text:
Induction of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozymes and epoxide hydrolase by a series of 4′-substituted-2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyls
A. Parkinson, P. E. Thomas, D. E. Ryan, W. Levin, T. Fujita, S. Safe
We have shown previously that 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl is ineffective as an inducer of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450. Addition of a single para-chloro substituent in the otherwise unsubstituted phenyl ring, to give 2,3,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl, produces a potent cytochrome P-450 inducer with both phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholanthrene-type characteristics. In the present study, 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl was substituted in the para(4′) position with 12 other functional groups. The 4′-X-C12H5Cl4 derivatives were tested as inducers of cytochromes P-450a-P-450e and epoxide hydrolase, by immunochemical analysis of liver microsomes prepared 4 days after a single treatment (500 μmol/kg) of 1-month-old- male Long Evans rats. When the para′ substituents was a halogen (F, Cl, Br or I), the derivative induced both cytochromes P-450b and P-450e, and cytochromes P-450c and P-450d, which are the major phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholanthrene-inducible isozymes, respectively. A similar type of induction was observed with a second group of derivatives substituted with CN, NO2 or CF3. However, a derivative containing CH3CO-(which is also a meta-directing, ring-activating substituent) failed to induce cytochromes P-450a-P-450e at the dosage and time tested. Members of a third group of derivatives, which contained an orto/para-directing, ring-activating substituent) were either ineffective inducers (OH, CH3, CH3O-), or were inducers of cytochromes P-450c and P-450d (isopropyl or t-butyl. Hence, 4′-substitution with a bulky lipophilic substituent conferred 3-methylcholanthrene- but not phenobarbital-type characteristics on 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl. Some of the derivatives tested, namely those substituted with Cl, Br, I and CF3, were remarkably effective inducers of cytochrome P-450a, causing a 10-11-fold induction of this isozyme. Data on the induction of cytochrome P-450c were analyzed by multiparameter linear regression in an attempt to correlate the biological activity of the 4′-X-C12H5Cl4 derivatives with the physiochemical properties of the various substituents. From these results, and those reported recently, we propose that binding of the 4′-X-C12H5Cl4 derivatives to the rat cytosolic Ah receptor is favored by increasing the electronegativity, lipophilicity and hydrogen bonding characteristics of the 4′ substituent, whereas enzyme induction (both in vivo and in cultured rat hepatoma cells) is also governed by a fourth characteristic, the STERIMOL factor, which gives a measure of the width of the substituent. The importance of the size of the substituent in enzyme induction, but not receptor binding, may reflect a need for the Ah receptor to undergo a ligand-induced conformational change to initiate the chain of events leading to enzyme induction.
Cytochrome P-450
Induction of microsomal enzymes
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Structure-activity relationships
Dive into the research topics of 'Induction of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozymes and epoxide hydrolase by a series of 4′-substituted-2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyls'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Epoxide Hydrolases Medicine & Life Sciences 62%
Cytochromes Medicine & Life Sciences 51%
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System Medicine & Life Sciences 43%
Epoxide Chemistry 39%
Cytochrome Chemistry 38%
Inducer Chemistry 34%
Parkinson, A., Thomas, P. E., Ryan, D. E., Levin, W., Fujita, T., & Safe, S. (1988). Induction of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozymes and epoxide hydrolase by a series of 4′-substituted-2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyls. Toxicology, 53(2-3), 289-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-483X(88)90221-1
Induction of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozymes and epoxide hydrolase by a series of 4′-substituted-2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyls. / Parkinson, A.; Thomas, P. E.; Ryan, D. E. et al.
In: Toxicology, Vol. 53, No. 2-3, 30.12.1988, p. 289-300.
Parkinson, A, Thomas, PE, Ryan, DE, Levin, W, Fujita, T & Safe, S 1988, 'Induction of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozymes and epoxide hydrolase by a series of 4′-substituted-2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyls', Toxicology, vol. 53, no. 2-3, pp. 289-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-483X(88)90221-1
Parkinson A, Thomas PE, Ryan DE, Levin W, Fujita T, Safe S. Induction of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozymes and epoxide hydrolase by a series of 4′-substituted-2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyls. Toxicology. 1988 Dec 30;53(2-3):289-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-483X(88)90221-1
Parkinson, A. ; Thomas, P. E. ; Ryan, D. E. et al. / Induction of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozymes and epoxide hydrolase by a series of 4′-substituted-2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyls. In: Toxicology. 1988 ; Vol. 53, No. 2-3. pp. 289-300.
@article{02e20ad2d5df4d6faa0fc863144f86de,
title = "Induction of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozymes and epoxide hydrolase by a series of 4′-substituted-2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyls",
abstract = "We have shown previously that 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl is ineffective as an inducer of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450. Addition of a single para-chloro substituent in the otherwise unsubstituted phenyl ring, to give 2,3,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl, produces a potent cytochrome P-450 inducer with both phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholanthrene-type characteristics. In the present study, 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl was substituted in the para(4′) position with 12 other functional groups. The 4′-X-C12H5Cl4 derivatives were tested as inducers of cytochromes P-450a-P-450e and epoxide hydrolase, by immunochemical analysis of liver microsomes prepared 4 days after a single treatment (500 μmol/kg) of 1-month-old- male Long Evans rats. When the para′ substituents was a halogen (F, Cl, Br or I), the derivative induced both cytochromes P-450b and P-450e, and cytochromes P-450c and P-450d, which are the major phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholanthrene-inducible isozymes, respectively. A similar type of induction was observed with a second group of derivatives substituted with CN, NO2 or CF3. However, a derivative containing CH3CO-(which is also a meta-directing, ring-activating substituent) failed to induce cytochromes P-450a-P-450e at the dosage and time tested. Members of a third group of derivatives, which contained an orto/para-directing, ring-activating substituent) were either ineffective inducers (OH, CH3, CH3O-), or were inducers of cytochromes P-450c and P-450d (isopropyl or t-butyl. Hence, 4′-substitution with a bulky lipophilic substituent conferred 3-methylcholanthrene- but not phenobarbital-type characteristics on 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl. Some of the derivatives tested, namely those substituted with Cl, Br, I and CF3, were remarkably effective inducers of cytochrome P-450a, causing a 10-11-fold induction of this isozyme. Data on the induction of cytochrome P-450c were analyzed by multiparameter linear regression in an attempt to correlate the biological activity of the 4′-X-C12H5Cl4 derivatives with the physiochemical properties of the various substituents. From these results, and those reported recently, we propose that binding of the 4′-X-C12H5Cl4 derivatives to the rat cytosolic Ah receptor is favored by increasing the electronegativity, lipophilicity and hydrogen bonding characteristics of the 4′ substituent, whereas enzyme induction (both in vivo and in cultured rat hepatoma cells) is also governed by a fourth characteristic, the STERIMOL factor, which gives a measure of the width of the substituent. The importance of the size of the substituent in enzyme induction, but not receptor binding, may reflect a need for the Ah receptor to undergo a ligand-induced conformational change to initiate the chain of events leading to enzyme induction.",
keywords = "Cytochrome P-450, Epoxide hydrolase, Induction of microsomal enzymes, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Structure-activity relationships",
author = "A. Parkinson and Thomas, {P. E.} and Ryan, {D. E.} and W. Levin and T. Fujita and S. Safe",
journal = "Toxicology",
publisher = "Elsevier Ireland Ltd",
T1 - Induction of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozymes and epoxide hydrolase by a series of 4′-substituted-2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyls
AU - Parkinson, A.
AU - Thomas, P. E.
AU - Ryan, D. E.
AU - Levin, W.
AU - Fujita, T.
AU - Safe, S.
N2 - We have shown previously that 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl is ineffective as an inducer of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450. Addition of a single para-chloro substituent in the otherwise unsubstituted phenyl ring, to give 2,3,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl, produces a potent cytochrome P-450 inducer with both phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholanthrene-type characteristics. In the present study, 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl was substituted in the para(4′) position with 12 other functional groups. The 4′-X-C12H5Cl4 derivatives were tested as inducers of cytochromes P-450a-P-450e and epoxide hydrolase, by immunochemical analysis of liver microsomes prepared 4 days after a single treatment (500 μmol/kg) of 1-month-old- male Long Evans rats. When the para′ substituents was a halogen (F, Cl, Br or I), the derivative induced both cytochromes P-450b and P-450e, and cytochromes P-450c and P-450d, which are the major phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholanthrene-inducible isozymes, respectively. A similar type of induction was observed with a second group of derivatives substituted with CN, NO2 or CF3. However, a derivative containing CH3CO-(which is also a meta-directing, ring-activating substituent) failed to induce cytochromes P-450a-P-450e at the dosage and time tested. Members of a third group of derivatives, which contained an orto/para-directing, ring-activating substituent) were either ineffective inducers (OH, CH3, CH3O-), or were inducers of cytochromes P-450c and P-450d (isopropyl or t-butyl. Hence, 4′-substitution with a bulky lipophilic substituent conferred 3-methylcholanthrene- but not phenobarbital-type characteristics on 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl. Some of the derivatives tested, namely those substituted with Cl, Br, I and CF3, were remarkably effective inducers of cytochrome P-450a, causing a 10-11-fold induction of this isozyme. Data on the induction of cytochrome P-450c were analyzed by multiparameter linear regression in an attempt to correlate the biological activity of the 4′-X-C12H5Cl4 derivatives with the physiochemical properties of the various substituents. From these results, and those reported recently, we propose that binding of the 4′-X-C12H5Cl4 derivatives to the rat cytosolic Ah receptor is favored by increasing the electronegativity, lipophilicity and hydrogen bonding characteristics of the 4′ substituent, whereas enzyme induction (both in vivo and in cultured rat hepatoma cells) is also governed by a fourth characteristic, the STERIMOL factor, which gives a measure of the width of the substituent. The importance of the size of the substituent in enzyme induction, but not receptor binding, may reflect a need for the Ah receptor to undergo a ligand-induced conformational change to initiate the chain of events leading to enzyme induction.
AB - We have shown previously that 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl is ineffective as an inducer of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450. Addition of a single para-chloro substituent in the otherwise unsubstituted phenyl ring, to give 2,3,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl, produces a potent cytochrome P-450 inducer with both phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholanthrene-type characteristics. In the present study, 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl was substituted in the para(4′) position with 12 other functional groups. The 4′-X-C12H5Cl4 derivatives were tested as inducers of cytochromes P-450a-P-450e and epoxide hydrolase, by immunochemical analysis of liver microsomes prepared 4 days after a single treatment (500 μmol/kg) of 1-month-old- male Long Evans rats. When the para′ substituents was a halogen (F, Cl, Br or I), the derivative induced both cytochromes P-450b and P-450e, and cytochromes P-450c and P-450d, which are the major phenobarbital- and 3-methylcholanthrene-inducible isozymes, respectively. A similar type of induction was observed with a second group of derivatives substituted with CN, NO2 or CF3. However, a derivative containing CH3CO-(which is also a meta-directing, ring-activating substituent) failed to induce cytochromes P-450a-P-450e at the dosage and time tested. Members of a third group of derivatives, which contained an orto/para-directing, ring-activating substituent) were either ineffective inducers (OH, CH3, CH3O-), or were inducers of cytochromes P-450c and P-450d (isopropyl or t-butyl. Hence, 4′-substitution with a bulky lipophilic substituent conferred 3-methylcholanthrene- but not phenobarbital-type characteristics on 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl. Some of the derivatives tested, namely those substituted with Cl, Br, I and CF3, were remarkably effective inducers of cytochrome P-450a, causing a 10-11-fold induction of this isozyme. Data on the induction of cytochrome P-450c were analyzed by multiparameter linear regression in an attempt to correlate the biological activity of the 4′-X-C12H5Cl4 derivatives with the physiochemical properties of the various substituents. From these results, and those reported recently, we propose that binding of the 4′-X-C12H5Cl4 derivatives to the rat cytosolic Ah receptor is favored by increasing the electronegativity, lipophilicity and hydrogen bonding characteristics of the 4′ substituent, whereas enzyme induction (both in vivo and in cultured rat hepatoma cells) is also governed by a fourth characteristic, the STERIMOL factor, which gives a measure of the width of the substituent. The importance of the size of the substituent in enzyme induction, but not receptor binding, may reflect a need for the Ah receptor to undergo a ligand-induced conformational change to initiate the chain of events leading to enzyme induction.
KW - Cytochrome P-450
KW - Epoxide hydrolase
KW - Induction of microsomal enzymes
KW - Polychlorinated biphenyls
KW - Structure-activity relationships
JO - Toxicology
JF - Toxicology


text:
Fire piston
A fire piston, sometimes called a fire syringe, is a device of ancient origin which is used to kindle fire. It uses the principle of the heating of a gas (in this case air) by its rapid (adiabatic) compression to ignite a piece of tinder, which is then used to set light to kindling. [cite web |url=http://sambali.blogspot.com/2006_03_24_archive.html |title=Metallurgy, Southeast Asian (Glossary) Piston bellows |accessdate=2007-05-28 |last= Manansala |first=Paul K. |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2006-03-24 |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= ]
Description and use
A fire piston consists of a hollow cylinder ranged in size from around 3 inches to 6 inches (7.5 cm to 15 cm) long, sealed at one end and open at the other. A piston, about a quarter inch (ca 0.64 cm) in diameter, can slide into the cylinder forming an airtight seal with the cylinder wall. The piston has a handle on the end to allow a firm grip to be applied to it and can be completely withdrawn from the cylinder.
Native, and modern versions, are made from wood, horn, antler and bamboo. Lead was used to cast fire pistons in both modern and native versions. Other metals have also been used in modern versions. The piston has a notch or recess in its face into which a piece of tinder is placed.
The piston must be rammed quickly into the sealed cylinder with a single stroke. The compression of the air causes the temperature to rise rapidly to 260 degrees Celsius, or 500 degrees Fahrenheit. This is hot enough for the tinder on the piston face to ignite. It can then be withdrawn and transferred to a larger mass of kindling to create a fire.
Fire pistons have been used by native peoples of South East Asia and the Pacific Islands as a means of kindling fire since prehistory. They are found in cultures where the blow pipe is used as a weapon and this suggests they may have developed out of blow pipe construction. Their use has been reported from Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Indo-China, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, the Philippines, Madagascar [cite web |url=http://inet.museum.kyoto-u.ac.jp/conference02/MasanoriOGATA.html |title=Origin of Diesel Engine is in Fire Piston of Mountainous People Lived in Southeast Asia |accessdate=2007-05-28 |last=OGATA |first=Masanori |authorlink= |coauthors=Yorikazu SHIMOTSUMA |date=October 20-21, 2002 |year= |month= |format= |work=First International Cpnference on Business and technology Transfer |publisher=Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= ] and South India. [cite web |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0025-1496(193507)1%3A35%3C104%3A1TFISI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-C|title=The Fire-Piston in South India. |accessdate=2007-08-04 |last= Raghavan |first= M. D. |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=July, 1935 |year= |month= |format= |work=Man, Vol. 35 |publisher= Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |pages=104-106 |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= ]
An 1876 New York Times article reported the discovery of the earliest date of its use in the west. It reports an address by a Professor Govi that claimed a book written by Father Boscovich, of Rome in 1755, "De Litteraria Expeditione per Pontifican Ditionem", ("The Clever Mechanism") makes the claim that the fire piston was invented in 1745 by Abbe Augustin Ruffo. This report also claims that the modern fire piston was reinvented independently in the west through experiments with the air gun and not modelled after native designs.
It is recorded that the first fire piston made its wider debut in front of scientists in 1802 and was patented in 1807 simultaneously in both England and France. Fire pistons, or fire syringes as they were called then, were popular household tools throughout Europe during the early nineteenth century until the safety match was invented in 1844.
The fire piston may have inspired Rudolf Diesel in his creation of the diesel engine around 1892. [cite video
people =
year =1952
title =Diesel Story
url =http://www.archive.org/details/diesel_story
accessdate =2007-02-16
medium =Film
location =Prelinger Archives
publisher =Shell Oil]
The device is still crafted and sold in the west by a few individuals who also supply larger survival and bushcraft companies.
As a scientific curiosity
A fire syringe is a piston-and-cylinder device used to demonstrate compression ignition. A typical fire syringe is a thick-walled transparent cylinder fitted with a metal piston which can travel to within a short distance of the bottom of the cylinder.
Compression ignition is demonstrated by placing a matchhead or other piece of tinder at the bottom of the fire syringe and then plunging the piston forcefully into the cylinder. The tinder then bursts into flame due to the rapid rise in temperature which accompanies the sudden reduction in volume (and increase in pressure) of the air beneath the piston. The energy provided by the arm muscles working to compress the air is transferred into the much reduced volume of the air during compression and manifests itself as heat energy sufficient to ignite the tinder. Compression ignition is the principle underlying the operation of a Diesel engine.
Rapid compression of a gas (known as adiabatic compression) increases its pressure and its temperature at the same time. If this compression is done too slowly the heat will leak away to the surroundings as the gas returns to equilibrium with them. If the compression is done quickly enough then there is no time for equilibrium to be achieved and the absolute temperature of the gas can suddenly become several times that of its surroundings, increasing the original room temperature of the gas to a temperature hot enough to set tinder alight. The air in the cylinder acts both as a source of heat and an oxidizer for the tinder fuel.
The same principle is used in the diesel engine to ignite the fuel in the cylinder rather than the spark plug used in the gasoline engine. It is closer, however, to the hot bulb engine, an early antecedent to the diesel, since the fuel (tinder) is compressed with the gas, while in a diesel it is injected when the gas is already compressed and at the high temperature.
Fire pistons have a compression ratio of about 25 to 1. This compares with about 20:1 for a modern diesel engine and 10:1 for a gasoline engine. The piston of the firepiston is made deliberately narrow so that the force on the piston is not too great to make it impossible for unaided human strength to compress the air in the cylinder to its fullest extent. To achieve the compression ratio, the final compressed volume of the tinder and air must be small relative to that of the length of the piston tube. These two factors together mean that only a tiny amount of tinder can be lit by a fire piston, but this is sufficient to light other tinder, and then to light a larger fire.
Easily combustible materials such as char cloth or amadou work well as tinder in the fire piston. The tinders that work best in the fire piston combust at a very low temperature. Cotton fibers for example combust at 235 °C (455 °F) and will light in fire pistons.
By using the right sort of tinder a pressure of only about 3 pounds-force per square inch (20 kPa) will allow the tool produce a glowing coal.
The physics and heat enthalpy equations of a fire piston are explained at [http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Chem/sburgmay/chem104/7genProbs.htm General Problems 7.74]
*Jamison, "The Remarkable Firepiston Woodsmoke" (1994) Menasha Ridge Press, Birmingham AL ISBN 0-89732-151-0
*Rowlands, John J. "The Cache Lake Country" (1947) ; W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., New York, NY
*Balfour, Henry , M.A. "The Fire Piston" Annual Smithsonian Report (1907)
* Fox, Robert "The Fire Piston and Its Origins in Europe" Technology and Culture, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Jul., 1969), pp. 355-370
*New York Times Article, 1876; http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=3&res=9400E5D61F3FE73BBC4153DFB667838D669FDE&oref=slogin&oref=slogin&oref=slogin
*Arbor Scientific, Tools That Teach, Fire Syringe P1-2020; http://www.arborsci.com/Data_Sheets/P1-2020_DS.pdf
* [http://www.onagocag.com/piston.html The Firepiston: Ancient Firemaking Machine]
* [http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2001/osullivan/fire_piston.htm University of Bristol, School of Chemistry: "The Fire Piston"]
* [http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Thermodynamics/Fire_Syringe/Fire_Syring.html A collection of antique fire syringes]
* [http://www.oberlin.edu/physics/catalog/demonstrations/thermo/firesyringe.html An equation describing the change in temperature during compression]
* [http://courses.umass.edu/plecprep/thermo/4b7010.html Photographs of a fire syringe]
Kehoe (surname)
Numb (U2 song)
Piston (disambiguation) — Piston may refer to:cience and technology* Piston, a component of engines and pumps * Piston (optics) * Fire piston, an ancient device for kindling fire * Lake piston, an experimental renewable energy system * Gas operated reloading, sometimes… … Wikipedia
fire — firer, n. /fuyeur/, n., v., fired, firing. n. 1. a state, process, or instance of combustion in which fuel or other material is ignited and combined with oxygen, giving off light, heat, and flame. 2. a burning mass of material, as on a hearth or… … Universalium
Piston — For other uses, see Piston (disambiguation). Components of a typical, four stroke cycle, DOHC piston engine. (E) Exhaust camshaft, (I) Intake camshaft, (S) Spark plug, (V) Valves, (P) Piston, (R) Connecting rod, (C) Crankshaft, (W) Water jacket… … Wikipedia
Piston valve — A piston valve is a device used to control the motion of a fluid along a tube or pipe by means of the linear motion of a piston within a chamber or cylinder.Examples of piston valves are: * The valves used in the valve gear of many stationary… … Wikipedia
Fire bucket — Bucket Buck et, n. [OE. boket; cf. AS. buc pitcher, or Corn. buket tub.] 1. A vessel for drawing up water from a well, or for catching, holding, or carrying water, sap, or other liquids. [1913 Webster] The old oaken bucket, the iron bound bucket … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
fire ring — The circle of metal in a head gasket just where the piston comes through … Dictionary of automotive terms
Making fire — A flint, metal implement to strike with it, charred cloth and piece of mushroom Fire was an essential tool in early human cultural development and still important today. Many different techniques for making fire (also called firemaking,… … Wikipedia
Steam fire engine — Steam Steam (st[=e]m), n. [OE. stem, steem, vapor, flame, AS. ste[ a]m vapor, smoke, odor; akin to D. stoom steam, perhaps originally, a pillar, or something rising like a pillar; cf. Gr. sty ein to erect, sty^los a pillar, and E. stand.] 1. The… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
King's Cross fire — The King s Cross fire was a fatal underground fire in London which broke out at approximately 19:30 on 18 November 1987, and which killed 31 people.It took place at King s Cross St. Pancras, a major interchange on the London Underground. The… … Wikipedia
1996 Channel Tunnel fire — See also: 2008 Channel Tunnel fire Location of the 1996 Channel Tunnel fire The Channel Tunnel fire of 18 November 1996 occurred on a train carrying heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) and their drivers through the Channel Tunnel from France to Great… … Wikipedia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Ha fatto il suo debutto cinematografico a 11 anni, nel film Peter Pan del 2003.

Dopo Peter Pan, ha preso parte in molti altri ruoli, soprattutto televisivi.

Fino all'età di 16 anni, ha frequentato la Harrodian School, una scuola privata situata nel sud-ovest di Londra, ed insieme a lui, vi erano anche Theodore Chester e George MacKay, anche loro interpreti del film Peter Pan.

Filmografia parziale
 Peter Pan, regia di P.J. Hogan (2003)
 The Constant Gardener - La cospirazione (The Constant Gardener), regia di Fernando Meirelles (2005)
 Ragazzi miei (The Boys Are Back), regia di Scott Hicks (2009)
 I misteri di Murdoch (Murdoch Mysteries) - serie TV, episodio 9x09 (2016)

Collegamenti esterni

Attori bambini britannici

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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Traditional and staple foods
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NIPPN: Diversifying, globalizing and rebranding to serve fast-changing food and nutrition markets
25-Jan-2021 Last updated on 21-Jan-2021 at 13:14 GMT
The world has changed beyond recognition since Nippon Flour Mills was founded in 1896. Nippon, Japan's first private mechanical flour milling company, entered a world of localized markets filled with many people whose main health concern was simply getting enough food. Today, the company faces a very different operating environment and is adapting accordingly, diversifying and globalizing its business. To reflect those changes, the company has adopted a new name: NIPPN CORPORATION.
NIPPN's rebranding follows a period in which it has adapted to long-term trends, such as the aging of societies and rise of health-conscious consumers, and acute pressures caused by the COVID-19 crisis.
In 2019, Japan had 51 old-age dependents for every 100 working-age people.1 No other country had more than 40 old-age dependents per 100 working-age people. While Japan's population is unusually heavily skewed toward older people today, in the coming years it will become normal for countries to have 50 or more old-age dependents for every 100 working-age people. By 2050, ten countries are forecast to have old-age dependency ratios of 65 or higher. Japan, Korea, Spain and Greece are forecast to have ratios of 75 or higher.
The aging of societies is contributing to growth in the number of health-conscious consumers. The Japanese market for health and functional foods grew to JPY 867.5 billion ($8.4 billion) in 2019.2 The interest in health and wellness seen in Japan is echoed in markets around the world.
Health is a top food purchasing driver in the US.3 More than half of US consumers say health has a bigger influence over their food purchases today than it did 10 years ago, making it the fastest-rising buying driver. Almost two-thirds of Americans aged 50 years and older pay more attention to health when buying food than they did 10 years ago.
Consumers are striving to eat more healthily while simultaneously relying more on convenience food to save time in their busy lifestyles. Twenty percent of Americans say they are eating more processed food than a decade ago. An even higher proportion of people are eating more fast food or dining out more often.
Manufacturers are responding to the changes in consumer priorities with products that are healthy and convenient. Japanese retail sales of naturally healthy packaged foods are forecast to grow from $2.2 billion in 2012 to $3.5 billion in 2022.4 Nutraceutical markets in Asia Pacific and other regions are growing, too.5
COVID-19 accelerated the long-running rise in demand for healthy and convenient products. Sales of frozen food and ready meals surged in Japan in 2020.6,7 Market analysts also tracked a rise in demand for dietary supplements as part of a broader increase in consumer awareness of the importance of proactively acting to prevent health problems.
How NIPPN is changing
NIPPN began diversifying beyond flour milling in the 1950s, moving into areas such as pasta, premix, frozen foods and ready-made meals to meet the changing demands of Japanese consumers over the second half of the 20th century. The diversification was accompanied by globalization, with NIPPN establishing presences in countries including the US, Thailand, China and Indonesia.
As the pace of societal change accelerated in recent years, NIPPN stepped up its diversification and globalization strategy. In the fourth quarter of 2020 alone, NIPPN completed construction of a premix plant and two frozen food facilities.8–10 The new facilities include NIPPN's first overseas frozen food plant, a site in Thailand that has capacity for 1,300 tons of frozen dough a year. At the new Japanese frozen food plant, NIPPN will make up to 42 million home-use frozen meals a year.
Following the expansions, NIPPN conducts local production and sales activities at three business locations in China and two business locations in each of Thailand, Indonesia and in the US. The sites in China, Thailand and Indonesia manufacture and sell premix and related products, while the two US sites are focused on flour-based products including pasta and premix.
The significant expansions equip NIPPN to meet rising demand for food products that fit in with the busy lives of modern consumers and the increase in at-home consumption precipitated by COVID-19. In parallel, NIPPN has invested in products that address the health and wellness priorities of modern consumers.
In 2019, NIPPN introduced a brain and eye health supplement that contains ginkgo biloba extract, lutein and zeaxanthin, as well as a supplement that contains "maslinic acid" derived from olive fruit, the original ingredient of NIPPN, intended for use in the prevention of chronic knee pain, muscle loss and other mobility-related conditions.11,12
The new products serve growing parts of the nutrition market. Sales of eye health supplements were outpacing the broader market even before the start of the pandemic.13 Greater home working caused by the pandemic further increased screen time and, in doing so, intensified interest in eye health.14 Equally, brain health and mobility are top priorities for consumers in aging societies.15,16
By changing its company name, NIPPN has reflected its historical expansion beyond flour milling and reiterated its commitment to continued diversification and globalization. In the years to come, NIPPN will continue to grow its presence outside of Japan and expand its portfolio of food and nutrition products, thereby equipping itself to meet the changing needs of consumers, wherever they live.
References
1. World Population Ageing 2019 Highlights. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2019-Highlights.pdf.
2. Topic: Health and functional foods market in Japan. https://www.statista.com/topics/4820/health-and-functional-foods-market-in-japan/.
3. 2020 FOOD & HEALTH SURVEY. https://foodinsight.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/IFIC-Food-and-Health-Survey-2020.pdf.
4. Japan: NH packaged food market sales value 2012-2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/866119/japan-naturally-healthy-packaged-food-market-sales-value/.
5. The Asia pacific nutraceutical product market. https://www.monteloeder.com/the-asia-pacific-nutraceutical-product-market/ (2018).
6. The consumer impact of Coronavirus in Japan. https://blog.euromonitor.com/the-consumer-impact-of-coronavirus-in-japan/ (2020).
7. FUTURE WATCH UPDATE ON CONSUMER TRENDS AND LIFESTYLES IN JAPAN AND SOUTH KOREA IN LIGHT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. https://www.marketopportunities.fi/4a8542/siteassets/market-opportunities/futurewatch_consumer-trends-and-lifestyles-in-japan-and-s-korea-in-light-of-the-covid-19-pandemic.pdf.
8. Completion of Premix Plant Construction at Fukuoka Mill. https://www.nippn.co.jp/en/news/detail/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2020/11/06/Completion_of_Premix_Plant_Construction_at_Fukuoka_Mill.pdf.
9. Completion of Frozen Food Plant 2 at Isesaki Plant, NIPPN Frozen Food Co., Ltd. https://www.nippn.co.jp/en/news/detail/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2020/11/20/20201120.pdf.
10. Completion of Frozen Dough Manufacturing Plant at NIPPN (Thailand) Co., Ltd. https://www.nippn.co.jp/en/news/detail/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2020/12/04/20201130.pdf.
11. Lim, G. Y. Nippon Flour Mills launched new eye and brain supplement targeting senior consumers. https://www.nutraingredients-asia.com/Article/2019/09/13/Nippon-Flour-Mills-launched-new-eye-and-brain-supplement-targeting-senior-consumers (2019).
12. Lim, G. Y. WATCH: Nippon Flour Mills reveals new healthy ageing ingredient to prevent mobility-related disability. https://www.nutraingredients-asia.com/Article/2019/10/17/WATCH-Nippon-Flour-Mills-reveals-new-healthy-ageing-ingredient-to-prevent-mobility-related-disability (2019).
13. A New Eye Health Consumer Emerges As COVID-19 Continues To Shift Health Behaviors. https://www.nutraceuticalsworld.com/contents/view_online-exclusives/2020-05-27/a-new-eye-health-consumer-emerges-as-covid-19-continues-to-shift-health-behaviors/.
14. Alcon Survey Shows More Screen Time Causing Consumer Concern About Eye Health, Increasing Symptoms of dry eye. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200721005237/en/Alcon-Survey-Shows-More-Screen-Time-Causing-Consumer-Concern-About-Eye-Health-Increasing-Symptoms-of-Dry-Eye (2020).
15. Williams, L. A. More Consumers Want Foods and Drinks with Functional, Better-For-You Benefits. Prepared Foods https://www.preparedfoods.com/articles/124198-more-consumers-want-foods-and-drinks-with-functional-better-for-you-benefits (2020).
16. America's health check-up: AARP and Abbott survey finds half of adults 50-plus wish they had more strength and energy to enjoy daily activities. https://abbott.mediaroom.com/2016-05-04-Americas-Health-Check-up-AARP-and-Abbott-Survey-Finds-Half-of-Adults-50-Plus-Wish-They-Had-More-Strength-and-Energy-to-Enjoy-Daily-Activities.
Content provided by NIPPN CORPORATION and not written by the FoodNavigator-asia.com editorial team. For more information on this article, please contact NIPPN CORPORATION.
FoodNavigator-Asia


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'My co-author is based in North Korea'
By Jennifer Newton2018-03-18T11:00:00+00:00
The challenges of working with scientists in the world's most secretive state
Aron Walsh has never met his new collaborators; so far, their only contact has been via email. He's never even spoken to them on the phone. A picture he tracked down on the internet is the only reason he has a rough idea of what they look like. That's because his co-authors live in North Korea.
North Korea leaves a dark space on the planet at night
Walsh leads the materials design group at Imperial College London, UK. 'I work on perovskite solar cells, a topic that has attracted global interest,' he explains. 'But I noticed that some of my papers had been cited by a group with an affiliation in North Korea, which made me curious because I wasn't aware that mainstream research in the physical sciences was activethere.'
After some searching, Walsh found that the group leader, Chol-Jun Yu, had completed his PhD at Aachen University in Germany, and his thesis was on the internet. The acknowledgements section sketched out how Yu came to do his PhD in Germany: A group of German scientists visited North Korea to give research seminars, Yu had been interested in the topics discussed, and the visitors arranged funding for him to move to Germany to complete his PhD. Yu received leave from North Korea to go to Germany, then later returned to Kim Il-sung University in Pyongyang to start his own research group.
In 2015, the UK government launched the Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF). The £1.5 billion fund aims to support cutting-edge research, which addresses the global issues faced by developing countries in areas including agriculture, medicine, well-being and infrastructure. Last year, Walsh noticed that North Korea was on a list of developing countries eligible for funding. It reminded Walsh of Yu, so he decided to get in touch.
Yu had published several papers on the theory of perovskite solar cells, which contained a contact address. After a couple of weeks Walsh received a reply. 'Yu was very keen to collaborate. He explained that he led a young research group performing research related to renewable energy materials.'
Together, they wrote a joint proposal for a Royal Society grants schemes, which is part of the GCRF, related to solar energy in North Korea. The proposal was unsuccessful, 'but it started us on the road to collaborating,' says Walsh.
Source: Image courtesy of Aaron Walsh
Aron Walsh leads the materials group at Imperial College, London
Both groups work on computational science, which means the teams can share models and data via email. 'Their internet access is ocassionally unreliable; but that also happens with my regular collaborators,' Walsh explains. 'Apart from that, it's been quite a conventional and highly productive collaboration. We've shared results and procedures for performing calculations, and jointly wrote our first manuscript.'
At the end of 2017, the Journal of Materials Chemistry A published the team's first paper,1 looking at the effect of hydration on halide perovskites. 'Stability is the greatest challenge facing perovskite solar cells, and this topic combined my experience in materials chemistry with theirs in materials physics, so it was an ideal partnership,' explains Walsh. Together Walsh, Yu and their colleagues looked at a range of different perovskites and simulated how water changes a perovskites crystal structure. 'It wasn't great news: thermodynamically the materials really like water so a kinetic barrier is necessary to stabilise them.'
Science in the world's most secretive state
North Korea faces challenges with its electricity grid, so this topic fits in with the country's preference for pragmatic, rather than blue-sky, research. Photographs taken from the international space station in 2014 picture North Korea as almost completely black because of a lack of power. 'Of course, it's difficult to find details online but there are now reports of a photovoltaics manufacturer in North Korea that is distributing solar cells to the countryside, where electricity hasn't been readily available,' says Walsh.
He describes his North Korean colleagues' work as thorough and focused, and hopes they will have a face-to-face meeting at some point. 'It appears they have full access to the published literature as their research is topical and fully referenced. But they are cut-off in terms of attending international conferences for communicating their results. I have invited Chol-Jun and his team to a workshop I am co-organising this summer.'
The output from Yu's team is a far cry from the waterproof liquids and unicorn lairs more commonly associated with North Korea's scientific achievements. 'Beneath the politics and propaganda, there are genuine scientists trying to conduct the best research they can.'
This paper is open access:
1 U-G Jong et al, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6, 1067 (DOI: 10.1039/c7ta09112e)
Researchers love their jobs but toxic competition and publishing pressures take their toll
Largest survey of its kind finds research culture is struggling – results that surprise few
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Parents are being warned of the dangers of letting their babies sleep in car seats after a study finds that more than a dozen children under two have suffocated after being left to nap in sitting devices.
Many parents use sitting or carrying devices, such as car seats or swings as alternative sleeping environments, which could lead to potential injury or death.
Cases show that deaths occurred due to sitting in a car seat, found that babies had either suffocated or been strangled by the seat straps.
As a young child's airways are still very soft, and babies lack the muscle strength to move or lift their neck, their airways can close as a result of the position they are sitting in, resulting in the baby suffocating.
Experts recommend babies are put to sleep on their back in a Moses basket or cot or if using a sling to ensure that the baby's head is in the correct position at all times. Once they are old enough to roll, a baby can find their own sleeping position.


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43.2k readers
Full Cast of Tyler Perry's Madea's Family Reunion Actors/Actresses
Updated October 13, 2018 43.2k views14 items
Tyler Perry's Madea's Family Reunion cast list, listed alphabetically with photos when available. This list of Tyler Perry's Madea's Family Reunion actors includes any Tyler Perry's Madea's Family Reunion actresses and all other actors from the film. You can view additional information about each Tyler Perry's Madea's Family Reunion actor on this list, such as when and where they were born. To find out more about a particular actor or actress, click on their name and you'll be taken to page with even more details about their acting career. The cast members of Tyler Perry's Madea's Family Reunion have been in many other movies, so use this list as a starting point to find actors or actresses that you may not be familiar with.
This list has a variety of actors in it, from Tyler Perry to Blair Underwood.
If you want to answer the questions, "Who starred in the movie Tyler Perry's Madea's Family Reunion?" and "What is the full cast list of Tyler Perry's Madea's Family Reunion?" then this page has got you covered.
This cast list of who was in Tyler Perry's Madea's Family Reunion includes both lead and minor roles. {#nodes}
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Tyler Perry's Madea's Family ReunionEntertainment
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Boomerang TV's Entertainment Division began creating new television entertainment formulas over 16 years ago. Since then, it has produced more than 10,000 hours of television and launched over 80 different formats.
In addition, over the last few years, it has become a leading adaptor of major international formats, producing a wide-ranging catalog of hits such as: "The Voice", "Top Chef", "The Voice Kids", "Peking Express", "Top Dance" and "Married At First Sight". Some of its most outstanding productions include "The Diary", "FANTVTICS" and the talk show "Salsa Rosa", among others.
Boomerang TV's productions have been recognized with various awards including the 2012 Ondas Award for Best TV Show and the 2013 Iris Award in recognition of the impact, influence and ratings drawn by "The Voice"; not to mention the 3 Gold TP Awards received to date for "Patricia's Diary", "Salsa Rosa" and "Peking Express".
A charity telethon whose objective was to raise funds for Haiti through the Fundación Castellano Manchega de Cooperación (a foundation based in Castilla La Mancha).
"No Show For Old People" is a talk show that covers topics of interest for young people of all ages, genders, opinions and social backgrounds.


Whether you're considering a complete remodel, or would simply like to update your tired old kitchen, there are several trends in kitchen design that you need to know about if you want to create a contemporary look. Whether you simply want to upgrade your worktops from laminate to quartz using one of the hot new composite surfaces that are making this high quality look affordable, to the creation of a sleek and modern refit, these are the 5 trends you need to know.
Clutter free storage is the effortless way to create a streamlined kitchen. No longer are larder cupboards simply for storing food, but are being repurposed as all in one storage solutions for small kitchen appliances. Floor to ceiling cupboards are an easy way to add the wow factor too, whether you prefer a contemporary or classic design.
White is a traditional colour for kitchens, but the monochrome palette is extending to embrace black and grey. In fact grey has been a trend in kitchen cabinets for the past year, and shows no signs of going away. Effortlessly timeless, grey appliances, cabinets and worktops are a trend you can't afford to ignore.
For the easy way into a very contemporary kitchen, handle free units are a top trend. Both sleek and flexible, the linear look works particularly well in gloss monochrome or earthy, neutral tones.
Another trend that has been bubbling for a while, the industrial country look is the perfect compromise if you'd like to update a more traditional country kitchen. Industrial light fittings and furniture work surprisingly well with more organic materials like stone and wood.
Colour blocking has been around for some time in fashion, and it's now making its way into interior design. Get the look by using white wall cabinets with darker floor units. Stay monochrome or pair white with a dark wood for an elegant effect. Copper and brushed gold highlights make this look pop.
If you're interested in creating a more contemporary style in your kitchen, BPM Kitchens offer a range of services, including professional design, to create the ideal look for your home. Planning a remodel or upgrade? Then contact us today.


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From our campaigns
Sibanye-Stillwater mine in Marikana, in the North West. Photo: Sibanye-Stillwater. By Kwazi Dlamini The mineral-rich Bapo Ba Mogale community in the North West (NW) is still looking for answers from the premier's office regarding the delayed release of the report of the Mafereka Commission of Inquiry. The final report was handed to then premier Thandi Read more >
Gcaleka one step away from DPP appointment
• The nominated deputy public protector Advocate Kholeka Gcaleka. Image: Mail and Guardian. By Thato Mahlangu The parliamentary committee on justice and correctional services announced on 27 November 2019 its recommendation of Advocate Kholeka Gcaleka as the new deputy public protector (DPP). Now that her recommendation has been endorsed by the National Assembly, Gcaleka only needs Read more >
Our relentless fight against corruption in schools in SA
15 Jul 2019, 9:20
By Tara DavisFirst published on Etico The idea that education is the key tool to alleviating poverty may be reductionist, but it's not wrong. Education has the potential to create economic opportunities and upward social mobility. It is a particularly important tool in South Africa where there is an urgent need for access to redress, Read more >
The terrible consequences of police corruption
By Sabeehah MotalaFirst published on Voices for Transparency What do we do when those mandated to protect us are serving other interests than public safety and security? In South Africa, police corruption leaves the public exposed to high rates of crime, and causes distrust of the police service while allowing crime to flourish. New research Read more >
Batohi steps into NDPP office
01 Feb 2019, 9:48
Recently appointed national director of public prosecutions (NDPP) Shamila Batohi, who starts her 10-year tenure today with a view to turning the tide of corruption and incompetence in the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA), has built a successful legal career while maintaining a relatively low profile. She was appointed at the beginning of December 2018 by Read more >
Corruption – if you caught it, report it!
It might be tempting to feel discouraged every time a new instance of abuse of power hits the front pages, or more evidence is uncovered to show the extent of state capture – you may think, "what can I, as one person, do?" Think again! By refusing to allow corruption into your life – no Read more >
Holding power to account in the school governing body
He came, he learned, and now he leads. In early May this year, soon after the end of the national school governing body (SGB) elections held across South Africa, *Jomo Sithole visited the Corruption Watch office with a lot of questions and an eager mind. He was determined to learn as much as he could Read more >
CW encourages parents to play role in school governance
Corruption Watch (CW) today launched a campaign focusing on the upcoming school governing body (SGB) elections, which take place from 1 – 31 March 2018. The objective of the campaign is to rally parents, teachers, principals and learners to exercise their votes to elect people of integrity so that our schools are well managed and Read more >
Corruption Watch today launched a campaign focusing on the upcoming school governing body (SGB) elections, which take place from 1 – 31 March 2018. The objective of the campaign is to rally parents, teachers, principals and learners to exercise their votes to elect people of integrity so that our schools are well managed and resourced. Read more >
Submit a report of any corrupt activity you are aware of to Corruption Watch! Corruption Watch analyzes all reported incidents very thoroughly - all we need is your help!


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Stewart Park Inclusive Playground
Together We're Building
to the playground campaign
PLAYGROUND FEATURES:
Natural play areas | Splash pad | Pre-School and School age playgrounds
New accessible bathrooms | Restored and accessible carousel | Accessible walkways
Introducing Our CrowdRise Campaign for Accessible Surfacing for New Stewart Park Playground
Surfacing is $20 per square foot. Visit CrowdRise to contribute today!
Community Playground Build
It took a city...
Ithaca and Tompkins County regularly appear in "Top 10 lists", often as #1 in various categories.
Most Beautiful City in New York State; Most Livable City in New York State; Best College Town in USA: Best Place to Retire in USA; and most recently, the Finger Lakes region was named Best Wine Region in America.
There is, however, a category not represented above that is far more important to our quality of life — one that wholly defines the very heart and soul of our wonderful community: Most Generous. We are a town whose people care deeply for one another. We give of our time and we financially support dozens of not-for-profits that make life here so rich and fulfilling.
In mid-September, The Friends of Stewart Park, a local nonprofit committed to revitalizing Stewart Park, held a Community Build of the area's first Accessible Playground. For a period of six days, twelve hours a day, and in three shifts a day, over 1,000 volunteers and 45 organizations worked alongside playground design firm Play by Design to create the pre-school sections of a new playground for children of all abilities. This beautifully-designed inclusive playground will dramatically enhance Stewart Park as a regional destination for families, individuals, children of all ages, and visitors.
One thousand of our neighbors, friends, and colleagues, dug, hauled, sawed, measured, drilled, shoveled, served meals, provided child care, shared their tools, and worked as a team to build the pre-school sections of this new play facility in the city's historic lakefront park. And all in the spirit of friendship, camaraderie and generosity.
This build was made possible by all those who supported this project financially. To date, the Friends of Stewart Park has raised over $1.6 million dollars toward an original goal of $1.7M needed to build the complete playground, Splash Pad and new accessible bathrooms. $1M of that is being provided to the City of Ithaca in New York State funding through the efforts of Assemblywomen Barbara Lifton. An additional $100,000 will be required for accessible surfacing, a key component of the new Stewart Park playground, as it allows for wheelchairs and walkers to smoothly move across the playground.
We would like to thank every person who generously gave their time and resources. It is you who make this town the very best place to live. We will continue to invite this big-hearted community to financially support the next phase of the Stewart Playground playground to be constructed in the spring of 2019, as well as subsequent initiatives in the Revitalization of Stewart Park, culminating in 2021.
The list of businesses and organizations who made this week possible follows here. Many others arrived on-site and asked if they could pitch in There was work for all who wished, but we did not in every case record names of the walk-ons. Please know you were equally important and we thank you.
Donation of Materials: Lowes, Cayuga Lumber, Rick's Rentals, Home Depot, A-Verdi, SDM, Enterprise Products, Buzz Dolph, Bellisario
Food Donors: Wegmans, Just a Taste, Gola, CTB/Ithaca Bakery, Wings Over Ithaca, Jimmy Johns, Tops, Boatyard Grill, Pudgies, Ciao, Just A Taste, AGAVA, Neds, The Apple Farm.
Ithaca Fire and Rescue, Ithaca Professional Fire Fighters Association, William George Agency, Tompkins Trust Company, Ithaca Youth Bureau, City of Ithaca, T.G. Miller, Cornell University, Trowbridge Wolf Michaels Landscape Architecture, Carpenters Local Union #277, IHS Code Red Robotics, Cascadilla Boat Club, Playground Leadership Committee, Habitat for Humanity, Sigma Lambda Upsilon/Señoritas Latinas Unidas Sorority, Inc., Cornell U Phi Sigma Sigma, Racker, Cornell Equestrian, Ithaca Neighborhood Housing Services, Visum Development, Whitham Planning and Design, Cornell NROTC, Miller Mayer, Cornell Women's Basketball, Big Brothers Big Sisters, Cornell Alpha XI Delta, 2018 Miss Fingerlakes Outstanding Teens, The CBORD Group, Discover Cayuga Lake, Cornell Human Resources, Cornell University William T. Keeton House, Cornell Student and Campus Life OVP Teams, Ongweoweh Corp., The Dragon Boat Team, WGA Girls, HOLT Architects, Taitem Engineering, Cornell Lacrosse, Phi Sigma Sigma, William George Agency Volunteers, Alpha Chi Omega, IHS JV Girls Volleyball Team, CFP Care Day, Bethel Grove, Ithaca Crew Team, TST BOCES Staff, CUSD and MBDH, Lambda Upsilon Fraternity, CUBS Group, Cru Cornell, Lowes, Ithaca College Service Saturday
Community Build Photos
Why Does It Matter?
Traditional playgrounds, Stewart Park's included, can make it difficult or even impossible for children with disabilities or mobility impairments to navigate and use the equipment to fully enjoy their playground experience.
The new Stewart Park Playground will be like no other in the region: innovatively and creatively designed, It will be an accessible playground for children of all abilities.
Through Chelsea's Eyes
"Currently, our family becomes separated when we visit the Stewart Park playground. It's like we are not even there as a family. I can't bring my daughter Karina to the playground without my husband because I can't physically carry her for as long as she wants to play.
The new Stewart Park Playground will give Karina independence. An inclusive playspace will mean she can move around freely next to her peers and sisters... This playground will mean no limits - just a place for Karina to be herself, free in her own body."
— Chelsea, a local Ithacan whose daughter Karina uses a wheelchair
Executive Director of FSP and Playground Project Manager
Diana Riesman
Chairperson of FSP Board of Directors and Executive Director of the Wharton Studio Museum
Elayne Nicholas
Campaign Manager, FSP
Lucas Raley
Playground Build Coordinator, FSP
The Playground Leadership Committee is comprised of dedicated volunteers and FSP supporters serving in the development capacity of the campaign. Committee members include:
Greg Hartz, Tompkins Trust Company (President)
Laura Hunsinger, Cornell University (Development Staff)
Nancy Malina, Franziscka Racker Center (Board)
Meloney McMurry, Village of Cayuga Heights (Trustee)
Alicia Wittink, Park Foundation (Board)
The Playground Architects
Parkitects
Steve Lauzun, President of Parkitects, has been working with FSP on the Stewart Park Playground for more than four years. He is a Registered Landscape Architect and former design with Leathers and Associates. Steve works with communities throughout New York State and represents Landscape Structures, the leading manufacturer of high quality playground equipment in the United States.
Play by Design
Lee Archin and Dave Iannello, Play By Design's Co-Founders and Designers for Stewart Park for the pre-school play area and other specialized playground features. Lee and Dave have worked with Leathers and Associates and communities all over the world on community-built playgrounds. Michael Cohen, who specialized in Adult Wellness and Elder Playgrounds is also involved in the project.
EarthPlay
Rusty Keeler, Founder and Designer for Earthplay, works with communities nationally and internationally to design and build natural and adventure playgrounds. Rusty is providing design oversight for the Sand and Music Gardens and guidance to maximize natural play opportunities throughout the playground.
donate to the playground campaign


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Softshell Season in Full Swing
I take it that you've indulged in eating some soft shell crabs already this season. But do you really understand how the crab got that way? It never ceases to amaze me when customers, and other chefs, watch a blue crab molt for the first time. Although they have all eaten their share of soft shell crabs it's evident that they never really understood the process. I admit to my own lack of understanding in the beginning. When I first moved to Urbanna, Virginia, over twenty five years ago, I became totally and utterly fascinated with the entire crab shedding process, from capture to digestion. The local crabbers were more than generous in sharing their knowledge with me.
Now I would like to share with you some of what I have been taught .
The molting, or shedding, process begins with a 'peeler'. Actually, it all begins with the blue crab, callinectes sapidus. In order for it and all crustaceans to grow it needs to molt, or 'shed' its shell. In the days before it is ready to actually shed, it develops a 'sign' on its backfins that indicates it is a peeler. The color of the sign tells the crabbers just how close it is to shedding: a white line tells us that it is a 'green', a pink sign tells us that it is a 'ripe', and a dark red sign tells us that it is a 'cherry ripe' or 'rank' and shedding is imminent. The discovery of the art of reading the fins was the key to making this a viable industry.
In order to catch the peelers, the watermen (and women) use several methods. The very first peelers of the season are generally caught in 'peeler pounds' or 'traps'. These devices consist of a trap (a large wooden and screen box), a heart shaped 'bay', and a screen runner, called 'hedging', that goes from shore to the trap, which can be anywhere from 10-90 feet from shore. This is the method we (my cook and great friend Dale Reitzer and I) used at Windows on Urbanna Creek to catch ours.
The principle of the trap is quite simple; the peelers walk the shoreline looking for a safe place, usually tall grass or some contained haven, in which to hang out until they shed. They are extremely vulnerable from the time they leave their shell until they harden enough, some 24 hours later, to be able to defend themselves. Unfortunately for them it seems that every critter on Earth likes to eat soft crabs: Herons, crows, gulls, osprey, raccoons, fish, eel, other crabs, and, of course, our customers.
While walking the shoreline, the crab runs into the hedging. It instinctively heads for deep water by following the hedging, which leads it into the trap. In case it misses the funnel shaped opening on the trap, the heart-shaped bay leads it full circle for another chance. Once inside the box it can't get out. The traps are emptied of their catch daily.
Later, when the big 'run' hits (the first full moon in May, so the story goes), the principle method for capturing peelers is in a 'peeler pot'. This is a wire mesh box with a special area in the center in which a jimmy, or mature male, is placed to lure the females. Note: female crabs mate only once in their lifetime, and that is when they have shed for the last time. Thus, the female peelers literally storm the place trying to get to the Jimmy. In no time at all the pot is teeming with soon-to-shed females and one very frustrated male.
Once the big run is over, which usually lasts about 2 sleepless weeks, the crabbers resort to other methods for catching peelers, in addition to the pots. One technique is to look for "doublers", or two crabs together (explained in glossary), which will generally be found on dock pylons or in tall grass. Another method, usually employed later in the Summer, it to 'scrape' for crabs by dragging a wide net-like device through the grass just off shore in shallow water.
Now that the peelers have been caught, the next step is to sort them. They pick up each crab and in one smooth motion verify its stage of molting, 'nick' its claws (break the tips so they can't damage the other crabs, or the crabber) and toss it into the appropriate basket or float. The greens go in one float, the pinks into another, and the ripes into yet another. Some crabbers also separate them by sex (the female peelers are almost completely docile) and by size. Unlike for hard crabs, there is no minimum size for peelers.
Now for the hard part. In order to make money at this the crabber has to "fish-up" every six hours or so. That is, he or she must "cull" the floats and remove those soft shells ("shippers") that have hardened enough to be packed into trays. Failure to pull them out in time will result in 'paper shells' which have no real market value. Once removed from the water the shell hardening process stops. They are then graded by size, arranged in trays and covered with sea grass or wet newspaper for their journey to market.
A note on paper shells. One day, many Summers ago, I went to pay a visit to my neighbor, Catherine Via at Payne's Crabhouse, who, along with her sons Thomas Lee and Ricky, has taught me most of what I know. She was in the process of deep frying some lunch (not our preferred method of cooking). Curious about what she was about to eat, I inquired.
"Why Jimmy, haven't you ever had crab nuggets? They're better than soft crabs" she said. Just then her sister, Beatrice, walks in. "Guess what Bea. Jimmy has never had crab nuggets." "Is that true Jimmy?" Bea asked. "Why, they're better than soft crabs."
Well, this I've got to taste. What you have is an overlooked soft crab that got too hard and became a paper shell. Rather than toss it back into the water they discovered how to make it edible. Did I say edible? I meant delicious. First you remove the top skin/shell. Then you clean out the "dead man's fingers" and cut off the legs. What remains are the two body halves that contain all of the meat of the backfin. You dip these into batter and fry them until they are crispy. The result is a crunch that is all crab!
I walked away from the crabhouse a better man. When I got to the restaurant Ricky Walton, Catherine's son and my main peeler supplier (though we caught right many of our own), was there. When I told him that I had just eaten my first nuggets he said "Good weren't they. 'Em are better than soft crabs."
Needless to add, they became a staple on our menu. Instead of crab nuggets we decided to call them tempura of paper shells so that McDonald's wouldn't be tempted to sue.
As I mentioned we learned to shed our own soft crabs at the restaurant. We built two crab "floats" on our parking lot and monitored them constantly in order to obtain the 'velvets' that we served in the restaurant. This was the only way we could be sure of having velvet soft crabs on a regularly basis as well as the awesome experience of actually watching the crabs shed. From the time the crab begins to 'bust' until it has left its old shell behind can take anywhere from 10-30 minutes.
So there it is. Simple enough. Once you learn to read the fin (very important) you are ready to built a trap and some pots, find a spot in a creek to stake a float and check it every six hours for soft crabs (don't overlook any or they'll harden and eat the others). Now pack them in trays and refrigerate them, not too cold, until ready to ship or eat.
A bit of shedding trivia: The scientific name for molting being "ecdysis", Ms. Sally Rand, a rather famous molter back in the day, billed herself as an "ecdysiast".
SHED v. – the act of molting. Also n.the empty shell left behind is called a shed.
PEELER – a crab that will shed in the next week or two.
green – a peeler that is several days from shedding
ripe- a peeler that will probably shed within 1-5 days
cherry – a peeler whose shedding is imminent.
rank – same as cherry
TURN- v. when a peeler reverts to a hard crab without shedding.
FLOAT- the holding pen for peelers. Floats can be either in the water or land based
DOUBLER- also called a "buck and rider"; a male carrying a female while waiting for her to shed so that they can mate.
NICK – v. to break the tip of the claw so the crab can't hurt the shell of the other crabs, or the crabber. Usually done only to the males.
FISH – v. to pull up the crab pots as in 'I'm going to fish my pots'
FISH UP – v. to harvest the soft crabs from the floats. They usually fish-up every six hours, around the clock.
SCRAPE – to catch peelers and soft shells by dragging a large net-like device through the grass in shallow water.
CULL – v. to check each crab in a float in order to move the riper ones to another float. Also to remove the softshells from the floats.
JIMMY – a mature male crab or amusing chef
SOOK – a mature female crab who will not shed again.
SALLY – a female about to shed for the last time.
EATER – a peeler that will eat soft shells
BUSTER – a peeler whose shell has begun opening (busting). Get ready for a soft crab.
VELVET – a just-shed crab (within the past half hour) whose skin is soft as velvet.
SHIPPER – a crab that has shed and been left to 'harden' for 6-8 hours in order to survive the journey to market.
PAPER SHELL – a crab that has shed and been left in the water over eight hours and whose shell has become the texture of a paper bag.
BUCKRAM – a crab that shed a day ago and is almost a hard crab again.
HUNG – a buster that can't pull out of its hard shell because it is caught on something, often a crack in the shell.
SPIDER – a tiny soft crab. Also called a 'roach'.
MEDIUM – a small soft crab app. 3-3½ inches across
HOTEL PRIME – or 'hotel', 3½-4 inches across
PRIME – 4-4½ inches across
JUMBO – 4½-5 inches across
WHALE – over 5 inches across
TRAP – A box used to catch peelers. Also a peeler pound.
PEELER POUND – See trap.
BAY – The heart shaped fence that leads crabs back to the trap door.
HEDGING – The screen or net that goes from shore to the peeler trap.
RUN – The movement of the peelers into the river.
DEAD MAN'S FINGERS – A crab's lungs; remove before cooking softshells.
BACKFIN – The meat found at the base of the largest fin.
LUMP – The backfin meat when it is properly picked in one piece.
JUMBO LUMP – The prime crabmeat picked in one piece from large crabs at the backfin. The best has no shell at all and is sweet and moist, not overcooked.
SPECIAL – The crabmeat left after the backfin has been removed. Small pieces or shredded meat. Often has lots of shell.
CLAW – Darker crabmeat from the claw usually much stringier than Backfin or specia
2 Responses to "Softshell Season in Full Swing"
Ronald Amon writes:
Jimmy, I hope you saw your grand tribute from writer Deveron Timberlake in this week's STYLE WEEKLY (June 4th) on page 37, "Last Course–Rumblings on Change at the Richmond Table" third paragraph, "….more vital to the cause has been the love-him or hate-him chef Jimmy Sneed, whose Shockoe restaurant the Frog and the Redneck set a new standard here and brought Julia Child back more than once because the buzz was about flavor and a modern way of getting it. Talents sprang from that kitchen like polliwogs, still impressing guests at some of the city's best restaurants and sending their sous chefs on to their own winning ventures." Keep up the good work, Jimmy.
Jimmy writes:
Devron's great and quite supportive of the restaurant industry. Plus, she said nice things about me. But, "Love him or hate him?" Fair enough. Thanks for your comment.


President Trump Donald John TrumpDemocrats' CNN town halls exposed an extreme agenda Buttigieg says he doubts Sanders can win general election Post-Mueller, Trump has a good story to tell for 2020 MORE recently had a new "golf simulator" installed in his personal quarters at the White House, according to The Washington Post.
The newspaper, citing multiple people informed about the system, reported on Tuesday that the simulator cost about $50,000 and allows Trump to play rounds of golf at courses around the globe by hitting a ball into a large video screen.
The system replaced an older version that former President Obama had installed in the White House, two people told the Post.
A White House official told the newspaper that Trump personally paid for the game and its installation. The official added that Trump has not used the system during "Executive Time" since it was installed.
Axios reported earlier this month that Trump had spent about 60 percent of his time in "Executive Time" over the last three months. He is considered to be watching television, reading newspapers and making phone calls to aides, lawmakers, friends, advisers and administration officials during those allotted hours.
Trump has contended that he is generally working during those hours, tweeting on Sunday that he probably works "more hours than almost any past president."
Trump has frequently taken to the links during his two years in the White House. According to a Washington Post analysis, he has golfed approximately 139 times as president.
He golfed with Tiger Woods and Jack Nicklaus at his course in Jupiter, Fla., on Feb. 2, representing the first time he golfed in 69 days. It marked the longest time he spent away from a golf course as president.
The White House has a decorated history of president's making changes to serve their desires. For example, Obama turned a tennis court into a full basketball court and added his own golf simulator, according to the Post.


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Katie Hopkins is due to address an extreme rightwing party on Sunday alongside speakers that include a Holocaust denier and a controversial US anti-Muslim campaigner who is banned from entering the UK.
The former reality-TV star is due to appear at the conference of For Britain, a party founded by the former Ukip leadership contender and anti-Muslim activist Anne Marie Waters.
Hopkins, who has promoted her appearance as "standing up for Britain", is joined by guest speakers who include Ingrid Carlqvist, a Swedish anti-Muslim writer who has engaged in Holocaust denial, and the well-known Islamophobe Robert Spencer, who will address the audience via a video link after being barred from entering the UK by the Home Office in 2013.
Hopkins is also set to speak at the annual conference of the far-right Traditional Britain Group (TBG) in October. The TBG is a party run by the former Tory fringe figure Gregory Lauder-Frost, who has talked of deporting people who are not white to their "natural homelands". The TBG has promoted its speakers as "guaranteeing a rousing and stimulating conference, filled with great insights from first-class people".
According to leaked documents obtained by the anti-fascist group Hope Not Hate, internal polling of For Britain's members reveals that nearly half support a ban on people coming to the UK from Pakistan, Bangladesh or Somalia.
Hopkins, who recently applied for an insolvency agreement to avoid bankruptcy after a costly libel case involving the food writer Jack Monroe, works for Rebel Media, the Canadian far-right firm that has employed the former English Defence League leader Tommy Robinson.
Robinson, currently courted by Ukip leader Gerard Batten, will appear in court for the retrial of a contempt of court charge on Thursday.