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Civics English language arts Government History Philosophy World Studies Civic participation Community Conflict resolution Courage
The principles, habits, and behaviors that are important to support a healthy democracy
What are the values that nurture a healthy democracy?
Why might it be important to listen to others' perspectives and worldviews?
How might discussions with people from multiple viewpoints support the common good?
How does an engaged citizenry contribute to a healthy democracy?
Students will read an essay by educator and activist Parker Palmer who identifies universal values that have the potential to nurture a healthy democracy. Students will engage in activities that prompt them to consider and envision a healthy democracy in their lives and in the communities in which they live.
In the twenty-first century, the democratic principles of equality, freedom, and civic engagement could be more actively integrated into society. If Americans work together to embody these basic principles and the attitudes and beliefs that support them, we might foster unity and a healthier democracy.
Understand that a healthy democracy requires civil participation, open discourse, and the valuing of differences.
Discover ways to participate in society with agency using one's personal voice.
Online access to the article "Five Habits to Heal the Heart of Democracy"
Intended for the educator, this section provides information about the essay, the author Parker Palmer, as well as an overview of the American political system and democratic values.
Parker Palmer's essay, "Five Habits to Heal the Heart of Democracy" explores attitudes and practices he believes are essential within both individuals and communities to strengthen American democracy and the ideals upon which it was founded. His ideas, which he articulates in his book, Healing the Heart of Democracy: The Courage to Create a Politics Worthy of the Human Spirit, are applicable to current challenges and issues to creating a healthier democracy. Palmer suggests examining "five habits of the heart." These habits express that together, we must value our differences, draw inspiration and greater understanding from contradictions, honor the voice and will of the individual, and celebrate the power of community building to restore our democratic society.
2. "An Introduction to the Work of Tocqueville." Great Thinkers an initiative of The Foundation for Constitutional Government. [^]
Before students read the essay, explore this exercise with them.
Share the following quote from author and activist Terry Tempest Williams, which begins the essay they will read from Parker Palmer. Invite a discussion with students about the meaning and message of this passage.
Ask students: What do you think Tempest means by "The human heart is the first home of democracy"?
The human heart is the first home of democracy. It is where we embrace our questions. Can we be equitable? Can we be generous? Can we listen with our whole beings, not just our minds, and offer our attention rather than our opinions? And do we have enough resolve in our hearts to act courageously, relentlessly, without giving up—ever—trusting our fellow citizens to join with us in our determined pursuit of a living democracy?
Introduce students to the essay and provide specific tasks of observation before reading the text.
Tell students that Parker Palmer, the author of the essay they will read—"Five Habits to Heal the Heart of Democracy"—is an activist who focuses on education, leadership, and social change. The essay explores attitudes and values that have the potential to support and nurture a healthy democracy. (Note: Introduce students to the work of Parker Palmer, which can be found in the Background section.)
Organize students into five small groups. Assign each group one of the "five habits of the heart" described in the essay.
Ask students to read the essay "Five Habits to Heal the Heart of Democracy." Provide them with this note-taking sheet and ask them to write down their thoughts and observations about the one "habit of the heart" they are exploring in their assigned groups.
Encourage students to examine the themes and issues raised in the essay.
Use the following questions to help students unpack the essay:
In the first paragraph, Palmer writes that the "future of our democracy is threatened." Name the three attitudes or behaviors that Palmer describes are at the root of this threat. (Answers include: Falling under the spell of money, faction, and fear.)
How does Palmer describe the linguistic relationship between heart and courage? (Both words share the Latin root, cor, which means "heart." Therefore, courage refers to speaking or acting from the heart.)
Palmer writes, "If I were asked for two words to summarize the habits of the heart American citizens need in response to twenty-first-century conditions, I would choose chutzpah and humility." The word chutzpah can be defined as "having audacity, or the willingness to take bold risks," while humility can be defined as "living with humbleness." Do you agree with Palmer? Why or why not? What two words would you choose to summarize the habits of the heart?
As a class, explore the "five habits of the heart" using the following prompts. Tell students they will watch short two-minute videos from the Center of Courage and Renewal. Each video features Palmer describing one of the five habits. Throughout the classroom conversation, ask students to refer to the observations from their note-taking sheets and call upon students from their assigned groups.
Habit #1: "We're All in This Together"
Watch the video clip We're All in This Together.
In the essay and in the video, what kinds of thinkers or thought leaders does Palmer mention?
In what ways do they support the theme We are all in this together?
Habit #2: "An Appreciation of Otherness"
Watch the video clip An Appreciation of Otherness.
What is "otherness"? Define "otherness" in your own words.
"I have more to learn from those who are different from me than I do from those who are like me," said Palmer. In what ways do we learn more from others who are different from us?
Habit #3: "An Ability to Hold Tension in Life-Giving Ways"
Watch the video clip A Capacity to Hold Tension Creatively.
How does Palmer describe "tension"?
Describe a situation or moment you've witnessed that was full of tension or conflict either in the world or in your own life. (Examples could be a disagreement or witnessing something that makes you uncomfortable in the news.)
How might it be possible to hold tension in creative ways? What benefits does creativity, such as music or art for example, offer as a way through challenging times?
Habit #4: "A Sense of Voice and Agency"
Watch the video clip A Sense of Voice and Agency.
How does Palmer define "voice" and "agency"? (Answers include: Palmer defines "voice" as "things I want to say to my community" and "agency" as "I have the power to do that" and "help bring some of those visions into reality.")
In the video, Palmer said that we need to switch from being an "audience in democracy to a participant in democracy." What is the difference between an "audience" versus a "participant" in democracy?
Habit #5: "A Capacity to Create Community"
Watch the video clip A Capacity to Create Community.
In the video, in what ways does Palmer describe the benefits and impacts of creating community?
"We must all become gardeners of community if we want democracy to flourish," writes Palmer. In his essay, Palmer supports the view that there are "local venues" in which the heart gets "formed." What are these local venues? (Answers include families, neighborhoods, classrooms, congregations, voluntary associations, workplaces, and the various places of public life where "the company of strangers" gather.)
Identify one "local venue" in your own life that has impacted your experience of civic participation. How might a particular place encourage the development of your own ideals, attitudes, values, and habits?
Ask students: Are there any values or habits that you would add to Palmer's list? If so, what are they? How might they contribute to a healthy democracy? Can you think of a leader or person in your life you think demonstrates each of the habits well?
Challenge students to consider the story's broader implications and to integrate their knowledge and ideas from various points of view.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg was the second woman to serve as a Supreme Court Justice, and she served from 1993 until her death in 2020. She was committed not to winning or losing based on her own beliefs, but to advocating for a healthier democracy. She used her right to disagree or dissent when the court was not voting in favor of protection of basic humans rights. An advocate for equal rights for women during her lifetime, before she was on the Supreme Court, she lead groundbreaking cases including: women's right to have a mortgage, a bank account, and a job without being discriminated because of one's sex. As a result of her advocacy work for fair rights for women, she has become an iconic figure for democracy. When asked, "What do you think is the biggest threat to our democracy?," she responded, "A public that doesn't care about the rights we have." Conduct research to learn more about Ginsburg's life and how her history on the Supreme Court has shaped the rights of men and women today. How did she influence democracy and human rights? In what ways was she working to protect our democracy? Share your findings in a visual or oral presentation.
Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who participated in bus trips throughout the South to protest segregation during the Civil Rights Movement. They took Freedom Rides, or bus trips, throughout the American South, to call attention to segregated bus terminals, restaurants, and restrooms. Glenda Gaither Davis, a Freedom Rider, reflected on her experiences when she said, "Even though we came from many different places and we had many different cultures and many different home environments ... we were very much unified because we had a common cause and we were all moving in that direction, and we did believe in what we were doing. We knew that we had taken a stand." Watch this short video, The Movement: A Short Film from Freedom Riders (4 minutes). How did the Freedom Riders use their voice? In what ways did they take action for the greater good? Write two paragraphs to respond to these questions. Use a quote from the film and include one example that you have witnessed, either in your own life, in a story, or in the news in which a person or a group took action for the greater good.
Stacey Abrams, an American politician, has worked to help organize voters in the state of Georgia. She is an advocate for equal and fair voting rights, and she wants to ensure everyone has an equal chance to vote. Read about Abrams in the following article: Stacey Abrams and Other Georgia Organizers Are Part of a Long—But Often Overlooked—Tradition of Black Women Working for the Vote. How is Abrams working to continue to heal democracy? What "habit of the heart" do you think she exhibits most?
On January 6, 2021, an attack took place on the Capitol building in Washington, D.C. This attack interrupted the official count of the 2020 electoral college votes. Ultimately, by the morning of January 7, Joe Biden and Kamala Harris were confirmed as the next President and Vice President. Palmer writes, "It was we the people, calling this democracy into being, and it's my sense that it is we the people that need to call it back to its purpose and most significant goals." How are we responsible as citizens for nurturing our democracy? What do you think Palmer is asking citizens to do?
Congressman John Lewis said, "The vote is the most powerful nonviolent tool we have to make all the change that is necessary. Change requires patient, persistent action." Lewis spent most of his life working to make change and create a healthier democracy. How can we equate change with patience? Why was it important that John Lewis had patience when it came to advocating for a healthy democracy? How are peace and justice essential to Lewis's work and efforts? Do you think Lewis would say that maintaining a healthy democracy is a lifetime's work? Why or why not?
In Parker Palmer's book On the Brink of Everything: Grace, Gravity, and Getting Old, he says, "It's unfair to lay all responsibility for the future on the younger generation. After all, the problems they face are partly due to the fact that we, their elders, screwed up. Worse still, it's not true that the young alone are in charge of what comes next. We—young and old together—hold the future in our hands. If our common life is to become more compassionate, creative, and just, it will take an intergenerational effort." Describe what an intergenerational collaboration looks like to you. How could your elders support you to step into a more empowered role as a citizen and active participant in the democratic process?
Who Was Ruth Bader Ginsburg? by Patricia Brennan Demuth
Amina's Voice by Hena Khan
The Lions of Little Rock by Kristin Levine
Palmer, Parker Healing the Heart of Democracy: The Courage to Create a Politics Worthy of the Human Spirit (California: Jossey-Bass, 2011).
Williams, Terry Tempest and Mary Frank, The Open Space of Democracy (Great Barrington, MA: Orion Society, 2004).
"The Concepts and Fundamental Principles of Democracy," in Elements of Democracy (Center for Civic Education, 2007), 11-13.
Hollister, Matthew. "Millennials Don't Vote But They Do Care (Infographic)." The Atlantic, 2015.
"Election Central." PBS Learning Media, 2016.
Lewis, John, Across That Bridge: Life Lessons and a Vision for Change (New York: Hachette books, 2017).
American Experience, "Democracy in Action." PBS Learning Media.
Bloomberg Quicktake: Now. "Ruth Bader Ginsburg on the Greatest Threat to Our Democracy." YouTube video, 1:05. September 18, 2020.
Waxman, Olivia B. "Stacey Abrams and Other Georgia Organizers Are Part of a Long—But Often Overlooked—Tradition of Black Women Working for the Vote." Time, November 10, 2020.
American Experience, The Movement: A Short Film from Freedom Riders. Clip: Season 23, Episode 11. PBS.
Connections to National Curriculum Standards and Framework
C3.D2.Civ.2.6-8. Explain specific roles played by citizens (such as voters, jurors, taxpayers, members of the armed forces, petitioners, protesters, and office-holders).
C3.D2.Civ.10.6-8. Explain the relevance of personal interests and perspectives, civic virtues, and democratic principles when people address issues and problems in government and civil society.
C3.D2.His.3.6-8. Use questions generated about individuals and groups to analyze why they, and the developments they shaped, are seen as historically significant.
National Curriculum Standards for Social Studies (NCSS) Themes
Theme 4:Individual Development and Identity. Questions related to identity and development, which are important in psychology, sociology, and anthropology, are central to the understanding of who we are.
Theme 10: Civic Ideals and Practices. Learning how to apply civic ideals as part of citizen action is essential to the exercise of democratic freedoms and the pursuit of the common good.
CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.6.1. Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.
CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.7.3. Analyze the interactions between individuals, events, and ideas in a text (e.g., how ideas influence individuals or events, or how individuals influence ideas or events).
CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.W.6.1. Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.
The Importance of Embracing Questions
Companion Interview
Turning to Face the Dark
with Rabbi Dr. Ariel Burger and Parker Palmer


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Tag Archives: DWDM Multiplexer
Comparison Between CWDM and DWDM
With the rapid development of telecommunications, the demand for cable capacity is stronger more than ever. WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) will be the preferred method to meet the needs. WDM systems are divided into different wavelength patterns, conventional/coarse (CWDM) and dense (DWDM). This post aims to make a comparison between CWDM and DWDM.
WDM and It's Working Principle
Wavelength Division Multiplexing is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths of laser light. This technique enables bidirectional communications over one strand of fiber, as well as multiplication of capacity. A WDM system uses a multiplexer at the transmitter to join the signals together, and a demultiplexer at the receiver to split them apart. With the right type of fiber it is possible to have a device that does both simultaneously, and can function as an optical add-drop multiplexer.
CWDM is the technology of choice for cost efficiently transporting large amounts of data traffic in telecoms or enterprise networks.
DWDM is an optical technology used to increase bandwidth over existing fiber optic backbones.
Comparison between CWDM and DWDM will be illustrated from the following aspects:
Channel Numbers: DWDM can fit 40-plus channels into the same frequency range which is twice of CWDM can fit. CWDM is used more often than DWDM due to the cost factor. Now that cabling and transmission has become more affordable, DWDM takes place of CWDM. CWDM is defined by wavelengths, while DWDM is defined in terms of frequencies.
Modulated laser: Unlike DWDM deploys cooled distributed-feedback (DFB), CWDM is based on uncooled distributed-feedback (DFB) lasers and wide-band optical filters. These technologies provide several advantages to CWDM systems such as lower power dissipation, smaller size, and less cost. The commercial availability of CWDM systems offering these benefits makes the technology a viable alternative to DWDM systems for many metro and access applications.
Transmission Distance: Another major difference between the two is that DWDM is designed for longer haul transmission, by keeping the wavelengths tightly packed. It can transmit more data over a significantly larger run of cable with less interference than a comparable CWDM system. If there is a need to transmit the data over a very long range, the DWDM will likely be the priority in terms of functionality of the data transmittal as well as the lessened interference over the longer distances that the wavelengths must travel. CWDM cannot travel long distances because the wavelengths are not amplified, and therefore CWDM is limited in its functionality over longer distances. Typically, CWDM can travel anywhere up to about 100 miles (160 km), while an amplified dense wavelength system can go much further as the signal strength is boosted periodically throughout the run. As a result of the additional cost required to provide signal amplification, the CWDM solution is best for short runs that do not have mission critical data.
From the comparison above, we can know both the benefits and drawbacks of CWDM and DWDM. If the transmission distance is short and cost is low, then CWDM may be your first choice. On the contrary, you can consider DWDM. For more information about CWDM and DWMD, you can visit Fiberstore.
This entry was posted in WDM Optical Network and tagged CWDM multiplexer, DWDM Multiplexer, WDM on June 19, 2015 by Admin.
CWDM in hybrid access network in the use of the business
With the improvement of people's living standard, nowadays a single network access gradually cannot satisfy people's demand for network now, CWDM system support for the characteristics of business more and more get the attention of people, can also provide E, FE, GE, STM 1/4/16 SDH and ATM signaling, CATV video interface and other businesses such as access CWDM system solutions, to meet the requirements of people now.
Radio and television networks in recent business growth is faster in a given area, is the region development education network access project, due to the previous optical fiber network resources is mainly used in cable television network, optical fiber resources is not so rich, many county to the town had no residual fiber resources, to increase the data business, now want to be in the original on the fiber optic cable TV network transmission using again, plus information data signals, or want to lay out the other cable the main work, need to solve as many towns in this area belongs to mountainous area, cable laying is not very convenient, considering various factors such as resources, cost, on the radio and television networks company specialized in optical network access technology co., LTD. Shenzhen Fiberstore CWDM system to conduct a comprehensive performance analysis and product testing.And start in areas such as education network access to a project on each node USES many Fiberstore CWDM system equipment.
The radio and television networks of CWDM project at present is mainly used to implement the education network (10/100 MBPS Ethernet) hybrid transmission signals and the cable television network, the current direction of projects with a total of eight different contact, sharing the 3 sets of Fiberstore the CWDM system equipment.
In this scenario, A computer room – B node transfer 2 10/100 MBPS data signals and A cable TV signal, which is based on WDM CWDM access, two 10/100 MBPS signals after Fiberstore C5002S through Fiberstore HA – WDM multiplexer, and cable television signals and reuse all the way to A single fiber, transfer to the access point B region, middle transmission distance of 50 km, implements and Ethernet cable TV signal on the single fiber CWDM module of hybrid transmission.
A room – C nodes use sea pegatron C5002S system combined with high speed and CWDM terminal transceiver effectively cooperate with access, realize two-way 10/100 MBPS of hybrid transmission over A single optical fiber.
A-D-E by Fiberstore C5004S system combining various nodes of high speed and the corresponding CWDM transceiver implementation 4 10/100 MBPS signals on A single optical fiber access project, through the high speed connection between each contact, through the terminal CWDM wavelengths optical transceiver connected to A contact switch, after the C5004S system in the computer room 4 different signals, respectively in different wavelengths transmitted to each destination, after D primary school, through high speed download local signal, the remaining 3 to continue down the road signal to the corresponding destination.
Save fiber resources CWDM (Coarse where division multiplexing) Coarse wavelength division multiplexing system, which USES optical multiplexer in the different optical fiber transmission wavelength multiplexing in a single fiber transmission;On the receiving end of A link, using wavelength multiplexer and then revert to the original wavelength, using optical fiber all the way, on the whole link is solved effectively under the condition of the optical fiber resources extremely nervous network access, this scenario, A, D, E, between transmission on A single fiber and four 10/100 MBPS (also can be 1000 MBPS) signal, A room – B node is in the original cable TV signal transmission on A single fiber loading 2 10/100 MBPS signals, save A lot of fiber resources. 2.More business and high bandwidth CWDM is a according to the practical application to the transfer rate of adaptation based transmission platform, support a variety of business transfer.At each wavelength, the support of the business including 10 m / 100 m / 1000 m Ethernet, 155 m / 622 m / 2.5 G of SDH, 155 m / 622 m ATM business, as well as the Fiber Channel business, and so on.The whole system capacity to play a few Gbps data signal.Fully meet user bandwidth requirements in quite some time.This scenario USES is 10/100 MBPS business with cable TV signal for hybrid transmission.
CWDM system than the price of L band DWDM transceiver is relatively low, due to the power of CWDM is small, small volume, easy to use, thus supporting facilities, personnel training and the late maintenance cost is low.Compared with optical cable project: using CWDM device is opened rapidly, low cost, convenient network upgrades, late and increasing need of signal directly, or replace the higher rate of product, don't need to change the fiber link, convenient network upgrades, reduces the network upgrade costs.The above scenario A-D-E, if change into 1000 MBPS data signals, the capacity of the network directly to upgrade to the 4 GBPS.
CWDM in hybrid access network in the use of the business.
This entry was posted in CWDM & DWDM Mux Demux and tagged CWDM module, DWDM 40CH multiplexer, DWDM Multiplexer on May 13, 2015 by Admin.
Advanced Optical Components – WDM Multiplexer
WDM Multiplexer is a device that uses Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology to combine different optical wavelengths from two or more optical fibers into just one optical fiber. This combining or coupling of the wavelengths can be very useful in increasing the bandwidth of a fiber optic system. WDM multiplexers are used in pairs: one at the beginning of the fiber to couple the inputs and one at the end of the fiber to decouple and then route the separated wavelengths into separate fibers. A WDM multiplexer can be thought of as an optical fiber highway; the highway can support a very large bandwidth, thus increasing the system's capacity.
Each channel in a WDM multiplexer is designed to transmit a specific optical wavelength. The multiplexer operates very much like a coupler at the beginning of the optical fiber and as a filter at the end of the optical fiber. For example, an 8-channel multiplexer would have the ability to combine eight different channels or wavelengths from separate optical fibers onto one optical fiber. Again, to take advantage of the enormous bandwidth at the end of the optical fiber, another multiplexer (demultiplexer) will recover the separate wavelengths. The figure below shows a simple WDM system composed of multiple light sources, a WDM multiplexer or combiner that combines the wavelengths into one optical fiber, and a WDM demultiplexer or optical splitter that separates the wavelengths to their respective receivers.
Types of WDM Multiplexers
CWDM & DWDM Multiplexers
WDM multiplexers are available in a variety of sizes, but will most commonly be found with 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 channels configurations. The types of multiplexers are wideband (or crossband), narrowband, and dense. Wideband or crossband multiplexers (CWDM Multiplexer) are devices that combine a broad range of wavelengths, such as 1310 nm and 1550 nm. A narrowband multiplexer will combine multiple wavelengths with 1000 GHz channel spacing. A dense multiplexer combines wavelengths with 100 GHz channel spacing. Here shows a basic wideband or crossband WDM system.
Narrowband WDM (DWDM) systems have channels spaced 1000 GHz, or approximately 8 nm, apart. Here is a figure that shows a basic narrowband WDM system.
The industry standard on the Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Multiplexers (DWDM Multiplexer), as recommended by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), is 100 GHz or approximately 0.8 nm channel spacing. There are C-band, S-band, and L-band DWDM multiplexers. The C-band is the 1550 nm band which uses wavelengths from 1530 to 1565 nm. The S-band uses wavelengths from 1525 to 1538 nm, and the L-band uses wavelengths from 1570 to 1610 nm.
The closer the channels are spaced together, the higher the number of channels that can be inserted into a band. Currently a spacing of 50 GHz is available (the 50 GHz DWDM multiplexers are generally with 64, 80, 88, 96 channels). It is important to note that as the spacing or the width of each channel decreases, the smaller the spectral width becomes. This is relevant because the wavelength must be stable or sustainable long enough not to drift into an adjacent channel. Besides having a very narrow spectral width, the laser transmitter cannot drift (it must out- put the same wavelength at all times). If the laser transmitter's output wavelength changes even a few tenths of a nanometer, it could drift into the next channel and cause interference problems.
Unidirectional & Bidirectional WDM Multiplexers
There are different configurations of WDM multiplexers. Everything we have covered up to this point describes a unidirectional WDM system. The Unidirectional WDM Multiplexer is configured so that the multiplexer only connects to optical transmitters or receivers. In other words, it allows the light to travel in only one direction and provides only simplex communication over a single optical fiber. Therefore, full-duplex communications require two optical fibers.
A WDM multiplexer that is designed to connect with both transmitters and receivers is called bidirectional (BiDi); in essence, the BiDi WDM Multiplexer is designed for optical transmission in both directions using only one optical fiber. Two channels will support one full-duplex communication link. Here is a figure that shows two BiDi WDM multiplexers communicating over a single optical fiber.
Tips for Using WDM Multiplexers
As with any other device that is added to a fiber optic network, there are factors that must be considered. As losses are a factor that must be taken into account, you should remember that the greater the number of channels, the greater the insertion losses when using WDM multiplexers. Other specifications to keep in mind when using WDM multiplexers are isolation, PMD, and the spectral bandwidth.
WDM multiplexers are widely used devices which provide a way to utilize the enormous bandwidth capacity of optical fiber without the expense of using the fastest laser transmitters and receivers. Just think about it: an 8-channel WDM system using directly modulated 2.5 Gbps laser transmitters carries twice as much data as a single indirectly modulated 10 Gbps laser transmitter. WDM systems allow designers to combine modest performance parts and create an ultra-performance system. WDM systems deliver the most bang for the buck!
Article Source from http://www.fiberopticshare.com/
This entry was posted in WDM Optical Network and tagged CWDM multiplexer, DWDM Multiplexer, WDM multiplexer on January 29, 2015 by Admin.
Wavelength Multiplexing: CWDM and DWDM
CWDM: An optical industry interim standard uses up to eight wavelengths, this scheme is referred to as coarese wavelengtb division multiplexing(CWDM), in accordance with ITU-T(any channel spacing between 8 and 50 nm). ITU-T Recommendation approved in june 2014, extends this down to 1270 nm(18 wavelengths), anticipating the ready commercial availability of fiber with no "water peak" of loss between the 1310-nm and 1550-nm transmission windows, as discussed in Chapter. Such an extended-wavelength planis, of course, applicable only to nonamplified systems until such time as optical amplifiers with similarly extended bandwidths are developed.
DWDM: The International Telecommunications Union(ITU) has defined a usage plan that can scale to as many as 45 wavelengths in the third window and whose spacings have been further split in some systems to yield twice that number. The defined channel designations are for channels spaced 100 GHz apart (about 0.8 nm). Regardless of whether 200-GHz, 100-GHz, or 50-GHz spacings are used, the usage plan is referred to as dense wavelengtb division multiplexing(DWDM). (More about DWDM: DWDM WIKI)
A fwe properties are common to all the plans, each with obvious parallels in RF technology.
♦ The closer the wavelengths are spaced, the harder(and more expensive) it is to separate them in the demultiplexers and simultaneously achieve adequate adjacent channel isolation, minimal in-channel flatness variation, and low insertion loss.
♦ The closer the wavelengths are spaced,the more frequency stabillity is required of the transmitters.
♦ The closer the wavelengths are spaced, the better the signal transmission velocities will match. Four-wave mixing and cross-phase modelation are both maxmum when the signals travel at nearly the same velocity. The degree of matching is, of course, also dependent on fiber dispersionm with standard fiber having high dispersion at 1550 nm but low dispersion at 1310 nm. By contrast, close wavelength spacing leads to reduced crosstalk from stimulated Raman scattering. These mechanisms are discussed later.
♦ The more wavelengths that share a fiber, the lower must be the power per wavelength for a given amount of mutual interaction due to nonlinear glass properties.
As shown in figure shows the relationship of bands, CWDM channels, and DWDM channels. Gable systems using linear DWDM technology generally use 200-GHz-spaced channels from among the set of 20 listed in Table 1, though a few vendors offer 100GHz spacing. For network designs that use fewer than 20 of the listed wavelengths, various vendors have chosen to offer different subsets.
Relationship of wavelength bands.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Most offer C21 through C35 as the first eight, but noe vendor offers C39 through C53 as the second eight, another offers C45 through C59, and a third has chosen to offer C37 through C51. This is obviously inconvenient for operators who wish to have multiple sources for optical transmitters and DWDM Multiplexer.
This entry was posted in WDM Optical Network and tagged DWDM channels, DWDM Multiplexer, DWDM Wiki on June 27, 2014 by Admin.
CWDM in optical fiber transmission network of comprehensive solutions
1. The background of the project:Radio and television networks in recent business growth is faster in a given area, is the region development education network access project, due to the previous optical fiber network resources is mainly used in cable television network, optical fiber resources is not so rich, many county to the town had no residual fiber resources, to increase the data business, now want to be in the original on the fiber optic cable TV network transmission using again, plus infomation data signals, or want to lay out the other cable?Is the main work, need to solve as many towns in this area belongs to mountainous area, cable laying is not very convenient, considering various factors such as resources, cost, on the radio and television networks company specialized in optical network access technology co., LTD. Shenzhen Fiberstore CWDM system to conduct a comprehensive performance analysis and product testing.And start in areas such as education network access to A project on each node USES many Fiberstore CWDM system equipment.
2. Network topology
In this scenario, A computer room – B node transfer 2 10/100 MBPS data signals and A cable TV signal, which is based on WDM CWDM access, two 10/100 MBPS signals after Fiberstore C5002S through Fiberstore HA – WDM multiplexer, and cable television signals and reuse all the way to A single fiber, transfer to the access point B region, middle transmission distance of 50 km, implements and Ethernet cable TV signal on the single fiber CWDM solution of hybrid transmission.
CWDM access scheme
1.Save fiber resourcesCWDM (Coarse where division multiplexing) Coarse wavelength division multiplexing system, which USES optical multiplexer in the different optical fiber transmission wavelength multiplexing in a single fiber transmission;On the receiving end of A link, using wavelength multiplexer and then revert to the original wavelength, using optical fiber all the way, on the whole link is solved effectively under the condition of the optical fiber resources extremely nervous network access, this scenario, A, D, E, between transmission on A single fiber and four 10/100 MBPS (also can be 1000 MBPS) signal, A room – B node is in the original cable TV signal transmission on A single fiber loading 2 10/100 MBPS signals, save A lot of fiber resources. 2.More business and high bandwidthCWDM is a according to the practical application to the transfer rate of adaptation based transmission platform, support a variety of business transfer.At each wavelength, the support of the business including 10 m / 100 m / 1000 m Ethernet, 155 m / 622 m / 2.5 G of SDH, 155 m / 622 m ATM business, as well as the Fiber Channel business, and so on.The whole system capacity to play a few Gbps data signal.Fully meet user bandwidth requirements in quite some time.This scenario USES is 10/100 MBPS business with cable TV signal for hybrid transmission.
3.Cost-effective, to facilitate the network upgrades
CWDM system than the price of DWDM Multiplexer is relatively low, due to the power of CWDM is small, small volume, easy to use, thus supporting facilities, personnel training and the late maintenance cost is low.Compared with optical cable project: using CWDM device is opened rapidly, low cost, convenient network upgrades, late and increasing need of signal directly, or replace the higher rate of product, don't need to change the fiber link, convenient network upgrades, reduces the network upgrade costs.The above scenario A-D-E, if change into 1000 MBPS data signals, the capacity of the network directly to upgrade to the 4 GBPS.
With the improvement of people's living standard, nowadays a single network access gradually cannot satisfy people's demand for network now, CWDM system support for the characteristics of business more and more get the attention of people, can also provide E, FE, GE, STM 1/4/16 SDH and ATM signaling, CATV video interface and other businesses such as access CWDM system solutions, to meet the requirements of people now.(Read more:DWDM OADM,CWDM Multiplexer,DWDM MUX DEMUX)
This entry was posted in WDM Optical Network and tagged DWDM Multiplexer, DWDM MUX DEMUX, DWDM MUX price, DWDM OADM on June 14, 2014 by Admin.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


At Millard Oaks Chiropractic, we believe that massage therapy in conjunction with chiropractic care yields the best possible results. Our therapists are trained in several modalities that are geared toward relieving pain & discomfort.
Why massage therapy and chiropractic in conjunction?
Whether you are seeing one of our doctors because of an acute injury or a longstanding ailment, massage therapy will enhance its effectiveness. The musculoskeletal system works as one unit. It is impossible to influence one without influencing the other. Massage therapy focuses on the manipulation of soft tissue -- muscles, tendons, ligaments, and fascia -- for increased healing, enhanced function of the body, promotion of well-being, and relaxation.
Even though chiropractic focuses on the spine and its direct influence on the nervous system and massage primarily focuses on soft tissue, the 2 modalities are complimentary. Because of muscle memory, the soft tissue surrounding the non-functional vertebrae (spinal subluxation) seeks to retain that position -- this happens because it requires less work by the muscle! Therefore, after a chiropractic adjustment restores function to a vertebral complex, the surrounding musculature intuitively resorts back to its prior behavior, negatively influencing the same vertebral levels. After a series of adjustments, the muscle groups begin to adapt to the new positioning of the vertebrae & will maintian functional positioning for a longer amount of time. Massage therapy accelerates this process!
Quicker Recovery - Patients who receive both therapies will experience faster and more complete recovery.
Increased Range of Motion - In addition to pain, many chiropractic patients also suffer from reduced range of motion due to their injury. Much like spinal adjustments, massages are able to improve the flexibility and mobility of impacted areas such as muscles, ligaments, and other soft tissue.
Longer-lasting adjustments - Massage therapy helps reeducate the correct positioning of the muscle tissues surrounding the spinal subluxations.
Massage Therapy at Millard Oaks Chiropractic in Millard. Serving the Omaha, NE area for chiropractic and massage therapy needs.


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Greens are the start to something truly beautiful! Subtle differences in color and shape of various greenery add so much style to a simple cascade.
I add a few more lily grass loops to come out of the bottom, inserting them the same way I did on the top.
Vary the sizes of your loops for more design interest.
Don't throw away the little pieces. Cut a sharp clean edge and insert it in the top of the bouquet.
Stunning. It could be flowered in right now - but I'm going to add in some Robellini fern.


Excudes the attitude of the mantra that 'not all souls who wander are lost but rather 'free'. The pieces themselves are incredibly soft and cozy but simultaneously the wearer maintains a mindset that is strong and concrete. Always a believer that we're given the courage to take the steps toward the destinations in which we belong - the places of adventure that we dreamed of in our youth. This is what it means to be truly living.


FOLLOSCO MORALLOS & HERCE (FMH) was established by a group of lawyers, each specializing in different fields of law.
From three partners in 1997, FMH has grown to a 21-member legal team, complemented by more than 20 highly trained and efficient paralegals and administrative staff. FMH boasts of a reputable and well-developed practice in the areas of corporate and commercial law; public-private partnerships; construction; energy, aviation and mining; litigation and arbitration; immigration law; intellectual property law; taxation; and labor law.
FMH prides itself on being a firm whose growth is mainly fueled by a stream of referrals from clients who have enjoyed years of distinguished legal service from the firm and are glad to recommend its services to their friends and business partners. There is no better testament to the unreserved trust in the level of competence and the quality of the service of the firm than the confidence and readiness of its clients to recommend the firm's services.
FMH provides a compilation of the most recent legal developments in the country. From changes in legislation to memorandums, FMH aims to keep clients up to date with legal information that could concern them.


The exclusion from the class pisces of the leptocardii, or lancelets, as first advocated by e. haeckel, was a step in the right direction, whilst that of the cyclostomes does not seem called for to such an authority as r. h. traquair, with whom the writer of this review entirely concurs.
He went through the whole of his canvass and then thrust a paper under the lawyer's face with "sign here" above the dotted line.
All day the tent was packed with eager faces, and at night-time the canvas opening was continually pushed aside, much to our discomfort, for the cold here was very severe.


If you are looking 2018 World Cup Head-to-Head Records and Stats in Microsoft Excel, you can use this specific template. It is not free but it is worth it. It could inform you stats of each 2018 World Cup participants during their campaigns in all World Cups. Also, you can observe their head-to-head against their group or knock out opponents. There are World Cup facts that you might get updated on important facts that have happened throughout World Cup events.
There are 5 main worksheets in this spreadsheet.
Match score results and their progress in the past 5 World Cups against opponents from different continents. This part should be important one since you can see pattern and records of your teams against countries from all continents. They will have continents color markers to ease you identify your team opponents.
Last 10 all tournament matches records. Mostly are from World Cup qualifications around the world. But, it is a collection of competitive matches from UEFA Euro Cups, Copa Americas, African Nations Cups etc.
Summary of head-to-head records against another participants in World Cup 2018. You can easily see a brief summary on team head-to-head records against group opponents in this table as well as other participants if the team advance to the knock out rounds.
Goals distribution summary. You can see goal distribution during team full time matches (90 + 30 minutes) in the past world cups.
All countries will get particular background colors that represent their continents. It should help you to observe particular team records when they meet countries from particular continents.
In this worksheet, you need to select opponent to see their head-to-head records in World Cup.
It is a big table with important information from all World cups.
If you want to see and evaluate the last 5 of World Cup tournaments, you can go to this worksheet. It consists match result tables from those five. They are arranged in vertical view to ease you comparing match stats from match to match and from group rounds to knock out rounds. There are group standings table as well.
You can put score results from this World Cup matches and see it shown in team stats and head-to-head stats directly. It could help you analyze your team and compare with their achievement in previous world cups. Also, you can predict how they will perform in knock out rounds based on group match results.
You can update current team squad in this worksheet.
This spreadsheet is not free, but there is a demo version you can try below.


text:
Симетричната матрица е квадратна матрица, чиито елементи са симетрични относно главният диагонал. Следователно, симетрична матрица е такава матрица , за която .

Това означава, че симетричната матрица е равна на нейната транспонирана матрица:

Примери

Свойства
Симетричната матрица е винаги квадратна.

Сумата и разликата от две симетрични матрици е също симетрична матрица

Всяка симетрична матрица A с реални елементи е притежава следните свойства:

 матрицата има реални собствени стойности
 нейните собствени вектори, които съответстват на различни собствени стойности, са взаимно ортогонални:

 от нейните собствени вектори винаги може да се състави ортонормиран базис
 симетричната матрица A може да се приведе в диагонален вид: , където

е ортогонална матрица, стълбовете на която образуват ортонормиран базис, съставен от собствените вектори на матрицата А, а D е диагонална матрица, чиито диагонални елементи са собствените стойности матрицата A.

 Ако симетричната матрица A има една единствена собствена стойност , то тя във всеки базис има диагонален вид: , където е  е единична матрица.

Симетризуеми матрици
Казваме че  матрицата  е симетризуема ако съществуват инвертируема диагонална матрица  и симетрична матрица  за които е изпълнено

Транспонираната нa симетризуема матрица е също симетризуема, тъй като  и  е симетрична матрица. Матрицата  е симетризуема ако и само ако се изпълняват следните условия:
  и съответно  за всички
  за всяка крайна последователност

Положително (отрицателно) определени матрици
Симетричната матрица  с размер  се нарича положително определена ако за  се изпълнява условието

Условията една симетрична матрица да е отрицателно, неположително и неотрицателно определена се формулират аналогично със соответстващо изменение на знака на неравенството.

За получаване на вида на определенност на симетрична матрица може да се използва критерият на Силвестър.

Специални (именувани) видове симетрични матрици
 Персиметрична матрица: това е квадратна  матрица, симетрична относно своя втори диагонал. Елементите  на такава матрица  са свързани със съотношенията

 Двусиметрична матрица: това е квадратна  матрица, елементите на която са симетрични относно двата и диагонала. Елементите  на такава матрица са свързани със съотношенията:
i, j = j, i ,
i, j = n+1-j, n+1-i .
 Центросиметрична матрица: това е квадратна  матрица, елементите на която са симетрични относно геометричният център на матрицата.  Елементите  на такава матрица са свързани със съотношенията:
Двусиметричната матрица е частен случай на центросиметрична матрица
Транспозиционна матрица ( матрица): това е квадратна  матрица, , , чиито елементи се получават от елементите на зададен n-мерен вектор  по формулата , където със символа  е обозначена операцията "Побитово умножение" (XOR). Редовете и стълбовете на транспозиционната матрица съдържат пермутации на елементите на вектора .
 Матрица на Лемер: това е константна  симетрична матрица (наречена на името на Дерек Хенри Лемер), елементите  на която се изчисляват по формулата:

Източници

Линейна алгебра

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Pacific Environment brings a wealth of experience in environmental noise and vibration assessment. We offer expertise across Pacific Environment's key market areas and provide a high level of understanding of noise regulation locally and internationally.
Our team uses noise and vibration measurement tools and acoustic modelling software to efficiently solve complex acoustic problems and predict impacts.
Connect with our Acoustic Consultants today to improve your environmental performance.


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(1) The H1 2008 consolidated financial statements shown for comparison in this press release have been restated for the impact of the first application of Interpretation IFRIC 12 Service Concession Arrangements.
(2) Revenue including concession subsidiaries' external construction revenue (work carried out by non-VINCI companies on behalf of concession grantors) in application of IFRIC 12.
(3) Excluding concession subsidiaries' external construction revenue.
(4) Changes between 2008 and 2009 in operating profit from ordinary activities and net profit attributable to owners of the parent restated as (3.7%) and (1.2%), respectively, after restatement of an exceptional provision reversal in the interim financial statements at 30 June 2008.
VINCI's Board of Directors, chaired by Yves-Thibault de Silguy, met on 31 August 2009 to finalise the interim financial statements at 30 June 2009. The Board also examined the outlook for 2009 and approved the payment of an interim dividend in respect of 2009.
In a difficult economic situation, the VINCI Group performed well overall in the first half of 2009, as reflected by the limited decline in activity levels and, thanks to the resilience of operating margins, net earnings. Despite the decrease in order intake compared with the first half of 2008, the order book remains at a high level, standing at more than €24 billion at 30 June 2009. Even though economic stimulus packages are not yet producing any tangible effects, the order book is benefiting from the dynamism in international markets of our major project and specialised business oriented enterprises.
VINCI's consolidated revenue for the first half of 2009 was €15.2 billion, down 3.6% compared with the first half of 2008. This change is the result of a 5.6% organic decrease in activity, entirely attributable to the contracting business lines. The concessions operations recorded a slight increase as light vehicle traffic began to recover in the second quarter.
Regarding financing, VINCI has been able to obtain €1.2 billion of new long-term finance for ASF, contributing to the strengthening of the Group's overall liquidity. Furthermore, two new project finance agreements for a total of nearly €1.4 billion, secured by revenue from operations, have enabled a motorway concession contract in Germany and, more recently, a PPP contract in Slovakia to be won. Both contracts generate contracting work for Group companies.
Overall, consolidated net financial debt has been reduced by nearly €1 billion over a twelve-month period.
In an environment that remains uncertain, VINCI is maintaining its course: new business selectivity, a rigorous approach to executing and operating projects, priority to cash and debt management.
VINCI's consolidated revenue for the first half of 2009 was €15.2 billion, down 3.6% compared with the first half of 2008. The factors explaining this slight reduction are a decline in business activity on a comparable structure basis (-5.6%), the positive impact of external growth (+3.3%) and the unfavourable impact of exchange rates (-1.3%).
In France, revenue amounted to €9.4 billion, down 6.3%, reflecting the stable situation at VINCI Concessions combined with a 7% decline in the contracting business lines.
Outside France, revenue increased 1.4% to €5.7 billion, a result of brisk business in major projects and at Entrepose Contracting, as well as the integration of Taylor Woodrow Construction in the UK. Revenue booked outside France represented 38% of total revenue for the first half of 2009 (43% in the contracting business lines).
Operating profit from ordinary activities amounted to €1,358 million for the first half, down 7.1% against 2008. Restated for non-recurring income recognised in 2008, the decrease in operating profit from ordinary activities was in line with that of revenue.
* % of revenue, excluding concession subsidiaries' external construction revenue.
VINCI's various business lines have performed satisfactorily overall, in view of the economic context in which they have been operating and a first quarter marked by unfavourable weather conditions in Europe.
VINCI Concessions was the main contributor to Group operating profit from ordinary activities (accounting for 63% of the total), with operating profit from ordinary activities of €856 million (compared with €901 million in the first half of 2008). Excluding the exceptional income booked by Escota in 2008, the concession subsidiaries' operating profit from ordinary activities (€768 million) and their operating margin (40.9% of revenue) were stable compared with the first half of 2008.
The contracting business lines saw a 15% reduction in their operating profit from ordinary activities in the first half year to €466 million, with an operating margin of 3.6% of revenue (4.1% in the first half of 2008).
VINCI Energies saw a limited decline in its operating profit from ordinary activities, to €106 million, identical to the decline in its activity, maintaining its operating margin at 5%.
The decrease in Eurovia's operating profit from ordinary activities should be kept in context, in view of the strong seasonal nature of road-building operations, both in France and abroad, as well as the unrepresentative nature of first half-year results in this business. Operating profit from ordinary activities was €36 million, a 1% margin (compared with €76 million and a 2.1% margin in the first half of 2008).
VINCI Construction's operating profit from ordinary activities was €325 million, 4.4% of revenue, down 10% compared with the first half of 2008 (€362 million, 4.8% of revenue). Given the context, operating margins have remained at a good level in most divisions, both in France and abroad, in particular in specialised subsidiaries and those engaged in major projects.
The cost of net financial debt decreased by €16 million (4%) to €380 million under the combined effect of the reduction in the debt level, and, to a lesser extent, the fall in the average cost of finance, which was partly offset by lower returns on cash investments.
Consolidated net profit attributable to owners of the parent at 30 June 2009 was €690 million (compared with €733 million at 30 June 2008).
The changes in net profit by business line reflect the trends seen in operating profit from ordinary activities.
Cash flow from operations (before tax and financing costs) remained relatively stable at €2,147 million (€2,179 million in the first half of 2008) and represented 14.2% of revenue at 30 June 2009, compared with 13.9% at 30 June 2008.
VINCI Concessions, the main contributor within the Group, increased its cash flow from operations by 2% to €1,396 million. VINCI Autoroutes France's cash flow from operations improved to stand at €1,252 million, representing 66.7% of these companies' revenue (compared with 66.4% in the first half of 2008).
The contracting divisions' cash flow from operations was down by approximately 8% at €732 million representing 5.7% of revenue (€799 million and 6% of revenue at 30 June 2008).
The change in working capital requirement and current provisions, usually an outflow due to seasonal factors during the first half of the year, was a net outflow of €757 million in the first half of 2009 (compared with a net outflow of €390 million in the first half of 2008). This increased change in working capital requirement observed in the first half of 2009 was principally the consequence of application in France as from 1 January 2009 of the Loi de la Modernisation de l'Economie, or LME (economy modernisation act) which stipulated shorter third party payment terms, and, to a lesser extent, to the drawdown of advance payments on several major construction sites, in particular outside France.
Investments in operating assets (net of disposals) were down 7% at €442 million, compared with €473 million in the first half of 2008, reflecting the first effects of cost-cutting plans in the contracting business lines.
Free operating cash flow * was as a result positive at €272 million (compared with €503 million in the first half of 2008).
Growth investments in concessions amounted to €585 million (€531 million in the first half of 2008) and included €264 million at ASF and Escota under their current master plans, €160 million at Cofiroute (including in particular completion of work on the first section of the 'Duplex A86' opened at the end of June) and €80 million at Arcour to complete the new A19 motorway which entered service on 16 June of this year.
Dividends paid amounted to €553 million in total, including €524 million in respect of VINCI's 2008 final dividend, of which 70% was paid in shares.
Consolidated capital employed amounted to €26.7 billion at 30 June 2009, up by €1.1 billion from the end of 2008 and by €0.4 billion from 30 June 2008. The concessions companies accounted for 95% of the total.
Consolidated equity stood at €9.7 billion at 30 June 2009, compared with €9 billion at 31 December 2008 and €8.5 billion at 30 June 2008.
Net financial debt amounted to €15.7 billion at the end of June 2009 (compared with €15.4 billion at 31 December 2008 and €16.7 billion at 30 June 2008), a decrease of €1 billion over the last twelve months. At €15.5 billion, the concession operating companies' debt, of which repayment is ensured by receipts from operations, accounts for the entire consolidated debt.
The Group's liquidities amounted to more than €12 billion at 30 June 2009 and comprised net cash and cash equivalents managed for €5.2 billion and unused confirmed medium-term bank credit facilities for €7.2 billion. This position allows VINCI to calmly approach its upcoming debt maturities (€1.7 billion in the second half of 2009 and €1.1 billion planned for 2010).
The Group's financial structure has strengthened, with the net debt-to-equity ratio falling from 2 at 30 June 2008 to 1.6 at 30 June 2009.
The parent company's net profit for the first half of 2009 was €545 million (€434 million in the first half of 2008).
The Board of Directors has decided to pay an interim dividend in respect of 2009 of €0.52 per share, which will be paid in cash on 17 December 2009 (ex-date 14 December).
After traffic levels continued to fall at the beginning of the year, prolonging the trend existing at the end of the previous year, VINCI Autoroutes France saw a rebound in the second quarter of 2009, limited to light vehicle traffic for the moment. This recovery continued during the summer.
The order book at the end of June 2009 of the contracting business lines (VINCI Construction, Eurovia and VINCI Energies), although as yet benefitting little from economic recovery plans, remains at a high level: standing at more than €24 billion, it is up by 6% compared with 30 June 2008 and by 4% compared with the end of December 2008. This reflects both the diversification of the Group's activities and its good positioning in the market for infrastructure and complex equipment, particularly in international markets.
On these bases, VINCI expects for 2009 of a slight increase of its motorway operating companies' receipts and a 6% to 7% decline of revenue in its contracting businesses, where preference given to margin protection rather than maintenance of volumes.
* Cash flow from operations after tax and finance costs, changes in working capital requirement and current provisions, and net investments in operating assets.
An analyst meeting and investor conference call will be held on Tuesday 1 September at 8.30 a.m. at the Pavillon Ledoyen, 1 avenue Dutuit, 75008 Paris.
Les comptes consolidés publiés au 31 décembre 2008 par VINCI intégraient l'incidence de la première application de l'interprétation IFRIC 12 relative aux contrats de concession. Ce changement de méthode comptable a été également été appliqué aux comptes consolidés du 1er semestre 2008, présentés à titre de comparatif dans ce communiqué.
(2) Includes impact of dilutive instruments.