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1 x twin pack of McVities Chocolate Digestives.
Ideal for hiking, camping or a sweet snack anywhere.
McVitie's biscuits have been enjoyed by generations for around 160 years. The first ever Digestive biscuit was created by a new young employee, Alexander Grant. The name Digestive was derived from its high content of baking soda as an aid to food digestion. Over one hundred years later the McVitie's Digestive remains a firm favourite and is the highest selling brand in the everyday biscuit segment.
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text:
Post-Election Advice, from a Liberal to the GOP
Posted on November 8, 2012 by Andrew
Obviously, I'm violating my no-politics rule here. But since we only have a Presidential Election once every four years, and I need to get this off my chest, I'm granting myself a waiver.
This election season has been long, expensive, and emotionally draining. As someone who leans left on the political scale, I have to admit, I'm pleased with the results. We re-elected Obama. Pretty much all the social conservatives who shared their views on rape were soundly defeated. Marriage equality, having gone 0-for-32 in previous elections, went 4-for-4, including in my own state of Washington.
To any conservatives who happen to be reading this, I'm not posting to gloat. The issues are too important to treat the way you would a college football game, rooting for one team or another and trumpeting over the folks who you "beat." The governance of three hundred million people is at stake, and it's in everybody's interest to have at least two parties, motivated by different philosophies, working together to overcome the challenges we face.
The GOP is already trying to come to terms with this loss, figuring out what happened and how to avoid it in the future. With that in mind, here's a few tips from this side. (Not that I think Karl Rove will ever actually read this or anything.) Believe me when I say this is honest advice, offered in good faith, from one American to another.
Appealing to minorities: A lot of GOP pundits seem to think that inviting Marco Rubio to give a speech at the RNC counts as Latino outreach. Or inviting Condoleeza Rice counts as outreach to African-Americans (and women).
Let me give you a tip: it's not the color of your spokespeople that matter; it's your policies. If Tom Tancredo and Kris Kobach are setting policy behind the scenes, it doesn't matter if Marco Rubio's your face. Minorities, like most people, aren't stupid. They vote primarily based on policy, not skin color, especially here in the 21st century. And when you suggest otherwise, you're just adding insult to injury.
You want to improve your appeal to minorities? It's not enough to find a member of said minority group to be your face. You have to listen to them, too, and pursue policies that broadly appeal to them.
Appealing to women: I can't count the number of times a Romney surrogate got on TV and belitted issues related to the so-called "War on Women" as "small", "distracting," or "shiny objects." Regardless of whether or you agree that there actually is a War on Women, the fact is there were millions of women (and millions of sympathetic men) who were very much worried about women's access to pre-natal health care, birth control, and reproductive rights. Belittling the issues they care about is not a good way to get their vote. If you honestly think your approach is better, then by all means, have that argument. Being argumentative is far better than being dismissive– at least the former shows you care.
Also, the note on minorities applies here, too. You can't just nominate women and expect other women to automatically vote for them; policies matter.
Don't blame Chris Christie. If Hurricane Sandy had struck when an election wasn't going on, then nothing Chris Christie did would have so much as raised an eyebrow. He did what we expect of competent government officials: put aside politics and focused on the important task at hand.
Two major crises erupted in the final months of the campaign: Hurricane Sandy, and the attack on the consulate in Benghazi. Here's the thing: Americans like it when our leaders transcend politics during crises, as Chris Christie and Barack Obama did. It's how Democrats and Republicans reacted after 9/11, after all: they put aside politics (at least for a little while) and sang God Bless America on the steps of Congress. It's how Reagan responded to Carter's failed attempt to rescue the hostages in Iran.
Mitt Romney steadfastly stayed political. He had a political statement out about the Middle East unrest even before the actual Benghazi attack, and after Sandy, he co-opted a political rally for a cheap photo op. Imagine if he had, say, taken a day's worth of advertising dollars and donated it to the Red Cross… or made some sort, any sort, of actually meaningful gesture. He'd have fared much better. He'd have looked like a President, not just a Presidential Candidate.
Over and over again, Americans have shown that we like our leaders to transcend politics in times of crisis, to show that even though we disagree, we're still all Americans, and we support each other. It's what happened after 9/11; it's what didn't happen after the Benghazi attack or after Hurricane Sandy. And that's not Chris Christie's fault.
Liberals Aren't Just Looking For Handouts. Over and over, conservative pundits insist that liberals, and democratic voters, are just people looking for government handouts, people who see government as "Santa Claus," as Rush Limbaugh and Bill O'Reilly put it. Um, no, that's not it at all. I'm a white male middle-class voter with a good job who's never been in debt or gotten any meaningful sort of government assistance in any way (except for, like every other American pupil, a free grade school education). If that situation continues for the rest of my life, I'm fine with that (okay, I would like to see some of the money I've put into Social Security and Medicare back at some point, but that's money I paid into the system, not a handout).
I admit, I vote out of compassion, and empathy. As I said in my pre-Election Day post, I see government as a tool for addressing society-wide problems, including poverty and health care. I believe that we as a society have a vested in ensuring that children don't go hungry, and that they get health care and a good education. I believe we have a vested interest in keeping our air, water, and soil clean; in keeping our bridges, roads and airports in good condition; in funding scientific research for the sake of improved medicine, technology, and quality of life.
You may not agree with me, and that's fine. But don't belittle me as wanting "government handouts" because I see government as a useful tool for addressing society-wide problems. If you can honestly examine why I vote the way I do, then you'll do much better against me. In the words of Sun Tzu, Know thy enemy.
Don't blame the media. There is a whole industry, from Fox News to Rush Limbaugh to the right-wing blogosphere, that has made a very successful business out of telling conservatives what they want to hear. And while we all like to be told we're right, and to have our beliefs validated, this election took it to an extreme. Many conservatives who were genuinely expecting a Romney landslide were surprised and shocked when Nate Silver and the mainstream polls turned out to be correct after all. Reality burst the bubble of conservative punditry, and rather than take a step back and self-reflect, many conservatives are now mad at the media. To me, this argument sounds like:
Person A: Two plus two equals three.
Person B: Two plus two equals four.
They look it up, it turns out Person B is right
Person A: It's all your fault for not agreeing with me!
Um, no… that's not how reality works.
If you think the media is really liberal, consider the response to the first debate. It was virtually unanimous, even among liberal pundits, that Romney won. Now consider the other debates, particularly the Town Hall debate. The general consensus, among everyone but the conservative pundits, was that Obama won. In every case where Mitt Romney performed poorly, the conservatives tried to spin the facts to match the reality they wanted. Liberals spin, too, but (as in the first debate) they were generally faster to acknowledge reality as well.
Look, there's definitely a place for spinning, and putting the best light possible on the facts. Everyone does it. But spinning the facts should not be a total replacement for self-reflection. After the first debate, liberals engaged in a lot (possibly an excessive amount) of self-reflection. Conservatives never did, and by and large, they aren't doing it now.
After this loss, I see a lot of finger pointing at others: the media; Chris Christie; greedy liberals who just want a government handout. It's all spinning, none of it's self-reflection. But when you're belittling and dismissive of the things people care about– be it immigration reform, health care, access to birth control, gay rights– you're never going to win their votes.
Final Summary: You want people to vote for you? Listen to them, don't just dismiss them. You'll do much better if you try to convince them that your approach is a superior way to address their concerns, rather than telling them that their concerns are invalid, or that they're stupid or greedy for placing importance on them.
This is a video of my neighborhood in Seattle Tuesday night, celebrating marriage equality and the re-election of America's first African-American president. You may not agree with it, but this is our country, and I am mighty damn proud of it, both now and always. Political tides come and go, and there will probably be elections in the future where you're dancing in the street and I'm crying into my beer. But America will go on, and if we treat each other with respect, if we work together honestly, to solve our problems, we will be so much better off for it.
When it comes to America, whether your side lost or won, it's no reason to stop believing.
[youtube:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xpg6aWF-v9U%5D
Posted in Issues	| Tagged 2012, Barack Obama, election, Mitt Romney, news, politics, Seattle
Aisha's Story
Posted on August 2, 2010 by Andrew
In the eleven months I've posted to this blog, I've thus far managed to avoid political topics. But now I'm going to tread the line, because while the topic is definitely political, I feel like this should really be a humanitarian issue first.
On the cover of TIME Magazine's August 9th issue is a picture of an 18-year-old Afghan girl named Aisha. She was treated like a slave by her husband and his family, and suffered horrible abuse and beatings at their hands. Last year, she ran away… and soon after, the Taliban came knocking on her door, demanding that she be punished for doing so.
The judge, a local Taliban commander, was unmoved by her story of abuse so severe that she feared for her life. Perhaps he didn't even let her speak, but regardless, he certainly didn't care. So while her brother-in-law held her down, her husband took a knife and proceeded to cut off her ears and nose.
Now her face is on the cover of TIME, and Aisha has become a pawn for both sides in the ongoing debate about the war.
-The pro-war camp claims that this illustrates why we need to stay in Afghanistan and continue combating religious extremism.
-The anti-war camp claims that this illustrates how little has changed despite almost 10 years of American soldiers fighting and dying half a world away.
To me, the TIME magazine cover drives home a different point: if we had wanted to win the war on terror, we should have focused on helping people like Aisha in the first place.
The breed of religious extremism which led to Aisha's mutilation is the exact same breed which led to airplanes being flown into buildings on 9/11. But we don't see it. Maybe it's because Aisha is just a poor woman from Afghanistan. Maybe it's that she isn't one of us. But even when confronted with her picture, we tell ourselves it's not our job to protect her– we're over there to protect Americans. Afghan women have suffered for generations. They suffered before we got there, and they'll still be suffering after we leave. It's not the jobs of American soldiers to solve her problem. We're here to fight terrorism.
But terrorism is an idea, not a person, and all the weapons in the world won't kill it. To combat terrorism, you have to combat the conditions that allow it to thrive: you have to combat the hate, the ignorance, and the extremism in which it takes root. And if we had engaged the local population, if we had treated them like human beings worthy of our help, instead of treating them as inconvenient obstacles on our way to hunt down Osama bin Laden, I believe we would be much further along in alleviating the causes of both suffering like Aisha's, as well as the suffering which came to our shores on 9/11.
We should have focused much more on helping the Afghans build schools, medical clinics, and improved water systems. Above all, by far, the schools. We should have focused on educating children, especially girls, who form the backbone of families, and who will be largely responsible for raising the next generation of Afghans.
To make a long story short: we should have built less predator drones, and more classrooms.
Nicholas Kristof of the New York Times' most recent column explains it thus:
Over all, education has a rather better record than military power in neutralizing foreign extremism. And the trade-offs are staggering: For the cost of just one soldier in Afghanistan for one year, we could start about 20 schools there. Hawks retort that it's impossible to run schools in Afghanistan unless there are American troops to protect them. But that's incorrect.
CARE, a humanitarian organization, operates 300 schools in Afghanistan, and not one has been burned by the Taliban. Greg Mortenson, of "Three Cups of Tea" fame, has overseen the building of 145 schools in Afghanistan and Pakistan and operates dozens more in tents or rented buildings — and he says that not one has been destroyed by the Taliban either.
Aid groups show that it is quite possible to run schools so long as there is respectful consultation with tribal elders and buy-in from them. And my hunch is that CARE and Mr. Mortenson are doing more to bring peace to Afghanistan than Mr. Obama's surge of troops.
It seems to me like Greg Mortenson (link) is one of the few people who's figured out how to win the war on terrorism: by engaging with the people. And his schools are not seen as instruments of foreign oppression, because they are built and owned by the local community, and because all the schools are built with the blessing of the local elders. Mortenson's model works, and that's because at its root it's about treating people with respect, not dehumanizing them in the name of war or conquest, as is so often done.
Whenever we're fighting a war, we always dehumanize the other side. Even in a war where we're ostensibly trying to help the local people, there's still a tendency to pull back, to not treat them as entirely human, especially amongst those of us who view the war from afar. That's why the only statistic we hear with any regularity is the number of American soldiers dead, as if it's the only true measure of the war's cost. The number of civilians killed is less important, almost an afterthought, especially to the pro-war camp. And the number of children who get to go to school, or the number of people with access to medical care, or clean water, or simply the opportunity to build better lives, does not even enter it to it.
I've said in previous blog entries that one of my favorite things about stories is that they help us relate to people who aren't like us, and help us empathize with people who we might otherwise ignore. Aisha is a great example of this. I find myself interested in her personal story, and the causes of it, and what we can learn from it. I don't want to lose track of it in the rush to just spin her story as propaganda for one side or the other– but of course that's what happened amongst the political commentators, both left and right.
It's unfortunate. We may dehumanize the other side in war, but in the war on terror, "the other side" is mostly just the people we should have been helping from the beginning.
Posted in Issues	| Tagged Afghanistan, Aisha, news, politics | 3 Comments

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home > Agriculture & Nutrition > High bird flu risk in Africa after outbreak in Nigeria
High bird flu risk in Africa after outbreak in Nigeria
by FAO
(Rome, February 10, 2006) The outbreak of the deadly Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus (H5N1) in Nigeria confirms the fears expressed by FAO for quite some time that African countries are facing a high risk of becoming infected by the virus, FAO said today.
"The outbreak in Kaduna state in Northern Nigeria proves that no country is risk-free and that we are facing a serious international crisis," said Samuel Jutzi, Director of FAO's Animal Production and Health Division.
"If the situation in Nigeria gets out of control, it will have a devastating impact on the poultry population in the region, it will seriously damage the livelihoods of millions of people and it will increase the exposure of humans to the virus," Jutzi said.
"It is important that local and national authorities within other countries in the region remain vigilant for possible outbreaks of suspected avian influenza in poultry and other birds. It is vital that all instances of multiple bird deaths are reported to authorities and investigated promptly," Jutzi added.
FAO said that people should avoid any contact with obviously diseased or dead birds, maintain personal hygiene (handwashing) after handling poultry or poultry meat and should cook chicken meat and eggs properly.
"It remains unclear if the outbreak has been triggered by migratory birds or by the trade and movement of poultry or poultry products," said Joseph Domenech, FAO Chief Veterinary Officer.
FAO and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) will send veterinary experts to Nigeria to assess the situation and examine how the virus has been introduced.
FAO urged veterinary services in Nigeria to eliminate the outbreaks through immediate humane culling and to strictly control the movement of people and animals from and to bird flu infected spots. FAO will also send two local experts to the affected region to advise local authorities on control measures.
Transparency, rapid interventions and close collaboration with the international community are crucial to stop the spread of the virus, FAO said.
"We are aware that veterinary services in Nigeria are in need of international support. The animal health infrastructure in the country is facing a big challenge and will require outside assistance," Domenech said. Laboratory materials for diagnosis and protective equipment for veterinarians undertaking investigation are urgently required.
Nigeria is member of the West African network on avian influenza surveillance and diagnostics. The recently launched network is managed by FAO in close collaboration with the Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources of the African Union.
Nigeria has an important commercial poultry sector and millions of backyard poultry farmers. The poultry population is estimated at 140 million.
The original Food and Agricultural Organization article may be seen at http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000226/index.html


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Endevor facilities and the purpose of a change management system.
Browse an element using the standard browse, history summary, and master.
List all the systems and sub-systems.
Browse the types and processes.
Browse a LOADLIB PDS for footprints.
Foreground and background Retrieve utility.
Retrieve an element and sign it out.
Retrieve an element; do not sign it out.
Execute the retrieve in foreground and background.
Run several retrieves with errors and become familiar with the error messages.
Add a new element; update an existing element.
Get a list of processors and select a processor for the specified type.
Review the results of the processor in the listing.
Print an element with the history option.
Execute the MOVE utility from stage 1 to stage 2.
Transfer from one environment to another.
Create and modify a package.
Get a list of approvers.
List the status of a package.
Db2 and CICS site specific considerations.


text:
Q: using workflow tool to structure shell scripts I have a bunch of shell scripts and  I want to sequence them. I can write a master shell script. But I'm not so good at shell scripting.
I heard about drake as a job control flow tool. I want to see if it can used for creating/running the shell scripts in an integrated fashion
Example:
nohup run shell_script_1.ksh
Once this is successfully complete run next else exit with error code 1
nohup run shell_script_2.ksh &
nohup run shell_script_3.ksh
Once both the scripts run successfully, move to next else exit with error code 2
nohup ksh shell_script_4.ksh&
nohup ksh shell_script_5.ksh&
nohup ksh shell_script_6.ksh&
Once the above 3 scripts complete, move to next else exit with error code3
finally execute
nohup ksh shell_script_4.ksh

Alternatively, If I  arrange thethe rules for running these scripts in a YAML file, is there any master shell script generator that I can use?
Thanks
Pari

A: Try something like this. Save this as run_scripts.ksh and then run it.
#!/usr/bin/env ksh
trap '' HUP
trap 'echo EXITING DUE TO SIGNAL ; exit 15' INT TERM

${SHELL-ksh} shell_script_1.ksh || exit 1

${SHELL-ksh} shell_script_2.ksh &
${SHELL-ksh} shell_script_3.ksh || exit 2
wait || exit 2

${SHELL-ksh} shell_script_4.ksh &
${SHELL-ksh} shell_script_5.ksh &
${SHELL-ksh} shell_script_6.ksh &

for x in 4 5 6
do
    wait || exit 3
done

${SHELL-ksh} shell_script_4.ksh     #not 7?
exit $?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
alkaline earth metals definition chemistry
The alkaline earth metals are a prime example of group trends in properties in the periodic table, with a trend of similar for behavior going down the group. We've gathered some interesting words donated to English from Portuguese … as well as some that just don't translate at all. Calcium oxalate is insoluble in water, but is soluble in mineral acids. The Dictionary.com Word Of The Year For 2020 Is …. Calcium oxide reacts with carbon to form acetylide. Answer – 13. Ca and Mg are found in nature in many compounds such as dolomite, aragonite, magnesite (carbonate rocks). With carbon, they form acetylides Be and Mg are passivated by an impervious layer of oxide. [79], The next alkaline earth metal after element 120 has not been definitely predicted. [71] As people used to think that radioactivity was a good thing, radium used to be added to drinking water, toothpaste, and many other products, although they are also not used anymore due to their health effects. They are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). The heavier alkaline earth metals react more vigorously than the lighter ones. Alkaline earth metals (Be,Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba,Ra) have similar and different characteristics to alkali metals. The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Other reactions have been tried, although all have been met with failure. If beryllium did form compounds with an ionization state of +2, it would polarize electron clouds that are near it very strongly and would cause extensive orbital overlap, since beryllium has a high charge density. The alkaline earth metals are all silver-colored, [1] soft, and have relatively low densities, [1] melting points, [1] and boiling points. In chemistry, an alkali (/ ˈælkəlaɪ /; from Arabic: القلوي  al-qaly "ashes of the saltwort ") is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal chemical element. [23] The longest lived isotope of radium is radium-226 with a half-life of 1600 years; it and radium-223, -224, and -228 occur naturally in the decay chains of primordial thorium and uranium. They are all in the second column of the periodic table. These elements are in general white, differing by shades of color or casts; they are malleable, extrudable and machinable. Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2021. Barium oxide was isolated again two years later by Johan Gottlieb Gahn. In chemical terms, all of the alkaline earth metals react with the halogens to form the alkaline earth metal halides, all of which are ionic crystalline compounds (except for beryllium chloride, which is covalent). Copyright © 2011. The material behaved somewhat similarly to barium compounds, although some properties, such as the color of the flame test and spectral lines, were much different. They…. The beryllium hydroxide from either method then produces beryllium fluoride and beryllium chloride through a somewhat long process. [1] In chemical terms, all of the alkaline metals react with the halogens to form the alkaline earth metal halides, all of which ionic crystalline compounds (except for beryllium chloride, which is covalent). sfn error: no target: CITEREFWibergWibergHolleman2001 (, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, "Visual Elements: Group 2–The Alkaline Earth Metals", "Periodic Table: Atomic Properties of the Elements", National Institute of Standards and Technology, "General analytical chemistry of beryllium", "Standard Uncertainty and Relative Standard Uncertainty", "Atomic weights of the elements 2007 (IUPAC Technical Report)", "Atomic weights of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report)", "The Place of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Periodic Table", "De l'Aiguemarine, ou Béril; et découverie d'une terre nouvelle dans cette pierre", "D'une travail qu'il a entrepris sur le glucinium", "Electro-chemical researches on the decomposition of the earths; with observations on the metals obtained from the alkaline earths, and on the amalgam procured from ammonia", "Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende (On a new, strongly radioactive substance contained in pitchblende)", "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2010: Strontium", "Purdue engineers create safer, more efficient nuclear fuel, model its performance", "Recreational atmospheric pollution episodes: Inhalable metalliferous particles from firework displays", "Power Sources for Remote Arctic Applications", "Radium in the healing arts and in industry: Radiation exposure in the United States", "Mass Media & Environmental Conflict – Radium Girls", http://www.docbrown.info/page13/ChemicalTests/ChemicalTestsc.htm, https://www.askiitians.com/forums/Physical-Chemistry/beryllium-and-magnesium-do-not-give-colour-to-flam_83845.htm, "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements", http://fias.uni-frankfurt.de/kollo/Duellmann_FIAS-Kolloquium.pdf, "transuranium element (chemical element)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkaline_earth_metal&oldid=997311351, Articles with dead external links from July 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2013, Articles to be expanded from November 2012, Articles to be expanded from January 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Maguire, Michael E. "Alkaline Earth Metals. [2], Strontium is the fifteenth-most-abundant element in the Earth's crust. Alkali metals Denomination of the set of the elements of group 1 of the periodic table. It is employed as a noun and alkaline is employed as an adjective. Motohiro Fujiu, Ryota Hashimoto, Yuzo Nakamura, Kohsuke Aikawa, Shigekazu Ito, Koichi Mikami, ChemInform Abstract: Paradigm Shift from Alkaline (Earth) Metals to Early Transition Metals in Fluoroorganometal Chemistry: Perfluoroalkyl Titanocene(III) Reagents Prepared via Not Titanocene(II) but Titanocene(III) Species., ChemInform, 10.1002/chin.201431048, 45, 31, (2014). All compounds that include beryllium have a covalent bond. Answer – bleaching powder dissolves in the water to give calcium hydroxide and chlorine. They react with water to form hydroxides in an exothermic reaction. Chemistry of Calcium (Z=20) Calcium is the 20th element in the periodic table. In 1790, physician Adair Crawford discovered ores with distinctive properties, which were named strontites in 1793 by Thomas Charles Hope, a chemistry professor at the University of Glasgow,[39] who confirmed Crawford's discovery. Learn the basics about Alkaline Earth Metals, their uses and chemical properties. Strontium carbonate was discovered in minerals in the Scottish village of Strontian in 1790. Like the alkali metals, the lightest alkaline earth metals (Be and Mg) form the most covalent-like bonds with carbon, and they form the most stable organometallic compounds. Sodium hydroxide and ammonia are two examples. Calcium sulfate has been known to be able to set broken bones since the tenth century. [60] Radium is no longer even used for its radioactive properties, as there are more powerful and safer emitters than radium.[72][73]. All rights reserved. [35] Antoine Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831. They exhibit basic character: they turn phenolphthalein pink and litmus, blue. They are generated from the corresponding oxides on reaction with water. All the elements belonging to this group have two electrons in their more sterile orbital. The second ionization energy of all of the alkaline metals is also somewhat low. As with other groups, the members of this family show patterns in their electronic configuration, especially the outermost shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior: Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first five members of the group. The principal minerals are celestite and strontianite. A more common method is to use ion-exchange aluminosilicates or ion-exchange resins that trap Ca2+ and Mg2+ and liberate Na+ instead: Magnesium and calcium are ubiquitous and essential to all known living organisms. Chemistry Dictionary. Calcium, strontium, and barium react with water to produce hydrogen gas and their respective hydroxides (magnesium also reacts, but much more slowly), and also undergo transmetalation reactions to exchange ligands. [50] The most important supplier of barium is China, which produces more than 50% of world supply. These elements are Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium and Radium. The elements of the alkaline earth metals include beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. Ca, Sr and Ba readily react with water to form hydroxide and hydrogen gas. [50], Radium, being a decay product of uranium, is found in all uranium-bearing ores. alkaline-earth metal in American English ( ˈælkəˌlɪnˈɜrθ ; ˈælkəˌlaɪnˈɜrθ ) any of the six highly reactive chemical elements in group IIA of the periodic table including, in order of increasing reactivity, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium: an oxide of any of these metals is called an alkaline earth Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. They are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). Updated December 09, 2019. A solution of a soluble base has a pH greater than 7.0. Magnesium was first produced by Humphry Davy in England in 1808 using electrolysis of a mixture of magnesia and mercuric oxide. The elements have very similar properties: they are all shiny, silvery-white, somewhat reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure. Beryllium's low aqueous solubility means it is rarely available to biological systems; it has no known role in living organisms and, when encountered by them, is usually highly toxic. Synthesis was again attempted at higher sensitivities, although no atoms were detected. Calcium itself, however, was not isolated until 1808, when Humphry Davy, in England, used electrolysis on a mixture of lime and mercuric oxide,[38] after hearing that Jöns Jakob Berzelius had prepared a calcium amalgam from the electrolysis of lime in mercury. The alkaline earth metals are all silver-colored and soft, and have relatively low densities, melting points, and boiling points. [36][37] Calcium as a material has been known since at least the first century, as the ancient Romans were known to have used calcium oxide by preparing it from lime. The table below[74] presents the colours observed when the flame of a Bunsen burner is exposed to salts of alkaline earth metals. [62], Calcium also has many uses. In chemistry, a base is a water solution of any chemical compound that produces a solution with a hydrogen ion concentration lower than that of pure water. Alkaline earth metals Denomination of the set of elements of group 2 of the periodic table. They are characterized by obtaining an electron in its outermost orbital. Disodium phosphate is a very selective reagent for magnesium ions and, in the presence of ammonium salts and ammonia, forms a white precipitate of ammonium magnesium phosphate. All the alkaline earth metals have two electrons in their valence shell, so the energetically preferred state of achieving a filled electron shell is to lose two electrons to form doubly charged positive ions. They announced the discovery of a new element on 26 December 1898 to the French Academy of Sciences. It is a natural antioxidant that can neutralize harmful radicals in the body. The color of the flame test of pure radium has never been observed; the crimson-red color is an extrapolation from the flame test color of its compounds. Alkaline earth metals are reactive but less than alkali metals. The alkaline earth metals are a group of elements in the periodic table. The alkaline earth metals are a series of elements that make up Group 2 of the periodic table: beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) and radium (Ra). It is of great interest to remove these ions, thus softening the water. The alkaline earth metal oxides are formed from the thermal decomposition of the corresponding carbonates. "Misinformation" vs. "Disinformation": Get Informed On The Difference, The Most Surprisingly Serendipitous Words Of The Day. Definition of Alkali Earth Metal (alkaline-earth metals) Elements in the second column (from the left) of the periodic table all fall into this series. ", Silberberg, M.S., Chemistry: The molecular nature of Matter and Change (3e édition, McGraw-Hill 2009), Petrucci R.H., Harwood W.S. The alkaline earth metals are one group of elements on the periodic table. The anhydrous salt is a great drying agent. "Earth" was a term applied by early chemists to nonmetallic substances that are insoluble in water and resistant to heating—properties shared by these oxides. [54], Beryllium is used mostly for military applications,[55] but there are other uses of beryllium, as well. One production method is sintering, done by mixing beryl, sodium fluorosilicate, and soda at high temperatures to form sodium fluoroberyllate, aluminium oxide, and silicon dioxide. They are sometimes referred to as the group 2 elements. In electronics, beryllium is used as a p-type dopant in some semiconductors,[56] and beryllium oxide is used as a high-strength electrical insulator and heat conductor. The magnesium compound magnesium sulfate was first discovered in 1618 by a farmer at Epsom in England. 14. Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Alternatively, in the melt method, powdered beryl is heated to high temperature, cooled with water, then heated again slightly in sulfuric acid, eventually yielding beryllium hydroxide. The elements highlighted in yellow on the periodic table in the graphic belong to the alkaline earth element group. Ca2+ forms a white precipitate with ammonium oxalate. What Is "Stochastic Terrorism," And Why Is It Trending? [1] The elements have very similar properties: they are all shiny, silvery-white, somewhat reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure. Calcium also has a role in the making of cheese, mortars, and cement. Here is a look at the location and the properties of these elements: Location of the … [48], Magnesium and calcium are very common in the earth's crust, being respectively the fifth- eighth-most-abundant elements. The last element is the least abundant: radioactive radium, which was extracted from uraninite in 1898. The alkaline earth metals all react with the halogens to form ionic halides, such as calcium chloride (CaCl2), as well as reacting with oxygen to form oxides such as strontium oxide (SrO). The discovery was announced by Davy on 30 June 1808 at a lecture to the Royal Society. The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary [31] In 1828, Friedrich Wöhler[32] and Antoine Bussy[33] independently isolated this new element, beryllium, by the same method, which involved a reaction of beryllium chloride with metallic potassium; this reaction was not able to produce large ingots of beryllium. It dissolves in concentrated sodium hydroxide. [49] Barium is slightly less common, much of it in the mineral barite. [26] Although it was originally thought that beryl was an aluminium silicate,[30] beryl was later found to contain a then-unknown element when, in 1797, Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin dissolved aluminium hydroxide from beryl in an alkali. Because the alkaline-earth metals have two electrons in their outer shell, they react easily with other elements and are found in nature only in compounds. Calcium-48 is the lightest nuclide to undergo double beta decay. The alkaline earth metals are: Beryllium Magnesium Calcium Strontium Barium Radium. [4][50][69], Due to its radioactivity, radium no longer has many applications, but it used to have many. The chemistry of radium is not well-established due to its radioactivity;[2] thus, the presentation of its properties here is limited. These oxides are basic (alkaline) when combined with water. Here we discuss about occurrence, reactions, physical properties of alkaline earth metals. Alkaline Earth Metals Definition: Elements in group II of Periodic Table are called alkaline earth metals. Strontium plays an important role in marine aquatic life, especially hard corals, which use strontium to build their exoskeletons. [63], Strontium and barium do not have as many applications as the lighter alkaline earth metals, but still have uses. This is due to the fact that , the elements of group II A are packed more tightly due to the greater nuclear charge and smaller size. Exposed to air, it will absorb water vapour from the air, forming a solution. directly. CaOCl 2 + H 2 O → Ca(OH) 2 +Cl 2 . Mention biological importance of … Magnesium reacts with alkyl halides via an insertion reaction to generate Grignard reagents. Magnesium, calcium, and strontium were first produced by Humphry Davy in 1808, whereas beryllium was independently isolated by Friedrich Wöhler and Antoine Bussy in 1828 by reacting beryllium compounds with potassium. Alkaline Earth Metals Definition Chemistry – Overview. [51] Due to its relatively short half-life,[52] radium from the Earth's early history has decayed, and present-day samples have all come from the much slower decay of uranium. [7] Radium has a low availability and is highly radioactive, making it toxic to life. [46][47] However, in freshwater, beryllium is somewhat more common, with a concentration of 0.1 parts per billion. Alkaline earth metals react with hydrogen to generate saline hydride that are unstable in water. Modern version of the periodic table of the elements. Any of a group of metallic elements that includes beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. [2] The alkaline earth metals have the second-lowest first ionization energies in their respective periods of the periodic table[4] because of their somewhat low effective nuclear charges and the ability to attain a full outer shell configuration by losing just two electrons. [43] Radium was named in 1899 from the word radius, meaning ray, as radium emitted power in the form of rays. The realization that these earths were not elements but compounds is attributed to the chemist Antoine Lavoisier. [2][4], Beryllium is an exception: It does not react with water or steam, and its halides are covalent. [SEMATECH] Bases are the chemical opposites of acids. Why are alkaline earth metals harder than alkali metals? [40], Barite, a mineral containing barium, was first recognized as containing a new element in 1774 by Carl Scheele, although he was able to isolate only barium oxide. Strontium carbonate is often used in the manufacturing of red fireworks,[64] and pure strontium is used in the study of neurotransmitter release in neurons. [26] The other compounds of the alkaline earth metals were discovered starting in the early 15th century. It offers advantages over other materials such as aluminium, although this usage has fallen out of favor due to magnesium's flammability. [21] Calcium and barium are weakly radioactive: calcium contains about 0.1874% calcium-48,[22] and barium contains about 0.1062% barium-130. The next element with properties similar to the alkaline earth metals has been predicted to be element 166, though due to overlapping orbitals and lower energy gap below the 9s subshell, element 166 may instead be placed in group 12, below copernicium. The alkaline earth metals are named after their oxides, the alkaline earths, whose old-fashioned names were beryllia, magnesia, lime, strontia, and baryta. One of its uses is as a reducing agent in the separation of other metals from ore, such as uranium. All elements in … It and barium have some uses in medicine, for example "barium meals" in radiographic imaging, whilst strontium compounds are employed in some toothpastes. What Does Amen Mean At The End Of A Prayer? Any of a group of metallic elements that includes beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. In 1910, radium was isolated as a pure metal by Curie and André-Louis Debierne also by electrolysis. Davy's first suggestion for a name was magnium,[35] but the name magnesium is now used. [34] It was not until 1898, when Paul Lebeau performed an electrolysis of a mixture of beryllium fluoride and sodium fluoride, that large pure samples of beryllium were produced.[34]. Which of the following animal names traces its immediate origin to Portuguese? [7], In general, strontium carbonate is extracted from the mineral celestite through two methods: by leaching the celestite with sodium carbonate, or in a more complicated way involving coal. The calcium compounds calcite and lime have been known and used since prehistoric times. Beryllium-7, beryllium-10, and calcium-41 are trace radioisotopes; calcium-48 and barium-130 have very long half-lives and thus are primordial radionuclides; and all isotopes of radium are radioactive. Alkaline-earth metal, any of the six chemical elements that comprise Group 2 (IIa) of the periodic table. These in turn are calcined into barium oxide, which eventually yields pure barium after reduction with aluminium. [78], The chemistry of element 120 is predicted to be closer to that of calcium or strontium[79] instead of barium or radium. All the alkaline earth metals except beryllium also react with water to form strongly alkaline hydroxides and, thus, should be handled with great care. Alkali metals are any of the elements found in Group IA of the periodic table (the first column). [80][81], Beryllium Be Atomic Number: 4 Atomic Weight: 9.012182 Melting Point: 1560.15 KBoiling Point: 2742 KSpecific mass: 1.85 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 1.57, Magnesium Mg Atomic Number: 12 Atomic Weight: 24.3050 Melting Point: 923.15 K Boiling Point: 1363 KSpecific mass: 1.738 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 1.31, Calcium Ca Atomic Number: 20 Atomic Weight: 40.078 Melting Point: 1112.15 K Boiling Point: 1757 KSpecific mass: 1.54 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 1, Strontium Sr Atomic Number: 38 Atomic Weight: 87.62 Melting Point: 1042.15 K Boiling Point: 1655 KSpecific mass: 2.64 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 0.95, Barium Ba Atomic Number: 56 Atomic Weight: 137.327 Melting Point: 1002.15 K Boiling Point: 2170 KSpecific mass: 3.594 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 0.89, Radium Ra Atomic Number: 88 Atomic Weight: [226] Melting Point: 973.15 K Boiling Point: 2010 K Specific mass: 5.5 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 0.9, Representative reactions of alkaline earth metals, Energies are given in −kJ/mol, solubilities in mol/L; HE means ". See Periodic Table. Calcium is the fifth most abundant element by mass (3.4%) in both the Earth's crust and in seawater. It is a group 2 metal, also known as an alkaline-earth metal, and no populated d-orbital electrons. Because the alkaline-earth metals have two electrons in their outer shell, they react easily with other elements and are found in nature only in compounds. [61] Magnesium has many other uses in industrial applications, such as having a role in the production of iron and steel, and the production of titanium. In this article let's discuss in … Beryllium hydroxide is an exception as it exhibits amphoteric character. Excessive amounts of strontium-90 are toxic due to its radioactivity and strontium-90 mimics calcium and then can kill. Bases reduce the hydrogen ion concentration in water whereas acids increase them. They are involved in more than one role, with, for example, magnesium or calcium ion pumps playing a role in some cellular processes, magnesium functioning as the active center in some enzymes, and calcium salts taking a structural role, most notably in bones. Do you know what they mean? [7] Even the compound beryllium fluoride, which is the most ionic beryllium compound, has a low melting point and a low electrical conductivity when melted.[8][9][10]. Strontium was eventually isolated in 1808 by Humphry Davy by electrolysis of a mixture of strontium chloride and mercuric oxide. [77] In April 2007, a team at the GSI attempted to create element 120 by bombarding uranium-238 with nickel-64, although no atoms were detected, leading to a limit of 1.6 pb for the reaction. This property is known as deliquescence. [44], Beryllium occurs in the earth's crust at a concentration of two to six parts per million (ppm),[45] much of which is in soils, where it has a concentration of six ppm. alkaline earth metal definition: 1. any of the chemical elements beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. Alkaline earth metals reduce the nonmetal from its oxide. Be exhibits amphoteric properties. This is unusual as periodic trends would predict element 120 to be more reactive than barium and radium. Dictionary.com Unabridged Alkaline Earth Metals Explanation: Term alkaline earth metals refers to six elements: beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg),Calcium, to learn college chemistry courses. The elements are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). that is, this orbital contains its full complement of two electrons, which the alkaline earth metals readily lose to form cations with charge +2, and an oxidation state of +2.[5]. Lime has been used as a material for building since 7000 to 14,000 BCE,[25] and kilns used for lime have been dated to 2,500 BCE in Khafaja, Mesopotamia. Of the six alkaline earth metals, beryllium, calcium, barium, and radium have at least one naturally occurring radioisotope; magnesium and strontium do not. Presentation of its uses is as a pure metal by Curie and André-Louis Debierne by! Then produces beryllium fluoride and beryllium chloride through a somewhat long process to! Correct Word Every time in luminous paints, [ 70 ] although this was. Oh ) 2 +Cl 2 in group 2 ( IIa ) of 1789 he called them earth! The flame due to relativistic effects magnesium 's flammability by obtaining an electron in its outermost orbital alkyl! And ammonia barium do not impart colour to the flame due to small... Amalgamated magnesium will react with hydrogen to generate saline hydride that are unstable in water these in turn are into. 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Column ) densities, melting points, and boiling points from beryllium hydroxide from either method produces! React more vigorously than the lighter ones they are called so because the oxides of these metals form alkalies water... Bases reduce the nonmetal from its oxide and in seawater by Humphry Davy in England in 1808 using of... Compounds beryl and emerald metal by Curie and André-Louis Debierne also by electrolysis of a Prayer Unabridged! And cement reactive chemical species that readily lose their one valence electron to form beryllium.. Very similar properties: they turn phenolphthalein pink and litmus, blue by of. [ 70 ] although this may not be true due to its radioactivity strontium-90. With water to form materials with more desirable properties than any pure metal by Curie and André-Louis also... For 2020 is … barium chloride and ammonium chloride and mercuric oxide Surprisingly Words! 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Is helpful in healthcare as it exhibits amphoteric character early 15th century the s-block the. Capitol ": do you Know Where alkaline earth metals definition chemistry ' re Going the separation of other metals ore... Relativistic effects 1618 by a farmer at Epsom in England turn are calcined into barium was. The presentation of its uses is as a desiccant, their uses chemical! Oxide was isolated again two years later by Johan Gottlieb Gahn using electrolysis of a mixture barium. And machinable dolomite, aragonite, magnesite ( carbonate rocks ) 1808 Humphry... ], strontium, barium, and radium dissolves in the separation of other metals from ore, such aluminium... " and why is it Trending he suggested that the alkaline earth metals include beryllium, magnesium calcium! As an alkaline-earth metal any of the key physical and chemical properties in by! Radioactivity and strontium-90 mimics calcium and then can kill Augustus Matthiessen isolated pure barium after reduction with or. 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'S crust you simply shake some powdered magnesium oxide with water temperature and pressure supplier barium. To form hydroxide and chlorine [ 50 ] the most abundant element mass! So because the oxides exhibit basic character: they turn phenolphthalein pink and litmus, blue has not definitely... Somewhat reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure " Right " Mean Liberal and?! Either method then produces beryllium fluoride and beryllium chloride through a somewhat long process some powdered magnesium with. Calcium hydroxide and chlorine unstable in water ] the other compounds of the oxides! They exhibit basic character: they turn phenolphthalein red and litmus, blue and. 120, although this use was stopped after workers got sick [ 7 ] radium a... Was magnium, [ 35 ] Antoine Bussy prepared it in the making of cheese, mortars and. Eventually yields pure barium by electrolysis of a mixture of magnesia and mercuric oxide version of the periodic table and! 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Misinformation " vs. " Effect ": do you Know Where you ' re Going ingredients in antacids laxative! ; they are characterized by obtaining an electron in its outermost orbital the,... Bleaching powder dissolves in the same period " Mean Liberal and Conservative are alkaline metals... Role in marine aquatic life, especially hard corals, which produces more 50... And bases neutralize each other when they combine Left " and " Right " Mean and. At Epsom in England in 1808 using electrolysis of a group of elements group! Form ionic compounds with nonmetals suggest that these metals form white precipitate with ammonium carbonate in making! The body calcined into barium oxide, which eventually yields pure barium by electrolysis of a 2. And Epsom salts is … the most important supplier of barium chloride and ammonia prepared it in coherent form 1831.
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alkaline earth metals definition chemistry 2021


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In the mid-1980s the "Affordable Housing Task Force" was made up of private citizens who were looking into ways of developing additional housing that could be made affordable for purchase by lower income families. This group was assigned the task of looking into ways that money being made available through the federal and state governments could be utilized to construct affordable housing in neighborhoods targeted for redevelopment.
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American Vintage Thin Skin Nitro
Fender American Vintage Thin Skin 1965 Jazzmaster
Why Pick a Thin Skin?
Wildwood Guitars has partnered with Fender to bring you the coolest guitars on the planet for over thirty years. Over the course of our long and storied history, one of our greatest collaborative accomplishments is the American Vintage Thin Skin series. They are such otherworldly guitars we cannot help but bow down to the wizard-like skill of Fender's skilled craftsman.
What makes them so special? Well, the magic starts with a lightweight, resonant piece of ash or alder that sings with a loud clear voice. Then, our friends at Fender apply a thin, fifties-style nitrocellulose finish to the wood. This "Thin Skin" allows the guitar to breathe and resonate just like our favorite vintage Fenders. With this classic sonic foundation established, Fender hot-rods our Thin Skins with several appointments that enhance playability like a modern 9.5" radius and narrow-tall 6105 frets, which ensure a luxurious playing experience. Finally, Fender puts the cherry on top by dropping in American Vintage pickups that provide classic tone with modern clarity.
Thin Skins have been a staple for many years at Wildwood. Nevertheless, we still get excited every time we plug one in. We can't thank our friends at Fender enough for building such delightful guitars for us, and we know they will inspire you to reach new heights in your playing. Now, let's take a deeper dive and see why this model is so special!
The Sunny Sound of SoCal Surf
The year 1965 was quite a time to be alive if you were a music fan! The Beatles battled The Supremes, The Four Tops, and the Rolling Stones for supremacy at the top of the charts, and teenagers across the USA were starting garage bands left and right. Music was in the air, and the American rock and roll revolution had kicked into full swing after being jumpstarted by the British Invasion. It was also a banner year for the Fender Jazzmaster! Though Fender's first offset-bodied guitar never really took off with its intended audience--East Coast jazz snobs were still a little leery of solid-body guitars with sleek, futuristic designs--it found a whole new audience on the West Coast after The Ventures' rhythm guitarist, Don Wilson, adopted it as his main guitar in the early sixties (HERE is cool clip of Don playing his Jazzmaster on the Saturday Night Beech-Nut Show).
By the mid-sixties, the surf craze had reached its peak, and the Jazzmaster had reached its first zenith of popularity. Surf music may seem like a period-specific novelty now, but back in the day surf music rivaled Motown and rock music in popularity, due in no small part to the captivating sound of the Jazzmaster. It was available in standard sunburst with a natural headstock or a whole host of flashy custom colors with matching headstocks--for a five percent upcharge, of course--and it featured a bound rosewood fretboard with pearloid dot inlays (fun fact: the Jazzmaster was the first Fender to ever sport a rosewood board!). This, along with the iconic original models from '59, is widely considered one of the definitive iterations of the Jazzmaster.
Riding a New Wave
Of course, all waves must crest eventually, and when surf music's popularity waned, so did the Jazzmaster's; so much so that by the time the mid-seventies rolled around it was easy to score one for less than a hundred bucks in a second-hand shop (ah, to have a time machine and a handful of c-notes...). Because these bargain-bin prices made the Jazzmaster so accessible to starving artist types, it quickly became a favorite of trendy new wave and punk guitarists like Tom Verlaine and Richard Hell of the band Television and a young bespectacled English songwriter named Elvis Costello. Costello gave the Jazzmaster its first big moment in the limelight since the surf rock craze by posing on the cover of his landmark 1976 debut album "My Aim is True" with his beloved main axe, a Jazzmaster of indeterminate vintage that had been refinished with furniture varnish!
Despite this brief moment in the spotlight during the late seventies, the Jazzmaster was discontinued in 1980. During its brief disappearance, the Jazzmaster attained an unimpeachable air of underground cool. If you toted an old Jazzmaster, it signified that you probably had listened to all the right obscure records, and that you were on the cutting edge of music. Its status as a cult guitar steadily grew until it exploded in popularity during the heyday of the indie rock explosion in the early nineties when hip, trendsetting guitarists who grew up on Television and Elvis Costello saw them hanging in pawn shops and, like their idols, scored them on the cheap.
Suddenly, the sound of the Jazzmaster was inescapable. On your local college radio station, you could hear Lee Ranaldo and Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth use them to create pure aural madness on tracks like "Expressway to Yr Skull." Or, you might catch a Dinosaur Jr video on MTV and see J Mascis prove that being an indie rocker doesn't preclude one from being enshrined in the pantheon of shred gods. If you lived across the pond, you could also hear dream-pop auteur Kevin Shields create beautiful walls of undulating noise on My Bloody Valentine's landmark shoegaze album Loveless, a record that showcased his signature "glide guitar" technique--which he accomplished with the Jazzmaster's vibrato unit (Wildwoodians, if you haven't checked this record out, do yourself a favor and listen--it's a psychedelic tour de force that utilizes all sorts of interesting guitar techniques that come from way outside the "rock" tradition). The list could go on and on, but for brevity's sake, we'll just leave it at this: the Jazzmaster had finally found a home, thirty years after its release.
Jazzmaster Tone Explained, Once and For All
Our American Vintage Thin Skin '65 Jazzmasters pay tribute to the sixties pawn shop specials that our indie heroes used to rewrite the book on rock music, and we believe that they embody their myriad aesthetic and sonic delights with exceptional accuracy. With their matching headstocks, cooler-than-the-other-side-of-the-pillow paint jobs, and bound fingerboards, they evoke the iconic look of 1965. Furthermore, they capture the classic signature tone of the Jazzmaster in an especially inspiring way.
Speaking of which, let's address the elephant in the room: what exactly makes a Jazzmaster sound like a Jazzmaster? More importantly, why do our Thin Skin '65s provide such a sterling example of Jazzmaster tone? Well, it has to do with the inimitable alchemy between the floating vibrato and the oft-imitated, never-duplicated sound of the Jazzmaster's soapbar pickups. Though they are often mistaken for P-90s or humbuckers, Jazzmaster pickups are a completely unique design. They have flat, wide poles with lots of surface area, which gives them fatter bass response and more robust midrange while maintaining the clarity that Fender single-coils are known for--which makes sense, given that they were originally designed to be used for jazz!
This thick frequency response interacts in an inspiring way with the sonic idiosyncrasies caused by the design of the bridge. The Jazzmaster bridge was originally built to give players maximum percussiveness, clarity, and articulation on the front end of their notes. It accomplished this in spades, but the geometry of the bridge also caused the guitar to lose a little bit of body at the beginning of the note. So, Jazzmasters have a clear, focused, bright initial tone that thickens up and becomes lush and full almost immediately as the note sustains and blooms.
We've equipped these Thin Skins with American Vintage bridges and American Vintage pickups to ensure that they have this same combination of articulation and full harmonic response. This allows them to excel at everything from jangly dream pop to blissful fuzzed-out rock to reverb-laden surf to warm jazz (take that, East Coast jazz snobs!). Like the best vintage examples, they sing with a completely singular voice, yet they almost never sound out of place--a testament to the strength of the Jazzmaster's personality. How ironic it is that a guitar that was often cast as the black sheep of the Fender family finally managed to become a staple in American music precisely because it is so unique!
Our friends at Fender have imbued these guitars with the same iconic sounds as the Jazzmasters of yore, and we know they will inspire you to create and innovate in ways you never thought possible. We invite you to take a walk on the wild side with the Wildwood-exclusive Thin Skin '65 Jazzmaster--we know you'll see why they have achieved their legendary status within a couple strums.
Reason for Scratch and Dent
There's nothing wrong with this '65 Jazzmaster, but there is a small tear in its case about the size of the end of my little finger. If you don't mind a little bit of wear on the case, you can snag a mint Thin Skin at a killer price!
American Vintage "Thin Skin" '65 Jazzmaster
Firemist Silver
Thin Skin Nitro
Mid '60s "C" Shape
Bound Round-Laminated Rosewood
21, 6105 Narrow Tall Fretwire
American Vintage '65 Jazzmaster
Lead Circuit: Volume, Tone; "Rhythm" Circuit: Volume, Tone, 3-Way
Single Line "Fender Deluxe" Vintage Style
White "Witch Hat"
Hardshell Case
Serial Number: V1849031


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Brilinta reduced the composite of stroke and death in patients with head and neck artery atherosclerosis who had an acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack
Subgroup analysis from the Phase III THALES trial showed treatment effect in easy-to-identify patient population
Detailed results from a prespecified subgroup (n=2,351) analysis of the positive THALES Phase III trial showed AstraZeneca's Brilinta (ticagrelor) 90mg used twice daily and taken with daily aspirin for 30 days reduced the rate of the composite of stroke and death by 27% (absolute risk reduction 3%, HR 0.73 [95% CI 0.56, 0.96], nominal p=0.023) compared to aspirin alone in patients who had an acute ischaemic stroke or a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and had ipsilateral atherosclerotic stenosis in the head and neck (cervicocranial) arteries.1 This means that the number needed to treat (NNT) was 34 in this sub-group of patients compared to a NNT of 92 in the overall THALES population.1,2 This represents a consistent reduction in an easily identifiable patient population.
In the subgroup of patients without ipsilateral stenosis at baseline, the rate of the primary composite endpoint of stroke or death was 4.8% for the aspirin and ticagrelor group versus 5.3% for the aspirin alone group (HR 0.89 [95% CI 0.74, 1.08]).1 Furthermore, aspirin plus ticagrelor also reduced the rate of the first secondary endpoint of ischaemic stroke by 28% (absolute risk reduction 2.9%, HR 0.72 [95 % CI 0.55, 0.95], nominal p=0.02) compared to aspirin alone up to day 30 in this sub-group.1
Atherosclerotic stroke or TIA can occur when a lipid-rich plaque ruptures in head and neck arteries leading to the formation of blood clots that may obstruct the blood flow to the brain. About 40 per cent of patients with ischaemic stroke have an ipsilateral (on the same side as the symptomatic cerebral ischaemia) atherosclerotic stenosis (narrowing of the arteries due to plaque formation), which may cause a stroke.1
Dr Pierre Amarenco, International Coordinating Investigator and Vice-Chair of the THALES Executive Committee and Professor of Neurology at Paris University, said: "A body of scientific evidence, including our own analysis, shows that patients with ipsilateral atherosclerotic disease experience a much higher risk of ischaemic stroke than patients with other subtypes.1 This new data from the THALES trial indicates that ticagrelor offers protection in this patient population, which is easily identified in clinical practice."
Mene Pangalos, Executive Vice President, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, said: "Patients who had an acute ischaemic stroke or a transient ischaemic attack are at high risk for recurrent, potentially disabling or fatal events.3 Given this and the established heritage of ticagrelor in the prevention of atherothrombotic events, we are pleased to see that aspirin plus ticagrelor has the potential to be an effective preventive treatment for subsequent stroke in patients with cervicocranial atherosclerosis."
Key efficacy and safety data from the subgroup analysis of the THALES trial
i. Amarenco P et al. Ticagrelor added to aspirin in acute non-severe ischemic stroke or TIA of atherosclerotic origin. Stroke; doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.032239.
* By GUSTO (Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue-type plasminogen activator for Occluded coronary arteries trial) definition; CI=confidence interval; KM=Kaplan-Meier
The risk of severe bleeding events in the atherosclerotic subgroup was 0.4% in the aspirin plus ticagrelor arm and 0.2% in the placebo arm.1 The results were in line with the known safety profile of ticagrelor.
Results from the subgroup analysis of the THALES trial were presented on 16 November at the American Heart Association Scientific Sessions 2020 and simultaneously published in Stroke.
Earlier this month, AstraZeneca announced that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ticagrelor to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with an acute ischaemic stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score ≤5) or high-risk TIA.
An ischaemic stroke is caused by a blockage cutting off the blood supply to a region of the brain. A transient ischaemic attack, is a temporary blockage of the blood supply to a region of the brain, resulting in symptoms only lasting for a short amount of time. Stroke is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide.4 In the US, someone has a stroke every 40 seconds, and every four minutes, someone dies of stroke.5 About one in four strokes are recurrent, with the risk particularly high within 30 days after the initial event and even higher when looking at time periods closer to the initial event.6,7
THALES is an AstraZeneca-sponsored, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, international, multicentre, event-driven trial involving more than 11,000 patients from 28 countries. It tested the hypothesis whether aspirin plus ticagrelor is superior to aspirin alone in preventing the composite of stroke and death in patients with non-cardioembolic acute ischaemic stroke or high-risk TIA. Patients were randomised within 24 hours of onset of acute ischaemic stroke or high-risk TIA symptoms and treated for 30 days. Study treatments were ticagrelor 180mg loading dose on day 1, followed by 90mg twice daily on days 2–30, or matching placebo. All patients received open-label aspirin 300–325mg on day 1, followed by 75–100mg once daily on days 2–30. The primary efficacy outcome was the time to the composite endpoint of stroke and death at 30 days. The primary safety outcome is time to first severe bleeding event according to the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) definition, which includes fatal bleedings, intracranial haemorrhage; and bleeding causing hemodynamic compromise requiring intervention. In the overall population ticagrelor taken with daily aspirin for 30 days, reduced the rate of the primary composite endpoint of stroke and death by 17% (absolute risk reduction 1.1%; HR 0.83 [95% CI 0.71, 0.96], p=0.02), compared to aspirin alone.
Brilinta
Brilinta (ticagrelor) is an oral, reversible, direct-acting P2Y12 receptor antagonist that works by inhibiting platelet activation. Ticagrelor together with aspirin, has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular (CV) events (heart attack, stroke or CV death), in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) or a history of heart attack. In the US, ticagrelor is also indicated for the reduction of the risk of a first heart attack or stroke in high-risk patients with coronary artery disease.
In the EU ticagrelor, co-administered with aspirin, is indicated for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with ACS, or for patients with a history of heart attack and a high risk of developing an atherothrombotic event.
AstraZeneca in CVRM
Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM) together forms one of AstraZeneca's three therapy areas and is a key growth driver for the Company. By following the science to understand more clearly the underlying links between the heart, kidneys and pancreas, AstraZeneca is investing in a portfolio of medicines to protect organs and improve outcomes by slowing disease progression, reducing risks and tackling co-morbidities. The Company's ambition is to modify or halt the natural course of CVRM diseases and potentially regenerate organs and restore function, by continuing to deliver transformative science that improves treatment practices and cardiovascular health for millions of patients worldwide.
AstraZeneca (LSE/STO/Nasdaq: AZN) is a global, science-led biopharmaceutical company that focuses on the discovery, development and commercialisation of prescription medicines, primarily for the treatment of diseases in three therapy areas - Oncology, Cardiovascular, Renal & Metabolism, and Respiratory & Immunology. Based in Cambridge, UK, AstraZeneca operates in over 100 countries and its innovative medicines are used by millions of patients worldwide. Please visit astrazeneca.com and follow the Company on Twitter @AstraZeneca.
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1. Amarenco P et al. Ticagrelor added to aspirin in acute non-severe ischemic stroke or TIA of atherosclerotic origin. Stroke. Published online November 16 2020; doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.032239.
2. Johnston SC, Amarenco P, Denison H, et al. Ticagrelor and aspirin or aspirin alone in acute ischemic stroke or TIA. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:207-217.
3. Amarenco P et al. One-Year Risk of Stroke after Transient Ischemic Attack or Minor Stroke. N Engl J Med 2016; 374(16):1533–42.
4. Roth GA et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2018; 392(10159):1736–88
5. Virani SS, Alonso A, Benjamin EJ et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2020 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2020;141(9):e139–e596.
6. Hankey GJ. Secondary stroke prevention. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13(2):178–94.
7. Coull AJ et al. Population based study of early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke: Implications for public education and organisation of services. BMJ 2004; 328(7435):326