text:
from service.base import BaseService
import os
import config
import subprocess as sp
import time
import config
from req import Service
from utils.form import form_validation

class ProblemService(BaseService):
    def __init__(self, db, rs):
        super().__init__(db, rs)
        ProblemService.inst = self

    def get_problem_list(self, data={}):
        required_args = [{
            'name': '+group_id',
            'type': int,
        }, {
            'name': '+user_id',
            'type': int,
        }, {
            'name': '+page',
            'type': int,
        }, {
            'name': '+count',
            'type': int,
        }]
        err = form_validation(data, required_args)
        if err: return (err, None)
        sql = """
            SELECT
            (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM submissions WHERE problem_id=p.id AND user_id=%s AND verdict=9 limit 1) AS m) AS ac,
            (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT * FROM submissions WHERE problem_id=p.id AND user_id=%s limit 1) AS n) AS try,
            p.id, p.title, p.source, p.visible, p.created_at,
            u.id as setter_user_id, u.account as setter_user,
            g.id as group_id, g.name as group_name
            FROM problems as p, users as u, groups as g
            WHERE u.id=p.setter_user_id AND g.id=p.group_id AND
            """
        sql += """ (p.group_id=%s) """
        sql += """ ORDER BY p.id limit %s OFFSET %s """

        res  = yield self.db.execute(sql, (data['user_id'], data['user_id'], data['group_id'], data['count'], (int(data["page"])-1)*int(data["count"]), ))
        return (None, res.fetchall())

    ### Should be improvement
    def get_problem_list_count(self, data={}):
        required_args = [{
            'name': '+group_id',
            'type': int,
        }]
        err = form_validation(data, required_args)
        if err: return (err, None)
        # res = self.rs.get('problem_list_count@%s'
                # % (str(data['group_id'])))
        # if res: return (None, res)
        sql = "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM problems as p "
        sql += "WHERE p.group_id=%s"
        res = yield self.db.execute(sql, (data['group_id'],))
        res = res.fetchone()
        # self.rs.set('problem_list_count@%s'
                # % (str(data['group_id'])), res['count'])
        return (None, res['count'])

    def get_problem(self, data={}):
        required_args = [{
            'name': '+id',
            'type': int,
        }]
        err = form_validation(data, required_args)
        if err: return (err, None)
        if int(data['id']) == 0:
            col = ["id", "title", "description", "input", "output", "sample_input", "sample_output", "hint", "source", "group_id", "setter_user_id", "visible", "interactive", "checker_id", "created_at", "updated_at","pdf", "score_type_id"]
            res = { x: "" for x in col }
            res['id'] = 0
            res['visible'] = 0
            res['verdict_id'] = 1
            res['score_type_id'] = 1
            return (None, res)

        # res = self.rs.get('problem@%s' % str(data['id']))
        res = None
        if not res:
            sql = "SELECT p.*, u.account as setter_user FROM problems as p, users as u WHERE p.setter_user_id=u.id AND p.id=%s"
            res = yield self.db.execute(sql, (data["id"], ))
            if res.rowcount == 0:
                return ('No problem id', None)
            res = res.fetchone()
            # self.rs.set('problem@%s' % str(data['id']), res)
        err, res['execute'] = yield from Service.Problem.get_problem_execute({'problem_id': data['id']})
        err, res['testdata'] = yield from Service.Testdata.get_testdata_list_by_problem({'problem_id': data['id']})
        return (None, res)

    def reset_rs_problem_count(self, group_id):
        # self.rs.delete('problem_list_count@%s' % str(group_id))
        # self.rs.delete('problem_list_count@1')
        pass

    def put_problem(self, data={}):
        required_args = [{
            'name': '+id',
            'type': int,
        }, {
            'name': '+group_id',
            'type': int,
        }, {
            'name': '+setter_user_id',
            'type': int,
        }, {
            'name': 'title',
            'type': str,
        }, {
            'name': 'description',
            'type': str,
            'xss': True,
        }, {
            'name': 'input',
            'type': str,
            'xss': True,
        }, {
            'name': 'output',
            'type': str,
            'xss': True,
        }, {
            'name': 'sample_input',
            'type': str,
            'xss': True,
        }, {
            'name': 'sample_output',
            'type': str,
            'xss': True,
        }, {
            'name': 'hint',
            'type': str,
            'xss': True,
        }, {
            'name': 'source',
            'type': str,
            'xss': True,
        }, {
            'name': '+visible',
            'type': int,
        }, {
            'name': '+verdict_id',
            'type': int,
        }, {
            'name': 'verdict_code',
        }, {
            'name': 'verdict_execute_type_id',
            'type': int,
        }, {
            'name': 'pdf',
            'type': bool,
        }, {
            'name': 'pdf_file',
        }, {
            'name': '+score_type_id',
            'type': int,
        }]
        err = form_validation(data, required_args)
        if err: return (err, None)
        new_verdict = False
        verdict_code = data.pop('verdict_code')
        verdict_execute_type_id = data.pop('verdict_execute_type_id')
        if int(data['verdict_id']) == 0:
            new_verdict = True
            meta = {}
            meta['id'] = 0
            meta['title'] = 'special judge'
            meta['execute_type_id'] = verdict_execute_type_id
            meta['setter_user_id'] = data['setter_user_id']
            meta['code_file'] = verdict_code
            err, data['verdict_id'] = yield from Service.Verdict.post_verdict(meta)
            if err: return (err, None)

        pdf_file = data.pop('pdf_file')
        # if data.get('pdf'):
            # if pdf_file is None:
                # return ('pdf file should be uploaded', None)

        # self.reset_rs_problem_count(data['group_id'])
        id = data.pop('id')
        # self.rs.delete('problem@%s' % str(id))
        sql, parma = self.gen_update_sql("problems", data)
        yield self.db.execute("%s WHERE id = %s" % (sql, id), parma)
        yield self.db.execute('DELETE FROM verdicts WHERE problem_id=%s AND id!=%s;', (id, data['verdict_id'],))
        if new_verdict:
            meta['id'] = data['verdict_id']
            meta['title'] = 'special judge for problem %s'%(id)
            meta['setter_user_id'] = data['setter_user_id']
            meta['problem_id'] = id
            meta['code_file'] = None
            err, data['verdict_id'] = yield from Service.Verdict.post_verdict(meta)
            if err: return (err, None)

        if pdf_file:
            folder = '%s/data/problems/%s' % (config.DATAROOT, str(id))
            file_path = '%s/pdf.pdf' % folder
            try: os.makedirs(folder)
            except: pass
            with open(file_path, 'wb+') as f:
                f.write(pdf_file['body'])

        return (None, id)

    def post_problem(self, data={}):
        required_args = [{
            'name': '+group_id',
            'type': int,
        }, {
            'name': '+setter_user_id',
            'type': int,
        }, {
            'name': 'title',
            'type': str,
        }, {
            'name': 'description',
            'type': str,
            'xss': True,
        }, {
            'name': 'input',
            'type': str,
            'xss': True,
        }, {
            'name': 'output',
            'type': str,
            'xss': True,
        }, {
            'name': 'sample_input',
            'type': str,
            'xss': True,
        }, {
            'name': 'sample_output',
            'type': str,
            'xss': True,
        }, {
            'name': 'hint',
            'type': str,
            'xss': True,
        }, {
            'name': 'source',
            'type': str,
            'xss': True,
        }, {
            'name': '+visible',
            'type': int,
        }, {
            'name': '+verdict_id',
            'type': int,
        }, {
            'name': 'verdict_code',
        }, {
            'name': 'verdict_execute_type_id',
            'type': int,
        }, {
            'name': 'pdf',
            'type': bool,
        }, {
            'name': 'pdf_file',
        }, {
            'name': '+score_type_id',
            'type': int,
        }]
        err = form_validation(data, required_args)
        if err: return (err, None)
        new_verdict = False
        verdict_code = data.pop('verdict_code')
        verdict_execute_type_id = data.pop('verdict_execute_type_id')
        if int(data['verdict_id']) == 0:
            print('verdict')
            new_verdict = True
            meta = {}
            meta['id'] = 0
            meta['title'] = 'special judge'
            meta['execute_type_id'] = verdict_execute_type_id
            meta['setter_user_id'] = data['setter_user_id']
            meta['code_file'] = verdict_code
            err, data['verdict_id'] = yield from Service.Verdict.post_verdict(meta)
            if err: return (err, None)

        pdf_file = data.pop('pdf_file')
        # if data.get('pdf'):
            # if pdf_file is None:
                # return ('pdf file should be uploaded', None)

        self.reset_rs_problem_count(data['group_id'])
        sql, parma = self.gen_insert_sql("problems", data)
        id = (yield self.db.execute(sql, parma)).fetchone()['id']
        yield from Service.Problem.put_problem_execute({
            'problem_id': id,
            'execute': [
                1, 2, 3, 4
            ]
        })
        if new_verdict:
            meta['id'] = data['verdict_id']
            meta['title'] = 'special judge for problem %s'%(id)
            meta['setter_user_id'] = data['setter_user_id']
            meta['problem_id'] = id
            meta['code_file'] = None
            err, data['verdict_id'] = yield from Service.Verdict.post_verdict(meta)
            if err: return (err, None)

        if pdf_file:
            folder = '%s/data/problems/%s' % (config.DATAROOT, str(id))
            file_path = '%s/pdf.pdf' % folder
            try: os.makedirs(folder)
            except: pass
            with open(file_path, 'wb+') as f:
                f.write(pdf_file['body'])

        return (None, id)

    def delete_problem(self, data={}):
        required_args = [{
            'name': 'id',
            'type': int,
        }]
        err = form_validation(data, required_args)
        if err: return (err, None)
        err, data = yield from self.get_problem(data)
        if err: return (err, None)
        # self.reset_rs_problem_count(data['group_id'])
        yield self.db.execute("DELETE FROM problems WHERE id=%s", (int(data['id']),))
        # self.rs.delete('problem@%s' % str(data['id']))
        # self.rs.delete('problem@%s@execute' % str(data['id']))
        return (None, None)

    def post_rejudge_problem(self, data={}):
        required_args = [{
            'name': 'id',
            'type': int,
        }]
        err = form_validation(data, required_args)
        if err: return (err, None)
        res = yield self.db.execute('SELECT s.id FROM submissions as s WHERE s.problem_id=%s ORDER BY s.id;', (data['id'],))
        res = res.fetchall()
        # for x in res: self.rs.delete('submission@%s'%(str(x['id'])))
        yield self.db.execute('UPDATE submissions SET time_usage=%s, memory_usage=%s, score=%s, verdict=%s WHERE id IN %s;', (None, None, None, 1, tuple(x['id'] for x in res)))
        yield self.db.execute('DELETE FROM map_submission_testdata WHERE submission_id IN %s;', (tuple(x['id'] for x in res),))
        yield self.db.execute('INSERT INTO wait_submissions (submission_id) VALUES '+','.join('(%s)'%x['id'] for x in res))
        return (None, str(data['id']))

    def get_problem_execute(self, data={}):
        required_args = [{
            'name': '+problem_id',
            'type': int,
        }]
        err = form_validation(data, required_args)
        if err: return (err, None)
        # res = self.rs.get('execute@problem@%s'%str(data['problem_id']))
        # if res: return (None, res)
        res = yield self.db.execute("SELECT e.* FROM execute_types as e, map_problem_execute as m WHERE m.execute_type_id=e.id and m.problem_id=%s ORDER BY e.priority", (data['problem_id'],))
        res = res.fetchall()
        # self.rs.set('execute@problem@%s' % str(data['problem_id']), res)
        return (None, res)

    def put_problem_execute(self, data={}):
        required_args = [{
            'name': '+problem_id',
            'type': int,
        }, {
            'name': '+execute',
            'type': list,
        }, ]
        err = form_validation(data, required_args)
        if err: return (err, None)
        yield from self.delete_problem_execute(data)
        for x in data['execute']:
            try:
                yield self.db.execute("INSERT INTO map_problem_execute (execute_type_id, problem_id) values (%s, %s)", (x, data['problem_id']))
            except: pass
        return (None, data['problem_id'])

    def delete_problem_execute(self, data={}):
        required_args = [{
            'name': '+problem_id',
            'type': int,
        }]
        err = form_validation(data, required_args)
        if err: return (err, None)
        # self.rs.delete('execute@problem@%s' % str(data['problem_id']))
        yield self.db.execute("DELETE FROM map_problem_execute WHERE problem_id=%s", (data['problem_id'],))
        return (None, None)

    def post_problem_tag(self, data={}):
        required_args = [{
            'name': '+tag_id',
            'type': str,
        }, {
            'name': '+problem_id',
            'type': str,
        }]
        # err = self.check_required_args(required_args, data)
        err = form_validation(data, required_args)
        if err: return (err, None)
        # self.rs.delete('tag@problem@%s'%(data['problem_id']))
        try: yield self.db.execute('INSERT INTO map_problem_tag (tag_id, problem_id) VALUES(%s, %s);', (data['tag_id'], data['problem_id']))
        except: return ((400, 'Already in'), None)
        return (None, None)

    def delete_problem_tag(self, data={}):
        required_args = ['tag_id', 'problem_id']
        required_args = [{
            'name': '+tag_id',
            'type': str,
        }, {
            'name': '+problem_id',
            'type': str,
        }]
        # err = self.check_required_args(required_args, data)
        err = form_validation(data, required_args)
        if err: return (err, None)
        # self.rs.delete('tag@problem@%s'%(data['problem_id']))
        res = yield self.db.execute('DELETE FROM map_problem_tag WHERE tag_id=%s AND problem_id=%s RETURNING id;', (data['tag_id'], data['problem_id']))
        if res.rowcount == 0:
            return ((404, 'no this tag in this problem'), None)
        return (None, None)

    def get_problem_tag(self, data={}):
        required_args = ['problem_id']
        required_args = [{
            'name': '+problem_id',
            'type': int,
        }]
        # err = self.check_required_args(required_args, data)
        err = form_validation(data, required_args)
        if err: return (err, None)
        # res = self.rs.get('tag@problem@%s'%(str(data['problem_id'])))
        # if res: return (None, res)
        res = yield self.db.execute('SELECT t.* FROM tags as t, map_problem_tag as m WHERE m.tag_id=t.id AND m.problem_id=%s;', (data['problem_id'],))
        res = res.fetchall()
        # self.rs.set('tag@problem@%s'%(str(data['problem_id'])), res)
        return (None, res)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Christmas is still a season of love…
by Zanita Careem
In the new normal, Christmas is still a season of love… from a distance. Christmas this season will be different but that does not mean that it cannot be celebrated. We should feel the joy and the spirit of giving From Santa bubbles to drive though Christmas decorations, is socially distanced year like no other is giving us a masked Christmas
We spoke to Otara Gunawardena to find how she feels about X'mas this year upended by the Coronavirus pandemic. She said the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic has taught us to truly appreciate the little things in life. This X'mas is different from the rest but nonetheless, this year should be for counting our blessings.
Otara needs no introduction, the founder of Odel, Luv SL, a tourist shop and 'Embark,' an organisation dedicated to improving the wellbeing of street dogs. A fashion icon and trendsetter, Otara's journey was one of determination and passion where she ensured that her business would be global ly known and a landmark in Sri Lanka.
Q Covid has dampened the spirit of the season how do you feel about it this year?
It was a quiet Christmas with family at home. I believe Covid was a lesson to teach us to be with ourselves and our families without always looking for distractions from events and outings like we were usually engaged in.
It was a time to keep things simple and be happy and grateful for all that we have.
Q Your experience in the past and the challenges now A- I think we are all experiencing verydifficult times compared to how things were in the past.
The challenges and the outcome is based on how we handle ourselves during this situation.
Q You are into many social projects. Did you plan any thing special for this season.
I just launched a platform to sell products from small businesses in Sri Lanka and I have been very busy with that. I am pleased to be able to create this platform as it is something I have been wanting to do for the last few years.
Q Do you think we should have a quieter feel this year without all that glitter and glamour or do we need to celebrate without dampening our festive spirit
What dampens our spirit depends on what we need to make it bright. No matter what the situationis if we are happy, peaceful and content within, we can still be joyful and happy, no matter what happens around us.
Q As a icon and a public figure are you engaged in any new projects this year –
I hope to work on growing " Who We Are" and also continuing my work with Embark and advocacy for animal welfare and environment protection.
Q Chistmas and New Year come once a year it is time for rejoicing and to help each other
How do you account for this?
Yes it is but it is also something that we have to continue throughout the year. Christmas is just a reminder for the need for good values to continue through the year.
The wind beneath the wings –Keshini inspires to soar through CAN
Growing Vertically: Dilmah Conservation Launches Hydroponics
Don't shun sunshine Vitamin
While most of us avoid the hot sun at noon, we deprive ourselves of 'Sunshine Vitamin' or Vitamin D which is at its peak during that time of the day. In an interview with the Sunday Island, Head of the Department of Nutrition at the Medical Research Institute (MRI) and President of the Sri Lanka Medical Nutrition Association (SLMNA), Dr. Renuka Jayatissa throws light on the latest research which has unearthed new knowledge about this natural nutrient boosting our immunity which we often take for granted.
by Randima Attygalle
Known as 'Sunshine Vitamin', Vitamin D is produced by the body when the skin is exposed to sunlight. Vitamin D also functions as a hormone and every body cell has a receptor for it. Sun exposure at mid-day (from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.) is the best way to boost vitamin D levels, says Head of Nutrition at the Medical Research Institute (MRI), Dr. Renuka Jayatissa. "Although morning sunlight was traditionally believed to be the best source of vitamin D, new knowledge confirms that 10 to 15 minutes of exposure to midday sun is the best time to make use of sunshine. The exposure becomes even more important as dietary intake of vitamin D is not sufficient.
The findings of local research speak for the changing nature of vitamin D intake, contrary to the popular belief that those from tropical nations are the most benefitted by this nature's panacea. While the population from the Central and Sabaragamuwa Provinces are the most vulnerable to the deficiency due to the climatic patterns, the North Central Province is the least vulnerable given the hot climate of the region and the agrarian lifestyle. "The findings also reveal that 50% of adolescents of the country and nearly 95% of women are vitamin D deficient. This situation is alarming as it is a precursor to a host of other health issues including immunity problems, loss of bone density and muscle weakness," explains Dr. Jayatissa who warns that COVID-19 pandemic has compounded the situation with restricted movement and children being home bound.
The vitamin D intake from the sun depends on the degree of exposure to sunlight. "If you wear long sleeved shirts/ blouses and trousers, it is most likely that you will get only about 10% of exposure with only your face and neck exposed. However if you wear a short-sleeved shirt/blouse and a mid-length skirt or a frock, you will get about 30% exposed," points out the physician. "What is recommended is about 10 to 15 minutes of exposure daily. However, overweight people and those with a darker skin complexion will require more. While peak period is between 12 noon to 1 p.m. in the afternoon, ironically this is the time that most Sri Lankans tend to avoid the sun, given the humidity of the environment, says Dr. Jayatissa.
"The school interval is limited only to half an hour and this too during mid-morning. As most children may take their first meal for the day during the interval, there is hardly time for play," observes the nutrition specialist. Recommendations have already being made to the School Committees of the Education Ministry to give children another mid-day break so that they are exposed to the peak period of sun, says Dr. Jayatissa. "Vitamin D is crucial for children on the threshold of puberty (10-15 years) as it affects growth and immunity."
The rising elderly population in the country too calls for interventions to mitigate vitamin D deficiency as fractures are a common repercussion. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to a loss of bone density which in turn can cause osteoporosis and fractures. "With the elderly population multiplying in years, disability will be an added burden," warns Dr. Jayatissa. Vitamin D is crucial for calcium absorption and bone metabolism. Low bone density results in loss of calcium and other minerals in bones. Older adults, especially women are at an increased risk of fractures due to this.
Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency are many. Besides lack of exposure to sunlight, having dark skin, being overweight or obese, being elderly, lack of dairy and fish in diet, excessive use of sun screen are among them. "Obesity is a risk factor for the deficiency as increased fat cells in the body require larger doses of vitamin D," observes the physician who goes onto note that lifestyle patterns too trigger the condition. "Although those who live far from the equator are traditionally considered to be lacking vitamin D, their understanding of this drives them to be exposed to the sun as much as possible. Walking or cycling to work, walking to a cafeteria, traveling to tropical regions during summer etc. push them to bridge the gap. Ironically in our part of the world, apart from farmers and other workers such as those in the construction industry and the manual labour force, people are deprived of sun exposure."
Since symptoms of vitamin D deficiency are often subtle, many people will not realize that they are lacking it. "However this could affect the quality of life," remarks Dr. Jayatissa. Height gain is seriously threatened by the condition, she says. "Compared to taller communities such as the Dutch whose average height for males is about 180 cm, Sri Lankan average height is about 168 for men and 153 for women. This may even decrease in time to come, unless the situation is urgently addressed". Sun exposure as the vitamin D booster cannot be undermined, especially because very few foods such as fish, fish liver oils, egg yolks and fortified dairy and grain products contain vitamin D, notes the nutrition specialist.
Keeping the immune system strong is one of the key roles of vitamin D. During the pandemic, this becomes even more valid as a strong immune system can fight off viruses and even bacteria that cause illness. Studies have confirmed that vitamin D can reduce the risk of respiratory tract infections. "Migraines in young people could also be a cause of the deficiency and muscle cramps in the night among the elderly could also be a strong symptom," points out Dr. Jayatissa. Bone and back pain, impaired wound healing and even low moods are among the other symptoms.
Certain studies have also found that vitamin D can help treat skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema. While sunshine can do wonders to your skin and body, too much of it can be risky, points out the physician. "Sun spots as a result of sunburn, skin aging, heat stroke and skin cancer are among them." Administering vitamin D supplements should always be done on clinical advise as vitamin D toxicity entails its own dangers, concludes Dr. Jayatissa.
Leopard human coexistence
WNPS Monthly Lecture
Insights from Jawai India by Shatrunjay Pratap Singh
6 pm, 21st January 2021 via zoom and FB live
Jawai sits right between Jodhpur and Udaipur India. It is known as the land of shepherds and leopards. It is one of the few regions in India perhaps in the world, where human beings and big cats have peacefully coexisted for over 100 years.
Leopards of Jawai is a story of the harmonious relationships shared by the leopards and the local Rabari tribes of the region. Yet this pastoral region of just less than eight square miles in the Aravalli hills between the tourist meccas of Udaipur and Jodhpur contains the largest concentration of leopards on the planet. The leopards' conspicuous presence is due to a unique relationship with the Rabari, a tribal caste of semi-nomadic cattle herders and shepherds.
With Sri Lanka coming out of the worst ever year for it big cats, with over 13 reported deliberate killings, its important to look at unique stories of harmony between man and the leopards of the region and adapt possible best practices.
Shatrunjay Pratap, a wine-maker-turned-conservationist and wildlife cameraman. He co-authored the book Leopards & Shepherds of Jawai and was the cameraman on National Geographic's special programme Wild Cats of India. After spending almost all his life with wild animals, he's learnt and understood nature's rules and has witnessed the cruel outcome of human beings who don't respect or abide by those rules.
"There is a deep rooted synchrony between everything we find in nature. Animals and plants, all know their place and responsibilities, while understanding that they are a part of the natural order. We, as humans, foolishly think that we are separate from all of this and therein lies the problem. If we can be humble and accept that we are a part of nature, and not separate from it, we can learn to do things in synchrony with nature, all in a way that is sustainable to all life."
Bridal and hair trends for 2021
Simplicity in bridals, =short bridal veils, =fresh faced looks and coloured hair
Ramani Fernando of Ramani Salons, an experienced hairstylist who is renowned for her excellent hair cuts and sublime hair colouring.
I have looked after hundreds of brides and its always a privelege being involved in thier big day says Ramani.
Though the big wedding may seem like a distant memory in 2020, brides around the country aren't giving up on the dream altogether: Adapting to he new normal, this year's chaos has had a significant impact on the way brides choose to wed, setting a new tone for 2021.
With the arrival of 2021 we've tapped Ramani Fernando to give us the lowdown on how bridal fashion has been thrown up- side down in 2021.
"It's been heart-warming to watch everyone pivot and adjust and continue to celebrate beautiful moments of love in a safe and different format," says Ramani . Our experience was very interesting, it's always a little nerve-wracking lexperience something completely new and different, but the more I thought about it, the more it felt like 2021 bride needs right now—simple. elegant, luxurious dresses or sarees.
And through it all, we've seen couples get creative with their nuptials, and do away with all of the frills to embrace the day for what it is: a celebration!
So, with that in mind, these are the bridal trends we're tipping to be huge this upcoming year, from the gown and bridesmaids dresses to the decor and flower arrangements.
Bridal Gown Trends 2021
Arguably the main event for many of us, gowns are usually where we see the most changes happening year-on-year. But this year, all trends seem to embrace individuality and bold statements that aren't too fussy It's all about fun and ease in 2021.
According to Ramani, we can expect versatility to be a major point for bridal gowns come 2021. "Brides are opting for chic and simple silhouettes. an understated elegance that results in a dress which can be worn on more than one occasion, rather than living in storage for years to come," she says.
With this shift,this popular hairdresser says we can expect a continuation of off-whites and neutral tones to dominate. as well as an increased demand in "high quality, luxe dresses which are designed to last a lifetime."
I think we'll see splashes of pastel accents. You can never go wrong with a soft colour says Ramani adding that "it doesn't take away from the bride but it adds beautiful. feminine touch-points throughout the day and experience."
'We're big fans of unconventionally-coloured weddings dresses and with 2020 being such a gloomy affair for many, we're hoping to see lots of bright aisle' moments taking place in the new year.
And, while vibrant hues may not be everyone's cup of tea, the key to making them classic is all in the silhouette. Unlike day-to-day dressing where we recommend keeping shapes and fits simple when playing around with colour, for your big day. Opt for a show-stopping shape that keeps the look chic and elegant
For the brides daring to bare, we suggest opting for a full-length dress that doesn't distract from the main event.
The best part?
It does wonders to flatter but the flexible elastic allows you to freely mingle and dance without being held down by tight fabric—a win, in the looks.
It goes without saving that a dress just isn't for everyone. And even those who always pictured themselves wearing a Princess Diana-style monument have found that sarees indian or Kandyan are more suited to some.
And luckily, a host of designers in Sri Lanka are starting to do bridal attires to suit the shape of brides.
We're particularly loving the chunky tie-up styles as well as the spaghetti strap versions that add a whimsical touch to even the most classic of silhouettes.
Forget sweetheart and scoop, 2021 will be all about square necklines said one the bridal designers.
As we've seen in the fashion trend cycle, straight, minimalist necklines are an instant way to dress up an outfit, and can be just as flattering as the deeper-cut options said one of these designers.
The simplicity of this elegant shape means it can be worn with just about any shape or dress length. too.
Bridal Accessory Trends 2021
You'd be forgiven for wanting to keep your accessories low-key-especially if you've splashed out on a gown—since it's a common mistake that they can steal the limelight. Bold and colourful accessorises peacefully coexist with the rest of your took, but it can compliment and even elevate an entire bridal look.
High Impact Headwear
Understated looks certainly have their place, but statement headwear is an exciting addition to any outfit.
Between all the options out there, the world is your oyster, but we're loving the new classics like chunky headbands and embroidered veils.
The golden rule with these accessories is to keep your makeup and hair looks relatively classic. Nothing suits a headpiece more than a chic. slicked bun a la Miranda Kerr.
Pearls have been the reigning accessory trend this year. and so of course they'll be popping up everywhere in the bridal sphere.
Look out for pearl-encrusted stilettos and hair accessories that inject a bit of old-school Hollywood glamour.
Non-traditional Footwear I _, , ,
Something that we're definitely going to be seeing more of in 2021 are darker colour – or the bride and groom parties/
To make sure the looks are more classic than risque or even boring, Ramani has created silhouettes that are flattering and have thoughtful touches like bow details and frilled hems that keep them interesting, all while not stealing any attention.
Traditionally thought to be a bit of taboo when it comes to bridesmaids dresses, prints are slowly gaining traction as a way to introduce some fun into the mix.
Even better, having each bridesmaid in a different dress has also become the go-dewy with a touch of glow. Neutral eyes with shimmer and contour to enhance one's look. will be popular.
Q: Hair styles, hair colours and haircuts: What do you think the trends will be?
Sleek low buns, hair combed backwards and clipped behind the ears. Even lose hair with waves will be popular.
Q: The haircuts and colours?
Tousled bob haircuts, the hair bobs texlined hair cuts but this will change according to the client's requirements.
the young teenagers they love to colour their hair in purple, red and green. The older folks will be having their perennial favourite colour brown or bronze with darker roots and lighted ends..
A new year beckons new changers. Switching things up with brand new hair colours are fashionable for 2021. The trends right now reflect all that has been happening in our world and our lives says Ramani Fernando.
People are looking to lift up their spirits with new shades or make their lives easier with less maintenance. We hope 2021 will be a brighter year for all. Fashions change style remains.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Ireland's Attorney General is to become a judge of the Court of Appeal
The vacancy arose following the retirement of Justice Garrett Sheehan in March.
By Cianan Brennan Tuesday 13 Jun 2017, 3:36 PM
Jun 13th 2017, 3:36 PM 18,033 Views 27 Comments
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Máire Whelan Source: Mark Stedman
IRELAND'S ATTORNEY GENERAL Máire Whelan is to become a Justice of the Court of Appeal.
The Department of the Taoiseach has confirmed that Whelan has been nominated to the court as a judge by the government at its meeting today.
A spokesperson for the Department of Justice confirmed that this will almost certainly see Whelan leave her current role as Attorney General.
Whelan had held the role of AG, the most senior legal adviser in the State, since March 2011.
Her tenure was occasionally controversial, not least during the series of events that led to the retirement of former Garda Commissioner Martin Callinan in early 2014, when it emerged Whelan had received information regarding the systematic recording of conversations at Garda stations for nearly 20 years fully four months before the Taoiseach.
The government has also informed President Michael D Higgins of the nomination, as per constitutional procedure.
The vacancy at the Court of Appeal arose following the retirement of Justice Garrett Sheehan last March.
The Court itself, which was formed in order to expedite the appeals process and streamline the backlogged courts service, was first established in October 2014.
Read: A true patriot or a tainted legacy? Enda Kenny gave his last speech as Taoiseach today
Read: Stepaside Garda Station to reopen after 'rise in crime' since its closure
Cianan Brennan
@ciananbrennan
cianan@thejournal.ie
See more articles by Cianan Brennan
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You searched for: +how do you find area codes for phone numbers free online phone directory We have highlighted matching words that appear in the page below.
Telephone number - Wikipedia
Sequence of digits assigned to a telephone subscription
For the integer sequence, see Telephone number (mathematics).
"Phone number" redirects here. For the Bobby V song, see Fly on the Wall (Bobby V album). For the Dominic Fike song, see Dominic Fike.
A Swiss rotary telephone dial from the 1970s, showing the telephone's number (94 29 68) along with those of various local emergency services
Telephone numbers for sale in Hong Kong.
A telephone number is a sequence of digits assigned to a fixed-line telephone subscriber station connected to a telephone line or to a wireless electronic telephony device, such as a radio telephone or a mobile telephone, or to other devices for data transmission via the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or other public and private networks.
A telephone number serves as an address for switching telephone calls using a system of destination code routing.[1] Telephone numbers are entered or dialed by a calling party on the originating telephone set, which transmits the sequence of digits in the process of signaling to a telephone exchange. The exchange completes the call either to another locally connected subscriber or via the PSTN to the called party. Telephone numbers are assigned within the framework of a national or regional telephone numbering plan to subscribers by telephone service operators, which may be commercial entities, state-controlled administrations, or other telecommunication industry associations.
Telephone numbers were first used in 1879 in Lowell, Massachusetts, when they replaced the request for subscriber names by callers connecting to the switchboard operator.[2] Over the course of telephone history, telephone numbers had various lengths and formats and even included most letters of the alphabet in leading positions when telephone exchange names were in common use until the 1960s.
Telephone numbers are often dialed in conjunction with other signaling code sequences, such as vertical service codes, to invoke special telephone service features.[3][4]
1 Concept and methodology
2.1 United States
2.1.1 Alphanumeric telephone numbers
3 Intercepted number
4 Special feature codes
Concept and methodology
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When telephone numbers were first used they were very short, from one to three digits, and were communicated orally to a switchboard operator when initiating a call. As telephone systems have grown and interconnected to encompass worldwide communication, telephone numbers have become longer. In addition to telephones, they have been used to access other devices, such as computer modems, pagers, and fax machines. With landlines, modems and pagers falling out of use in favor of all-digital always-connected broadband Internet and mobile phones, telephone numbers are now often used by data-only cellular devices, such as some tablet computers, digital televisions, video game controllers, and mobile hotspots, on which it is not even possible to make or accept a call.
The number contains the information necessary to identify the intended endpoint for a telephone call. Many countries use fixed-length numbers in a so-called closed numbering plan.[5] A prominent system of this type is the North American Numbering Plan. In Europe, the development of open numbering plans was more prevalent, in which a telephone number comprised a varying count of digits. Irrespective of the type of numbering plan, "shorthand" or "speed calling" numbers are automatically translated to unique telephone numbers before the call can be connected. Some special services have special short codes (e.g., 1-1-9, 9-1-1,1-0-0, 1-0-1, 1-0-2, 0-0-0, 9-9-9, 1-1-1, and 1-1-2 being the Emergency Services numbers in many countries). The dialing procedures (dialing plan) in some areas permit dialing numbers in the local calling area without using an area code or city code prefix. For example, a telephone number in North America consists of a three-digit area code, a three-digit central office code, and four digits for the line number. If the numbering plan area does not use an overlay plan with multiple area codes, or if the provider allows it for other technical reasons, seven-digit dialing may be permissible for calls within the area.
Special telephone numbers are used for high-capacity numbers with several telephone circuits, typically a request line to a radio station where dozens or even hundreds of callers may be trying to call in at once, such as for a contest. For each large metro area, all of these lines will share the same prefix (such as 404-741-xxxx in Atlanta and 305-550-xxxx in Miami), the last digits typically corresponding to the station's frequency, callsign, or moniker.
In the international telephone network, the format of telephone numbers is standardized by ITU-T recommendation E.164. This code specifies that the entire number should be 15 digits or shorter, and begin with a country prefix. For most countries, this is followed by an area code or city code and the subscriber number, which might consist of the code for a particular telephone exchange. ITU-T recommendation E.123 describes how to represent an international telephone number in writing or print, starting with a plus sign ("+") and the country code. When calling an international number from a landline phone, the + must be replaced with the international call prefix chosen by the country the call is being made from. Many mobile phones allow the + to be entered directly, by pressing and holding the "0" for GSM phones, or sometimes "*" for CDMA phones.
The 3GPP standards for mobile networks provide a BCD-encoded field of ten bytes for the phone number ("Dialling Number/SCC String"). The international call prefix or "+" is not counted as it encodes a value in a separate byte (TON/NPI - type of number / numbering plan identification). If the MSISDN is longer than 20 digits then additional digits are encoded into extension blocks (EFEXT1) each having a BCD-encoded field of 11 bytes.[6] This scheme allows to extend the subscriber number with a maximum of 20 digits by additional function values to control network services. In the context of ISDN the function values were transparently transported in a BCD-encoded field with a maximum of 20 Bytes named "ISDN Subaddress".[7]
The format and allocation of local phone numbers are controlled by each nation's respective government, either directly or by sponsored organizations (such as NANPA in the US or CNAC in Canada). In the United States, each state's public service commission regulates, as does the Federal Communications Commission. In Canada, which shares the same country code with the U.S. (due to Bell Canada's previous ownership by the U.S.-based Bell System), regulation is mainly through the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission.
Local number portability (LNP) allows a subscriber to request moving an existing telephone number to another telephone service provider. Number portability usually has geographic limitations, such as an existing local phone company only being able to port to a competitor within the same rate centre. Mobile carriers may have much larger market areas, and can assign or accept numbers from any area within the region. In many telephone administrations, cell phone telephone numbers are in organized in prefix ranges distinct from land line service, which simplifies mobile number portability, even between carriers.
Within most North American rate centres, local wireline calls are free, while calls to all but a few nearby rate centres are considered long distance and incur toll fees. In a few large US cities, as well as many points outside North America, local calls are not flat-rated or "free" by default.
See also: North American Numbering Plan
A business card from Richard Nixon's first Congressional campaign in 1946; his phone number can be seen as "Whittier 42635"
In the late 1870s, the Bell interests started utilizing their patent with a rental scheme, in which they would rent their instruments to individual users who would contract with other suppliers to connect them; for example from home to office to factory. Western Union and the Bell company both soon realized that a subscription service would be more profitable, with the invention of the telephone switchboard or central office. Such an office was staffed by an operator who connected the calls by personal names. Some have argued that use of the telephone altered the physical layout of American cities.[8]
The latter part of 1879 and the early part of 1880 saw the first use of telephone numbers at Lowell, Massachusetts. During an epidemic of measles, the physician, Dr. Moses Greeley Parker, feared that Lowell's four telephone operators might all succumb to sickness and bring about paralysis of telephone service. He recommended the use of numbers for calling Lowell's more than 200 subscribers so that substitute operators might be more easily trained in such an emergency.[2] Parker was convinced of the telephone's potential, began buying stock, and by 1883 he was one of the largest individual stockholders in both the American Telephone Company and the New England Telephone and Telegraph Company.
Even after the assignment of numbers, operators still connected most calls into the early 20th century: "Hello, Central. Get me Underwood-342." Connecting through operators or "Central" was the norm until mechanical direct-dialing of numbers became more common in the 1920s.
In rural areas with magneto crank telephones connected to party lines, the local phone number consisted of the line number plus the ringing pattern of the subscriber. To dial a number such as "3R122" meant making a request to the operator the third party line (if making a call off your own local one), followed by turning the telephone's crank once, a short pause, then twice and twice again.[9] Also common was a code of long and short rings, so one party's call might be signaled by two longs and another's by two longs followed by a short.[10] It was not uncommon to have over a dozen ring cadences (and subscribers) on one line.
In most areas of North America, telephone numbers in metropolitan communities consisted of a combination of digits and letters, starting in the 1920s until the 1960s. Letters were translated to dialed digits, a mapping that was displayed directly on the telephone dial. Each of the digits 2 to 9, and sometimes 0, corresponded to a group of typically three letters. The leading two or three letters of a telephone number indicated the exchange name, for example, EDgewood and IVanhoe, and were followed by 5 or 4 digits. The limitations that these systems presented in terms of usable names that were easy to distinguish and spell, and the need for a comprehensive numbering plan that enabled direct-distance dialing, led to the introduction of all-number dialing in the 1960s.
The use of numbers starting in 555- (KLondike-5) to represent fictional numbers in U.S. movies, television, and literature originated in this period. The "555" prefix was reserved for telephone company use and was only consistently used for directory assistance (information), being "555–1212" for the local area. An attempt to dial a 555 number from a movie in the real world will always result in an error message when dialed from a phone in the United States. This reduces the likelihood of nuisance calls. QUincy(5–5555) was also used, because there was no Q available. Phone numbers were traditionally tied down to a single location; because exchanges were "hard-wired", the first three digits of any number were tied to the geographic location of the exchange.
Alphanumeric telephone numbers
Main article: Telephone exchange names
Face of a 1939 rotary dial showing a 2L-4N style alphanumeric telephone number LA-2697.
2008 photo shows a hairdressing shop in Toronto with an exterior sign showing the shop's telephone number in the old two-letters plus five-digits format.
The North American Numbering Plan of 1947 prescribed a format of telephone numbers that included two leading letters of the name of the central office to which each telephone was connected. This continued the practice already in place by many telephone companies for decades. Traditionally, these names were often the names of towns, villages, or were other locally significant names. Communities that required more than one central office may have used other names for each central office, such as Main, East, West, Central, or the names of local districts. Names were convenient to use and reduced errors when telephone numbers were exchanged verbally between subscribers and operators. When subscribers could dial themselves, the initial letters of the names were converted to digits as displayed on the rotary dial. Thus, telephone numbers contained one, two, or even three letters followed by up to five numerals. Such numbering plans are called 2L-4N, or simply 2–4, for example, as shown in the photo of a telephone dial of 1939 (right). In this example, LAkewood 2697 indicates that a subscriber dialed the letters L and A, then the digits 2, 6, 9, and 7 to reach this telephone in Lakewood, NJ (USA). The leading letters were typically bolded in print.
In December 1930, New York City became the first city in the United States to adopt the two-letter and five-number format (2L-5N), which became the standard after World War II, when the Bell System administration designed the North American Numbering Plan to prepare the United States and Canada for Direct Distance Dialing (DDD), and began to convert all central offices to this format. This process was complete by the early 1960s, when a new numbering plan, often called all number calling (ANC) became the standard in North America.
This article appears to contradict the article Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom. Please see discussion on the linked talk page. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main article: History of telephone numbers in the United Kingdom
In the UK, letters were assigned to numbers in a similar fashion to North America, except that the letter O was allocated to the digit 0 (zero); digit 6 had only M and N. The letter Q was later added to the zero position on British dials, in anticipation of direct international dialing to Paris, which commenced in 1963. This was necessary because French dials already had Q on the zero position, and there were exchange names in the Paris region which contained the letter Q.
Most of the United Kingdom had no lettered telephone dials until the introduction of Subscriber Trunk Dialing (STD) in 1958. Until then, only the director areas (Birmingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, London and Manchester) and the adjacent non-director areas had the lettered dials; the director exchanges used the three-letter, four-number format. With the introduction of trunk dialing, the need for all callers to be able to dial numbers with letters in them led to the much more widespread use of lettered dials. The need for dials with letters ceased with the conversion to all-digit numbering in 1968.
Intercepted number
In the middle 20th century in North America when a call could not be completed, for example because the phone number was not assigned, had been disconnected, or was experiencing technical difficulties, the call was routed to an intercept operator who informed the caller. In the 1970s this service was converted to Automatic Intercept Systems which automatically choose and present an appropriate intercept message. Disconnected numbers are reassigned to new users after the rate of calls to them declines.
Outside of North America operator intercept was rare, and in most cases calls to unassigned or disconnected numbers would result in a recorded message or number-unobtainable tone being returned to the caller.
Special feature codes
Modern telephone keypad contains "*" and "#"
Telephone numbers are sometimes prefixed with special services, such as vertical service codes, that contain signaling events other than numbers, most notably the star (*) and the number sign (#).[3] Vertical service codes enable or disable special telephony services either on a per-call basis, or for the station or telephone line until changed.[4] The use of the number sign is most frequently used as a marker signal to indicate the end of digit sequences or the end of other procedures; as a terminator it avoids operational delays when waiting for expiration of automatic time-out periods.
Australian films and television shows do not employ any recurring format for fictional telephone numbers; any number quoted in such media may be used by a real subscriber. The 555 code is used in the Balmain area of Sydney and the suburbs of Melbourne. Although in many areas being a prefix of 55 plus the thousand digit of 5 (e.g. 55 5XXX), would be valid, the numbering system was changed so that 555 became 9555 in Sydney and Melbourne, and in the country, there are 2 new digits ahead of the 55.[11]
However, elsewhere, as in the United States, fictitious telephone numbers are often used in films and on television to avoid disturbances by calls from viewers. For example, The United States 555 (KLondike-5) exchange code was never assigned (with limited exceptions such as 555–1212 for directory assistance). Therefore, American films and TV shows have used 555-xxxx numbers, in order to prevent a number used in such a work from being called.[11]
The film Bruce Almighty (2003) originally featured a number that did not have the 555 prefix. In the cinematic release, God (Morgan Freeman) leaves 776–2323 on a pager for Bruce Nolan (Jim Carrey) to call if he needed God's help. The DVD changes this to a 555 number. According to Universal Studios, which produced the movie, the number it used was picked because it did not exist in Buffalo, New York, where the movie was set. However, the number did exist in other cities, resulting in customers' having that number receiving random calls from people asking for God. While some played along with the gag, others found the calls aggravating.[12][13]
The number in the Glenn Miller Orchestra's hit song "Pennsylvania 6-5000" (1940) is the number of the Hotel Pennsylvania in New York City. The number is now written as 1-212-736-5000. According to the hotel's website, PEnnsylvania 6-5000 is New York's oldest continually assigned telephone number and possibly the oldest continuously-assigned number in the world.[14][15]
Tommy Tutone's hit song "867-5309/Jenny" (1981) led to many unwanted calls by the public to telephone subscribers who actually were assigned that number.[16]
Telephones portal
Category:Telephone numbers by country
Geographic number
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^ AT&T, Notes on Distance Dialing (1968), Section II, p.1
^ a b Brooks, John.Telephone: The First Hundred Years. Harper & Row, 1967, ISBN 0-06-010540-2: p. 74 , citing "Events in Telephone History".
^ a b Bellcore SR-2275 Bellcore Notes on the Network, Issue 3, Section 3 page 15. (December 1997)
^ a b NANPA definition of vertical service codes
^ O. Myers, C. A. Dahlbom, Overseas Dialing: A Step Toward Worldwide Communication, Telephone Engineer & Managment Vol 65(22), 46 (1961-11-15) p.49
^ "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Characteristics of the Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) application (3GPP TS 31.102 version 9.18.1 Release 9)" (PDF). ETSI. April 2017.
^ "RFC 4715: The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN): Subaddress Encoding Type for tel URI". IETF. November 2006.
^ Fischer, Claude S. America Calling: A Social History of the Telephone to 1940. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. Web.
^ PhoneNumberGuy.
^ International Correspondence Schools (1916). Subscribers' Station Equipment. International Library of Technology. Internal Textbook Company. p. 20. Retrieved 27 May 2008.
^ a b Cuccia, Mark. "CODE 555 AND THE MOVIES". Telecom Heritage (27). Australian Telephone Collectors Society Inc. Archived from the original on 13 June 2004.
^ Vries, Lloyd (27 May 2003). "'Almighty' Phone Mess". CBS News.
^ 'Bruce Almighty' delivers wrong number. People Online. Retrieved on 4 May 2009.
^ Carlson Jen (2 July 2014). "The Oldest Phone Number In NYC" Archived 6 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Gothamist.
^ "Old New York: Historical Attractions". Hotel Pennsylvania. 23 January 2014. New York.
^ Mikkelson, Barbara (9 July 2014). "867-5309 / Jenny". Snopes.com.
ITU-T Recommendation E.123: Notation for national and international telephone numbers, e-mail addresses and Web addresses
RFC 3966 The tel: URI for telephone numbers
History of UK dialing codes, with lists of codes and more links
World Telephone Numbering Guide which can be used to look up telephone numbering information
ITU National Numbering Plans which links to the numbering plans of individual countries.
Cybertelecom :: VoIP :: Numbers Detailing FCC policy regarding legacy NANP telephone numbers and interconnected VoIP services
ATIS, Industry Numbering Committee
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text:
Gralus
The Gralan Empire
Common (English), Tokish
Shelsa
Novatica, Rielrar, Miedo
Gralan Wiki
Gralan Forums on the Bastion Union
Number of citizens
Number of active citizens
Triumvirate
GELT
National fruit/food
Chelkran Dragonwater
12.4-Present
The Gralan Empire is a Micronation, formed as a union between the three states of Novatainia, Toketi and Relaram. Though Novatainia and Toketi had once joined together in the Confederacy of Gralus, the ability to leave the Confederacy had resulted in it's eventual demise. A year later, the Gralan Empire was formed with the firm commitment that the member nations would not leave - they fully surrendered their sovereinty and became one nation. More than a year later, the Gralan Empire remains a strong nation, at the forefront of those areas Novatainia and Toketi were always famous for: Magic, Roleplaying and Recwar.
1 Government
1.1 Triumvirate
1.1.1 Emperor
1.1.2 Lord General
1.1.3 Chief Justice
1.1.4 Heir
1.2 Provinces
1.2.1 Novatainia
1.2.2 Toketi
1.2.3 Relaram
2 Role Playing
2.1 EGaD
3 Magic
3.1 Charter
3.2 Expeditions
3.3 War
3.4 Legends and History
4 Recwar
4.1 Constant Recwars
4.2 International Recwars
5.1 Novatainia
5.1.1 Northern Novatainia
5.1.2 Southern Novatainia
5.1.3 New New Myzoria
5.1.4 The Jokerdom
5.1.5 Glanurchy
5.2 Toketi
5.2.1 Laranel
5.2.2 Chelkra
5.2.3 Kalla
5.3 Relaram
6.1 Destruction Zone
6.2 Tokian Forum Games
6.3 Novatainian Posting Traditions
The Gralan Empire has three major levels of government - National, Provincial and Local. At the national level, the Triumvirate rule the three separate areas of Domestic, External and Justice. At the provincial level, each province organises its own leadership, generally continuing the forms of government they had upon joining. And within each province, local government is provided for different areas of the land, generally provided by a single person.
It should be noted that the government of the Gralan Empire is strictly IC, and gralans maintain a strict distinction between their IC rulers and OOC power.
At the national level, Gralus is led by the Triumvirate of Emperor, Lord General and Chief Justice. Each has a separate sphere of influence defined by the Gralan Constitution, and where their areas of power overlap, each triumvir involved much agree. No Triumvir is higher than any other.
Symbol of the Emperor
His boldness, the Emperor, is the supreme ruler of domestic affairs within Gralus. He is the Custodian of the Happiness of the People, responsible for enforcing the Law of Gralus when dealing with domestic affairs. Any laws he makes supersede provincial laws; his lawmaking powers within domestic affairs are only restricted by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
Some dissatisfaction during the reign of Emperor Nicholas the Mad led to constitutional reform towards democracy, allowing citizens the ability to propose laws and veto Imperial laws. To date, this power has not been used, and the Emperor retains the power to make laws without requiring anyone else to vote on them.
Symbol of the Lord General
Lord General
His craftiness, the Lord General, is the supreme ruler of external affairs for Gralus. He is the Custodian of the Safety of the People, responsible for enforcing the Law of Gralus when dealing with foreign affairs and for organizing the defense of the Empire against external threats. He heads up both diplomatic efforts (including trade) and the Imperial Army. Depending on who holds the position of Lord General, they generally focus on one of those two areas and leave their heir responsible for the other area.
The Lord General being the custodian of the safety of the people led to some constitutional confusion in the case of civil wars. Though he controls the Imperial Army, a purely civil war is a domestic affair and therefore within the realm of the Emperor. After being appealed to the Chief Justice, it was decided that the Lord General could only intervene in domestic civil wars (within his capacity as Lord General) if requested by the Emperor; but if foreigners became involved he could intervene against them freely.
Symbol of the Chief Justice
His justness, the Chief Justice, is the check and balance upon the other areas of government. He is the Custodian of the Liberty of the People, responsible for enforcing his word as he sees fit to ensure that no other part of the government violates it. In practical terms, he ensures that laws do not violate the constitution, interprets the constitution, and acts as a check upon the power of provinces.
Thus far, the Chief Justice has been the most stable member of government, not causing major upsets, missing heirs or being accused of terrorism.
Upon taking office, an heir is appointed for each Triumvir by one of their counterparts, and approved by the Triumvir in question. Should the triumvir die, resign or be removed from office by a vote of no confidence, their heir takes over; and most Triumvirs have their heir assist during their reign. This makes it important that each Triumvir has an heir; the nation was put into some turmoil by the first Emperor being assassinated without yet having declared an heir, leaving a temporary power vacuum. This led to a constitutional ammendment giving citizens the right to elect the heir to a Triumvir in the case of an emergency; or when an heir has not been appointed within a month.
Flag of Novatainia
Novatainia
The province of Novatainia has retained the form of government it entered the empire with - a Constitutional Monarchy. The King has the full powers of legislation, jurisdiction and innovation, except that he can be overruled by a law passed by a majority of the Regional Representatives. The Regional Representatives form the backbone of the government, meeting in council to discuss laws and overseeing each region. All of these individuals have the power to appoint lesser leaders below them, and decisions made by them can be appealed to those above them. These powers are defined in the Novatainian Constitution
There are two main oddities within the Novatainian Government; the roles of Joker and Lord Protector. The Joker is laughocratically elected by all Novatainian citizens and functions as the deputy of the King. The joker also oversees the ministries and can issue flaws which must be obeyed by all laughocratic citizens. The Lord Protector, by contrast, is a special role assigned to Lachlan, the founder of Novatainia. It enables him to take over in the absence of the King, and to decide between the King and the Constitution if needs be.
Among the provinces, Novatainia is the one with the most fully developed internal laws and judicial system, with the Disciplinary Council functioning as a provincial police force.
Flag of Toketi
Toketi
Toketi was founded as a kingdom, and it has remained as such throughout its entire history. The conDoin family ruled the nation for a majority of its life, in fact, the current king, Gerk ronAnaglea, is the first to not be a part of that royal line. Although the country operates mostly through a modern-day feudal type society, the government has usually had firm approval from its citizens. During the reign of Queen Tsunade, regional Dukes who were unhappy with the Queen's rule forced the formation of the House of Lords in order to gain more executive and legislative power. Despite this attempt to gain more power, the House of Lords was hardly ever used. After the Gralan Empire was founded, the power and influence of the Dukes faded rather drastically, and King Gerk disbanded the House of Lords without resistance. Recent secessionist movements in the overseas province of Laranel have caused some concern in the Tokian government, but they have been, for the most part, subdued. Deliberations on how to better integrate and accommodate the people of Laranel are currently near the top of the Tokian government's priorities.
Flag of Relaram
Relaram
The province of Relaram has probably undergone the most governmental changes and at present has the strongest government of any Gralan province. It is primarily led by an Emperor and Praetor; other roles have come and gone but these two have remained. At present, Relaram is under martial law and citizens live in fear of things that go bump in the night.
Role playing, in various forms, has always been at the centre of the Gralan Empire. Indeed, having an IC government encourages such a move, but it mainly emerged from the majority of Novatainian and Tokish citizens enjoying roleplaying throughout their micronational careers, and this contributing directly to a Gralan love of roleplaying. Roleplaying is often done in connection with magic and recwars, but also just for its own sake, particularly with the creation of the EGaD system.
EGaD
EGaD (standing for Elements, Grade, and Dominion) is a story-bartering system designed by Bayen to improve Gralan RPs. It allows each participant to nominate a series of story elements (ranging from specific characters to 'the weather') that matter to them, and attach a grade to each one. The grade represents the strength of their interest in that story element. When other participants utilise that story element, the player with the highest grade in that element has dominion, and can choose to impose a condition upon that element's use. The other participant must then either accept the condition, or stop using the element in that manner. This allows for participants to barter in achieving their story goals, and allows the story to flow without annoying people too much by having their key things messed up by other people.
For example, if one participant had dominion in 'Citizens of Novatainia', and another person said, "The cowardly citizens of Novatainia fled from the destruction, unused to standing their ground against foreign oppression," the first person would rightly be annoyed that this completely changes how the citizens of Novatainia have acted before this. He could impose a condition on this action, such as "Only those citizens away from the Regional Representatives are fearful, because the Regional Representatives organise a defence." The other person would either accept this, or stop doing their action.
File:Magic.png
The magic logo
Gralus is famous Micras over as the leading magic-using nation. Between Toketi and Novatainia, Gralan citizens have been responsible for all the major magical charters to date; MCM, [[SCM], NCM] and CCM. At present work is continuing on two separate magical charters - a scaled system, for use in IC RPing and out of war; and a Points Charter of Magic to replace CCM, for use in war in connection with the Anunia Convention. Magic influences Gralus in four main areas:
As mentioned above, Gralans have been instrumental in designing charters of magic, which strictly define and limit its use during war. Charters in the past have largely defined how magic is practised and who has strong magical powers; with MCM and SCM supporting academies and expeditions; while NCM allowed more freedom in the creation of spells and creatures; and CCM attempted to combine the best elements of these. Regardless of which charter is used, magic is only plausible micronationally if there are some rules defining its use, otherwise chaos and disputes emerge.
Expeditions were the first group storytelling exercise developed on Gralus, and revolve around a band of adventurers/mages travelling somewhere to deal with something. In the beginning, these expeditions were entirely open and the storyline weaved in unexpected directions as each person contributed a paragraph or two. As time went by, specific end points emerged in the minds of magical leaders, including Andreas and Bayen, and overall story arcs emerged. These overall storylines have been organised into cycles, including the Cycle of Hell, revolving around the attempts of demons to invade the world and shut down the Altar, culminating in the Demon War; the Cycle of Fate, involving the Items of Fate and the efforts of Atropos to summon Fate, culminating in the Fated War; and the Cycle of CoD, involving Control of Destiny characters or themes, including microns.
While magical expeditions provided a fun RP outlet, magic really came to its own during its use in wars. Here, modern units such as tanks, aircraft and battleships have fought it off against mages, krakens, demons and the battleground shattering Lords of Magic. The use of magic in recwar obviously requires a careful charter to define its use, and a fair degree of civility between participants. While they have never been attempted internationally, magical wars have been immensely popular and successful within Gralus.
Legends and History
A great deal of history before the founding of Novatainia and Toketi involves magical occurrences, and these have been detailed largely by Andreas. The First Age includes the history of the seven races, the role of St Nova and the eventual triumph of the demons at the fall of the age. The Second Age follows on with the history of the Etruri and the forging of the Items of Fate. The second age petered out at the end and the Third Age was defined not by a cataclysmic event but by a major event on another planet. It is more commonly known as AD.
Recwar
The old GROWL logo
Recwar has been a common interest to most Gralans, and so recwar has always played a large role within Gralus. Though Gralans have participated in their share of international conflicts, this has mainly been expressed in internal recwarring, particularly constant recwars.
Constant Recwars
Though the idea of a constant recwar originates with the MRWS, Gralus has been the nation which most implemented this with their various internal constant recwar systems. Within these, all Gralans can raise armies, and Gralan land can be invaded by other Gralans at any time. This started with CITRA (Constant Inter Tokian Recwar Association), where units owned were linked to the economy; then continued with GROWL (Gralan Recreational Ongoing War League), where units were instead linked to land and people. Eventually this became extended internationally with SCOWL (Small Commonwealth Ongoing War League), incorporating Shireroth and Nelaga; but the other nations lacked interest and so Gralus eventually withdrew from SCOWL after a failed attempt at a cross country invasion.
In its later days, SCOWL was being used more for smaller scale skirmishes and roleplaying than full wars; so eventually it was suggested to set up a system focussed more on story telling than war. Out of this idea emerged EGaD, which is currently in use.
International Recwars
Between their forming states, Gralans have participated in four major international recwars. However, their experience of these have been that international recwars are full of disputes, nitpicking, wikipedia surfing and unnecessary disputations, so they now tend to avoid them.
A carrier was dispatched to the War of the Broken Pottery, though the force arrived too late to make much different. A more concerted effort was made in the Lovely War, where Novatainia and Toketi invaded and captured most of Hoboland. They reached a settlement with Lovely before most other participants, and then left the war, but had already managed to earn the enmity of Lord Montague, an enmity which would continue to haunt them.
Novatainia and Toketi also participated in World War 2, a war begun by Jeremy to resolve the summer lull. However, a series of existing treaties meant the war ended up three MI nations (Passas was the third) fighting most of the world. They fought valiantly against such odds; but after Montague blasted the entire town of Uly Point to the ground, killing a hundred thousand civilians; and attacked the Spire (creating the [Central Destruction Zone] in the process); they realised they could not win by force alone. They opted to follow their own victory conditions (including the pirating of several key possessions and the attempts to take Montague down, forestalled by him having a heart attack and dying), and after completing these, to end the war to protect their people from further unnecessary bloodshed.
More success was had in the Jasonian War where Novatainia and Toketi fought to liberate the Jasonian isles to make way for Nelaga. They were quite successful in this respect, even negotiating a truce with Montague's nephew; but their experience was soured by the Imperial Mercenary Empire attacking their homeland in an attempt to divert their attention. The Nelagan independence forces, with Gralan and Shirithian assistance, eventually won the war, but the mercenaries were never brought to justice.
The province of Novatainia occupies the centre north of Apollonia, the island of Sypyr, the Jokerdom Isles in Keltia, and part of the Kendall Isle on the east of Apollonia. It is divided into five main regions, of varying size.
Northern Novatainia
Northern Novatainia encompasses most of Novatainia's oldest territories, including Kingsland, Western Nova and the New Territory.
Southern Novatainia
Southern Novatainia encompasses many of Novatainia's newer regions, including South Nova, New North Lovely, Niktoria and the Kendall Isle.
New New Myzoria
Found on the island also referred to as Sypyr, New Myzoria is now a Region in its own right, though it used to be Novatainia's primary colony (and the only colony governed under the Colony Bill). Due to the Izacar, the bulk of the region was transferred to another plane. It comprises New Myzoria, Old Sypyr and Material Myzoria.
The Jokerdom
The Jokerdom was once its own nation which was voluntarily annexed into Novatainia. Most of its land exists in other, curiously shaped dimensions, and it is generally a hilarious place.
Glanurchy
The smallest region, Glanurchy is a collection of six flying islands that make up an important magical part of Novatainia.
The province of Toketi occupies the north east of Apollonia, the north west of Keltia, the Chelkran Isles and a small colony on the far east of Keltia. It is divided into five realms, Ostshon Kagan, Ëstshon Paran, Grot Kësh, Doshtan Yokutar and Furfein Tosha conMakain.
The Tokish land on north west Keltia forms the region of Laranel. Famous for once seceding but never quite acheiving self governance, Laranel continues to be slightly separate from mainland activities.
Chelkra
The Chelkran Isles are a small but old Tokish holding, home to the famous Prodigy Almighty and the half-bear, half-man Chelkrans.
Kalla
The small Tokish colony of Kalla was once a self governing province of Gralus, but never got off the ground and returned to the Tokish fold. Some of the islands are now owned by VBNC.
The province of Relaram has land in the far south west of Tapfer, including a small colony. It has five main regions, each of which are small compared to regions in other provinces. The regions are Coldharbour, Malacath, Sanguine, Thorgoehs and Valbrandr. Of these, Sanguine is separate to the rest of the land, a small colony to the north east granted to them by the Lord General.
Gralan culture centres around magic, roleplaying and recwar, which have been elaborated upon above. Other cultural quirks generally involving posting activities.
Destruction Zone
File:DZ.gif
Destruction Zone logo
The Destruction Zone is one of the most recognisable Novatainian cultural icons, where participants can happily fight and destroy eachother without any harmful consequences. It centres around four simple rules.
No WMD's
No killing people
No shooting into the crowd (Yes, there is a crowd)
The Stadium contains whatever you need.
Those four simple rules, and the last sentence, created a cultural icon to last forever.
Tokian Forum Games
The Tokians enjoy a variety of simple forum games, and some attribute their historically high post count (50+) to this.
Novatainian Posting Traditions
Novatainians also developed their own posting traditions, etiquette and, occasionally, vocabulary. It is from this we have such famous phrases as "Doing a Monty", "Doing a Jeremy" and "Pulling an Extreme".
Gralus is a founding member of the SCUE, enabling their citizens to easily make transactions with other SCUE nations. The Gralan economy is characterised largely by the completion of requested jobs and use of the SCX developed by VBNC. Though most citizens are wealthy, there are normally not many transactions going on, reflecting an apathy on the part of some citizens towards the economy. Gralus began with the assumption that no taxes would be charged, and this has continued to the present day.
Retrieved from "https://micras.org/wiki/index.php?title=Gralus&oldid=217596"


Imagine feeling so much emotion that after every chance encounter, or with every person you feel a spark with, you wrote them a letter. The boy you kissed playing spin the bottle years before. The first boy to ask you for a dance at Homecoming when you didn't have a date. The boy you met at summer camp. Even the boy your older sister is dating. Put into envelopes and hidden away from sight, a little secret that only you know of. That's what Lara Jean did.
If I did that in high school, I probably would have lost them in my bedroom under a pile of clothes. Admittedly, I would have forgotten all about them and went on with my life. I would probably throw them in my closet one day and not see them again until I did a deep clean of my room. Then I would have been so embarrassed by my spelling or the emotions laid out in the papers that I would have burned them, or at the very least I would have ripped them to shreds. I also don't have any siblings but Lara Jean does. Lara Jean's youngest sister does something with the best intentions that leads to some of the worst possible outcomes.
Watch as Lara Jean goes through her most drama-filled part of high school thus far. Relish in the fact that your high school days are past you. Satisfy your romantic side with this easily relatable story of a girl going from a romantic in only her fantasies to the girl finally having a slice of what she's dreamed about her whole life. It is currently available on Netflix, and if you haven't watched it yet, I suggest you watch it now.


text:
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Xunit;

namespace Carbon.Storage.Tests
{
    public class StreamSlicerTests
    {
        [Fact]
        public async Task SliceTests()
        {
            var data = GetData(1024 * 1024 * 5);

            using (var slicer = new BlobSlicer(data, 1024 * 1024))
            {
                var slices = new List<BlobSlice>();

                while (!slicer.IsEof)
                {
                    slices.Add(await slicer.ReadAsync());
                }

                long offset = 0;

                Assert.Equal(5, slices.Count);

                foreach (var slice in slices)
                {
                    Assert.Equal(1024 * 1024, slice.Length);
                    Assert.Equal(offset, slice.Offset);

                    offset += slice.Length;
                }

                Assert.Equal(slicer.Position, data.Length);

            }
        }

        [Fact]
        public async Task BigSlice()
        {
            var data = GetData((1024 * 1024 * 50) + 1019);

            using (var slicer = new BlobSlicer(data, 1024 * 1024 * 5))
            {
                var slices = new List<BlobSlice>();

                while (!slicer.IsEof)
                {
                    slices.Add(await slicer.ReadAsync());
                }

                Assert.Equal(slicer.Position, data.Length);
                Assert.Equal(11, slices.Count);
                Assert.Equal(1019, slices[10].Stream.Length);
            }
        }

        private MemoryStream GetData(int length)
        {
            var data = new byte[length]; // 5MB

            for (var i = 0; i < data.Length; i++)
            {
                data[i] = 1;
            }

            return new MemoryStream(data);
        }
    }
}


Deposition Author(s): Hennig, M., Stihle, M., Thoma, R.
Discovery of carmegliptin: A potent and long-acting dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Mattei, P., Boehringer, M., Di Giorgio, P., Fischer, H., Hennig, M., Huwyler, J., Kocer, B., Kuhn, B., Loeffler, B.M., Macdonald, A., Narquizian, R., Rauber, E., Sebokova, E., Sprecher, U.
Design, synthesis, and SAR are described for a class of DPP-IV inhibitors based on aminobenzo[a]quinolizines with non-aromatic substituents in the S1 specificity pocket. One representative thereof, carmegliptin (8p), was chosen for clinical development. Its X-ray structure in complex with the enzyme and early efficacy data in animal models of type 2 diabetes are also presented.


text:
Lelo Sex Toys Are Up To 50 Percent Off for Amazon Prime Day
Sophie Saint Thomas and Alexis Rhiannon
Chris Pratt Got a Nasty Sunburn While on His Honeymoon
Leah Prinzivalli
Here's Why People Were Chanting "Equal Pay" At the Women's World Cup Final
Lululemon Just Dropped a Line of Beauty Products
Sarah Kinonen
Nina Dobrev's New Lob Will Make You Want to Get in on the Trend
Deena Campbell
BEVERLY HILLS, CA - JANUARY 08: Actress Nina Dobrev attends the 18th Annual Post-Golden Globes Party hosted by Warner Bros. Pictures and InStyle at The Beverly Hilton Hotel on January 8, 2017 in Beverly Hills, California. (Photo by Lester Cohen/WireImage)WireImage
If there's one haircut that's always trending, it's the lob. It seems like everyone, such as Ciara and Lucy Hale, has worn the look (and admittedly, even myself). It's just so easy, laid-back, and always chic. Nina Dobrev is the latest celeb to get in on the style as she traded in her long, flowing hair for the much shorter do.
If you think back a bit, you'll remember that long hair has been Dobrev's go-to style for for quite some time now, and with good reason—the actress has been busy filming Vampire Diaries for the last eight (!) years. When you play a famous character, you really can't change your look—at all. But now that her character, Elena Gilbert, has left the show and TVD is heading toward the series finale (no word yet if Dobrev will make a return appearance), it looks like she has time to press the reset button and switch up her look.
To help kick off the new year, Dobrev enlisted her hairstylist, Riawna Capri, for an angled lob that's shorter in the back and longer in the front. The look came as a surprise for most, but if you attended the premiere of her new movie xXx: Return of Xander Cage, you saw the look earlier this week.
A few hours ago, the 28-year-old actress posted an Instagram photo of the cut with the caption "Short hair. Don't care🙅🏻😉 New year. New Do(brev). New me"
Perhaps the actress took a hint from Capri, who hinted at embracing change on a recent Instagram post. "The secret of change is to focus all of your energy, not on fighting the old, but on building the new," read the text of the photo.
Yesterday was also Dobrev's twenty-eighth birthday, so it looks like her new year is off to a good start. We can't wait to see what changes she'll make next.
After you check out Nina Dobrev's new lob, read more about the cut:
Emily Ratajkowski Faux Bob Golden Globes 2017: Did You Know It Was Fake
Jennifer Lawrence Removes Hair Extensions, Wears Blonde Bob
Ciara Ditches Blonde Hair for a Brunette Lob
When you're done obsessing over Nina Dobrev's new lob, watch the best tricks for dry hair:
Sandra Bullock Just Cut Her Hair Into a Gorgeous Textured Lob
Kaleigh Fasanella
Lily Aldridge Just Dyed Her Hair Platinum Blonde
Angela Trakoshis
Celine Just Chopped Her Hair Into a Bob and Looks Totally Unrecognizable
Emma Roberts Is Officially a Brunette Again — Here's Why


text:
« St. Petersburg. The only savior Xenia?
In Italy, due to the earthquake were evacuated 6000 people »
Tower of Babel — Fact or Fiction?
A group of archaeologists has found conclusive evidence that there was a Tower of Babel. As evidence of the plates have been demonstrated with the characters, as well as chip boards with carvings.
Age artifacts found dated to about 2500 BC, this period falls during the reign of the great Babylonian king-conqueror Nebuchadnezzar II. During this period, the Babylonian Empire was at the height of its prosperity. Today, the world of the ancient artifacts found belong to the famous art collector Martin Schoen from Norway. Order a translation of the instructions of any difficulty you can have a professional company of gettranslate.ru.
Most scientists involved in research the Bible, believe that there is a direct link between the ziggurats of Mesopotamia, which served as temples and building the Tower of Babel.
The largest and tallest temple, which had a height of almost one hundred meters — that's about 40-storey building, it was built in Babylon. There is also an opinion that this is a ziggurat was built during the reign of King Hammurabi. The temple had called himself "Etemenanki," that the ancient Persian means "the house, connecting heaven and earth."
Etemenanki subjected to constant destruction of the neighboring states, but he is also subjected to the subsequent recovery. In building was used eighty-five million mud bricks. After each reconstruction of the temple's foundation and expanded in the last strongholds of his foundation grew to a length that was equal to the building height.
The Tower of Babel was part of the ensemble of the temple complex, which is situated on the bank of the river Euphrates. Each part of the temple complex was used for certain religious rituals. The conclusion was based on the found clay tablets, the text of which was proof of that.
Июль 19th, 2012 | Tags: Babylon, the artifact, the tower, which is to find the temple period | Category: UFO and aliens


text:
Two more divers die in Weeki Wachee's Eagle's Nest dive area
WEEKI WACHEE (FOX 13) - Deep in the Hernando County woods, you'll find the Eagles Nest dive area. It's a picturesque scene aboveground; below the surface, it becomes a deep underwater cave system.
"For me it's about seeing what's around the corner," said Matt Vinzant.
Vinzant is an experienced cave diver with more than 50 trips to Eagles Nest.
"People come from all over the world to dive this place. It brings a lot of eco-tourism," he said.
It brought a trio of friends from out of town over the weekend. Patrick Peacock and Chris Rittenmeyer both had extensive cave-diving experience, but having had much less experience, Justin Blakely stayed close to the surface Sunday afternoon while the other two made their way down.
"They were supposed to come back and meet at a predetermined location underwater," said Denise Moloney, a spokesperson for the Hernando County Sheriff's Office.
When they never returned, Blakely began to worry. After several hours went by, he called for help.
Rescue divers couldn't find Peacock or Rittenmeyer until early Monday morning when they recovered their bodies 260 feet below the surface.
"It is not a trivial dive by any means. It's an advance cave dive to go downstream Eagles Nest," said Vinzant.
What went wrong is still a question, but Vinzant says it could have been a number of things.
"They may have lost their line, they may have lost visibility, they may have been restrictive, there may have been gear issues. We don't know at this point, but more than likely it was a series of issues," he said.
Since the early 1980s there have been at least six deaths at Eagles Nest.
Underwater video in Josh's report courtesy Liquid Productions, www.LiquidProductions.com.
College football's fastest man now training in Tampa


Normal service, it would seem, has been resumed.
I had some bad news tonight - a friend, a very good friend has ended up in intensive care, after seemingly routine surgery. As best as I can gather, he is going to recover fully, but it's still a hairy time. Information is scarce - the Unit won't tell me much, as I'm only a friend, and everything else is second or third hand. I was keen to visit tomorrow, but his ma doesn't think he'd want us to see him like this.
At work, I've gone back to breaking people's heart's for them. A few days ago, a young lad was brought in from a 'low velocity' RTC. Everyone else involved walked away with out a scratch. Our patient sustained a major head injury, his CT showing the ugly white bloom of intra-cerebral blood, stark against the dull grey of his cerebral cortices. Ugly choices made in the cold dark hours before dawn, and now he wears a craniotomy. This raw hole in his head the only way to stop his swelling brain forcing its way out of his skull. His parents sat opposite me, holding each other, tighter and tighter, as if they could somehow squeeze the grief out from their souls, crush it and watch it run between their fingers.
All his mates were alright; why shouldn't he be?
No seatbelt, I guess. Whatever the reason, try as they might, they can't tap the grief, can't lance the pain. It is my gift to them, and as I tell them, the grief finds the only outlet left, and they weep.
I feel hopeless and useless.
Later, I have a long, unproductive chat with one of our regular attenders. His problems are psychological, psychiatric, and he continually threatens suicide. I wonder how serious he is, because, if he really wants to do it, why doesn't he just do it, instead of sitting telling me he's going to. I fail to get the Crisis team to come and see him. They know him of old, and tell me he is manipulative. He probably is, but I hate myself for thinking these things. His face, too, crumples into tears as we talk, but I can see him watching me, gauging my reaction from behind his hands.
I can't help him, and he too leaves me. I catch him at the door, ask him not to jump tonight. His smile is rueful, but he offers me no promise. I watch the skies for him the rest of the night, but he does not land back in our ED.
I hope your friend will have a fully recovery. Such a sad post, so many hurting.


text:
Tuesday, October 11, 2022, 2:32 PM
Tuesday, October 11, 2022 at 10:00 a.m. ET: The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) hosted a virtual launch of CSIS Senior Associate Diane Webber's latest book, "Human Rights Law and Counter Terrorism Strategies: Dead, Detained or Stateless." Marti Flacks, director of the CSIS Human Rights Initiative, delivered opening remarks, and Webber was interviewed by David Stewart, co-director of the Global Law Scholars Program at Georgetown Law School.
Tuesday, October 11, 2022 at 12:00 p.m. ET: The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies (FSI) at Stanford University hosted a conversation on the connection between microeconomics and disinformation. The event featured remarks from Tim Hwang, general counsel of Substack, and will be moderated by Nate Persily, senior fellow at FSI.
Tuesday, October 11, 2022 at 5:30 p.m. ET: The Brookings Institution will host a discussion featuring remarks from Canada's Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance Chrystia Freeland about the impacts of war on the international economic order, how the world's democracies can respond through new economic partnerships, and more. The discussion will be moderated by Suzanne Maloney, vice president and director of Brookings Foreign Policy.
Wednesday, October 12, 2022 at 8:00 a.m. ET: The Atlantic Council will host a discussion featuring Anders Åslund, senior fellow at the Stockholm Free World Forum; Yevhen Hlibovytsky, partner at the Ukrainian consulting firm Pro Mova; Oksana Nechyporenko, director of Ukraine Crisis Coordination Center; and Olena Zerkal, former deputy minister of foreign affairs of Ukraine for the European Integration. The panelists will discuss what Ukraine should do to prepare for winter and how Ukraine's Western partners can be most helpful.
Thursday, October 13, 2022 at 8:00 a.m. ET: CSIS will host its Seventh Annual Global Development Forum to examine key disruptions to global development efforts. The event will feature keynote remarks from Pat Conroy, the Australian minister for international development and the Pacific, as well as several panels throughout the day analyzing rising food prices, the invasion of Ukraine, energy disruptions, and the global debt crisis.
Thursday, October 13, 2022 at 12:00 p.m. ET: FSI will host a seminar to discuss the past, present, and future of European security. The seminar will feature remarks from Stephen Kotkin, FSI senior fellow.
Thursday, October 13, 2022 at 1:00 p.m. ET: The House Select Committee to Investigate the Jan. 6th Attack on the U.S. Capitol will hold another hearing to examine the events and causes of the Jan. 6, 2021, insurrection. The select committee has yet to release a witness list.
Friday, October 14, 2022 at 12:30 p.m. ET: The CSIS Aerospace Security Project will host a conversation with Lt. Gen. Stephen N. Whiting, commander of Space Operations Command (SpOC), and Kari Bingen, director of CSIS' Aerospace Security Project. They will discuss the changing space operating environment and how SpOC is maintaining a warfighting advantage in space.
Technology Policy Advocate, Protect Democracy