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CNBC News Releases
CNBC Exclusive: CNBC Transcript: Qualcomm CEO Steve Mollenkopf on CNBC's "Squawk on the Street" Today
Published Wed, Apr 17 2019 12:48 PM EDT
WHEN: Today, Wednesday, April 17, 2019
WHERE: CNBC's "Squawk on the Street "
The following is the unofficial transcript of a CNBC EXCLUSIVE interview with Qualcomm CEO Steve Mollenkopf on CNBC's "Squawk on the Street" (M-F 9AM – 11AM) today, Wednesday, April 17th. The following is a link to video of the interview on CNBC.com: https://www.cnbc.com/video/2019/04/17/watch-cnbcs-full-interview-with-qualcomm-ceo-steve-mollenkopf.html.
DAVID FABER: Let's just get right to it, in fact, because we are joined of course by Steve Mollenkopf, the CEO of Qualcomm. And, Steve, we're very happy to have you here this morning, of course, with us a day after that big news. I guess the first question, certainly to those of us who followed this dispute closely, is given the various nature and the tenor that seemed to be fairly vociferous – let's call it, and the back and forth whether you were even talking, how did you get here to a settlement?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Look, I think a deal like this, it doesn't come together overnight. You know, it takes a lot of talking between the teams. A lot of talking. Tim and I had a lot of talking together. And you know, we ended up in a deal that both companies like. And really, if you look at the focus of that energy now, it's very much on, 'Let's get these products out.' You know, it really clears the way for, I think, a much more natural relationship between the two companies. One that we certainly enjoy working on products together. And that's what we're doing now.
DAVID FABER: Yeah, now to the extent that obviously you come in with a certain ask, and they come with theirs. And we kind of all know where they were, and it seemed to be far apart. What was your leverage in these settlement talks? Was it the coming of 5G and perhaps Apple's inability to have a phone on the market with the right chip set that gave you the leverage to get the settlement?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: No, I think, look, it's a mix of things. Very broad deal, as you know. It's a license deal across all of our technologies. It's a long-term license deal with an option to extend. It's the first direct license that we have had to together.
DAVID FABER: And not with a contract manufacture—
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Correct.
DAVID FABER: --but with Apple itself, right?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Correct. In and of itself, that's a huge milestone to get to, and difficult – and a lot of issues to get through that. We obviously want to work together on products. We have a multiyear product deal. So, you know, each side found something that was useful. There was a payment that also went back to Qualcomm, as you might expect given the history. And --
DAVID FABER: Well they owe you billions of dollars under the -- in unpaid royalties.
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Right.
DAVID FABER: Now, of course, those were from contract manufactures, technically speaking.
DAVID FABER: Did you get billions in a payment to you?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Well, we didn't disclose the size of the payment. And you know, really, I would say today, we look at all of that as in the past. You know, we're now focused on products, moving forward and doing everything we've got to do.
DAVID FABER: And we want to talk to you about the future. But I've just got to, for one minute, I mean, this was a two-year battle. There were some fairly nasty things said on both sides. I guess, how did you bridge that cap -- gap personally with Mr. Cook, in terms of your talks? You know, again, just trying to understand how it is that we got to what some would have thought was an unexpected resolution, as opening arguments began in Judge Curiel's court yesterday.
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Yeah, I think, you know, look, we've always talked about the timing. I've talked about the timing. It turned out to be pretty similar to that. You know, we were probably a couple of steps up the court room steps in this case. But, you know, companies can find a way to work together. The reality is: two great product companies, it's a natural position for them to work together and want to work together. We have in the past and found out a way to do that in the future. And I'm happy that's the situation.
DAVID FABER: We've got a lot more questions here for you, but back to the deal itself, if I can. You won't tell us how much the payment was from Apple to Qualcomm. You also, I assume, won't tell us how much you're getting a phone, either. I mean, yesterday in court, Evan Chesler, your Lawyer, seem to indicate you're getting $13 a phone. He said that in open court, I think, I've seen the transcript. I would assume it's less than that. Some were said you had offered 7.50 a phone and they didn't accept that. Are you going to ever tell us what you're getting a phone?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: We won't. No, we won't.
DAVID FABER: You won't?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: No, we won't tell.
DAVID FABER: And it won't be on your conference call as well or anything like that? When you report your numbers, we're not going to know either?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Correct. We--
DAVID FABER: Why not?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Well, a deal like this, there's a lot of value back and forth, and it's just best to keep it confidential.
DAVID FABER: Okay.
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: We did try to give some indication as to what it means at least to our business. And so, we gave, you know, something on the website. We did an 8k which basically said there's about $2 of additional earnings as a result of this deal broadly when the products begin to shift, which is very significant obviously for us. But remember, they're a big customer. And we're very happy to have an ability to move forward. By the way, we wouldn't sign a deal if we didn't think it was good for us. And I'm sure it's the same way on their side. That's how deals come together. And, you know, we're just happy about it.
JIM CRAMER: You know, Steve, I want to clear something up. It's a big deal, but you said Tim and I had had a lot of talks. I spoke to Tim Cook in January and he indicated there really weren't a lot of talks. Like none. I mean, was it subsequent?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: You know, Jim, I'll tell you, getting back to the deal, how it came together, I'll just tell you: these things don't come together without the senior people in the companies talking a lot and it doesn't come together without the CEOs talking a lot. We actually have a lot of discussions. You're obviously not going to put that together on the morning of opening arguments. And we're happy to have it together.
JIM CRAMER: Right.
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: I'm sure it's the same on the Apple side. But I can tell you the focus, the clear focus is let's get the products together. We have a long history of working together on products and we're excited to do it again.
JIM CRAMER: Are you going to do anything special, because it seems like it's a very special relationship now, that makes it so Apple's 5G phone is better than everyone else?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: You know, we have a lot of customers we deal with.
JIM CRAMER: Oh, come on.
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: And we give them—
JIM CRAMER: You're just neutral? I mean, this calls you the Treaty of Versailles, this deal. That's what this -- Bernstein calls it the Treaty of Versailles and I have to believe that Apple gets something special from you, Steve?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: You know, we give everybody the best support that we possibly can. And you didn't expect us to say anything differently.
JIM CRAMER: --you've got. Alright. Is there anything that makes it so that Apple can get this faster? When can this be? Because a lot of people feel Apple is behind. You're Mr. 5G. Is Apple behind?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: You know, I'll be honest, I will never talk about a person's product plans. But I will tell you that Qualcomm is excited and we've got the entire team working to support them.
CARL QUINTANILLA: It does feel like, and one of the things that you did well, in this, case is in the midst of all the back and forth, the heated arguments, you went pedal to the medal on R&D and innovation. And in the end, from an outsider's view, that scared them into the idea of what might happen as Samsung gets a lot of these things instead.
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Well, I don't want to characterize why they did things. I will tell you that we did put the pedal to the medal on 5G. I think it's the right thing to do for this company, independent to this relationship and I'm sure it was important to this relationship, as well. It's a lot. You know, the impact of 5G is just going to be tremendous. Not only in the handset space but outside of the handset space. We think we're the clear leader and I think that's going to be a good thing not only for our customers but for our shareholders.
CARL QUINTANILLA: Is there a good timetable now for products to hit shelves? Or is that for Apple to say?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Well, we won't talk about Apple's product plans. There's obviously the beginning ramp of 5G broadly. I think we launched a phone about two weeks ago on the Verizon network. The first of many worldwide and we're excited about it.
JIM CRAMER: Steve, you have a history of buying back stock – passed buybacks pretty pressured-- as a matter of fact. You've got a lot of money. What are you going to do?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: You know, we're just going to process this deal right now.
JIM CRAMER: No, you see, I'm trying to get you to say something that is – that we all say, 'Hey, Steve really broke some news on CNBC.' We're not really getting there yet so far, so I'm going to just try to get – do you like dividend boosts? Do you like buyback? You know, what's the process?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: So, I would say, if you extended your timeframe, yesterday was probably a pretty interesting news day. You know, we don't have to do two things in two days or something.
JIM CRAMER: I don't know.
DAVID FABER: Steve, does this take it all off the table in terms of those who accuse the company of overcharging and linking chip sets to intellectual property in a way that was inappropriate?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Well, you know, our perspective on that, and I would just back through the history of it, if you go back over the last 15 months, we signed major agreements, or an extension of an agreement with Samsung last January. We just did a big deal with Apple. We had an issue still with one large OEM which is Huawei, which we did an interim agreement with them, as you know, back on our last earnings call we disclosed it. So, but, when we look at the history, we're actually getting things knocked off the list with big customers that have a lot of leverage. We have a lot of value and we're able to show that we think in the history.
DAVID FABER: The FTC case concluded sometime back but have yet to hear from the judge. Is that still a risk for you or for Qualcomm and its business model?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: It is. I think, you know, we did finish that trial at the end of January. We're waiting for the judge to rule. I think, hard for me to talk a lot about that, but, you know, we'll deal with that when the judge makes her decision.
DAVID FABER: Do the settlements though, including the one with Apple yesterday, impact that ruling in some way regardless of what it may be?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: I don't think so. I think when we look at this deal, we're just happy to be able to do it. The environment with which we were able to put the deal together is obviously right in the middle of a trial. But, you know, the court is going to make its decision. And--
DAVID FABER: Because there had been some concern, given the comments from the judge during the course of the trial itself, that perhaps things did not look like they were going your way.
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: I think we were quite happy with the way the trial progressed.
DAVID FABER: You were?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: If you look at the record, what we argued, we had a very strong and put on a very strong case. But again, it's in the hands of the judge and we'll await her decision.
DAVID FABER: I want to go back, Carl mentioned your R&D spend. I mean, you chose to increase in the midst of this fight when you were under a lot of pressure in terms of cost. I think even it was back when you were sought by Broadcom. And you made that decision. Why did you do that?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: It was actually a little bit earlier than that, believe it or not. So—
DAVID FABER: Yeah.
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Because what happens in this industry, you do not want to miss the transitions. The transitions, 3G to 4G, 4G to 5G, are very important in order to maintain your leadership position. And also, it enables you to really open up and expand your business into new areas. More so true on 5G than any other G transition. And we wanted to make sure that we were able to position the company to do that. We did that at the same time we brought a lot of other cost discipline within the envelope. So, we're very pleased to have been able to do that. It was a good call to make, and I'll be honest, I'm very proud of the team to be able to execute on that in the midst of what probably looked like a lot of distractions from the outside.
CARL QUINTANILLA: What's special about the 5?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: 5 is really designed so that other industries: so, automotives, self-driving cars, connected education, connection infrastructure really set up to use cellulars for the first time at massive scale. So, our problem today is not 'Do we have a great technology lead?' it is 'How do we scale that across new industries?' Good problem to have. Looking forward to tackling it with all of my energy.
JIM CRAMER: You know, Steve, I know you're going to say, 'Jim, why do you keep going over this?' but I'm going to play it what's known as a SOT, it's a little clip of an interview I have with Tim Cook. We're going to get this whole thing cleared up and we're never going to have to speak of it again after this. So let's run that please so you can – and you have a thing in your ear so you can hear what I heard.
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Yep.
TIM COOK [JANUARY 8]: The issue that we have at Qualcomm is that they have a policy of no license, no chips. This is in our view illegal and so many regulators in many different countries agree with this. And then secondly, they have an obligation to offer their patent portfolio on a fair, reasonable and nondiscriminatory basis and they don't do that. They charge exorbitant prices and they have a lot of different tactics they use to do that.
JIM CRAMER: And just one more – it says, Cook said, when I asked him about what you were doing to them, he goes, 'Look, the truth is we haven't been in any settlement discussions with them since the third calendar quarter of last year. That is the truth. So, I'm not sure where that thinking coming from.' So, to me, that was war. And he actually points out that there were no talks. So, I know you can say it's the past. But we have to unravel the past so it doesn't happen in the future. Right? We have to learn the past. So, what really happened here?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: You know, Jim, really, talking about the past and some of the he said, he said, really is not that helpful. I can tell you, where is the energy of the companies right now? The energy of the companies right now is let's figure out how to ramp up as quickly as possible. I can tell you, the relationship is focused on that issue. I've had a lot of discussions not only within my team but also with the Apple team. That's the focus.
DAVID FABER: We can all assume you don't get to a settlement without talking.
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Yes.
DAVID FABER: Can we at least assume that?
DAVID FABER: It doesn't happen with mind meld or some sort of other communication device somehow that doesn't involve actual speaking.
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: No, we talk all the time. Come on, the companies, to get to an agreement as complex as this, you've got to talk. But I can tell you, companies like this, they move on, and they move on to the things that are natural to work together, which is products. We're all excited about doing that.
JIM CRAMER: You're saying all that name calling is behind you. I mean--you're a pirate basically.
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Come on.
JIM CRAMER: No?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: No.
JIM CRAMER: Alright, so now, tell us now that everything is great you guys love each other.
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Jim, I have a dog, I have children, I have all of these things that people love, all the time. I can tell you, we are two product focused organizations. We're working on products. We have done it in the past. We love doing it. We're good at doing it. And I can tell you, that's where the focus is. That's what we're excited about.
JIM CRAMER: Is the 5G so great that my phone, which is a good one, do you think that I'll go buy a new one when 5G comes out?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: I always think people should buy new phones. And I'm looking forward to you buying new phones as quickly as possible.
JIM CRAMER: How's the dog? Maybe I can get something about the dog.
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: The dogs are great.
DAVID FABER: You know, Steve, you have been available to us through thick and thin which we appreciate. And there's been plenty of tough times over these – I mean, my—and it's hard to actually imagine the CEO in some ways who has faced down more potential crisis. Whether it was in China originally when you took the job and settling there, South Korea, hostile bid from Broadcom and the nastiness that followed there, potentially losing a lot of board members and somehow managing to avoid getting taken over as a result of the U.S. authorities kind of stepping in. The NXPI deal, you had that on the plate, it went on and on and then you walked away. And of course, over all of it, this dispute with Apple. Are we done with the drama at Qualcomm?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Well, I hope so. But the reality is when you're working on technologies that are meaningful and are relevant to many industries worldwide, you're going to grab attention. And as long as you have a technology lead, you can work your way through that. We were able to do that in the past-- certainly able to do that over the last five plus years. I'm sure it's going to be more calm. But I can tell you, I'm very happy to have that technology position.
CARL QUINTANILLA: What do you tell other leaders about dealing with big political scenarios, big legal scenarios, and not taking your eye off the engineering ball?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Look, I have the benefit of having a tremendous team. They are excited about technology. When you look at what happens in Qualcomm, there's probably 30 people that worry about all the drama that effects this set. The entire rest of the organization is focused on making great products. And if they continue doing that, it's easy to work through these things, even though it looks like a lot of drama.
DAVID FABER: Alright, so let's just think about the future a bit. Or—you know, here is Qualcomm now with so much behind it conceivably. But you didn't acquire NXPI. You didn't get acquired. You've got peace with Apple. You've got peace with governments more or less around the world at this point, although we don't know the FTC outcome yet. What do you do now? Do you think about another large deal, for example? Do you revisit the idea that obviously wanted to in terms of NXP and getting bigger even in the Internet of Things or more connected into automotive?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Well, I think we have options, which is great. We're going to process this. We're going to work on 5G. The 5G ramp that's ahead of us, the story that we've been talking about and leading and in many respects creating in the industry. There's a lot of opportunity for us to go after that. And we hope to have the ability to do that even more and hopefully have even more options to do some of the things that you mentioned.
JIM CRAMER: Look, back in December, President Trump said that China is now open to a Qualcomm NXPI deal. You guys immediately came out with a statement that said, 'We're grateful to learn of it, but the time has passed. The clock has run out.' Steve, you need to be more the cellphone. NXP is a great company. I know there was a breakup fee and whatever. They're fabulous. They still don't have a guy I think as the heir. I want to broker that deal because that would make it so that you would have a much higher price to earnings multiple. Why not? It was genius. Why did you close the door? Why did the clock run out? President Trump got this for you. Why not meet them and get this done?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Jim, it's a – the industrial logic makes a lot of sense.
JIM CRAMER: Yes! There we go.
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: But I think the ship may have sailed on that one. But I tell you, Rick and his team, wonderful company, great position. We really missed having the opportunity to do that earlier.
JIM CRAMER: We can get that – it doesn't -- the door has not closed. The train hasn't left the station.
DAVID FABER: He doesn't even get paid a fee.
CARL QUINTANILLA: There's no fee.
DAVID FABER: He just likes action.
CARL QUINTANILLA: It's the best deal in M&A.
JIM CRAMER: I want the stock to be at 100. If you say, 'Listen, you know what, we're open to all possibilities,' we get it to 100.
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: I appreciate the suggestion. It's a good one but we're really focused on working through the details and supporting our new big customer.
DAVID FABER: Alright, well let's end on that note, if we can, Steve. In terms of the future with 5G, Verizon has lit up a couple of cities at least early on. But it seems very uncertain exactly when really this is going to be something that is ubiquitous. You and I have talked about it, on-air, off-air. Where are we on the time line?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Okay, we are at the beginning of the 5G launch. I would make sure -- take a look at how many networks worldwide and how many phones are launching in the first year of the ramp of 5G versus the ramp of 4G. You're going to see a faster ramp on 5G than you saw 4G and you're going to--
DAVID FABER: Why?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Well, a couple of reasons. One is the cost per bit of providing it. Because the spectrum that you open up is so high. So, the economics to the operator for launching this actually is quite attractive. Particularly at a time when there's so much demand for streaming video. So, you're seeing the business models, you know, move around a lot. And we're excited to do that – to you know, help enable that. done. The other thing that's interesting about the 5G launch is that it's happening worldwide. It's happening in Europe, it's happening in China, in the same year that it's happening in the United States and in Korea and in Japan. Next year we have the Japanese Olympics, for example. A lot of events that are going to force this to drive quickly. I can tell you for the people that are in the 5G roll outs, the problem is, 'How do we do this faster?' not, 'Boy is this going to happen?' It's all about how do we get this faster and faster and faster. People that come on your show, they are calling me up all the time: 'Let's get it faster. Let's get it faster.' And that's a good place to be.
DAVID FABER: So, there is the ability to deploy it fairly quickly. I mean, you're not giving me a specific timeline here, and obviously, you're referring to the CEOs of whether it be Verizon, AT&T or even Sprint and T-Mobile, but they all want to move as fast possible.
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: There's a real desire to get this rolled out and a lot of momentum and a lot of activity going on in the industry and we're happy to be a part of it.
JIM CRAMER: Christmastime 2020, for Apple? Can you get it? What do you think?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: I'm not going to talk about Apple's product portfolio.
JIM CRAMER: okay.
DAVID FABER: Well, we appreciate you're talking about some things with us. We very much appreciate you're being here and look forward to talking about 5G with you in the future, Steve.
JIM CRAMER: Yeah.
DAVID FABER: We didn't find out what you're getting per phone. We didn't find out how much they're paying -- how the deal came together --
JIM CRAMER: --Tim Cook. We didn't find out the dog's name.
DAVID FABER: No. What's the dog's name?
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: We have two, actually. But I'm going to keep that confidential for now.
JIM CRAMER: Steve, I have never failed this bad in my life except for when I interviewed Jerry Brown in 1979 and he told me that I was a space cadet. I loved him too.
DAVID FABER: Steve Mollenkopf thank you very much for being here today.
STEVE MOLLENKOPF: Thank you guys.
DAVID FABER: Steve Mollenkopf is the CEO of Qualcomm.
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Article Volume 14, Number 7 8 July 2013 doi: 10.1002/ggge.20144 ISSN: 1525-2027
A new seismogeodetic approach applied to GPS and accelerometer observations of the 2012 Brawley seismic swarm: Implications for earthquake early warning Jianghui Geng, Yehuda Bock, Diego Melgar, Brendan W. Crowell, and Jennifer S. Haase Cecil H. and Ida M. Green Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA ([email protected])
[1] The 26 August 2012 Brawley seismic swarm of hundreds of events ranging from M1.4 to M5.5 in the Salton Trough, California provides a unique data set to investigate a new seismogeodetic approach that combines Global Positioning System (GPS) and accelerometer observations to estimate displacement and velocity waveforms. First in simulated real-time mode, we analyzed 1–5 Hz GPS data collected by 17 stations fully encircling the swarm zone at nearsource distances up to about 40 km using precise point positioning with ambiguity resolution (PPPAR). We used a reference network of North American GPS stations well outside the region of deformation to estimate fractional-cycle biases and satellite clock parameters, which were then combined with ultrarapid orbits from the International GNSS Service to estimate positions during the Brawley seismic swarm. Next, we estimated seismogeodetic displacements and velocities from GPS phase and pseudorange observations and 100–200 Hz accelerations collected at three pairs of GPS and seismic stations in close proximity using a new tightly coupled Kalman filter approach as an extension of the PPP-AR process. We can clearly discern body waves in the velocity waveforms, including P-wave arrivals not detectable with the GPS-only approach for earthquake magnitudes as low as Mw 4.6 and significant static offsets for magnitudes as low as Mw 5.4. Our study shows that GPS networks upgraded with strong motion accelerometers can provide new information for improved understanding of the earthquake rupture process and be of critical value in creating a robust early warning system for any earthquake of societal significance. Components: 10,952 words, 8 figures, 4 tables. Keywords: GPS geodesy; seismology; seismogeodesy; tightly coupled Kalman filter; earthquake early warning; precise point positioning. Index Term: 1200 Geodesy and Gravity: Seismic cycle related deformations, Instruments and techniques. Received 11 February 2013; Revised 8 April 2013; Accepted 10 April 2013; Published 8 July 2013. Geng, J., Y. Bock, D. Melgar, B. W. Crowell, and J. S. Haase (2013), A new seismogeodetic approach applied to GPS and accelerometer observations of the 2012 Brawley seismic swarm: Implications for earthquake early warning, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 14, 2124–2142, doi:10.1002/ggge.20144.
© 2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
GENG ET AL : SEISMOGEODETIC EARTHQUAKE EARLY WARNING
1. Introduction [2] Global Positioning System (GPS) networks are able to observe crustal deformation throughout the entire earthquake cycle from slow interseismic slip to strong coseismic motions. For a large seismic event, high-rate GPS can provide rapid estimates of broadband displacements, including static offsets and dynamic motions of arbitrarily large magnitude [e.g., Nikolaidis et al., 2001; Larson et al., 2003; Bock et al., 2004; Larson, 2009]. High-rate GPS-derived displacements can quickly estimate earthquake magnitude for tsunami warnings [Blewitt et al., 2006], produce centroid moment tensor solutions [Melgar et al., 2012], model finite fault slip [Crowell et al., 2012; Ohta et al., 2012; Wright et al., 2012], and track seismic wave fields [Grapenthin and Freymueller, 2011]. [3] It is recognized that high-rate GPS can also play an important role in earthquake early warning (EEW) by providing estimates of permanent displacement within minutes of initiation [e.g., Crowell et al., 2009; Allen et al., 2011]. This is especially valuable close to the source for large (>M7) events where broadband seismometers clip and accelerometer data cannot be objectively integrated to produce reliable displacements in real time [Boore and Bommer, 2005; Emore et al., 2007; Melgar et al., 2013]. Typical EEW systems [e.g., Gasparini et al., 2007; Allen et al., 2009b] depend on conventional seismic instruments, and employ P-wave detection to predict the arrival and intensity of destructive S and surface waves [Heaton, 1985; Nakamura, 1988; Allen and Kanamori, 2003]. However, algorithms only based on seismic data tend to saturate; it is difficult to distinguish an event of magnitude 7 from a larger magnitude of 8 or 9 [Wu and Zhao, 2006; Brown et al., 2009, 2011]. Although GPS excels in providing critical estimates of static offsets, GPS-derived dynamic motions by themselves are not accurate enough to identify millimeter-level or even smaller amplitude P-waves. Furthermore, P-wave arrivals have most of their energy in the vertical direction, making it more difficult for GPS because of the significantly less precise vertical component [e.g., Bock et al., 2000]. To be able to detect P-wave arrivals and address the problem of magnitude saturation, Bock et al. [2011] applied a multirate Kalman filter [Smyth and Wu, 2006] to combine high-rate GPS (1–50 Hz) displacements and accelerometer (100–200 Hz) data in near real time to estimate 3-D seismogeodetic waveforms with millimeterlevel or better precision in displacement and 1
10.1002/ggge.20144
mm/s or better in seismic velocity. They demonstrated the capability of measuring P-wave arrivals for near-source stations deployed in southern California during the 2010 Mw 7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake in northern Baja California. Thus, seismogeodesy improves on both seismic-only and GPS-only methods, by providing the full spectrum of seismic motions from the detection of P-wave arrivals to the estimation of static displacements. [4] Because of the relatively small magnitudes of the earthquakes and the excellent distribution of nearby GPS stations, the 26 August 2012 Brawley swarm provides a unique data set to examine the lower bound on the sensitivity of seismic waveforms estimated from high-rate GPS with and without strong-motion accelerometer data. Several hundred events were recorded by the California Integrated Seismic Network (http:// www.cisn.org/). The swarm started at about 15:30 UTC with six events of M < 2.0 and three M2.5 events occurring within a few minutes. The largest events and the focus of this study (Table 1) occurred at 19:20.04.5 UTC (Mw ¼ 4.6) (''Event 1''), 19:31:22.9 (Mw ¼ 5.4) followed immediately at 19:33:00.8 (Mw ¼ 4.9) (''Event 2––doublet''), 20:57:58.2 (Mw ¼ 5.5) (''Event 3''), and 23:33:25.1 (Mw ¼ 4.6) (''Event 4'') (USGS/NEIC PDE-Q database, htp://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives). The earthquakes occurred on a northeast striking fault zone located about 6 km north of the northwest end of the Imperial fault [http://www.scsn.org/2012Brawley.html], an area that has a history of seismic swarms including one earthquake with a maximum magnitude of M5.1 in 2005 at Obsidian Buttes [Lohman and McGuire, 2007], and another in June 2008 in the same general location as the 2012 event. Chen and Shearer [2011] summarized the history of swarm data in the Imperial Valley and characterized the migration patterns and earthquake mechanisms since 1981. Initial 3-D earthquake relocations and moment tensor inversions [Hauksson et al., 2012] using the double-difference method [Hauksson and Shearer, 2005] indicated a left-lateral strikeslip motion on near vertical fault planes for Events Table 1. Location and Magnitude of the Events Analyzeda Event
Mw Latitude
1 4.6 2—doublet 5.4 4.9 3 5.5 4 4.6
Longitude 115.5553 115.5632 115.5540 115.5495 115.5260
Depth (km) Time (UTC) 5 5 14.5 9 11
19:20:04.5 19:31:22.9 19:33:00.8 20:57:58.2 23:33:25.1
Source is the SCEC database (http://www.data.scec.org).
Figure 1. Brawley seismic swarm (red dots) surrounded by real-time continuous GPS stations (blue diamonds) and available continuous strong motion stations (open yellow circles) for the period of the swarm. The focal mechanisms are those computed by the SCEC for the four events considered in this study (Table 1). Coseismic displacements and 95% confidence ellipses are from the 24 h SOPAC/JPL combination.
1–3, with a normal faulting component for Event 2, and predominantly normal motion for Event 4 (Figure 1). [5] We present a novel seismogeodetic analysis method to analyze the earthquake swarm, based on precise point positioning with ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) [Ge et al., 2008; Geng et al., 2012], supplemented by accelerometer data at locations where GPS receivers and strong motion accelerometers are in close proximity. Precise point positioning methods are attractive because current relative network positioning approaches become more cumbersome as the number of GPS stations to be processed increases from hundreds to thousands at active plate boundaries. The seismogeodetic approach applies a tightly coupled Kalman filter to GPS and accelerometer data at the observation level as an extension of the GPS-only
PPP-AR approach to estimate displacement and velocity waveforms. This one-step approach differs from the two-step approach presented by Bock et al. [2011] to apply a multirate Kalman filter to previously estimated GPS displacements and raw accelerometer data. [6] We discuss the applicability of seismogeodetic PPP-AR to EEW systems, both in the determination of static offsets and the detection of P-wave arrivals, in light of our analysis of the 2012 Brawley seismic swarm data.
2. Theory [7] In this section we describe the technical details of the seismogeodetic PPP-AR approach and summarize its advantages compared to current GPSonly and loosely coupled seismogeodetic methods. 2126
2.1. Ambiguity Resolution for a Single GPS Station [8] The two main approaches to GPS analysis can be classified as relative network positioning [e.g., Dong and Bock, 1989; Blewitt, 1989] and precise point positioning [Zumberge et al., 1997]. In either case, observations to GPS satellites from a ground receiver consist of phase and pseudorange measurements at two radio frequencies (''L1'' at 1575.42 MHz and ''L2'' at 1227.60 MHz). The phase measurements have integer-cycle phase ambiguities, which are the total number of cycles from the satellite to the receiver. It is critical for precise real-time positioning applications to be able to resolve the phase ambiguities [e.g., Bock et al., 2000]. [9] Baseline vectors between stations in a network are estimated as part of relative network positioning. Common-mode errors due to clock and hardware biases completely cancel in doubly differenced (between satellites and between stations) phase observations, thereby revealing the integer nature of the phase ambiguities. Likewise, common-mode atmospheric errors due to tropospheric and ionospheric refraction are reduced as the distances between stations shorten. Absolute position estimates are then derived by fixing (or tightly constraining) the true-of-date coordinates of one or more reference stations within the network to precise a priori values with respect to a global terrestrial reference frame. [10] Ambiguity resolution for a single GPS station is difficult because undifferenced phase ambiguity estimates contain noninteger biases, which originate in receiver and satellite hardware. To recover the integer properties of undifferenced ambiguities in PPP analysis, the fractional cycle parts of the noninteger biases can be estimated using a network of reference stations [e.g., Ge et al. 2008; Geng et al., 2012] outside the region of active deformation. Then the fractional-cycle bias (FCB) estimates allow clients to attempt ambiguity resolution for a single station using the PPP-AR method [e.g., Geng et al., 2011]. This approach also requires precise satellite clock and orbit information. In the following section, we describe a tightly coupled Kalman filter that extends PPP-AR analysis by adding very high-rate strong motion accelerometer data.
2.2. Tightly Coupled Seismogeodetic Filter [11] For seismogeodesy, we have available very high-rate collocated accelerometer data in addition
to high-rate GPS data. Bock et al. [2011] presented a loosely coupled multirate Kalman filter that optimally combines GPS displacement and accelerometer data in a two-step process that can be implemented in real time. In the first step, the GPS phase and pseudorange data are analyzed to estimate station displacements––this can be done using either relative network positioning or PPPAR. In the second step, the GPS displacements are combined with the accelerometer data. There is no feedback between the two steps so we call this a loosely coupled Kalman filter. Here we present a tightly coupled Kalman filter that operates on the raw GPS and accelerometer data in a single step. This formulation is applicable to the estimation of FCBs as part of the PPP analysis of the reference GPS network outside of the zone of deformation, as well as for individual PPP-AR clients within the seismically active region. [12] Without loss of generality, we assume that the integer-cycle ''wide-lane'' (the difference between L1 and L2) ambiguities have been resolved through a linear combination of phase and pseudorange measurements [e.g., Teunissen and Kleusberg, 1998]. Since the wide-lane wavelength is about 86.2 cm compared to the 19 and 24 cm wavelengths of the L1 and L2 phases, respectively, this is straightforward even for reference networks of global extent. The wide-lane ambiguities are then applied to the analysis of ionosphere-free carrier phase observations (which have noninteger ambiguities), leaving integer-cycle ''narrow-lane'' ambiguities with a wavelength of 10.7 cm [e.g., Dong and Bock, 1989]. Then, the narrowlane carrier-phase measurement for reference station i (i ¼ 1, . . . ,r) to satellite j (j ¼ 1, . . . ,s) is given by   Lji ¼ ji þ cti þ Mij Ti þ  Nij þ Bi  Bj þ "ji ;
ð1Þ
where ji denotes the geometric distance between station i and satellite j; c is the speed of light in vacuum, ti is the receiver clock error, Ti is the zenith tropospheric delay and Mij is the mapping function,  ¼ c=ðf1 þ f2 Þ is the narrow-lane wavelength where f1 and f2 are L1 and L2 frequencies, respectively, Nij denotes the narrow-lane integer ambiguity, Bi and Bj denote the fractional part of noninteger receiver- and satellite-specific hardj ware biases, respectively,  and2 "i denotes the ranj dom error with "i  N 0; L . Multipath effects, higher-order ionospheric effects, etc. are ignored for brevity. As part of the GPS analysis we obtain a real-valued estimate for Nij þ Bi  Bj ; Bi is 2127
eliminated by differencing between satellites leaving the integer part Nij and the fractional part Bj to be estimated. Once the Bj estimates are collected from the r reference stations, we can derive the FCB estimate for satellite j (j ¼ 1, . . . ,s) by
B ¼
r X
! j
B ji =r;
have achieved the PPP-AR solution for an individual station (client). [14] For a tightly coupled GPS/accelerometer solution, after correcting the raw accelerometer data for gain, we model the accelerometer data at station l and epoch k as Akl ¼ akl þ bkl þ "kl ;
i¼1
where Bj ji is the estimate of Bj at station i. Increasing the number of stations in the reference network will improve the reliability and accuracy of Bj [Geng et al., 2012]. Because the result is averaged over many stations, it is not necessary for the stations to be the same as the PPP client stations, only that the analysis in the PPP clients be consistent with the larger reference network. j
[13] The FCB products for all satellites B (j ¼ 1, . . . ,s) determined in the first step are then distributed to the individual PPP clients, where single-station ambiguity resolution can be attempted. Similar to equation (1), at a particular client l (to distinguish from subscript i used for reference stations) at epoch k, we linearize the narrow-lane carrier-phase observation   Ljkl ¼ Djkl pkl þ ctkl þ Mklj Tkl þ  Nlj þ Bl  Bj þ "jl ;
where Akl is the corrected accelerometer measurement, akl is the true acceleration, bkl is an acceleration bias which is estimated as a random walk parameter to accommodate slowly time-varying changes, especially during earthquakes when the bias can change significantly,   and "kl is the random error with "kl  N 0; 2A . Other errors due to, for example, instrument tilts are reasonably presumed to be minimal during the 26 August 2012 Brawley swarm and ignored in this study. Equation (5) is combined with equation (3) for the measurement update. The transition equation for the state vector in equation (4) takes the form of 2
3 2 xkl 1  4 vkl 5 ¼ 4 0 1 akl 0 0
3 32 xk1;l  2 =2  54 vk1;l 5; ak1;l 1
where  is the sampling interval of the accelerometer data. Equation (6) is used for the Kalman filter time update.
2.3. Advantages of the Tightly Coupled Kalman Filter
and 8 T > < pkl ¼"½ xkl vkl akl # j xkl  xk ; j > 0 0 : Dkl ¼ jkl
where  denotes the increment of a parameter estimate, pkl is the state vector comprising the position increment xkl , the velocity vkl and the acceleration akl , and Djkl is the design matrix in which xkl and xjk are the station and satellite posi tions, respectively, and "jl  N 0; 2L . The satelj lite bias Bj is assigned the value B , and the receiver Bl is assimilated into the receiver clock estimate, or equivalently can be removed by between-satellite differencing. As a result, the estimate for Nlj þ Bl  Bj is reduced to an estimate for Nlj where the integer property has been recovered. Ambiguity resolution for a single station can then be attempted. Once successfully fixing Nlj to integers for all visible satellites, we
[15] The key difference between the tightly coupled Kalman filter presented here and the loosely coupled filter in Bock et al. [2011] is that in the tightly coupled case the accelerations are used as additional data to resolve ambiguities. The accelerometer data are applied as tight constraints on the position variation between epochs. This single-step process improves cycle-slip repair for GPS carrier-phase data and rapid ambiguity resolution after GPS outages [Grejner-Brzezinska et al., 1998]. This is confirmed with the Brawley swarm data as discussed in the supporting information (section 1 and Figure S1).1 [16] As with the loosely coupled filter the tightly coupled filter also minimizes step functions possibly introduced by tilt in the accelerometer observations. Furthermore, biases, bkl, in the 1 Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article.
accelerometer data are estimated along with other parameters of interest. Hence, no pre-event mean needs to be eliminated from the acceleration data before starting the Kalman filter. In addition, bkl is estimated at each epoch as a random walk parameter to mitigate possible drift in the accelerometer data due to translations (indistinguishable from rotations) [Trifunac and Todorovska, 2001] and temperature changes.
2.4. Advantages of GPS PPP-AR Over Relative Network Positioning [17] There are several advantages to the PPP-AR approach. First, it is highly efficient because the satellite clocks and FCBs are estimated only once for positioning any number of clients. The data processing at each client is independent and does not affect any other clients. Relative network positioning is complicated by the need to assign baselines, overlapping Delaunay triangles [Crowell et al., 2009], or overlapping subnetworks [Bock et al., 2011]. This is a critical difference as one is faced with the challenge of analyzing hundreds to thousands of stations in real time. Furthermore, intermittent station dropouts complicate relative network positioning. Therefore, PPP-AR can be efficiently applied to large GPS networks deployed over a wide area such as around the Circum-Pacific Seismic Belt or at isolated stations in remote areas. Second, the PPP-AR approach compared to
relative network positioning does not require a local reference station, which might be displaced during a large event. Instead, PPP-AR requires a continental- or global-scale reference network well outside the zone of expected deformation, yet still has the same satellites visible as the client stations. Finally, if undifferenced ambiguities can be successfully fixed the positioning accuracy is comparable to that of relative network positioning [e.g., Bertiger et al., 2010; Geng et al., 2010].
3. Data Analysis 3.1. An Operational Real-Time PPP-AR System at SOPAC [18] At the time of the 2012 Brawley swarm and as part of a prototype EEW system for the Western U.S., we had already implemented at the Scripps Orbit and Permanent Array Center (SOPAC) an operational PPP-AR service center for estimating satellite clocks and FCBs. These parameters are intended for distribution to PPP clients in real time whether at a centralized processing facility, at a remote computer with internet access to data from a specific station, at a local processor at the remote station or within the GPS receiver itself. With predicted ultrarapid satellite orbits from the international GNSS service (IGS), the SOPAC service center generates satellite clocks every second for
Figure 2. Distribution of high-rate GPS stations used by the SOPAC PPP-AR system. Solid green circles denote the 46 stations used for clock estimation whereas solid red triangles denote the 48 stations used for FCB determination. The solid black star shows the location of the 26 August 2012 Brawley seismic swarm. 2129
each visible GPS satellite using 46 reference stations, and FCBs every 5 s using 48 stations across North America (Figure 2—Some of the stations are overlapping). The 1 Hz reference station data are collected from IGS and UNAVCO's Plate Boundary Observatory (UNAVCO/PBO) servers. The reference network for satellite clock estimation is chosen to be of continental scale to reduce errors; another option is to use satellite clocks from existing sources based on a global distribution of stations. On the other hand, the FCB network is chosen to be as close to the area of interest as possible, while staying sufficiently outside the region of expected deformation. The reference stations for the SOPAC service are chosen to be further than 200 km from the primary zones of tectonic deformation in California, Oregon and Washington to avoid contamination of the satellite clocks and FCBs during a large seismic event in that region. For the FCB determination, we choose a reference network that is close to the western U.S. coast (rather than a single reference station that is chosen for relative network positioning). Should one of the FCB network stations be subject to dynamic motions, the impact would be minimized by the averaging in equation (2). We note that for the western U.S. the FCB determination is challenged by the sparseness of real-time off-shore reference stations in the Pacific. The reference station positions are fixed to true-of-date estimates with respect to ITRF2008 [Altamimi et al., 2011] produced through an (1–2 week) extrapolation of combined modeled time series based on SOPAC's and Jet Propulsion Laboratory's (JPL)'s routine weekly analysis of 24 h, 30 s sampled data from a global and regional set of continuous GPS stations (http://sopac.ucsd.edu/processing/coordinates/sector.shtml) and made available through the GPS Explorer data portal (http://geoapp.ucsd.edu/). Real-time SOPAC PPP-AR results for the highrate station GLRS in southern California (Figure 1) from 11 August to 5 September 2012 show that ambiguity resolution in PPP improves the rootmean-square (RMS) difference between the position estimates and ground truth from 20, 30, and 61 mm without ambiguity resolution to 15, 12, and 40 mm for the North, East, and Up components, respectively.
3.2. GPS PPP-AR Analysis [19] For the 26 August 2012 Brawley earthquake swarm, we used SOPAC's PPP-AR system to process high-rate GPS data from 16 PBO stations and 1 Southern California Integrated GPS Network
(SCIGN) station in this region (Figure 1). The stations stream 1 Hz GPS data, the normal operational setting for most real-time GPS networks. For this study, we requested after the fact that UNAVCO/PBO download 5 Hz data from the receiver buffers at the 16 PBO stations. We then processed the 5 Hz data in a simulated real-time mode using SOPAC's 1 Hz satellite clocks, 5 s FCBs, and the predicted IGS ultrarapid orbits published for that period. The 1 Hz data at USGS station BOMG were also processed in this way. Further details on PPP-AR estimation are provided in section 2 of the supporting information. [20] In practice, the transmission of high-rate GPS data from the reference network (or a client station) to server has a typical latency of 0.4–1.0 s. The satellite clocks and FCB parameters are continuously estimated and made immediately available to clients. The PPP-AR processing at individual stations (clients) can then be performed at each epoch with a delay about 1 s after data arrival at the data analysis center.
3.3. Tightly Coupled Kalman Filter Analysis [21] There are only a few collocated GPS and seismic stations in southern California (Figure 1). For this study we identified three suitable collocations. The first pair consists of GPS station P506 sampling at 5 Hz and accelerometer site WLA sampling at 200 Hz, separated by 2.6 km and approximately 8 km from the source. This site pair was the only collocation available within the Brawley Seismic Zone. Emore et al. [2007] demonstrated good agreement of 1 Hz GPS and strong-motion data with instrument separations of up to 4 km. The second pair is GPS station P494 sampling at 5 Hz and strong motion site WES sampling at 100 Hz, separated by about 80 m and 34 km from the largest event. The third and most closely spaced pair (within 10 m) is BOMG (1 Hz) and strong motion site BOM (200 Hz), about 42 km from the swarm events. The strong motion sensors are observatory grade EpiSensor accelerometers and the broadband sensors are STS2 instruments, both on 24 bit Quanterra data loggers. For each pair, we combined the 1–5 Hz PPP-AR derived displacements with 100–200 Hz acceleration measurements. We also considered pair P493/ NP.286 (Figure 1) but the strong-motion site NP.286 is located inside the second story of a building and its record is complicated by the building response. 2130
Table 2. Standard Deviation (1, mm) of the Differences Between the 1–5 Hz GPS-Derived Ambiguity Fixed PPP and Instantaneous Position Estimates, and the True-of-Date SOPAC/JPL Positions Over 5 h Preceding the Brawley Swarm Instantaneous Relative Network Positioning
PPP-AR Stations
P506 P499 P495 P502 P498 P503 P507 P497 P501 P744 P510 P493 P508 P509 P496 P494 BOMG Mean
8 8 8 9 9 9 9 7 10 6 11 7 9 9 9 8 11 9
7 6 8 6 5 6 7 5 6 4 8 4 7 7 5 5 10 6
13 13 13 13 12 13 15 12 13 12 14 12 14 13 13 13 N/A 13
[22] As a first step the raw accelerometer data were corrected for gain. In the tightly coupled Kalman filtering, the precision of the raw accelerometer data from site WLA was taken to be 10 mm/s2 for all three channels to account for its relatively long distance from station P506 (alternatively, we could have applied a time shift to the accelerometer data). In contrast, we applied 0.1 mm/s2 for sites WES and BOM, which are closer to their GPS counterparts. The process noise of the accelerometer bias parameters is presumed to be 0.001 mm/s2.5. As a comparison, in the loosely coupled approach of Bock et al. [2011] the pre-event means are removed from the accelerometer data. Then, the two filter parameters for the periods of shaking, the system variance q and the measurement variance r, are determined from 60 s of pre-event noise on each channel of the accelerometer and GPS, respectively. Also, a near-real-time smoother with 5 s lag is applied to the loosely coupled filter.
4. Results 4.1. PPP-AR Analysis Using Only GPS Data [23] We evaluated the PPP-AR approach, first using only GPS data in the context of real-time analysis for EEW. The results are of interest in the case that only GPS data are available in real time
near the source of a large earthquake. Furthermore, the GPS-only approach can be used for rapid and reliable estimates of earthquake magnitude, fault geometry and rupture characteristics for large events often faster than traditional seismic methods on their own [e.g., Melgar et al., 2012; Crowell et al., 2012; Ohta et al., 2012; Wright et al., 2012]. [24] The RMS of the differences between the 1 or 5 Hz GPS-derived ambiguity-fixed position estimates and the true-of-date SOPAC/JPL positions are 31, 14, and 32 mm on average while the standard deviations (1) are 9, 6, and 29 mm in the North, East and Up directions, respectively, based on 5 h of data for all sites before the start of Brawley swarm activity. In contrast, the RMS for the ambiguity-float positions are 29, 20, and 57 mm, and the standard deviations (1) are 9, 17, and 50 mm, respectively. This is consistent with earlier results that indicate that ambiguity resolution improves the positioning accuracy of real-time PPP, especially in East and Up components [e.g., Geng et al., 2011]. In addition, for the 5 h data span, we compared PPP-AR to instantaneous relative positioning [Bock et al., 2000, 2011] (Table 2). We were able to assign for the latter a reference station just outside the zone of deformation because the earthquake magnitudes were so small. We can see that PPP-AR outperforms instantaneous relative positioning by 31%, 60%, and 48% in the standard deviations for the North, East and Up components, respectively. This improvement is attributed to the forward (smoothing) Kalman filter used in PPP-AR, whereas instantaneous relative positioning processes each epoch of data independently [Bock et al., 2000], and to improved single-epoch ambiguity resolution in the PPP-AR process. Other relative positioning methods that use Kalman filter estimation should provide the same level of precision as PPP-AR [e.g., Bertiger et al., 2010; Geng et al., 2010], but are more complicated to apply in real-time scenarios. In the remainder of this paper, we take the individual standard deviation (1) from the real-time PPPAR processing as the precision of the GPS position time series (Table 2). [25] We show the displacement waveforms for the 17 GPS stations during all four events in the supporting information (Figures S2–S5). From the horizontal components of the three stations P506, P499, and P495 that are nearest to the epicenter ( 3 earthquake at near-field distances (10 km) and M > 5 at regional distances (100 km) (Robert Clayton, personal communication). We can infer that these types of accelerometers directly collocated at the GPS stations would have been adequate to monitor the larger events of the 2012 Brawley swarms.
6. Conclusions [45] We have established that single-epoch GPSonly PPP-AR is a highly efficient and viable
method to analyze high-rate GPS data, with the same precision as relative network positioning methods but without the requirement to choose a local reference station. Rather, positions are independently estimated with respect to an external reference frame realized through the true-of-date global coordinates of the reference network stations and estimated satellite orbits and clocks. FCBs estimated from the reference network allow for ambiguity resolution at each station within the zone of deformation. This methodology is particularly useful for continuous GPS networks of hundreds to thousands of stations deployed within zones of tectonic deformation and seismic risk because the computation time scales linearly as the number of stations increases. However, like relative network positioning, it is limited in precision to about 20 mm for detection of real-time coseismic displacements and is unable to detect Pwave arrivals. [46] We have shown the lower bound of sensitivity for GPS-only and combined GPS/accelerometer seismogeodetic waveforms using data collected from four near-source events of the 26 August 2012 Brawley seismic swarm, ranging in magnitude from Mw 4.6 to 5.5. During periods of seismic shaking the tightly coupled seismogeodetic PPPAR analysis provides continuous unclipped estimates of broadband displacements in all three components that clearly discern the arrival of Pwaves. Seismogeodetic velocities are estimated throughout the period of seismic shaking with a precision of about 0.1–1 mm/s. Together, seismogeodetic broadband displacements and velocities from near-source stations can form the basis for EEW systems for any magnitude earthquake of consequence, which is more robust against false alarms than seismic-only or GPS-only approaches. Furthermore, seismogeodesy can be used to better understand the physics of the earthquake rupture process.
Acknowledgments [47] We thank the two reviewers and the Associate Editor for providing useful comments. Melinda Squibb and Anne Sullivan handled the real-time GPS data. Peng Fang was responsible for the 24 h GPS analysis at SOPAC, and Angelyn Moore for the analysis at JPL. GPS 5 Hz data for the 2012 Brawley swarm were provided by the Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO) operated by UNAVCO for EarthScope (http:// www.earthscope.org) and supported by NSF grant EAR0323309. Real-time 1 Hz GPS data over North America were collected from the International GNSS Service and PBO. 2140
Accelerometer data were obtained from the California Integrated Seismic Network, and University of California Santa Barbara (courtesy of Jamie Steidl). Seismic event information is from the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) data archive. This paper was funded by NASA grants AIST11 NNX09AI67G, ROSES NNX12AK24G, 06-MEaSUREs06-0085, and SCEC award 12083.
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Hauksson, E., and P. Shearer (2005), Southern California hypocenter relocation with waveform cross-correlation: Part 1. Results using the double-difference method, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 95, 896–903. Hauksson, E., W. Yang, and P. M. Shearer (2012), Waveform relocated earthquake catalog for southern California (1981 to June 2012), Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 102(5), 2239–2244. Heaton, T. H. (1985), A model for a seismic computerized alert network, Science, 228, 987–990. Kanamori, H. (2005), Real-time seismology and earthquake damage mitigation, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 33, 195–214, doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122626. Langbein, J., and Y. Bock (2004), High-rate real-time GPS network at Parkfield: Utility for detecting fault slip and seismic displacements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L15S20, doi:10.1029/2003GL019408. Larson, K. (2009), GPS seismology, J. Geod., 83(3):227–233. Larson, K., P. Bodin, and J. Gomberg (2003), Using 1-Hz GPS data to measure deformations caused by the Denali fault earthquake, Science, 300, 1421–1424. Lohman, R. B., and J. J. McGuire (2007), Earthquake swarms driven by aseismic creep in the Salton Trough, California, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B04405, doi:10.1029/2006JB004596. Melgar, D., Y. Bock, and B. W. Crowell (2012), Real-time centroid moment tensor determination for large earthquakes from local and regional displacement records, Geophys. J. Int., 188(2), 703–718, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011. 05297.x. Melgar, D., Y. Bock, D. Sanchez, and B. W. Crowell (2013), On robust and reliable automated baseline corrections for strong motion seismology, J. Geophys. Res., 118, doi: 10.1029/2012JB009937. Nakamura, Y. (1988), On the urgent earthquake detection and alarm system (UrEDAS), paper presented a Proceedings of the 9th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Int. Assoc.for Earthquake Eng., Tokyo, Kyoto, 2–9 August. Nikolaidis R., Y. Bock, P. J. de Jonge, P. Shearer, D. C. Agnew, and M. Van Domselaar (2001), Seismic wave observations with the global positioning system, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 21,897–21,916. Ohta, Y., et al. (2012), Quasi real-time fault model estimation for near-field tsunami forecasting based on RTK-GPS analy-
sis: Application to the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake (9.0 Mw), J. Geophys. Res., 117, B02311, doi:10.1029/2011 JB008750. Olsen, E. L., and R. M. Allen (2005), The deterministic nature of earthquake rupture, Nature, 438, 212–215, doi:10.1038/ nature04214. Olsen, E. L., and R. M. Allen (2006), Olsen and Allen Reply, Replying to: P. Rydelek and S. Horiuchi, Nature, 442, E6, doi:10.1038/nature04963. Rios, J. A., and E. White (2002), Fusion filter algorithm enhancements for a MEMS GPS/IMU, ION GPS 2002, paper presented at the 2002 National Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Institute of Navigation, San Diego, Calif. Rydelek, P., and S. Horiuchi (2006), Is earthquake rupture deterministic? Arising from: E. L. Olson and R. M. Allen, Nature, 438, 212–215 (2005), Nature, 442, E5. Smyth, A., and M. Wu (2006), Multirate Kalman filtering for the data fusion of displacement and acceleration response measurements in dynamic system monitoring, Mech. Syst. Signal Process., 21, 706–723. Teunissen, P., and A. Kleusberg (Eds.) (1998), GPS for Geodesy, 2nd ed., 650 pp., Springer, Berlin. Trifunac, M. D., and M. I. Todorovska (2001), A note on the useable dynamic range of accelerographs recording translation, Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 21, 275–286, doi:10.1016/ S0267-7261(01)00014-8. Wright T. J., N. Houlie, M. Hildyard, and T. Iwabuchi (2012), Realtime, reliable magnitudes for large earthquakes from 1 Hz GPS precise point positioning: The 2011 Tohoku-Oki (Japan) earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L12302, doi:10.1029/2012GL051894. Wu, Y.-M., and L. Zhao (2006), Magnitude estimation using the first three seconds P-wave amplitude in earthquake early warning, Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L16312, doi:10.1029/ 2006GL026871. Zumberge, J. F., M. B. Heflin, D. C. Jefferson, M. M. Watkins, and F. H. Webb (1997), Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks, J. Geophys. Res., 102(B3), 5005–5017, doi:10.1029/ 96JB03860.
Report "A new seismogeodetic approach applied to ... - Wiley Online Library"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Action & Adventure2602
Anthologies (multiple authors)423
Classics1843
Erotica1416
Espionage/Intrigue856
Fairy Tales, Folklore & Mythology280
Family Life576
Historical4274
Media Tie-In623
Medical229
Men's Adventure5
Mystery & Detective12843
Political460
Religious2066
Romance19960
Sagas1101
Sea Stories214
Short Stories (Anthologies)884
Short Stories (single author)967
Suspense5448
Thrillers2335
War & Military1086
Westerns432
Mysterium: A Novel
by Susan Froderberg
A young woman who lost her mother to climbing is resolved to summit India's highest peak, and instigates a treacherous and revelatory expedition, in this daring and lyrical novel. Mysterium, known as Mount Sarasvati, looms over the Indian Himalayas as the range's tallest peak. Sarasvati ""Sara"" Troy is determined to reach the peak for which she was christened, and to climb it in honor of her mother, who perished in a mountaineering... more...
Game On (New York Kings)
by Collette West
Pitching phenom Bruce "Jilly" Gillette has a hard time talking to women. His hulking presence of tattoos and muscles is what makes him an intimidating closer on the mound, yet off the field, he's painfully shy, uncomfortable in his own skin. Desperate to revamp his loner image, the New York Kings hold a dream date contest, granting the lucky winner a night on the town with their surly reliever, doing whatever it takes to force Jilly out of his comfort... more...
All Broke Down: A Rusk University Novel
In this second book in New York Times and USA Today bestselling author Cora Carmack's New Adult, Texas-set Rusk University series, which began with All Lined Up, a young woman discovers that you can't only fight for what you believe in . . . sometimes you have to fight for what you love. Dylan fights for lost causes. Probably because she used to be one. Environmental issues, civil rights, education--you name it, she's... more...
The Story of Modern Skiing
by John Fry
This is the definitive history of the sport that has exhilarated and infatuated about 30 million Americans and Canadians over the course of the last fifty years. Consummate insider John Fry chronicles the rise of a ski culture and every aspect of the sport's development, including the emergence of the mega-resort and advances in equipment, technique, instruction, and competition. "The Story of Modern Skiing" is laced with revelations from the author's... more...
He Played For His Wife And Other Stories
by Anthony Holden, Natalie Galustian
A brilliant collection of the best short stories about playing poker from writers such as Anthony Holden, Patrick Marber, Neil Pearson, and Jennifer Tilly—and an introduction by Al Alvarez. Poker has grown into one of the most popular sports in the world, with millions playing online, while the drama it creates has made it a natural subject for filmmakers and writers such as John Steinbeck. Now Anthony Holden, author of the poker classic Big Deal,... more...
A Natural: A Novel
by Ross Raisin
An exquisitely crafted coming-of-age novel set in the high-stakes world of English soccer—for readers of Nick Hornby and The Art of Fielding. After his unceremonious release from a Premier League academy at nineteen, Tom feels his bright future slipping away. The only contract offer he receives is from a lower-level club. Away from home for the first time, Tom struggles on and off the field, anxious to avoid the cruel pranks and hazing rituals of... more...
by Kevin Hardcastle
A feared cage fighter in Mixed Martial Arts, Daniel is closing in on greatness―until an injury derails his career. Out of work in his country hometown, Daniel slips into the underworld, moonlighting as muscle for a childhood-friend-turned-mid-level-gangster. While his wife works nights and his twelve-year-old daughter gets into scraps of her own, Daniel tries to escape and build a nobler life for his family―but he sinks deeper into... more...
The Legend of Bagger Vance: A Novel of Golf and the Game of Life
by Steven Pressfield
In the Depression year of 1931, on the golf links at Krewe Island off Savannah's windswept shore, two legends of the game—Bobby Jones and Walter Hagen—meet for a mesmerizing thirty-six-hole showdown. Another golfer will also compete—a troubled local war hero, once a champion, who comes with his mentor and caddie, the mysterious Bagger Vance. It is Vance, sage and charismatic, who will ultimately guide the match, for he holds the... more...
Irresistible You (The Chicago Rebels Series)
by Kate Meader
Hot in Chicago series author Kate Meader returns with her all new, scorching Chicago Rebels hockey series, featuring her signature "steamy sex scenes, colorful characters, and riveting dialogue" (Romantic Times). Three estranged sisters inherit their late father's failing hockey franchise and are forced to confront a man's world, their family's demons, and the battle-hardened ice warriors skating into their hearts. Harper Chase has just... more...
Dead Reckoning: A contemporary horse racing mystery (Harry...
by Glenis Wilson
Once again, jump jockey Harry Radcliffe is forced to turn reluctant sleuth in the third of this fast-paced, highly entertaining racing mystery series. When he stumbles across the body of local prostitute Alice Goode, champion jockey Harry Radcliffe is once again forced to turn reluctant sleuth. The prime suspect for Alice's murder is ex-con Jake Smith. If Harry doesn't find out who really killed Alice, and gets Jake off the hook, Jake will be... more...


Robert John Pearce was a well known character in the Pearce family. He was mace bearer for the Mayor of Poole and you can see his details here.
Cockle Kate (Katherine Egg) would have been known to Robert Pearce in his capacity as a policeman. She had a very colourful past.
John Masters is a famous past figure in Newfoundland, Canada. Although he is related to Poole Pearces there is no link as yet to our branch but as this is such an interesting area I have included it here.
If you have any questions or comments about the information on this site, please contact us here or you can see and leave public messages in our guestbook here We look forward to hearing from you.


Scrolls were around long before there were books or even printed newspaper.
And before the scrolls all important events were written on stone tablets.
We want to make such a simple scroll. When the scroll is completed, each child can write a story, glue pictures in, or alternatively, the role can be used for a planned adventure game.
Now cut the round wood to the right length and glue it into the wooden balls.
Next cut the construction paper to the right size and stick it to the round wood using Uhu or Sellotape.
First put some Uhu on the construction paper, then put the round wood in the glue. To finish it off secure everything with Sellotape.


This page contains information regarding my progress at the Institute of Information and Computing Sciences at the Utrecht University.
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2 I failed this class.
3 I haven't completed this class yet.
4 I've signed up for this class, but haven't started yet.
View a more detailed version of this schedule here.
It is currently Wednesday, April 24, 2019, week number 17.
There's not much left to choose, so I'm only doing one class, Distributed Programming.
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You are visiting the placeholder page for Cynthia DeBeaumont. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Cynthia DeBeaumont. We created this page automatically in hopes Cynthia DeBeaumont would find it. If you are not Cynthia DeBeaumont, but are an alumni of Corona Del Mar High School, register on this site for free now.


text:
Shabab Al-Ahly receives Al-Hilal Saudi Arabia in the West Asian Basketball Qualifiers
Shabab Al-Ahly Hall in Dubai will host at 6:00 pm today an important confrontation that brings together the basketball team at Shabab Al-Ahly club with Al-Hilal Saudi Arabia at the top of the third round matches of the first group of the West Asian qualifiers for the Gulf basketball region.
The importance of the confrontation is concentrated in the fact that its result will determine the leading team of that group at the end of the first-leg stage of the qualifiers, which will be held for the first time in a home-and-away system, after the youth of Al-Ahly and Al-Hilal were equal in the number of points before the night's confrontation, and each of them had four points, from their victory over Kazma Al-Kuwaiti and Al-Bashaer Al-Omani , Straight.
The value of that confrontation is reinforced by the great history that the two teams possess at the Gulf level in particular, as Al-Ahly youth imposed its dominance on the Gulf basket in three consecutive editions when it was crowned with the title in 2015, 2016 and 2017, while Al-Hilal Saudi Arabia won the title in 1992 and 1996.
Al-Ahly youth rely a lot in today's confrontation on the professional trio Brandon Tresh, Nick Minrath and Qais Omar, along with Saeed Mubarak, Muhammad Abdul Latif and Hamed Abdul Latif, with a coach with great experience in dealing with these difficult confrontations, the Bosnian Zoran.
The tournament regulations stipulate that the group leaders qualify directly for the semi-finals of the tournament, which is what Al-Ahly youth seeks to achieve, especially since the two Al-Hilal matches in particular will be the gateway to reaching that stage of the tournament.
Al-Ahly youth should be wary of the American professional in the ranks of Al-Hilal of Saudi Arabia, Clint Shiman, who starred in his team's last match and succeeded alone in scoring 34 points, and the distinguished playmaker Khaled Abdul-Jabbar, who was the best scorer in Al-Hilal's match against Kazma Al-Kuwaiti, scoring 29 points.
Bloomberg learned about the EU purchase of millions of barrels of Russian diesel before the embargo
Gold Price: Good news.. Reduced gold and silver prices.. These are the latest rates in Hyderabad..
María Pía Copello and Carlos Vilchez confirm the release date of their magazine "Send whoever is in charge"


While the (admittedly stunning) Minoan Palace of Knossos is overrun with bus tours, ancient Aptera—once the most powerful city-state in western Crete—is mostly, miraculously empty. Surrounded by two miles of fortified walls, the huge site is a trove of treasures from different periods: a Roman amphitheater, baths, and cisterns; fragments of a Doric temple; the Byzantine Monastery of Agios Ioannis; and a fortress that dates from the Turkish occupation. With the bay of Souda below and snow-frosted White Mountains above, the views alone are worth the trip, especially in spring, when the fallen columns and tombstones are surrounded by a carpet of poppies and daisies.


text:
Q: Printer settings in Ubuntu and Ubuntu Studio versus printer settings in Linux Mint I am a longtime Linux Mint (10+ years) user and I like the detail settings when printing photos in Mint. I am considering shifting to Ubuntu Studio. I do not see the opportunity for detailed printer settings in Ubuntu and Studio.
Print quality in Ubuntu is just like good or bad. Mint has like 10 settings about DPI going from 380 to 5760. And eight settings from economy to Best. Choice for matte or Photo black.  In Ubuntu no really possibility for paper choice and picture placement on the page.  I am a very basic user, very seldom I use a terminal.
Using Epson printers, which by the way install themselves in Mint. Also by network.
Drivers and connection.
usb://EPSON/SC-P600%20Series?serial=554E37593031393185
Epson SureColor P600 - CUPS+Gutenprint v5.3.3

Question: Can I have the same interface in Ubuntu Studio as I have in Linux mint?

A: Install proprietary Epson drivers from https://download.ebz.epson.net/dsc/search/01/search/?OSC=LX
and you'll have all settings.
Probably Mint installs them by default. Ubuntu also used to have these drivers in official repos. For some reason Gutenprint is installed that may lack some features.

A: Install the same driver on Ubuntu Studio as you have on Mint and set up a print queue with it. You want the printer-driver-gutenprint package.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


1. Yusen RD, Edwards LB, Kucheryavaya AY, Benden C, Dipchand AI, Goldfarb SB et al. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Thirty-second Official Adult Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation Report-2015; Focus Theme: Early Graft Failure. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015; 34 (10): 1264– 1277.
2. Stephenson AL, Sykes J, Berthiaume Y, Singer LG, Aaron SD, Whitmore GA et al. Clinical and demographic factors associated with post-lung transplantation survival in individuals with cystic fibrosis. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015; 34 (9); 1139–1145.
3. Weill D, Benden C, Corris PA, Dark JH, Davis RD, Keshavjee S et al. A consensus document for the selection of lung transplant candidates: 2014-an update from the Pulmonary Transplantation Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015; 34 (1): 1–15.
4. Olland A, Falcoz P-E, Kessler R, Massard G. Should cystic fibrosis patients infected with Burkholderia cepacia complex be listed for lung transplantation? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2011; 13 (6): 631–634.
5. O'Sullivan BP, Freedman SD. Cystic fibrosis. Lancet. 2009; 373 (9678): 1891–1904.
6. Красовский СА, Амелина ЕЛ, Черняк АВ, Никонова ВС, Воронкова АЮ, Каширская НЮ и др. Муковисцидоз взрослых: увеличение выживаемости больных в Москве и Московской области. Терапевтический архив. 2012; 84 (3): 54–58. Krasovsky SA, Amelina EL, Chernyak AV, Nikonova VS, Voronkova AYu, Kashirskaya NYu et al. Adult-onset mucoviscidosis: longer survival of patients in Moscow and Moscow region. Terapevticheskiy arkhiv. 2012; 84 (3): 54–58.
7. Ramos KJ, Quon BS, Psoter KJ, Lease ED, Mayer-hamblett N, Aitken ML et al. Predictors of non-referral of patients with cystic fibrosis for lung transplant evaluation in the United States. J Cyst Fibros. 2015; 1–8.
8. Mall J. Stuart MAE, editor. Cystic Fibrosis. European Respiratory Society. 2014: 332.
9. Семыкин СЮ, Постников СС, Поликарпова СВ, Нажимов ВП, Чернуха МЮ, Авакян ЛВ. Burcholderia сepacia – новая угроза для больных муковисцидозом. Детская больница. 2013; 2: 52–55. Semykin SYu, Postnikov SS, Polikarpova SV, Nazhimov VP, Chernukha MYu, Avakyan LV. Burcholderia cepacia – new threat for the patients with cystic fibrosis. Detskaya bol'nitsa. 2013; 2: 52–55.
10. Weidmann A, Webb AK, Dodd ME, Jones AM. Successful treatment of cepacia syndrome with combination nebulised and intravenous antibiotic therapy. J Cyst Fibros. 2008; 7 (5): 409–411.
11. Williams SG, Ashworth F, McAlweenie A, Poole S, Hodson ME, Westaby D. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding in patients with cystic. Gut. 1999; 44 (1): 87–90.
12. Dosanjh A. A review of nutritional problems and the cystic fibrosis lung transplant patient. Pediatr Transplant. 2002; 6 (6): 388–391.
13. De Soyza A, Meachery G, Hester KLM, Nicholson A, Parry G, Tocewicz K et al. Lung transplantation for patients with cystic fibrosis and Burkholderia cepacia complex infection: a single-center experience. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2010; 29 (12): 1395–1404.
14. Hopkins PM, Kidd TJ, Coulter C, Feather IH, Derrington P, Bell SC. Death after lung transplantation in cystic fibrosis patients infected with Burkholderia cepacia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009; 179 (3): 257–258.
15. Boussaud V, Guillemain R, Grenet D, Coley N, Souilamas R, Bonnette P et al. Clinical outcome following lung transplantation in patients with cystic fibrosis colonised with Burkholderia cepacia complex: results from two French centres. Thorax. 2008; 63 (8): 732– 737.
16. Гипербарическая медицина, практическое руководство (под редакцией Д. Матьё). М.: Бином, 2009: 720 (Перевод с англ.). Handbook on Hyperbaric Medicine (edit by D. Mathieu). M.: Binom, 2009: 720 (Translated from English).


text:
Passenger killed after driver loses control of car, crashes into tree in Escondido
The crash happened about 2:45 a.m. Monday at the intersection of Valley Parkway and La Terraza Boulevard
By David Hernandez
ESCONDIDO —
A woman was killed early Monday after a car she was riding in struck a tree at an intersection in Escondido, police said.
The driver, also a woman, was going west on Valley Parkway about 2:45 a.m. when she lost control at the intersection with La Terraza Boulevard, just east of Interstate 15, Lt. Mark Petersen said. The car — a Honda sedan — then hit a tree.
The driver was taken to a hospital and is in critical condition, Peterson said. The passenger was pronounced dead at the hospital.
Their ages and other details about the crash were not immediately available.
Public SafetyBreakingEscondidoNorth County
David Hernandez
Man shot, killed near park in Mountain View
A 911 caller reported the shooting about 8:40 a.m. on 45th Street near Keeler Avenue
Firefighter finds 'suspicious' package at Bay Terraces station, bomb squad deems it safe
The package, which appeared to be a large envelope, was found at San Diego Fire-Rescue's Station 32 about 9:45 a.m. Tuesday
Police: Man threatens girlfriend with gun, escapes in Barrio Logan
The domestic violence incident was reported just before 11 a.m. Tuesday
Lifeguards rescue man from rip current off Mission Beach
The rescue occurred about 2:10 p.m. Sunday near the foot of Santa Clara Place
Police say unlawful assembly during Pacific Beach protests applied to counterprotesters only
Some observers questions whether police showed bias in the way they responded to Trump supporters versus counterprotesters, some of whom identified as anti-fascist


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Mr L Kelly
Acting Headteacher, 'Vision and Curriculum' Coordinator, 'STEM' Coordinator and DSL
Mr Kelly completed a BA in Education and Early Childhood Studies at UWE and followed this with a PGCE with QTS from SCITT. Throughout his profession, he has taught in London, Somerset and North Somerset. Mr Kelly has also worked in a special needs school supporting children with a range of additional needs. He has worked at Spaxton Primary School since April 2016 and has progressed from class teacher to Senior Teacher and now to Acting Head Teacher. Mr Kelly still has teaching responsibilities and shares a classroom with Mrs Hamilton.
Mr Kelly is a very keen reader and is often found attached to his kindle on the weekends. He also has two active boys who keep him fit.
Mrs V Hamilton
Ahlberg Class Teacher and 'Language and the Arts' Coordinator
Mrs Hamilton began teaching in Key Stage One with a Certificate in Education. After a few years she graduated from Exeter University with a BPhil(Ed). Mrs Hamilton was appointed at her third school as Key Stage Two Co-ordinator - her first post in senior management - and had four classes to oversee. In 1997 Mrs Hamilton was appointed at Spaxton as Assistant Headteacher, a post that she has enjoyed immensely. Recently Mrs Hamilton has reduced her days and is enjoying her role as class teacher and literacy coordinator.
Mrs R Skews
Dahl Class Teacher and SENCo
Mrs Skews completed a Bachelor of Education at Plymouth University in 2003. She has since worked in Somerset schools as a class teacher and SENCo. In 2012 she accomplished a postgraduate certificate in Special Educational Needs and became a non-teaching SENCo but missed the daily interaction with the children and has returned to the classroom here with us here at Spaxton.
Mrs Skews is an avid crafter and enjoys making cards and scrapbooking her family's adventures alongside her husband and daughter. She is also a Brownie leader and shares her passions with the young girls she supports.
Mr A Harrison
Morpurgo Class Teacher and P.E. Coordinator
Mr Harrison is a proud Lancastrian, having spent the first 20 years of his life in the North of England studying a BA honors degree in Physical Education. He eventually migrated to warmer pastures in the south-west, where he began coaching school sport in a wide range of schools, including Spaxton. After gaining experience as a teaching assistant, he completed his teacher training through a schools direct course in Plymouth. This is his first teaching role since qualifying and brings a P.E specialism to our staff.
Mr Harrison also enjoys playing sport. Every weekend, he can be found on a grassy field somewhere, unless he is injured again!
Mrs Angela Barber
Extended Services Manager
spaxtonschool@educ.somerset.gov.uk
Mrs Barber has worked in the school office since January 2009 and she can't remember ever having a day when she didn't want to come to school! She has always enjoyed the pressures of high level administrative work. Regardless of role or position in the school, Mrs Baber believes that 'our Headteacher ensures that we all play an integral role in the enrichment of the education our children receive at Spaxton. I think this is why I enjoy my job so much.'
She started her working career in social service and then at BT, followed by many years in local government, administering training contracts, and the NHS monitoring doctor's hours and also within HR. However, she had not considered what would happen to her son during the school holidays if she continued to work and luckily, at the same time as pondering this, the school administrators post was advertised and the rest is history, as they say!
In her free time she does lots of things with her family and friends. She enjoy travelling, eating out, knitting and crochet, rom-com films with Hugh Grant and Colin Firth and listening to her son talking about his day. She has also sung for a ladies a Cappella group based in Taunton for over 30 years!