The Cessna 208 Caravan is a single-turbo-engine, fixed-gear, utility transport aircraft and short-haul airliner for upto fourteen passengers and one or two crew. Cessna Aircraft Company, Wichita, Kansas, USA, started development of the Cessna Model 208 by the end of the 1970s as a single-engined turboprop aircraft for up to ten passengers or up to a ton of load. The Cessna Model 208 was designed as a rugged utility aircraft to replace the aging De Havilland Canada Otters, Beavers and Beech 18 aircraft in use with bush operators. Therefor the design had to include the possibillity to equip the aircraft with skis and floats for use in remote areas with extreme weather changes, mountainous terrain and rough landing conditions. Final design work of the Cessna Model 208 started in 1979. The prototype Model 208 (serial number 699), registered N208LP, flew first on 9 December 1982. FAA-certification for the Cessna Model 208 Caravan I was awarded on 23 October 1984. The first Caravan was delivered on 25 February 1985, to an air service provider in Alaska, and the next day Federal Express (now FedEx) took delivery of its first Caravan, which included a belly cargo pod and other modifications specially designed for the express delivery pioneer. The Cessna 208A Cargomaster, was developed with FedEx as a pure-cargo version of the Caravan. A further development with a lengthened fuselage is the Cessna 208B. The protoptype Model 208B Super Cargomaster, registered N9767F, flew first on 3 March 1986. The 208B Super Cargomaster entered service with Federal Express in 1986. Federal Express was the main operator of the Cessna 208 with a fleet of 39 Cessna 208A Cargomasters and over 200 Cessna 208B Super Cargomasters all-cargo variants. These aircrafts have a large cargo door, no side windows and are fitted with additional cargo tiedown points, cargo nets and an underfuselage cargo pannier. Fourty aircraft were built as Model 208A's, these were subsequently all converted to Model 208's by embodiment of a Cessna Service Kit or out of service. The designation Model 208A was removed from the FAA TCDS at Rev 13. The Cessna Model 208B Grand Caravan was the passenger model derived from the Super Cargomaster and was certified on 13 december 1989. Many Grand Caravan variants include an underbelly cargo pod, which can be used for additional freight capacity, or for passenger baggage. In 2012, the Cessna Grand Caravan EX with a Garmin Glass Cockpit and a 867 shp Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-140 engine was announced. The new model keeps its 208B designation, but gives operators a great deal more power, thanks to the expressly for the EX developed Pratt & Whitney PT6-140 turboprop engine. In January 2013, after a quick certification test program, Cessna earned FAA approval for the Cessna 208B Grand Caravan EX. A number of Cessna 208 variants is converted to skydiving aircraft with the left-side cargo hatch converted to a roll-up door. This skydiving platform makes its possible to bring up to 20 parachutists to the jump height. The military variants of the Cessna Model 208 uses the designations U-27A; C-16 and Cessna AC-208 Combat Caravan. In 1985, Cessna Aircraft Company ceased to be an independent company. It was purchased by General Dynamics Corporation and became a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1992, General Dynamics sold Cessna to Textron Inc. and on 29 July 2015, the company name changed to Textron Aviation Inc., Wichita, Kansas. Building of the Cessna 208 started in Wichita. In May 2012, Cessna announced that an assembly line for the 208 by a Cessna-AVIC joint venture would be established in Shijiazhuang in the People's Republic of China. In August 2016, Textron announced that it is moving the Cessna 208 production from its Wichita headquarters to its Independence, Kansas production facility. Over 2.500 Cessna 208 aircraft in the diverent variations have been delivered since the Cessna 208 entered service in 1985.
On 25 March 2005, Cessna 208 Caravan c/n 20800388 was registered N68FE with Pacelli Inc Trustee in the USA. On 12 September 2011, the 2005-built Cessna 208 N68FE was registered with Aircraft Guaranty Corp. Trustee. On 15 May 2012, registration N68FE was cancelled as exported to Germany. On 19 June 2012, the Cessna 208 Caravan was registered D-FLEC in Germany. The aircraft is operated as a skydive platform by Skydive-Binz, based at Flugplatz Dahlemer Binz. On 2 August 2015, the Skydive-Binz' Cessna 208 D-FLEC was seen at Flugplatz Leer-Papenburg just after dropping some skydivers.


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Off Our Rockers supports senior citizens with companionship to help eliminate isolation
Ashley Pfeifer
Calgary senior care organization Off Our Rockers is a non-medical, companionship-based business that helps seniors living at home, in assisted living, and long-term care facilities throughout their day-to-day lives.
Whether it be driving seniors to appointments or the grocery store, helping with cooking and housework, or getting them active in recreational and leisure activities, the organization's companions help in many different ways.
"We are there when the families can't be," says Shannon Pickerl, founder of Off Our Rockers.
Oftentimes, family members are busy and have a hard time maintaining their own lives while taking care of their parents and grandparents. This can lead to feelings of guilt, which is why Pickerl wants people to know Off Our Rockers is there to help.
"Life is busy, so when you're unable to visit your loved one, we are a friendly face you can count on," says Pickerl.
Finding the best companion
After a family member reaches out to Off Our Rockers, Pickerl commits to getting to know the seniors in order to pair them with the best companion.
"I love to know as much as possible about them so I can have the right fit for the companion," says Pickerl.
"If they want to go out for walks or they're more active, I will fit them with a more active companion. If they're more like 'I want to read, I want to have tea, I want to have a little bit of help,' [then] I'll stick them with the right fit for them."
While the companions help seniors with daily duties and activities, Pickerl wants every companion to be seen as a friend, not as hired help.
"Seniors…are very independent. That's why typically it's the children that hire us. A lot of the seniors don't even know that we're a company. They think we go in as friends of the family, which is exactly what I want," says Pickerl.
An alternative service for seniors
The companions do not wear uniforms, but have name tags, in order to make clients feel more comfortable.
As a recreational therapist, Pickerl recognized a need for an alternative service for seniors besides nursing homes.
"I worked many years in nursing homes. In between [recreational] programs the residents would just sit there and be bored out of their minds. So the companions, my company, go and fill that void," says Pickerl.
Pickerl also saw that need within her own family.
"For a short time I lived with my grandmother after my grandfather moved into a nursing home. I saw the need and I helped her out. [I took] her to her appointments and things like that," says Pickerl.
A lack in essential services
During her time as a recreational therapist and seeing the care her grandmother received, Pickerl noticed there was a lack of essential services being offered, besides medical care.
"I would notice other companion companies come in and not do what they should be there to do. They would just sit there and not interact or engage the seniors as much I think they should have, and it drove me nuts," says Pickerl.
"That was part of the reason I started this."
Pickerl was not the only one to notice.
"My friend, Marguerite Nelson, told me to start a companion company. She is the lifestyle marketing professional at The Manor Village, so she sees firsthand the need for companionship for seniors," says Pickerl.
Keeping seniors at home
Off Our Rockers' goal is to keep seniors at home for as long as possible through support from companions, continued socialization, and activities to eliminate isolation and boredom.
Pickerl says many seniors need help but don't know the organization exists.
More information about Off Our Rockers can be found online.
The organization has been successful in Calgary and continues to grow. Next year, it's expanding to Vancouver Island to support the seniors who often retire there.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Robyn Crawford Didn't Ruin Whitney's Rep by Disclosing Their Love
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Robyn Crawford Didn't Ruin Whitney's Rep by Disclosing Their Love
The author says if the legendary singer's issues when she was alive didn't destroy her reputation, neither should confirmation of her sexual relationship with a woman after her death.
Jasmyne A. Cannick
Photo credit: Instagram
Following the release of excerpts from Whitney Houston's best friend Robyn Crawford's memoir Song For You: My Life with Whitney Houston, some fans of the iconic singer are losing their damn minds.
Whitney Houston had a sexual relationship with a woman–get over it. Period.
For some of us, that's not exactly breaking news–but I realize for most it might be. But what it's not, is an excuse to act a damn fool and point the finger at Robyn who is only sharing her truth.
When I posted the news of Crawford's forthcoming book and a few of the excerpts on my Facebook page, I was astounded to read the multitude of comments accusing Robyn of "besmirching" and "ruining" Whitney Houston's image. Some even had the nerve to say that because Houston isn't alive Robyn shouldn't say anything. My favorite comments were the ones that accused Robyn of making money from telling her story. Well, who the hell else is supposed to profit off of her story? Bobby Brown?
If admitting to drug use on national television, Whitney's now-infamous comments about crack being whack, her being routinely photographed looking like a hot mess including once with blood dripping down her leg, coupled with the singer's reputation in her final, drug-addicted years that ended with a "small spoon with a white crystal-like substance in it and a rolled-up piece of white paper" being found in the bathroom where she died and the coroner's report that she was "acutely intoxicated from cocaine" at the time of her death and was a "repeated cocaine user" didn't besmirch or ruin Whitney's image–being in a loving relationship with another woman shouldn't.
And I'll just add that many of Whitney's well-known and documented "troubles" didn't take place while she was in a relationship with another woman. No, all of that happened when she hooked up with Bobby.
But leave it to my people to go out of their way to overlook all of that other stuff–like we often do when we can't or don't want to handle the truth (R. Kelly, Michael Jackson) and hone in on what really matters–Whitney Houston engaged in a sexual relationship with a woman. And yeah, I said my people which is code for Black people because we are the only people making this an issue. Let's just call a spade a spade.
According to Robyn, Whitney ended the physical part of their relationship in 1982 after she signed a record deal with Clive Davis at Arista.
"She said we shouldn't be physical anymore," writes Crawford, "because it would make our journey even more difficult."
"She said if people find out about us, they would use this against us," says Crawford, "and back in the '80s that's how it felt."
Well, based on the comments I've been reading, you'd think not much had changed 37 years.
Just because Black America has some wholesome heterosexual image of Whitney Houston that they don't want to be changed doesn't mean Robyn should keep her truth to herself if she doesn't want to. It was her life and her relationship as well. None of the people going in on Robyn over her book spent the time with Whitney that she did or knew her as she did.
Was Whitney gay? Was she bisexual, pansexual or just fluid? Would she still be alive if same-sex relationships had been accepted in the Black community?
Did she force herself to acquiesce to a life that was more acceptable to her religious beliefs, family, friends and fans? We'll never know. But if she did, she wouldn't be the first celebrity to have done so or to have died in the closet (rest in peace, Luther).
Loving someone and having to keep it a secret is not easy to do when the person is not the best-selling music artist of all time. It's even harder watching the life choices they make and having no power to do anything about it. We lost a singer we loved to watch and listen to—Robyn lost all of that plus a best friend and a lover.
In published excerpts from her book, Robyn says, "I'd come to the point where I felt the need to stand up for our friendship. And I felt an urgency to stand up and share the woman behind the incredible talent."
So what if it took her seven years to reach the point where she felt like she could finally talk about it. Robyn is 58, which means she comes from a generation of sexually repressed Black women who loved women but who didn't grow up being out and publicly embracing their sexual orientation and relationships. That's a relatively new phenomenon thanks to the work of earlier generations of Black LGBTQ/same-gender-loving activists including Boomers and Generation Xers that Millennials and Gen Zers today are taking advantage of. So this might very well just be HER time.
Fans of Whitney Houston do a disservice to the singer by shunning and criticizing one of the few people in her life who loved her unconditionally and whom she clearly loved in return. It also continues to reinforce the message that being in a same-gender-loving relationship when you're Black is still not accepted in our communities and families. It doesn't matter who Whitney Houston loved, all that really matters is that she loved and was loved. For a time that love was with a woman. Knowing this now isn't going to change how good her music sounds to you when you listen to it so get over it.
And Robyn girl, I pre-ordered that book! F–k the haters, tell your truth.
Jasmyne A. Cannick is 100 percent THAT girl. She's an award-winning journalist and media commentator who opines on race, politics and social issues. Follow her online at iamjasmyne.com.
In this article:gender and relationships, Jasmyne Cannick, news, robyn crawford, whitney houston
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Home News We simply weren't good enough – Slaven Bilic pulls no punches as West Brom lose
We simply weren't good enough – Slaven Bilic pulls no punches as West Brom lose
The Baggies could slip to third on Saturday.
West Brom boss Slaven Bilic was at a loss to explain why his team "crumbled under the pressure" as defeat at Huddersfield took automatic promotion out of their hands and sent Leeds up to the Premier League.
Emile Smith Rowe's 86th-minute goal secured a 2-1 win for the Terriers, who are now essentially safe from the drop, but, while Leeds celebrated promotion a little further up the M62, West Brom could find themselves in third place by Saturday afternoon when hard-charging Brentford travel to Stoke.
The Baggies found themselves on the back foot as early as the fourth minute when Chris Willock poked Huddersfield in front, and West Brom were lucky to be awarded a controversial equaliser when Dara O'Shea headed home from a free-kick when several players appeared offside.
"It is hard to find the words to describe it," a dejected Bilic said. "I didn't see it coming. We simply weren't good enough. We were poor in everything.
"We can give credit to them also because they felt the pressure, it was big pressure for them, they were fighting for their lives so from the outside it looked like they wanted it more, which isn't the case.
"We crumbled under the pressure. Why we've done it, I really don't know. I tried to ease the pressure, to make them cope with the pressure but it obviously wasn't good enough."
There could be twists and turns yet to come, but Bilic said he was mentally preparing for the play-offs.
"At the end of the day we have two options: one is to pack up and feel sorry for ourselves and cry," he said. "Or we can have another route, a more difficult route, to use this second chance and thank God we have it.
"There are only a few games now but we have to fight, to show we are proper men, a proper team and proper characters. Or are we only good in a good time?"
While Bilic searched for answers, opposite number Danny Cowley stopped himself short of cracking open the champagne with safety assured barring a calamity.
"I don't know if this is a celebration, just relief," he said. "For me, I don't think we should be celebrating not getting relegated, but I'm proud of the efforts of the players.
"A week is a long, long time in football. This time last week we let ourselves down unfortunately, and it's definitely kept me up nights this week, but we had to respond to that.
"No one really knows how hard it's been and where it was when we picked it up. Without doubt it's been the toughest job that I've ever done. It was our aim to get 50 points and we've been able to do that and I'm very proud we've been able to deliver that."
Cowley may not have wanted to celebrate, but Huddersfield's victory sparked jubilation for Leeds as their 16-year absence from the top flight came to an end.
"Credit to Leeds," Cowley said. "They're a top, top team. Them, West Brom and Brentford for me are the stand-out teams in this division.
"It's not easy for us as Huddersfield Town to give credit to our local rivals but they've been the best team in the division. As a football person, I'll be looking to see how they cope in the Premier League, and I expect them to do well."


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Brazoria /
0.129 acres | Not Zoned / Unclassified Zoning
Cute Residential property in a developing community in Rosharon Texas on Sage Street. Located approximately one mile from the Brazos River within the Brazos Bend State Park. Public schools in the district are Frontier Elementary, Angleton Jr High, and Angleton High, which all have good ratings from Great Schools. Property is mostly flat with dirt road access, come take a look today!
50'x 112.5'
Not Zoned / Unclassified
Texas does not zone properties outside of city limits.
That tract or parcel of land lying and being in the County of Brazoria, State of Texas, and being more particularly described as follows:
The surface only of the South fifty feet of Lot 18, Block 17, Section Three (3), River Side Estates, as subdivision in Brazoria County, Texas, according to the Map of Plat thereof recorded in Volume 13, Page 91 of the Plat Records of Brazoria County, Texas reference to which is made for all purposes.
This deed is further made subject to the restrictions heretofore filed in Volume 13, Page 91 of the Map Records of Brazoria County, Texas, and those restrictions of Record in Volume 1100, Page 480 of the Deed Records of Brazoria County, Texas, and the ownership hereof is further governed by the rules and regulations now or hereafter promulgated by the River Side Estates, Inc., or its successors and a Vendor's Lien is specifically reserved to enforce the above described recorded restrictions. This conveyance is further subject to the utility easements as set forth on the above referred Plat and as presently exists upon the ground.


Sport. Football. pic: 18th March 1987. UEFA. Cup Quarter Final. 2nd Leg. Barcelona 1 v Dundee United 2. Dundee United win 3-1 on aggregate. Dundee United captain David Narey exchanges pennants with Barcelona captain Victor.


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June 05, 2019 Arts » Arts Stories & Interviews
The Moon Tolls for Thee: San Antonio Artist Amada Miller Recreates the Moon's Seismic Cacophony in 'Hollow Moon Rings Like a Bell'
Kelly Merka Nelson
In the '70s, NASA scientists gathering data from seismometers placed on the moon by Apollo astronauts made a surprising discovery. Unlike earthquakes, in which underground vibrations decay quickly, seismic activity on the moon — called "moonquakes" — causes Earth's orbiting body to vibrate for long spans of time. As it turns out, the moon's rigid structure allows seismic waves to propagate with little resistance.
All this is to say, when you strike it, the moon rings like a bell.
San Antonio artist Amada Miller's latest body of work, "Hollow Moon Rings Like a Bell," opening at Blue Star Contemporary as part of the "Fünf" exhibition of Berlin Residency Artists, draws from the seismic study of the moon as well as research into the meteorite archive at NASA and the Lunar and Planetary Science Institute. In 2018, prior to leaving San Antonio for the Blue Star Contemporary Berlin Residency at the Künstlerhaus Bethanien, she collaborated with local glassblower Adam Smolensky to create a unique object based on her findings: a lunar bell.
During the Apollo missions, NASA triggered the type of moonquakes that set off long-lasting vibrations by crash landing four spent lunar modules on the moon's surface, artificially recreating a common occurrence on the moon: meteor impacts. To represent these collisions, the body of the bell is composed of borosilicate glass in correlation to the high amounts of silica in moon rock, and the clapper is a piece of meteorite sourced from the Campo del Cielo ("Field of Heaven") impact in Argentina.
Adam Smolensky
While in Berlin, Miller continued her research at the Museum für Naturkunde with the help of Ansgar Greshake, the museum's Curator of Meteorites. She established a studio on the museum grounds and studied a collection of "iron meteorites that had survived the bombing and destruction of their east wing during World War II." While the meteorites came out unscathed — the melting point of iron is 2,800 degrees, after all — all documentation regarding their origin was lost.
"I was able to make silicone molds of these meteorites, and once I was back in San Antonio, I worked with metal and glass casters [Oscar Saenz III and Hilal Hibri] to re-cast these shapes in bronze, aluminum beer cans, glass and plaster," Miller says. "These pieces will also be on display with the bells at Blue Star."
The show's pièce de résistance, though, is the full set of Miller's bells. Smolensky and Miller have made 55 to represent the 55 minutes of vibrations that resulted from the impact of the Apollo 12 module on the lunar surface. The bells are displayed on a long pedestal in the shape of a smooth sine wave that wends its way through the gallery space.
Each bell has a unique shape and timbre. Many have the familiar curving shape that flares out into a lip, but when played they tend to make a dry, staccato sound. Other bells ring with a pure, glassy note, sometimes with added overtones. The bells have not been tuned, so when two that are close in pitch are rung, the sound warbles.
As with any instrument, the bells don't serve their purpose unless they are played. At the opening reception on Friday, June 7, Miller will invite visitors to ring the bells, filling the space with a miniature cacophony of meteorite impacts.
"I have to admit, I'm really worried that one will break or be dropped," she says. "I'm looking at this exhibition as a practice in letting go a little bit. Generally, artists have intentions of placement, but I know I won't be able to do that with this project. I'm going to initially set the bells, but once people start to play them, they'll move around and I'm OK with that. Visitors will be asked to put on white gloves before they play the bells, and only one or two people will play at a time."
This summer, Miller will also collaborate with local composer Nathan Felix to create an original composition using the bells. Felix's score will combine the bells with additional orchestral instrumentation to bathe listeners in a wash of ambient sound via immersive use of the space. The performance is planned to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing on July 20.
"Fünf" also showcases the work of the three other 2018 Berlin Residents, featuring symbolic, large-scale drawings of funerary wreaths by Andrei Renteria, a video installation documenting an evolving tape mural by Ethel Shipton and a glimpse into the immersive fantasy worlds of Jared Theis. The exhibition will run from June 7 to September 8.
Fünf
Free, Reception: 6-9pm, Fri June 7, On view through September 8, Blue Star Contemporary, 116 Blue Star, (210) 227-6960, bluestarcontemporary.org.
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Tags: Blue Star Contemporary, Berlin residency program, Texas, San Antonio, Funf, art exhibition, Amada Miller
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Blue Star Contemporary
116 Blue Star, San Antonio San Antonio TX 78204
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Myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)-2 plays essential roles in T-cell transformation associated with HTLV-1 infection by stabilizing complex between Tax and CREB
Pooja Jain, Alfonso Lavorgna, Mohit Sehgal, Linlin Gao, Rashida Ginwala, Divya Sagar, Edward W. Harhaj, Zafar K. Khan
The exact molecular mechanisms regarding HTLV-1 Tax-mediated viral gene expression and CD4 T-cell transformation have yet to be fully delineated. Herein, utilizing virus-infected primary CD4+ T cells and the virus-producing cell line, MT-2, we describe the involvement and regulation of Myocyte enhancer factor-2 (specifically MEF-2A) during the course of HTLV-1 infection and associated disease syndrome. Results: Inhibition of MEF-2 expression by shRNA and its activity by HDAC9 led to reduced viral replication and T-cell transformation in correlation with a heightened expression of MEF-2 in ATL patients. Mechanistically, MEF-2 was recruited to the viral promoter (LTR, long terminal repeat) in the context of chromatin, and constituted Tax/CREB transcriptional complex via direct binding to the HTLV-1 LTR. Furthermore, an increase in MEF-2 expression was observed upon infection in an extent similar to CREB (known Tax-interacting transcription factor), and HATs (p300, CBP, and p/CAF). Confocal imaging confirmed MEF-2 co-localization with Tax and these proteins were also shown to interact by co-immunoprecipitation. MEF-2 stabilization of Tax/CREB complex was confirmed by a novel promoter-binding assay that highlighted the involvement of NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) in this process via Tax-mediated activation of calcineurin (a calcium-dependent serine-threonine phosphatase). MEF-2-integrated signaling pathways (PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, MAPK, JAK/STAT, and TGF-β) were also activated during HTLV-1 infection of primary CD4+ T cells, possibly regulating MEF-2 activity. Conclusions: We demonstrate the involvement of MEF-2 in Tax-mediated LTR activation, viral replication, and T-cell transformation in correlation with its heightened expression in ATL patients through direct binding to DNA within the HTLV-1 LTR.
Retrovirology
HTLV-1
Myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF-2)
Retroviral promoter
Dive into the research topics of 'Myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)-2 plays essential roles in T-cell transformation associated with HTLV-1 infection by stabilizing complex between Tax and CREB'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Deltaretrovirus Infections Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
MEF2 Transcription Factors Medicine & Life Sciences 93%
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 Medicine & Life Sciences 77%
Terminal Repeat Sequences Medicine & Life Sciences 27%
p300-CBP Transcription Factors Medicine & Life Sciences 9%
tax Gene Products Medicine & Life Sciences 8%
NFATC Transcription Factors Medicine & Life Sciences 7%
Jain, P., Lavorgna, A., Sehgal, M., Gao, L., Ginwala, R., Sagar, D., Harhaj, E. W., & Khan, Z. K. (2015). Myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)-2 plays essential roles in T-cell transformation associated with HTLV-1 infection by stabilizing complex between Tax and CREB. Retrovirology, 12(1), [23]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-015-0140-1
Myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)-2 plays essential roles in T-cell transformation associated with HTLV-1 infection by stabilizing complex between Tax and CREB. / Jain, Pooja; Lavorgna, Alfonso; Sehgal, Mohit et al.
In: Retrovirology, Vol. 12, No. 1, 23, 27.02.2015.
Jain, P, Lavorgna, A, Sehgal, M, Gao, L, Ginwala, R, Sagar, D, Harhaj, EW & Khan, ZK 2015, 'Myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)-2 plays essential roles in T-cell transformation associated with HTLV-1 infection by stabilizing complex between Tax and CREB', Retrovirology, vol. 12, no. 1, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-015-0140-1
Jain P, Lavorgna A, Sehgal M, Gao L, Ginwala R, Sagar D et al. Myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)-2 plays essential roles in T-cell transformation associated with HTLV-1 infection by stabilizing complex between Tax and CREB. Retrovirology. 2015 Feb 27;12(1):23. doi: 10.1186/s12977-015-0140-1
Jain, Pooja ; Lavorgna, Alfonso ; Sehgal, Mohit et al. / Myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)-2 plays essential roles in T-cell transformation associated with HTLV-1 infection by stabilizing complex between Tax and CREB. In: Retrovirology. 2015 ; Vol. 12, No. 1.
@article{bf8d3418de174e1a92f45edb40af36c8,
title = "Myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)-2 plays essential roles in T-cell transformation associated with HTLV-1 infection by stabilizing complex between Tax and CREB",
abstract = "The exact molecular mechanisms regarding HTLV-1 Tax-mediated viral gene expression and CD4 T-cell transformation have yet to be fully delineated. Herein, utilizing virus-infected primary CD4+ T cells and the virus-producing cell line, MT-2, we describe the involvement and regulation of Myocyte enhancer factor-2 (specifically MEF-2A) during the course of HTLV-1 infection and associated disease syndrome. Results: Inhibition of MEF-2 expression by shRNA and its activity by HDAC9 led to reduced viral replication and T-cell transformation in correlation with a heightened expression of MEF-2 in ATL patients. Mechanistically, MEF-2 was recruited to the viral promoter (LTR, long terminal repeat) in the context of chromatin, and constituted Tax/CREB transcriptional complex via direct binding to the HTLV-1 LTR. Furthermore, an increase in MEF-2 expression was observed upon infection in an extent similar to CREB (known Tax-interacting transcription factor), and HATs (p300, CBP, and p/CAF). Confocal imaging confirmed MEF-2 co-localization with Tax and these proteins were also shown to interact by co-immunoprecipitation. MEF-2 stabilization of Tax/CREB complex was confirmed by a novel promoter-binding assay that highlighted the involvement of NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) in this process via Tax-mediated activation of calcineurin (a calcium-dependent serine-threonine phosphatase). MEF-2-integrated signaling pathways (PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, MAPK, JAK/STAT, and TGF-β) were also activated during HTLV-1 infection of primary CD4+ T cells, possibly regulating MEF-2 activity. Conclusions: We demonstrate the involvement of MEF-2 in Tax-mediated LTR activation, viral replication, and T-cell transformation in correlation with its heightened expression in ATL patients through direct binding to DNA within the HTLV-1 LTR.",
keywords = "HTLV-1, LTR, Myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF-2), Retroviral promoter, Tax",
author = "Pooja Jain and Alfonso Lavorgna and Mohit Sehgal and Linlin Gao and Rashida Ginwala and Divya Sagar and Harhaj, {Edward W.} and Khan, {Zafar K.}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by the Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health grant NCI R01 CA054559 and NIAID 2R56AI077414-06A1 to PJ, R21 AI 093172–01 to ZKK and NCI R01 CA135362 to EWH. Authors wish to acknowledge the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center DNA Resource Core and the ORFeome Collaboration for providing the HDAC9 plasmid; Ron Prywes and Addgene for providing the 3XMEF-2-luc expression vector; and AIDS Research and References Program, NIAID, NIH for the Tax hybridoma. In addition, technical assistance provided by Ms. Shruti Singh and Anne Lamontagne is also acknowledged here. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} Jain et al.; licensee BioMed Central.",
journal = "Retrovirology",
T1 - Myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)-2 plays essential roles in T-cell transformation associated with HTLV-1 infection by stabilizing complex between Tax and CREB
AU - Jain, Pooja
AU - Lavorgna, Alfonso
AU - Sehgal, Mohit
AU - Gao, Linlin
AU - Ginwala, Rashida
AU - Sagar, Divya
AU - Harhaj, Edward W.
AU - Khan, Zafar K.
N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by the Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health grant NCI R01 CA054559 and NIAID 2R56AI077414-06A1 to PJ, R21 AI 093172–01 to ZKK and NCI R01 CA135362 to EWH. Authors wish to acknowledge the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center DNA Resource Core and the ORFeome Collaboration for providing the HDAC9 plasmid; Ron Prywes and Addgene for providing the 3XMEF-2-luc expression vector; and AIDS Research and References Program, NIAID, NIH for the Tax hybridoma. In addition, technical assistance provided by Ms. Shruti Singh and Anne Lamontagne is also acknowledged here. Publisher Copyright: © Jain et al.; licensee BioMed Central.
N2 - The exact molecular mechanisms regarding HTLV-1 Tax-mediated viral gene expression and CD4 T-cell transformation have yet to be fully delineated. Herein, utilizing virus-infected primary CD4+ T cells and the virus-producing cell line, MT-2, we describe the involvement and regulation of Myocyte enhancer factor-2 (specifically MEF-2A) during the course of HTLV-1 infection and associated disease syndrome. Results: Inhibition of MEF-2 expression by shRNA and its activity by HDAC9 led to reduced viral replication and T-cell transformation in correlation with a heightened expression of MEF-2 in ATL patients. Mechanistically, MEF-2 was recruited to the viral promoter (LTR, long terminal repeat) in the context of chromatin, and constituted Tax/CREB transcriptional complex via direct binding to the HTLV-1 LTR. Furthermore, an increase in MEF-2 expression was observed upon infection in an extent similar to CREB (known Tax-interacting transcription factor), and HATs (p300, CBP, and p/CAF). Confocal imaging confirmed MEF-2 co-localization with Tax and these proteins were also shown to interact by co-immunoprecipitation. MEF-2 stabilization of Tax/CREB complex was confirmed by a novel promoter-binding assay that highlighted the involvement of NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) in this process via Tax-mediated activation of calcineurin (a calcium-dependent serine-threonine phosphatase). MEF-2-integrated signaling pathways (PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, MAPK, JAK/STAT, and TGF-β) were also activated during HTLV-1 infection of primary CD4+ T cells, possibly regulating MEF-2 activity. Conclusions: We demonstrate the involvement of MEF-2 in Tax-mediated LTR activation, viral replication, and T-cell transformation in correlation with its heightened expression in ATL patients through direct binding to DNA within the HTLV-1 LTR.
AB - The exact molecular mechanisms regarding HTLV-1 Tax-mediated viral gene expression and CD4 T-cell transformation have yet to be fully delineated. Herein, utilizing virus-infected primary CD4+ T cells and the virus-producing cell line, MT-2, we describe the involvement and regulation of Myocyte enhancer factor-2 (specifically MEF-2A) during the course of HTLV-1 infection and associated disease syndrome. Results: Inhibition of MEF-2 expression by shRNA and its activity by HDAC9 led to reduced viral replication and T-cell transformation in correlation with a heightened expression of MEF-2 in ATL patients. Mechanistically, MEF-2 was recruited to the viral promoter (LTR, long terminal repeat) in the context of chromatin, and constituted Tax/CREB transcriptional complex via direct binding to the HTLV-1 LTR. Furthermore, an increase in MEF-2 expression was observed upon infection in an extent similar to CREB (known Tax-interacting transcription factor), and HATs (p300, CBP, and p/CAF). Confocal imaging confirmed MEF-2 co-localization with Tax and these proteins were also shown to interact by co-immunoprecipitation. MEF-2 stabilization of Tax/CREB complex was confirmed by a novel promoter-binding assay that highlighted the involvement of NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) in this process via Tax-mediated activation of calcineurin (a calcium-dependent serine-threonine phosphatase). MEF-2-integrated signaling pathways (PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, MAPK, JAK/STAT, and TGF-β) were also activated during HTLV-1 infection of primary CD4+ T cells, possibly regulating MEF-2 activity. Conclusions: We demonstrate the involvement of MEF-2 in Tax-mediated LTR activation, viral replication, and T-cell transformation in correlation with its heightened expression in ATL patients through direct binding to DNA within the HTLV-1 LTR.
KW - HTLV-1
KW - LTR
KW - Myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF-2)
KW - Retroviral promoter
KW - Tax
JO - Retrovirology
JF - Retrovirology


text:
Precipitation uncertainty and variability: observations, ensemble simulation and downscaling
Editor(s): R. Deidda, A. Bàrdossy, A. A. Carsteanu, G. Grossi, A. Langousis, and F. Pappenberger More information
The assessment of precipitation variability and uncertainty is crucial in a variety of applications, such as flood risk forecasting, evaluation of the hydrological impacts of climate change, determination of design floods, and hydrological modelling in general. Within this framework, this special issue of HESS aims to gather contributions on research, application advances, and future needs in the understanding and modeling of precipitation variability, and its sources of uncertainty. Specifically, contributions focusing on one or more of the following topics are particularly welcome:
Novel studies aimed at the assessment and representation of different sources of uncertainty, versus natural variability of precipitation.
Methods to account for different levels of accuracy in precipitation time series, e.g. due to changes and improvements in observation networks.
Uncertainty and variability in spatially and temporally heterogeneous multi-source precipitation products.
Estimation of precipitation variability and uncertainty at ungauged sites.
Process conceptualization and modeling approaches at different spatial and temporal scales, including model parameter identification and calibration, and sensitivity analyses to different parameterizations and scales of process representation.
Physically and statistically based approaches to downscale information from meteorological and climate models to spatial and temporal scales useful for hydrological modeling and applications.
Modeling approaches based on ensemble simulation, and methods for synthetic representation of precipitation variability and uncertainty.
Scale invariance properties of precipitation in space and/or time.
Stochastic spatial disaggregation of extreme precipitation to validate a regional climate model and to evaluate climate change impacts over a small watershed
P. Gagnon and A. N. Rousseau
Climate changes of hydrometeorological and hydrological extremes in the Paute basin, Ecuadorean Andes
D. E. Mora, L. Campozano, F. Cisneros, G. Wyseure, and P. Willems
Large scale snow water equivalent status monitoring: comparison of different snow water products in the upper Colorado Basin
G. A. Artan, J. P. Verdin, and R. Lietzow
On the importance of observational data properties when assessing regional climate model performance of extreme precipitation
M. A. Sunyer, H. J. D. Sørup, O. B. Christensen, H. Madsen, D. Rosbjerg, P. S. Mikkelsen, and K. Arnbjerg-Nielsen
Optimising predictor domains for spatially coherent precipitation downscaling
S. Radanovics, J.-P. Vidal, E. Sauquet, A. Ben Daoud, and G. Bontron
Precipitation accumulation analysis – assimilation of radar-gauge measurements and validation of different methods
E. Gregow, E. Saltikoff, S. Albers, and H. Hohti
Precipitation and snow cover in the Himalaya: from reanalysis to regional climate simulations
M. Ménégoz, H. Gallée, and H. W. Jacobi
Radar subpixel-scale rainfall variability and uncertainty: lessons learned from observations of a dense rain-gauge network
N. Peleg, M. Ben-Asher, and E. Morin
A flood episode in northern Italy: multi-model and single-model mesoscale meteorological ensembles for hydrological predictions
S. Davolio, M. M. Miglietta, T. Diomede, C. Marsigli, and A. Montani
Regional climate models downscaling in the Alpine area with multimodel superensemble
D. Cane, S. Barbarino, L. A. Renier, and C. Ronchi
Structural break or long memory: an empirical survey on daily rainfall data sets across Malaysia
F. Yusof, I. L. Kane, and Z. Yusop
Theoretical framework to estimate spatial rainfall averages conditional on river discharges and point rainfall measurements from a single location: an application to western Greece
A. Langousis and V. Kaleris
Evaluation of high-resolution satellite precipitation products using rain gauge observations over the Tibetan Plateau
Y. C. Gao and M. F. Liu
Benefits from using combined dynamical-statistical downscaling approaches – lessons from a case study in the Mediterranean region
N. Guyennon, E. Romano, I. Portoghese, F. Salerno, S. Calmanti, A. B. Petrangeli, G. Tartari, and D. Copetti
On the nature of rainfall intermittency as revealed by different metrics and sampling approaches
G. Mascaro, R. Deidda, and M. Hellies
Future changes in extreme precipitation in the Rhine basin based on global and regional climate model simulations
S. C. van Pelt, J. J. Beersma, T. A. Buishand, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, and P. Kabat


text:
/ Buildings / Architecture Professor Builds Public Interest Design Hub at Iowa State University
Architecture Professor Builds Public Interest Design Hub at Iowa State University
Matt Ball on March 4, 2015 - in Buildings, Corporate, Design/Engineering
AMES, Iowa, March 4, 2015–Eight years ago, Nadia Anderson blazed trails at Iowa State University when she offered a community design project as an optional studio class for architecture students. The idea of students collaborating with community residents to address issues through design was the exception in many design schools.
Now, Anderson — who has won national recognition for her work — is one of several faculty in the College of Designwhose students work with Iowa's urban neighborhoods and rural communities on design projects. Recent projects within the college include:
A therapeutic landscape to help rehabilitate offenders and a restorative outdoor environment for correctional officers and staff at the Iowa Correctional Institution for Women
Design concepts that enhance local retail experiences in Clarinda, Red Oak and Shenandoah
Several planning projects with the Des Moines Neighborhood Development Division
The ongoing Iowa's Living Roadways Community Visioning Program
Affordable housing prototypes in Des Moines, Cedar Rapids and Corning
Neighborhood revitalization in Cedar Rapids and Des Moines
"There's a pretty good tradition of this at Iowa State. But it hasn't been identified, labeled or articulated," said Anderson, an assistant professor of architecture and urban design, extension specialist and co-director of Iowa State's Community Design Lab.
There is a name for 'it' now. Called public interest design, it's a professional movement within many design disciplines. And Anderson hopes to spark interest within Iowa's design community when she brings in leaders in the field for a two-day institute at Iowa State.
Anderson and colleagues from the Community Design Lab attended the Design Corps Public Interest Design Institute a year ago in New York. They heard leaders in the field present case study examples of projects and discuss best practices. And they learned the practical financial and managerial aspects of how a design firm focused on public interest design makes ends meet.
Excited about the program, they asked Bryan Bell, founder of the nonprofit Design Corps and the institute, if he would bring the course to Iowa. In addition to Ames, the five-year-old program is being offered this year in Detroit, Dallas, Pittsburgh and Brownsville, Texas.
All about partnerships
Public interest design is often referred to as community design, participatory design or social interest design. It evolved in reaction to top-down urban renewal projects in the 1950s and 1960s in which residents had no voice in decision-making about what would happen to their communities. Designers in the advocacy planning and design movement of the 1960s worked as advocates for neighborhood residents, sometimes prioritizing local voices over design quality.
"But this work has evolved," Anderson said. "Unlike work done since the 1960s, the current work is very much about partnerships among communities, residents, nonprofits, businesses and design professionals."
In public interest design, both communities and professionals bring expertise to the project, operating from a place of equality. Residents and local organizations understand a place's history, the patterns of how space is used and the availability of businesses and services. And architects and designers have the training to visualize alternative futures, which allows stakeholders to react.
"Both the stakeholders and the professional bring valid knowledge to the table and create the potential for a better future," Anderson said.
The work requires new ways of thinking about the business of design and design's role in communities, however. Anderson said this could be challenging for organizations that don't typically work with designers and for designers whose work starts with projects articulated by fee-paying clients.
"Public interest design is a professional activity that needs to be paid for and not pro bono. It's not a donated service activity," she said. "Firms doing public interest design often have to cobble together different kinds of resources from governmental funding to foundation grants."
Partnerships with Iowa communities
Iowa State's Community Design Lab concentrates on organizing and overseeing projects in the realm of public interest design. A partnership between the College of Design and ISU Extension and Outreach, the lab encompasses not only expertise in architecture, but also landscape architecture, sustainable agriculture, community and regional planning and community engagement. Anderson and Carl Rogers, associate professor of landscape architecture, are co-directors.
"Partnership with communities is the foundation of what we do," Anderson said. "While we bring professional expertise and research to the table, the local knowledge and decision-making provided by our community partners is essential."
The Community Design Lab provides oversight on projects related to health and wellness (urban agriculture systems, trail systems, inclusive design), infrastructure and prototypes (stormwater management, affordable housing, streetscape systems) and community revitalization (economic revisioning, disaster recovery and mitigation).
The lab is working on projects in the Capital East neighborhood and SW Ninth corridor in Des Moines, and has worked extensively on flood recovery with the Time-Check neighborhood in Cedar Rapids. Other projects have been in Waukon, Maquoketa, Centerville, Clarinda and Cresco.
"It's really about looking at how you use design to increase equity and get more people and voices involved in decision-making about what's going to happen in their community," Anderson said.
collaboration design Iowa State University public interest
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Are you a history nerd with a taste for the macabre? Did you listen to nothing but The Cure during high school? Do you consider Hereditary a light-hearted family romp?
We've teamed up with Madame Morbid's Trolley Tours to satisfy all your bone-chilling needs. Every Friday you can start your night with a historic ghost tour of Brooklyn on Madame Morbid's turn-of-the-century trolley. Once you've been thoroughly spooked and scared Madame Morbid will drop you off right outside our Tasting Room in Williamsburg where you can relax with a hearty pint or two.
Madame Morbid has tours at 7 PM and 9 PM every Friday night, so get your tickets here but beware–you're in for a scare.
*We cannot guarantee that our bar is not cursed, paranormal, or otherwise otherworldly.


As a team leader, it is important to be aware of what drives engagement and motivates your employees and teammates.
Employee engagement has a tremendous impact on productivity, and there are a number of factors that contribute to your people feeling connected to a compelling common goal and to other people in your organization.
Below is an image, compliments of Engaged to Perform, while details the characteristics of an engaged employee, and also shares evidence to suggest the importance of creating a more engaged and connected team.
If your team is disengaged or needs an energizing catalyst event that will connect them to each other and increase their awareness of how their behaviors and attitudes impact team productivity, consider a day of business team building.
Engaged employees see themselves as a small and important part of something larger than themselves.
If Sean can ever help you or your team with a custom team workshop or motivational keynote, visit the contact page and share your situation.
You can also choose to follow Sean on Twitter or connect on LinkedIn for updates and useful tools to lead your team!


text:
Harold Danko (* 13. Juni 1947 in Sharon (Pennsylvania)) ist ein amerikanischer Pianist des Modern Jazz.

Leben und Wirken
Danko, der in Ohio aufwuchs, spielte ab dem fünften Lebensjahr Klavier. Nach dem Studienabschluss an der Youngstown State University ging er zur Armee und spielte in einer Army-Band. Er wurde dann Mitglied von Woody Hermans Thundering Herd und zog nach New York City, wo er mit Chet Baker, Gerry Mulligan und Lee Konitz arbeitete und im Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra spielte. Er gründete ein eigenes Quartett, mit dem er regelmäßig Alben vorlegte, und arbeitete dort mit Rich Perry, Michael Formanek oder Jeff Hirshfield.

Daneben unterrichtete Danko an der New School, der Manhattan School of Music und der Eastman School of Music, wo er seit 1998 als Professor tätig ist und aktuell (2016) die Abteilung für Jazz und Zeitgenössische Medien leitet. Weiterhin schrieb er eine regelmäßige Kolumne für das Keyboard Magazine und veröffentlichte ein Lehrvideo zum Thema Jazz Keyboard Techniques.

Diskographische Hinweise

 Mirth Song (Sunnyside, 1982) mit Rufus Reid
 After the Rain (SteepleChase, 1994) solo
 Tidal Breeze (SteepleChase, 1995/96), Stable Mates (SteepleChase, 1997) mit Rich Perry, Scott Holley, Jeff Hirshfield
 Prestigious (SteepleChase, 2001) mit Dave Ballou, Michael Formanek
 Trilix (SteepleChase, 2004)
 Unriched (SteepleChase, 2012) mit Jay Anderson, Jeff Hirshfield

Lexigraphische Einträge
 Wolf Kampmann (Hrsg.), unter Mitarbeit von Ekkehard Jost: Reclams Jazzlexikon. Reclam, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-15-010528-5.
 Martin Kunzler: Jazz-Lexikon. Band 1: A–L (= rororo-Sachbuch. Bd. 16512). 2. Auflage. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 2004, ISBN 3-499-16512-0.

Weblinks
 Biographischer Eintrag bei der Eastman School of Music
 Biographie bei Allmusic

Jazz-Pianist
Hochschullehrer (Manhattan School of Music)
Hochschullehrer (Eastman School of Music)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1947
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
(→History: fixing links and adding italics)
(→History: fixing bartram's garden link)
Knowledge of his life after his arrival in Philadelphia rests on firmer foundations. By 1799 he was residing in the city, where he first met Darlington during an outbreak of yellow fever (view text). By 1802, M'Mahon "had established his nurseries of useful and ornamental plants" (view text). He recognized a need for pamphlets and books about plants tailored to American climates and species, which he set out to satisfy. In 1804 he published the first American seed catalog in booklet form. This was followed in 1806 by his most significant work, ''The American Gardener's Calendar,'' which broke up the seasonal labors of gardening into monthly lists of tasks over the course of 648 pages (Fig. 1). By 1807, he ran a successful flower shop, nursery and seed business at 39 South 2nd Street in Philadelphia.
In addition to his publishing and commercial activities, M'Mahon was an active member of the Philadelphia horticultural and scientific communities. A receipt in M'Mahon's handwriting (Fig. 2) records the sale of seeds and plants to the American Philosophical Society, which shipped them to Amsterdam. Perhaps the most intriguing but least successful of these was a viticulture endeavor known as the Pennsylvania Vine Company, run by Peter Legaux (1748–1827), which M'Mahon helped govern from 1807 to 1811. He also participated in the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, which listed him as a member in 1812. As a member of the Philadelphia community of seedsmen and botanists, M'Mahon likely met many of the preeminent figures in these fields. Two undated letters attest to his correspondence and acquaintance with the botanist and physician Benjamin Smith Barton (1766–1815). He must also have visited [[Bartram's botanic garden|Bartram's Garden]], another celebrated botanic garden outside of Philadelphia, although no direct evidence of such a visit survives. The botanist Thomas Nuttall (1786–1859) named a genus of evergreen shrubs ''Mahonia'' after him (known today as ''Berberis aquifolium'' after Frederick Pursh's earlier naming). Following M'Mahon's death in September of 1816, his wife Ann and son Thomas took over the nursery. After an unsuccessful attempt to auction the land and its contents in 1818, Ann M'Mahon ran the garden until 1830, when Thomas Hibbert, business partner of [[Robert Buist]], purchased the property.
In addition to his publishing and commercial activities, M'Mahon was an active member of the Philadelphia horticultural and scientific communities. A receipt in M'Mahon's handwriting (Fig. 2) records the sale of seeds and plants to the American Philosophical Society, which shipped them to Amsterdam. Perhaps the most intriguing but least successful of these was a viticulture endeavor known as the Pennsylvania Vine Company, run by Peter Legaux (1748–1827), which M'Mahon helped govern from 1807 to 1811. He also participated in the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, which listed him as a member in 1812. As a member of the Philadelphia community of seedsmen and botanists, M'Mahon likely met many of the preeminent figures in these fields. Two undated letters attest to his correspondence and acquaintance with the botanist and physician Benjamin Smith Barton (1766–1815). He must also have visited [[Bartram Botanic Garden and Nursery|Bartram's Garden]], another celebrated botanic garden outside of Philadelphia, although no direct evidence of such a visit survives. The botanist Thomas Nuttall (1786–1859) named a genus of evergreen shrubs ''Mahonia'' after him (known today as ''Berberis aquifolium'' after Frederick Pursh's earlier naming). Following M'Mahon's death in September of 1816, his wife Ann and son Thomas took over the nursery. After an unsuccessful attempt to auction the land and its contents in 1818, Ann M'Mahon ran the garden until 1830, when Thomas Hibbert, business partner of [[Robert Buist]], purchased the property.
Bernard M'Mahon's practical impact on early American landscape design is revealed by his correspondence with [[Thomas Jefferson]], who sought useful new American species to plant at [[Monticello]]. In 1806, M'Mahon sent a letter offering a copy of his ''Calendar'' to [[Thomas Jefferson]], who gladly accepted. This gift inaugurated the exchange of what would amount to thirty-seven letters between the men by the time of M'Mahon's death in 1816. As Peter Hatch notes, Jefferson's notebook on gardening contains more than a few entries that precisely replicate M'Mahon's specifications for layout and maintenance. In addition to following the guidance of the ''Calendar,'' Jefferson purchased a wide variety of seeds and plants from M'Mahon. In exchange, Jefferson not only paid M'Mahon for his goods, but also created new professional opportunities for him. When the noted Parisian botanist André Thouin sent Jefferson a collection of international seeds in 1808, [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] forwarded them on to M'Mahon to cultivate and sell as he saw fit.
In 1808 M'Mahon purchased some land "on the township line road, near the Germantown road," in the area of what is today Fotterall Square, where he opened a nursery and garden called Upsal Botanic Garden. Although no descriptions of Upsal survive from M'Mahon's lifetime, early histories and guides to the city briefly mention it as an attraction, including James Mease's 1811 The Picture of Philadelphia. The earliest extant description, written in 1818, two years after M'Mahon's death, records about twenty acres of "variegated" land, with "an ample fish pond and island, supported by a never failing spring" on the property, and several buildings including a "two-storied stone dwelling; a brick and frame kitchen, a large stone building, Green House, a frame stable, coach house, and out buildings" (view text). With its pond, diverse soils, and green house, the land at Upsal must have afforded M'Mahon with diverse growing conditions for a wide variety of species. The garden continued to attract botanically-minded visitors in the decades following M'Mahon's death, like the Scottish botanist David Douglas (1799–1834), who visited the property in 1823. In his journal, Douglas briefly described Upsal's Osage orange trees (Maclura pomifera), which were among the most celebrated specimens collected by the Lewis and Clark expedition (view text). As late as 1830, visitors remarked on the "green house 60 feet long," the "beautiful fish and water plants" with which the pond was stocked, and "a row of native oaks, planted by him [M'Mahon], containing 30 varieties; being all the kinds that he could collect in his day, either with money or zealous exertion" (view text).


text:
Estimation of wind profile and offshore wind potential for Cabo Frio coast
Luiz Felipe Rodrigues do Carmo
l.docarmo.meteoroufrj@gmail.com
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil..
Ana Cristina Pinto de Almeida Palmeira
anactn@gmail.com
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Carlos Felipe de Jesus Lauriano Antonio
carlosfelipejla@gmail.com
Man is a great consumer of energy. Therefore, studying and improving energy supply mechanisms is of paramount importance for society. In this area, renewable energies see themselves as a great environmental ally in contrast to fossil fuels. Some examples are: solar, wind, biomass and hydro. In this work the authors calculated the wind direction, wind speed profiles, and wind potential for a region near Cabo Frio-RJ, using data from the Cabo Frio (Nova) buoy of the National Program of Boias (PNBOIA) and data from the ERA5 reanalysis of temperature, speed, wind direction and significant wave height, for the period between 01/08/2016 and 31/07/2017. The preliminary results showed that the average absolute difference between the wind speed of PNBOIA and ERA5 was approximately 1 m/s. Furthermore, through the wind rose, it was observed that there was no significant percentage difference between the wind directions of PNBOIA and ERA5. It was concluded that this is a favorable region for the installation of wind power plants.
Keywords: wind profile; wind energy; wind potential; ERA5; PNBOIA
Since human existence, man has sought mechanisms to facilitate his customary activities. Thus, by mastering the technique of fire, he has improved his quality of life (CPFL Energia, 2017). Later, more specifically since the Industrial Revolution, fossil fuels, such as coal, presented significant changes in the life of the society of the time, being the main source of energy.
With the increase in production and exploitation, there has been a significant increase in the amount of exploited area and anthropogenic emissions and, as a consequence, there is an environmental imbalance with the intensification of the greenhouse effect, global warming and deforestation of important biomes such as the Amazon, Pantanal, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest.
In the last decades, with the deepening of the discussion on renewable energy, different technologies have been developed as alternative options to the traditional ones, such as solar, wind, biomass and hydro energy. Among these, wind energy is the one that has shown the greatest growth in recent years.
According to Dutra (2008), the wind was used as a resource to help in the development of different daily tasks. In agriculture, there were windmills, which consisted of a circular cage in which animals or men walked and moved a pole placed in a vertical column. The water wheels emerged as the improvement of this system, the watercourse being its driving force.
With the wind vane, wind energy was used for grain milling and water pumping. In Europe, the use of wind vane started with the return of the Crusades, approximately in the 13th century, and it has been used and documented for a long time. The Dutch type windmill, in particular, was spread to several countries, strongly influencing the agricultural economy of the continent (Dutra, 2008)
As we know, wind energy is that which comes from the wind to produce mechanical energy. Therefore, in order to have a good and profitable use of energy, it is necessary to implement it in a region with constant winds, with intensity that can vary between moderate and very strong. In addition, preference is given to regions with less shear in the wind direction, since, with the high variation in its direction, it is necessary to implement wind generators with greater capacity for rotation, in order to capture the energy from the wind in all directions, further raising the cost (CEPEL, 2001).
Ohlenforst et al. (2018), through the Global Wind Report, showed the wind energy capacity installed by several countries between 2015 and 2018. In this period, Brazil almost doubled its capacity, although it is still far below ideal. Considering the Northeast Region of Brazil, there is a great potential for generating this type of energy, both onshore and offshore (Barcellos, 2014).
According to Aneel (2020), the Northeast is the region with the greatest potential in Brazil, with the largest number of wind power plants. The South region is also highlighted in the national panel, with a considerable number of parks in operation.
Despite having many wind farms, Brazil can and must still increase the number of wind farms and also improve its energy management, since there are still many favorable areas to be explored, in order to start balancing the national energy balance. There is also a large offshore area on the Brazilian coast that could be explored.
Offshore wind energy is gaining evidence in the world and proving to be a promising solution for the future. Since the roughness of the sea is less than that of the continent, the offshore wind has higher intensity values, which ensures that the offshore field has greater wind potential compared to the onshore. According to Ohlerfost et al. (2018), there are 4,496 offshore installations in the world, none of them in Brazil. Although there are still no aerogenerators in operation offshore, several companies have studied the implementation of wind power complexes along the Brazilian coast.
Considering the importance of this topic and the possible potential for implementing offshore wind farms, studying the intensity and direction of the wind in the ocean is very important. However, analyzing these parameters only on the ocean surface may not be efficient, as windmills are usually installed at higher levels (e.g. 30, 60, 90 or 100 meters). In addition, the closer to the surface layer, the greater the influence of roughness on aerogenerator intensity.
In view of this problem, it is important to study the wind profile and not only the surface wind, as well as calculate the energy and wind potential for the higher levels. Knowing this, the objective of this work is to study this wind profile and calculate the wind potential profile at an offshore point located near the coast of Cabo Frio, a region that frequently has moderate to strong winds on the surface.
METHODS AND DATA
For this study, data on air temperature, direction, wind intensity and significant buoyancy wave height from the National Boias Program (PNBOIA) located in Cabo Frio, RJ, Brazil (Figure 1) and from the ERA5 reanalysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), for the period from 01/08/2016 to 31/07/2017, were used.
Figure 1. Location of the PNBOIA Buoys.
Source: Marinha do Brasil
Within this time frame, a period with winds higher than 30 knots (15 m/s) was selected to perform the qualitative comparison of the ERA5 wind with the Cabo Frio buoy data. For this, the magnitude and direction of the wind was calculated between 27/11/2016 and 09/12/2016. Quantitatively, for the period between 01/08/2016 and 31/07/2017 (1 year), comparative statistical metrics were also calculated between the reanalysis and the float.
For the wind profile calculation, Pi-Buckingham's theorem (Kantha and Clayson, 2000) and Monin & Obukhov's similarity theory (Monin and Obukhov, 1954; Wyngaard, 1973; Sorbjan, 1986; Stull, 1991) were used. By integrating equation 1, we get equation 2 of wind speed for a height z.
Where u is the wind speed, u* is the friction speed, k a Von-Karman constant, Z0 is the roughness and L is the length of Monin-Obukhov..
For roughness estimation, the Donelan method (1990) was used, obtained through field experiments, coming from a direct function of the significant wave height described by equation 3.
Where: Hs is the significant wave height and ξ constant.
There are several methods of estimating the mechanical power extracted by the wind turbine. However, in this study the method of Pavinatto (2005), equation 4, was used, as this is one of the most used among the most recent methods.
Where: ρ is the air density, A is the area swept by the rotor, vw is the speed incident on the rotor and cp is the power coefficient of the wind turbine.
The term cp (λ, β) depends on specific characteristics of the wind turbine and it is the ratio function of speeds (λ) and the pitch angle of the wind turbine blades (β). Since cp (λ, β) is two-dimensional, some numerical approximations are made. Thus, in equations 5 and 6 and in Figure 2, we find the numerical approximations used, as well as the characteristic graph of cp (λ, β), drawn from equations 5 and 6 (Raiambal and Chellamuth, 2002; Pavinatto, 2005; Montezano, 2007).
Figure 2. cp chart as a function of lambda
Source: Montezano, 2007
Thus, to calculate the power, two wind turbines were chosen, one of smaller and one of larger capacity: Model ELV-H2.7 – 500 W (Maximum power 1000W) and ELV-H20.8 – 100 kW (Maximum power 100000W), respectively.
In Figures 3 and 4, the difference between the wind magnitude measurements of PNBOIA and ERA5 and the dispersion graph of these data for Cabo Frio in one year (from 01/08/2016 to 31/07/2017) is presented, respectively. As can be noted, the average absolute difference between the two is 1.06 m/s and its correlation is high (R=0.87). The dispersion graph in Figure 4 indicates that the wind speed values monitored by the ERA5 are, on average, 10 meters lower than the PNBOIA values (6.56m/s and 7.63 m/s, respectively). That is, the ERA5 is underestimating the wind magnitude in relation to the PNBOIA.
Figure 3. Difference between wind magnitude in 10 meters from PNBOIA and ERA5
Figure 4. Wind magnitude dispersion in 10 meters (PNBOIA and ERA5)
In Figures 5, 6 and 7 are the variations in wind magnitude and direction of both the Cabo Frio buoy and the ERA5 during the period of Nov. 27, 2016 and Dec. 9, 2016, and the variation in wind magnitude from 0 to 100 meters for that same period. It is noted that the wind magnitude at levels greater than 10 meters exceeded the value of 15 m/s at various times, thus showing strong intensity (Figure 7). In addition, the average absolute error of magnitude and direction in this period was approximately 1.28 m/s and 25°, respectively. Thus, the magnitude error represented about 13% of the value.
Figure 5. Variation of wind magnitude (PNBOIA x ERA5)
Figure 6. Variation of wind direction (PNBOIA x ERA5)
Figure 7. Wind magnitude variation from 0 to 100 meters (PNBOIA)
Figures 8a and 8b show the wind rose for PNBOIA and ERA5 (located approximately at the Cabo Frio buoyancy point) for the period of 1 year. It can be seen that the directions are approximately equal, predominating the northeast direction (NE), with approximately 30% for the PNBOIA and 32% for the ERA5. Moreover, in both sources, more than 60% of the winds analyzed were found between the north and east directions.
Figure 8. Wind rose for Cabo Frio of (a)PNBOIA and (b)ERA5.
Figure 9 shows the average annual wind profile (0 to 100 meters) of PNBOIA (red) and ERA5 (blue). It is observed that due to the difference of approximately 1 m/s between the magnitude of the wind at 10 meters, the values of the levels above were also different and therefore the ERA5 also underestimates the wind in relation to the PNBOIA at higher levels.
Figure 9. Wind Profile for Cold Cable [ERA5 (BLUE) + PNBOIA (RED)]
With the wind profiles already defined in Figures 10 and 11, it was possible to calculate the wind potential profiles near the PNBOIA and ERA5 in Cabo Frio for the wind power generators ELV-H2.7 – 500 W and ELV-H20.8 – 100 kW. Due to the fact that the power is proportional to the speed cube, an underestimate of the power in ERA5 occurs proportionally. Therefore, in the case of the smaller wind generator (ELV-H2.7 – 500W), the height at which its maximum power is reached would be approximately 18 meters for PNBOIA and 60 meters for ERA5. For the ELV-H20.8 – 100 kW it would be 85 meters for the PNBOIA, while for the ERA5 the average value of 100kW is not reached up to the level of 100 meters.
Figure 10. Wind potential profile near Cabo Frio (ELV-H2.7 – 500 W)
Figure 11. Wind potential profile near Cabo Frio (ELV-H20.8 - 100 kW)
The results showed that although the ERA5 is a reanalysis of the wind roses, in directional terms, the region of implementation of the wind farm, as well as the direction of installation of the wind power generator, would be similar according to the ERA5 and PNBOIA. However, when looking from the point of view of magnitude, the underestimation of the ERA5 could imply in determining the height of installation of the wind power generator. This is an important factor, since, over the ocean, the logistics for installing and operating these structures is much more complex and expensive.
According to the data studied, it can be seen that the region of Cabo Frio, RJ, seems to be a propitious region for the establishment of this type of energy grid, since the wind direction does not vary so much and its magnitude is high, reaching the maximum power of the simulated wind power generator. However, despite the promising results, other studies need to be carried out with a larger set of data, with new methodologies for estimating the profiles, and with a larger number of types of aerogenerators, in order to further increase the knowledge of the region and the tools used.
Another relevant aspect is the harmful interference of offshore wind energy with the environment. It should not be forgotten that a better balance is needed between the national energy mix and the emergency reduction of fossil fuels. To this end, wind energy emerges as an ally.
The instrument capable of resolving this imbroglio and improving the management of environmental resources is environmental licensing, since, during the application for prior installation and operation licenses, it is up to the environmental agency (in the case of this type of licensing, the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources – IBAMA) to determine whether the principle of sustainability, among others, will be preserved and whether there will be benefits to society.
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Received: Feb 13, 2020
Approved: Mar 06, 2020
How to cite: Carmo, L.F.R., Palmeira, A.C.P.A., Antonio, C.F.J.L. (2020), Study of the relationship between precipitation and landslides in the municipality of Petrópolis - RJ, Revista S&G 15, No. 1, 46-52. https://revistasg.emnuvens.com.br/sg/article/view/1614