text:
Business|Fuel Prices Shift Math for Life in Far Suburbs
Fuel Prices Shift Math for Life in Far Suburbs
A new home, featuring a six-car garage, rises on a former cattle ranch in Parker, Colo., a distant suburb of Denver. As gas prices climb, people who once considered an exurban commute are now considering center-city living. Credit...Kevin Moloney for The New York Times
By Peter S. Goodman
ELIZABETH, Colo. — Suddenly, the economics of American suburban life are under assault as skyrocketing energy prices inflate the costs of reaching, heating and cooling homes on the distant edges of metropolitan areas.
Just off Singing Hills Road, in one of hundreds of two-story homes dotting a former cattle ranch beyond the southern fringes of Denver, Phil Boyle and his family openly wonder if they will have to move close to town to get some relief.
They still revel in the space and quiet that has drawn a steady exodus from American cities toward places like this for more than half a century. Their living room ceiling soars two stories high. A swing-set sways in the breeze in their backyard. Their wrap-around porch looks out over the flat scrub of the high plains to the snow-capped peaks of the Rocky Mountains.
But life on the edges of suburbia is beginning to feel untenable. Mr. Boyle and his wife must drive nearly an hour to their jobs in the high-tech corridor of southern Denver. With gasoline at more than $4 a gallon, Mr. Boyle recently paid $121 to fill his pickup truck with diesel fuel. In March, the last time he filled his propane tank to heat his spacious house, he paid $566, more than twice the price of 5 years ago.
Though Mr. Boyle finds city life unappealing, it is now up for reconsideration.
"Living closer in, in a smaller space, where you don't have that commute," he said. "It's definitely something we talk about. Before it was 'we spend too much time driving.' Now, it's 'we spend too much time and money driving.' "
Across the nation, the realization is taking hold that rising energy prices are less a momentary blip than a change with lasting consequences. The shift to costlier fuel is threatening to slow the decades-old migration away from cities, while exacerbating the housing downturn by diminishing the appeal of larger homes set far from urban jobs.
In Atlanta, Philadelphia, San Francisco and Minneapolis, homes beyond the urban core have been falling in value faster than those within, according to an analysis by Moody's Economy.com.
In Denver, housing prices in the urban core rose steadily from 2003 until late last year compared with previous years, before dipping nearly 5 percent in the last three months of last year, according to Economy.com. But house prices in the suburbs began falling earlier, in the middle of 2006, and then accelerated, dropping by 7 percent during the last three months of the year from a year earlier.
Many factors have propelled the unraveling of American real estate, from the mortgage crisis to a staggering excess of home construction, making it hard to pinpoint the impact of any single force. But economists and real estate agents are growing convinced that the rising cost of energy is now a primary factor pushing home prices down in the suburbs, particularly in the outer rings.
More than three-fourths of prospective home buyers are now more inclined to live in an urban area because of fuel prices, according to a recent survey of 903 real estate agents with Coldwell Banker, the national brokerage firm.
Some now proclaim the unfolding demise of suburbia.
"Many low-density suburbs and McMansion subdivisions, including some that are lovely and affluent today, may become what inner cities became in the 1960s and '70s — slums characterized by poverty, crime and decay," declared Christopher B. Leinberger, an urban land use expert, in a recent essay in The Atlantic Monthly.
Most experts do not share such apocalyptic visions, seeing instead a gradual reordering.
"It's like an ebbing of this suburban tide," said Joe Cortright, an economist at the consulting group Impresa Inc. in Portland, Ore. "There's going to be this kind of reversal of desirability. Typically, Americans have felt the periphery was most desirable, and now there's going to be a reversion to the center."
In a recent study, Mr. Cortright found that house prices in the urban centers of Chicago, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, Portland and Tampa have fared significantly better than those in the suburbs. So-called exurbs — communities sprouting on the distant edges of metropolitan areas — have suffered worst of all, Mr. Cortright found.
Basic household arithmetic appears to be furthering the trend: In 2003, the average suburban household spent $1,422 a year on gasoline, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. By April of this year — when gas prices were about $3.60 a gallon— the same household was spending $3,196 a year, more than doubling consumption in dollar terms in less than five years.
In March, Americans drove 11 billion fewer miles on public roads than in the same month the previous year, a 4.3 percent decrease — the sharpest one-month drop since the Federal Highway Administration began keeping records in 1942.
Long before the recent spike in the price of energy, environmentalists decried suburban sprawl a waste of land, energy and tax dollars. Governments from Virginia to California have in recent decades lavished resources on building roads and schools for new subdivisions in the outer rings of development while skimping on maintaining facilities closer in. Many governments now focus on reviving their downtowns.
In Denver — a classic Western city, with snarling freeway traffic across a vast acreage of strip malls, ranch houses and office parks — the city has had an urban renaissance over the last decade.
A $6.1 billion commuter rail system has been in the works over the last four years, drawing people downtown without cars, while stimulating swift sales of densely clustered condos near stations.
Coors Field, the intimate, brick-fronted baseball stadium for the Colorado Rockies, has transformed the surrounding area from a desolate skid row into fashionable Lower Downtown, a neighborhood of restaurants and microbreweries in restored warehouses. Along the Platte River, new condos set on a park strip offer an arresting tableau of glass, steel, and futuristic geometry, attracting throngs of buyers at rising prices.
"This is a city where it's fun to be in the center," said Tim Burleigh, 56, who sold his house in the suburbs and now walks to Rockies games from his downtown condo.
To Denver's mayor, John W. Hickenlooper, $4 gasoline offers a useful incentive for such plans.
"It can be an accelerator," he said during an interview inside the imposing column-fronted City Hall. "It's not going to be the dagger in the heart of suburban sprawl, but there's a certain inclination, a certain momentum back toward downtown."
Dollars spent at the gas station leave fewer for mortgage payments. Mark Zandi, chief economist at Moody's Economy.com, calculated that the jump in gas prices from $2 a gallon to $4 has taken $50 a month from the typical suburban commuter driving 25 miles a day.
"The fuel price change should be capitalized into the cost of houses," Mr. Zandi said. "Prices in the outer suburbs will get clobbered."
Elizabeth is the archetype of a once-rural community sucked into the orbit of the expanding metropolis, its ranch lands given over to porches, picket fences and two-car garages.
Megan Werner, 39, a mother of three, moved here five years ago from a dense suburb closer to Denver. She and her husband bought a home set on a 1.5-acre lot in the Deer Creek Farm subdivision. The space justified her husband's 40-minute commute.
"We wanted more than a postage stamp," she said, as her 5-year-old daughter walked barefoot across the driveway.
It used to cost her about $30 to fill her Honda minivan with gas. Now, it is more like $50, and she coordinates her trips — shopping in town, combined with dance lessons for her children. But she has no thoughts of leaving.
"I can open up my door and my kids can play," Ms. Werner said.
For others, though, new math is altering the choice of where to live. Houses are sitting on the market longer than in years past. "The pool of buyers is diminishing," said Jace Glick, an agent with Re/Max Alliance in Parker, Colo., next to Elizabeth.
Juanita Johnson and her husband, both retired Denver schoolteachers, moved here last August, after three decades in the city and a few years in the mountains. They bought a four-bedroom house for $415,000.
Last winter, they spent $3,000 on propane for heat, she said. Suddenly, this seemed like a place to flee. "We'd sell if we could, but we'd lose our shirt," Ms. Johnson said. Recently she counted 15 sale signs. One home nearby is listed below $400,000.
"I was so glad to get out of the city, the pollution the traffic, the crime," she said. Now, the suburbs seem mean. "I wouldn't do this again."


text:
BJP women's wing national convention in Gujarat from December 21
Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has been invited for the inaugural function on Friday and Prime Minister Narendra Modi would attend the closing ceremony on December 22.
Published: 20th December 2018 10:12 AM | Last Updated: 20th December 2018 10:12 AM | A+A A-
Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman (File | PTI)
By PTI
GANDHINAGAR: BJP's women workers and leaders will hold a two-day meet here from December 21 to discuss a host of issues, including their role in the party's preparation for the 2019 Lok Sabha elections.
The mega meet will be held at an open ground behind Trimandir, a temple complex near Adalaj village in Gandhinagar district, a party official said.
Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has been invited for the inaugural function on Friday and Prime Minister Narendra Modi would attend the closing ceremony on December 22, BJP Mahila Morcha's national president Vijaya Rahatkar told reporters here Wednesday.
"We have organised various sessions to deliberate on our role in the forthcoming Lok Sabha polls. We would like to draw a roadmap and how the Mahila Morcha can implement it on the ground," Rahatkar said.
Over 5,000 women BJP workers would get guidance from various national party leaders and central ministers during the two-day meet, she said.
Union ministers Smriti Irani and Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti, BJP leaders Saroj Pandey, Ram Lal and Bhupender Yadav, among others, are expected to participate in the convention.
The sessions are only for 5,000 women BJP workers and leaders invited from across the country, but over 20,000 women party workers would attend the closing ceremony on December 22, Rahatkar said.
Lok Sabha elections 2019 Lok Sabha BJP Mahila Morcha BJP women's wing Nirmala Sitharaman

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Some Descendants of
Henry WOODRUFFE
(1275 - NA)
(None of the persons on this page are Direct Ancestors of George Washington 1st US President)
Copyright 2007 by Terry J. Booth. All reproduction or reuse is prohibited, in whole or in part, without written permission of the author.
The author has relied much on those herein cited. Please contact the author about an important source not cited or improperly cited.
1. Henry WOODRUFFE was born circa 1275 in Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England and died of Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England. Another name for Henry was Henry WOODROVE. Henry married Elizabeth DRANSFIELD, daughter of William DE DRANSFIELD and Cecilia (DRANSFIELD) UNKNOWN, circa 1300. Elizabeth was born circa 1275 in West Bretton, Yorkshire, England.
The Child from this marriage was:
2. i. John WOODRUFFE 68 137 was born circa 1305 in Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England 68 and died of Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England.137
2. John WOODRUFFE 68 137 (Henry 1) was born circa 1305 in Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England 68 and died of Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England.137 John married Elizabeth SOTHILL (See Link for Ancestry),68 137 daughter of (Sir) Henry DE SOTHILL Knight, Heir of brother William and Daughter of William RILING, circa 1330.68 137 Elizabeth was born circa 1310 in Soothill, Yorkshire, England and died of Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England.
3. i. John WOODRUFFE 68 was born about 1335 in Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England 68 and died after 2 Aug 1396 of Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England.137
Third Generation
3. John WOODRUFFE 68 (John 2, Henry 1) was born about 1335 in Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England 68 and died after 2 Aug 1396 of Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England.137 John married Ann CRESACRE 68 circa 1360. Ann was born circa 1340 in New Hall Darfield, Yorkshire, England 68 and died before 1390 of Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England.
Children from this marriage were:
4. i. Oliver WOODRUFFE 137 was born circa 1365 in Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England and died 20 Nov 1430 of Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England 137 at age 65.
5. ii. Margaret WOODRUFFE 137 was born circa 1370 in Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England.
6. iii. John WOODRUFFE was born circa 1375 in Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England and died of Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England.
John next married Catherine (WOODRUFFE) UNKNOWN circa 1390. Catherine was born circa 1345 and died after 2 Aug 1396 of Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England.
Fourth Generation
6. John WOODRUFFE (John 3, John 2, Henry 1) was born circa 1375 in Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England and died of Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England. John married Mary LANGFIELD 68 before 1400.68 Mary was born circa 1380 in Holly, Yorkshire, England 68 and died of Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England.
7. i. John WOODRUFFE Esq., Receiver of Wakefield and Hatfield 68 was born circa 1400 in Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England and died before 20 Nov 1488 of Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England.137 145
Fifth Generation
7. John WOODRUFFE Esq., Receiver of Wakefield and Hatfield 68 (John 4, John 3, John 2, Henry 1) was born circa 1400 in Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England and died before 20 Nov 1488 of Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England.137 145 Another name for John was John WOODROVE Esq..137 John married Elizabeth HAMERTON (See Link for Ancestry),137 daughter of Lawrence HAMERTON and Isabel TEMPEST, circa 1425.137 Elizabeth was born circa 1406 in Hamerton Hall, West Riding, Yorkshire, England and died after 4 Oct 1453 of Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England.137
8. i. (Sir) Richard WOODRUFFE Knight 68 136 was born circa 1440 in Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England and died 6 Oct 1522 of Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England 68 136 137 at age 82.
Sixth Generation
8. (Sir) Richard WOODRUFFE Knight 68 136 (John Esq., Receiver of Wakefield and Hatfield 5, John 4, John 3, John 2, Henry 1) was born circa 1440 in Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England and died 6 Oct 1522 of Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England 68 136 137 at age 82. Another name for Richard was (Sir) Richard WOODROVE Knight.137 155 Richard married Jane WORTLEY 137 before 1460.137 Jane was born circa 1440 in Wortley, Yorkshire, England and died before 1480 of Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England.137
9. i. Elizabeth WOODRUFFE was born circa 1460 in Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England and died of Bretton, Yorkshire, England.137
Richard next married Beatrice FITZ WILLIAM,68 137 daughter of Thomas FITZ WILLIAM and Margaret DYMOKE, circa 1480.68 137 Beatrice was born about 1440 in Mablethorpe, Lincolnshire, England 68 and died of Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England.
10. i. Beatrice 'Beatrix' WOODRUFFE 136 137 was born about 1486 in Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England 136 and died of Wentworth-Wodehouse, Yorkshire, England.
9. Elizabeth WOODRUFFE (Richard Knight ((Sir)) 6, John Esq., Receiver of Wakefield and Hatfield 5, John 4, John 3, John 2, Henry 1) was born circa 1460 in Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England and died of Bretton, Yorkshire, England.137 Another name for Elizabeth was Elizabeth WOODROVE.137 155 Elizabeth married Matthew WENTWORTH Esq. (See Link for Ancestry),137 155 son of Richard WENTWORTH Esq and Isabel FITZ WILLIAM, circa 1480.137 155 Matthew was born circa 1455 in Bretton, Yorkshire, England 155 and died before 10 Jan 1506 of Bretton, Yorkshire, England.137 155
See the Matthew WENTWORTH Esq. Entry for this Couple's Children and Descendants.
10. Beatrice 'Beatrix' WOODRUFFE 136 137 (Richard Knight ((Sir)) 6, John Esq., Receiver of Wakefield and Hatfield 5, John 4, John 3, John 2, Henry 1) was born about 1486 in Wooley, West Riding, Yorkshire, England 136 and died of Wentworth-Wodehouse, Yorkshire, England. Another name for Beatrice was Beatrice 'Beatrix' WOODROVE. Beatrice married (Sir) Thomas 'Golden Thomas' WENTWORTH (See Link for Ancestry),136 son of William WENTWORTH and Isabel 'Elizabeth' FITZ WILLIAM, before 13 Jun 1514 in Prob Wooley, Yorkshire, England.136 137 Thomas was born in 1480 in Wentworth-Wodehouse, Yorkshire, England 136 and died 5 Dec 1548 in Wentworth-Wodehouse, Yorkshire, England 136 at age 68.
See the (Sir) Thomas 'Golden Thomas' WENTWORTH Entry for this Couple's Children and Descendants.
This page created on Sat Oct 27 16:17:48 2007


We would highly recommend the Aicok. It stands up well to the competition and comes at a good price. It is easy to use, reliable and tough. The best part, of course, is the great coffee.
With the fast pace of modern life and everyone's quest for convenience and speed, single serve coffee machines have become a must-have gadgets. And the Aicok Single Serve Coffee Maker is just the one you've been searching for!
Sometimes you want to sit with friends or family and leisurely enjoy a nice pot of coffee. However, there are also times when all you need is a quick pick me up in a single cup, often on the run.
This is what makes single-serve brewers so great.
No need to measure out the ground coffee and water, just pop in a K-cup, press the button and in a few short minutes a fresh, hot, delicious single cup will be ready.
No, don't even think about instant coffee, it is just not the same. Only a quality coffee machine like the Aicok Single Serve Brewer will give you a great aromatic coffee with a rich and deep flavor.
There are a number of advantages to investing in a single serve coffeemaker.
The main benefit you will get from one of these machines is convenience. You don't have to measure anything. If the water reservoir is full you simply insert the capsule, close the lid and press start.
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You can set the coffee maker to brew to your specific requirements and tastes. If you want to experiment with different coffee flavors there are many to choose from.
The single cup machines are fast. A fresh cup of Joe will be ready in a minute or two. If you are in a hurry and going out, it can make the coffee directly into your travel mug.
They not only make great coffee but can also be used for making hot chocolate or tea if you prefer. Although the machines are designed for single cups, they are fast enough to make a few together if a guest or two pops over.
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With all the great single cup coffee makers in the market, how does one select the one that is right for them? We took a look at all the top machines available and a few really stood out.
One of them is the Aicok Single Cup Coffeemaker AC507. Let's take a look at this nifty little machine.
Aicok are relatively new players in the coffee maker market but have already proved themselves by making a number of different coffeemakers that are popular with the consumers.
Their single serve machine, the AC507 is no exception. It check all the boxes on the list of things to look out for above and has a lot to offer.
The coffee maker takes up very little counter space and is ideal for your home or office. It will compliment your space well with its sleek modern lines. The press handle design is efficient and easy to use and helps to keep the size down.
This is convenient and means you do not have to wait and watch the coffee maker. It is also environmentally friendly and safe.
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Many of the parts including the cover and drip tray come off and are dishwasher-safe making it easy to clean.
The Aicok machine is extremely user-friendly and affordable too.
This Aicok single Serve Coffee Maker has all the features you can want, including a stylish compact design. It is easy to use and makes great coffee in no time at all.


text:
The Pere Marquette Railway  operated in the Great Lakes region of the United States and southern parts of Ontario in Canada.  It had trackage in the states of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana and the Canadian province of Ontario. Its primary connections included Buffalo; Toledo; and Chicago.
The company was named after Père (French for Father) Jacques Marquette S.J. (1637–1675), a French Jesuit missionary who founded Michigan's first European settlement, Sault Ste Marie.

History

The Pere Marquette Railroad was incorporated on November 1, 1899 in anticipation of a merger of three Michigan-based railroad companies that had been agreed upon by all parties. It began operations on January 1, 1900, absorbing the following companies:
 Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad (F&PM)
 Detroit, Grand Rapids & Western Railroad (DGR&W)
 Chicago & West Michigan Railway (C&WM)

The company was reincorporated on March 12, 1917 as the Pere Marquette Railway. In the 1920s the Pere Marquette came under the control of Cleveland financiers Oris and Mantis Van Sweringen. These brothers also controlled the New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad (Nickel Plate), the Erie Railroad and the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway, and planned to merge the four companies. However, the ICC did not approve the merger and the Van Sweringens eventually sold their interest in the Pere Marquette to the C&O in 1929. The company continued to operate separately as the Pere Marquette Railway until being fully merged into the C&O on June 6, 1947. Forty years later, the C&O was absorbed into CSX Transportation.

In 1984, Amtrak named its passenger train between Chicago and Grand Rapids, Michigan the Pere Marquette.

The train in the 2004 film The Polar Express was modeled after steam locomotive Pere Marquette 1225. The film also included audio recordings of the locomotive in operation. It is the locomotive that Chris Van Allsburg said was the inspiration for the book, having seen it as a child when it was on the Michigan State University campus. The locomotive was scheduled to be at the premiere in Grand Rapids, where the writer was born, but was canceled because of interferences with the schedule of CSX. It is now housed and maintained at the Steam Railroading Institute in Owosso, Michigan.

Surviving Steam Locomotives

1. PM 1223 - 2-8-4 "Berkshire" displayed at Chinook Pier in Grand Haven, Michigan. PM 1223 is the oldest surviving example of the 2-8-4s in America.

2. PM 1225 - 2-8-4 "Berkshire" operational by the Steam Railroading Institute in Owosso, Michigan. PM 1225 is the real steam locomotive that made an appearance in the Warner Bros movie The Polar Express.

1907 wreck
On July 20, 1907 an excursion train carrying 800 passengers from Ionia to Detroit collided near Salem with a freight train, killing 31 and injuring 101. The accident apparently happened because of a hand-written schedule on unlined paper whose columns did not line up, and was misread by the freight crew. The Interstate Commerce Commission investigation also cited safety violations, including use of pine instead of oak for car walls and the omission of steel plates required for mail cars. This was Michigan's worst rail disaster.

Routes and current disposition

 Toledo Division — Saginaw, Michigan to Alexis, Ohio and (via trackage rights over Ann Arbor Railroad) Toledo, Ohio (In use by CSX Transportation south of Plymouth, leased to Lake State Railway north of Plymouth)
 Ludington Division — Saginaw to Ludington, Michigan (Partially now part of the Pere Marquette Rail-Trail, between Baldwin and Ludington in use with Marquette Rail, and Saginaw to Midland used by Lake State Railway Company, with the rest of the line removed in 1991; the ferry closed in 1990)
 Detroit Division — Detroit, Michigan to Grand Rapids, Michigan (In use by CSX)
 Grand Rapids Division — Elmdale, Michigan to Saginaw, Michigan (Alma-Saginaw in use by Mid-Michigan Railroad)
 Chicago Division — Grand Rapids, Michigan to Porter, Indiana and (via trackage rights over various lines) Chicago, Illinois (In use by CSX)
 La Crosse Branch — New Buffalo, Michigan to La Crosse, Indiana (Abandoned north of Wellsboro, Indiana by C&O in 1989, most tracks removed; Wellsboro to La Crosse in use by the Chesapeake and Indiana Railroad)
 Petoskey Division — Grand Rapids, Michigan to Bay View, Michigan was the basis for the Pere Marquette's longest route, the Chicago and Detroit-Bay View Resort Special. (In use by Marquette Rail between Grand Rapids and Manistee and by the Great Lakes Central Railroad between Grawn and Williamsburg, with the rest dismantled in 1983 after being abandoned by C&O in 1982)
 Canadian Division — Lines in Canada, including Windsor, Ontario and Sarnia, Ontario via Blenheim, Ontario to St. Thomas, Ontario and St Thomas east to Buffalo, New York via trackage rights over the Canada Southern (Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway trackage rights over CASO from Welland, Ontario to Buffalo via Niagara Falls, Ontario).
 Saginaw Subdivisions — Saginaw, Michigan to Port Huron, Michigan via two routes and to Bay City, Michigan (Mostly abandoned between 1951 and 1988, some sections in use with the Huron and Eastern Railway)

Car ferries

The Pere Marquette operated a number of rail car ferries on the Detroit and St. Clair Rivers and on Lake Erie and Lake Michigan. The PM's fleet of car ferries, which operated on Lake Michigan from Ludington, Michigan to Milwaukee, Kewaunee, and Manitowoc, Wisconsin (see SS Badger), were an important transportation link avoiding the terminal and interchange delays around the southern tip of Lake Michigan and through Chicago. Their superintendent for over 30 years was William L. Mercereau.

Pere Marquette 18

On September 10, 1910, Pere Marquette No. 18 was bound for Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from Ludington, Michigan, with a load of 29 railroad freight cars and 62 people on board. Near midnight, the vessel began to take on massive amounts of water. The captain dumped nine railroad cars into Lake Michigan, but this was no use—the ship was going down.  The Pere Marquette 17, traveling nearby, picked up the distress call and sped to assist the foundering vessel.  Soon after she arrived and she could come alongside, the Pere Marquette 18 sank with the loss of 28 lives; there were 33 survivors.
The wreck was not found until July 23, 2020.

See also
History of railroads in Michigan
Pere Marquette 1225

References

Pere Marquette Historical Society
PM 1225 Steam Railroading Institute

External links

 Pere Marquette System Map
 Remembering the Pere Marquette Railway (Kevin Keefe)

Railway companies established in 1917
Railway companies disestablished in 1947
Defunct Illinois railroads
Defunct Indiana railroads
Defunct Michigan railroads
Defunct Ohio railroads
Defunct Ontario railways
Railroads in the Chicago metropolitan area
Predecessors of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
Former Class I railroads in the United States
Defunct New York (state) railroads
1917 establishments in Michigan
1947 disestablishments in Ohio
1947 mergers and acquisitions

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Documents relating to Westmorland
Reference code(s) : GB 0096 MS 1108
Held at : Senate House Library, University of London
Click here to find out how to view this collection at http://www.senatehouselibrary.ac.uk/our-collections ›
Full title : Documents relating to Westmorland
Level of description : Fonds
Extent : 1 box
Name of creator(s) : Various.
Detailed catalogue : Click here to view repository detailed catalogue
Manuscripts and documents relating to Westmorland, including: Book containing transcript by John Gibson of the Customs, Services and Royalties belonging to the Mannors, Lordships and Townshipps in the Richmond lands within the Barony of Kendal, 1574 (230pp) (1689); Transcriptions of documents relating to Westmorland between 1639 and 1720, possibly the Reverend James Wilson, with enclosed note (January 1904); Illustration and text concerning the Heppe or, Shap Monastery, Westmorland (c1773); Two deeds relating to the land of Lady Fford in Westmorland between Thomas Shepherd of Kirkland, Robert Shepherd of Maitland and Thomas Rowlandson of Kirby, Kendall (first deed), and Charles Benson of Kirkby, Kendall and Thomas Shepherd (second deed) (18 May 1693 and 3 July 1711); Printed test of a 17th century farmhold deed for Maggs How, Kentmere between John Ayrey, Hughe Ayrey and Robert Gilpin (26 November 1623); Deed relating to land in Westmorland between John Price of Dublin, Sir John Lowther and Robert Durkett of Kirekby, Kendall (26 June 1685); Two court summons for John Burn, Battalion Clerk and Clerk of meetings of the militia for neglecting to return a militia for his township (October 1791); Plan of the proposed navigable canal from the Leeds and Liverpool Canal near Eccleston in the County of Lancaster to Kendal in Westmorland, surveyed by Robert Whitworth (1772); Two Endowed Charities returns for the County of Westmorland (15 July 1868 and 5 September 1895).
No further arrangement required.
Access to the items in the collection is unrestricted for the purpose of private study and personal research within the controlled environment and restrictions of the Library's Palaeography Room. Access to archive collections may be restricted under the Freedom of Information Act. Please contact the University Archivist for details.
Copies may be made, subject to the condition of the original. Copying must be undertaken by the Palaeography Room staff, who will need a minimum of 24 hours to process requests
Collection level description
Transferred from the Institute for Historical Research by 'WK', provenance unknown, 14 July 1981.
Description by Stefan Dickers for the RSLP AIM25 Project.
Compiled in compliance with General International Standard Archival Description, ISAD(G), second edition, 2000; National Council on Archives Rules for the Construction of Personal Place and Corporate Names 1997.
Military organizations
Reserve armed forces
Visual materials
Whitworth | Robert | fl 1772 | surveyor
Wilson | James | fl 1904
Heppe Monastery
Eccleston


text:
Billie Eilish Admits She 'Used To Watch A Lot Of' Adult Films Before It Began Interrupting Her Sex Life: 'It Really Destroyed My Brain'
By:Carly Silva
Billie Eilish is getting candid about her sex life.
The 19-year-old singer — who rose to fame as a young teen — recently revealed she started watching porn from a very young age, and it has had a lasting effect on her love life.
During an appearance on SiriusXM's The Howard Stern Show, the "Bad Guy" singer admitted she thinks porn is "a disgrace" from a woman's standpoint.
"I used to watch a lot of porn, to be honest. I started watching porn when I was like 11," she spilled to Stern. "I think it really destroyed my brain and I feel incredibly devastated that I was exposed to so much porn."
BILLIE EILISH SHOWS OFF LAVISH DESERT MANSION ON INSTAGRAM AS SHE TAKES A DIP IN LUXURIOUS INFINITY POOL
While she confessed it made her feel like "one of the guys," it ended up causing her problems down the line when she started having intimate relationships. "The first few times, I, you know, had sex, I was not saying no to things that were not good," she told Stern. "It was because I thought that's what I was supposed to be attracted to."
"I'm so angry that porn is so loved," the hitmaker continued, noting it creates unrealistic expectations for women's bodies.
Later in the interview, Eilish discussed the difficulty of finding love while being a celebrity, explaining: "It's really hard to meet people when people are either terrified of you or think that you're out of their league."
"Last year, I thought that I'd be single for the rest of my life. I genuinely couldn't even picture myself in a relationship of any sort," she confessed. "I got over that pretty fast."
The "Happier Than Ever" singer is now believed to be dating 29-year-old actor Matthew Tyler Vorce — who recently found himself in hot water for offensive posts on his social media accounts. (The alleged couple was first linked in April.)
BILLIE EILISH IS 'APPALLED AND EMBARRASSED' AFTER VIDEO SURFACES SHOWING HER MOUTHING ALONG TO RACIAL SLUR
"I want to apologize for the things that I wrote on social media in the past," he said in an Instagram statement, referring to the racist and homophobic comments he previously shared. "The language I used was hurtful and irresponsible and I understand how offensive those words are."
Eilish also found herself entangled in controversy in June after a slew of past videos, edited together in a compilation, resurfaced, showing her mouthing along to a song with derogatory and racist slurs.
"Regardless of my ignorance and age at the time, nothing excuses the fact that it was hurtful. And for that I am sorry," she wrote in an apology letter via her Instagram page at the time.


There are many sports injuries commonly treated by physiotherapists, such as muscle strains, ligament sprains, dislocations and fracture. The type of physiotherapy treatments that you will receive for your specific sports injury will vary. You will be active in the decision making as to what intervention you will receive with the guide of your personal physiotherapist.
During your first discussion with our PrivaCare staff you will be asked about your activity that led to your injury, your past medical history and other related data. In addition, your therapist will perform a thorough physical evaluation and examination of your injured body part during their first visit. Your first encounter with your physiotherapist is called the initial evaluation or examination and will help determine the best plan for recovery.
Based on the results of physiotherapy evaluation and examination, your particular needs, and your goals, your PrivaCare physiotherapist will then formulate a comprehensive treatment plan specifically made for you. Your therapist will discuss with you about your treatment plan.
Your treatment may begin immediately following your physical therapy initial evaluation. Your physiotherapist will document your succeeding treatment visits and determine whether your treatment plan will be changed or continued.
The following are some of the general treatments that your physiotherapist may include in your rehabilitation program. PrivaCare physiotherapists use many of these techniques based on the patient's current condition.
Ice application is often prescribed for acute sports injuries. Icing can help minimize your pain and swelling that result from your injury. Your physiotherapist will wrap an ice pack with towel and apply it to your injured part for about 20 minutes.
Your physiotherapist may decide to use a hot pack wrapped in towel if you do not have swelling. The pack will be applied for about 20 minutes. Hot pack application can help relieve your pain and muscle or joint stiffness. In addition, this may help hasten your healing by increasing blood flow to your injured body part.
TENS, or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator, is a small battery-operated device that directs small amounts of current to the skin over your injury. You will feel a tingling sensation when the device is turned on. TENS can help temporarily relieve your symptom of pain.
An ultrasound is a machine that drives sound vibrations to your tissues. It is a deep heating apparatus or modality. This means that this physiotherapy apparatus can heat up deeper tissues or bulky body areas. An ultrasound may be used by your physiotherapist to soften your deeper tissues or to aid in your healing process.
Massage, or sometimes called soft tissue mobilization, is a hands-on therapy that your physiotherapist may use. Massage may be employed to relax tight muscles, decrease swelling, reduce tissue adhesions, or pain relief.
Muscles can become tight during periods of inactivity following an injury. Stretching can help loosen these tight muscles, thus, improving your range of motion (ROM). Stretching may be done manually by your physiotherapist or he or she will teach you self-stretching exercises that your can do even at the comfort of your home.
Range of motion (ROM) exercises can help improve or maintain your joint range of motion. By performing ROM exercise whenever possible, you can prevent your joints and muscle from becoming stiff. Range of motion exercises may also be combined with strengthening exercises once you have improved strength.
Being inactive for a long time can make your muscles weak. Strengthening them is important to achieve independence in movement. Strengthening exercises can help you maintain strength of your uninjured muscles and improve strength of your weakened muscles.
You may need gait or walking training using a walking device like a walker or crutches to avoid putting stress on your injured lower limb. You physiotherapist will fit you with a proper walking device and train you on how to properly use it.


text:
'use strict';

class InstallErrorElement extends HTMLElement {
  constructor(name) {
    super();
    this.name = name;
  }

  init(install) {
    this.install = install;
    this.install.emit('encountered-fatal-error');
    this.innerHTML = `

        We've encountered an error!

${install.state.error.message}

${install.state.error.stack}

      You can try fixing this yourself by
      manually downloading and installing
      Kite.

    `;
  }

  release() {}
}

customElements.define('kite-atom-install-error', InstallErrorElement);

module.exports = InstallErrorElement;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This spring, I celebrated my last good year. Less than one year to go until I will officially be old. This is a big one—a milestone birthday, where I will reach that half-century mark. To say I am not in a little bit of a crisis over this would be a lie. I have long followed a theory that in your 20's, you are discovering yourself and getting to make crazy life decisions. In your 30's, you need to settle down and get your stuff together. And in your 40's, you should finally be hitting your stride. But your 50's? Well, that I am not sure about. My theory has a cliff without an answer.
A few weeks ago, I overheard a conversation between one of our preschool students and his teacher. While he was putting his stuff in his backpack, they were discussing birthdays.
Preschooler: I don't think you like birthdays.
Teacher: Why would you say that?
Preschooler: Because you are old, and old people don't want to have birthdays anymore.
Teacher laughing: What makes you think I am old?
Preschooler: Because you are older than 25, and my mom says that was her last good year.
Teacher: Honey, I might not be 25 anymore, but I promise you, I have many good years left and things to look forward to.
What if the moral of the story was not about what you had to look forward to, but about the legacy left behind you? What if you stepped back at a milestone birthday and instead of admiring or admonishing your accomplishments (or lack thereof), you looked back to the times people saw Christ through you? Think of how your legacy and perspective would change.
With this as my perspective, I have been thinking a lot about the seasons of life. Because I was late coming into this mom thing, many of my friends have children graduating from high school and college, while others are watching theirs walk down the aisle. I am probably guilty of rushing through life, always looking forward to the next phase or milestone. When my son was little, I could hardly wait until he could walk, talk, and somewhat care for himself. When he entered middle school, I prayed for this time of awkward self-discovery to pass quickly. And now—well, now I find myself impatiently waiting for him to get a driver's license so he can ferry himself all over town. While that last one is several years away (okay, maybe five years away), it causes me to pause and wonder: what is the rush?
It's an occupational hazard, but I am an avid blog reader, and I have read at least 100 posts about how life passes too quickly. Before you know it, time will pass, and our children will hopefully move on to the next phase of life. But before they do, stop to consider how you have shown Christ to them. Can you say they have had joy in the presence of God because of you?
Our children's and family ministry is built to support parents in raising children to know Christ, to love Christ, and to serve Christ. When you know Him, love Him, and serve Him, you will have joy in His presence! The challenge for me and all parents is to give the Christ-like experience of joy—either because of my influence or in spite of it.
I think on this downhill slide to the century mark, I want to update my life theory and say that 50 is not about me or my accomplishments. Instead, it is about growing as a reflection of Christ, sharing His joy with those around me. Maybe my theory does have a cliff with an answer.
Christine Clark is the Ministry Coordinator for the Family and Children's Ministry at Stonebriar Community Church. She has a passion for supporting parents and helping them gain confidence and tools to be spiritual leaders in their homes. She is blessed to be the mom of a middle school son and the wife of her college sweetheart for more than 20 years. She is also an avid sports fan who loves all things football, especially in the fall in Texas.
For more resources, links, and to engage with other parents, click HERE to join our closed Facebook group.


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text:
import {AmpDocSingle} from '../../src/service/ampdoc-impl';
import {OBJECT_STRING_ARGS_KEY} from '../../src/service/action-impl';
import {StandardActions} from '../../src/service/standard-actions-impl';
import {Services} from '../../src/services';
import {installHistoryServiceForDoc} from '../../src/service/history-impl';
import {setParentWindow} from '../../src/service';

describes.sandboxed('StandardActions', {}, () => {
  let standardActions;
  let mutateElementStub;
  let deferMutateStub;
  let scrollStub;
  let ampdoc;

  function createElement() {
    return document.createElement('div');
  }

  function createAmpElement() {
    const element = createElement();
    element.classList.add('i-amphtml-element');
    element.collapse = sandbox.stub();
    element.expand = sandbox.stub();
    return element;
  }

  function stubMutate(methodName) {
    return sandbox.stub(
        standardActions.resources_,
        methodName,
        (unusedElement, mutator) => mutator());
  }

  function expectElementToHaveBeenHidden(element) {
    expect(mutateElementStub).to.be.calledOnce;
    expect(mutateElementStub.firstCall.args[0]).to.equal(element);
    expect(element.style.display).to.equal('none');
  }

  function expectElementToHaveBeenShown(element) {
    expect(mutateElementStub).to.be.calledOnce;
    expect(mutateElementStub.firstCall.args[0]).to.equal(element);
    expect(element.style.display).to.not.equal('none');
    expect(element.hasAttribute('hidden')).to.be.false;
  }

  function expectAmpElementToHaveBeenHidden(element) {
    expect(mutateElementStub).to.be.calledOnce;
    expect(mutateElementStub.firstCall.args[0]).to.equal(element);
    expect(element.collapse).to.be.calledOnce;
  }

  function expectAmpElementToHaveBeenShown(element) {
    expect(deferMutateStub).to.be.calledOnce;
    expect(deferMutateStub.firstCall.args[0]).to.equal(element);
    expect(element.expand).to.be.calledOnce;
  }

  function expectAmpElementToHaveBeenScrolledIntoView(element) {
    expect(scrollStub).to.be.calledOnce;
    expect(scrollStub.firstCall.args[0]).to.equal(element);
  }

  beforeEach(() => {
    ampdoc = new AmpDocSingle(window);
    standardActions = new StandardActions(ampdoc);
    mutateElementStub = stubMutate('mutateElement');
    deferMutateStub = stubMutate('deferMutate');
    scrollStub = sandbox.stub(
        standardActions.viewport_,
        'animateScrollIntoView');

  });

  describe('"hide" action', () => {
    it('should handle normal element', () => {
      const element = createElement();
      const invocation = {target: element, satisfiesTrust: () => true};
      standardActions.handleHide(invocation);
      expectElementToHaveBeenHidden(element);
    });

    it('should handle AmpElement', () => {
      const element = createAmpElement();
      const invocation = {target: element, satisfiesTrust: () => true};
      standardActions.handleHide(invocation);
      expectAmpElementToHaveBeenHidden(element);
    });
  });

  describe('"show" action', () => {
    it('should handle normal element (inline css)', () => {
      const element = createElement();
      element.style.display = 'none';
      const invocation = {target: element, satisfiesTrust: () => true};
      standardActions.handleShow(invocation);
      expectElementToHaveBeenShown(element);
    });

    it('should handle normal element (hidden attribute)', () => {
      const element = createElement();
      element.setAttribute('hidden', '');
      const invocation = {target: element, satisfiesTrust: () => true};
      standardActions.handleShow(invocation);
      expectElementToHaveBeenShown(element);
    });

    it('should handle AmpElement (inline css)', () => {
      const element = createAmpElement();
      element.style.display = 'none';
      const invocation = {target: element, satisfiesTrust: () => true};
      standardActions.handleShow(invocation);
      expectAmpElementToHaveBeenShown(element);
    });

  });

  describe('"toggle" action', () => {
    it('should show normal element when hidden (inline css)', () => {
      const element = createElement();
      element.style.display = 'none';
      const invocation = {target: element, satisfiesTrust: () => true};
      standardActions.handleToggle(invocation);
      expectElementToHaveBeenShown(element);
    });

    it('should show normal element when hidden (hidden attribute)', () => {
      const element = createElement();
      element.setAttribute('hidden', '');
      const invocation = {target: element, satisfiesTrust: () => true};
      standardActions.handleToggle(invocation);
      expectElementToHaveBeenShown(element);
    });

    it('should hide normal element when shown', () => {
      const element = createElement();
      const invocation = {target: element, satisfiesTrust: () => true};
      standardActions.handleToggle(invocation);
      expectElementToHaveBeenHidden(element);
    });

    it('should show AmpElement when hidden (inline css)', () => {
      const element = createAmpElement();
      element.style.display = 'none';
      const invocation = {target: element, satisfiesTrust: () => true};
      standardActions.handleToggle(invocation);
      expectAmpElementToHaveBeenShown(element);
    });

    it('should hide AmpElement when shown', () => {
      const element = createAmpElement();
      const invocation = {target: element, satisfiesTrust: () => true};
      standardActions.handleToggle(invocation);
      expectAmpElementToHaveBeenHidden(element);
    });
  });

  describe('"scrollTo" action', () => {
    it('should handle normal element', () => {
      const element = createElement();
      const invocation = {target: element, satisfiesTrust: () => true};
      standardActions.handleScrollTo(invocation);
      expectAmpElementToHaveBeenScrolledIntoView(element);
    });

    it('should handle AmpElement', () => {
      const element = createAmpElement();
      const invocation = {target: element, satisfiesTrust: () => true};
      standardActions.handleScrollTo(invocation);
      expectAmpElementToHaveBeenScrolledIntoView(element);
    });
  });

  describe('"focus" action', () => {
    it('should handle normal element', () => {
      const element = createElement();
      const invocation = {target: element, satisfiesTrust: () => true};
      const focusStub = sandbox.stub(element, 'focus');
      standardActions.handleFocus(invocation);
      expect(focusStub).to.be.calledOnce;
    });

    it('should handle AmpElement', () => {
      const element = createAmpElement();
      const invocation = {target: element, satisfiesTrust: () => true};
      const focusStub = sandbox.stub(element, 'focus');
      standardActions.handleFocus(invocation);
      expect(focusStub).to.be.calledOnce;
    });
  });

  describe('"AMP" global target', () => {
    it('should implement navigateTo', () => {
      const expandUrlStub = sandbox.stub(standardActions.urlReplacements_,
          'expandUrlSync', url => url);

      const win = {
        location: 'http://foo.com',
      };
      const invocation = {
        method: 'navigateTo',
        args: {
          url: 'http://bar.com',
        },
        target: {
          ownerDocument: {
            defaultView: win,
          },
        },
      };

      // Should check trust and fail.
      invocation.satisfiesTrust = () => false;
      standardActions.handleAmpTarget(invocation);
      expect(win.location).to.equal('http://foo.com');
      expect(expandUrlStub).to.not.be.called;

      // Should succeed.
      invocation.satisfiesTrust = () => true;
      standardActions.handleAmpTarget(invocation);
      expect(win.location).to.equal('http://bar.com');
      expect(expandUrlStub.calledOnce);

      // Invalid protocols should fail.
      invocation.args.url = /*eslint no-script-url: 0*/ 'javascript:alert(1)';
      standardActions.handleAmpTarget(invocation);
      expect(win.location).to.equal('http://bar.com');
      expect(expandUrlStub.calledOnce);
    });

    it('should implement goBack', () => {
      installHistoryServiceForDoc(ampdoc);
      const history = Services.historyForDoc(ampdoc);
      const goBackStub = sandbox.stub(history, 'goBack');
      const invocation = {method: 'goBack', satisfiesTrust: () => true};
      standardActions.handleAmpTarget(invocation);
      expect(goBackStub).to.be.calledOnce;
    });

    it('should implement setState()', () => {
      const setStateWithExpression = sandbox.stub();
      // Bind.setStateWithExpression() doesn't resolve with a value,
      // but add one here to check that the promise is chained.
      setStateWithExpression.returns(Promise.resolve('set-state-complete'));

      window.services.bind = {
        obj: {setStateWithExpression},
      };

      const args = {
        [OBJECT_STRING_ARGS_KEY]: '{foo: 123}',
      };
      const target = ampdoc;
      const satisfiesTrust = () => true;
      const setState = {method: 'setState', args, target, satisfiesTrust};

      return standardActions.handleAmpTarget(setState, 0, []).then(result => {
        expect(result).to.equal('set-state-complete');
        expect(setStateWithExpression).to.be.calledOnce;
        expect(setStateWithExpression).to.be.calledWith('{foo: 123}');
      });
    });

    it('should implement pushState()', () => {
      const pushStateWithExpression = sandbox.stub();
      // Bind.pushStateWithExpression() doesn't resolve with a value,
      // but add one here to check that the promise is chained.
      pushStateWithExpression.returns(Promise.resolve('push-state-complete'));

      window.services.bind = {
        obj: {pushStateWithExpression},
      };

      const args = {
        [OBJECT_STRING_ARGS_KEY]: '{foo: 123}',
      };
      const target = ampdoc;
      const satisfiesTrust = () => true;
      const pushState = {method: 'pushState', args, target, satisfiesTrust};

      return standardActions.handleAmpTarget(pushState, 0, []).then(result => {
        expect(result).to.equal('push-state-complete');
        expect(pushStateWithExpression).to.be.calledOnce;
        expect(pushStateWithExpression).to.be.calledWith('{foo: 123}');
      });
    });

    it('should not allow chained setState', () => {
      const spy = sandbox.spy();
      window.services.bind = {
        obj: {
          setStateWithExpression: spy,
        },
      };

      const firstSetState = {
        method: 'setState',
        args: {[OBJECT_STRING_ARGS_KEY]: '{foo: 123}'},
        target: ampdoc,
        satisfiesTrust: () => true,
      };
      const secondSetState = {
        method: 'setState',
        args: {[OBJECT_STRING_ARGS_KEY]: '{bar: 456}'},
        target: ampdoc,
        satisfiesTrust: () => true,
      };
      const actionInfos = [
        {target: 'AMP', method: 'setState'},
        {target: 'AMP', method: 'setState'},
      ];
      standardActions.handleAmpTarget(firstSetState, 0, actionInfos);
      standardActions.handleAmpTarget(secondSetState, 1, actionInfos);

      return Services.bindForDocOrNull(ampdoc).then(() => {
        // Only first setState call should be allowed.
        expect(spy).to.be.calledOnce;
        expect(spy).to.be.calledWith('{foo: 123}');
        expect(spy).to.not.be.calledWith('{bar: 456}');
      });
    });

    it('should implement print', () => {
      const windowApi = {
        print: () => {},
      };
      const printStub = sandbox.stub(windowApi, 'print');
      const invocation = {
        method: 'print',
        satisfiesTrust: () => true,
        target: {
          ownerDocument: {
            defaultView: windowApi,
          },
        },
      };
      standardActions.handleAmpTarget(invocation);
      expect(printStub).to.be.calledOnce;
    });
  });

  describes.fakeWin('adoptEmbedWindow', {}, env => {
    let embedWin;
    let embedActions;
    let hideStub;

    beforeEach(() => {
      embedActions = {
        addGlobalTarget: sandbox.spy(),
        addGlobalMethodHandler: sandbox.spy(),
      };
      embedWin = env.win;
      embedWin.services = {
        action: {obj: embedActions},
      };
      setParentWindow(embedWin, window);
      hideStub = sandbox.stub(standardActions, 'handleHide');
    });

    it('should configured the embedded actions service', () => {
      const stub = sandbox.stub(standardActions, 'handleAmpTarget');
      standardActions.adoptEmbedWindow(embedWin);

      // Global targets.
      expect(embedActions.addGlobalTarget).to.be.calledOnce;
      expect(embedActions.addGlobalTarget.args[0][0]).to.equal('AMP');
      embedActions.addGlobalTarget.args[0][1]();
      expect(stub).to.be.calledOnce;

      // Global actions.
      expect(embedActions.addGlobalMethodHandler).to.have.callCount(5);
      expect(embedActions.addGlobalMethodHandler.args[0][0]).to.equal('hide');
      expect(
          embedActions.addGlobalMethodHandler.args[0][1]).to.be.a('function');
      expect(embedActions.addGlobalMethodHandler.args[1][0]).to.equal('show');
      expect(
          embedActions.addGlobalMethodHandler.args[1][1]).to.be.a('function');
      expect(embedActions.addGlobalMethodHandler.args[2][0]).to
          .equal('toggleVisibility');
      expect(
          embedActions.addGlobalMethodHandler.args[2][1]).to.be.a('function');
      expect(embedActions.addGlobalMethodHandler.args[3][0]).to
          .equal('scrollTo');
      expect(
          embedActions.addGlobalMethodHandler.args[3][1]).to.be.a('function');
      expect(embedActions.addGlobalMethodHandler.args[4][0]).to
          .equal('focus');
      expect(
          embedActions.addGlobalMethodHandler.args[4][1]).to.be.a('function');
      embedActions.addGlobalMethodHandler.args[0][1]();
      expect(hideStub).to.be.calledOnce;
    });
  });
});


text:
Endeavour House, 8 Russell Road, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP12BX
Home Explore Organisations Suffolk County Council
Suffolk County Council is the administrative authority for the county of Suffolk in England. It is run by 75 elected county councillors, representing 63 divisions.
The county council is responsible for a large range of services and employ staff to deliver them countywide - these include:
Education and learning: Supporting schools, youth services, higher education opportunities and skills for work
Environment: Conservation of the countryside and public access to it, waste disposal and archaeological services
Leisure and culture: Archives and support for arts and museums
Public safety: Firefighting, rescue and emergency services, safety advice
Social care: Care for older people who require physical or mental health support services, supporting residents with physical or learning disabilities and children and their families who need protection and support
Public transport and highways: Maintaining and improving Suffolk's roads, footpaths and public rights of way, road safety and public transport co-ordination
Business and trading standards: Enforcing fair trading laws, protecting consumers and giving advice
Registration: Births, marriages and deaths
Find out how Suffolk County Council runs including details of the different service areas on our website.
As a large countywide, but local employer, we have put in place a programme of opportunities and workplace experiences for young people and offer job opportunities in all areas and at all levels through our recruitment website Suffolk Jobs Direct.
Suffolk County Council directly employs thousands of people across all major services.
Salaries at the county council are aligned to the Local Government Service Pay Scales and range from around £17,364 to £170,000. Salaries usually start at the base level suggested for the grade of job but include other benefits like pension contributions, flexible working, staff discount schemes etc.
Apprenticeship, Graduate and Industrial Placement opportunities are sometimes available and balance working practices with achieving further qualifications. SCC and the Districts and Boroughs in Suffolk are committed to offering support and opportunities for young people and all come together under the banner of 'Rising High'.
To find out more about Suffolk County Council, including any opportunities that we may offer, use the links provided to our website and follow us here on icanbea for the latest news and updates.
Contact & Web
More about Suffolk County Council
Industrial Placement Student
Suffolk Skills Show 2015
Relationship Manager Dept for Business, Innovation & Skills
Apprenticeship Development
1 Industry this organisation is related to
Services (Public & Private Sector)
The Services industry covers a wide and diverse range of public and private sectors from police, fire and NHS to government,...
Apprentice HR Support Advisor (2 posts)
Post 1 – Level 3 Business Administration Apprenticeship - Fixed term for 12 months. Post 2 – Level 3 Customer Service Apprenticeship - Fixed term for 12 months. Please state in your application which apprenticeship you wish to apply for. We have two opportunit...
Town Planning Apprentice (Level 3)
Various dependant on employer
Various dependant on employer, Suffolk
This advert is on behalf of the district and borough councils of Suffolk as well as Suffolk County Council. Fixed term for 2 years. We are offering an exciting opportunity to join our two year Level 3 Town Planning Apprenticeship Scheme with fully supported st...


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From Full-wives to Half-Girlfriend - the women in Chetan Bhagat's novels - Bangalore Literature Festival (BLF)
Home / BLF Live / BLF 2014 Reports / BLF 2014 Reports Day 1 / From Full-wives to Half-Girlfriend – the women in Chetan Bhagat's novels
From Full-wives to Half-Girlfriend – the women in Chetan Bhagat's novels
By Nikita Nagaraj
Structured as a conversation between the author and his long standing and only editor, Shinie Antony, the session undulated through various topics, ranging from the women Chetan Bhagat's life, the inspirations behind his women characters, Bollywood, politics, Feminism in India, and Chetan's wife and their marriage.
Bhagat appreciated his return to the Bangalore Literary Festival, especially the surroundings this year: "The venue is not quite what I expected. It has a beauty of its own, with its open spaces and greenery, which I think is perfect for this festival."
Chetan Bhagat bears all to one and only editor Shinie Antony
Here are some of my captures of Chetan's unfiltered views on the range of topics covered:
On discussing his popularity and admitting it's not all about good writing: I have really good marketing skills. People may say that I am not a brilliant author, but I know how to promote my works. I may not be the best author, but I am the best-selling author and that is enough for me. I make an effort to meet my fans halfway because my books are inspired my actual people and real stories.
Chetan's philosophy on how to win with women: Women rule my life and they always have, whether it is my wife, my mother or my editor. It's really easy to impress women, all you have to do is treat them right. Unfortunately, in our country, most men haven't a clue about how to do this. Women need to be respected and that is what I do.
The kind of women he likes: I like women who are smart, independent and individualistic. They should have their own identity, dreams and goals. Intelligence in a woman turns me on. It feels good to be with a woman who is sure of herself and knows who she wants to be.
The inspiration for his female characters: I am inspired by real women whom I meet. All my women characters are strong, feministic women, be it Ananya or Vidya. I want my characters to be role models for young girls. They should be women of substance and not just props that fill up space. The film Kick was based on the Telugu film of the same name. In the Telugu version, the actress Ileana is not given importance. I wanted to change that in the Hindi version, hence we gave depth to Jackeline's role by making her a psychiatrist.
On his wife: Anusha keeps me humble and grounded. What I like most about her is how she refuses to get carried away by fame or popularity. The TamBram (Tamil Brahmin) in her will never allow her children to get influenced. She still emphasizes to my sons that education is the most important thing. Also, she wants to be known as herself, as Anusha Bhagat and not only as ''Mrs.Chetan Bhagat.''. I really admire that about her.
On critics and haters: I take criticism the same way I take praise- with caution. I do not allow either to affect me. Criticism is common, but I try to focus on those who love my books. If someone is taking time off to talk about my work, that means that what I have done affects and impacts them and that is enough for me. Haters, on the other hand, are people who are highly opinionated and cannot see things from another's perspective. I do not mind this at all.
On Indian feminism: Unfortunately, there is nothing like Indian Feminism. Either there is extreme Western Feminism or none at all. We should find our own way to tackle our issues. Personally, I feel change starts at home. Every mother should teach her son and every Mother-in-law should support her Daughter-in-law. Feminism is going to get its stand when men feel the same way as women.
On Bollywood: I do obviously like Bollywood but I am not obsessed with it. The reason I participate in Bollywood is to increase my popularity, because in this way, more people will recognise me, follow me and read my work. It definitely helps me to be seen. It's just a career and I am focused.
On the recent controversy between Deepika Padukone and Times of India: I am kind of stuck in the middle because I work in Bollywood and I write for Times of India. I feel it was more about bad taste rather than ethics. At the end of the day, a woman should be respected. If she feels offended or insulted, her feelings should be taken seriously. I think Times of India should apologise to Deepika because she has the right to be outraged. There are ways of portraying entertainment without labelling body parts.
On the half-girlfriend concept: It is a very new concept for me, something I have not done before. Since it is my most recent book, Rhea is the closest to my heart right now. I have made her a little different than my other characters. The main challenge for me and my editor was to write an English novel from the perspective of a guy who does not know English. I have tried to bring out the issue of English in our country. We Indians do not speak English properly, hence I write my books in the form of written English, rather than aiming for proficiency. There are just five days left for my book release and I am excited.
Filled with witty references, humorous anecdotes, laughter and enthusiastic participation from the audience, the session was lively, engaging, and a memorable highlight of BLF for those who attended.
Tags #ChetanBhagat#DeepikaPadukone#HalfGirlfriend#ShinieAnthony#TOI
BLF 2014 Photo Gallery
BLF 2014 Reports Day 1


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« Happy Food Day, events this weekend (with pie!), and some policy updates
Fresh Bucks Matching Program for SNAP Users Extended »
Checking Out the University District Farmers Market's New Home on the Ave
October 28, 2013 by Debs
U-District Farmers Market fans' pet dogs probably always wondered why their owners came home Saturday mornings smelling like kale and sausage and talking about guitar players singing annoying 70s-era songs, and why they –– dogs, not songs, alas–– were always left behind. For the last two Saturdays, and all Saturdays forthcoming, the dogs are finally getting a chance to find out, and their owners are finding a surprise of their own: The market, which for about two decades was in the parking lot at the corner of 50th and University Way NE (the Ave), a space where dogs lucky enough to come close had to wait outside the gates and watch their owners trod around a square of booths within, has now taken over the full street on the Ave between 50th and 52nd. Vendor booths face a single wide aisle for market-goers and, yes, their dogs.
The change comes as the city prepares to develop the former parking lot into a park, and it may be serendipitous. To close a street for an event is to give that event a festive air. I've always liked that the Ballard Farmers Market on Sundays takes over a street, although unlike at the new U-District market, the Ballard stands are in the middle of the street and market-goers have to circle around them. I set out to see how vendors and visitors feel about the new U-District layout.
I was not able to get any feedback from dogs, although I couldn't help thinking about how over at the Ballard market, David and Tim and Gene from Wilson Fish spoil passing dogs (and people) with bits of top-quality smoked salmon, and the U-District dogs aren't yet quite so lucky. But if the dogs were staying quiet (and well-behaved), most farmers, vendors, and market-goers were forthcoming with opinions.
"Brilliant. We love it. It's quieter," said George Page, of Sea Breeze Farm. Becky, a customer at his stand, thought there was a street fair at first, and was happy to realize it was the market, even if she was a bit disoriented. "I'm so used to my pattern," she admitted. "I realized I didn't actually know who my egg person was; I just knew her by the spot she was in." George set to work helping her identify the egg vendor in question.
Stina Booth of Booth Canyon Orchard was also happy with the change. "I think it's great," she said. "I feel like I'm seeing a lot of new faces. Logistically [for the vendors], driving in and driving out is much easier than in the parking lot because it's a one-way traffic flow now." For the market-goers, she added, "Everyone walks by everyone, so there are no dead-end corners. And there's no car noise."
Some of the vendors' booths are larger or look larger than they used to be. A woman browsing winter squash at the Mair Farm-Taki stand commented to her friend, "This is so much more spacious than their old space." A few people noted that the new layout offers very few corner stands, since the booths are all in a row with just a few walkways for an entrance to the food truck area and another to the parking lot.
I approached John Huschle of Nature's Last Stand, who was preparing one of his new handmade pork sausage sandwiches for a customer, and calculating how long the sausage would take to grill. "Have you heard of the slow food movement?" he asked her. "Well, uh, you're about to find out how slow food can be." She didn't seem to mind.
I asked what he thought of the market layout. "If the customers like it, then we like it, and everyone says they like it," he said, adding, "It's an important thing when they shut a street down." He pointed out that we'll know more in the summer season, when the market is more crowded.
"Although when I look at that parking lot," he admitted, "I have a sense of nostalgia." I felt it too. The U-District market was my first farmers market as an adult, where I got to know regional farmers and where I first bought things I'd never cooked, like fennel and fava beans. It's easy to get sentimental.
Kurt Tonnemaker, of Tonnemaker Farms, was practical. "It's a lot more visible," he said, "and people find new vendors because they're searching for the ones they know. It's also a little more open in appearance because it's open ended."
Security guards standing at either end of the market have a unique view on the interest or confusion of passersby. Brian Delfir, a security officer at the north end of the market said, "People are getting used to it. Some people have asked if this is a permanent thing, and some have suggested that maybe there could be signs about the change in traffic. But overall, it's been positive."
Eiko Vojkovich of Skagit River Ranch was satisfied. "I have a lot of customers who love that they can finally bring their dogs here," she said.
"And," she added, "I finally get to see their dogs."
A view from above:
A street view:
Olsen Farms decorations on display for passersby:
Mike Verdi of Whistling Train Farm holds up a Halloween decoration and/or dietary recommendation:
John Huschle displays the new sandwich:


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Unlocking progress on REDD+: sector coordination in Uganda
Climate change is being exacerbated by deforestation and forest degradation (responsible for up to one fifth of greenhouse gas emissions). This has led to an interest in curbing emissions from forests, coined REDD+, which seeks to avoid deforestation by paying developing countries not to cut down their trees. While there has been both global and national progress on REDD+, it is clear that delivering REDD+ effectively requires major institutional and policy changes.
Unlocking Progress on REDD+Sector Coordination in Uganda.pdf
The potential for Low Carbon Development for agriculture and energy in East Africa
Traditionally, economic growth and development is associated with an increase in carbon emissions, but with a future hazed with the potential and unknown adverse impacts of climate change, countries in the East African Community (EAC) face the challenge of economic growth and development amidst a global community persistent on a low carbon-future.
The potential for Low Carbon Development in East Africa.pdf
REDD+ in East Africa: The gender dimension of the Readiness Plans in Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania.
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is an international mechanism to mitigate climate change by supporting policy implementation at the national level, with an aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions related to deforestation and forest degradation. Furthermore, REDD+ goes "beyond deforestation and forest degradation, and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management […] and enhancement of forest carbon stocks" (UN-REDD, 2009).
REDD+gender dimension in East Africa.pdf
Promoting and implementing REDD+ safeguards at national level in East Africa
While REDD+ activities have the potential to deliver significant social and environmental co-benefits, they pose a number of potential risks to the environment and to some stakeholders, particularly the communities whose livelihoods depend on the forests. This has attracted significant discussion, particularly among local communities and civil society organisations. Consequently, the need for deliberate efforts to address the social and environment concerns associated with the REDD+ initiatives has gained attention in international, national and local initiatives focused on REDD+.
REDD+ safeguards at National Level in East Africa - SWA.pdf, REDD+ safeguards at national level in East Africa web.pdf
Water resources management and REDD+ in East Africa
REDD+ stands for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, including the role of conservation, sustainable forest management and enhancement of carbon stocks in developing countries. This mechanism is intended to provide payments to developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from forests, and could support activities such as the conservation of existing forests, sustainable forest management and enhancing carbon stocks, which may include reforestation or afforestation activities.
REDD+ and Water Resource Management in East Africa - SWA 2.pdf, REDD+ and Water Resource Management.pdf
REDD+ and other sectors in East Africa: opportunities for cross-sectoral implementation
REDD+ stands for Reducing Emissions from Defor¬estation and forest Degradation, the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of carbon stocks in developing countries. Although a formal international mechanism for REDD+ is yet to be fully de¬fined, REDD+ processes and initiatives are gaining popular¬ity internationally and are a subject of discussion in most climate change fora.
REDD+ and Othe sectors In East Africa for Swahili website.pdf, REDD+ and Other Sectors Analytical paper final version for website.pdf
REDD+ and energy for rural development in East Africa
REDD+ stands for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, including the role of conservation, sustainable management of forest and enhancement of carbon stocks in developing countries. This mechanism is intended to provide payments to developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from forests, and could support activities such as the conservation of existing forests, sustainable forest management and enhancing carbon stocks, which may include reforestation or afforestation activities.
REDD Energy for Rural Development in East Africa- SWA 2.pdf, REDD+ and Energy in East Africa.pdf
Challenges of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) on the African continent
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has asked policy-makers and researchers to explore ways in which African countries can enhance their role in climate change mitigation by receiving a larger share of carbon projects. Consequently, the need for a Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) mechanism in developing countries has become an increasingly important part of the convention's agenda.
Challanges of REDD in the African continent.pdf
Issues and options for benefit sharing in REDD+ in East Africa: A Case Study of Mount Elgon Regional Conservation Programme
This case study shares some early experiences and lessons from projects that are related to Payment for Ecosystems Services (PES) and how they can inform development of national RE DD+ strategies, programmes and projects. In East Africa, the REDD+ processes and programmes are still emerging through national planning / strategy development processes and pilot projects, givingsome sense of what REDD+ might look like in practice.
Issues and options for benefit MERECP.pdf
Community involvement in monitoring, reporting and verification of REDD+ activities in East Africa
REDD+ is a policy mechanism aimed at not only reducing carbon dioxide emissions from developing countries through sustainable management of forests, but also at providing co-benefits in terms of biodiversity and livelihoods (UNFCCC, 2010). In principle, therefore, REDD+ is meant to slow (or even reverse) the rate of forest loss and degradation in developing countries, while at the same time providing socioeconomic benefits to communities or at worst not causing undue harm to their well-being.
community MRV in REDD+ final.pdf
REDD+ | Uganda Coalition for Sustainable Development


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Maria Giatrakis (10 de junho de 1980) é uma ex-futebolista grega que atuava como goleira.

Carreira
Maria Giatrakis representou a Seleção Grega de Futebol Feminino, nas Olimpíadas de 2004.

Ligações externas
Perfil em Fifa.com

Futebolistas olímpicos da Grécia
Futebolistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2004
Jogadoras da Seleção Grega de Futebol Feminino


UNICEF will recruit and hire the consultant using its rules and regulations but will consult the Ministry on the choice of candidate as per set criteria. All arrangements related to hiring the venue for the training will be done by UNICEF and all payments made directly to the service provider.
An advanced university degree (Master's or higher) in in mass communication, journalism or a related social science field.*A first University Degree in a relevant field combined with 2 additional years of professional experience may be accepted in lieu of an Advanced University Degree.


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POLITICS & GOVERNMENT
Rep. Pallone Talks EPA, Affordable Care Act and More
February 27, 2017, 5PM EST
564915649156491Rep. Pallone Talks EPA, Affordable Care Act and MoreCongressman Frank Pallone discusses change-ups at the Environmental Protection Agency, Republicans' possible replacement of Obamacare, the potential defunding of Planned Parenthood and more.2017-02-27 04:01 pmdisabled2365967163true
Tomorrow's state budget address will be followed by an outline of national spending priorities. President Trump's told governors he wants to increase defense spending by $54 billion and make deep cuts in other federal agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency. Its newly elected Secretary Scott Pruitt has vowed to roll back climate change regulations and cut the EPA budget by a billion dollars. New Jersey Representative Frank Pallone has called Pruitt "unsuitable" for the job. NJTV News Anchor Mary Alice Williams recently asked him what effect Pruitt's actions would have on New Jersey.
Williams: Thank you for being with us, congressman. You've call the new EPA secretary, Scott Pruitt, unsuitable to head the EPA. He's already signaled his intent to undo climate change regulations and cut the EPA budget by about $100 billion. What would the effect be on New Jersey?
Pallone: Well it basically means that there is less enforcement against polluters and there will probably be less money available for grants to upgrade various systems — safe drinking water, clean water, all the things that we rely on. For example, we have more Superfund and brownfield sites than any other state and we've gotten a number of grants over the years to clean up these sites. Those grants will start to dry up and if someone, you know, does take some sort of action that pollutes the ocean or pollutes a river they're less likely to be found because the staff wouldn't be there to go after them and enforce the law.
Williams: Could the state supplement clean-up funds if the feds cut the budget to clean up the toxic Superfund sites?
Pallone: In theory, but as you know, the state — which has to balance its budget every year and already has a shortfall based on tax revenues that are coming in — is not really in a position to make up money that is lost by the federal government.
Williams: Let's talk about the repeal and the replacement, or repair, of the Affordable Care Act. Speaker Paul Ryan plans to introduce a plan. Is there anything in the outline of that, that you think could be beneficial?
Pallone: No and to be honest I don't believe you'll ever see a repeal and replace plan put forward or passed by the Republican leadership that —
Williams: Well they keep talking about doing it, why do you think that wouldn't happen?
Pallone: Because they don't have the votes. In other words, back in January, the first day that we came in, they did this budget reconciliation bill. The committees were supposed to report back to the full House by the end of January. That never happened. Today I heard that there's no effort next week to move. So we're into March and I just think the problem is the tea party right wingers, within the Republican Party in the House, they don't really want a replacement. In other words, they don't want to put up any money to help people pay for their health insurance or to pay for the Medicaid expansion. So, I think it's virtually impossible for the Republicans to come up with a replacement. I mean, we're going to continue to say that you can't repeal it, unless you come up with a replacement that takes care of the people that are covered under Obamacare, but I don't think they have the wherewithal to do anything like that.
Williams: Speaker Ryan's guidelines would introduce tax credits to finance individual insurance purchases. It would also reduce federal payments to states that expanded Medicaid, like in New Jersey. How would that affect the poor?
Pallone: Well it's not just the poor. Remember, Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act extended to not higher income levels, but people that were above the poverty line. And then people who were all the way up to $90,000 for an income for a family of four were able to get help paying for their premiums which were purchased privately on the exchange. Those are the things that are at risk. In other words, basically Ryan's plan would eliminate the subsidies to help you pay for the insurance and it would eliminate the money that goes to the states to expand Medicaid. So that's where you get an extra 20 million people or so that are covered by Obamacare that weren't covered before. And if he cuts back or eliminates the funding for the states with Medicaid expansion and eliminates the subsidies and just says, "OK you can get a tax credit that's very limited." Most of the people won't be able to afford the coverage and they just won't get health coverage so that's the problem.
Williams: You support Planned Parenthood, how would the health services they deliver be affected by the repeal if it's repealed?
Pallone: Well, the Republicans are saying that as part of the repeal they would eliminate all funding for Planned Parenthood. You know, Planned Parenthood operates all these clinics around the country where they provide care for women. They separate the abortion, which is not paid for by any federal funds, from the family planning and the basic health care that's provided to women at these clinics. If they don't receive any funding a lot of the clinics will close and women won't have access to basic health care.
Williams: Let me ask you about President Trump's immigration enforcement plans. You've called on local law enforcement to resist those orders to assist in deporting unauthorized immigrants. What are the ramifications if police here don't follow his orders?
Pallone: Well, understand it's really two different things. What Trump is saying is that he's going to have ICE, which is the immigration office, basically expand deportations now to almost anybody who's here undocumented or even people that have green cards that may have gotten into trouble in some way. What he's purposing to do now is to say, "OK, we want to enter into agreements with your local law, police departments and have them be the immigration officers." That's a voluntary program which the towns don't have to do and most of the ones, if not all the ones that I've talk to, don't want their local police to be deputized and to take on that role because they want them to fight crime. So what we're say is, if the towns don't want to do that, they don't have to. What Trump's trying to do, is use the local police to be the immigration officers and that's where most of the mayors that I talk to say, "We don't want that, that's not part of their job and they don't have the time to do it because they have to fight crime."
Williams: OK thank you very much for being with us, Rep. Pallone.
Pallone: All right, thanks a lot.
Follow @MaryAliceNJTV
TOPICS: ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH, LAW & PUBLIC SAFETY, POLITICS & GOVERNMENT
TAGS: MEDICARE ACA REPEAL AFFORDABLE CARE ACT NEW JERSEY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY FRANK PALLONE OBAMACARE SCOTT PRUITT MARY ALICE WILLIAMS IMMIGRATION
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Pass of Sirion
Type: Valleys, Caves, Tunnels
Region: Beleriand & North
defile of Sirion
western pass
Location: A deep, narrow river valley cut by the mighty River Sirion just below its source at Eithel Sirion, between the Mountains of Shadow on the west and the highlands of Dorthonion on the east; the westernmost of the three gateways into Beleriand from the North.
The Vale of Sirion, by JRR Tolkien.
Between Dorthonion and the Shadowy Mountains there was a narrow vale, whose sheer walls were clad with pines; but the vale itself was green, for the River Sirion flowed through it, hastening towards Beleriand.
The Silmarillion, Quenta Silmarillion, Ch 14, Of Beleriand and its Realms
[The] mighty river Sirion... rose at Eithel Sirion and skirted the edge of Ard-galen ere he plunged through the pass, becoming ever fuller with the streams of the mountains.
Finrod held the Pass of Sirion, and upon the isle of Tol Sirion in the midst of the river he built a mighty watch-tower, Minas Tirith....
Down the ancient road [to Nargothrond] they came that led through the long defile of Sirion, past the isle where Minas Tirith of Finrod had stood, and so [south] through the land between Malduin and Sirion, and on through the eaves of Brethil to the Crossings of Teiglin. Thence the road went on into the Guarded Plain....
The Silmarillion, Quenta Silmarillion, Ch 21, Of Túrin Turambar
Strategic Significance
The Pass of Sirion was the easternmost of the three routes Morgoth's hosts could use to enter Beleriand. (The other two were the very narrow Pass of Aglon and Maglor's Gap.)
Because of its strategic position, the Pass of Sirion is mentioned in accounts of several battles and minor actions.
Commentary by Lyllyn
Dagor Aglareb, the Glorious Battle:
[The] Iron Mountains vomited flame; and Orcs poured forth across the plain of Ard-galen. Thence they thrust down the Pass of Sirion in the west....
The Silmarillion, Quenta Silmarillion, Ch 13, Of the Return of the Noldor
Dagor Bragollach, the Battle of Sudden Flame:
Barahir... was in the fighting farther westward, near to the Pass of Sirion. There King Finrod Felagund, hastening from the south, was cut off from his people and surrounded with small company in the Fen of Serech; and he would have been slain or taken, but Barahir came up with the bravest of his men and rescued him....
The Silmarillion, Quenta Silmarillion, Ch 18, Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin
The fell sons of Fëanor were broken and wandered far away in the woods.... The Gorge of Aglon was filled with Orcs, and the Hill of Himring was garrisoned by soldiers of Angband; the pass of Sirion was pierced and Tol-sirion1 retaken and its dread towers rebuilt....
The War of the Jewels, HoME Vol 11, Part 1, The Grey Annals
For nigh on two years after the Dagor Bragollach the Noldor still defended the western pass about the sources of Sirion....
[Though Morgoth] held Dorthonion and the Pass of Sirion, the Eldar recovering from their first dismay began now to regain what they had lost.
[Beren] rode northward again with all speed to the Pass of Sirion, and coming to the skirts of Taur-nu-Fuin he looked out across the waste of Anfauglith and saw afar the peaks of Thangorodrim.
The Silmarillion, Quenta Silmarillion, Ch 19, Of Beren and Lúthien
Nirnaeth Arnoediad, the Battle of Unnumbered Tears:
In the morning came hope, when the horns of Turgon were heard as he marched up with the main host of Gondolin; for they had been stationed southward guarding the Pass of Sirion....
Húrin and Huor and the remnant of the house of Hador stood firm with Turgon of Gondolin, and the hosts of Morgoth could not yet win the Pass of Sirion....
Turgon... retreated towards the Pass of Sirion; and his captains Ecthelion and Glorfindel guarded the flanks to right and left, so that none of the enemy should pass them by.
The Silmarillion, Quenta Silmarillion, Ch 20, Of The Fifth Battle: Nirnaeth Arnoediad
The Fall of Nargothrond:
Gelmir and Arminas... brought tidings of a great mustering of Orcs and evil creatures under the eaves of Ered Wethrin and in the Pass of Sirion; and they told also that Ulmo had come to Círdan, giving warning that great peril drew nigh to Nargothrond....
Now Túrin coming down from Ered Wethrin sought for Finduilas in vain, roaming the woods beneath the mountains, wild and wary as a beast; and he waylaid all the roads that went north to the Pass of Sirion....
1 This text is from one of Tolkien's early drafts; the name is an earlier version of the proper name as published in The Silmarillion.
Lyllyn 19Feb05
Finrod Felagund
Dagor Bragollach: 4th Battle of Beleriand
Dorthonion
Ered Wethrin
Gates of Beleriand
South Road to Nargothrond
Tol Sirion


The costs of water heating ranges from 14 to 20 percent of the average household's energy budget. That's plenty of incentive to keep your water heater in good working order — especially during cooler weather. Use these tips to keep a tight lid on your hot water bill this winter, help your system run better and to enjoy uninterrupted hot water service.
Take a look at the storage tank. Do you see any rust spots or water stains? These are signs of leaky gaskets. Ask your service provider to inspect the unit.
Another sign that your water heater needs professional maintenance is fluctuating hot water temperatures. Common causes for this are a failing heating element, sediment buildup inside the tank, a broken dip tube or faulty thermostat.
If your water heater is heating up water greater than 120 degrees, you're wasting energy. Use a thermometer to check hot water temperature at a faucet. Turn back the temperature dial a notch and wait a few hours before checking water temperature again.
Inefficient water heaters lose more heat energy through the sides, top and bottom of the tank. This is called standby heat loss, and makes your system work harder — use more energy — to keep stored water at a consistent temperature. Insulation jackets and sleeves for the storage tank help reduce standby heat loss, reduce wear, and save you money.
You should also insulate the pipes at the storage tank, under sinks and at your clothes washer. Insulating pipe sleeves increase water temperature, reduce waiting time and save you money, too.
If you don't flush out your storage tank once a year, you are flushing money down the drain. Mineral and sediment buildup inside the tank reduce heating efficiency and shorten the lifespan of your water heater. Your service provider should flush the tank during preventive service. However, you should drain a gallon of water at the temperature pressure and relief valve every couple of months.
For professional water heater assistance, contact us at Roth Heating & Cooling. We've served Portland-area residents since 1976!


The Technician, Bakary Cham. The Gambia.
When he started work in Senegal and The Gambia, Bakary Cham was the first ophthalmic technician in West Africa. A few others have joined the small group since, but he remains one of the only specialists in the region who can fix the advanced equipment needed for eye surgery.
Fifteen years ago, Bakary went through an extensive training program in Nigeria???the first of its kind in the region. Supported by the West African Health Organization, he learned the essential technical skills for repairing and maintaining these tools.
He has seen the remarkable growth in The Gambia's eye program since he started work during its infancy. At the time, the program was young, but today it has grown to become one of the country's leading public health priorities.
Bakary Cham with his son, 10-year-old Paousman.
The Gambia's success in eye care forged an example others in the region now look to replicate. And when it comes to sustainability of those programs, Bakary's role is hardly insignificant.
For years, the only solution to broken microscopes was to ship them from West Africa to the UK for repair. The shipment costs were high. The costs of delays for hospitals were even higher. Microscopes of all kinds???essential tools for eye surgery???routinely needed maintenance, and when no one was available to do it locally, they had to ship them overseas, limiting their ability to deliver care in the process.
When Bakary arrived, that all changed.
Bakary Cham outside his repair workshop.
Since the recent expansion of eye care work began in The Gambia, Bakary has been the key link to ensuring the machines function smoothly. On surgery days, he inspects the microscopes before operations to ensure no bulbs are about to burn out or parts need to be replaced, then mans a generator that provides backup power to the operating theater in case of an electrical outage.
On other days, he visits remote eye care units on equipment inspections, fixes microscopes in his workshop or conducts repair sessions over the phone with staff in the field. Regardless of where he is, his work ensures that the hospital can run seamlessly without the inevitable delays caused by maintenance headaches.
Eye care is now a family endeavor for Bakary as well. His son spends many afternoons studying in his father's workshop after school, and his daughter will begin studying soon to be an optometrist at the same hospital.
"We worked very hard to have this program," he told us.
Bakary is a walking example of the incredible effort it takes behind the scenes to run a hospital. For him, though, it's a labor of love and a part of the campaign for sight in The Gambia.
Bakary inspects machinery in the operating theater.