge's conclusion. As such, I do not find the Judge's decision to be unreasonable.
30 The Applicant argues two aspects of procedural fairness. First, she argues she had legitimate expectations as to which residency test would be used. Second, she claims that she was not given an opportunity to respond to a negative credibility finding made against her. The procedural fairness grounds are determined without a reference to the source of the complaints (IE the residence questionnaire and the line in the judge's decision regarding credibility).
31 With regard to legitimate expectations, it is understandable that, when given a hearing despite not meeting the physical presence requirement, the Applicant might presume that a qualitative analysis would be undertaken by the Judge.
32 However, I do not feel that any conduct or the representations made in the Residence Questionnaire could reasonably be described as "...clear, unambiguous and unqualified" as per CUPE at para 131. At best, it could be said that a reasonable inference might be made that a qualitative assessment would be undertaken. This is not sufficient to establish a breach of procedural fairness.
33 Likewise, I do not believe that the Applicant's argument regarding the Judge's alleged credibility findings has merit. While it is not clear whether the Judge is referring to sufficiency of evidence or credibility in the statement brought into issue by the Applicant, on balance I believe his statement effectively indicates his finding that the Applicant has not met the physical presence requirement. It is not an indictment of her credibility which requires a response. In any event, given that she acknowledges she has not satisfied the physical presence test, ambiguity around the credibility of her evidence is immaterial.
34 I find that there was no breach of procedural fairness.
THIS COURT'S JUDGMENT is that:
This appeal is dismissed.
Labels: Canada citizenship, Canada immigration citizenship residency
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MARRIAGE BREAKDOWN, SPONSORSHIP WITHDRAWAL AND SUP...
TEMPORARY FOREIGN WORKER PROGRAM NEEDS MINOR TWEAK...
APPLICANT DENIED CITIZENSHIP, INSUFFICIENT TIME IN...


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International News 50 years ago....
Thread starter Sarge
God like member
conspiracy theories (did they/ didnt they land/ walk on the moon?) aside, 50 years ago this week.... 'actual ' moon landing date 20 July '69, 'actual' moon walk by Armstrong & Aldrin 21 July '69
meanwhile back on terra firma, here in the UK, including Oxford, 1969 was the year British skinheads raised their cropped hair heads into the nation's consciousness as the latest youth sub culture ..... topical music of the time included this boss sound tune ....
Reactions: Oldham
^ which gave birth to this timeless classic boss sound.....
over in Italy, then young engineering designer Bertone was responsible for the Luna line Lambretta models ( inspired by the USA Apollo moon expedition).....
Bertone also designed arguably the finest Lambretta scooter ever, the Grand Prix ... available as a 125, 150 and the flagship 200 model... launched in 1969 ....
Last edited: 16 Jul 2019
Godfather of Jamaican ska music Laurel Aitken acknowledged the British skinhead youth subculture that spread nationally in 1969 , ( as did mods in '64), too...
influences drawn from the spirit of '69 spread worldwide over the decades .... in 2010 King Hammond released this boss sounds inspired track , with rare archive footage of original skinheads from '69 & '70 in the accompanying video- including skinheads on the terraces at football ....
Last trip down memory lane for me (probably) to my teenage years, Desmond Dekker and the Aces , the first live band I ever saw (Oxford town hall) had a hit single with this classic .....
pooshooter
Suppose its plausible man could travel to the moon, but how the hell did they get back. There was no powerful rockets to propel the capsule back from the surface of the moon was there?
Marked Ox
pooshooter said:
Exactly how did man return from the moon? - Quora
www.quora.com
This includes a link to the NASA flight plan.
ZeroTheHero
What, to escape the huge gravity of the moon? And the thing that flew back wasn't just the landing module!
LeftSideBoy
Show me the telemetry data (which has magically been lost - ya know, the most important journey made my man in history just vanishes) and then ill entertain the idea that it happened. Until then, it was a stage managed event put on by Stanley Kubric and the CIA to win the space race against the soviets. Stanley confessed to this in his dying days...
Also, people seem to forget about the Van Allen radiation belt. No way with their technology at the time they could have travelled through that, safely.
Secondly, the famous photo of the lander coming down on the moon - given the fact the astronauts were inside of the capsule, who took that then? So many issues with the official story.
Here is an exert from Bill Clintons autobiography. This to me is pretty telling, considering his status and government involvment:
"Just a month before, Apollo 11 astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong had left their colleague, Michael Collins, aboard spaceship Columbia and walked on the moon...The old carpenter asked me if I really believed it happened. I said sure, I saw it on television. He disagreed; he said that he didn't believe it for a minute, that 'them television fellers' could make things look real that weren't. Back then, I thought he was a crank. During my eight years in Washington, I saw some things on TV that made me wonder if he wasn't ahead of his time."
Reactions: ZeroTheHero
Here's why some think the Apollo 11 moon landing was fake
Despite being heralded as one of the greatest human achievements ever, just half a century later 1 in 10 Americans still claim the 1969 moon landing was faked.
www.standard.co.uk
Moon landing conspiracy theories aren't true - here's how we know - CBBC Newsround
Fifty years after the first Moon landing, some people still don't believe that it actually happened. Here's how we know that it did.
Conspiracy theories debunked. If it was a US Govt trick, I'm impressed that the 400,000 people involved managed to keep quiet about it.
Reactions: Oslernorth
Marked Ox said:
Its called compartmentalisation; as with anything to do with government activity. Are you saying 9/11 was as told because the government would have had to have fooled 1000's on that day and in the months leading up to it? Rubbish. That BBC article is shocking and ties in nicely with their information bias. You honestly think the BBC would come out and say it was a hoax when they benefit financially from peddling stories and shows about it? Absolutely not.
Anything else? Sounds like you don't 'believe' in the moon landings and 'think' that 9/11 was some sort of conspiracy as well. Is the earth flat? Did dinosaurs exist? Are aliens real? Is the queen a reptile from Venus? I think we ought to know...
ZeroTheHero said:
If you are telling me that 9/11 is as told by the US government then I'm sorry, I shall leave this here and revert to footballing matters because you obviously haven't done any critical research into the topic. Regarding alien life, of course it exists. Anyone with an ounce of scientific understanding will achknowledge that the universe is too vast for humans to be the only advannced civilization in the universe. To believe we are as good as it gets is borderline arrogance.
LeftSideBoy said:
One of the astronauts also reported alien activity and filmed it. That got mysteriously lost also.
Reactions: LeftSideBoy
Reactions: Sarge and LeftSideBoy
International News 74 years ago today In the news 5 23 Apr 2020
Viagogo In the news 8 19 Mar 2019
International News 74 years ago today
Started by Sarge
Started by Gary Baldi
Yellows Style


Great News! The New Jersey State Board of Public Utilities (BPU) has approved the nuclear energy subsidy by a vote of 4-1.
1 day 17 hours ago - The US Postal Service retiree benefit promises and reprehensible politics. Massive liabilities will cost you eventually.


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