text:
Roberta J. Worthington Melander
2-aminoimidazoles collapse mycobacterial proton motive force and block the electron transport chain
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 9.
By: A. Jeon, D. Ackart, W. Li, M. Jackson, R. Melander, C. Melander, R. Abramovitch, A. Chicco, R. Basaraba, A. Obregon-Henao
doi.org (publisher)
Identification of Anti-Mycobacterial Biofilm Agents Based on the 2-Aminoimidazole Scaffold
CHEMMEDCHEM, 14(9), 927–937.
By: T. Nguyen, B. Minrovic, R. Melander & C. Melander
10.1002/cmdc.201900033
Added: July 1, 2019
Small Molecule Potentiation of Gram-Positive Selective Antibiotics against Acinetobacter baumannii
ACS INFECTIOUS DISEASES, 5(7), 1223–1230.
By: S. Martin, R. Melander, C. Brackett, A. Scott, C. Chandler, C. Nguyen, B. Minrovic, S. Harrill ...
and 3 other authors, including 1 NC State author
, R. Ernst, C. Manoil & C. Melander
10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00067
figshare.com (repository)
Using 2-aminobenzimidazole derivatives to inhibit Mycobacterium smegmatis biofilm formation
MEDCHEMCOMM, 10(3), 456–459.
By: T. Nguyen, M. Peszko, R. Melander & C. Melander
10.1039/c9md00025a
Using Small-Molecule Adjuvants to Repurpose Azithromycin for Use against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ACS INFECTIOUS DISEASES, 5(1), 141–151.
By: V. Hubble, B. Hubbard, B. Minrovic, R. Melander & C. Melander
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (repository)
Narrow-spectrum antibacterial agents
[Review of ]. MedChemComm, 9(1), 12–21.
By: R. Melander, D. Zurawski & C. Melander
10.1039/c7md00528h
Re-sensitizing Multidrug Resistant Bacteria to Antibiotics by Targeting Bacterial Response Regulators: Characterization and Comparison of Interactions between 2-Aminoimidazoles and the Response Regulators BfmR from Acinetobacter baumannii and QseB from Francisella spp.
FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES, 5.
By: M. Milton, B. Minrovic, D. Harris, B. Kang, D. Jung, C. Lewis, R. Thompson, R. Melander ...
and 3 other authors, including 2 NC State authors
, D. Zeng, C. Melander & J. Cavanagh
10.3389/fmolb.2018.00015
www.frontiersin.org (publisher PDF)
2-aminoimidazoles potentiate beta-lactam antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by reducing beta-lactamase secretion and increasing cell envelope permeability
PLoS One, 12(7).
By: A. Jeon, A. Obregon-Henao, D. Ackart, B. Podell, J. Belardinelli, M. Jackson, T. Nguyen, M. Blackledge ...
, R. Melander, C. Melander, B. Johnson, R. Abramovitch & R. Basaraba
Probing the mechanism of LAL-32, a gold nanoparticle-based antibiotic discovered through small molecule variable ligand display
Bioconjugate Chemistry, 28(7), 1807–1810.
By: R. Byrne-Nash, D. Lucero, N. Osbaugh, R. Melander, C. Melander & D. Feldheim
10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00199
Small molecule adjuvants that suppress both chromosomal and mcr-1 encoded colistin-resistance and amplify colistin efficacy in polymyxin-susceptible bacteria
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 25(20), 5749–5753.
By: W. Barker, S. Martin, C. Chandler, T. Nguyen, T. Harris, C. Goodell, R. Melander, Y. Doi, R. Ernst, C. Melander
10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.055
Structure of the Francisella response regulator QseB receiver domain, and characterization of QseB inhibition by antibiofilm 2-aminoimidazole-based compounds
Molecular Microbiology, 106(2), 223–235.
By: M. Milton, C. Allen, E. Feldmann, B. Bobay, D. Jung, M. Stephens, R. Melander, K. Theisen ...
, D. Zeng, R. Thompson, C. Melander & J. Cavanagh
10.1111/mmi.13759
The challenge of overcoming antibiotic resistance: An adjuvant approach?
By: R. Melander & C. Melander
The discovery of 2-aminobenzimidazoles that sensitize mycobacterium smegmatis and m. tuberculosis to beta-lactam antibiotics in a pattern distinct from beta-lactamase inhibitors
Angewandte Chemie [International Edition in English], 56(14), 3940–3944.
By: T. Nguyen, M. Blackledge, E. Lindsey, B. Minrovic, D. Ackart, A. Jeon, A. Obregon-Henao, R. Melander, R. Basaraba, C. Melander
10.1002/anie.201612006
Marine sponge alkaloids as a source of anti-bacterial adjuvants
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 26(24), 5863–5866.
By: R. Melander, H. Liu, M. Stephens, C. Bewley & C. Melander
10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.018
europepmc.org (repository)
Potentiation of Francisella resistance to conventional antibiotics through small molecule adjuvants
MedChemComm, 7(1), 128–131.
By: M. Stephens, V. Hubble, R. Ernst, M. Hoek, R. Melander, J. Cavanagh, C. Melander
Second generation modifiers of colistin resistance show enhanced activity and lower inherent toxicity
Tetrahedron, 72(25), 3549–3553.
By: C. Brackett, R. Furlani, R. Anderson, A. Krishnamurthy, R. Melander, S. Moskowitz, R. Ernst, C. Melander
10.1016/j.tet.2015.09.019
From worms to targeting virulence factors
Chemistry & Biology, 22(4), 436–437.
10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.04.005
Inhibition and breaking of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) with bis-2-aminoimidazole derivatives
Tetrahedron Letters, 56(23), 3406–3409.
By: M. Richardson, R. Furlani, B. Podell, D. Ackart, J. Haugen, R. Melander, C. Melander, R. Basaraba
10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.122
Innovative strategies for combating biofilm-based infections
Biofilm-Based Healthcare-Associated Infections, Vol Ii, 831, 69–91.
Second generation 2-aminoimidazole based advanced glycation end product inhibitors and breakers
By: R. Furlani, M. Richardson, B. Podell, D. Ackart, J. Haugen, R. Melander, R. Basaraba, C. Melander
Small steps to new drugs for bugs
Chemical Biology & Drug Design, 85(1), 1–3.
By: R. Melander & D. Selwood
10.1111/cbdd.12482
Controlling bacterial behavior with indole-containing natural products and derivatives
By: R. Melander, M. Minvielle & C. Melander
Disruption of heterotypic community development by Porphyromonas gingivalis with small molecule inhibitors
Molecular Oral Microbiology, 29(5), 185–193.
By: C. Wright, H. Wu, R. Melander, C. Melander & J. Lamont
10.1111/omi.12060
Reversal of Mycobacterium tuberculosis phenotypic drug resistance by 2-aminoimidazole- based small molecules
Pathogens and Disease, 70(3), 370–378.
By: D. Ackart, E. Lindsey, B. Podell, R. Melander, R. Basaraba & C. Melander
10.1111/2049-632x.12143
academic.oup.com (publisher PDF)
Small molecule downregulation of PmrAB reverses lipid A modification and breaks colistin resistance
ACS Chemical Biology, 9(1), 122–127.
By: T. Harris, R. Worthington, L. Hittle, D. Zurawski, R. Ernst & C. Melander
10.1021/cb400490k
Small-molecule suppression of beta-lactam resistance in multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 57(17), 7450–7458.
By: C. Brackett, R. Melander, I. An, A. Krishnamurthy, R. Thompson, J. Cavanagh, C. Melander
10.1021/jm501050e
Thiol-modified gold nanoparticles for the inhibition of Mycobacterium smegmatis
Chemical Communications, 50(100), 15860–15863.
By: J. Gifford, J. Bresee, C. Carter, G. Wang, R. Melander, C. Melander, D. Feldheim
Biologically inspired strategies for combating bacterial biofilms
Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 13(5), 699–706.
By: M. Blackledge, R. Worthington & C. Melander
10.1016/j.coph.2013.07.004
Combination approaches to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria
[Review of ]. Trends in Biotechnology, 31(3), 177–184.
By: R. Worthington & C. Melander
10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.12.006
N-Substituted 2-aminoimidazole inhibitors of MRSA biofilm formation accessed through direct 1,3-bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)guanidine cyclization
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 11(1), 130–137.
By: A. Yeagley, Z. Su, K. McCullough, R. Worthington & C. Melander
10.1039/c2ob26469b
Overcoming resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics
Journal of Organic Chemistry, 78(9), 4207–4213.
10.1021/jo400236f
Small-molecule inhibition of bacterial two-component systems to combat antibiotic resistance and virulence
[Review of ]. Future medicinal chemistry, 5(11), 1265–1284.
By: R. Worthington, M. Blackledge & C. Melander
10.4155/fmc.13.58
2-Aminopyrimidine as a novel scaffold for biofilm modulation
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 10(13), 2552–2561.
By: E. Lindsey, R. Worthington, C. Alcaraz & C. Melander
Deconvoluting interspecies bacterial communication
Exploring the interaction between siRNA and the SMoC biomolecule transporters: Implications for small molecule-mediated delivery of siRNA
Chemical Biology & Drug Design, 79(1), 9–21.
By: M. Gooding, S. Tudzarova, R. Worthington, S. Kingsbury, A. Rebstock, H. Dube, M. Simone, C. Visintin ...
and 7 other authors
, D. Lagos, J. Quesada, H. Laman, C. Boshoff, G. Williams, K. Stoeber, D. Selwood
Foliar-applied small molecule that suppresses biofilm formation and enhances control of copper-resistant Xanthomonas euvesicatoria on pepper
Plant Disease, 96(11), 1638–1644.
By: R. Worthington, S. Rogers, R. Huigens, C. Melander & D. Ritchie
10.1094/pdis-02-12-0190-re
Potent small-molecule suppression of oxacillin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Angewandte Chemie [International Edition in English], 51(45), 11254–11257.
By: T. Harris, R. Worthington & C. Melander
Small molecule control of bacterial biofilms
By: R. Worthington, J. Richards & C. Melander
Small molecule suppression of carbapenem resistance in NDM-1 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae
ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 3(5), 357–361.
By: R. Worthington, C. Bunders, C. Reed & C. Melander
10.1021/ml200290p
A facile synthesis of 1,5-disubstituted-2-aminoimidazoles: Antibiotic activity of a first generation library
Evaluation of 4,5-disubstituted-2-aminoimidazole-triazole conjugates for antibiofilm/antibiotic resensitization activity against MRSA and Acinetobacter baumannii
Chemmedchem, 6(12), 2243–2251.
By: Z. Su, L. Peng, R. Worthington & C. Melander
Intercepting bacterial indole signaling with flustramine derivatives
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 133(50), 20160–20163.
By: C. Bunders, M. Minvielle, R. Worthington, M. Ortiz, J. Cavanagh & C. Melander
10.1021/ja209836z


Missouri State University is committed to providing an environment where issues can be openly discussed and explored. The freedom to exchange views is essential to the mission of the University. This policy is in place to provide a community environment in which open discussion can occur without disrupting the academic mission or daily University functions, subject to constitutional time, place, and manner limitations and without unconstitutionally interfering with the rights of others.
All individuals may exercise the right of assembly, free speech and expression throughout the outdoor areas of campus, when doing so does not disrupt the academic mission or daily University functions. Expressive activities will not be limited to any specific outdoor areas on the University campus. However, the right of assembly and expression does not include unlawful activity that endangers the safety of the campus community or that destroys University property. Forums, rallies, demonstrations, and other similar expressive activities are also not to occur within academic or other University buildings including University residence halls and apartments, or Greenwood Laboratory School. Expressive activities are not to unduly disrupt traffic, either vehicular or pedestrian or violate other time, place and manner parameters specified in this policy.


Call it Floribbean food: the unique mix of Southern and Caribbean coastal cuisine you only get in Florida. Cuban sandwiches, grouper tacos, and Cuban-Sicilian tomato pie are all alive and well down here, distinct from anything else in the South, with South American and Italian-American influences for good measure. Plus a bounty of fresh local seafood that comes together in sometimes ridiculous but often incredible ways, much like the state of Florida itself.
Over the past few years I've gotten to know the Tampa area and its many Floribbean dockside spots. There are frozen drinks, crab fries (take fries, add crab, and something creamy to sauce it), and smokers in parking lots cranking out of smoked mullet fish for dip.
Many of these restaurants do great work, but for a real taste of local culture, you have to head inland and truck along the endless expanse of gritty, triple-wide highways lined with vape shops and strip malls, where the locals actually live.
This is where you'll find real-deal Cuban, Spanish, and Colombian food, along with some Chinese-Peruvian fusion for good measure, and of course Casper's BBQ, a shack on the side of the road that fits this column so well it almost seems like I dreamt it up. I first hit Casper's on a quest for the state's best smoked fish dip, and boy I found it, and a whole lot more.
On a nondescript stretch of commercial highway on the outskirts of St. Petersburg—between a dollar store and a trailer dealership—you'd miss Casper's if you weren't looking for the boats and smokers scattered about the property. Skip past the darkened entrance and follow the signs and yard decorations to a small hut towards the back, where you'll find proprietor Dan Cantera (a.k.a. Casper) holding court and serving barbecue and smoked fish. An array of menus for fish, barbecue, catering, specials, and sandwiches is dizzying, so do what I do and ask Dan for the lowdown on what's good that day.
On my recent visit, that meant ribs, assorted smoked fish, and smoked cabbage—a delicious and unexpected recipe Dan picked up from an old hunting buddy. But the real star of the show is the that fish: local amberjack, mullet, salmon, or whatever Dan has caught lately, smoked and served whole, or chopped up and mixed into the local delicacy of Florida fish dip.
Locals may take Florida dish dip for granted, but I'm obsessed with this smoky, creamy wonder. It's reminiscent of Jewish whitefish salad but decidedly Florida, made with mayo, relish, or even Miracle Whip, and served with saltines, hot sauce, and ideally an ice cold beer. Dan's is the smokiest, creamiest, and most generally excellent version I've had.
Dan is especially proud of his smoked salmon, available whole, sliced, or as a dip. "We only have white fish down here [in Florida]," he explains. "I never saw a red fish until I went up north. But the northerners that come down love it, I can't keep it in stock. Up there they do a cold smoke, but mine is different. More of a Southern thing." The salmon is great whole—flaky, smoky, and rich—but it really sings as a dip, whipped into a pink, almost mousseline-like substance, dotted with celery, and gracefully seasoned.
"Casper" entered the steel business after college, and worked the job for 25 years with a group of friends who hunted and fished during their down time. They developed a weekly tradition of raging parties every Wednesday where everyone brought their catch of the week and downed beers while Dan cooked it up—venison, ribs, fish, whatever.
Over the years, Dan perfected his technique at these weekly feasts, reading up on barbecue every chance he got, and trading recipes and tips with locals, other hunters, and barbecue enthusiasts. His current recipe for baked beans, spiked with just a touch of smoked pineapple, came from an old timer at the local Elks Lodge. They are wonderful.
The steel business is a dangerous one, and after several of his friends died on the job—and then also, tragically, his wife—he left to join the food industry, selling pulled pork and burgers from a truck outside the local Motocross track.
Known as a local barbecue and smoking expert, Dan was soon offered a job running the smokehouse of Graham's, a 40-year-old small produce market that just happened to be located on the grounds of Dan's grandparents' former home. For a couple years he cranked out smoked mullet and amberjack dip for the market's take-out business, and when the business closed a few years later, they offered Dan the run of the entire building, and Casper's BBQ was born and built into what it is today: six smokers on-site for everything from ribs to whole smoked fish, bring-your-own turkeys on Thanksgiving, and of course several varieties of delicious Florida fish dip.
"People ask me what style of barbecue I do," Dan says. "Is it Memphis? Carolina? I always tell 'em, 'T&E BBQ. Stands for trial and error!'" He's a pitmaster with a style all his own, borrowing from various Southern styles, local Florida culinary traditions, and tips he picks up from fellow smokers.
That extends to the wood he smokes with. "For the regular barbecue it's pecan or oak," Dan notes, "but for the fish I use mangrove whenever possible." According to Dan, Mangrove is the original wood used by Tampa Bay fisherman to smoke fish. "The old school guys would smoke it right on the beach at night," a nugget of knowledge he picked up from a 70-year-old mullet fisherman. Mangrove is native to Tampa Bay but legally protected, so it's hard to come by unless you have a mangrove trimming license. Dan's got a guy for that of course, a loyal customer and friend who keeps him supplied.
Dan is similarly loyal to his customers. As we talk he can't stop expressing gratitude for them and the network of pit folks and fishing buddies that helped turn his hobby into a thriving business. He also attributes Casper's success to his daughter, who runs his Facebook page and does promotion for the business.
Hawk Krall is an artist, illustrator, and former line cook with a lifelong obsession for unique regional cuisine, whose work can be seen in magazines, newspapers, galleries, and restaurants all over the world. He focuses on editorial illustration, streetscapes, and pop-art style food paintings.


We will be collecting old items of clothing to donate to a local homeless charity called Snowflake Night Shelter. There will be a box behind receptions for donations. They are currently looking after more men than women at the moment but any items you can give would be gratefully received. If you would like to know more information about the charity and the work that they do please visit www.snowflake-nightshelter.org.uk. Thank you in advance for your help.
From 1st April 2015, NHS England requires all registered patients to have a named accountable GP. This GP is responsible for the coordination of patients overall care. This does not mean that you will be seen by this GP and you should continue to see the GP of your choice or whichever GP is on duty.
Your named accountable GP is Dr John Rowan.
If you would like to discuss further please speak to one of the Reception team.
Station Plaza is a state-of-the-art building next to Hastings Station.
The GP Led Health Centre, together with an IC24 Plus pharmacy, occupies the ground floor of the building and offers comfortable waiting rooms, three large consulting rooms and two treatment rooms.
Maintaining the confidentiality of your data is extremely important to us, and we strictly adhere to and follow the protocols laid down by the Data Protection Act 2018 and the General Data Protection Regulation. You can read our centre's privacy notice by clicking here.


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RONALD KAUFFMAN > BLOG > Child Support > Sperm Donors Could Be Forced to Pay Child Support
Sperm Donors Could Be Forced to Pay Child Support
Posted by admin on January 10, 2013 with 0 Comment
On behalf of Ronald H. Kauffman, P.A. posted in Child Support on Thursday, January 10, 2013.
child custody can be heavily litigated despite guidelines, especially for sperm donors who never intended to be parents.
Florida protects surrogacy, and has comprehensive laws protecting the baby, intended parents, donors and surrogates. For example, Florida allows a commissioning couple to enter gestational surrogacy contracts in which a commissioning couple reimburses a surrogate for reasonable expenses, and on the child's birth, the surrogate relinquishes her parental rights. Gestational surrogacy contracts are reviewed by courts to confirm that they are in accordance with Florida law, and for a birth certificate to be issued.
However, serious problems can arise if this statute is not followed correctly. ABC News reports on Topeka, Kansas resident and sperm donor, William Marotta, who is currently facing a child support petition by the Kansas Department of Children and Families:
The state of Kansas is seeking child support from a man who says he signed away all parental rights when he donated sperm to a lesbian couple.
Marotta, 46, met Angela Bauer and Jennifer Schreiner in 2009 when he responded to a Craigslist ad from a lesbian couple in Topeka, Kan., who were offering $50 per sperm donation, according to legal documents.
All three signed a sperm donor contract that stated that he would have no paternal rights and would be in no way responsible for any child that resulted from the donation.
"Three years forward, the couple sought state assistance for the child and the Kansas Department of Children and Families sought out of them the name of the father and said they would not provide assistance unless they provide the name," Swinnen said.
The filing said that the state had spent $189 on the baby from July 2012 to September 2012 and nearly $6,000 in medical assistance, which Marotta had a duty to pay.
"The state does not recognize the contract. We'll see if the courts in Kansas do," Swinnen said. "We have filed a motion to dismiss. We hope to prevail, but this is the first round."
A hearing on Marotta's motion to dismiss the state's petition is supposed to be heard this month.
Israeli Prenuptial Agreements are Kosher
Religion: Divorce or Stay Married?
Do You Have to Split Premarital Assets?
The Grey Anatomy of Divorce and Social Media
Stress Separation and Divorce
Losing Custody for Lack of Medical Care
Child Support & Surrogacy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Do Turtles Make Noise?
Turtles are famous for being the quietest pets in the reptilian world. Unlike other pets, they do not possess vocal cords. So, we generally expect that they do not talk or communicate by making sounds. However, recently multiple types of research are conducted that reported how loud turtles can be!
In this article, we are going to discuss all the sounds produced by turtles. Moreover, how and why these sound effects are produced.
If you have a turtle pet, you can now know where these mysterious sounds are coming from. So, let's begin.
What Noises Do Turtles Produce?
Hissing By Turtles
Mating Noises
Other Sounds Turtles Produce
Hissing
Gurgling
Grunting
Echolocation
Purpose Of Turtle Sounds
Territorial Disputes
Social Communication
Baby Communication
Frequently Askes Questions
No, turtles do not make noise. They do produce sounds, but these are primarily low-pitched, which do not become noise in an enclosure.
Mainly turtles produce low-frequency sounds that are not audible for human beings. They are not loud as your other furry fellows like dogs cats. Also, they do not make sounds like other amphibian and reptile pets that possess vocal cords. Sounds by turtles usually result from exhaling air from the lungs at varying speeds, patterns, and intensities. So, practically they have different sounds for another type of communication with their fellow species.
However, you can hear turtle sounds if you stay close to them. Even if they produce audible sounds to humans, they are for short moments, so we hardly notice.
Therefore, we classify pet turtles as one of the quietest animals that are best for people who love peace and a calm noise-free environment.
Turtles do not produce much noise. However, when they do, it is pretty unexpected and shocking for their owners and other observers. Well, it can be funny too.
Let's know about the most common noises turtles make.
Turtles hiss to intimidate and warn their predators or anyone who is intruding on their comfort. Mainly the hiss by adult turtles is quite loud and alarming. One of the most popular hisses is by an adult snapping turtle.
A snapping turtle in its bulky, adult form hisses and snap. It is large and a bit violent in their nature. Even they might bite you if you are not continuously refraining from the things they dislike.
Usually, they are quiet like other turtles. However, when the hiss, it is pretty loud and intimidating. The dramatic sound of a snapping turtle snapping its jaws tight is one of the most popular noises in the turtle world.
Mostly the turtle's hiss is scary and difficult to forget.
The sound of mating turtles often becomes noises. Giant turtles often create a lot of fuss during the whole process. It is so famous among herpetologists and pet lovers that every time the video footage of these animals doing the deed is uploaded on the internet, it goes viral.
And it deserves so. These sounds sound very happy and exciting and sometimes funny for humans too. And above all, they are much louder than you would expect for a turtle.
Turtles also produce a loud clacking sound during the process. It is somewhat a ritual that the male turtle has to ram its shell into the female one. The process adds to the sound effects.
Different turtles produce different sounds. Some sound like chickens clucking in their nests. Some are soft and comical. Whichever sound the turtle makes during the mating process it is super adorable and pleasing.
As I said earlier, turtles are not very loud. Humans hear most of the hissing sounds of turtles. There are also some sounds that are audible to only children. It is because they have more sensitive hearing skills.
Following are the different sounds turtles usually produce
When the turtle pushes itself back into its shell, it hisses. You might be surprised to know that there is not much room in the turtle's shell. And it is not as big as it seems. So, to fit in it correctly, the lungs must collapse. As a result of which air flows out of the lungs with high pressure.
The sound of the giant turtle retracting into its shell is quite loud and may sound like a hiss. Also, the turtles with respiratory disorders hiss when they breathe. It is because their air cavity is blocked or infected, and they struggle with their breathing.
Sometimes large giant turtles produce the gurgling sound that is very audible to humans. Most of the time, it is for communicating their stress to their fellow turtles or their owners. It can also be an indicator of their hunger.
Turtles usually grunt to escape and hide from large animals. In the case of pet turtles, they grunt in an effort to escape from the dog or other large feral creature. Grunts are usually louder but shorter and more resounding than hisses.
However, they are produced in the same way as hissing, i.e., rapid expulsion of air from the lungs.
Giant adult turtles, when agitated, produce such sounds. These are more terrifying and intimidating than general hissing.
The large lungs and airways help giant turtles produce such deep scary sounds. These sounds also help them protect themselves from potential predators.
As you see, most of the turtles' sounds result from the possible stress in the surroundings or due to some pathophysiological reason.
Squeaking or chirping is another sound produce as a result of stress. It is due to increased respiratory rate as a result of stress. Mainly, baby turtles create such sounds that are also audible to humans. Similar sounds are also produced in excitement, especially the joy of getting lots of food.
When the turtle periodically emits air from its lungs, it seems like a piece of music. Turtle's singing is recorded and analyzed a lot. However, most of the time, it is relatively low and sad instead of happy songs.
Usually, a respiratory disorder produces such an effect. When excessive mucus blocks the airways in the turtles, it making wheezing and crying sounds. The cries of the turtles are most commonly known as Little Mellows
When it comes to vocalization, we have massive data on the Arrau river turtle. Echolocation is one of its characteristics too. Scientists have monitored this turtle for years and have claimed that the Arrau river turtle produces special sound effects to find direction in the bottom of the muddy river. This unique type of behaviour is known as echolocation.
Every animal produces the sound or shows gestures for different reasons. Most of the time, it is to communicate their feelings and warnings not only to the members of the same species but also to others.
Likewise, turtle sounds also have different reasons:
While we discuss earlier that turtles make a lot of noise and fuss while mating, however, the reason behind this is still unknown. One of the closest speculations is that the sounds are produced due to extensive stress in muscles, making breathing harder.
Sounds are also known to develop male dominance and to attract females for the job.
Turtles may also produce sound to scare away the potential predators. If your pet turtle is gurgling or roaring in front of you, there is a high chance that it considers you a threat to its survival.
There can be another case. If a turtle is scared of you, it may start hissing as it tries to retract speedily into its shell. So, either way round, the turtle sounds are the signs that it is uncomfortable in its surroundings.
Some turtles produce sounds while eating. Mainly these sounds are indicative of their joy and excitement at the sight of the food. So, while eating, they sound grunts, squeaks, and sighs mostly while moving to reach the food.
Some turtles also belch and burp as they ingest food. It is because of swallowing air along with the food. Mainly this sound is emitted by giant turtles.
One of the unique behaviour shown by pet turtles and tortoise is fart sounds. They are pretty unpleasant, by the way.
As I discussed earlier that most of the turtles do not produce sounds regularly. Anytime they make them, it indicates the specific type of happening in their surroundings or due to some illness.
Most of the time, turtle sounds are due to some kind of airway infection that is making it difficult to breathe.
Other than hissing, shell clacking against each other or the terrarium wall, or mating sounds, different sounds may call for a respiratory infection.
So, if you hear or observe any abnormal sound coming from your pet, we strongly advise you to see your vet as your priority.
Well, there is a chance that a healthy turtle starts producing some new sounds. However, it is good to play safe and do not compromise on the health of your turtle.
While some turtles live happily with each other and are social, many giant ones are pretty territorial. So, any time they indulge in such disputes, they start emitting hissing and roaring sounds. On the one hand, this sound exhibits animal supremacy and, on the other hand, indicates a change in breathing pattern and rate as a result of active motion.
However, such noises are seldom audible as most of the territorial fights are underwater.
Some species of turtles are frequently involved in social nesting, feeding and thermoregulation. So, they also emit multiple different types of sounds to communicate with each other.
Female turtles, especially sea turtles, emit multiple sounds when they lay eggs. It is because that egg-laying is a hectic process that drains all of the female's energy.
Nesting sound behaviours also helps all the females to lay together, which ensures the survival and safety of both mother and fetus at the same time.
One of the compelling reasons for turtle's sounds is their hatchling's communication. The baby turtles synchronize their sounds to synchronize their hatching time. This increases their survival and helps more individuals to reach the sea by ditching predators.
Synchronized hatching helps with energy-saving for digging the nest and supports teamwork, all increasing the chance of survival.
If you want to listen to these sounds, you have to make a setting in a quiet place. It is because high shore sounds make this baby turtle sounds nearly inaudible for humans and other creatures.
Baby turtles start vocalizing to each other as early as ten days before hatching.
Baby Turtle start communicating with each other ten days before hatching!
Do Turtles Have Vocal Cords?
Turtles do not have vocal cords like humans or like any other animal. However, scientist now has discovered two elastic fibrous tissues that have the capability of vibrating or resonating to produce sounds.
Do Pet Turtles Communicate With Their Owner?
Turtles are not known to produce sounds to communicate with their human friends. However, they may hiss if they feel threatened by them. However, as discussed before, this sound is primarily due to turtles retraction into the shell.
However, some pets also exhibit their needs and desires, especially hunger by loud sounds. Also, some turtles learn to know their names and respond to them by producing a bit of sound or their intention.
Why Is My Turtle Producing Abnormally Loud Sounds?
Respiratory infections in turtles are the best answer to this question. While some turtles may also start producing abnormally loud sounds, it is primarily due to some pathophysiology. Respiratory infections cause airway obstruction and narrowing making breathing difficult. Therefore, turtles have wheezing and other loud sounds.
So, contact your vet as soon as possible if you hear any abnormally loud sounds from your turtle.
Turtles are known to be the quietest pets in the reptilian world. However, they may produce sounds from time to time. Some sounds are entirely normal. However, some depict the situation your pet is facing. Never ignore abnormally loud or different sounds from your pet turtle. Contact your vet as soon as possible in this case.
I hope this article cleared all your queries. In case of further questions, you may drop down the comment or contact us. We would be happy to help.
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STRYKER INTOUCH FL27 SERIES MAINTENANCE MANUAL Pdf Download.
View and Download Stryker InTouch FL27 series maintenance manual online. Critical Care Bed. InTouch FL27 series Medical Equipment pdf manual download.


On Friday July 28th, the Motherless Daughters Foundation hosted its Have a Ball at City Hall fundraiser from 5 p.m. to 9 p.m. at the Atlanta City Hall Atrium in Atlanta, GA. The event was presented by the City of Atlanta and the Motherless Daughters Foundation, Inc.
The Have a Ball event featured live entertainment, a silent auction, cocktails and a taste of Atlanta's favorite food. Twenty (20) participating restaurants, caterers and chefs provided food samples throughout the evening. Some of the participants included Chef Kymmis, Nancy's Pizza, Jason's Deli and Off the Hook Fish and Chips.
Among others, special guests that attended the event included Atlanta First Lady Sarah-Elizabeth Reed, Motherless Daughters brand ambassador; WAGA-TV Weekend Anchor Deidra Dukes and Myrna White of Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport.
The Motherless Daughters Foundation provides a mentoring program for girls ages nine to 15 living without support of a positive mother figure in their lives. Through Motherless Daughters, girls are paired with relatable mothers, and also have an opportunity to participate in summer camps plus year-round educational and enrichment experiences. Girls receive scholarships and donations of clothing, school supplies and more.


When I was just 17, and in my first year of college, I found out I was pregnant and I had to navigate my way through adoption and healing after relinquishment. Adoption is a difficult choice. There is no one path that each birth parent follows, and there is no one road to healing that works either. Each birth parent's experience is unique. Adoption and being a birth parent has historically carried a stigma of shame for "giving up' a child. In just the last 40 years, an adoption renaissance has brought new understandings about the process, the opportunities for open relationships with birth parents and their children, and the need for long-term support for birth parents and adoptive parents.
The birth parent experience can be one of love, respect, and compassion with the child and adoptive parents. I share my story to help those who face a similar situation; I hope that my story and supporting research can help others consider options and give them hope. In my profession as a high school teacher, I have had several pregnant students who faced difficult choices. I tell my story for all educators because understanding adoption and the birth parent experience can help other professionals practice empathy and understanding for their students facing this situation. Because of my own experience, I think I understand their fears and issues, and am able to give compassionate guidance.
Villeneuve, Sara Elizabeth, "Open Adoption From A Birth Mother's Perspective: A Story To Help Educators At All Levels Understand And Help Others Heal" (2016). Graduate College Dissertations and Theses. 449.


text:
News in Tamil
Home » Headline, News
Tamil student abducted and killed near SL military zone in Jaffna
[TamilNet, Wednesday, 18 April 2012 19:02 No Comment]
18-year-old Sivalingam Sivakumaran, a student from Kerudaavil village in Vadamaraadchi North of Jaffna district, was found slain inside a bush, 2 km away from his house on Wednesday. The Tamil student was abducted five days ago, on 13 April after 6:00 p.m., when he had left his house towards the historic Chelvach-channithi temple, according to the family of the victim. The Kerudaavil village is situated along the eastern border of the Valikaamam 'High Security Zone' of the occupying SL military. The student has been tortured and killed, the villagers who witnessed the recovery of the dead body told media. In the meantime, Indian parliamentarians were taken to Jaffna Wednesday evening, after being taken on a 'guided' tour, which was fully packed with ceremonial events, carefully avoiding interactions with civil representatives in Mullaiththeevu.
Residents of Kerudaavil suspect that the SL Army soldiers were behind the abduction and slaying of the Tamil student.
Sivakumaran was well known to the SL Army soldiers in the area who had been interacting with him, the family and relatives told media.
Last year, a youth of a resettled family of a former LTTE member from Vanni, was shot and killed by a Sinhala soldier of the SL military camp in the area, when the boy was sent back home from the camp after an 'interrogation' at the camp. The SL military had suppressed the news of the killing and the family was told that it was a 'misfire'. The youth had been slain by a targeted gunshot while he was leaving the camp, sources in Kerudaavil said.
Many abductions go unreported as families of the victims refrain from complaining, the sources further said adding that the SL military officials and paramilitary operatives often 'advice' the families to keep a low profile in reporting the incidents. The families of the victims are told that such reporting would only reduce the chance of 'possible future release' of those being abducted.
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> breakdown of large items within the submodule command.
in the recent years, I am not available to mentor this year.
Having said that, I think I can help you to improve your proposal.
script.", it is a good idea to back that up by concrete examples.
and maybe add a permalink to the corresponding code (you could use e.g.
So... converting 1,000 lines of code is quite a challenge for 3 months.
"only" as much as half of the lines of code were converted to C.
the very file name you proposed already: `submodule.c`.
pattern "parse options then hand off to submodule--helper".
used, whether there were recurring patterns, etc.
reuse parts that are already in `submodule.c`, etc.
> of the GSoC timeline?
Essentially, you will work in parallel on a few patch series at all times.
series at an earlier stage than its predecessor.
Phew. Long mail. Hopefully this amount of information does not scare you.
And maybe some of it will help you with the proposal and/or the project.
> Feedback is greatly appreciated!


text:
So you want to preserve some Amfleet?
Post subject: So you want to preserve some Amfleet?
Word has reached me from within Amtrak's operating personnel that, in addition to the somewhat Draconian changes being imposed upon private varnish operators using Amtrak, Amtrak MAY--just MAY--end up disposing of a couple significant examples of early Amfleet.
If you are a railroad museum (not an operator) that feels you can justify acquiring, and preserving, an Amfleet car as a static display, drop me a PM or e-mail to discuss further. DO NOT contact Amtrak at this time.
Post subject: Re: So you want to preserve some Amfleet?
http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/20 ... fleet-cars
Amtrak has begun the process of seeking new equipment to replace its Amfleet I passenger cars, posting a Request for Information today to explore options to replace the single-level cars built between 1975 and 1977.
The request is seeking information on cars, trainsets and self-propelled equipment to replace the Amfleet equipment, used primarily on routes east of the Mississippi River, such as the Northeast Regional, Keystone, Carolinian and Illinois Service trains. Based on the resulting information, Amtrak plans to release a Request for Proposal for specific replacement equipment in 2019.
Link to actual RFI: https://procurement.amtrak.com/irj/port ... 6565a217df
I find the emphasis on "static display" to be interesting. That seems to infer a preserved car will not have trucks included or modification to the trucks done such as removing the bearings to prevent operating it. I assume this is so the car can't be used to compete with current and new Amtrak services such as a state sponsored train along the lines of what North Carolina does to cite an example.
So even if any Amfleet are preserved it sounds like they won't be fit for operation on a museum demonstration railway. And yes, I know to properly showcase Amfleet a compatible HEP locomotive (think F40PH) or power source is also needed.
I only make these observations as a railfan who visits/rides various RR museums. Have always thought it would be cool to have an early F40PH paired with two Amcoaches and one Amcafe to represent Amtrak's first new rolling stock. I was a kid when they were new and first placed into service on the Northeast Corridor behind E60CP's and GG1/power cars which I know dates me - LOL!
Robert J wrote:
How many of us recall that a lot of Amtrak secondary trains back then were just such a three car consist?
Ed Kapuscinski
Location: B'more Maryland
I wouldn't be surprised if this was to prevent them from being used by commuter operators or to prevent liability relating to secondary uses. I think the AEM-7s were the same way.
Maybe some bureaucrat is worried parts will be clandestinely sold to Iran, so they're preemptively crippling them. ;)
It's a universal policy for military aircraft donations today. Just gutted fuselages unlike the old days.
On a serious note after trying to be cute, what early members of this fleet are special other than perhaps the 1st Amfleet? Obviously the last Budd built Amfleet II is special as the last intercity passenger car to be outshopped from that historic firm (as is the last Superliner from Pullman Standard which I believe was named in honor of George Pullman), but are there any particularly notable Amfleet I's that stand out above the rest?
Any with original interiors intact that might put them ahead of the rest in museum desirability?
To clarify just a bit:
The particular piece(s) I have information on do not lend themselves to operation in a tourist or commuter setting. We could be talking the only way any museum gets them is with "shop trucks," for example, until mass retirements free up more trucks. And one of the issues is that Amfleet I is now butting against the "40-year rule" for truck teardowns/rebuilds.
I have received appropriate inquiries from a couple parties. That's all I'm at liberty to say for now.
PaulWWoodring
Location: Back in NE Ohio
To prevent the cars from being operated, Amtrak wouldn't have to sabotage them. I remember when Pennsy/PC was selling-off older passenger cars about 50 years ago, my dentist was part of a group of investors that bought two to make into an ice cream parlor in Hudson, Ohio, on a stub siding near the now demolished passenger station. He told me that part of the purchase agreement with the railroad was a clause that prohibited them from ever operating the cars as moving rolling stock. So, that is all Amtrak would have to do in selling any old cars. Like CSX prohibits lessors of it's spun-off lines from operating passenger trains or steam.
via6309
This is an interesting thread.
Very few pieces of equipment preserved in one of Amtrak schemes is actually present in one of the many museums out there.
Amtrak has been around for close to 50 years and for many out there, it is the only long distance passenger operation they know.
Railroad museum of Pennsylvania has 2 electrics, and IRM just got one electric.
There are also 2 F40PHs.
So yes Amfleet definitely warrants preservation. Staple of operations for close to 40 years across the US.
However, i would think that a complete (or fairly complete) example of one demonstrates far more what they are, than a gutted carcass with no trucks - if one can be obtain.
Topfuel
Alexander D. Mitchell IV - "......And one of the issues is that Amfleet I is now butting against the "40-year rule" for truck teardowns/rebuilds."
This particular item should not be a factor. The so-called 40 year rule as we have come to know it as regards privately owned passenger cars - while a big deal to car owners - is really nothing more than a standard 4 year, 800,000 mile overhaul that these Amfleet cars have received many, many times. A new owner could follow standard procedures already in place for private car owners to complete that work to return such a car to service if so desired.
Topfuel wrote:
Isn't there also a 40 year frame inspection for the whole car? Not a quite a routine matter, but not impossible, either (look at some of the private cars still running)--just expensive, like everything else in this field.
As much as I think these cars were and are ugly, they do deserve preservation. They did help us keep passenger trains running when new equipment was needed.
Is there a reasonable way that Amtrak could be liable for accidents involving its old equipment that is sold outright, as is? I realize anyone can sue anyone for anything but unless there were known defects which they did not disclose I don't see the risk. It has not prevented railroads from donating equipment knowing the recipient will probably operate it such as Metra giving F's and bilevel cars to IRM. Or various railroads donating locomotives to them and other operating entities.
The competition factor is another matter but that also seems like a stretch.
"Isn't there also a 40 year frame inspection for the whole car? Not a quite a routine matter, but not impossible, either (look at some of the private cars still running)--just expensive, like everything else in this field."
As part of the Amtrak Private Car "PC2" Inspection (what has been more or less referred to as the "40 year" inspection), the collision posts and side sills will need to be inspected, in addition to the body bolsters, end underframe, etc. There is no provision or requirement for inspecting the entire superstructure.
Post subject: IT'S GO TIME FOR AMFLEET PRESERVATION!
IT's GO TIME for Amfleet preservation!!!!!
Amtrak has issued a Request for Proposals (RFP) for a new fleet of single-level passenger rail vehicles, to replace Amtrak's 470 Amfleet I and ex-Metroliner railcars, which are from 40 to 50 years old. The proposed new vehicles would be used on the Northeast Corridor and on adjacent State Corridor routes, including Empire Service, Ethan Allen Express, Maple Leaf, Adirondack, Vermonter, Downeaster, Carolinian, Pennsylvanian, Keystone Service, Virginia Service and New Haven/Springfield Service.
https://media.amtrak.com/2019/01/amtrak ... r-service/
While Amtrak has recently refurbished the interiors of its Amfleet I railcars with new seating upholstery and carpeting, the age of the fleet and industry-standard lead times for new equipment requires that the replacement effort for this work-horse fleet begin now.
cnj1524
Still at least 5 years away,I'll see a big boy run first
Users browsing this forum: ARM TRAIN editor, Google [Bot], traingeek8223 and 27 guests


Random Thoughts 126 - Stock Photography News, Analysis and Opinion.
Corbis is making an effort to expand its RF collection and has said that during the first half of 2006 it acquired 90,643 RF images 16,364 of which are wholly-owned.
Image Source has announced that it has declined to renew its agreements with a number of distribution partners including Corbis. The Corbis contract ended on September 30, 2006. Image Source will also be establishing a sales and marketing office in Los Angeles and Hugh Yarbrough who recently worked in international sales at Corbis will head that office. The company already has offices in New York, London and Cologne,Germany.
"Christina Vaughan, Founder and Chief Executive Officer said, "Image Source is committed to continue developing its leading market position through premium product and brand development. In a short space of time, Image Source has achieved great things. With a staff of over 80 talented people, we remain one of the fastest growing companies in the stock industry."
IStockPhoto has approximately 25,000 photographers who are currently uploading about 26,000 images a week. The company currently has 1,181,000 images on the site. The average photographer would have about 47 images on the site. At the current upload rate iStock will have close to 2.5 million images by the end of 2007.
Based on figures published by Getty Images iStock will probably generate between $16 and $18.5 million in revenue in 2006. They will have about 10 million image downloads and the average license fee is $1.85.
If we divide the $18.5 million gross revenue figure by the number of images the average image is generating about $15.66 annually. Photographers and illustrators get 20% to 40% of this number depending on the total number of downloads they have had since they started putting images on the site. If I assume an average of 35% that would be $5.48 million distributed to the content creators. Dividing that by the number of creators the average creator would earn $219.20 per year. However, averages don't always tell the whole story. The number one producer will earn around $200,000 in 2006 and the next two will earn around $100,000. Things start falling rapidly after that. According to information published on one of the contributors blogs I believe that less than 0.3% (three-tenths-of-1%) of the contributors are making more than $8,000 a year.
The process of choosing which images will be accepted for the site is not done by staff but by certain of the most experienced contributors, who have been designated as "Editors". Thus other contributors get to choose which images will be added to the site. The editors are paid $.50 per image they review, regardless as to whether the image is accepted or not.
Sometimes it's hard to tell what are official company statements and what aren't. After I posted the above I received an e-mail from iStockphoto Public Relations outlining two errors in my story.
since removed this figure from his blog.
2. There may also be some confusion over images submitted versus approved.
rate varies, often hovering between 50-60 percent.
PunchStock, primarily known as a source for RF images has added over 125,000 RM images from 25 brands such as Alaska Stock Images, Index Stock, bilderlounge, Robert Harding Picture Library, Stock Food and Stock Connection. Images from PunchStock's sister collection, UpperCut Images, are also included.
According to Miles Gerstein, President of PunchStock, a large percentage of their customers use both RM and RF and by offering both they can better serve their customers and leverage their marketing efforts.
Two comments in the recent Graphic Design USA annual stock photography issue are worth giving some serious thought.
Tyan Breske said, "There is a tendency to too many staged shots, especially of people interacting. They end up looking like a collection of images from the 80's and not genuine at all."
Matthew Hitola said, "As the consolidation of stock agencies increases, the depth and breath of stock photography is decreasing."
Jupitermedia Corporation has announced that its Jupiterimages division has acquired all of the shares of Cover - Imagen y Publicaciones, S.L. (www.cover.es). Based in Barcelona and Madrid, Cover Images focused on the distribution of local and international rights-managed images. Terms of this acquisition were not disclosed.
"We're excited to add Cover Images' impressive library of over 1.5 million images that are distributed in Spain" stated Alan M. Meckler, Chairman and CEO of Jupitermedia Corporation. "Combining our extensive royalty-free and rights-managed image collections with Cover Images' existing presence creates a terrific base of operations to grow Jupiterimages' position in Spain. This plan is based on what we have successfully been implementing in France and Germany over the past year," added Meckler.
Jupitermedia CFO, Chris Baudouin plans to leave the company on December 31. Chris "B" as we call him decided that it was time to move on. He will be going into the financial planning business with a colleague who has been looking for an experienced partner. Chris' commute will be reduced from one hour to 10 minutes and he will no longer have to work 14 hour days, work on weekends and travel every few weeks to our various offices around the world. And finally he can spend more quality time with his three little boys -- sounds nice!
In his blog Alan Meckler said, "Chris B leaves us at a time when things are going well for our company. The new CFO will continue the work of financial intergration from our many acquisitions that Chris Baudouin has been tackling for many months and that we have discussed in quarterly financial conference calls with investors. Fortunately we will have a good transition period for change as Chris Baudouin will be with us for another few months. In addition, our President and Chief Operating Officer, Chris Cardell, was once my CFO back in the Mecklermedia days and is fully capable of running public company finances should the need arise."
Randy Green sent me a note recently saying, "I'm a new subscriber and was greatly interested in the article on stock footage (Story 854). The points you raise are dead-on. As one who has straddled the motion and still industries for some 35 years, I have had the same perception that there is much more growth potential in the high definition video markets than in the still photo markets. The advent of the new, high-quality, affordable cameras like the Canon XL H1, along with the developing need for HD programming seems to be creating a unique opportunity for motion content providers, rivaled perhaps only by the early stages of the stock photo industry some 30 years ago. I, for one, would like to see more articles exploring this exciting sector of the industry.
I'm going to try to do more on the footage market in the future. It is interesting that in the last couple of quarters Getty's revenue from footage has been dropping and it was off about a million dollars this last quarter down to $9.9 million.
Stephen Hearn, VP of Worldwide Sales at Picture Arts (acquired last year by Jupitermedia Corp) and recently VP Emerging Markets at Jupiterimages, has left the company. Hearn said he had given the new tasks at hand a good try, but it was not to be and he felt that his job within Jupiterimages was completed. Asked what was next he said, "I intend to complete some personal photography projects and then consider the many options in the stock image and associated industries." Hearn was previously the Director of the Third Party Distribution Channel at Corbis.
Current quarterly reports indicate that newspaper advertising revenue is growing, but online revenue doesn't seem to be keeping pace with online readership. Online contributes 6% to 7% of total newspaper revenue according to Merrill Lynch but Web readership seems to be much higher.


Online Application Details for The Cotton Corporation of India Limited COTCORP Recruitment of Field Assistant and Office Staff (General) is given below.
Selection for the post of Field Assistant and Office Staff (General) for job openings in The Cotton Corporation of India Limited COTCORP is based on Personal Interview.
Application form and duly attested documents are to be sent to General Manager, The Cotton Corporation of India Ltd., Chandramauli Bldg., Plot No.27, Veer Swarkar Chowk, Samrat Nagar, Shahnoorwadi Road, Aurangabad-431005. In envelope super scribed with 'Application for the Post of Post Name'.


text:
package net.minidev.json;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * A JSON array. JSONObject supports java.util.List interface.
 *
 * @author FangYidong<fangyidong@yahoo.com.cn>
 * @author Uriel Chemouni <uchemouni@gmail.com>
 */
public class JSONArray extends ArrayList<Object> implements List<Object> {
	private static final long serialVersionUID = 9106884089231309568L;

	/**
	 * Convert a list to JSON text. The result is a JSON array. If this list is
	 * also a JSONAware, JSONAware specific behaviours will be omitted at this
	 * top level.
	 *
	 * @see net.minidev.json.JSONValue#toJSONString(Object)
	 *
	 * @return JSON text, or "null" if list is null.
	 */
	public static String toJSONString(List<Object> list) {
		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
		try {
			writeJSONString(list, sb);
		} catch (IOException e) {
			// Can not append on a string builder
		}
		return sb.toString();
	}

	/**
	 * Encode a list into JSON text and write it to out. If this list is also a
	 * JSONStreamAware or a JSONAware, JSONStreamAware and JSONAware specific
	 * behaviours will be ignored at this top level.
	 *
	 * @see net.minidev.json.JSONValue#writeJSONString(Object, Appendable)
	 */
	public static void writeJSONString(List<Object> list, Appendable out) throws IOException {
		if (list == null) {
			out.append("null");
			return;
		}

		boolean first = true;
		out.append('[');
		for (Object value : list) {
			if (first)
				first = false;
			else
				out.append(',');
			if (value == null)
				out.append("null");
			else
				JSONValue.writeJSONString(value, out);
		}
		out.append(']');
	}

	public void merge(Object o2) {
		JSONObject.merge(this, o2);
	}

	/**
	 * Explicitely Serialize Object as JSon String
	 */
	public String toJSONString() {
		return toJSONString(this);
	}

	/**
	 * Override natif toStirng()
	 */
	public String toString() {
		return toJSONString();
	}

	public void writeJSONString(Appendable out) throws IOException {
		writeJSONString(this, out);
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Battling Jasvinder Sanghera was just 14 when her mum showed her a picture of the man she would wed. Two years later she ran away to escape the marriage.
Camp Bastion Hospital, which lies at the centre of the British military base in Helmand Province, Afghanistan, is a world leader in trauma care.
Nobel Prize winner Peter Mansfield has saved millions of lives with his invention. Sir Peter, 75, failed his 11-plus and left school at 15 with no qualifications.
Royal Marine Sergeant Noel Connolly saved the lives of 30 of his comrades when he prevented a Taliban suicide bomber from detonating154lb of explosives.
When baby Toni fell into a bath of scalding hot water, her big sister Kelsey bravely leapt in to save her.
Pensioner Michael was waiting for friends in his local betting shop when the afternoon took a dramatic and violent turn.
Martin Langlands risked his life to save a family whose car crashed after a blow-out on a busy motorway.
Being diagnosed with breast cancer at just 23 is a devastating blow.
The 11th Pride of Britain Awards were televised on ITV October 7th, 2009.


text:
Whisky Facts
Whisky History
Whisky Making
How Whisky is Made?
Whisky is a one of the most popular varieties of distilled alcoholic beverages, made from the fermented grain mash. The type of preferred grain varies from region to region, spanning from barley (extremely popular in Scotland), malted barley, rye, wheat and corn (which is main ingredient of the American Bourbon). One exception is made for Indian whisky, which is traditionally made not from fermented grain but from fermented molasses.
The existence of whisky can be traced to the ancient times, almost to 2 million BC kingdoms of ancient Babylon and Mesopotamia. However, modern history of the whisky began between 11th and 13th century when Christian monks brought the art of distillation to the northern England regions of Scotland. During that time, the art of distillation began its advancement, and the regions of Scotland (well suited for the production of grain products) became the world's most popular producers of whisky.
The basic process of whisky production did not change in the previous 200 years. Technological advancement enabled brewers to control every aspect of this process, but the fundamentals (use of water, barley and yeast) and the local laws managed to preserve original recipes that gave the original popularity to this fascinating drink. Here are basic processes in creation of whisky.
The principal component of barley that is responsible for the creation of alcohol is starch. To maximize this effect barley must enter the process of germination, often called "malting". After each brewer has selected the grain that he wants to use, he soaks it in water and spread on a floor of so called "malting house". After several days of lying still (grain must be regular turned to maintain constant temperature), process of malting is stopped by rapid drying in a kiln (Scottish barley is often dried with peat smoke, which gives specific aroma to the end product). After drying malt is grinded down in a mill, which also removes any husks or debris.
Extraction of sugar from the grain is done by adding hot water, which takes the sugars and drive it to the bottom of the pot. The quality and type of the water have great role to the favor of the end product - natural water pumped form the ground often carries wide varieties of mineral that come from the underground rocks. Process of adding hot water is repeated two more times, but sugar rich water (called wart) from the bottom of the vessel is removed only first two times. The last wart is not used for production of whisky, and is instead used for creation of farm feed.
Process of fermentation is achieved in wooden or stainless steel tanks called washbacks. After addition of carefully selected yeast, fermentation starts and sugar slowly begin turning into alcohol. After around two days, fermentation is stopped and produced liquid has the alcohol strength of only 5-15% (from this point you can even make beer from it).
Process of distillation is used to increase alcohol count to up to 90%, and to remove undesirable substances from the mix (such as methanol). Majority of Scottish whiskies is distilled twice, Irish do it three times, but some recipes require even 20 destinations. The process itself is done in traditional Scottish pot stills (best suited for single malts), Coffey still (that are better suited for grain whisky) or industrial "continuous" distilleries. In every case, fermented liquid is heated to the boiling point (lower than the one of the pure water), which enables evaporation of alcohol and the capturing of its steam into condenser. Produced liquid has the alcoholic content of 20% and must be processed again. After second distillation, liquid can reach maximum allowed 94.8% alcohol by volume that is enforced by the Scottish and many other countries laws.
Before being placed into oak casks for the maturation process, many recipes require dilution of the whisky to the around 63-64% of alcohol content. After spending several years in casks (with time varying in different countries - America two years, Scotland and Ireland three years), whisky absorbs several components from the wood which alters its flavor and color. Many of the famous brands of whisky have very long aging process, ranging from 3 to four times than required by law.
Packaging and final processes
Before whisky is transferred to the glass bottles, few final processes remain to be done. Chill filtration is done to remove the unwanted presence of acid estersthat becomes visible in the bottle after prolonged exposure to the cold environment. Finally, coloring of the whisky is done by adding strict amounts of Caramel color.
Note: All figures are approximate; this site does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
© 2021 - Whisky Facts | Privacy Policy | Contact


text:
module Banzai
  module Filter
    # The actual filter is implemented in the EE mixin
    class IterationReferenceFilter < AbstractReferenceFilter
      self.reference_type = :iteration

      def self.object_class
        Iteration
      end
    end
  end
end

Banzai::Filter::IterationReferenceFilter.prepend_if_ee('EE::Banzai::Filter::IterationReferenceFilter')


text:
PRIDE Industries Expanding Operations to Lincoln, CA
PRIDE Industries (PRIDE), a premier provider of outsourcing solutions and creator of opportunities for people with disabilities, today announced the expansion of their operations facilities.
With continued growth and projected business opportunities, PRIDE Industries is adding a more than 175,000 square-foot warehousing facility, to be completed in two phases.
"We are pleased to announce the expansion," said Tony Lopez, Vice President of Operations. "The expansion will enable PRIDE to better support our manufacturing, contract packaging, and fulfillment customers, and provide additional capacity for new opportunities."
Presently, PRIDE is transitioning into 75,000 square feet of warehousing space and bringing 35-40 jobs to the Lincoln community. Phase two is expected to be completed within twelve months of occupancy. The second phase includes an additional 102,000 square feet of warehouse space and 150 full and part-time jobs.
"Lincoln is seeing growth in our community," says Tom Cosgrove, CEO of the Lincoln Area Chamber of Commerce. "PRIDE's expansion will bring jobs and fill warehouse space. Our community welcomes PRIDE, a provider of high-quality business that provides outstanding services to both its employees and customers."
PRIDE offers a range of supply chain solutions, logistics management, and manufacturing services, to a diverse set of customers and markets. Operating in 14 states and the nation's capital, PRIDE employs and serves more than 5,600 individuals.
"We are excited to be in Lincoln," says Vic Wursten, Sr. VP of Rehabilitation Services. "PRIDE Industries is truly a Placer County success story. We look forward to partnering with Lincoln to create job opportunities, specifically for individuals with disabilities."


I firmly believe that trust is key to all solid relationships. And, by being Tenacious Reliable Understanding Sensitive and Thorough, I ensure my clients' confidence and gain their trust. Whether someone is a first time buyer with modest means or an established homeowner seeing to upsize or downsize, I work diligently to find the right match for them while making the process as easy and stress free as possible.I have been in real estate sales for over 30 years. After almost 20 years servicing the Sound Shore communities of Westchester with Houlihan Lawrence, I worked successfully on a condo conversion of a unique loft-style rental building in Tuckahoe - and from its on-site office sold the apartments for roughly 7 years. Now, I am proud to be affiliated with Julia B. Fee Sotheby's.
My education includes and AB from Smith College and an MA in psychology from Columbia's Teachers College. Before starting in real estate, I spent many years in advertising and marketing. This background has helped me be successful in the creative and psychological/emotional aspects of the sales process. I reside in Harrison with my husband and two dogs. We have two sons, age 33 and 25.
"I met Andrea at an open house and she recognized my desire to find the perfect home for my budget. She patiently showed me almost 30 homes, never wavering from my price range and areas I chose. She seamlessly negotiated our deal and advised us how to manage the last remaining specifics of our closing."
"Andrea was very helpful and professional in working with me in my search for an apartment in lower Westchester last winter. She spent a great deal of time and effort in the process, from the search to finalizing a lease."
"I could not be happier with the level of service that my wife and I received from Andrea. She knows the area very well, responds quickly to every question, and also has a great network of inspectors, attorneys, and mortgage brokers."


text:
A Hackintosh (a portmanteau of "Hack" and "Macintosh") is a computer that runs Apple's Macintosh operating system macOS (formerly named "Mac OS X" or "OS X") on computer hardware not authorized for the purpose by Apple. This can also include running Macintosh software on hardware it is not originally authorized for. "Hackintoshing" began as a result of Apple's 2005 transition to Intel processors, away from PowerPC. Since 2005, Mac computers use the same x86-64 computer architecture as many other desktop PCs, laptops, and servers, meaning that in principle, the code making up macOS systems and software can be run on alternative platforms with minimal compatibility issues. Benefits cited for "Hackintoshing" can include cost (older, cheaper or commodity hardware), ease of repair and piecemeal upgrade, and freedom to use customized choices of components that are not available (or not available together) in the branded Apple products. macOS can also be run on several non-Apple virtualization platforms, although such systems are not usually described as Hackintoshes. Hackintosh laptops are sometimes referred to as "Hackbooks".

Apple's software license for macOS only permits the software's use on computers that are "Apple-branded." However, because modern Macintosh computers use Intel-based hardware, there are few limitations keeping the software from running on other types of Intel-based PCs. Notably, companies such as Psystar have attempted to release products using macOS on non-Apple machines, though many Hackintosh systems are designed solely by macOS enthusiasts of various hacking forums and communities. While commercial circumvention of the methods Apple uses to prevent macOS from being installed on non-Apple hardware is restricted in the United States under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), specific changes to the law regarding the concept of jailbreaking have placed circumvention methods like these into a legal grey area.

In 2020, Apple began to move to ARM64-based Apple silicon processors. The company has said it will eventually stop supporting the Intel64 architecture.

History

Mac OS X Tiger (10.4)
On June 6, 2005, Apple announced its plans to transition to Intel x86 processors at their Worldwide Developers Conference and made available a prototype Intel-based Mac to selected developers at a cost of $999 (). Efforts immediately began to attempt to run Mac OS X on non-Apple hardware, but developers quickly found themselves with an error message saying that the PC hardware configurations were not supported.

On January 10, 2006, Apple released  10.4.4 with the first generation of Intel-based Macs, the iMac and the MacBook Pro. These machines used Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) platform firmware instead of the older style BIOS found on most x86 motherboards at the time. On February 14, 2006, an initial "hack" of  v10.4.4 was released on the Internet by a programmer with the pseudonym crg92. Within hours Apple released the 10.4.5 update, which was then hacked by the same author within two weeks. On April 3, 2006, Apple released their 10.4.6 update and again patches were released within two weeks that allowed users to install most of this update on non-Apple computers, although this did not include the updated kernel in 10.4.6. In June 2006, an updated MacBook Pro was released for the 10.4.7  update for non-Apple computers using the 10.4.4 kernel.

Up to the release of the 10.4.8 update, all OSx86 patches used the 10.4.4 kernel with the rest of the operating system at version 10.4.8. However, the newer frameworks relied on the newer kernels and this led to users of 10.4.8 encountering many problems. Apple also started making more use of SSE3 instructions on their hardware making it even more difficult for users with CPUs supporting only SSE2 (such as older Pentium 4s) to get a fully compatible system running. To solve this problem, hackers from the community released kernels where those instructions were emulated with SSE2 equivalents, although this produced a performance penalty.

Throughout the years, many "distros" were released for download over the Internet. These distros were copies of the Mac OS X installer disc modified to include additional components necessary to make the OS run on the non-Apple hardware. A prominent member of the community, JaS, released many distros of Mac OS X Tiger containing patched kernels. Some other popular distros are iATKOS, Kalyway, iPC and iDeneb. Distros have fallen out of favour as the OSx86 community grew, as new bootloaders were developed that made it possible to use actual copies of the OS X Installer.

Mac OS X Leopard (10.5)

As early as  v10.5 build 9A466 the community has maintained a version of Leopard that can run on non-Apple hardware. A hacker by the handle of BrazilMac created one of the earliest patching processes that made it convenient for users to install  onto 3rd party hardware by using a legally obtained, retail version of Apple . This simplification made the BrazilMac patch and its later revisions quickly the most popular choice for many distros. Five of the most popular builds go by the name JaS, Kalyway, iATKOS, iPC and iDeneb – although more recently these builds are on the way out as the Boot-132 method (described below) gains popularity. However, all of these compilations rely on the work of kernel hackers made by Lorem (build 9A466), SynthetiX (builds 9A499, 9A527 and 9A559), ToH (builds 9A581, 9B13 and 9B18) and more recently a group calling themselves StageXNU (now called Voodoo) (Darwin 9.4.0). Their contributions trickled down into the various Mac OSx86 installers, readily available on the Internet. They continue to be refined and updated builds released, not just to maintain compatibility with Apple releases but an ever-increasing number of third-party components. The OSx86 community has been quick to make the necessary modifications to enable Apple's latest releases to run on non-Apple hardware. Within hours of Leopard's release, an AMD/Intel SSE2/3 Kernel Patcher was created that removed the HPET requirement from an original untouched mach_kernel file, a core component of the Mac OS.

Mac OS X Snow Leopard (10.6)

When "Snow Leopard" was released, Russian hacker netkas created a version of Chameleon that can boot Mac OS X v10.6. The main problem was that many people were forced to modify DSDT or use kexts due to some specific issues. As soon as possible modbin and dmitrik released test versions of kernel that allow to boot Snow Leopard on AMD machines. Stable XNU kernels for v10.6 were released by Qoopz and Pcj. There are some popular builds based on Retail by the name Universal (Intel only), Hazard, and iAtkos. Since v10.6.2 Nawcom, Qoopz, and Andy Vandijck have been working on Legacy kernel for unsupported CPUs.

Mac OS X Lion (10.7)
When Apple released the Developer Preview 1, a Russian Hackintosh developer usr-sse2 was the first who created a method to install Lion. The method consists of deploying Mac OS X v10.7 image on a flash drive, and booting from it via XPC UEFI Bootloader (See DUET below). After some changes were made to the Chameleon source code, it became possible to boot Lion with an updated version of Chameleon. After a while Dmitrik also known as Bronzovka had luck with creating a kernel that supported AMD systems; after a few months (10.7.3 V2 With AMD Support) and iAtkos L2 (10.7.2 Only Intel) were released.

OS X Mountain Lion (10.8)
Shortly after the release of Developer Preview 1, some unknown developers managed to install this version of OS X to their PC by using a modified version of the Chameleon Bootloader. This version was released via the main project starting at version r1997 to the general public. Due to the problems sourced during the Lion era, other ways of installing and required patches were never made public, which leaves the scene in an unknown state towards Mountain Lion.

Since the retail release of Mountain Lion several users have reported successful setups using installers purchased from the Mac App Store, along with updated versions of Chameleon and other tools including distros.
Niresh's Distro (10.8 Intel only) was first released and then was updated to 10.8.2 (With AMD and Intel) and 10.8.5 (With UEFI Support, AMD and Intel Support) versions; iAtkos ML2 was released after Niresh's Release.

OS X Mavericks (10.9)
Multiple new kernels for Hackintosh 10.9 are in the works, although there still are minor issues with most of them. Most of these kernels aim to allow users to run Mavericks on AMD and older Intel CPUs, which lack certain instruction sets of the latest Intel CPUs. Significant efforts have been made to emulate instruction sets like SSSE3, which are not present on AMD K10-based CPUs, and older Intel CPUs, like the Intel Core Duo.
AMD's latest CPUs, from the 'Bulldozer' architecture onwards, contain almost all the latest instruction sets, and hence, some kernels with full SSE4 support have also been released. After two months, Niresh's Distro was released for Mavericks, which supports AMD CPUs and latest Intel CPUs. It also has a custom kernel that allows Intel Atom processors to boot into Mavericks. Niresh's was the only free distro that was released for Mavericks, since the iAtkos Team decided to release their Mavericks distro for specific hardware on donation basis.

OS X Yosemite (10.10)
After the initial release of OS X Yosemite 10.10 BETA, various developers took on the role of updating their bootloaders for the system. Members of OSx86 forum InsanelyMac set to update the EFI Bootloader Chameleon for this new OS release. Some time later, Niresh (an independent OSx86 developer) released a standalone tool known as Yosemite Zone, which would automatically install the new OS and other various features on a non-Apple device with minimal input. This method consisted of torrenting an OS X 10.10 DMG onto a USB flash drive with MacPwn Vanilla Installation. Unibeast was updated to support Yosemite, and a distribution of Yosemite Zone was released with AMD processor support.
A vanilla installation of Yosemite is possible via Insanelymac's Pandora Box Beta 2.0 and UniBeast. This type installation uses as few kexts (drivers) as possible in addition to using an unaltered version of the OS X installation app, and is preferred over distributions.

OS X El Capitan (10.11)
Both Clover and Chameleon were updated to be compatible with El Capitan. Unibeast and MacPwn were updated to support El Capitan as well, since El Capitan, Unibeast (and Multibeast) use the Clover bootloader instead of Chimera (a Chameleon-based bootloader).

macOS Sierra (10.12)
Clover and Chameleon were updated to be compatible with Sierra. UniBeast, Pandora Box and MacPwn were updated to support it and a distribution of Sierra Zone (10.12.3) was released with AMD processor support.

macOS High Sierra (10.13)
Clover, MacPwn, OpenCore and UniBeast were updated to support it. A distro of High Sierra Zone by Hackintosh Zone (10.13) was released with AMD Processor support including Ryzen CPUs.

macOS Mojave (10.14)
Clover was updated to support Mojave with revision 4514. UniBeast also received Mojave support for Intel-based machines. A distro of Hackintosh Mojave by Hackintosh Zone (10.14) was released. Apple has also discontinued support for NVIDIA Web Drivers from the first release of macOS Mojave, to current.

macOS Catalina (10.15)

Clover r4945 was the first version of Clover to support macOS Catalina, beginning with the first developer beta of macOS Catalina 10.15. UniBeast was updated for macOS Catalina support, but there has not yet been a MultiBeast release for Catalina. For the first public stable release of macOS 10.15, AMD patches were also released, allowing the booting of macOS Catalina on AMD CPU systems. A new bootloader began to emerge during this time, called OpenCore. It is a necessity for AMD users beyond macOS 10.15.2.

macOS Big Sur (11)

macOS Big Sur works on Intel processors. But in 2020, Apple began to move to ARM64-based Apple silicon processors, and will eventually stop supporting the Intel64 architecture.

macOS Monterey (12)
Some new features of macOS Monterey, such as a 3D globe of Earth in Maps and text-to-speech in additional languages, work only on Apple silicon processors. Rene Ritchie has speculated that the features require Apple's Neural Engine. Apple has provided no official explanation.

macOS Ventura (13)
In this version, Apple officially dropped support for 6th-generation Intel integrated GPUs. Users who are using 6th generation iGPUs will need to add a dedicated graphics card or they may encounter problems.

Legal issues and Apple's objections

Apple does not authorize the use of macOS on any x86 PC other than those which it has manufactured. After announcing its switch to Intel's chips, the company used technical means (although not the Trusted Platform Module, or TPM, as has been widely misreported), to tie macOS to the systems it distributed to developers. The method they used involved checking for an SMC chip using DSMOS (Don't Steal MacOS.kext).

The macOS EULA forbids installations of macOS on a "non-Apple-branded computer". On July 3, 2008, Apple filed a lawsuit against Psystar Corporation for violating this restriction, among other claims. Apple claimed Psystar "violated the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) by dodging copy-protection technologies Apple uses to protect ." Apple employs technological protection measures that effectively control access to Apple's copyrighted works. Specifically, Apple charged Psystar with acquiring or creating code that "avoids, bypasses, removes, descrambles, decrypts, deactivates or impairs a technological protection measure without Apple's authority for the purpose of gaining unauthorized access to Apple's copyrighted works." The legal brief revealed that Apple considers the methods that it uses to prevent macOS from being installed on non-Apple hardware to be protected by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA).

On November 13, 2009, the court granted Apple's motion for summary judgment and found Apple's copyrights were violated as well as the DMCA when Psystar installed Apple's operating system on non-Apple computers. A hearing on remedies was set for December 14.

On January 14, 2009, the Gadget Lab site of Wired Magazine posted a video tutorial for installing  on an MSI Wind netbook, but removed it following a complaint from Apple. Textual instructions remain, but include an EULA violation disclaimer.

On May 15, 2012, the case Apple vs. Psystar Corporation ended. The court ruled that Psystar had "violated Apple's exclusive reproduction right, distribution right, and right to create derivative works," putting an end to the case.

Hacking approaches

Kernel hacks
When copies of Mac OS X Tiger started running on non-Apple hardware, it was found that some processors were unable to run the OS. Rosetta, a binary translator that made it possible to run PowerPC programs on Intel processors, (and later the kernel itself) required the support of the SSE3 instruction set. To circumvent this, programmers in the community released patched kernels, which included support for emulating SSE3 instructions using SSE2 equivalents. In October 2005, Apple released update 10.4.3 to developers that required NX bit microprocessor support; however, patches were released to circumvent this as well. Patched kernels were also later released that supported AMD processors.

When Mac OS X Leopard released on October 26, 2007, patches were created to remove the HPET requirement from the kernel. Efforts were also made to emulate the SSSE3 instruction set for processors that did not support it. The kernel used by OS X Mavericks made use of SSSE3 instructions, requiring those patches.

Boot loaders and emulators

EFI emulation

Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) is a specification that defines a software interface between an operating system and platform firmware. Since emulating the EFI does not generally require copying or modifying macOS, it is considered by some hackers to be the legal way of installing macOS on non-Apple computers (despite being untested in courts).

The work started with EFI emulation in the form of David Elliot (dfe)'s modified version of Boot-132 called "Darwin/x86", which has a "FakeEFI" system that emulates EFI. In early November 2007, a group of hackers (fronted by a Russian hacker known as Netkas), using Elliot's code, developed a method of emulating an EFI environment using a specially modified Darwin bootloader. In practical terms, this meant that regular PCs meeting a set of hardware requirements could now be "seen" as real Macintosh computers by the OS, allowing the use of unmodified, "stock" Apple kernels (as long as the CPU supports it) and thus giving more transparent and reliable operation. Several methods for real world deployment of this innovative solution have arisen around the Internet. An explanation of this achievement along with a usage guide was provided by the website DigitMemo.com.

True EFI emulation was a highly sought after asset for the OSx86 community. Previous efforts based upon Apple's open source Darwin Project and Hackintosh gurus allowed users to use macOS on normal PCs, with patched kernels/kernel modules that simply bypassed EFI. Using the EFI patch, a Hackintosh could boot off "vanilla" (unmodified) macOS kernels and use vanilla kernel extensions. This not only allowed the system to be compatible with future system updates, but also offered increased stability. This method also circumvents one aspect of Apple's End User License Agreement, which states that the modification of non-Open Source components of the OS is forbidden.

In mid-2008, a new commercial product, EFi-X, was released that claims to allow full, simple booting off official Leopard install disks, and a subsequent install, without any patching required, but this is possibly a repackaging of Boot-132 technology in a USB-attached device. Rebel EFI is another commercial product that also seems to use Open Source software.

It was thought that Windows 7's support of EFI would result in PC motherboards replacing BIOS with EFI. MSI announced the Efinity mainboard in early 2008. As of 2011, EFI-based computers have entered the market, however none can natively boot Mac OS X due to the lack of a HFS+ driver in the EFI implementation.

Boot-132
Boot-132 is a bootloader provided by Apple for loading the XNU kernel. In mid-2008, a new modified BOOT-132 came on to the scene. This method allows users to conduct the Leopard-based OSx86 installation using a stock, retail-purchased copy of  Leopard and eradicates the necessity of a hacked installation like JaS or Kalyway (mentioned previously). The Boot-132 bootloader essentially preloads an environment on the system from which Leopard can boot and operate. The bootloader stores the necessary files (kext files) in a .img collection or simply a folder. The luxury of this new installation method includes the ability to boot and install from a retail Leopard DVD and update straight from Apple without breaking the DMCA. The only possible problem here is that it breaks the macOS EULA.

The bootloader behaves like the Linux kernel: one can use an mboot-compatible (a patched syslinux was used for the hack) bootloader that tells boot-dfe about the .img file (the ramdisk or initrd, as it's known by Linux users), and boot-dfe will then use the kexts (or mkext) from it. This new boot-dfe has been tested with the retail Leopard DVD, and it can boot, install, run Leopard without having to build a modified DVD.

Chameleon
Since the early developer builds of Mac OS X v10.6, members of the OSx86 community had been booting the new operating system using yet another bootloader called PC EFI provided by Russian hacker Netkas or the bootloader of the Voodoo team's Chameleon. Chameleon is based on David Elliot's Boot-132. The bootloader supports ACPI, SMBIOS, graphics, ethernet, and some other injections. It allows to boot up macOS on non-Macintosh hardware. Chameleon supports a lot of AMD as well as Nvidia graphics cards. There are a lot of forks of it by different developers; the latest version upstream is 2.2 from 2014.

Clover
Clover is a GUI bootloader for multiple operating systems that supports either UEFI or the legacy BIOS mode. To support booting EFI code, one of the two methods are conventionally taken: either Elliot's FakeEFI was used, or an actual open-source EFI system based on Intel's TianoCore called DUET (Developer's UEFI Emulation) was flashed into the motherboard. However, modern, non-Apple EFI firmware as well as Duet cannot directly load macOS due to various incompatibilities, mainly around the HFS+ file system but also due to the quirks of individual vendors. One more step was needed to load macOS systems: an EFI application to rectify these problems and bridge the gap.

Beginning in March 2011, Slice discussed his idea with other community members, resulting in the development of a bootloader that can do both: emulate an EFI firmware of one's choice or use a Real UEFI firmware to boot Mac OS X. It contains EFI applications and drivers for correctly reading an HFS+ disk and patching EFI tables to prepare the system for starting macOS. As of 2020, it is actively maintained.

Ozmosis
Ozmosis is a UEFI DXE bootloader for Z77MX-QUO-AOS, developed by QUO Computer Inc. that is defunct in late 2010s.
It offers to run macOS through motherboard's UEFI rom, and doesn't need additional drive space for the bootloader.

OpenCore
OpenCore, started in 2019, is another bootloader developed to run macOS on UEFI or BIOS systems as well as old Mac devices that are no longer supported. Compared to Clover, it is said to provide overall better patching and emulation as well as a faster boot time. The project has also taken over the development of some patches, meaning future versions may only work with OpenCore.

Live DVD
In March 2007, the OSx86 community made some significant progress with the development of a Live DVD. The Live DVD allows booting to a working system with Mac OS X v10.4.8.

On January 2, 2009, InsanelyMac's Live DVD team published a new method by which a Mac OS X v10.5.x Live DVD could be produced, allowing users to boot a fully working macOS desktop from a DVD or USB flash drive. The method was more reliable than previous methods because it manipulated Apple's existing Netboot and Imageboot functionalities and behaved as if the system were running off a network disk. It was easier to produce; requiring only a single script to be added to an existing installation. Distributions of the live DVD have been made since its inception. Since then, it is notable that this method has been shown to work on normal Apple Mac hardware.

Virtual machine

It is possible to run macOS as a virtual machine inside other operating systems installed on standard PC hardware by using virtualization software such as Oracle's VirtualBox (though this is not officially supported by Oracle). It is also possible to install macOS on Windows and Linux versions of VMware software through the use of patches, even though the company states that running macOS is supported for VMware running on only Apple computers in compliance with Apple's licensing policies.

macOS on a virtual machine is typically very slow due to the operating system's heavy use of hardware video acceleration, which macOS does not support when using the virtual video devices typically used by virtual machine software. A work around is to attach a physical GPU to a virtual machine, however this requires a macOS supported GPU in the system that is not in use by the host operating system.

See also
 Macintosh clone – About clones and emulators of various Macintosh models
 List of computer system emulators – a list of Macintosh and other computer system emulators
 Mac transition to Intel processors
 Star Trek project

References

MacOS

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia