text:
Journal:Establishing a common nutritional vocabulary: From food production to diet
Full article title
Establishing a common nutritional vocabulary: From food production to diet
Frontiers in Nutrition
Andrés-Hernández, Liliana; Blumberg, Kai; Walls, Ramona L.; Dooley, Damion; Mauleon, Ramil; Lange, Matthew; Weber, Magalie; Chan, Lauren; Malik, Adnan; Møller, Anders; Ireland, Jayne; Segovia, Lucia; Zhang, Xuhuiqun; Burton-Freeman, Britt; Magelli, Paul; Schriever, Andrew; Forester, Shavawn M.; Liu, Lei; King, Graham J.
Author affiliation(s)
Southern Cross University, University of Arizona, Critical Path Institute, Simon Fraser University, IC-FOODS, INRAE BIA, Oregon State University, EMBL-EBI, Danish Food Informatics, University of London, Illinois Institute of Technology, WISEcode LLC, Nutrient Institute LLC, University of Nottingham
graham dot king at scu dot edu dot au
Harsa, Hayriye S.
Volume and issue
Article #
10.3389/fnut.2022.928837
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.928837/full
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.928837/pdf (PDF)
3 Methods
4 Results and discussion
4.1 Context and use of major classes
4.2 CDNO for data curation and retrieval
6 Supplementary information
7 Acknowledgements
7.1 Author contributions
7.2 Funding
7.3 Data availability statement
7.4 Conflict of interest
Informed policy and decision-making for food systems, nutritional security, and global health would benefit from standardization and comparison of food composition data, spanning production to consumption. To address this challenge, we present a formal controlled vocabulary of terms, definitions, and relationships within the Compositional Dietary Nutrition Ontology (CDNO) that enables description of nutritional attributes for material entities contributing to the human diet. We demonstrate how ongoing community development of CDNO classes can harmonize trans-disciplinary approaches for describing nutritional components from food production to diet.
Keywords: dietary composition, food composition, ontologies, nutritional security, FAIR data, knowledge representation, human health
Food production and supply systems affect human nutrition and health in personalized and global contexts.[1] However, nutrition-based decisions and data are seldom integrated along the production and supply chain. This information may affect selection of cultivars and conservation of genetic resources, the management of food supply, processing and distribution, and analysis of dietary consumption patterns segmented by various demographics.[2] Although various conventions exist for naming individual chemicals and physical attributes of dietary components, comparison of data and feedback within food systems is often constrained by divergence in formal definitions and classifications.[3] The exchange of knowledge and operational data between domains would benefit from a consistent framework that defines nutritional and phytochemical composition, as well as other attributes of food, including their dietary role and physiological function.
Knowledge representation underpins communication, and it is particularly important for sharing complex data and information within and between diverse domains such as crop biodiversity, food supply, and nutrition.[4] Defining and classifying commonly understood terminology facilitates data acquisition, exchange, and interoperability, where formal systems of domain-specific controlled vocabularies such as ontologies contribute to the representation and sharing of complex knowledge.[5] They do this by defining terms with human-readable definitions alongside machine-readable relationships that facilitate the annotation, exchange, analysis, and interpretation of data.[6] Establishment of clearly defined ontology classes representing domain-specific terminology is the first step to building common platforms that are of practical value to data curators and to end-users searching for relevant information. An approachable lexical representation of objects or concepts from different perspectives, which also helps reduce ambiguities in terminology for non-specialists, is particularly important for describing datasets in food supply chains[7] (Supplementary Figure 1). For instance, nutritional composition may vary depending on factors such as cultivars, cultivation systems, processing variables, food storage, and preparation. Moreover, there is a need to distinguish between individual chemical components and the method by which their concentration is determined. In many standard food composition tables (FCTs) and databases (FCDBs), such information is often conflated or absent.[8]
The Open Biomedical and Biological Ontologies Foundry and Library (OBO) is responsible for the establishment and development of a wide range of formal vocabularies in the life sciences and related domains.[9] The OBO includes the ontology for Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI)[10], which provides a valuable resource for structured sets of chemical definitions. OBO principles emphasize the value of reusing terms (formally known as "classes" or "properties") between ontologies. From these seeds the Compositional Dietary Nutrition Ontology (CDNO)[4] was born.
The development of the CDNO[4] was prompted by the need to follow the FAIR principles (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable)[11] of data sharing. CDNO was initially focused on vocabulary to describe nutritional components in plant-derived materials contributing to human diet, and particularly those that may vary according to crop variety or within genetic resource collections.[2][4] However, we found that the structured reusable definitions of nutritional components were equally applicable to a wide range of food raw materials derived from livestock, fish, or any other organic or inorganic source described in the Food Ontology (FoodOn)[12] (Figure 1B).
Figure 1. Compositional Dietary Nutrition Ontology (CDNO) class relationships and interaction with FoodON. (A) Relationships and associations between major ontology classes. Solid symbols (circles and triangle) represent class hierarchies that may be used individually or in combination by curators to annotate datasets in the continuum between agriculture and health. Many terms within the "dietary nutritional component" (blue solid circle) hierarchy are imported and reused from ChEBI (purple arrow). Grey arrows indicate relationships between independent classes that may in the future be adopted where evidence is available. The "dietary nutritional component" [CDNO:0000001] provides a framework where terms are reused in the "concentration of dietary nutritional component in material entity" [CDNO:0200001] class hierarchy (green solid circle). A distinction is made between the latter class, and that required an independent "analytical methods" class (Figure 1, blue triangle) to provide vocabulary to describe analytical methods where terms would be used in combination to represent relevant metadata (Figure 1, green dotted arrow). The "dietary material physical attribute" class [CDNO:0400001] (cream solid circle) provides structured subclasses to describe properties that may inhere either in a food material or be associated with a specific "dietary nutritional component" [CDNO:0000001]. The "nutritional functional attribute" [CDNO:0300001] class hierarchy (pink solid circle) allows the description of quantifiable functional attributes that may be associated with or inhere in terms from the "dietary nutritional component" [CDNO:0000001] class hierarchy. Where evidence is available, terms from this class may also be associated with a human dietary role (Figure 1, pink dotted line). The "human dietary role" [CDNO:0500001] class (orange solid circle) includes structured terms representing biological roles that may be assigned to a specific "dietary nutritional component" [CDNO:0000001], where it is left to experts and data curators to assign supporting evidence that indicates a function defined at the levels of molecular interaction, cellular process, or physiological role. (B) The interaction between CDNO and FoodOn is shown with a purple double arrow. FoodOn reuses ~500 terms from the CDNO "dietary nutritional component" [CDNO:0000001] hierarchy within the "chemical food component" [FOODON:03411041] hierarchy (cyan solid circle). The FoodOn "food product by organism" [FOODON:00002381] class (olive solid circle) is not directly associated with CDNO classes, but can be used to describe a food source. These represent independent classes that may be combined and used in a relational, RDF, or graph database by data curators to annotate and perform information extraction based on particular evidence that may require annotation.
While developing and expanding CDNO, we have followed the OBO principles[13], which emphasize community development of interoperable ontologies. We focused on reuse and import of existing OBO terms, as well as ensuring open discussion within the CDNO GitHub repository.[14] In order to generate terms that are subclasses of CDNO "dietary nutritional component" [CDNO:0200001], a modified version of the Crop Dietary Nutrition Data Framework (CDN-DF) v.1.0 by Halimi et al.[15] was used, with definition and organization of additional terms arising from discussions with plant chemist domain specialists and curators from the International Network of Food Data Systems (INFOODs) collated by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)[16] , U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) FoodData Central[17], and the European Food Information Resource (EuroFIR)[18] food composition databases and repositories. The CDN-DF v.2.0 was used as an input for a Python script that parsed the CDN-DF_v.2.0.xlsx into the nutritional_components_framework.csv and sugar_derivatives.csv files, which were converted into input files for ROBOT templates. These templates were used to generate a revised organization of classes/terms compiled into the reference CDNO in a Web Ontology Language (OWL)[19] file. Dietary nutritional components not present in the ChEBI were proposed and accepted as new entities using the ChEBI submission tool and imported into CDNO. The remaining terms that did not fit within the ChEBI scope were formally defined in CDNO, supported by reference to peer reviewed literature and authoritative online resources. These terms were described by following existing ontology definition guidelines for development of genus-differentia definitions.[20] The class "concentration of dietary nutritional component in material entity" [CDNO:0200001], as well as its subclasses, were created using a Dead Simple OWL Design Pattern (DOS-DP)[21] modified from The Environment Ontology (ENVO).[22][23] The DOS-DP combined terms from the Phenotype and Trait Ontology (PATO)[24], CDNO, and the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)[25] with OWL equivalence axioms. The remaining major classes were proposed and discussed via the CDNO GitHub issue forum[14] and in online workshops and seminars.
The CDNO ontology and accompanying code was initially created using the Ontology-Development-Kit (ODK)[26], and later versions of CDNO were developed using the templates module from the ROBOT software.[27] The reference CDNO OWL file and the source code are available from the Github CDNO repository.[14] Additional database tables were added to the core CropStoreDB MySQL schema[28] to manage different nutritional data sources, along with an "ontology register" lookup table to CDNO, FoodOn, ChEBI, NCBI taxon[29] and Plant Ontology (PO)[30] terms.
CDNO is registered as part of the OBO Foundry, with terms and definitions searchable via Ontobee[31] or the Ontology Lookup Service (OLS).[32] Version 2.2 of the CDNO comprises five top level classes: "dietary nutritional component" [CDNO:0000001], "concentration of dietary nutritional component in material entity" [CDNO:0200001], "nutritional functional attribute" [CDNO:0300001], "dietary material physical attribute" [CDNO:0400001], and "human dietary role" [CDNO:0500001] (Figure 1A, above).
While dietary nutrients within food substrates are often present as complex and dynamic physical and chemical structures or mixtures, food labelling and FCTs/FCDBs typically represent proximate and individual chemical components, alongside properties such as energy. Within CDNO, the primary "dietary nutritional component" [CDNO:0000001] class is formally defined as, "A material entity taken in by an organism that contributes to the survival, growth, development, or other biological function of itself, its bionts, or its holobionts." This class is structured with 10 subclasses corresponding to the major commonly used proximate classifications of chemical food composition, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins. The component terms are organized in an acyclic hierarchical structure, with up to five additional levels. At present (v3.1), this class includes over 685 chemical terms, including 29 unique CDNO nutritional chemical components and their definitions. Within FoodOn, the "dietary nutritional component" [CDNO:0000001] class structure has been imported as a subclass of "chemical food component" [FOODON:03411041] class (Figure 1B). A similar hierarchical classification of dietary nutritional components that lacked ontological relationships and definitions had previously been proposed by the EuroFIR project.[18][33] The current versions of EuroFIR thesauri are available online.[34] This was shared following exchange of the original CDNO framework.
Ensuring interoperability of terms defined within CDNO, along with their labels and synonyms, requires ongoing consultation with a range of specialists from different domains. The "dietary nutritional component" [CDNO:0200001] class imports many terms defined within ChEBI, where relationships are primarily determined by formal chemical classifications. However, we were keen to establish a hierarchy that focuses on and accommodates terms organized according to sub-categories recognized by nutritionists and different domain experts, such as food scientists and chemists. We generated and defined subclasses as required, and we included synonyms used in different English-speaking countries. As an example, the term "available carbohydrate" [CDNO:0000003] has the synonym "digestible carbohydrate" according to Englyst et al.[35], but they should not be confused with the term "total carbohydrate" used in some food tables. The latter term is used in the USDA FCT to refer to a specific method used for carbohydrate determination, calculated by subtraction of the sum of the crude protein, total fat, moisture, and ash from the total weight of the food.[36] In order to accommodate such conceptual discrepancies and reduce ambiguity, the term "concentration of carbohydrate in material entity" [CDNO:0200005] can be used to refer to total carbohydrate, without making any assumption as to a specific type of carbohydrates.
Context and use of major classes
A major intended use of the "dietary nutritional component" [CDNO:0000001] class is to harmonize the annotation and exchange of dietary composition datasets from a diverse range of sources that quantify concentration of chemical nutritional components[37] (Figure 1; Supplementary Figure 2). These may include data generated by analytical laboratories for production, reference, and research (Figure 1A, above), as well as derived from existing FCTs/FCDBs or food labeling. Such data may also be used when evaluating evidence in relation to dietary role. The "concentration of dietary nutritional component in material entity" [CDNO:0200001] class is formally defined as, "The concentration of dietary nutritional component when measured in some material entity." In addition, the "dietary material physical attribute" [CDNO:0400001] class is defined as, "A physical property that inheres in a food material or one or more dietary nutritional components." This enables a formal distinction to be made between chemical components and physical properties (or qualities) such as "potential energy" that may inhere in a food material. At present, in most FCTs/FCDBs the tag for "energy" appears equivalent to or alongside chemical components such as sugars (Figure 1A, above).
We make an important distinction between the class "concentration of dietary nutritional component in material entity" [CDNO:0200001] and terms used to describe the analytical method, by which a specific concentration is established. Diverse methods and units of measurement are associated with quantitative data in research literature, for supply chain quality assurance and control, or to inform FCTs and labeling (Figure 1B, above). This requires appropriate vocabulary (potentially in an independent "analytical methods" class) to describe the distinct steps in the process to quantify concentration (Figure 1A, above), including methodologies and protocols used for sampling, extraction, and analysis that may re-use terms from existing ontologies such as the Chemical Method Ontology (CHMO)[38] and the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI).[39] Many (FCT/FCDB) tags conflate methods used and nutritional components measured, such as INFOODs tag names [GLYCERA], defined as "glycerides, total; determined by analysis," [LACSM] as "lactose; expressed in monosaccharide equivalents," or [CHOT] as "carbohydrate, total; calculated by summation." In the future, such tags could be annotated with a combination of a nutritional component and analytical method term IDs.
The CDNO team has recently received positive feedback for the classification and description of additional terms to address the increasing clinical, consumer, and market interest in the relationship among the nutritional composition of food and ingredients, their provenance, and their ability to affect personal and public health outcomes. There is a growing but dispersed evidence base associated with "functional foods" and "nutraceuticals." We therefore sought to provide a clear framework that distinguishes among chemical components and physical properties of material entities, the functional attributes they may possess, and any proposed associated human dietary role (Figure 1B, above, and Figure 2). The CDNO "nutritional functional attribute" [CDNO:0300001] class hierarchy (Figure 1A, above) is therefore defined as, "A functional attribute that inheres in one or more dietary nutritional components (or food material) and may contribute to a dietary role." This provides a structured vocabulary that allows description of quantifiable knowledge (Figure 1A, above), with terms such as "antioxidant status" or "glycemic index."
Figure 2. Vocabularies for annotating the food-to-health continuum. Schematic of proposed workflows using ontology classes to associate component concentration with independent concepts of nutritional attribute and dietary role. In data curation, each assignment requires identification of supporting evidence. Adoption of common vocabularies in diverse data repositories would facilitate data mining and inference. The FoodOn organismal source (olive solid circle) is used to filter available datasets, alongside the nutritional component terms (green solid circle). The structured vocabulary and definitions within the "nutritional functional attribute" class (pink solid circle) and the "human dietary role" class (orange solid circle) will then be available to represent concepts associated with one or more nutritional components, where a domain specialist has identified sufficient supporting evidence. These terms may be mapped and reused from existing OBO ontologies, such as the Experimental Factor Ontology (EFO)[40], the Human Phenotype Ontology (HP)[41], the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI), and the Ontology of Biological Attributes (OBA).[42]
In order to represent the distinct concepts relating to potential role in the context of health and wellbeing, we then defined the "human dietary role" [CDNO:0500001] class as, "A biological role that may be assigned to a dietary nutritional component based on evidence, supported at the levels of molecular interaction, cellular process, or physiological role." The value of establishing these distinct classes is demonstrated by the ambiguity associated with use of the word "vitamin," which may refer either to a role [CHEBI:33229] and/or to a chemical entity [CDNO:0000014], depending on context. It is recognized that any conjecture made in relation to role [BFO:0000023] is dependent on an evidence base (Figure 2B, above), and so the terms defined within the "human dietary role" class hierarchy are made available primarily for data curators and specialists to associate or annotate with evidence-based datasets. Moreover, a role may be dependent on many variables, including but not limited to concentration (dose), physical form (bioavailability), demographic, genetic, developmental stage, and/or health status of the human subject, as well as intake of other dietary components. Such variables may be defined within other OBO ontologies such as the Ontology for Nutritional Studies (ONS)[43], which provides a framework for evidence-based studies structured according to various parameters, or the Environmental Conditions, Treatments, and Exposures Ontology (ECTO), which supports modelling of exposure processes such as dietary exposures.[44] We anticipate that further development of the CDNO classes described above may benefit from reuse of terms from additional OBO ontologies such as the Experimental Factor Ontology (EFO)[40], the Human Phenotype Ontology (HP)[41], OBI, and the Ontology of Biological Attributes (OBA).[42] However, substantial work between domain experts and OBO ontology curators will be required to resolve any discrepancies and allocate appropriate terms to the "nutritional functional attribute" or "human dietary role" classes (Figure 2, above).
CDNO for data curation and retrieval
The CDNO is a live open-source project that encourages regular discussion and enhancements to be proposed by stakeholders in the food supply and nutritional domain. Current updates by the CDNO developers are made in consultation with the OBO community. The value of a common vocabulary is demonstrated by the ease with which specific terms may be associated with distinct data sources. Since CDNO is expected to facilitate the compilation and analysis of a diverse range of datasets, we present a use case interface that demonstrates how variation in the concentration of nutritional components may be compared between datasets from different sources and levels of abstraction (Supplementary Figure 2).
Analytical samples may be derived from any stage in the characterization of biodiversity, plant breeding, cultivar improvement, and deployment, through the food production, processing and supply chains, as well as from food storage, preparation, consumption, and digestion (Supplementary Figure 1; Figure 1A, above). In many cases, the "concentration of dietary nutritional component in material entity" [CDNO:0200001] terms would be used to annotate data in a curation pipeline in conjunction with FoodOn terms that define organismal source (e.g., from crops, livestock, fisheries) and organismal part (e.g., grain, liver, fin) (Figure 1B, above).
In order to demonstrate a use case, we curated data that used a series of metadata terms to describe specific sets of nutritional component concentration data. This included the FoodOn "Food product by organism" [FOODON:00002381] class (Figure 1, above), and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) organismal classification ontology (NCBITaxon) entity (Supplementary Figure 2). We then developed an online data retrieval interface that allows selection of specific CDNO terms to filter and access multiple sources of nutritional data derived from a crop biodiversity database[45], a national food composition database[46], and a geospatial dietary nutrition study[47] (Supplementary Figure 2).
One valuable outcome of generating an ontology is the opportunity to include structured annotation within the reference OWL file. This may include authoritative citations, as well as formal cross-references to published databases and other reference data sources. We therefore incorporated provisional cross-references between specific terms and widely used FCT/FCDB tagnames/code numbers. For example, the term "concentration of proline in material entity" [CDNO:0200062] was associated with the tagname "PRO" from INFOODs and the code "1226" from the USDA. Ongoing maintenance of this feature will facilitate the harmonization of vocabularies used in different FCDBs.
CDNO is a new open-source, community-developed, web-accessible vocabulary providing a formal representation of commonly used dietary and nutritional terminology. Ongoing development of this ontology[48] will contribute toward data sharing and interoperability, particularly for initiatives where a wide range of foodstuffs are analyzed to diversify diet and agricultural production.[49] We anticipate that extending the range and harmonization of terminologies in food systems will facilitate the sourcing and management of nutritional resources and stimulate development of information-led markets.[50][51] In particular, there is scope for large-scale data integration that enables downstream meta-analyses to complement advances in human, crop, and livestock genomics and high-throughput analytical chemistry.
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.928837/full#supplementary-material
Supplementary Figure 1. Representation of nutritional information in the continuum between agriculture and health. Knowledge is represented in the context of different domains that may contribute to variation in nutritional outcomes. The symbols under each domain correspond to each of the major CDNO and FoodOn classes represented in Figure 1 (above).
Supplementary Figure 2. Use case of CDNO terms used to mine and compare data from diverse sources. Online graphical interface developed to demonstrate how the "concentration of dietary nutritional component in material entity" [CDNO:0200001] classes are associated with quantitative data derived from (i) genetic resources, (ii) food composition tables, and (iii) a geo-spatial study. Data associated with distinct data sources (see below) have been curated within a relational schema to enable semantic search and filtering based on annotation of key records, where ontology terms are managed within an "ontology register" table. The user may navigate the hierarchical class tree (here, CDNO v3.0) and select (green solid circle) a nutritional component (e.g., CDNO:0200138 - "calcium concentration"). Food or crop groups may be selected (olive solid circle) and then refined to, for example, specific crops or organismal parts used for food. Data from the filtered datasets may be represented by a combination of box-whisker plots, frequency distributions, or single values. Calcium concentration data were sourced to represent variation within (i) a crop biodiversity collection representing the vegetable Brassica oleracea genepool[52], the Brassica Information Portal[45]; (ii) vegetables and vegetable products from a food composition database, the Canadian Nutrient File[46][53]; and (iii) a geospatial study where crop-based edible food items were sampled from multiple locations in Malawi, with data presented for variation in the underutilized crop Moringa oleifera.[47] Recorded values have been adjusted to enable direct comparison on a consistent y-axis, as the original units varied according to each study, as (i) %, (ii) mg/100g, and (iii) mg per kg. For (ii), as for many food composition databases, only single values per nutrient component per food are available[15], although the number of original samples from which the mean value is derived is stated.
The authors thank Edward Joy for valuable discussion about the geospatial nutritional data. The authors also thank the Open Biomedical Ontologies personnel who participated in the development, release, and constant improvement of this work. The authors also thank Naomi Fukagawa from the USDA for providing feedback on the initial CDN-DF framework.
LA-H, KB, RW, DD, RM, and GK were members of the working group that conceptualized and design of the CDNO. LA-H, KB, RW, DD, RM, ML, MW, LC, AMa, AMø, JI, LS, XZ, BB-F, PM, SF, AS, LL, and GK provided significant analysis and interpretation of research data. LA-H and GK wrote the first draft of the manuscript. KB and LA-H created the codebase for the CDNO. All authors provided critical revisions on manuscript drafts and approved the final manuscript.
LA-H performed this work as part of a scholarship from Southern Cross University and Crops For the Future, with additional and subsequent post-doc funding from WISEcode, LLC.
The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found at: https://github.com/Southern-Cross-Plant-Science/cdno.
PM and AS are employed by WISECode, LLC. This study received funding from WISECode, LLC. The funder had the following involvement with the study: provision of domain-specific know-how in establishing scope of the ontology and classes, along with key insights into practical end use in data management. SF was employed by Nutrient Institute, LLC.
The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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↑ Charrondiere, U. Ruth; Burlingame, Barbara (1 June 2011). "Report on the FAO/INFOODS Compilation Tool: A simple system to manage food composition data" (in en). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 24 (4-5): 711–715. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2010.09.006. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0889157510002620.
↑ Haytowitz, David B.; Pehrsson, Pamela R. (1 January 2018). "USDA's National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP) produces high-quality data for USDA food composition databases: Two decades of collaboration" (in en). Food Chemistry 238: 134–138. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.082. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308814616319331.
↑ 18.0 18.1 Moller, A; Unwin, I; Becker, W; Ireland, J (1 August 2007). "EuroFIR's food databank systems for nutrients and bioactives" (in en). Trends in Food Science & Technology 18 (8): 428–433. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2007.02.003. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924224407000490.
↑ Bechhofer, Sean (2009), Liu, Ling; Özsu, M. Tamer, eds., "OWL: Web Ontology Language" (in en), Encyclopedia of Database Systems (Boston, MA: Springer US), doi:10.1007/978-0-387-39940-9_1073, ISBN 978-0-387-35544-3, http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-0-387-39940-9_1073
↑ Seppälä, S.; Ruttenberg, A.; Smith, B. (2017). "Guidelines for writing definitions in ontologies". Ciência da Informação 46 (1): 73–88. doi:10.18225/ci.inf..v46i1.4015. https://revista.ibict.br/ciinf/article/view/4015.
↑ Osumi-Sutherland, David; Courtot, Melanie; Balhoff, James P.; Mungall, Christopher (1 December 2017). "Dead simple OWL design patterns" (in en). Journal of Biomedical Semantics 8 (1): 18. doi:10.1186/s13326-017-0126-0. ISSN 2041-1480. PMC PMC5460348. PMID 28583177. https://jbiomedsem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13326-017-0126-0.
↑ Buttigieg, Pier; Morrison, Norman; Smith, Barry; Mungall, Christopher J; Lewis, Suzanna E; the ENVO Consortium (2013). "The environment ontology: contextualising biological and biomedical entities" (in en). Journal of Biomedical Semantics 4 (1): 43. doi:10.1186/2041-1480-4-43. ISSN 2041-1480. PMC PMC3904460. PMID 24330602. http://jbiomedsem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-1480-4-43.
↑ Buttigieg, Pier Luigi; Pafilis, Evangelos; Lewis, Suzanna E.; Schildhauer, Mark P.; Walls, Ramona L.; Mungall, Christopher J. (1 December 2016). "The environment ontology in 2016: bridging domains with increased scope, semantic density, and interoperation" (in en). Journal of Biomedical Semantics 7 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/s13326-016-0097-6. ISSN 2041-1480. PMC PMC5035502. PMID 27664130. https://jbiomedsem.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13326-016-0097-6.
↑ Gkoutos, Georgios V; Green, Eain CJ; Mallon, Ann-Marie; Hancock, John M; Davidson, Duncan (2004). "[No title found"]. Genome Biology 6 (1): R8. doi:10.1186/gb-2004-6-1-r8. PMC PMC549069. PMID 15642100. http://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2004-6-1-r8.
↑ Smith, B. (2012). "On Classifying Material Entities in Basic Formal Ontology". Interdisciplinary Ontology: Proceedings of the Third Interdisciplinary Ontology Meeting: 1–13. https://philarchive.org/rec/SMIOCM.
↑ OBO Technical WG (2012). "Creating a new Ontology using the ODK". OBO Foundry. https://ontology-development-kit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/NewRepo.html. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
↑ Jackson, Rebecca C.; Balhoff, James P.; Douglass, Eric; Harris, Nomi L.; Mungall, Christopher J.; Overton, James A. (1 December 2019). "ROBOT: A Tool for Automating Ontology Workflows" (in en). BMC Bioinformatics 20 (1): 407. doi:10.1186/s12859-019-3002-3. ISSN 1471-2105. PMC PMC6664714. PMID 31357927. https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12859-019-3002-3.
↑ Leibovici, Didier G.; Anand, Suchith; Santos, Roberto; Mayes, Sean; Ray, Rumiana; Al-Azri, Masoud; Baten, Abdul; King, Graham et al. (1 December 2017). "Geospatial binding for transdisciplinary research in crop science: the GRASPgfs initiative" (in en). Open Geospatial Data, Software and Standards 2 (1): 20. doi:10.1186/s40965-017-0034-3. ISSN 2363-7501. http://opengeospatialdata.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40965-017-0034-3.
↑ Schulz, S.; Stenzhorn, H.; Boeker, M. (1 July 2008). "The ontology of biological taxa" (in en). Bioinformatics 24 (13): i313–i321. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btn158. ISSN 1367-4803. PMC PMC2718636. PMID 18586729. https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/bioinformatics/btn158.
↑ Jaiswal, Pankaj; Ware, Doreen; Ni, Junjian; Chang, Kuan; Zhao, Wei; Schmidt, Steven; Pan, Xiaokang; Clark, Kenneth et al. (2002). "Gramene: Development and Integration of Trait and Gene Ontologies for Rice" (in en). Comparative and Functional Genomics 3 (2): 132–136. doi:10.1002/cfg.156. ISSN 1531-6912. PMC PMC2447246. PMID 18628886. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijg/2002/432674/abs/.
↑ "Compositional Dietary Nutrition Ontology". Ontobee. He Group. https://ontobee.org/ontology/CDNO. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
↑ "Compositional Dietary Nutrition Ontology". Ontology Lookup Service. EMBL-EBI. https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/cdno. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
↑ Møller, A.; Unwin, I.D.; Ireland, J. et al. (2008). "The EuroFIR Thesauri 2008" (PDF). ISBN 9788792125095. http://archives.foodcomp.info/eurofir/Downloads/Thesauri/EuroFIR%20Thesauri%202008.pdf.
↑ European Food Information Resource (2022). "EuroFIR Thesauri". European Food Information Resource. https://www.eurofir.org/our-resources/eurofir-thesauri/. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
↑ Englyst, K N; Liu, S; Englyst, H N (1 December 2007). "Nutritional characterization and measurement of dietary carbohydrates" (in en). European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61 (S1): S19–S39. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602937. ISSN 0954-3007. https://www.nature.com/articles/1602937.
↑ Cummings, J H; Stephen, A M (1 December 2007). "Carbohydrate terminology and classification" (in en). European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61 (S1): S5–S18. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602936. ISSN 0954-3007. https://www.nature.com/articles/1602936.
↑ Finglas, Paul M.; Berry, Rachel; Astley, Siân (1 September 2014). "Assessing and Improving the Quality of Food Composition Databases for Nutrition and Health Applications in Europe: The Contribution of EuroFIR" (in en). Advances in Nutrition 5 (5): 608S–614S. doi:10.3945/an.113.005470. ISSN 2156-5376. PMC PMC4188244. PMID 25469406. https://academic.oup.com/advances/article/5/5/608S/4565780.
↑ Batchelor, C. (2021). "rsc-ontologies / rsc-cmo". GitHub. https://github.com/rsc-ontologies/rsc-cmo. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
↑ Bandrowski, Anita; Brinkman, Ryan; Brochhausen, Mathias; Brush, Matthew H.; Bug, Bill; Chibucos, Marcus C.; Clancy, Kevin; Courtot, Mélanie et al. (29 April 2016). Xue, Yu. ed. "The Ontology for Biomedical Investigations" (in en). PLOS ONE 11 (4): e0154556. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154556. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC PMC4851331. PMID 27128319. https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154556.
↑ 40.0 40.1 Malone, James; Adamusiak, Tomasz; Holloway, Ele; Parkinson, Helen (25 September 2009). "Developing an application ontology for annotation of experimental variables – Experimental Factor Ontology" (in en). Nature Precedings 10. doi:10.1038/npre.2009.3806.1. ISSN 1756-0357. http://www.nature.com/articles/npre.2009.3806.1.
↑ 41.0 41.1 Robinson, Peter N.; Köhler, Sebastian; Bauer, Sebastian; Seelow, Dominik; Horn, Denise; Mundlos, Stefan (1 November 2008). "The Human Phenotype Ontology: A Tool for Annotating and Analyzing Human Hereditary Disease" (in en). The American Journal of Human Genetics 83 (5): 610–615. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.09.017. PMC PMC2668030. PMID 18950739. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002929708005351.
↑ 42.0 42.1 "TermGenie for the ontology of biological attributes (OBA)". 2016. http://oba.termgenie.org/. Retrieved 09 March 2022.
↑ the ENPADASI consortium; Vitali, Francesco; Lombardo, Rosario; Rivero, Damariz; Mattivi, Fulvio; Franceschi, Pietro; Bordoni, Alessandra; Trimigno, Alessia et al. (1 December 2018). "ONS: an ontology for a standardized description of interventions and observational studies in nutrition" (in en). Genes & Nutrition 13 (1): 12. doi:10.1186/s12263-018-0601-y. ISSN 1555-8932. PMC PMC5928560. PMID 29736190. https://genesandnutrition.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12263-018-0601-y.
↑ Chan, Lauren; Thessen, Anne; Duncan, William D.; Matentzoglu, Nicolas; Schmitt, Charles; Grondin, Cynthia; Vasilevsky, Nicole; McMurry, Julie et al. (15 March 2022). "The Environmental Conditions, Treatments, and Exposures Ontology (ECTO): Connecting Toxicology and Exposure to Human Health and Beyond" (in en). Zenodo. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.6360645. https://zenodo.org/record/6360645.
↑ 45.0 45.1 Eckes, Annemarie H.; Gubała, Tomasz; Nowakowski, Piotr; Szymczyszyn, Tomasz; Wells, Rachel; Irwin, Judith A.; Horro, Carlos; Hancock, John M. et al. (12 April 2017). "Introducing the Brassica Information Portal: Towards integrating genotypic and phenotypic Brassica crop data" (in en). F1000Research 6: 465. doi:10.12688/f1000research.11301.1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC PMC5428495. PMID 28529710. https://f1000research.com/articles/6-465/v1.
↑ 46.0 46.1 Deeks, Josephine; Verreault, Marie-France; Cheung, Winnie (1 December 2017). "Canadian Nutrient File (CNF): Update on Canadian food composition activities" (in en). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 64: 43–47. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2017.04.009. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S088915751730100X.
↑ 47.0 47.1 Joy, Edward J.M.; Broadley, Martin R.; Young, Scott D.; Black, Colin R.; Chilimba, Allan D.C.; Ander, E. Louise; Barlow, Thomas S.; Watts, Michael J. (1 February 2015). "Soil type influences crop mineral composition in Malawi" (in en). Science of The Total Environment 505: 587–595. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.038. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969714014764.
↑ "Compositional Dietary Nutrition Ontology (CDNO)". Southern Cross University. https://www.cdno.info/. Retrieved 08 April 2022.
↑ Cifelli, Christopher J (8 December 2021). "Looking beyond traditional nutrients: the role of bioactives and the food matrix on health" (in en). Nutrition Reviews 79 (Supplement_2): 1–3. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuab100. ISSN 0029-6643. PMC PMC8653941. PMID 34879144. https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/79/Supplement_2/1/6457114.
↑ Mazac, Rachel; Tuomisto, Hanna L. (18 March 2020). "The Post-Anthropocene Diet: Navigating Future Diets for Sustainable Food Systems" (in en). Sustainability 12 (6): 2355. doi:10.3390/su12062355. ISSN 2071-1050. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/6/2355.
↑ Zeb, Akhtar; Soininen, Juha-Pekka; Sozer, Nesli (1 May 2021). "Data harmonisation as a key to enable digitalisation of the food sector: A review" (in en). Food and Bioproducts Processing 127: 360–370. doi:10.1016/j.fbp.2021.02.005. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960308521000237.
↑ Broadley, Martin R.; Hammond, John P.; King, Graham J.; Astley, Dave; Bowen, Helen C.; Meacham, Mark C.; Mead, Andrew; Pink, David A.C. et al. (3 April 2008). "Shoot Calcium and Magnesium Concentrations Differ between Subtaxa, Are Highly Heritable, and Associate with Potentially Pleiotropic Loci in Brassica oleracea" (in en). Plant Physiology 146 (4): 1707–1720. doi:10.1104/pp.107.114645. ISSN 1532-2548. PMC PMC2287345. PMID 18281414. https://academic.oup.com/plphys/article/146/4/1707/6107189.
↑ "Canadian Nutrient File (CNF), 2015". Government of Canada. 3 June 2016. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/healthy-eating/nutrient-data/canadian-nutrient-file-2015-download-files.html. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
This presentation is faithful to the original, with only a few minor changes to presentation and updates to spelling and grammar. In some cases important information was missing from the references, and that information was added.
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Summer 2013 Edition of Water Waves Now Online!
Posted in Events, Lake Levels, Legislation, News, Photos	| Comments Off on Summer 2013 Edition of Water Waves Now Online!
Posted in Lake Levels, News	| Tagged alabama power, ferc, lake lfevels, logan martin lake level	| Comments Off on Where's The Water?


text:
Circadian clock discovery could help boost water efficiency in food plants
A discovery by Texas A&M AgriLife Research scientists in Dallas provides new insights about the biological or circadian clock, how it regulates high water-use efficiency in some plants, and how others, including food plants, might be improved for the same efficiency, possibly to grow in conditions uninhabitable for them today.
The scientists in their study, published in the journal Genome Biology and Evolution at http://bit.ly/2xOZr1M, identify 1,398 transcription factors, proteins that regulate expression of certain genes in pineapple. Of those, nearly half exhibited time-of-day specific or diurnal gene expression patterns, which could be important in uncovering the genetic controls for water use in plants.
A graph from a recent scientific publication by Texas A&M AgriLife Research scientists in Dallas shows gene expression patterns at different times of day in two sections of the pineapple plant: one that contributes to photosynthesis (green leaf tip) and one that does not (white leaf base.) (Texas A&M AgriLife illustration)
"This is an important step in understanding the overall circadian regulation of water-efficient photosynthesis and how that efficiency might be replicated in other plants, namely food crops," said Dr. Qingyi Yu, AgriLife Research associate professor of plant genomics in Dallas.
Her team's study comes on the heels of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, awarded this year for discoveries related to the molecular mechanisms that control circadian rhythm.
Yu's group focused on pineapple, a water-efficient tropical plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism or CAM photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, CAM plants open their stomata at night to facilitate water-efficient gas exchange compared to C3 plants, whose less water-efficient gas exchange occurs during the day. The majority of food crops, including rice, wheat, soybean and cotton, use C3 photosynthesis.
Texas A&M AgriLife Illustration by Gabe Saldana
Researchers found certain genes regulated by the biological clock to express similarly in two tissue types of the pineapple plant: those that contribute to photosynthesis and those that do not. The finding represents a new paradigm for identifying core clock genes, Yu said. The method revealed what might be components of the circadian clock or oscillator that regulates CAM activity.
The discovery is a leap in understanding the genetic mechanisms of highly water-efficient CAM photosynthesis and using the knowledge for crop production in the future, Yu said.
"We believe at some point we can improve water intensive C3 plants to the extent that they also employ CAM photosynthesis," she said. "By understanding these genetic controls, we can help plants adapt to changing climates, possibly growing food in environments where it would be impossible today."
Yu said the next step in the ongoing research is to confirm the functions of the prospective circadian oscillator.
Source: AgriLife Today (Gabe Saldana)
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2022-01-14 Changhua's cherry tomatoes have been fully ordered before harvesting
2022-01-14 Gigantic cabbage from southern Taiwan 'listens to music' every day
2022-01-14 UK: 12,000 tomatoes from two plants at Sea Spring Seeds
2022-01-14 Vertical technology keeps strawberries warm in gutters
2022-01-13 "The container is essential to determine the quality of the plant"
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Did you know that Earth Day was celebrated by over a BILLION people last year?
That is an incredible number, right?
SALT LAKE CITY – A man died after police said he jumped out of a moving vehicle early Saturday morning.


text:
Nan Freeman
Nan Freeman was born in Houston Texas in 1944; she studied at Smith College (BA), the University of Pennsylvania (MA), Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (PhD.) and the School of the Museum of Fine Arts Boston.
Her art work has been shown extensively in the US including major museum solo exhibitions at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and the Gibson House Museum, and internationally in many venues, with solo shows in Vienna, Istanbul, Manama Bahrain, and Hofsos Iceland. In 2005 she completed her Bridge of Hope, a major permanent mural commission at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston.
Freeman has been awarded two US Fulbright Fellowships, two Andrew Mellon Foundation grants, a Massachusetts Council Grant, and numerous faculty grants from Harvard University, Wellesley College, and the Museum School . Internationally she has received grants from the Governments of Spain and Bahrain, and from the BAER Art Centre in Iceland.
Her current teaching appointment is at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts Boston, where she is Director of the Post Baccalaureate Program, a graduate level studio program in visual arts.
In addition to her art work, Freeman speaks and writes extensively on art and cultural topics.


text:
Vol. 12, Issue 130 - Thursday, May 10, 2007
T | F | S | S | M | T | W
[ STYLE FILE ]
Shaesby pink opal and fiore bud earrings.
Meet Shaesby Scott
Stop by the Designer Jewelry department at Neiman Marcus from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. tomorrow and Saturday for a look at what's new in jewelry.
Designer Shaesby Scott will be showing his collection, which reflects his background as a sculptor and furniture designer whose primary medium was steel.
While living abroad in Rio de Janeiro, Scott embraced the Brazilian custom of adorning the body with art and discovered a passion for jewelry, a natural progression in his career, permitting him to make his sculptures wearable.
Also at Neiman, Shu Uemura principal artist J.P. McCary and atelier artist and education manager Misumi Kitano will be available in Cosmetics for personal consultations from 11:45 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. tomorrow and 10:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Saturday, to help customize their looks using Shu Uemura's innovative color products.
New obsessions
Split Obsession will host a trunk show on Saturday featuring hand-worked shirts by Reincarnation Hawaii's Allison Izu Nagato and swimwear by Marylea Conrad of Melia Conrad.
The event will take place from noon to 3 p.m. at the Koko Marina Shopping Center boutique that is home to clothing, toys and art. For more information, call 395-3380.
Crazy for Earth
Earth Day has come and gone, but that's no reason to stop thinking about all the problems facing the planet.
Crazy Shirts intends to keep the dialogue going the other 364 days of the year through a series of environmental statement-making T-shirts.
Crazy Shirts fans can select from two current designs conceived by creative director and former Disney commercial artist, Eric Robison. One features a picture of the planet with the slogan "Save Our Planet" or "Global Warming Sucks!" and one carries the slogan "Stay Cool" and shows a polar bear floating on an iceberg.
The company hopes the shirts will raise awareness and encourage people to take steps toward environmental conservation and sustainability.
The shirts are available in men's and women's sizes and retail for $24 to $29. Other items include stickers, hats and messenger bags.
The shirts come with a tag that offers tips on how to be eco-friendly, and Crazy Shirts will donate a portion of the sales from all of its global-warming products to the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute.
Look for the shirts at Crazy Shirts locations or at crazyshirts.com.
Fit for the Cure
Wacoal will be hosting a Fit for the Cure event during the launch of Wacoal Promise from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. tomorrow at Macy's Ala Moana.
Women will be able to receive a complimentary bra fitting in a Wacoal, DKNY Underwear or Donna Karan Intimates bra from a Wacoal fit specialist, while helping to support breast cancer research. For every woman who participates, Wacoal will donate $2 to Susan G. Komen for the Cure for breast cancer research and outreach programs. Wacoal also will donate an additional $2 for every Wacoal, DKNY Underwear or Donna Karan Intimates bra purchased at the event.
Research shows that eight out of 10 women are wearing the wrong-size bra. Women should be professionally fitted for a bra once a year to ensure their bra size has not changed as a result of fluctuations in their body.
Also, sign up for a monthly breast self-exam reminder while you're there. A monthly self-examination helps women detect breast abnormalities at an early stage and is part of the "Wacoal Promise" to help women stay committed to their health.
Pageant at Tower
The Miss Aloha Tower Pageant will take place from 2 to 5 p.m. Sunday at the Aloha Tower Marketplace Center Atrium. All are invited to the free event.
There will be six divisions for girls and women ages 4 to 25. Titleholders will be used exclusively in marketplace promotions, events, fashion shows and advertising campaigns. In addition, winners of the Miss Teen Aloha Tower (ages 15 to 18) and Miss Aloha Tower (19 to 25) divisions will go on to compete in the Miss Hawaii Teen USA and Miss Hawaii USA pageants in December.
The competition includes interview, swimsuit and evening gown segments. Call 566-2337.
Inside | May 10
» Say it with flowers
» HOT proposal
» Fashion at the Stadium
» Screen Time
» Safety improves for pedestrians
» Tourist dies trying to save others on Maui
» Flight attendant wins $510,000 in harassment suit
» No Child law is leaving isles behind, study finds
» Former Kauai police secretary settles suit
» Campus security ready to roll
» Maui soldier's kin learn of ambush in Iraq
» City urges residents to lobby EPA
» Mayor urges more funding for retirees' health costs
» State campaigns on motorcyclists, seat belts
» Strategist credited with boosting isle Republicans
» Reading adviser is faulted on ethics
» Green seeks Whalen's Senate seat
» Pet Ohana - Remember that dogs are territorial pets
» On the Scene
» HHSAA timetable moves up
» Rainbow Wahine dominate All-WAC softball
» Naeole a no-show at Jaguars' first camp
» Punahou's Cabreros a triple-jump threat
» Warriors shut out Kailua in opener
» Kaiser capitalizes on Kauai error
» Rams respond to top Falcons
» McKinley, Campbell in final showdown
» Punahou, Jang win in state girls golf
» Kaneshiro, Mizuno a good tennis combination
» ML Mac has first-quarter gain from nut harvest
» Hawaii spas top-ranked by Mobil
» Costs drive Whole Foods profit down 11%
» JAL expects first profit in 3 years
» Hawaiian Waters readies miniature golf attraction
» Hawaii Stocks and Mutual Funds
» Election commission ruling encourages money laundering
Columns | May 10
Katherine Nichols


Fister, 35, spent parts of 10 seasons in the majors with the Mariners, Tigers, Nationals, Astros, Red Sox, and Rangers. He retires with a 3.72 career ERA along with 970 strikeouts in 1,422 1/3 innings. His two best seasons came in 2011 with the Mariners and Tigers (2.83 ERA) and in 2014 with the Nationals (2.41 ERA; eighth-place finish in Cy Young Award balloting). Fister battled injuries as he entered his mid-30's, starting just 15 games for the Red Sox in 2017 and 12 games for the Rangers last year.
According to Morosi, Fister received multiple major league contract offers, so he could have pitched another season if he wanted to, but has opted to spend more time with his family, understandably.


The Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) completed 1,994 collections of fishes from stratified random and permanently fixed sampling locations in six study reaches of the Upper Mississippi River System during 1993. Collection methods included day and night electrofishing, hoop netting, fyke netting (two net sizes), gill netting, seining, and trawling in select aquatic area classes. The six LTRMP study reaches are Pools 4 (excluding Lake Pepin), 8, 13, and 26 of the Upper Mississippi River, an unimpounded reach of the Mississippi River near Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and the La Grange Pool of the Illinois River. A total of 62-78 fish species were detected in each study reach. For each of the six LTRMP study reaches, this report contains summaries of: (1) sampling efforts in each combination of gear type and aquatic area class, (2) total catches of each species from each gear type, (3) mean catch-per-unit of gear effort statistics and standard errors for common species from each combination of aquatic area class and selected gear type, and (4) length distributions of common species from selected gear types.


THE draw has been made for the semi-finals of the Suffolk Sunday Cup.
BORUSSIA Martlesham and Tostock Pirates will have to wait to see who they will face in the semi-finals of this season's Suffolk Sunday Cup.
The draw, which was made during the Non-League hour of BBC Radio Suffolk's Thursday Night Sports Social programme, kept apart the two teams to have booked their place in the last four.
Tostock Pirates, the 2016 winners, will face either Horringer Social Club or Howards in an all-Bury & District Sunday League tie.
Borussia Martlesham will face fellow Ipswich Sunday Football League side Felixstowe Harpers United or BDSL side Gym United.
The two outstanding quarter-final ties, which were both postponed on Sunday due to waterlogged pitches, are now scheduled for Sunday, February 17th.
The Suffolk Junior Cup and Suffolk Sunday Shield draws will be made on the TNSS next Thursday, February 14th, between 8pm and 9pm.
Suffolk Sunday Cup Semi-Final Draw: Tostock Pirates v Horringer Social Club or Howards, Felixstowe Harpers Utd or Gym Utd v Borussia Martlesham.
Ties to be played on Sunday, March 3rd, kick-off 10.30am.


Views and a minimalist design play off one another in an open-plan Quogue beach house.
Project manager Joshua Rosensweig says the custom aluminum-frame windows and doors by Fleetwood are "painted gray to withstand the elements and so they don't 'pop' or stand out too much." Landscape architect Brad Spaulding had similar intentions. "The minimal lawn panels were meant to be a neutral foreground to views of the ocean," he says. He used native plantings whenever possible, including Eastern Red Cedar, shadblow and pitch pine.
Views of the beach, just beyond the dining area, are available upon entering this Quogue house thanks to first-floor elevation at 21 feet above sea level. American white-oak flooring in a custom sand-colored stain by George E. Vickers, Jr. Enterprises continues the warmth of the custom slatted-wood door from North Shore Window & Door.
Two cream-and-white custom lacquer tables--one serving as a dining table, the other as an entry table--with stacked-box bases are airy anchors for casual dining and can be joined for big dinner parties. Silver-striped pendants from MSK Illuminations complement the custom stainless-steel chairs from Room, while the sheer Pindler ivory-linen draperies soften the rectilinear edges.
With its private balcony and palette of cream and pale blue-gray, the master bedroom "is like a continuation of the water," says interior designer Andrew Sheinman. Soft colors in the crisp linens by Zuma, the RH rug and a pair of custom chaises keep the attention on the outside scenery.
The ocean views, expansive glass doors and rain showerhead in the master bathroom create the feeling of being completely outside.
The 8-foot-wide boardwalk leads from the entrance, cuts alongside the house and continues to nearly 300 feet of beach access. "Around the terraces and pool, we used stainless-steel cable wire railing with steel handrails by Westhampton Glass & Metal to maximize the transparency," Rosensweig says. "It's sort of a nautical detail as well."
Home Builder: George E. Vickers, Jr., George E. Vickers, Jr. Enterprises, Inc.
he oceanfront property was calling their name.
With little luck finding a house they truly loved, this couple jumped at the opportunity to build their Hamptons dream home on a rare triple lot in Quogue.
Designed by architect Stuart Disston, the 11,000-square-foot summer retreat features seamless indoor-outdoor transitions, panoramic views that sweep from the ocean to the bay, and a private boardwalk that proceeds alongside the house, over the pool, and down to the water.
The inside features a palette of cool beiges and whites, while accents in nickel and silver shimmer like the sun on crashing waves. The furnishings also draw inspiration from the home's surroundings.
"We created big open living spaces to maximize the water views and chose materials like limestone that call to mind the color and texture of sand," interior designer Andrew Sheinman says.


kinder joy chocolate eggs The kinder egg chocolates are surprising popular candies for many kids.The plastic egg shaped package comprised of two separately scaled halves.One half contains an edible treat made of two soft cream layers: one is sweet milk cream – flavored and one is cocoa flavored.The entire chocolate is nestled into the creamy layers are two round , chocolate covered wafer bites that are filled with a sweet cocoa cream that's soft enough to be eaten with the included spoon.Kinder joy comes with a surprise toy that brings excitement to kids.The candy is fully compliant with all standards because it fully separates the toy from the candy in the distinct egg halves.
nestle nestum all family cereal 450g Shop for crunchy,delicious and nutritious multigrain cereal with a fragrant toasted cereal aroma.The nestle nestum all family cereal 450g is perfect for various cooking creations.The nutritious hot cereal made from wholegrain wholesome fibre , protein , vitamin A & C and iron.It is available with a pack size of 450g .The unique taste of nestum flakes is packed with 12 vitamins and minerals that are great for your health and well being.Fill your tummy and stay active with multi grain goodness encapsulated in every nestum cereal flake , all made aromalicious by our expertise.
wholesale coffee mate 1kg Choose from a wide range of specially blended coffee.Craving for luxurious latte or a cold nitro coffee , we have just the thing.It's Nescafe.Blend yourself into minty chocolate coffee heaven with gorgeously refreshing smoothie.We offer you wholesale coffee mate 1kg exclusively at best prices.For a smooth creamy tasting coffee , coffee mate instantly dissolves in water.The coffee mate is easy and convenient for use.It's ideal for all catering situations from office to restaurant , travel or hotel room service.The Nescafe coffee mate 1 kg is a mess free way to whiten your coffee.


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historic church in store for revival
Sherrel Wheeler Stewart November 1, 2005 December 2, 2008 65
Birmingham, Alabama's 16th Street Baptist Church, a hallowed place where a 1963 bomb blast killed four little girls at the height of the civil rights movement, will become a National Historic Landmark.
The church, which serves about 300 members, has raised $3.3 million in donations and pledges to stabilize the aging structure as it prepares to take its place on the list of the nation's most prestigious landmarks. Contributions ranged from $5 to $300,000, says Neale Berte, co-chairman of the fund-raising and chancellor of Birmingham-Southern College.
The Landmarks Committee of the National Park Service made the nomination in April following a visit to the church and several letters of support from local and national leaders. The nomination was passed by the advisory board in September and is awaiting the signature of the secretary of the interior, said the Rev. Arthur Price, pastor of the church.
Though it still stands in the center of the city's Civil Rights District, the building has its problems. Large cracks separate huge stone bricks, and pools of water collect in the basement whenever there are heavy rains. That's what brought Berte into the picture — he saw the water on the floor while visiting the church and said, "We have to do something."
Berte, along with Price and longtime church member Carolyn McKinstry, set in motion a plan to raise money, apply for historic landmark status, and seek a grant from the America's Treasures Foundation.
The first phase of work has begun, including sealing the church so water no longer collects on the basement floor, stabilizing the building so shifts are minimized, and rebuilding the steps. It will take about six months to complete the first phase.
It was Klansmen who planted a bomb that ripped through the church where civil rights activists such as the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth often rallied to energize and mobilize marchers to protest injustice against blacks in the city.
Birmingham City Councilwoman Carole Smitherman was a friend of Denise McNair, one of the girls killed in the bombing. "That one act called upon the hearts of Christians to think about what was going on and the purpose of the activities surrounding the country in 1963," she says. "The nation turned around and said, 'We do not want to go down this path.' Because of her place in the community, 16th Street Baptist Church should be a landmark, not just for Birmingham but for the entire country."
"This church is important to all of us," says Price, a Philadelphia native who has been at the church for almost four years. "It's not just our church; it's a vital part of this community and our history. By coming together to preserve it, we show the world how far Birmingham has come."
Smart Retirement Planning For Every Age
Fema Chided For Playing Favorites
Sherrel Wheeler Stewart


Discover the relationship between competence and confidence in the training process.
Be more confident as you design and delivery more effective training.
Recognize the value that soft skills play in learning and retaining content.
Cancellations will be accepted until 5 pm on October 26, 2018.
Refunds after October 26th, 2018 at 5 pm cannot be issued, but we will gladly accept a substitution should you wish to send someone in your place.
Throughout his various careers,Elliot Gold has been helping people improve the quality of their personal and professional lives. Elliot developed and honed his skills as a trainer and coach with Dale Carnegie Training, and in training and development positions in both the public and private sectors. As a founder of Soft Skills Solutions, he helps people build self-confidence while developing skills and attitudes that make them more effective in the workplace, more engaged with their family and friends, and more involved in their communities.


I get asked quite often about wardrobe staples and, while I certainly agree with the concept of casual basics, I also think it's good to have some more sophisticated pieces in your closet too. So, I decided to put together an outfit featuring some of what I consider to be must-have items for the summer months – below I'm sharing my thoughts on why, tips for how to wear them + budget-friendly styles to shop!
Nothing says summer like feminine eyelet – this is a fabric that is timeless and there are so many different styles & silhouettes to choose from this time of year. Wear yours with jeans, heeled sandals & statement earrings for dinner out with friends or style with your favorite shorts & flat sandals for a casual day look. A few of my favorites: this bell sleeve blouse, this wrap top, this ruffled tank & this embroidered blouse. See more affordable eyelet tops in the scrolling bar below!
It's important to have a pair of dressier shorts in a crepe or silky fabric that you can wear during the day and dress up at night. These are great for pulling double-duty when you're traveling too! I recommend looking for a mid-length that will be both versatile and practical & something that you can machine wash at home. If you have a smaller waist & curvy hips, you want to avoid anything with pleating, as it tends to be more difficult to get a perfect fit without the fabric puckering. Options to check out: these tie-waist shorts, this navy blue pair, these white paper-bag waist shorts & this gray belted style.
I think everyone should have at least one "fun bag" – something with an interesting texture & bright color that can add a little pop to those summer neutrals. This isn't your everyday bag, but something special that you can reach for when you need a little extra oomph to your look. Some styles that I'm loving right now include this net shopper, this textured crossbody, this raffia bag & this embroidered one.


The most entertaining way to party!
If there is a highly entertaining way to celebrate your last day as a bachelor or a bachelorette, then that is organizing a party on the Octopus. No matter how many people you have decided to invite we will make sure that everything will be perfect and you will have the time of your life. You can swim, dance, enjoy delicious food and drink on board as you are exploring the island of Aruba and making the most of your last days as single!


Iconic pillars to perfectly symbolize achievements and success. Great for any corporation or business commendations.
7" x 8" x 2 1/8"
8 1/2" x 8 3/4" x 2 1/8"
10" x 9 1/2" x 2 1/8"
The broad, rectangle plaque is made from starphire glass, on top of a 2-tier rubber wood base. Accented by an aluminum column on each side.
Three Layer 9" Tall acrylic award, available in blue, green or red accent. This acrylic award is an excellent choice for almost any award presentation.
The Pinion Indigo Award is a dazzling fan-shaped award, containing three floating blue crystal spheres between the two sides and a clear beveled optical crystal base. The award can be customized with your personal image or message. The Pinion Indigo Award is available in three sizes.
Pinnacle comes with four pinnacle towers strategically lined up and mounted on a heavy black crystal pedestal base. This award should be presented only to your very top performers. Available in five sizes.
Pricing does not include engraving, etchings or personalization. Include what you would like on each award; names, logos and additional text. You will receive an Order Acknowledgment via email with any additional pricing. Please see the right hand menu on our website for Engraving Text Ideas.
A stunning combination of bent satin finish wire frame holding a stunning acrylic shape angled in the pinnacle resting on a black acrylic base. Full color imprinting available as an optional imprinting method for this acrylic award.
Jade Glass Award Pinnacle with Slant Edge Base 3" deep base attached. Cardboard gift box included.
Optical Crystal Pioneer Clock Tower. Foamed gift box included.
Ridged acrylic flares out in a dramatic fan and is enclosed in a shiny cast metal silver base.


ReaLync's entire team works right here in the heart of Chicago. And over the years, we've come to know the many Chicago neighborhoods very well. Dinner breaks or date nights take us all around the or a late night cold one will have us venturing out to a favorite local spot in our neighborhood. Whether it's a slice of pie at Pequods in Lincoln Park or arcade games at Headquarters in River North, Chicago has a neighborhood that fits the bill.
Just as important as knowing the best spot for pizza or where to grab a beer, knowing the people in a neighborhood is an extremely important factor — nearly as important as your cost of rent.
In a city with 77 neighborhoods, the people are everything and it would be a vast understatement to say that the people vary only slightly neighborhood to neighborhood. Each different locale offers vastly different communities and experiences, which is why deciding where to plant your flag, and with whom, can be a daunting task.
So, as you sweat looking for that perfect one bedroom and lassoing a roommate at the same time, take in these helpful infographics from our friends at Apartment List showing average neighborhood rent prices. – and stereotypes.
Chicagoans, chime in! Do you think their descriptions hold up? We're curious to know what Chicago thinks!


Thanks to the stunning waterside location - and of course the awe-inspiring feature of The Wheel itself - we're perfect for sales conferences, product launches, training and motivational events, as well as smaller, less formal meetings. Featuring a dramatic wall of glass offering impressive views, the visitor centre can accommodate 100 guests for a formal seated dinner, or up to 150 for drinks and canapés, whilst our newly refurbished Blueprint Room and Wheel Room can hold up to 70 delegates.
Affording dramatic views of The Falkirk Wheel, the Forth & Clyde Canal and the Ochil Hills, The Wheel Room, with windows on three sides is a unique spot for your meeting.
Our amazing visitor centre is available for hire for both day and evening functions.


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Broadway Musical Taboo Stages Reunion Concert
By Jennifer R Jones | Posted on February 07, 2014 5:01 PM
The beloved but relatively short-lived Broadway pop musical Taboo, which played the Great White Way in 2003, is holding a 10th Anniversary reunion concert tonight and tomorrow at the club 54 Below. There will be two performances of the reunion concert on February 7 at 8pm and 11pm and again on February 8 at 8pm and 11pm. Produced by Rosie O'Donnell, Taboo was the biographical tale of Boy George and the '80s London club scene, and even co-starred Boy George himself in the role of Leigh Bowery. The reunion show will feature several original cast members from the Broadway production of Taboo, including Jeffrey Carlson, Cary Shields, Liz McCartney, and Sarah Uriarte Berry. John McDaniel, Taboo's original music director on Broadway, will also provide music direction for the concert. Proceeds from the event will go to Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS. Click here for more information.


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Kocher receives MAAP STARS Student of the Year award
Danae Milbrandt
Victoria Kocher of Montevideo was one of three students statewide to receive the Minnesota Association of Alternative Programs Success, Teamwork, Achievement, Recognition, Self-esteem (MAAP STARS) Student of the Year Award. This marks the first time a student from Montevideo's Area Learning Center has ever received this honor.
"Victoria Kocher was nominated for this honor because she embodies all of the characteristics listed in the criteria for this award," said Emily Dirksen MAAP STARS Advisor. "She has been an active member of MN Valley ALC MAAP STARS program for three years, and during that time has competed in various events, including Entrepreneurship, Community Service Project, Career Portfolio and LifeSmarts."
Dirksen added that Kocher was awarded plaques during the competitions to represent her superior work on projects and presentations.
"Tori is also a great student," Dirksen continued. "She took PSEO classes during this last semester of her senior year, and even with all of the obstacles thrown at her during the COVID pandemic, she was able to be very successful in these classes."
According Dirksen, nominations for Student of the Year can be made by any MAAP member, and are open for any alternative school student who demonstrates outstanding dedication, service, and commitment to the impact, values and mission of learning options education, as well as make significant individual progress to their program, to MAAP, MAAP STARS, and/or their community.
Winning nominations are selected based upon the nominee's embodiment of MAAP's vision and their mission, specifically the value of innovation or service that will highlight their impact on the larger learning community.
Kocher plans to attend Ridgewater College in Willmar next fall, where she will pursue a career as a vet tech.
Dirksen nominated Kocher for this award.
She said, "I'm so excited for Tori, as she is very deserving of this recognition. I have no doubt that she will be successful in any endeavor she pursues in the future!"
© 2021 www.montenews.com. All rights reserved.


Chao Phraya River remains Bangkok's number one landmark.
Alternatively known as 'The River of Kings', the Chao Phraya is 372 km in length, beginning at the confluence of the Ping and Nan rivers in Nakhon Sawan province, and flowing southward through Bangkok and eventually emptying into the Gulf of Thailand.
The expanse of the river and its tributaries is known as the Chao Phraya River System and, together with the land upon which falling rain drains into these bodies of water, it forms the Chao Phraya Watershed—the largest watershed in Thailand, covering approximately 35 percent of the nation's land.
The Chao Phraya basin is home to around 280 species of fish, however the Thai Pollution Control Department (PCD) reports that the water quality has seriously deteriorated in the past decade, primarily due to discharge into the river from industry, agriculture, and households.
But despite the questionable quality of the water itself, this mighty river continues to be a major landmark and tourist draw within Bangkok. If you were to sail along just a small portion of the snaking expanse of this winding waterway—starting from The Siam hotel (just north of the Krung Thon Bridge), and ending at the Anantara Riverside Bangkok Resort (just north of the Rama III Bridge)—you would make your way past some of the most iconic landmarks in the city, including Wat Pho, the Grand Palace, and Wat Arun. Small wonder that so many tourist cruises ply this stretch of the river (and beyond), making it one busy thoroughfare.
There's also plenty of new development by the river, and one of the newest Old Town hotels nearby this majestic waterway is the recently opened Raweekanlaya Bangkok (164-172 Krung Kasem Rd). Originally built in the late 1800s as the residence of King Rama VI, this boutique hotel now features 38 rooms, each inspired by a poem from Thai literature. There's also an on-site spa, a swimming pool and pool bar, and a restaurant—the Raweekanlaya Dining—which uses organically-sourced produce and features a garden where guests can pick their own ingredients. It makes the perfect riverside retreat for a sophisticated staycation.
The luxurious Anantara Riverside Bangkok Hotel offers a series of fascinating river-related trips, from single day excursions to overnight journeys.
1. Explore the cultural riches and observe local life along Bangkok's fascinating maze of canals with Anantara's Khlong Guru one-day excursion. The Chao Phraya River and its connecting maze of canals—known in Thai as khlongs—offer visitors a peek into the capital's thriving age-old lifestyle and rich heritage. Based on his personal experience Waiyawit 'Diamond' Thongserm, the resort's concierge, has created these special tours and accompanies guests as the khlong "guru". The tour takes approximately four hours, with lunch being enjoyed at The Artist's House, an intriguing gallery where guests can browse a collection of locally inspired artwork. The cost is B2,000 per person, and the daily tour leaves the pier at 11am.
2. Embark on a voyage of culinary discovery with Anantara's Manohra Dining Cruise. The ship—a beautifully restored antique rice barge—leaves the Anantara Riverside Bangkok's private pier at 7:30pm when the river is at its most romantic. Set sail at a gentle pace, and as you pass by the city's illuminated landmarks you'll be savouring the Kingdom's most popular regional cuisine with a 'Royal Thai Set Menu' prepared by experienced master chefs. Enjoy elegant cocktails and digestifs, alongside memorable main dishes, appetizers, and desserts, made even more memorable by Manohra's warm and gracious service. This set menu is priced at B2,300 net per person.
3. If you have both a taste for adventure, and a taste for the finer things in life, join the Anantara's unforgettable two-night, three-day Ayutthaya Adventure cruise. Travel upriver aboard a Colonial-style, 20-metre, ultra-deluxe river boat. Passengers will make the Chao Phraya River their home, stopping off to explore exotic temples such as Wat Mongkhon Bophit along the way. The vessel is designed for two couples, and the two staterooms (20 and 25 sq.m) are fully air-conditioned, with elegantly tiled en-suite bathrooms (with a full shower), and comfortable super king-sized beds dressed with delicate linen. The price is B89,000 net per cabin (based on double occupancy), and inlcudes all meals and non-alcoholic beverages onboard, as well as tour programmes, private round-trip limousine transfers, and admission charges at designated places.


Eric and Corie came on staff with Push The Rock in 2010 and now oversee our office in Zambia. Eric administrates our building projects, handles the finances, and takes the lead in logistical preparations in hosting short-term missions teams and interns, while overseeing current staff and day to day programs and activities.
He enjoys playing soccer and running to keep in shape.
He is married to his wife Corie, who he met on a Push The Rock trip, and together they have three children – Charlotte, Reece, and Luca. Corie takes the lead on team/intern hospitality – preparing meals and making sure guests are well taken care of. She also oversees staff development and plays a crucial role in mentoring our staff. She is passionate about the library and English literacy program which they are working on getting off the ground..
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Crossbow Academy: ballistics, sighting, tuning 20" 38.4" / 6.4 lbs.
- Included scope is not illuminated Small Game Hunting?
Hey there, and thanks for swinging by my review of the Excalibur Equinox crossbow, which comes with the Varizone Light Stuff package. This is a legacy crossbow and is no longer in production, but it's an old standby that you can still find to purchase.
What Comes With This Crossbow?
Since this is a recurve crossbow, it's pretty simple to assemble. Attach the riser to the stock, string the x-bow, and then mount your scope.
What's the Accuracy and Power Like?
The Equinox has a draw weight of 225 pounds, and a power stroke of 16.5 inches. This means it will hurl your 350-grain arrows at speeds of up to 350 feet per second, with 95 foot-pounds of kinetic energy.
Accuracy is spot on, as the Equinox is basically a tack driver. The included scope, once sighted in, allows me to maintain 1.5" groupings from 40 yards, and consistent 3" groups from 60 yards.
Will Hunters Enjoy the Equinox?
If you're a x-bow hunter, there's only one thing you might not like about the Excalibur Equinox – it's a bit on the long side at 38.4 inches. It's light enough to be comfortable to carry, though, at just 6.4 pounds. Also, its 95 foot-pounds of kinetic energy makes it suitable for any legal game in North America, even Cape buffalo and grizzly bears.
With a draw weight of 225 pounds, this is a beast to draw back. The included rope cocking device makes the job much easier, though, and the pull-back is smooth as butter.
I'm a big fan of Excalibur's scopes, and the Varizone is no exception. Bundled with the Equinox, mine was almost completely sighted in right out of the box. It only took a couple of shots before it was fully zeroed, and it held zero throughout several seasons.
The Varizone is parallax-free at normal crossbow shooting distances, and the 1/2″ clicks at 20 yards are easy to understand. You get multiple reticles for shooting at 20, 30, 40, and 50 yards. The only drawback to the Varizone is that it isn't illuminated, but it still works well in twilight conditions as long as there's a light background behind your target.
What Kind of Bolts Do I Need?
Excalibur ships this baby with four Diablo arrows cut to 20 inches, and they're really all you need. Diablo bolts are great for hunting, but if you prefer a different brand or model, go with any 20″ arrows that are at least 350 grain. You can learn more about crossbow arrows at our guide here, and should also check out our recommendations on broadheads.
Excalibur has set the gold standard when it comes to safety and design, and the Equinox embodies this spirit. It features an ambidextrous cheekpiece, anti dry-fire mechanism that works flawlessly, and top-notch limbs with an excellent string. The thumbhole stock offers plenty of room for your gloved hands, and the trigger pull is almost perfect.
All of Excalibur's crossbows are covered by a limited lifetime warranty for original owner. This is one of the best warranties in the industry, and the company's customer service staff are knowledgeable and helpful at all times.
Thanks for reading my review of the Excalibur Equinox crossbow. This is an older model, no longer in production, but you can still find it through various outlets, brand new. If you're looking for a great x-bow, the Excalibur is tough to beat.
Make sure to check today's Amazon.com price on the Excalibur Equinox Varizon Crossbow if you're interested.


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Zion Lutheran Church is a historic church northwest of Volin in rural Yankton County, South Dakota.  It is situated 8½ miles east of the Volin exit on U.S. Route 81.  The church was built in 1915 in Gothic Vernacular style. The building is of wood-frame construction with a foundation of concrete block veneer. Stained glass windows, vaulted ceilings and twin steeples are distinctive features of the building. The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The church now houses the Faith United Lutheran Church which is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

References

External links
Faith United Lutheran Church website

Lutheran churches in South Dakota
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota
Churches completed in 1915
Churches in Yankton County, South Dakota
National Register of Historic Places in Yankton County, South Dakota

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Independent group loses majority in East Devon after councillor's blistering attack on senior management
Callum Lawton and Daniel Wilkins
Paul Millar has resigned from the Independent Group. Picture: Daniel Wilkins/Paul Millar
An Exmouth councillor has quit the Independent group - prompting the party's majority at the district council to collapse.
In an emotionally-charged email, seen by the Journal, Councillor Paul Millar attacked the senior management team at East Devon District Council (EDDC) for not consulting him on policy decision-making and limiting his influence over his portfolio.
He also criticised current council leader Ben Ingham, and his deputy Susie Bond, for 'bowing' to the senior management team.
Cllr Millar's resignation now means the council is deadlocked at 19 Independents and Conservative members apiece.
Cllr Ingham hit back at Cllr Millar's 'personal and unfounded' comments and said the behaviour of the council's officers is 'exemplary'.
He said: "Such attacks do not help us advance understanding of the work carried out by EDDC's officers and councillors and their respective roles and responsibilities as detailed in the council's constitution.
"Rather, they confuse, contribute to rumours and create more harm."
It was revealed in an email exchange that Cllr Ingham announced he had already removed Cllr Millar from his role as transformation portfolio holder with 'immediate effect' the day before his resignation was announced.
Cllr Ingham said the relationship between the Independent group and EDDC's officers is good, adding: "On behalf of the council I am very grateful for the work that Cllr Millar has carried out since his election and appointment to the Cabinet and wish him well for the future. Looking forwards, though, it is business as usual for East Devon. We wish Paul well and it was his choice to leave the group."
In his email, Cllr Millar said working with the senior management team was 'despairing and disappointing' and called for more control as 'we take the blame when things go wrong'.
Cllr Millar, who represents Exmouth Halsdon on EDDC, said: "I have no confidence in the current senior management at the council… I do not believe the administration in its current form is sustainable for much longer.
"My departure means the 'Independent Group' no longer has any majority and as a result to my mind no longer has any mandate to continue as the current administration."
Cllr Millar said the Independent Group has 'little desire' to change anything, adding: "I have never been part of a more autocratically-minded institution in my life.
"The leader and deputy leader have consistently bowed to the senior management team in the name of 'continuity'.
"It's been so frustrating and there's no active feeling that the senior management team wants to work with councillors."
Cllr Millar's resignation has prompted the question of whether Conservatives will attempt to seize power back from the Independents, or govern alongside them in a coalition.
The party was spectacularly ousted from control at EDDC after 45 years at the elections in May this year.
The changeover mirrored a national trend, which saw more than 1,300 Conservatives lose council seats across the UK.
An East Devon Conservative told the Journal the reason the party did not form a minority administration back in May was because the people had voted and that needed to be respected.
The party member said: "We all know a huge part of that was nothing to do with East Devon.
"The backlash we got on the doorsteps was because of Brexit."
The party member said he does not think another coalition will be formed, as the current make-up of the council is a coalition.
They said: "There are 16 members on the Independent group and three members which are Cranbrook Independents.
"That is the coalition. However, they need the support of the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats etc.
"I think setting the budget will be the real big test."
Conservative members will hold a meeting next week to discuss the party's next move.
Cllr Andrew Moulding, leader of the Conservatives at EDDC, said: "It is too early to say what we will do.
"This could be the start of more people moving away from the Independent group."


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Dallastown's Harbold excels on the diamond
Dallastown's Jaelynn Harbold has been coming up big on the mound and at the plate for the Wildcats
Dallastown's Harbold excels on the diamond Dallastown's Jaelynn Harbold has been coming up big on the mound and at the plate for the Wildcats Check out this story on gametimepa.com: http://gtpa.co/1MRdnhv
Christian Arnold, carnold@GameTimePA.com Published 9:00 p.m. ET April 5, 2016 | Updated 9:37 p.m. ET April 5, 2016
Photos: Dallastown defeats Dover in softball 8-1
Dallastown's Jaelynn Harbold, right, celebrates the team's 8-1 victory over Dover with teammate Kelsie Merriman on Tuesday.(Photo: Jason Plotkin,York Daily Record)
Jaelynn Harbold found herself in a jam in the fourth inning of Dallastown's afternoon matchup with Dover.
The Eagles had managed to load the bases with only one out, and the Eagles had a chance to swing the game's momentum in their favor. But Dallastown's pitcher didn't let the pressure of the situation get to her, and she retired the side without allowing a single runner to score.
Earlier in the game, Harbold found herself in a similar situation with runners on the corners. Harbold also worked out of that inning without allowing a run.
"Jaelynn has been spot on," Wildcats coach Howie Merriman said. "We've been calling those right pitches at the right times to get us out of those trouble situations. We practice that daily. We put pressure in practice so when we're in game time we're ready."
The Wildcats came away with the 8-1 win over the Eagles, with Harbold helping to lead the way with six strikeouts through six innings on the mound.
Harbold has had a strong start to the season, winning all but one of her starts in Dallastown's first five games of the year. She has had five or more strikeouts in four of her five starts, and she has not walked more than three batters in a single game.
Her earned run average, according to Merriman, is just above 1.00.
Not one to take all the credit, Harbold was more than willing to point out the contributions of her teammates. Harbold called Melanie Grant "a very good catcher" and went through the Dallastown lineup explain how each one has helped her be more confident on the mound.
"I can tell myself when I get down in a count, 'Just let (the other team) hit the ball cause you're defense will do the work for you.' That's very nice to have," she said.
Offensively Harbold has been equally as important. While Tuesday wasn't her best outing at the plate, she has certainly made her presence known while at bat.
Harbold kicked off the 2016 season going 3-for-3 against Kennard-Dale, with a triple and a home run.
"She's a three-hole hitter this year for a reason," Merriman said. "Her batting average is somewhere around .500. Her slugging percentage is even higher. This wasn't her best offensive game, but so far this season she has been on fire."
Hitting is something that Harbold said she, as well as the rest of her teammates, works on during the offseason.
"We're just really trying to hit the ball," she said. "Get the ball in play because that's the only way we're going to produce runs. That's really the key for us."
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NEW COCKLES MUSIC VIDEO
Friday, 1 February 2019 sees the release of a brand new single by COCKLES, named SOUR PEARLS. The single release is combined with the video release for his song called SMALL TALK.
SOUR PEARLS was written by frontman Alastair Thomas after a particularly shit day when everyone seemed to annoy him. Featuring a 90s grunge sound, mixed with some pop-punky influence, the single pays homage to the music Alastair listened to while growing up.
"The song is about being a grinch, but still having that special someone in your life. 'I loathe everyone, well maybe not all people, but it's pretty much everyone but you. And all dogs too.' My favourite line that I've written is in there, which is 'all i fear is the smell of toast', which is based on the fact that you grow up fearing seemingly real things like snake bites and shark attacks, but now that I'm older I'm just worried I'm about to have a stroke every time I smell burnt toast." says Alastair.
Turning out a lot heavier than initially intended, SOUR PEARLS almost didn't make the album but with a catchy chorus and relatable lyrics, it soon turned out to be a crowd favourite at shows.
"This song is for anyone who has ever had a bad day. Or has ever driven in traffic. Or has ever gone to home affairs."
SMALL TALK was basically the reason Alastair started COCKLES.
"I'm not what you would call a great socialite. Like, I don't enjoy small talk. I'm really bad at it. This song is about some classic encounters. It's about being bad at small talk and awkward conversations in general."
Any non-extrovert, and maybe even some extroverts will enjoy the song. When Alastair had to describe the song to someone who has not heard it before, he'd first ask them about the weather and what they do for a living. Then the conversation would taper off into an awkward silence.
The video for the song was shot in January 2019 at Sylvia's Market and Hell's Kitchen. Alastair directed the video himself and it was shot by Frank du Toit. The song itself was always written with the video in mind, so the shoot followed the song and its lyrics and features strong inspiration from Flight of the Conchords and a bit of Lonely Island. All the cameos in the video are played by members of the band.