As the chief ad technology evaluator for a digital agency from 2007 to 2011, I reviewed and purchased just about every category on the Lumascape, including ad servers, web analytics, SEM bid managers, DSPs, DMPs, attribution tools, reporting platforms, landing page optimizers, etc. A major part of my job was simply staying abreast of the newest and latest tools so that I could brainstorm with brand clients and my agency colleagues on how we could solve key marketing challenges with technology.
Needless to say, I must have seen more than 500 product demos in my career.
Having now been on the technology vendor side for five years, I better understand both sides of the coin and how the complex the buying/selling process can be. I spend my days now training and arming sales executives to sell to customers at agencies and brands using what I learned when I was on the other side of the desk.
One major thing I've learned is how misaligned buyers and sellers can be and how this misalignment slows down and creates unneeded complexity in the sales process.
As a buyer, there's often a knee-jerk reaction to keep vendors at arm's length as some sales reps become obsessive and can be like sharks with blood in the water and borderline harass you. You also know that you may end up at the negotiating table with this partner so the less they know about your evaluation criteria, the better deal you might be able to broker. You've also been burned before by tech providers whose products don't live up to expectations, and choosing the wrong partner could mean a ton of headaches later.
As a seller, it's very common to be anxious and frustrated as you attempt to sell to buyers who don't necessarily understand the market and technology well enough to evaluate your offering. Buyers can also cancel a meeting at a moment's notice, waste your time, and expect you to agree with everything they say. In many cases, buyers have a zillion choices on how to spend their money so they have a lot of power to drop prices, ask for freebies, and expect royal treatment with dinners and other perks. And if you do spend months building a strong relationship with a buyer, they could end up moving on from that role, leaving you to start all over again with someone new.
Of course, the majority of buyers do treat sellers like true partners, and many sellers do look to create real value for marketers and are not just concerned with their own quarterly number. But because there's been so much friction in the past, buyers tend to be overly-guarded, and sellers sometimes can be a bit too aggressive.
Take a look at the following advice to both buyers and sellers on how they can best handle each of these steps to make for a smoother, more efficient, and true win-win experience.
The buying process begins when a marketer recognizes that he or she has a gap that needs to be fulfilled. Whether it's replacing an existing solution or bringing a new piece to the marketing technology stack, the first step is to figure out which vendors might be interesting to bring in for more discussion.
Get as much input as you can from as many people within your organization who will touch (or be impacted by) the tool. This way, you have a very strong handle on what exactly your need is so that you don't get derailed in the process later. Also, don't discount any vendor that seems somewhat likely to solve your gap. It can be difficult to truly understand what a tech solution does until you actually meet with the vendor and dig deeper. My rule of thumb is to stay open-minded and not cut out candidates until the next step in the process.
The best ad tech sales people I know check in on a regular (but not pushy) basis and provide value to marketers in the role of a domain expert and trusted advisor. If a buyer has begun a search on a different category than your solution, help them by identifying potential vendors to chat with and even make introductions if possible. This demonstrates to them what a business relationship with you might be like when your product category does come up for review.
As a buyer, I discovered that some of my best intel came from sellers. They have to be very savvy and follow the industry closely to do their job well. They also talk to buyers every day and hear all kinds of useful feedback.
At this point, the buyer has now identified a set of vendors that might be able to help them and it is time to set up some calls or in-person visits to figure out which vendors should be invited back for the next round. A request-for-proposal (RFP) with your most pressing questions could be issued at this time or you could wait for the next round once you know the landscape better.
Set the right expectations early with the vendors. It's best to be very clear that you're just in the initial stages of this process and you're trying to figure out which vendors to invite to deeper discussions to help you figure out what you need. Don't require the vendor to come to your office at this stage, but it's worth making the time to meet in person if you have the opportunity to do so.
Resist the urge to buy at this stage. Even if the first vendor you meet seems to have the perfect solution, you owe it to yourself, your team, and your organization (or your client if you're an agency) to do your due diligence. You will learn a lot about this product category through your first rounds of discussion. Wait until you've really had some strong conversations to figure out what your criteria should be.
Don't try to fit your square peg in a buyer's round hole. Just because the buyer is looking for a solution, it doesn't mean you're going to be the right fit. Being invited to chat is not an invitation to bypass their expressed needs so you can pitch your entire suite to them. That being said, if you get the feeling that the marketer doesn't truly know what they want yet, then it's fine to change the conversation and see if they are willing to reframe their expectation on what they may need. You may actually help them see things differently and in your favor.
However, if you realize immediately that you are not a good fit, the best thing you can do is help the prospect understand what it is your company actually solves. You will impress them because they are used to sales folks who are willing to waste their time simply to keep pitching their adjacent solution. It's definitely appropriate to cut the meeting short and ask them if they would like to hear more, even if it's not why they originally wanted to chat with you. It's also fine to ask them if they could identify others in their organization or agency that might be interested in what you are selling.
After meeting with a handful of vendors (I'd recommend 6 to 10, depending on the category), it's now time to narrow the field for the next round.
It will be very difficult to go deep with more than two to four companies, and it also can needlessly waste their time. Remember, if you invite a vendor into a deep discussion, they will spend the time, effort, and money to travel to you and give you as much attention as they can spare. Use your first round of chats to get the info you need so that you pick the right group for this round. This is one of the biggest pet peeves I hear from sales teams about buyers. They know that they're not going to be the final choice, but because the buyer keeps them in the process, they must continue to service them as if they had a chance.
Although you may think a vendor who is on the fringe of your criteria would still like to participate -- and you may like that vendor and want to "reward them" by letting them get to the next round -- the truth is that the best thing you can do for a vendor that you're probably not going to choose is let them go now. Free up their time so that they can chase a better fit and have a chance to win some other buyer's business versus having to put on a dog and pony show for you.
Don't crowd the buyers while they are narrowing down their list. It's okay to check in every now and then, but the deeper discussions are coming up, so don't feel the need to push the hard sell right now. If the initial chat was productive, then they know who you are and what you can offer. If you're a good fit, they will bring you back for the next round.
Buyers also can get sidetracked by life and other things happening at their organization. They may need to put down this evaluation for a weeks or months while they take care of business elsewhere. This happens all of the time. Don't be deterred. Just be very patient and understanding. As long as the communication continues to flow (they may tell you every month for half a year that this purchase is on hold and then come back and buy from you), then trust the process. They'll remember the vendors that didn't get pushy or try to go over their heads. That being said, if the communication does stop, then you have every right to try other contacts and inroads to pitch the business.
Stay tuned for part 2 on 11/21.


Extend the length of your antenna with this 36" shaft. Very useful for Freightliner Cascadia, Kenworth T600/T660/T680 trucks, and any other installation where the load coil needs to be higher.
Extend the length of your antenna with this 44" shaft. Very useful for Freightliner Cascadia, Kenworth T600/T660/T680 trucks, and any other installation where the load coil needs to be higher.
The Wilson T-2000 CB antenna for sale has a higher gain performance that is the result of several new design developments that bring you the most powerful Wilson trucker CB antenna available in its price range. A large portion of the power that goes into a typical loaded CB antenna is lost as heat in the coil and as dielectric heat loss in the plastic inside the coil form.
Many CB antennas lose more than 50% of the power put into them. The power is wasted as heat loss and is not radiated as radio waves. Another weak link in other CB antennas is the capacitor used to match the coax to the antenna. This is a cheap and easy way to make the SWR look good, but has lots of power loss, plus blows out when high power is applied to it.
The first priority was to reduce the dielectric loss in the Wilson 2000 CB antenna by removing as much of the plastic inside the coil as possible. This was accomplished by suspending the coil in air, supported only at four small points, 90 apart, in effect removing 95% of the plastic from the inside surface of the coil. This reduced the dielectric loss to a negligible amount.
The second priority was to get rid of the resistive heat loss in the coil. Since most of the RF energy at 27 MHz travels on the surface of the wire, it was decided to increase the surface area by making the diameter of the wire a larger 10 gauge copper. Since silver is a much better conductor than copper, although very expensive, the wire was heavily silver plated. This reduced the resistive loss to a minimum. Any power loss in the coil is practically eliminated in the Wilson trucker T-2000 CB antenna for sale.


text:
Biografia
Giulio Cesare Barbera (o Bergera come molte fonti attestano) nacque nella famiglia dei conti di Cavallerleone, oriunda di Moncalieri, e, prima di intraprendere la carriera ecclesiastica, si laureò in utroque iure.

Ordinato sacerdote, fu eletto canonico della cattedrale metropolitana di Torino: fu eletto vicario capitolare dell'arcidiocesi per tre volte, in seguito alla morte dei suoi tre predecessori: Milliet nel 1625, Ferrero nel 1627 e Provana nel 1640. Il 17 settembre 1632 divenne prevosto, prima dignità del capitolo. Nel sinodo del 1633 fu eletto esaminatore e giudice sinodale. Ebbe incarichi alla Corte sabauda come elemosiniere di Madama Cristina e plenipotenziario del principe Tommaso.

Eletto arcivescovo di Torino il 23 febbraio 1643, fu consacrato vescovo il 1º marzo dal cardinale Ciriaco Rocci, co-consacranti gli arcivescovi Alfonso Gonzaga e Lelio Falconieri. Prese possesso per procura il 20 marzo tramite il canonico tesoriere Pietrino Aghemio. Si stabilì in una casa di sua proprietà presso la chiesa di Santa Maria di Piazza: infatti l'antico palazzo vescovile, requisito già da Emanuele Filiberto e danneggiato dal doppio assedio di Torino del 1640, stava per essere inglobato nel nuovo Palazzo reale.

A causa di problemi di salute, incaricò delle visite ad limina il canonico Aghemio nel 1650, il canonico Carlo Francesco Castiglione nel 1655 e infine il canonico Giovanni Battista Rasura nel 1659.

Si dedicò alla riparazione della cattedrale, la cui volta era crollata; ne ricostruì anche le vetrate e rifuse la campana maggiore, che era stata colpita da un fulmine.

Ebbe come vicario generale suo nipote Michele Beggiamo, che poi gli succedette nella cattedra vescovile. Compì a più riprese la visita pastorale (1644, 1645, 1653, 1660), visitando sia la zona meridionale dell'arcidiocesi sia le valli di Lanzo.

Nel 1647 indisse un sinodo diocesano, in cui si citano fra i maghi e i superstiziosi anche gli zingari, dediti alla divinazione. Nello stesso sinodo fu decisa l'istituzione di una prebenda canonicale per l'ufficio di canonico penitenziere.

Durante il suo episcopato si stabilirono a Torino gli Oratoriani di San Filippo Neri (1648) e i preti della Missione (1655).

Morì a Torino il 3 novembre 1660.

Genealogia episcopale e successione apostolica
La genealogia episcopale è:
 Cardinale Tolomeo Gallio
 Vescovo Cesare Speciano
 Patriarca Andrés Pacheco
 Cardinale Agostino Spinola Basadone
 Cardinale Giulio Cesare Sacchetti
 Cardinale Ciriaco Rocci
 Arcivescovo Giulio Cesare Barbera

La successione apostolica è:
 Vescovo Antoine Philibert (Albert) Bailly, B. (1659)

Stemma

Bibliografia
Giuseppe Tuninetti, Gianluca D'Antino, Il cardinal Domenico Della Rovere, costruttore della cattedrale, e gli arcivescovi di Torino dal 1515 al 2000, Effata Editrice, 2000, pp. 100–103

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Vescovi e arcivescovi di Torino

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Select the Customer. The index displays a list of customers with outstanding invoices.
If the payment amount is not exhausted, the excess amount will appear as a credit on the customer balance.
Invoices can be writted down as bad debts, either wholly or partially. Select Bad Debt to write down a selected invoice. The bad debt will be regarded as paid and credited to the customer account..
The selected bank account will be debited with the payment amount.
If reverse tax is applicable on discounts, an entry will be made in a tax account and the tax journal.


text:
Ally Brooke Says 'DWTS' Has Given Her Confidence
Ally Brooke Says 'DWTS' Has Given Her Confidence, After Being Bullied Online For Her Dance Skills
"I chose to do it and not let fear stop me."
By Laura Hanrahan Published: Nov 11, 2019
Eric McCandless
Ally Brooke has learned an important lesson during her time on Dancing With the Stars: You can't let critics stop you from putting yourself out there. Brooke, who was a victim of online bullying that targeted her dancing abilities during her time as a member of the pop group Fifth Harmony, has been one of the top scorers on the show this season, and even earned the first perfect score amongst her competitors. And after nine weeks on the show Brooke, 26, says her confidence in dancing has skyrocketed.
"I feel like I've already come so far," Brooke told WomansDay.com. "I'm not a natural born dancer and the fact that I've done better than I thought I would in the past few weeks, and then to get the first 10s of the season that was, oh my gosh, it was so incredible, it was one of my proudest moments."
The ever-positive Brooke says that she took that hate she received online for her dancing and transformed it into motivation to improve, which was a big part of why she agreed to do the show.
"I saw this opportunity come my way and it was the right time and I jumped at it."
Eric McCandless//Getty Images
"I want to improve as a dancer because it's not my strong suit and what better way than to go on this show?" Brooke said. "Also I was a super fan of Dancing with the Stars. I grew up watching with my mom. I love the show, the concept, what it does for people and I love all the pros and I saw this opportunity come my way and it was the right time and I jumped at it."
From week to week, Brooke has receiving increasingly high scores from the judges. And when she wound up in the bottom during two eliminations, the judges chose to save Brooke and her partner Sasha Farber because of their spectacular performances. Brooke says the experience has changed her in more ways than she could have ever expected.
"Now I feel like in a way, I feel like a dancer because I've learned so many different styles and my scores have gotten better over the past few weeks," she said. "This really showed me how impactful dancing really is, so it's been such a phenomenal experience and I've gained so much confidence in my dancing and also just as a person, you know, kind of diving into something new and surprising."
"Don't listen to the negativity because it could be one of the best things of your life and it could change your life."
Kelsey McNeal//Getty Images
The young singer now hopes that her experience will be able to inspire others who are struggling with their confidence or are afraid to try something new to put those negative thoughts aside and allow themselves the new experience.
"When this opportunity presented itself, I was nervous because I was putting myself out there again for dancing, something that I did get made fun of for, and I was scared that I would get made fun of again, but I chose to do it and not let fear stop me and I want to encourage others to do the same," Brooke said. "You know maybe they're scared to try dancing or to try singing or to try engineering, you know whatever it may be, but they want to do it. I would say push yourself and do it. Don't listen to the negativity because it could be one of the best things of your life and it could change your life. That's what happened to me and now I feel so much more confident, I've learned so much and I'm so happy."
Dancing With the Stars airs Mondays at 8 p.m. on ABC.
Laura Hanrahan
Laura is a NYC-based freelance writer. When she's not binging the latest true crime docu-series, she's obsessing over all things Harry Styles, RHONY, and John Mulaney. You can follow her on Instagram @lauraehanrahan
Joanna Gaines's Shares Sweet Video of Son
Why Howie Mandel Ran Off During 'AGT: All Stars'
Dakota Johnson Wore a Super Low-Cut Nude Dress
'Today' Fans Are Attacking Savannah Guthrie's IG
'Yellowstone' Fans React to Kelsey Asbille's Dress
Fans Beg For Matthew Gray Gubler's Return to TV
See Joanna Gaines's "Amazing" Selfie With Daughter
J.Lo Wore a Totally Sheer Naked Dress
Nicole Kidman's Cutout Dress Left Fans in a Daze
125 Fun, Random Facts to Share
Why 'Today' Fans Are Reaching Out to Al Roker

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This article adapted from a presentation given by consulting firm Mercer looks at the needs and wants of knowledge workers from a managerial point of view. While its conclusion is far from original (bosses need to look after knowledge workers if they want to stay competitive) the message needs underlining.
Great graph- I've been from a research scientist to a housekeeper!! No wonder I've been wanting to kill myself for about 7 years!


A pioneering older people's fall prevention dance programme combining evidence based activities with the creativity and energy of dance. Dance To Health has helped hundreds of older people remain active and independent across the country and is available to Norwich residents via three local groups.
Active Norfolk has partnered with DanceEast, NHS Norwich Clinical Commissioning Group and Norfolk County Council to assist Aesop in delivering Dance to Health session across Norwich. This provides elderly people, who may be at risk of sustaining injury through falling, with a chance to become more active at regular organised sessions.
After numerous successes in other areas of the country, Dance to Health received significant expansion funding ensuring the programme runs into 2019. Longer term each group is managed by participants and volunteers who fundraise and organise social activities alongside the sessions themselves.
In Norfolk there are a number of sessions taking place which are open to older people who may benefit from the social interaction, falls prevention techniques and physical activity provided. Each session will be coordinated by a professional dance artist to ensure each participant will get the most out each session. The sessions are supported through subscriptions, local grants and fundraising.
Sharon Sanderson on 07444 021 153 or email: sharonsanderson@ae-sop.org for more information.
''Falls and their associated after effects are a significant issue for Norfolk's older population and their support service providers. Participation in regular physical activity can help to prevent falls from happening, so we are really pleased to have Dance to Health in our county, which will provide an exciting adapted approach to fall prevention work. We are hoping that the programme will prove to be a popular tool in engaging older people into sustained physical activity."
''We are delighted to bring Dance to Health to Norfolk in 2018. We are pleased to have the opportunity to work with DanceEast, reaching a larger number of people through our collaboration with Active Norfolk, NHS Norwich CCG and Norfolk County Council. We look forward to how the dance sessions will be shaped by older people in the community to give the sessions a genuine local identity."
''We are really pleased to be the regional delivery partner for Dance to Health and excited to be able to offer these new classes to older people in Norfolk. Dance to Health complements our existing provision for older people and supports our belief that dance has the power to change lives. We look forward to bringing great dance, good health and a good time to the participants."


text:
AutoDownload from SPORTident
Results for Quantock Orienteers QO SW Summer relay event 2019 on 23-Jun-2019
course#1
1.5km 0m
(S1)
1st K1 Doug Stimson
NWO M35 10:38 0:00
0:00 1:32 (6th)
1:32 (6th) 2:51 (1st)
1:19 (1st) 3:27 (1st)
0:36 (2nd) 4:39 (1st)
0:38 (18th=) 7:35 (1st)
0:37 (1st=) 8:30 (1st)
0:07 (7th=) 9:22 (1st)
0:10 (12th) 9:34 (1st)
0:09 (2nd=) 9:57 (1st)
0:14 (4th=) 10:08 (1st)
0:11 (3rd=) 10:11 (1st)
0:03 (2nd=) 10:24 (1st)
0:14 (7th=)
2nd C3 Dan Gallagher
SARUM M40 10:47 0:00
0:00 1:20 (2nd)
1:20 (2nd) 3:08 (5th)
1:48 (10th) 3:46 (2nd)
0:38 (3rd) 5:04 (2nd)
0:13 (1st=) 7:48 (2nd)
0:20 (6th=) 9:23 (2nd)
0:38 (4th) 9:28 (2nd)
0:05 (1st) 9:34 (2nd)
0:09 (1st) 10:00 (2nd)
0:17 (24th) 10:12 (2nd)
0:12 (1st=) 10:21 (2nd)
0:03 (2nd=) 10:34 (2nd)
0:13 (3rd=)
3rd Q1 Roger Crickmore
WSX M55 11:14 0:00
0:00 1:15 (1st)
1:15 (1st) 3:18 (7th)
2:03 (11th) 3:52 (3rd)
1:22 (5th) 6:36 (3rd)
1:22 (2nd) 6:56 (3rd)
0:17 (1st) 9:27 (3rd)
0:09 (15th=) 9:45 (3rd)
0:09 (9th=) 9:58 (3rd)
0:13 (13th=) 10:08 (3rd)
0:04 (8th=) 11:00 (3rd)
4th K3 Nick Norse
0:00 1:23 (3rd)
1:42 (6th) 3:53 (4th)
1:06 (4th=) 8:46 (4th)
0:19 (3rd=) 9:44 (4th)
0:06 (2nd=) 9:56 (4th)
0:06 (1st=) 10:07 (4th)
0:11 (3rd=) 10:16 (4th)
0:09 (2nd=) 10:35 (4th)
0:19 (19th=) 10:49 (4th)
0:04 (8th=) 11:06 (4th)
0:12 (2nd)
5th M2 Brian Pearson
QO M55 12:16 0:00
0:42 (4th) 5:18 (5th=)
0:51 (20th) 8:50 (6th)
0:18 (20th=)
6th L1 Alison Simmons
BOK W60 12:17 0:00
0:52 (10th=) 5:23 (7th)
0:13 (1st=) 8:28 (5th)
0:44 (12th) 10:23 (5th)
7th L3 John Simmons
BOK M65 13:10 0:00
0:00 2:57 (19th)
2:57 (19th) 4:26 (12th)
1:29 (2nd) 5:09 (12th)
0:43 (5th=) 6:34 (11th)
0:36 (3rd) 11:31 (8th)
0:13 (22nd=) 11:42 (8th)
0:19 (19th=) 12:37 (8th=)
8th M1 Steve Robertson
0:52 (10th=) 5:18 (5th=)
1:05 (21st) 9:17 (7th)
1:13 (7th) 10:00 (7th)
0:12 (21st) 11:30 (7th)
0:14 (23rd=) 11:44 (7th)
9th A1 Andy Rimes
RIMES M55 14:25 0:00
0:49 (9th) 7:17 (13th)
0:18 (5th) 10:49 (11th)
1:32 (14th=) 11:38 (11th)
0:49 (13th) 12:01 (11th)
0:07 (7th=) 13:01 (10th)
0:09 (2nd=) 13:43 (11th)
0:13 (3rd) 13:55 (11th)
0:04 (8th=) 14:12 (9th=)
10th F1 Jim Mallinson
0:00 1:44 (9th=)
0:17 (19th)
11th N2 Alice Parfitt
0:00 2:13 (14th=)
2:13 (14th=) 4:58 (16th)
2:13 (16th) 10:46 (14th=)
1:07 (23rd) 15:43 (12th)
0:11 (3rd=) 16:17 (12th)
12th H2 Ollie Lewis
1:21 (22nd) 13:49 (15th)
0:10 (2nd) 16:32 (13th)
0:08 (1st) 16:50 (13th)
0:06 (21st=) 17:30 (12th)
13th C2 Denise Mullins
SARUM W65 18:07 0:00
1:14 (21st) 7:52 (14th)
0:16 (22nd=) 16:44 (14th)
14th G3 Izzy Lewis
QO W21 18:38 0:00
1:15 (22nd=) 10:07 (19th=)
0:19 (23rd=)
15th O3 Sarah Hasler
2:18 (21st) 14:38 (14th)
16th O1 Linda Mudd
17th H3 Annabelle Lewis
0:00 3:27 (23rd=)
3:27 (23rd=) 7:35 (24th)
4:08 (23rd) 8:50 (23rd)
1:15 (22nd=) 11:56 (22nd)
3:06 (23rd) 14:14 (21st)
0:06 (1st=) 19:03 (18th)
18th G1 Karen Lewis
19th D3 Miles Modica
MUDKICKERS M10 21:52 0:00
1:15 (22nd=) 12:02 (23rd)
3:02 (22nd) 15:11 (22nd)
0:14 (23rd=) 20:37 (20th)
20th I3 Annabel Carter
0:00 3:09 (22nd)
3:09 (22nd) 7:19 (23rd)
1:40 (27th) 11:43 (21st)
2:44 (20th) 15:19 (23rd)
0:28 (10th=) 18:23 (21st)
0:09 (2nd=) 23:11 (21st)
21st B2 Christine Vince
KERNO W65 25:36 0:00
3:27 (23rd=) 6:56 (22nd)
3:29 (21st) 8:29 (21st)
3:38 (28th) 16:27 (22nd)
0:38 (18th=) 19:06 (22nd)
22nd B1 Arthur Vince
KERNO M70 28:07 0:00
3:05 (20th=) 6:50 (21st)
3:45 (22nd) 8:35 (22nd)
1:24 (23rd) 20:55 (23rd)
0:12 (17th=) 25:50 (23rd)
23rd P3 Hamish Braine
0:06 (21st=) 29:20 (23rd)
24th I2 Chloe Carter
10:43 (28th) 17:02 (27th)
25th A3 Alice Rimes
RIMES W21 68:46 0:00
0:00 33:06 (29th)
w6 D1 Spencer Modica
MUDKICK M50 12:20 0:00
----- 9:10
0:45 (10th) 10:18
0:23 (10th=) 11:04
0:06 (2nd=) 11:16
0:06 (1st=) 11:27
0:11 (3rd=) 11:36
0:02 (1st) 12:09
0:11 (1st)
m18 J2 Robert Taylor
NGOC M50 12:45 0:00
0:03 (2nd=)
----- 12:45
w6 F3 Matt Carter
1:39 (7th)
0:41 (6th) 10:42
0:14 (23rd=) 12:08
0:13 (5th=) 13:23
w6 N1 John Parfitt
0:13 (21st=) 39:04
1st Q3 James Crickmore
1:11 (2nd) 2:48 (2nd)
1:37 (3rd=) 4:43 (3rd)
0:24 (2nd=) 8:05 (3rd)
0:44 (1st) 11:17 (3rd)
0:38 (3rd=) 12:04 (3rd)
0:13 (14th=) 12:46 (2nd)
0:11 (1st=)
2nd K1 Doug Stimson
0:25 (3rd=) 6:37 (1st=)
0:52 (6th) 11:16 (2nd)
3:21 (3rd) 11:52 (2nd)
0:36 (2nd) 12:03 (2nd)
0:09 (4th=) 13:13 (2nd)
1:34 (1st=) 4:44 (4th=)
0:20 (4th=) 7:43 (4th=)
0:31 (1st) 12:39 (4th)
0:49 (3rd) 6:28 (6th)
0:39 (2nd) 6:57 (4th=)
0:18 (1st) 7:43 (4th=)
6th H1 Andrew Page
0:11 (21st=) 15:49 (9th)
8th C1 Dave Mullins
9th F2 Phil Sorrell
2:13 (13th) 6:09 (13th=)
0:37 (17th=) 11:07 (12th=)
10th P2 Sheila Braine
11th I1 Eleanor Hasler
12th G2 Martin Lewis
2:58 (22nd) 7:44 (16th)
3:06 (23rd) 8:27 (18th)
0:10 (2nd=) 19:24 (16th=)
14th F3 Matt Carter
15th M3 Graham Pearson
0:00 2:13 (21st)
2:13 (21st) 4:34 (18th=)
0:42 (22nd) 12:47 (21st)
0:00 2:29 (23rd)
3:11 (26th) 8:23 (22nd)
17th J3 Brian Laycock
2:15 (22nd) 4:34 (18th=)
0:16 (22nd=) 20:57 (21st)
2:36 (19th) 8:45 (23rd)
0:15 (21st=) 22:11 (22nd)
0:15 (21st) 22:22 (22nd)
0:11 (21st=) 22:53 (21st)
0:53 (22nd) 16:14 (23rd)
0:12 (9th=) 25:05 (22nd)
0:18 (21st=)
20th A2 Sarah Rimes
0:18 (23rd=) 27:43 (23rd)
0:13 (22nd=)
21st O2 Hazel Mudd
22nd B2 Christine Vince
0:17 (21st) 32:52 (21st)
23rd B1 Arthur Vince
24th N1 John Parfitt
0:00 10:10 (31st)
10:10 (31st) 15:09 (31st)
dns m9-19 D2 Tate Modica
MUDKICK M14
----- 883:38
3:34 (27th) 890:48
1:33 (24th=) 894:03
0:22 (2nd) 894:34
m19 D1 Spencer Modica
3:18 (2nd) 11:43 (1st)
0:08 (1st) 12:02 (1st)
0:09 (1st=) 12:17 (1st)
m19 L1 Alison Simmons
1:31 (3rd) 6:37 (11th)
m7 m19 J2 Robert Taylor
m19 M1 Steve Robertson
m16-17 N3 Evie Darlow
2:10 (19th) 5:02 (21st)
2:52 (22nd) 8:21 (21st)
0:50 (31st)
0:19 (23rd) 22:51
m4-10 p1 Ailani Braine
0:18 (22nd) 29:11
m7 I3 Annabel Carter
12:21 (30th) 40:11
0:21 (23rd)
1:04 (2nd=) 4:01 (2nd)
0:35 (3rd) 4:39 (1st)
0:10 (3rd=) 12:08 (2nd)
0:13 (22nd=) 12:31 (2nd)
3rd D1 Spencer Modica
2:32 (3rd) 3:43 (3rd)
1:08 (4th) 10:36 (3rd)
1:04 (3rd) 13:11 (3rd)
0:10 (2nd=) 13:31 (3rd)
0:12 (1st=) 13:50 (3rd)
9th G2 Martin Lewis
1:19 (22nd) 10:44 (9th)
12th J1 Rose Taylor
NGOC W14 18:44 0:00
13th L2 Sandy Burgeon
15th C1 David Mullins
17th N2 Alice Parfit
18th Q2 Tracy Crickmore
WSX W50 23:58 0:00
19th F2 Phil Sorrell
0:11 (23rd=) 25:34 (21st)
21st D3 Miles Modica
22nd O2 Hazel Mudd
23rd B2 Christine Vince
0:16 (22nd=) 16:48
m19 K2 Keith McCarthy
1:03 (1st) 6:55 (16th=)
m5 J3 Brian Laycock
1:17 (21st) 16:26
m19 P1 Ailani Braine
4:27 (23rd) 6:35 (22nd)
w16 I3 Annabel Carter
0:53 (3rd=) 5:10 (1st)
1:38 (3rd) 11:26 (1st)
0:08 (5th) 14:29 (1st)
0:00 1:51 (21st=)
1:51 (21st=) 2:59 (14th)
3rd K2 Keith McCarthy
1:15 (5th=) 2:23 (2nd=)
1:33 (2nd) 13:05 (5th)
4th Q1 Roger Crickmore
0:53 (3rd=) 5:29 (2nd)
2:27 (12th) 14:46 (3rd)
1:48 (2nd) 15:18 (3rd)
5th D1 Spencer Modica
0:00 1:13 (3rd=)
8th L2 Sandy Burgeon
0:20 (5th=) 9:30 (11th=)
10th J2 Robert Taylor
1:24 (11th) 2:39 (7th=)
18th O2 Hazel Mudd
2:27 (24th) 8:49 (23rd=)
20th N2 AliceParfitt
2:24 (23rd) 8:49 (23rd=)
1:00 (23rd=) 12:25 (22nd)
0:27 (20th=) 13:33 (21st=)
0:11 (9th) 27:17 (22nd)
0:07 (5th=) 27:46 (20th=)
21st D2 Tate Modica
2:46 (27th=) 8:00 (22nd)
1:22 (23rd) 10:25 (22nd)
0:22 (9th=) 13:33 (21st=)
0:07 (7th=) 27:27 (21st)
22nd G1 Karen Lewis
0:08 (1st=) 28:43 (23rd)
23rd O3 Sarah Hasler
24th P3 Hamish Braine
25th B2 Christine Vince
w12 C3 Dan Gallagher
1:13 (3rd=) 2:23 (2nd=)
0:51 (1st=) 5:31 (3rd)
m10 L3 John Simmons
m9 F1 Jim Mallinson
m19 N3 Evie Darlow
m5 I2 Chloe Carter
Updated 24-Jun-2019 17:11:46


text:
Birth of Levée en Masse in 1793 France and Its European Development
Posted on April 15, 2018 by MAMcIntosh
Departure of the Conscripts in 1807, by Louis-Léopold Boilly, 1808 / Musée Carnavalet via Wikimedia Commons
By Dr. Ambrogio Caiani / 12.03.2010
Senior Lecturer in History
When faced, in 1793, with the prospect of defeat, the National Convention issued an appeal for a levée en masse, which, theoretically, placed the entire population at the disposal of France's war machine. Thus was born the modern idea of the nation in arms. This concept has proved to have an enduring legacy, and has been adapted to suit a wide variety of contexts and time periods. This article explores the birth, development and transmission of the levée en masse. It seeks to understand why the concept survived beyond the 1790s and how it remained a compelling instrument of mass mobilisation in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
The Creation of the Levée en Masse
The first four years of the French Revolution created turmoil in the nation's armies, and were characterised by revolt, mutiny, counter-revolution, and largescale emigration within the aristocratic officercorps.1 The catastrophic defeat of General Charles François Du Périer Dumouriez (1739–1823) at Neerwinden in March 1793 seemed to nullify the effects of previous army reform and brought back the spectre of foreign invasion.2 The levée en masse of 23 August 1793 was the French Convention's direct response to this looming crisis. It ambitiously declared that:
From this moment and until all enemies are driven from the territory of the Republic all French persons are placed in permanent requisition for the service of the armies. The young men will go to battle, married men will forge arms and transport provisions; women will make tents and clothing and serve in the hospitals; children will shred old linen; old men will have themselves carried to public places to arouse the courage of warriors and preach the hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic.3
The battle of Jena 1806. A contemporary German painting depicting the battle of Jena between the Grande Armée led by Napoleon (No. 1) and the Prussian-Saxon army on 14 October 1806 during which the Prussian army suffered a decisive defeat. At the same time Marshal Davoût (1770–1823) defeated the Prussian army at Auerstedt. The caption reads: "Schlacht bey Jena, den 14. 8br. 1806. in der Welt merkwürdig ist. Die französische Armée unter dem Commando S. M. des Kaisers und Königs Napoleon, der Grosse, grief die preußische Armée an. Nach einer hizigen Schlacht beeder Seiten, da das Schlachtfeld mit Toden bedeckt, war die preußische Armée in Unordnung, erhielten die Franzosen den Sieg. Dieser Sieg verschafte der triumphierenden Armée 28,000 Gefangene. 200 Kanonen. 30 Fahnen. nº1, S. M. der Kaiser und König Napoleon. 2, S. M. Fridrich Wilhelm König von Preußen. 3, die preus. Retiraden. 4, die Gefangene. 5, die franz. Armée. 6, die preuß. Armée. 7, Jena. 8, der Herzog v. Braunschweig bles. g, Gen. Rüchel bles. 10, die Armée des M. Limes au flanc. 11, der franz. General Debily [?] tod. / Schulze, Friedrich (ed.): Die Franzosenzeit in deutschen Landen 1806–1815: In Wort und Bild der Mitlebenden, Leipzig 1908, vol. 1: 1806–1812, after p. 48
At its most apparent and superficial level, this compelling and extraordinary legislation sought to assemble recruits for an army of 750,000 men, and to create a logistic framework of sufficient magnitude to support such an unprecedented military establishment.4 Although these tangible goals were of fundamental importance, this mass mobilisation was to be much more than a mere drive to extract manpower and strategic resources from the French population.
Claude Louis, Comte de Saint-Germain, French general and minister of war, served under the elector Palatine, the elector of Bavaria, the Prussian and the Danish king, and fought for Hungary against the Turks; from 1775–1777 minister of war under Louis XVI. After his efforts to introduce Prussian discipline into the French army met with strong opposition, he resigned from office. / Wikimedia Commons
Compulsory military service, or at least the sovereign's right to compel his subjects to enlist in the armed forces, was nothing new in either French or European history. Indeed, the ancien régime monarchy's imperfect recruitment and militia system had enabled France to field some of the largest armies of the early modern period.5 Despite the apparent achievements of Louis XIV's (1638–1715) armies during the grand siècle, by the late eighteenth century it was felt that fundamental reforms were necessary.6 Military analysts like Joseph Servan (1731–1807) and the counts of Guibert (Charles Benoît, 1715–1786), and Saint Germain (Claude Louis, 1707–1778), affirmed that institutional reorganisation, or the introduction of Prussian-style tactics and discipline, was insufficient to break the stagnation into which venality, poor leadership and ill-trained troops had plunged the royal army-of-the-line.7 A new military 'spirit' had to be instilled into the nation at large.
These writers, inspired by classical antiquity, believed that, through education and training, the subjects of the king could be transformed into citizen soldiers. Universal military service in an enlightened polity placed the entire population of the nation at the disposal of the state, thus providing a potentially inexhaustible source of manpower. It was further hoped that these troops, who were patriotic, intelligent and highly-motivated, would be able to decisively influence the outcome of any battle. This proposal was certainly inspired by the Enlightenment's broader strategy of defining a new civic identity, which would expand participation in public administration and thus create a more benign system of governance.8
The levée en masse was the culmination of this long-standing call for the creation of a new military culture. The Constituent Assembly had already introduced the principle of merit in the promotion system of officers. There had also been experiments in creating volunteer legions and a more humane code of military discipline. Despite the publicity accorded to these innovations, their efficacy on the battlefield failed to materialise.9 The fall of the Constitutional Monarchy and the radicalisation of Republican politics gradually allowed the Jacobins to urge more far-reaching reforms.10 They felt that previous attempts had not gone far enough in bringing the spirit and energy of the 1789 Revolution to the army. They viewed with suspicion bordering on obsession the remaining noble officers and white-uniformed veterans of the old royal army. They were certain that battlefield failures were due to a refusal, on the part of traditional elements within the military, to push forward reforms. Only by imbuing the army with revolutionary zeal could this situation be reversed.
The Jacobins claimed the levée en masse was not an instrument of state coercion, but an extraordinary recruitment measure intended to harness the French people's pre-existing enthusiasm, patriotic fervour and ideological commitment to the Revolution.11 The levée was a complex formula in which political ideology was transformed into a secret weapon which would ultimately result in the Revolution's triumph over ancien régime despotism.
The dissymmetry between the physical realty and the ideological claims of the levée has been the subject of significant debate and controversy. Although many historians dispute the actual numbers of the army created in 1793, few would dispute that this force, of roughly 600,000 men, was the backbone of France's subsequent successes and eventual military breakthrough in 1796.12 It is worth recalling, however, that the levée did not make provision for a system of annual conscription. This innovation was introduced by the Jourdan law of 12 January 1798, which replenished, on a yearly basis, the ranks of the French army. The Napoleonic Grande Armée was to be a composite force, made-up of veterans of the 1793 levée and fresh recruits.13
[LEFT]: Carl von Clausewitz, Prussian general and military theorist (Vom Kriege, 3 vol., 1832–1834), was one of the military reformers associated with Scharnhorst and Gneisenau from 1808; from 1812–1815 in Russian service; took an active part in the negotiations of the Convention of Tauroggen (1812). / Das Vermächtnis des Soldaten und Denkers, ed. by Walther Malmsten Schering, Stuttgart 1942
[RIGHT]: Antoine-Henri Jomini, general and military theorist (Précis de l'art de la guerre, 2 vols., 1838), of Swiss origin, General of the French army, from 1813 in Russian service, founder of the Military Academy in Saint Petersburg. / Wikimedia Commons
Also of interest is the earnest manner in which both supporters and enemies of the Revolution perceived the threat posed by this new ideologico-military apparatus. Theorists of modern warfare of future renown, such as Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831) and Baron Antoine Henri de Jomini (1779–1869) accepted, without much reservation, the effectiveness of France's innovations.14 They defined these new phenomena as wars of opinion, or national wars, in a quest to create rigid typologies, which would finally uncover the essential nature of 'War' and thus unlock the secrets of ultimate victory. It was the highly persuasive nature of the levéewhich allowed for its slow diffusion and adoption, not only in Europe, but in the wider world. What is certainly less clear is whether the actual experience of campaigning, or fighting in battle, was transformed by such claims.15
Studies on desertion and resistance to conscription show how fragile the credibility of the levéecould be when confronted with the hostility of peasant archaism and other regional particularisms.16 It is also uncertain whether the citizen soldier represented a qualitative leap in the actual experience of soldiering. Depressingly, the enduring efficacy and professionalism of mercenaries would seem to work against this assumption. Indeed, the troops of ancien régimeprinces resisted the onslaught of France's revolutionary forces for the better part of a decade.
The Dissemination of the Levée en Masse throughout Europe
[LEFT]: Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein, politician, 1773–1777 studied law at Göttingen, 1780 entered Prussian civil service, 1786 journey to England, 1804–1808 with a brief interruption Prussian minister. In his Nassau Memorandum ("Nassauer Denkschrift") of 1807 he advocated local self-government. 1807–1808 "Prussian reforms" (abolishment of serfdom, 1807; municipal reform, 1808; edict of 24 November / 16 December 1808); he also furthered the progress of military reforms, 1808–1812 after Napoleon declared him an enemy of France, Stein lived as an refugee in Brno, Opava and Prague. 1812–1813 while in Russian service he initiated the Prussian-Russian alliance. / Koch, Georg: Der Freiherr vom Stein: Von Staat, Volk und Bildung, Kassel 1931
[CENTER]: Gerhard Johann David (from 1802) von Scharnhorst, Prussian general and military reformer, first in Hanoverian, from 1801 in Prussian service; 1807 appointed head of the Military Reorganisation Committee by King Friedrich Wilhelm III (1770–1840); he was mainly responsible for the Prussian military reforms (abolishment of corporal punishment, 1808; introduction of universal military service, 1814). / Friedrich (ed.): Die Franzosenzeit in deutschen Landen 1806–1815: In Wort und Bild der Mitlebenden, Leipzig 1908, vol. 1: 1806–1812
[RIGHT]: Count (from 1814) August Wilhelm Anton von Neidhardt (1760–1831), Prussian Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal) and military reformer. After serving in an Austrian regiment, he entered the service of the Margrave of Bayreuth-Ansbach. 1782/1783 took part in the American Revolutionary War on the British side. From 1785 in Prussian service, he was one of the leading military reformers together with Scharnhorst (abolishment of corporal punishment, 1808; introduction of universal military service, 1814); took part in the battles of Leipzig (1813) and Waterloo (1815). / Cochenhausen, Friedrich von: Gneisenau: Seine Bedeutung in der Geschichte und für die Gegenwart, Berlin 1929
The subsequent military reorganisation of the principal ancien régime armies by aristocratic officials, like Reichsfreiherr Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein (1757–1831), Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst (1755–1813), Count August Wilhelm Anton Neidhardt von Gneisenau (1760–1831), Archduke Charles of Austria (1771–1847) and Prince Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly (1761–1818), was a direct response to a perceived French martial superiority.17 It is equally important to stress that these reforms were not a straightforward adoption of the revolutionary model or ethos, and that each state refashioned the idea of the nation in arms to suit its specific cultural context and political agenda. For example, Peter Paret's important study concerning the role of General Count Hans David Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg (1759–1830) in the resurgence of Prussia, a figure previously viewed as an obscurantist reactionary, has shown that his improvements in light infantry tactics made a significant contribution to battlefield performance.18 Similarly, the increased use of irregular troops in the Spanish Guerrillas and the German Erhebung of 1813 represented specific regional variations on the original 1793 concept of the levée.19 Their contribution to Napoleon's ultimate defeat, like the levée, remains a much debated issue.20
An equally significant evolution lies in the manner in which autocratic monarchs, like Friedrich Wilhelm III (1770–1840) or Alexander I (1777–1825), appealed to their subjects directly in order to associate their dynastic interests with the patriotic indignation elicited by French aggression.21 The manifesto issued by Alexander I in 1812 is a clear instance of this discursive shift:
The enemy has crossed our frontiers and is continuing to carry his arms into Russia, seeking to shake the foundations of this great power by his might and seductions … We now appeal to all our loyal subjects, to all estates and conditions both spiritual and temporal, to rise up with us in a united and universal stand against the enemy's schemes and endeavours … Brave descendants of courageous Slavs! You always smashed the teeth of the lions and tigers who sought to attack you. Let everyone unite: with the Cross in your hearts and weapons in your hands no human force will defeat you.22
These words highlight the sheer conceptual malleability of the levée. Like the declaration of 1793, this manifesto clearly tries to harness the power of an entire people voluntarily rising up against an invader who threatens to visit upon them not only material destruction, but virtual cultural annihilation. However, unlike its Jacobin and secular counterpart, the defence of the fatherland is inextricably linked to the protection of Orthodox Christianity. The power of the image of the nation in arms lies in its flexibility and adaptability. It is a compelling instrument which can be utilised in extremely different contexts and in the defence of apparently conflicting ideals. Nationalism, ethnicity, religion, dynasty, state and radical ideologies, like socialism, are all elements which have found accommodation under this wide umbrella.
Indeed, the memory of the levée en masse of 1793 and the application of nationwide military mobilisation was to survive well beyond the Napoleonic wars. The sovereigns of Restoration Europe maintained semi-conscript standing armies and allowed for the gradual bourgeoisification of their officer corps. In some ways the revolutionary wars achieved what the ancien régime dynasties had been unable to accomplish in the eighteenth century,23 that is to say, the creation of a stable recruitment system to feed their standing armies on an annual basis, regardless of the regional particularisms and exemptions which continued to characterize their dominions.
During the nineteenth century the rise of romantic nationalism made the army a prime site where a sense of national/political identity could be inculcated on an apparently receptive citizenry.24 This was especially the case in states which were the product of wars of unification. The Italian royal army was perceived by post-unification governments as one of the principal factories where Massimo d'Azeglio's (c. 1798–1866) Italians would be manufactured. It was believed that army service, even more than a national education curriculum, was an efficacious means of creating a common cultural identity. In 1888 the newspaper La Riforma proudly proclaimed that "today every Italian is a citizen, every citizen a soldier".25 For the Savoy dynasty in particular, keeping a large army, well beyond both the resources and needs of their newly unified polity, was a means of reasserting their overall leadership, but also of exerting their cultural patronage over the very concept of Italianità.26 A very similar case could be made for Wilhelmine Germany.27 Indeed, much of the political tension that existed in the newly unified Second Reich revolved around the issue of the democratic establishment's right to influence the nature and size of the army.28 It was also felt by many elite officers that mass mobilisation remained a useful counter-balance against the growing threat of radical socialism and other extremist revolutionary ideologies. To these officials, military service could re-educate the recruit and discourage him from following such unpatriotic, subversive and dangerously internationalist doctrines.29
This vision of the army, as the privileged breeding-ground of a sense of national identity, was not the exclusive preserve of the semi-constitutional monarchies of central Europe. France was equally interested in inculcating a sense of national republicanism into its citizenry.30 Here the armed forces were a particularly fertile ground for such experiments. This was especially the case after the universal conscription law of 1905 did away with the last remaining exemptions from national service.31 France was the country which had unleashed the legend of the levée, and was in a privileged position, as it could use this historical legacy in a more direct manner. Ernest Lavisse's (1844–1922) school textbooks, and other pedagogical works, stressed the levée as the instrument through which Revolutionary France's glorious martial past had emerged.32 They also hinted, in a far from subtle fashion, that this proud history should provide inspiration for the future. Could it not be the means of erasing the memory of the defeats of 1870 and for the recovery of the lost provinces of Alsace-Lorraine?
The Decline of the Levée?
John Horne's work on the First World War has argued that the memory of 1793 continued to exert a powerful, if ambiguous, influence on the manner in which the Third Republic tried to justify its own attempt to mobilise the entire nation in the defence of the Patrie.33 One of the most difficult issues to resolve in 1916, which had not been featured in the debates of the 1790s, was whether the male non-combatant was a legitimate participant in the nation's armed struggle or merely an embusqué shirking his duties by avoiding the dangers of the front line.34 The experience of total and industrial warfare during the twentieth century, with its high casualty rates, long duration, and, in some cases, the appeal to a pseudoscientific racial nationalism, led to disillusionment with the image of the nation in arms. Some would argue that the gradual abandonment, on the part of continental Europe, of compulsory military service is evidence of the weakening appeal of the levée.35 Such an argument, while forceful, is certainly one-sided, as it ignores the continuing appeal to popular consensus and liberal values which Western democratic states use to justify their military interventions outside their borders.
Furthermore, while it may be the case that mass mobilisation is no longer in vogue in Western Europe, this is certainly not the case in the wider world. Revolutionary movements in South America and post-colonial African administrations have employed variations on the original theme of the levée of 1793.36 Ernesto "Che" Guevara (1928–1967) gave what was perhaps one of the most cogent redefinitions:
It is important to emphasise that guerrilla warfare is a war of the masses, a war of the people. The Guerrilla band, as an armed nucleus, is the combative vanguard of the people. Its great force is drawn from the mass of the people themselves. The guerrilla band should not be considered inferior to the army against which it fights, simply because it has inferior firepower. … The Guerrilla fighter counts on the full support of the local people.37
Conscription map of the world 2009 / Wikimedia Commons
There is much in this language which would have been familiar to the citizen-soldiers of 1793. Still present is the idea of mass popular support, and that the people fight spontaneously rather than through coercion. The Marxist jargon and the modern vision of economic oppression might have puzzled the Jacobins, but at its core remains the message that he who fights for a just cause, with the support of the masses, will be triumphant even against insurmountable odds.
This brief survey of the transcultural impact of the levée en masse cannot account for all the variations in content, style, image and perception which have characterised its two centuries of existence. Anyone wishing to be exhaustive and comprehensive faces a dizzying and unnerving task in trying to come to grips with such a vast and complicated subject. It is surely this mercurial and unstable nature which has been at the heart of its adaptability and longevity. Above all else, it is the ability of the levée to persuade its public that it provides an effective equation through which popular sentiment is transformed into the decisive factor in the outcome of warfare that remains of fundamental importance.
Clausewitz, Carl von: On War, ed. by Anatol Rapoport, London 1968.
Guevara, Ernesto "Che": Guerrilla Warfare, Havana 2006.
Guibert, Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte, Comte de: Essai général de tactique: précédé d'un discours sur l'état actuel de la politique et de la science militaire en Europe: avec le plan d'un ouvrage intitulé: La France politique et militaire, Liège 1775, vol. 1–2.
Jomini, Antoine-Henri, Baron de: The Art of War, ed. by John-Allen Price et al., Radford, VA 2008.
Robinson, James Harvey (ed.): Readings in European History: A collection of extracts from the sources chosen with the purpose of illustrating the progress of culture in Western Europe since the German Invasions, London 1906, vol. 2.
Servan de Gerbey, Joseph Marie: Le soldat citoyen: Ou Vues patriotiques sur la manière la plus avantageuse de pourvoir à la défense du royaume, Neufchâtel 1780.
Anderson, Mathew S.: War and Society in Europe of the Old Regime 1618–1789, London 1988.
Bertaud, Jean-Paul: La Vie Quotidienne des Soldats de la Révolution 1789–1799, Paris 1985.
Bertaud, Jean-Paul: The Army of the French Revolution: From Citizen-Soldiers to Instrument of Power, Princeton, NJ 1979.
Bertier de Sauvigny, Guillaume: The Bourbon Restoration, Philadelphia, PA 1966.
Black, Jeremy: A Military Revolution? Military Change and European Society 1550–1800, London 1991.
Blanning, Timothy C. W.: The French Revolutionary Wars 1787–1802, London 1996.
Bodinier, Gilbert: Les Gardes du Corps de Louis XVI, Paris 2005.
Brown, Howard G.: War, Revolution and the Bureaucratic State: Politics and Army Administration in France 1791–1799, Oxford 1995.
Cannadine, David: The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy, London 1990.
Chickering, Roger: Imperial Germany and the Great War 1914–1918, 2nd edition, Cambridge 2004.
Clark, Christopher: Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia 1600–1947, London 2006.
Collins, James: The State in Early Modern France, 2nd edition, Cambridge 2009.
Craig, Gordon A.: The Politics of the Prussian Army 1640–1945, Oxford 1955.
Duggan, Christopher: Francesco Crispi: from Nation to Nationalism, Oxford 2002.
Esdaile, Charles J.: Fighting Napoleon: Guerrillas, Bandits and Adventurers in Spain 1808–1814, London 2004.
Forrest, Alan: Déserteurs et Insoumis sous la Révolution et l'Empire, Paris 1988.
Forrest, Alan: The Legacy of the French Revolutionary War: The Nation in Arms in French Republican Memory, Cambridge 2009.
Forrest, Alan: Napoleon's Men: The Soldiers of the Revolution and Empire, London 2002.
Forrest, Alan: The Soldiers of the French Revolution, London 1990.
Forrest, Alan: La patrie en danger: The French Revolution and the First Levée en Masse, in: Daniel Moran et al. (ed.): The People in Arms: Military Myth and National Mobilization since the French Revolution, Cambridge 2003, pp. 8–32.
Harari, Yuval Noah: Martial Illusions: War and Disillusionment in Twentieth-Century and Renaissance Military Memoirs, in: The Journal of Military History 69, 1 (2005), pp. 43–72.
Heuser, Beatrice, The Evolution of Strategy, Thinking War from Antiquity to the Present, Cambridge 2010.
Hof, Ulrich Im: The Enlightenment, Oxford 1994.
Holroyd, Richard: "The Bourbon Army: 1815–1830", in: The Historical Journal 14, 3 (1971), pp. 529–552.
Horne, John: "L'impôt du sang": Republican Rhetoric and Industrial Warfare in France: 1914–1918, in: Social History 14, 2 (1989), pp. 201–223.
Horne, John: Defining the Enemy: War, Law and the Levée en masse from 1870 to 1945, in: Daniel Moran et al. (ed.): The People in Arms, Military Myth and National Mobilization since the French Revolution, Cambridge 2003, pp. 100–123.
Howard, Michael: War in European History, Oxford 1976.
Levi, Margaret: Consent, Dissent and Patriotism, Cambridge 1997.
Lieven, Dominic: Russia Against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe 1807 to 1814, London 2009.
Lynn, John A.: Giant of the Grand Siècle: The French Army 1610–1715, Cambridge 2006.
Lynn, John A.: Bayonets of the Republic: Motivation and Tactics in the Army of Revolutionary France, 1791–1794, Oxford 1996.
Moran, Daniel et al. (ed.): The People in Arms, Military Myth and National Mobilization since the French Revolution, Cambridge 2003.
Moran, Daniel: Arms and the Concert: The Nation in Arms and the Dilemmas of German Liberalism, in: Daniel Moran et al. (ed.): The People in Arms, Military Myth and National Mobilization since the French Revolution, Cambridge 2003, pp. 49–74.
Muir, Rory: Tactics and the experience of battle in the age of Napoleon, London 1998.
Nora, Pierre: Lavisse, the Nation's Teacher, in: Pierre Nora (ed.): The Realms of Memory: the Construction of the French Past, New York, NY 1996, vol. 1–3.
Ozouf, Jacques and Mona: Le Tour de la France par deux enfants, in: Pierre Nora (ed.): The Realms of Memory: the Construction of the French Past, New York, NY 1996, vol. 1–3.
Paret, Peter: Understanding War: Essays on Clausewitz and the History of Military Power, Princeton, NJ 1992.
Paret, Peter: Yorck and the era of the Prussian reform 1807–1815, Princeton, NJ 1966.
Paret, Peter: Nationalism and the Sense of Military Obligation, in: Military Affairs 34,1 (1970), pp. 2-6.
Peruta, Franco della: Esercito e Società nell' Italia Napoleonica: Dalla Cisalpina al Regno d'Italia, Milan 1996, vol. 3.
Pflanze, Otto: Bismarck and German Nationalism, in: The American Historical Review 60,3 (1955), pp. 548-66?.
Rink, Martin: Vom "Partheygänger" zum Partisanen: Die Konzeption des kleinen Krieges in Preussen 1740–1813, Frankfurt am Main 1999.
Röhl, John C. G.: Wilhelm II: The Kaiser's Personal Monarchy 1888–1900, Cambridge 2004.
Rothenberg, Gunther E.: Napoleon's Great Adversary: Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army 1792–1814, London 1982.
Scott, Samuel F.: The Response of the Royal Army to the French Revolution: The Role and Development of the Line Army 1787–1793, Oxford 1978.
Smith, Denis Mack: Italy and its Monarchy, London 1989.
Smith, Leonard V. / Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane / Becker, Annette: France and the Great War, Cambridge 2003.
Sked, Alan: The Survival of the Habsburg Empire: Radetzky, the Imperial Army and the Class War 1848, London 1979.
Weber, Eugen: Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France 1870–1914, Stanford, CA 1976.
Wilson, Peter H.: From Reich to Revolution: German History 1558–1806, London 2004.
Bodinier, Les Gardes 2005, pp. 43–60; Scott, Line Army 1978, pp. 81–123.
Blanning, Revolutionary Wars 1996, pp. 98–99.
Bertaud, Citizen-Soldiers 1979, pp. 104–105.
Ibid, pp. 113–143; Forrest, Levée en Masse 2003, pp. 8–32.
Paret, Understanding War 1992, pp. 53–57; Anderson, War and Society 1988, pp. 111–128; Black, Military Revolution 1991; Wilson, Reich 2004, pp. 225–234; cf. Howard, War 1976, pp. 20–74; Lynn, French Army 2006, chapters 10, 11.
Collins, Early Modern France 2009, pp. 59–70.
Scott, Line Army, pp. 26–45; Guibert, Essai général de tactique 1780, pp. 37–97.
Hof, The Enlightenment 1994, pp. 213–220.
Blanning, Revolutionary Wars 1996, p. 101; Lynn, Bayonets 1996, pp. 163–182; Forrest, French Revolution 1990, pp. 89–124, 192–197; Muir, Tactics 1998, pp. 199–200.
Forrest, Levée en Masse 2003, pp. 12–14; Bertaud, Citizen-Soldiers 1985, pp. 97–132; Brown, Army Administration 1995, pp. 65–97.
Moran, The People in Arms 2003, pp. 1–7.
Forrest, Napoleon's Men 2002, pp. 8–9.
Ibid, pp. 6–11; Bertaud, Soldats de la Révolution 1985, pp. 53–54.
Clausewitz, On War 1968, pp. 295–296, 384–386; Jomini, Art of War 2008, pp. 16–24.
Blanning, Revolutionary Wars 1996, pp. 86–88, 166–128; cf. Lynn, Bayonets 1996, p. 278.
Forrest, Déserteurs 1988; Peruta, Italia Napoleonica 1996, chapters 2, 4.
Craig, Prussian Army 1955, pp. 37–67; Rothenberg, Great Adversary 1982, pp. 134–158; Lieven, Russia Against Napoleon 2009, pp. 102–137.
Paret, Prussian Reform 1966, pp. 140–153, 217–245.
Esdaile, Guerrillas 2004, pp. 27–60; Moran, The People in Arms 2003, pp. 53–67; Rink, "Partheygänger" 1999.
Heuser, Evolution of Strategy, Part III.
"Great sacrifices will be demanded from every class of the people, for our undertaking is a great one, and the number and resources of our enemies far from insignificant. But would you not rather make these sacrifices for the fatherland and for your own rightful king than for a foreign ruler, who, as he has shown by many examples, will use you and your sons and your uttermost farthing for ends which are nothing to you? Faith in God, perseverance, and the powerful aid of our allies will bring us victory as the reward of our honest efforts". Friedrich Wilhelm III, An Mein Volk, in Robinson, European History 1906, vol. 2, pp. 522–523.
Lieven, Russia against Napoleon 2009, p. 217.
Sauvigny, The Bourbon Restoration 1966, pp. 282–288; Holroyd, The Bourbon Army 1971, pp. 529–552; Cannadine, British Aristocracy 1990, pp. 264–280; Craig, Prussian Army, pp. 65–92; Sked, Habsburg Empire 1979, Part I.
Paret, Nationalism, 1970, pp. 2–6; Bismarck once stated "that the army was alone the bearer of the national ideal", see Pflanze, Bismarck 1955, pp. 548–566.
Duggan, Francesco Crispi 2002, p. 540.
Smith, Italy and its Monarchy 1989, pp. 75–80.
Röhl, Wilhelm II 2004, pp. 291–294.
Clark, Iron Kingdom 2006, pp. 559, 596–611; Chickering, Imperial Germany 2004, pp. 32–40; Craig, Prussian Army 1955, pp. 278–254.
Paret, Nationalism 1970, pp. 2–6.
Weber, Modernization of Rural France 1976, pp. 292–302.
Forrest, Revolutionary War 2009, p. 153.
Ozouf, Le Tour de la France 1996; Nora, Lavisse 1996, vol. 3, pp. 128–148, 151–184.
Horne, Defining the Enemy 2003, pp. 112-116.
Horne, L'impôt du sang, pp. 201–223; Smith, France and the Great War 2003, pp. 42–75.
Levi, Patriotism 1997, pp. 185–190, 208–219; Harari, Martial Illusions 2005, pp. 43–72.
For a non-European perspective see chapters by Waldron, Lockhart and Proch in Moran, The People in Arms 2003.
Guevara, Guerrilla 2006, p. 16.
Originally published by EGO: Journal of European History Online under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported license.
This entry was posted in Europe, France, History. Bookmark the permalink.
← Lady Philosophy: Boethius and Loving Wisdom in Early Medieval Rome
Understanding the Hidden Dimensions of Modern Physics through the Arts →


The Amazon Alternative (TAA) is part of IDH's Tropical Timber Program. TAA started their activities in 2009 and the program continues until the end of 2013.
Increase of export of FSC certified timber from the 3 Amazon countries to the Netherlands and Europe with 20.000 m3 timber/year.
Increase of the area of Amazon forest in Brazil, Peru and Bolivia under FSC certified Forest Management with 2.5 million hectares.
Strengthening of the FSC National Ofices in Brazil, Peru and Bolivia.
Check the TAA website to learn more about the program and their results so far.


Have you signed a waiver in the past?
Your reservation has been successfully submitted!
Your Paddle Sports Center reservation is complete. Get ready for some ocean fun!
1.) We have lockers and changing rooms available. Lockers are $2/day. Dress in swim suits and bring towels, you will get a little wet and may be sitting on a wet seat.
4.) We do not have dry storage on the kayaks nor do we rent dry bags. However, we do sell them (avg price is $20). You will want something for your phone to take pictures!
Payment for the first hour is due in FULL in advance to make a reservation. You can cancel your reservation up until the day of your reservation and receive a 100% refund or credit. Cancellations the day of your reservation will not receive a refund. Once a lesson or rental has been completed no refund shall be allowed.
Change your reservation meet time up until the last minute. If you're running late, or coming early, not a problem. Just let us know!
You can call to add more equipment at anytime as long as we still have equipment available.
No refunds or credits for "no-call-no-shows". If you arrive more than 30 minutes late for your reservation and do not call first, we will assume you are not showing and we consider it a cancellation.


dish rack in cabinet cabinet dish drying rack cabinet dish rack dish drying cabinet dish drying rack in cabinet cabinet cabinet dish drying rack buy plate rack cabinet insert dish rack cabinet size.
wallpapers for living room living room wallpaper 3d wallpapers for living room in nigeria best 3d wallpapers for living room.
acrylic floating frame acrylic wall frame floating acrylic wall frame charming picture frames display door photo double panel acrylic floating picture frames floating acrylic frame large floating acry.
rechargeable label maker rechargeable handheld label maker dymo labelmanager 280 rechargeable handheld label maker dymo rechargeable handheld label maker.
home bench press set medium size of lifting bench cheap flat bench press best bench press bench.
tabletop propane stove propane gas stove top outdoor gas range camping gas stove 2 burner portable cooking top outdoor propane gas stove single burner tabletop propane stove table top two burner propa.
folkart acrylic paint colors folk art acrylic paint color conversion chart milk folk art acrylic paint colors folkart outdoor acrylic colors paint set.
refurbished deep freezer deep freezer 6 drawer no frost stainless steel.
popcorn maker cuisinart hot air popcorn maker available at cuisinart microwave popcorn maker manual cuisinart easypop popcorn maker cpm 700c.
set back thermostats take effect whenever there is five percent or less of the total occupancy in the space this is determined from the people schedule on a how to set dual thermostats for 2 story hom.


Magnolia Wreaths For Front Door Comfy Ships Free Wreath Within Ideas 14 With Regard To 11 | Pedileacarol.com make magnolia wreaths for front door. magnolia leaf wreaths for front door. magnolia wreaths for the front door.


The research on the financial institutions in agricultural development in Nigeria" A case study of Union Bank Plc was necessitated by the fact that the agriculture development has been on issue of great concern in Nigeria. The financial institutions particularly Union Bank Plc has played to the development of this sector are critically examined in the study. The study is also aware of the pass role of agriculture in the development process when cocoa and rubber products were our major source of revenue. The purpose of the study includes ways in which the Nigeria agriculture and financial institutions particularly Union Bank Plc have been trying to revamp the agricultural sectors, highlighting some of the problems which prevent the full realization of objectives of Union Bank Plc and finding solution to some of its problems. The research also includes the procedure methods used in collecting data and other important information. The primary data method is the first method used to collect data. All the information gathered in this method were mainly through personal interview. The other method termed participant observation affords the one opportunity to watch the social settings and attitudes of the people under references. Finally, the work has tried to examine the problems militating against small scale farmers and the full realization of Union Bank Plc objectives is agricultural development. Some policy recommendations that will help improve agricultural sector were made, these include the best policy formulation aimed at revitalizing the agricultural loans, increased rural banking (new branches and mobile banking scheme) favourable agricultural produce marketing policies, adequate infrastructural development and agriculture research and extension services. Also for policies to succeed, state government and their agencies are required to pay their loan in time so as to make the bank program work. Debts to Union Bank should be promptly paid without their liquidity will be adversely affected and of course limits the recycling of loanable funds. All these when needed in policy making will enhance sound agricultural development through the role of financial institution.
Agricultural developments in Nigeria were established during the third National Development Plan (1975-1980) to enhance agriculture and food production. These are World Bank assisted projects consisting of an input delivery and credit supply system.
However the role of financial institution in agricultural development involves ways and means by which a farmer obtains the entire necessary fund required in order to carry out agricultural production. And it also deals with the supply of demand for funds in agricultural sector of the economy. Where a farmer has a sufficient capital of his own to carry out farm production he can then obtain credit from the best available sources.
Agricultural finance is playing significant role in the development of the agricultural sector because adequate fiancé is required by farmers to establish economic size farms or large scale farms, and to expand existing farms. Adequate finance also brings significant changes in the structure of agriculture. This is because finance enables the acquisition of machinery and farm equipment to substitute labour use and the purchase of other farm inputs.
The use of finance in farming leads to rapid increase in farm land value which necessitates the farmers to look outward for fund.
Agricultural finance from co-operative societies is very important in communities where credit institutions such as commercial banks are lacking; farmers who belong to a co0operative society can often get inputs against liens over produce for sale through the societies. Credit it normally limited to goods and services, but cash loans are sometimes made.
Therefore, agricultural fiancé is development are has been made mandatory in Nigeria through government directives on rural banking and the lending of a certain percentage of the banks loanable fund or deposit to agricultural sector of the economy.
As a result of the Nigeria enterprises 1972, the federal government of Nigeria acquired banks shares.
However, agriculture is very important in most developing countries.
The purpose of agricultural or land Banks is to help in the development of agriculture with the supply of credit. It requires to provide short and long term loans to farmers to carry our agricultural production.
The study is reviewing the effects role of financial institutions in agricultural development in Nigeria. This is only a case study since the result will be directly relevant to financial institution in agricultural development in Nigeria and the society at large.


The 4-2 offensive system features four attackers and two setters. Advantages to this offense are: It is a simple offense, the setter is always in the front row, it can utilize immobile setters and the offense can run with less accurate passing. Coach Knuth's basic alignment calls for two front line players watching the serve. On the serve, they rotate back to their positions, putting the setter back in the middle. Another alignment is the International 4-2 set, sometimes called the right side 4-2. The International is a quicker offense and sets are in front of the dominant hand. Knuth covers the five person serve receive, the "U" serve receive and the three-person serve receive. The 4-2 numbering system goes from 1 to 5, depending on how high and how far out the set up is. Front row attack drills are demonstrated as well as back row attack drills. Knuth includes the offense vs. zero drill, which is a key part of practicing this offense. 56 minutes. 2007. DVD.


text:
Welcome to the Ruth Bancroft Garden & Nursery
A world-renowned 3.5-acre garden, housing a collection of succulents, both unique and beloved, as well as drought-tolerant plants from around the world. The Garden's founder, Ruth Bancroft, lived to be 109 and was a pioneer in drought-tolerant gardening. Open to the public year-round, the Garden showcases fabulous blooms during every season and highlights plant structure and texture in robust plantings.
There's always something in bloom
Special Event?
Rent the Garden or Visitor Center
Nature Inspired Art for Children
Wednesday, February 5, 2020 @ 2:30 am - 4:00 pm
Basic Design Principles- Small Spaces
Saturday, February 1, 2020 @ 10:00 am - 11:00 am
DIY Valentine's Day Dish Garden
Wednesday, February 12, 2020 @ 2:30 am - 4:00 pm
Curator's Garden Tour- Flowering Aloes
Saturday, February 15, 2020 @ 10:00 am - 11:00 am
The Bold Dry Garden
by Johanna Silver
"Will quench your thirst for inspiration…elegant photographs ably capture the architectural drama of its bold forms and eccentric groupings."
Preview the plants blooming in the Garden right now. Discover which ones are for sale in the Nursery. Print this guide at home or pick one up at the Admissions Kiosk when you visit.
Latest Plant Highlight: Fenestraria rhopalophylla
With approximately 1,800 species, the Ice Plant Family (Aizoaceae) is a large and diverse assemblage of plants. One of the many mesembs found in South Africa is Fenestraria rhopalophylla, known by the delightful common name of "baby toes".
Join our mailing list to learn about what's in bloom, hear about tours and workshops, and find out what's on sale in the nursery.
By submitting this form, you are granting: The Ruth Bancroft Garden, 1552 Bancroft Rd., Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, permission to email you. You may unsubscribe via the link found at the bottom of every email. (See our Email Privacy Policy for details.) Emails are serviced by Constant Contact.
Example: Yes, I would like to receive emails from The Ruth Bancroft Garden & Nursery. (You can unsubscribe anytime)
By submitting this form, you are consenting to receive marketing emails from: The Ruth Bancroft Garden, 1552 Bancroft Rd., Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, http://www.ruthbancroftgarden.org. You can revoke your consent to receive emails at any time by using the SafeUnsubscribe® link, found at the bottom of every email. Emails are serviced by Constant Contact


text:
Q: How do I get escape characters to work for new lines in the MS Word API? I'm not sure why the escape characters won't create new lines?
MSWord ITSM = new MSWord("C:/users/o519731/Desktop/ITSM.docx");

XWPFParagraph copyITSM = ITSM.Document.createParagraph();
XWPFRun enterText = copyITSM.createRun();

enterText.setText("First line.\n");
enterText.setText("Second line.\n");
enterText.setText("Third line.");

ITSM.Document.write(ITSM.wordStream);
ITSM.wordStream.close();
System.out.println("Document Created.");

Results in:
First Line.Second line.Third line.
Expecting each on a separate line:
First line.
Second line.
Third line.

A: Use your systems defined newline escape character(s) for newlines.
Also escape double quotes if you wish them to appear in the file by adding a \ in front of them.
String newLine = System.getProperty("line.separator");
enterText.setText("\"First line.\"");
enterText.addBreak();
enterText.setText("\"Second line.\"");
enterText.addBreak();
enterText.setText("\"Third line.\"");
enterText.addBreak();

A: please escape the quote like
 enterText.setText("\"First line.\n\"");
    enterText.setText("\"Second line.\n\"");
    enterText.setText("\"Third line.\"");

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Think a minute…Winston Churchill was 65 years old when he first became England's Prime Minister. It was May of 1940 and England's military was not well armed or prepared for war.
So when Hitler's huge, powerful German army was planning to attack the British Isles, most military experts expected Germany to easily defeat England in no time.
But these experts could not imagine that in only 7 months, Winston Churchill would change the history of England and the entire Western World. During those 7 months, when the families of Great Britain gathered in their living rooms to listen to their leader over the radio, their feelings of fear and hopelessness were soon replaced by great confidence, hope, and victory.
Why? Churchill knew just how to get the English people to believe in themselves—in their own cause and abilities. And defeating Germany's powerful army became England's finest hour!
It's been said: "People who feel good about themselves do their best." Whether it's at work on the job, at home with their mate and children, or with friends. So if you want people to change, you've got to help them believe in themselves so they will want to change and do their best.
But when we criticize and shame our children, our wife or husband, or people we work with, we only hurt them and tear down their self-confidence. So why should we expect them to do better when we've made them believe they can't!


This 4-acre park is ideally situated with visibility from US 41, serves as one of the Legacy Trail trailheads and provides recognition to those who have served and given their lives for the freedom of our country.
This park is situated in a commercial area with a hotel, restaurant and offices within walking distance. Families and friends can relax in the shade and reflect on the memorials throughout the park, or picnic and prepare to take a leisurely ride on the Legacy Trail.
The property was obtained when the Venetia Bay Centre was established in the 1990's. As part of the agreement, the developer agreed to build the new park which includes the pond, restroom, covered picnic area and landscaping. In 2002, the Freedom Walk and Veteran's Memorial were constructed.


text:
La Resolución 194 de la Asamblea General de la Naciones Unidas fue aprobada el 11 de diciembre de 1948, cerca del final de la Guerra árabe-israelí de 1948. La resolución expresa su agradecimiento por los esfuerzos del enviado de la ONU Folke Bernadotte después de su asesinato por los miembros del Lehi. Se trata la situación en la región del Mandato Británico de Palestina, establecer y definir el papel de la Comisión de Conciliación de las Naciones Unidas como una organización para facilitar la paz en la región. La resolución consta de quince artículos. Los más citados son:
 Artículo 7: la protección y el libre acceso a los Santos Lugares
 Artículo 8: la desmilitarización y el control de la ONU sobre Jerusalén
 Artículo 9: el libre acceso a Jerusalén
 Artículo 11: pide el retorno de los refugiados

Recepción internacional y la interpretación

Muchos de los artículos de la resolución no se cumplieron en ninguna de las partes involucradas en la guerra árabe-israelí de 1948. Debido a su naturaleza cargada, hubo reacciones múltiples a la resolución. Dado que las resoluciones de la Asamblea no son vinculantes y solo sirven como declaraciones de asesoramiento, no hubo cumplimiento de la Resolución 194.

Artículo 11 - Refugiados

El artículo 11 dice:

El significado exacto y el momento de la ejecución de la resolución se disputa desde el principio. Desde finales de 1960, el artículo 11 ha sido cada vez más citado por los que lo interpretan como una base para el derecho de retorno de los refugiados palestinos.

Israel tiende por lo general oponerse a esta lectura, señalando que el texto se limita a afirmar que los refugiados "debe permitir" para regresar a sus hogares en el "lo antes posible" y esta recomendación se aplica solo a aquellos "que pretenden vivir en paz ... con sus vecinos ". La única excepción fue en la Conferencia de Lausana de 1949, donde un protocolo común fue aceptado por el gobierno israelí y los delegados árabes el 12 de mayo de 1949. Después de que Israel se había convertido en un miembro de las Naciones Unidas, ofreció repatriar a 100.000 refugiados. Esta oferta fue rechazada por los árabes,y posteriormente retirada por parte de Israel. David Ben-Gurion, el Primer Ministro de Israel, insistió en una entrevista con los miembros de la Comisión de Conciliación que, mientras Israel podría no contar con la dedicación de todos los refugiados árabes a permanecer "en paz con sus vecinos" - una consecuencia de ello, sostuvo, de los árabes », establece la falta de voluntad de permanecer en paz con el Estado de Israel - el reasentamiento no era una obligación para su país.

Los partidarios de esta línea de razonamiento a veces se plantea también la cuestión de un gran número de Judíos desplazados - por lo general citó entre 750.000 y 850.000 - que sostienen podría calificar como refugiados a los que podría ser aplicada la Resolución 194.

Se estima que alrededor de 4 millones de palestinos que viven en las comunidades de refugiados dispersos principalmente en Cisjordania, la Franja de Gaza, Jordania, Siria y el Líbano podría reivindicar un derecho de retorno de conformidad con este artículo, asumiendo la condición de refugiado es hereditario.

Texto completo

Resolución 194 (III) de la Asamblea General de la ONU - 11 de diciembre de 1948

La Asamblea General,

Habiendo considerado nuevamente la situación reinante en Palestina,

1. Expresa su profunda satisfacción por los progresos realizados gracias a los buenos oficios del extinto Mediador de las Naciones Unidas para conseguir un ajuste pacífico de la situación futura de Palestina, causa por la cual el Mediador sacrificó su vida; y

Agradece al Mediador Interino y al personal a sus órdenes, sus esfuerzos incesantes y la devoción a sus deberes que han demostrado en Palestina;

2. Establece una Comisión de conciliación compuesta de tres Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas encargada de las siguientes funciones:

a) Asumir, en la medida en que juzgue que las circunstancias lo hacen necesario, las funciones encomendadas al Mediador de las Naciones Unidas para Palestina por la resolución 186 (S-2) de la Asamblea General, del 14 de mayo de 1948;

b) Cumplir las funciones señaladas y las instrucciones precisas fijadas en la presente resolución y cumplir las funciones y las instrucciones suplementarias que puedan señalarle la Asamblea General o el Consejo de Seguridad;

c) Asumir, a petición del Consejo de Seguridad, cualquiera de las funciones actualmente asignadas al Mediador de las Naciones Unidas para Palestina, o a la Comisión de Tregua de las Naciones Unidas, por las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad, si el Consejo de Seguridad pide a la Comisión de Conciliación que asuma todas las restantes funciones confiadas al Mediador de las Naciones Unidas para Palestina por las resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad, cesarán las funciones del Mediador;

3. Decide que un Comité de la Asamblea, integrado por representantes de China, Francia, Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas, Reino Unido y Estados Unidos de América, someta a la aprobación de la Asamblea General, antes del fin de la primera parte del actual período de sesiones de la misma, una proposición respecto a los nombres de los tres Estados que constituirán la Comisión de Conciliación;

4. Invita a la Comisión a entrar inmediatamente en funciones con el fin de establecer cuanto antes relaciones entre las partes interesadas y entre estas partes y la Comisión;

5. Invita a los Gobiernos y autoridades interesados a extender el campo de las negociaciones previstas por la resolución del Consejo de Seguridad del 16 de noviembre de 1948 y a buscar un acuerdo por vía de negociaciones, ya sea directas, ya con la Comisión de Conciliación, para llegar a un arreglo definitivo de todas las cuestiones pendientes entre ellos;

6. Encarga a la Comisión de Conciliación de tomar medidas encaminadas a ayudar a los Gobiernos y autoridades interesados a arreglar en forma definitiva todas las cuestiones pendientes entre ellos;

7. Decide que los Lugares Sagrados -especialmente Nazaret- y los lugares y edificios religiosos de Palestina, deben ser protegidos y el libre acceso a ellos asegurado, conforme a los derechos en vigor y a la práctica histórica; que las disposiciones que se tomen con este fin deben ser sometidas a la vigilancia efectiva de las Naciones Unidas; que, cuando la Comisión de Conciliación de las Naciones Unidas presente a la Asamblea General, en su cuarto período ordinario de sesiones, propuestas detalladas respecto a un régimen internacional permanente para el territorio de Jerusalén, la Comisión deberá formular recomendaciones sobre los Lugares Sagrados que se encuentran en ese territorio; que en lo que concierne a los Lugares Sagrados situados en las otras regiones de Palestina, la Comisión deberá pedir a las autoridades políticas de las regiones interesadas que den oficialmente garantías satisfactorias con respecto a la protección de los Lugares Sagrados y el acceso a dichos Lugares; y que estos compromisos serán sometidos a la aprobación de la Asamblea General;

8. Decide que dados los lazos que la vinculan a tres religiones mundiales, la zona de Jerusalén, incluyendo la municipalidad actual de Jerusalén y las aldeas y centros que la rodean, el más oriental de los cuales será Abu Dis; el más meridional, Belén; el más occidental, Ein Karim (incluyendo el caserío de Motsa) y el más septentrional, Shu'fat, debe ser objeto de un trato especial y distinto al de las otras regiones de Palestina y debe ser colocada bajo el control efectivo de las Naciones Unidas;

Pide al Consejo de Seguridad se sirva tomar nuevas medidas tendentes a asegurar la desmilitarización de Jerusalén en el plazo más breve posible;

Encarga a la Comisión de Conciliación que presente a la Asamblea General, en su cuarto período ordinario de sesiones, propuestas detalladas respecto a un régimen internacional permanente para la región de Jerusalén que asegure a cada uno de los distintos grupos la máxima autonomía local compatible con la especial situación jurídica internacional de la región de Jerusalén;

La Comisión de Conciliación queda autorizada a nombrar un representante de las Naciones Unidas, que colaborará con las autoridades locales en lo concerniente a la administración provisional de la zona de Jerusalén;

9. Decide que, hasta que los Gobiernos y autoridades interesados se pongan de acuerdo sobre disposiciones más detalladas, debe concederse a todos los habitantes de Palestina la máxima libertad posible de acceso a Jerusalén por carretera, por ferrocarril y por vía aérea;

Encarga a la Comisión de Conciliación que informe inmediatamente al Consejo de Seguridad de cualquier tentativa de cualquiera de las partes de impedir dicho libre acceso, para que el Consejo tome las medidas apropiadas;

10. Encarga a la Comisión de Conciliación que trate de que los Gobiernos y autoridades interesados celebren acuerdos para facilitar el desarrollo económico del territorio, especialmente acuerdos relativos al acceso a los puertos y aeródromos y a la utilización de medios de trasportes y de comunicación;

11. Resuelve que debe permitirse a los refugiados que deseen regresar a sus hogares y vivir en paz con sus vecinos, que lo hagan así lo antes posible, y que deberán pagarse indemnizaciones a título de compensación por los bienes de los que decidan no regresar a sus hogares y por todo bien perdido o dañado cuando, en virtud de los principios del derecho internacional o por razones de equidad, esta pérdida o este daño deba ser reparado por los Gobiernos o autoridades responsables;

Encarga a la Comisión de Conciliación que facilite la repatriación, reinstalación y rehabilitación económica y social de los refugiados, así como el pago de indemnizaciones, y que se mantenga en estrecho enlace con el Director del Socorro de las Naciones Unidas a los Refugiados de Palestina, y por conducto de éste, con los órganos e instituciones apropiados de las Naciones Unidas;

12. Autoriza a la Comisión de Conciliación a designar los órganos auxiliares y a utilizar, bajo su autoridad, los expertos técnicos que considere necesarios para el eficaz desempeño de sus funciones y de las obligaciones que le incumben en virtud de los términos de la presente resolución;

La Comisión de Conciliación tendrá su sede oficial en Jerusalén. Incumbirá a las autoridades responsables del mantenimiento del orden en Jerusalén tomar todas las medidas necesarias para garantizar la seguridad de la Comisión. El Secretario General suministrará un reducido número de guardias para la protección del personal y de los locales de la Comisión;

13. Encarga a la Comisión de Conciliación que presente periódicamente al Secretario General para que éste los trasmita al Consejo de Seguridad y a los Miembros de las Naciones Unidas, informes sobre la evolución de la situación;

14. Invita a todos los Gobiernos y autoridades interesados a colaborar con la Comisión de Conciliación y a tomar todas las medidas posibles para contribuir a la aplicación práctica de la presente resolución;

15. Pide al Secretario General se sirva suministrar el personal y las facilidades necesarias y tomar todas las disposiciones requeridas para proporcionar los fondos necesarios paró la ejecución de las disposiciones de la presente resolución.

La votación
Los resultados de la votación fueron los siguientes:

A favor

Argentina, Australia, Bélgica, Brasil, Canadá, China, Colombia, Dinamarca, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estados Unidos, Etiopía, Filipinas, Francia, Grecia, Haití, Honduras, Islandia, Liberia, Luxemburgo, Nicaragua, Noruega, Nueva Zelanda, Países Bajos, Panamá, Paraguay, Perú, Reino Unido, República Dominicana, Suecia, Sudáfrica, Tailandia, Turquía, Uruguay, Venezuela.

En contra

Afganistán, Arabia Saudita, Bielorrusia, Checoslovaquia, Cuba, Egipto, Irak, Líbano, Pakistán, Polonia, Siria, Ucrania, Unión Soviética, Yemen, Yugoslavia.

Abstenciones

Birmania, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Guatemala, India, Irán, México.

Véase también
 Resoluciones de la ONU sobre el conflicto árabe-israelí

Referencias

Enlaces externos

00194
Proceso de paz israelí-palestino
Política de Israel
Política de Palestina
Política en 1948


text:
George Johnson - The Cancer Chronicles: Unlocking Medicine's Deepest Mystery
An adept science writer, George Johnson found his latest subject when his wife was diagnosed with a strange form of uterine cancer. Like most people touched by this disease, Johnson wanted to know why. His pursuit of answers took him from the paleo-oncology of dinosaurs (yes, dinosaurs got cancer) to cutting-edge papers of the American Association for Cancer Research, from the MD Anderson Cancer Center to studies of fetal development and how the growing embryo is both like and unlike a tumor. In between, Johnson looks at mutation and mitosis, radon and epidemiology. If you can forget the horrors for a moment, the science here is fascinating. Is cancer a disease? A "disease of information"? A process? Is the modern lifestyle to blame? Chemicals? Genetics? And how great is any given risk factor—and what are they? Johnson finds a lot of facts, a lot of data, a lot of contradictions. His book presents cancer like a big Rorschach's blot: some kind of picture is there, but what it is, is open to competing interpretations. So far, no one has hit on quite the right one. But there are new theories all the time.
The Cancer Chronicles: Unlocking Medicine's Deepest Mystery (Paperback)
By George Johnson
Published: Vintage - June 3rd, 2014
The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down - Anne Fadiman
Submitted by AnnaThorn on Thu, 2013-07-11 14:17
Isabel R.
Written more than fifteen years ago and now required reading for many first-year medical students, The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down is a seminal work in the field of medical anthropology. Telling the heart-wrenching story of Lia Lee, a young Hmong child with severe epilepsy, her American doctors, her family and Hmong community, this is a case study in cultural misunderstanding. Incredibly well-researched and nuanced, yet with a compelling and emotional narrative, The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down raises fundamental questions about the purpose of medicine and the nature of healing.
The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures (FSG Classics) (Paperback)
By Anne Fadiman
Published: Farrar, Straus and Giroux - April 24th, 2012
These days, scientists all over the world use cells raised in culture to answer questions fundamental to modern medicine. They are the backbone of basic science research. But where, or more importantly who did those cells originally come from? The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks tells the story of Henrietta Lacks, a poor African-American woman living in Baltimore, the doctors and scientists at John's Hopkins who took and used her cells, and Henrietta's family who continued to live in poverty. Thought-provoking and assiduously researched, this is a story of discovery and disparity, business and ethics, science and equity.
The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (Paperback)
By Rebecca Skloot
Published: Crown - March 8th, 2011


Are you a DIY woman or not? Actually, I have absolute no talent for DIY projects. I made some jewelleries at my younger days, but now I do nothing. But it doesn' t mean that I don't love them. I am watching sometimes DIY tutorials at you tube. There are really very interresting things. I find a video with very practish DIY ideas and I want to share it at my blog too.
Aren' t they clever ideas? How creative... I find those videos very inspiring. What are you thinking about DIY projects? I love specially the bags. Would you like to see more videos here? Please let me know about your thoughts with a comment. Thanks for visiting. Have a happy day.
Danke für die Tips! Habe eine angenehme Woche.
I also watch DIY tutorials on youtube, a few years ago I prepared my own cosmetics, now I don't have time to do it anymore but I am always very happy when I dicover other persons that also like to create.


text:
Peter Alagona
Associate Professor of History, Geography and Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara
After earning his PhD at UCLA in 2006, Professor Alagona completed postdoctoral fellowships at Harvard and Stanford universities. Since arriving at UCSB in 2009, he has received several awards, including a National Science Foundation CAREER grant and the Harold J. Plous Award for the UCSB College of Letters and Science's most outstanding junior faculty member. Alagona is the author of more than three-dozen publications in the areas of environmental history, geography, philosophy, and policy—including After the Grizzly: Endangered Species and the Politics of Place in California (UC Press, 2013).
Peter Alagona's research focuses on the histories of land use, natural resource management, environmental politics, and ecological science in the North American West and beyond. He has particular interests in endangered species and biological diversity, and he is developing a new research and teaching initiative on the history of ideas about environmental change.
Santa Barbara, California US
Joined June 18, 2015


In "Tangled Web," a sixth-season "Dallas" episode, Miss Ellie and Clayton (Barbara Bel Geddes, Howard Keel) sit in the dining room at the Cattleman's Club.
CLAYTON: I think what I ought to do is lease a place for awhile, don't you? That way I can look around a little more leisurely. What do you think, Ellie?
ELLIE: If that's what you want.
CLAYTON: Well, I think it'd be the wise thing to do. [Silence] Ellie, are you all right? Is something troubling you?
ELLIE: Clayton, tell me. Why did you leave San Angelo?
CLAYTON: [Chuckles] Well, I thought I told you. Don't you remember?
ELLIE: You told me that you were running away from memories.
CLAYTON: That's right. Memories that concerned Southern Cross. They had no place in my life anymore. I wanted to erase them from my mind.
ELLIE: Have you been successful in doing that?
CLAYTON: Not completely, but I'm trying. Why do you ask?
ELLIE: Well, when we, when we met at Galveston that time, you were very troubled over a woman. So much that you had to get away from her and go down to the gulf. Clayton, were you in love with this woman?
CLAYTON: Yes, I was. Or at least I thought I was.
ELLIE: Clayton, I've been thinking about you and Sue Ellen. And all the things she said. Your attitude toward each other. Clayton, was Sue Ellen that woman?
CLAYTON: Yes. [Ellie rubs her temples.] Ellie, try to understand. Sue Ellen came to my home. She was in love with my son. And that relationship didn't work for her. She didn't know which way to turn. She was desperately in need. And I felt that I had to comfort her some way. And before I knew it, I found myself in love with her.
ELLIE: Did you tell her that?
CLAYTON: No. She thought of me as a father. She never recognized my feelings.
ELLIE: Well, didn't you tell her how you felt?
CLAYTON: Yes, I tried, but I just couldn't seem to get through to her. [Silence] Ellie, that part of my life is over now.
ELLIE: [Looking down] Is it?
CLAYTON: Yes, it is. And the feelings that I had for Sue Ellen then are gone. [Grabs her hand] If it eases your mind, nothing happened between us. Nothing.
I think it was a very interesting twist to have Clayton interested in Sue Ellen first. Not only did it bring him into the family seamlessly, but it was a clever way to convince the audience he was worthy to be Ellie's husband. Usually, the older man choose a younger woman over the woman his on age, but with Clayton the older, more stable, stronger woman wins his heart. That had to go a long way with viewers.
I've said it before, they should have had Sue Ellen and Clayton get married.
They did make a handsome couple.


To meet the customers' over-expected pleasure , we have now our solid crew to supply our greatest all round assistance which includes marketing, sales, planning, production, top quality controlling, packing, warehousing and logistics for Cas No 87 60 5 , Cas No 87-60-5 , Cas No 18979 61 8 , and make the mutual advantage and win-win partnership between us. we are eagerly waiting for your sincerely cooperation.
We aim to find out quality disfigurement from the production and supply the best service to domestic and overseas customers wholeheartedly for Cas No 87 60 5 , Cas No 87-60-5 , Cas No 18979 61 8 , Till now the items list has been updated regularly and attracted clients from around the globe. Comprehensive facts is often obtained in our web-site and you'll be served with premium quality consultant service by our after-sale group. They are likely to help you get thorough acknowledge about our goods and make a satisfied negotiation. Company go to to our factory in Brazil is also welcome at any time. Hope to obtain your inquiries for any pleased co-operation.


You can now play Latin Tutor Game Declensions for PC on a desktop/laptop running Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10 and MacOS/OS X. This can easily be done with the help of BlueStacks or Andy OS Android emulator.
An app that helps a student learn Latin declensions with three easy games. The first game is the Chart Game. The purpose of the chart game is to help the student learn the declension endings. The second game is the Match Declension game. The purpose of the Match Declension game is to help the student quickly identify the declension to which the displayed word belongs. The third game is the Match Job/Case game. The purpose of the Match Job/Case game is to reinforce the function of each case. This app also has player management so that multiple players can be added to the game and then track the games played.
Latin Tutor Game Declensions For PC can be easily installed and used on a desktop computer or laptop running Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10 and a Macbook, iMac running Mac OS X. This will be done using an Android emulator. To install Latin Tutor Game Declensions For PC, we will use BlueStacks app player. The method listed below is set to help you get Latin Tutor Game Declensions For PC. Go ahead and get it done now.
Download and use Latin Tutor Game Declensions on your PC & Mac using an Android Emulator.
Once everything is done, just open the Market in Play Store and Search for the 'Latin Tutor Game Declensions'.