USA OCTOBER 2013 – Militarisation of America – God Rest.
With the imminent shutdown of the Government Wednesday the repercussions could be fatal. If we see people drawing their money out of the Banks tomorrow we'll know for sure the magnitude of civilian mistrust.
The NSA wants to ban this video, so watch it now while you can!
and what you can do about it today to secure your privacy.
In just three years, Americans have dramatically shifted their views on how they feel about the Obama administration's efforts to prevent another terrorist attack, and now almost half say the government is intruding on civil liberties for the sake of national security, a new poll shows.
Members of the European Parliament has asked for "immediate clarification" from the U.S. government on reports of U.S. spying on European Union offices both in the U.S. and in Europe.
MEPs also warned of "potential impact" on U.S.-EU relations.
BREAKING NEWS SITUATION UPDATE – Sheehan, leaving the Pentagon; U.S. to send assistance to Lebanon? Did Snowden want to shoot leaker's in their private parts? Duckworth, fired up; SecDef is wheels up; Hagel has Rice for dinner; and a bit more.
The Pentagon's top shadow warrior is leaving. At a town hall-style meeting recently, Pentagon Policy Chief Jim Miller announced that Mike Sheehan, the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations, Low Intensity Conflict, is leaving the job at the end of next month. Sheehan, who began in that high-profile role in December 2011, replaced Michael Lumpkin, who replaced national security policy celebrity Mike Vickers. No solid word on Sheehan's replacement yet, and it's not clear why he's leaving. SOLIC, which provides policy oversight over U.S. Special Operations Command has become a major player inside the military and on Capitol Hill as Special Operations becomes the force du-jour for an administration reluctant to send boots-on-the-ground to anywhere. This is the office that helps guide America's clandestine conflicts around the globe. But the office has its enemies, on the Hill and inside the building, and some new initiatives have not been sold to the Hill well, Situation Report is told this morning.
If you're reading this you are probably a terrorist.
Many people have dismissed concern over the recently revelation that the NSA has been keeping tabs on them, proclaiming they have nothing to hide. But as the US government declares more and more people as terrorists, more people should be concerned that they already have case files against them. The Resident (aka Lori Harfenist) discusses the issue.
Stock Shock! U.S. World Stocks Tanking on China Data! Illuminate Plans closer to their goal.
The world economy will fail; it has to and has been planned for some time now. Perhaps your money is not safe in the Bank anymore and with the news yesterday of a planned September financial meltdown leading to massive civil unrest today's news moves us closer to the Illuminate goal.
Great acting by the guys at the top, Oscar of Oscar's go to Mr Bernanke for one of the main roles, lets all look concerned as our currency becomes worth less than the paper and ink used to produce it. THE GOAL IS TO COLLAPSE WORLD ECONOMY (How many bloody times have we got to remind everyone) this will introduce mass civil unrest, civil wars and much confusion, watch out all you useless eaters.
DO NOT BE FOOLED into looking for help from what we have been indoctrinated into believing are people that have our best interests at heart, they haven't, most of them haven't got one. We are now lone civilians and the most powerful action we can take is to act as one with love. Call me cynical but going on past history this will be an unlikely outcome, people will be made to feel confused, terrified, anxious and highly stressed so they start killing each other and I foresee so much horror and bloodshed it turns my stomach. PLEASE – Its time to act as one.
Growing concerns over tightening credit conditions in China and Federal Reserve policy in the U.S. are sending world stocks lower Monday afternoon.
"In Europe, Britain's FTSE 100 fell 1.2 percent to 6,040.44 and France's CAC-40 slid 1.6 percent to 3,599.05. Germany's DAX was down 0.9 percent to 7,717.43," the Associated Press reports.
"Mainland China's Shanghai Composite Index plummeted 5 percent to 1,968.51 while the smaller Shenzhen Composite Index plunged 6.1 percent to 881.87.
"Elsewhere in Asia, Hong Kong's Hang Seng fell 2.2 percent to 19,813.98. Japan's Nikkei 225 index, the regional heavyweight, fell 1.3 percent to 13,062.78. South Korea's Kospi lost 1.3 percent to 1,799.01. Australia's S&P/ASX 200 shed 1.5 percent at 4,666.50," the report adds.
I didn't quite know where to email this so I am taking a chance.
My customer's friends told him that when he hears that the banking system has gone down late on a Friday afternoon that he has 72 hours to be out of the city and either in his retreat or on the way there because the cities will be locked down by Martial law.


Before purchasing any service from us, you can read the Golden Va Reviews posted by its real customers. So far, we have served more than 2000 clients. We tried our best to satisfy each of them with our best quality service. Many of them shared their testimonials about GoldenVa. We have posted some of them below. If you already got any service from us, you can write reviews for goldenva.com and we will share that here.


Distance between Petawawa and Orangeville. How many miles from Petawawa to Orangeville.
The straight distance between Petawawa (Ontario) and Orangeville (Ontario) is 193.91 mi, but the driving distance is 275.70 mi.
It takes 5 hours 6 mins to go from Petawawa to Orangeville.


Watch and Download The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 2 (2012) : Full Movie Online FREE HD FMOVIES After the birth of Renesmee, the Cullens gather other vampire clans in order to protect the child from a false allegation that puts the family in front of the Volturi.
Who's The Cast on Film The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 2 2012??
When The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 2 to release? ?


For those of you that frequent lumberjocks, you might remember the chest of drawers that I built for my son from cull lumber purchased at home depot for $0.51 each. Well, I made this tv stand for my kids out of the leftover material. I used some very deformed 2×6s to make this project (I guess you could say that I am getting better at milling stock).
My kids came to me and asked that I make them a TV stand for their room because the TV was formerly on top of the chest of drawers which made watching TV and playing games from the bed difficult. So I set about designing (actually more like looking at other stands for inspiration and inventorying the materials I had on hand for dimensional limitations) the stand had to be relatively short and it had to have enough space for the Xbox and ps3 to fit along with games and accessories. after looking at a ton of TV stands, I decided that I wanted this stand to look like the chest of drawers that I had built earlier with one wide drawer and an open shelf. Most of the dimensions were chosen based on materials that I had on hand for example, the bottom is a dust frame that I had made many years ago for a project that never materialized. The dust frame was 30" wide and that became the width of the shelf and the drawer opening.
The top was made from 3 pieces of spruce 2×6 that were milled to just over an inch thick that were edge glued together. The top was then leveled with a card scraper and random orbit sander, the ends were planed with my block plane and sanded smooth. The curves and taper on the legs were cut on the bandsaw and smoothed out with my oscillating spindle sander. The sides panels and shelf are made of 3/4" spruce laminations. The shelf and the bottom are dadoed into the side panels. The side panels and aprons are attached to the legs with dominos. The top is attached with shop made wooden buttons that fit into mortices in the top rails and side panels. The drawer rides on 12" full extension slides. The drawer sides are 1/2 spruce (re-sawed fro the 2×6s) that I joined together with a locking dado type joint. The joint turned out to be not quite strong enough in spruce and I broke it when I first opened the drawer because the shellac coat was still a little tacky and it got stuck. so I glued it back together and inserted a no. 5 domino that I flush cut and sanded smooth. The dividers are also 1/2" spruce dadoed into the front and back of the drawer box. The two compartments on either side each hold approx. 20 DVDs or video game cases. The stand was then stained with Varathane premium wood stain (awesome product by the way) and topped with three coats of unwaxed shellac which was then block sanded and waxed.
All in all, I feel that the project was very successful. The wife and kids loved it and the finish came out great (the last pic shows the finish before block sanding and waxing)! As always enjoy and feel free to leave a comment. I do really enjoy the comments by the way.
Wow, awesome. I am extremely impressed! I can't make something that nice with the nicest stack of hardwood from the lumber store and a set of plans! You made this from cull lumber and your brain? Simply outstanding!
Well done, like the look of the legs with the soft curve. It really adds to the overall effect. ... I'm sure the kids love it….
Very nice, I like the design and finish….You did a great job.
you'd never know that this came from the junk pile at HD. VERY impressive.
"All in all," great job and very nice looking. I agree, your project is very successful.
I didn't know HD had a cull lumber pile like that. I'll have to look for it. Very impressive what you've done with it.
I was not aware of the cull pile either. On my way to check it out ….
Very impressive work you've done with the TV stand..
Thank you all for the incredibly nice comments. I always enjoy reading other woodworkers reactions to my projects.
For those of you rushing out to check out Home Depot's cull lumber cart, you should know that they have changed their policy on this. The policy used to be that they cut the really deformed 2x stock in half and offered it for either .51, 1.01, 2.01, etc. now when items are placed on the cull lumber cart they are marked down 70% off. This is not exactly a deal considering the amount of work you will likely have to put in to make this material useable. On the flip side, they no longer cut the material to smaller lengths/sizes. Just an FYI.
I do a lot of work with the cull bin too, but I had no idea it could turn out this nice. You did an amazing finish job – it looks fantastic. I mostly hunt the cull bin for sheet goods – I've gotten oak/birch plywood at 70% off or better. And cedar; I made two cedar chests from cull supplies, and they turned out pretty nice.
Again, really nice job. This looks awesome.
Very impressive amazing how great the Spruce looks after finish. You transformed the ugly Duckling materials in to Swan materials, great project congratulation, thanks for sharing.
That is a great looking TV stand! And to think it cost you only 51 cents—can't beat that!
That finish looks great! Did you use blotch control, or something similar? I can't imagine myself staining a 2×6 and having it come out so consistent.
This stuff is awesome! Spruce normally blotches like mad and I have applied water based stains using a brush before but it obscures the grain more like paint. But this product achieves the desired color in one coat, you can brush it on like paint (what I did), and it behaves like a stain offering an even consistent transparent color without obscuring the grain of the material underneath it. As a side note, if you plan to apply the stain with a brush (I used a foam brush) you should probably spray your seal coat on to keep from disturbing the color layer. I used a 1lb cut of shellac as a sealer. I will definitely use it again and I encourage all to try it.


Designed with a wrinkled finish, the GG wool canvas pant is part of a new idea of tailoring, explored in the Cruise 2019 collection. A homage to the House's past, the emblematic monogram pattern brings back the idea of all-logo-everything looks from the 1970s.;Beige and brown GG wool canvas; Wrinkled effect; Front on-seam pockets and back besom pockets; Hook and zip closure;18.5" leg opening;66% cotton, 34% wool; Made in Italy; The model is 6'2" and is wearing size 46.


The Rebels have made some tweaks to their Super W side to face the Brumbies on Friday night.
Melbourne comes into the match without a win in the competition, hosting their first home game at AAMI Park.
Flanker Phoebe Linder-Patton will miss the clash with an ankle injury, replaced by Rebecca Walker, among a handful of changes for the side.
Coach Alana Thomas said the team was relishing the lead-up to their first home game.


Designer gown manufacturers have different estimated delivery times for their products. Please carefully review estimated delivery times included in every product description page. You should start shopping for your wedding gown least 9 months before your wedding, but preferably sooner. Once you receive your gown, you'll need several weeks for your seamstress to make alterations.
After you place an order, your credit card will be charged. Then, you will receive an email with the invoice and line item detail of your order. Next, you will receive a confirmation email with an estimated shipping date for your order. Lastly, once your order ships, you will receive an email with a tracking number for your package. If the dress you order is either in stock or can be fulfilled from one of our warehouses it will typically take up to 10 days to ship. Designer gown orders generally take an average of 10 to 14 weeks to ship to our warehouse. During peak season designers may require additional time. After we receive your designer gown from the supplier, it will take us 5-7 business days to ship your merchandise. If for some reason it will take longer, we will notify you immediately of the new estimated ship date. In the unlikely eventuality that an item you ordered will not be available before your wear date, we will notify you and suggest other similar products to what you were looking for or you can cancel your order. Your payment will be refunded if we cannot fulfill your order.
Note that after your order ships, standard carrier shipping times apply depending on carrier and shipping method selected at the time you place your order. Free Shipping orders within the US, will be shipped ground at Bridals by Natalie's discretion. Shipping carriers may include UPS, FEDEX, or USPS. All orders require a signature upon arrival and are subject to credit card verification (shipping address must match billing address).
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text:
Q: Why are there two different Leibniz notations? Why do we have dy/dx with the regular d, and 'del y/del x' with the 'funny' d?  I can easily find definitions for each expresion, but the definitions appear to be logically equivalent.  However, they are informal enough that it is possible that I am not understanding the definitions properly.
Specifically, can anyone show me specific inputs for which the d/dx and del/delx operators return different outputs?  And do they return functions, or values?

A: As Arturo Magidin puts it:

"Regular $d$" are derivatives of a single-variable function relative to that single variable. $\partial$ means "partial derivative", it refers to a function of several variables, when we take derivatives relative to only one of the variables, treating the others as constant. They are meant to be applied to different animals ($\frac d{dx}$ to single-variable functions of $x$, $\frac\partial{\partial x}$ to multi-variable functions).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Move, Dance, Sing, Party !
Your stay at Le Floride 5-star campsite, near Perpignan, is a unique opportunity to enjoy shows and activities like you've never experienced before.
Everything is organized so your vacation in our Village becomes an unforgettable memory!
Shows for the entire family, performed by professional artists on Le Floride's large stage. New performances in 2016.
La Reine de L'Hiver Eternel, Musical Show based on the movie "Frozen"
Le Royaume du Chocolat, Music Show based on "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory"
Amazing Dance parties : let yourself go on the dancefloor : professionnal DJ's, Foam Parties, Laser shows!
Le Floride's Games : Will you be the Big Winner?
Not to be missed : Le Floride's Olympics, every week in the summer: Join a team and participate in crazy and fun events, in the water or on the ground!
Some funny campsite residents will wave at you on their way: Poulpy and Horsy, our favorite mascots.
The Parade, new in 2016, will come and greet you in the resort's alleys, with a selection of crazy characters.
The Village's Dances : Everyday, follow our choreography created for you by our emcees : Will you be able to memorize the steps?
The Roussillon region has a lot of treasures to be discovered.
We bring you to some of them, by organizing group excursions, where you will learn more about the history and the landmarks of the Eastern Pyrenees.
Hikes, including the "English Waterfalls Trail"
A great Activities program,to be added to the Sport Activities organised for free during the day : from water aerobics to running, from ping-pong to pilates, there is something for everyone!
Check here to know more about the sport activities and tournaments of Le Floride & L'Embouchure Resort, in Le Barcarès.
The Activities program will be given to you every week at the front desk.
Download the "Le Floride" application on your smartphone and see the live schedule of all the activities.


The godly saint Valmiki composed Ramayana on Rama's retrieving kingdom, wording admirably and meaningfully.
Sage Valmiki said Ramayana in twenty four thousand verses, in six hundred chapters, in six books, likewise an end-piece too.
Then Lava and Kusha who are in the attire of hermits have touched the feet of that contemplative soul Valmiki, who is now thoughtful.
Glorious Kusha and Lava are the virtue knowing princes, and they are endowed with melodious voice, besides being the residents of the same hermitage, thus Valmiki saw them saluting at his feet.
On seeing that pair intellectuals who are proficient in Vedas that self-reliant sage Valmiki made those two to memorize the epic, as the epic Ramayana is composed only to reinforce the import of Vedas, as an ancillary.
That sage with observed sacred vows has rendered the entire epic in the name of 'Ramayana', 'Sublime Legend of Sita' and 'elimination of Ravana'.
They are conversant with the art of music and proficient with the pitch and pausing their voices, and those two brothers have not only a wealthy voice, but they also look like celestial singers.
They have charm in their appearance and melodiousness in their voice, they are like the two reflections of one original object, and thus they came out from the body of Rama, separately.
They the princes have memorized that virtue-expounding epic, the best; in its entirety and in doing so, they rendered that epic faultlessly.
Once those two great-souls who endowed with musical talent and with all remarkable features, sung this epic, standing nearby the midst of a gathering of sages and pious souls.
All those saints being the saint-patrons of virtue are pleased at heart, and praised the praiseworthy Kusha and Lava, while they are singing.
"On getting into the mood of the epic, those two sang its import in one tune, that too melodiously and rapturously, marinating the pitch and tune..." So said the saints.
While the great saints of blessed ascesis are appreciating that way, those two melodiously sang very effectually and very meaningfully.
And someone, a pleased saint, got up and bestowed a handy vessel to them... another reputed sage, lauding them contributed a jute robe.
And another sage bestowed a black-deerskin, and like that yet another a sacred thread... someone gave a water-pot and another great saint a girdle of maunja grass to singers, while that way another contributed an under cloth; another sage gladly contributed a hatchet to them, another a saffron clothe, and yet another saint bestowed a cloth-wrapper; another delivered tuft-headband also, and another enchanted for their singing ballad handed out a sacrificial vessel, and another a bundle of firewood sticks, and yet another gave a plank-seat of audambari wood, and other called forth blessings, and someone then happily chanted bless-hymns for longevity... there by all the truth-avowing saints, those that are great sages have thus bestowed boons.
While this song that generates longevity and prosperity, and one that is melodious one to all ears is being sung everywhere in streets and king's ways and while those two singers who are experts in singing any kind of music are being appreciated everywhere, Rama has seen them.
Then on seeing them Rama, the enemy-eliminator, fetched those honour-worthy bothers, Lava and Kusha, to his palace and honoured them.
He that king Rama is then surrounded by his ministers and brothers that are sitting his nearby, he himself sat on a divine golden throne.
Having seen the mannerly brothers endowed with beautiful features, Rama spoke to Lakshmana, and Shatrughna, and Bharata likewise.
Rama said to thus, "Let this ballad be keenly heard from these divinely resplendent brothers, for it contains versatile words and meanings...' and thus he motivated the singers.
Even those two singers have sung the ballad melodiously and effectually, with their clear and clarified voices, like the melody of string and rhythmic instruments, with very clear and meaningful intonation.
Enthralling courtier's bodies, minds and hearts also, and thus that song sone forth as it is for all ears, bearing a comfort in its manifestation, among the gathering of the people.


text:
"STAGED REALITY" JEFF WALL AT GAGOSIAN GALLERY NEW YORK
From his pioneering use in the 1970s of backlit color transparencies — a medium then synonymous with advertising – to his intricately constructed scenes of enigmatic incidents from daily life, literature, and film, Canadian artist Jeff Wall has expanded the definition of the photograph, both as object and illusion.
The triptych "I giardini/The Gardens" (2017) was photographed in the gardens of the Villa Silvio Pellico in Moncalieri, outside of Turin, Italy. Though Wall has made several works that combine two or more images, this is the first in which the order, read from left to right, represents a passage of time. It therefore has a narrative aspect absent from any previous picture group.
The three images — individually titled Appunto/Complaint, Disappunto/Denial, and Diffida/Expulsion order — trace the relations between either two or four characters through three depicted moments.
A doubling effect occurs again in Pair of interiors (2018), a diptych showing either one or two couples in a lamplit living room, and in Summer Afternoons (2013), which shows what appears to be another equally introverted, younger couple in a sunny apartment. Each person appears in his or her own picture, creating uncertainty about whether the diptych depicts one or more "summer afternoons."
Landscapes are the subject of three more works. Hillside, Sicily, November 2007 (2007), one of two black-and-white images in the exhibition, shows the dry, rocky landscape of the eastern part of the Italian island; and an olive orchard has risen out of the dry desert in Daybreak (on an olive farm/Negev Desert/Israel) (2011), where we see Bedouin harvest workers about to awake and begin their workday. The only human structure on the Sicilian hillside is the remnant of a small stone shelter; on the horizon behind the olive orchard stands one of the largest prisons in Israel.
With its flat, vibrant colors resembling a painting more than a photograph, Recovery (2017–18) is set in a seaside park on another summer afternoon. One figure separates himself from the fantasy: a young man sitting on the grass, looking out of the composition, up and away. Is the image a blissful momentary vision occasioned by his recovery from some temporary misfortune? Recovery recalls Wall's previous experiments with hallucinatory moments in works such as Dead Troops Talk (1992) or The Flooded Grave (2000).
Parent child (2018) also shows a blissful moment on a summer day—at least for the dreamy little girl who has decided to recline on the sidewalk; less so for the adult responsible for her. Another child appears in Mother of pearl (2016), this time in a room filled with antique furniture and keepsakes. Fascinated by a set of iridescent old game counters—made of mother of pearl—she is transported by her imagination as perhaps only children can be.
Weightlifter (2015), Wall's most recent black-and-white picture, is an example of what the artist calls his "near documentary" direction. The lifting of heavy objects recalls the most archaic forms of labor and the permanent subjection of life to the force of gravity. The sport of weightlifting enacts that archaism, detached from any practical purpose and absorbed in private ambition.
Images: Mother of pearl, 2016, Inkjet print, 23 5/8 x 27 3/4 in, 60 x 70.5 cm, © Jeff Wall, Courtesy Gagosian // Installation view, artwork © Jeff Wall, Photo: Rob McKeever, Courtesy Gagosian

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text:
Designer Oscar de la Renta dies aged 82
duration 21 October 2014
media captionThe BBC's David Willis looks back at the life of Oscar de la Renta
Fashion designer Oscar de la Renta, who dressed former first ladies Jackie Kennedy and Hillary Clinton, has died aged 82, his family has confirmed.
De la Renta, who most recently designed Amal Clooney's wedding dress, was diagnosed with cancer in 2006.
Born in the Dominican Republic in 1932, he left home at 18 to study painting in Madrid, Spain.
He soon developed a love of fashion design and began an apprenticeship with Spain's designer Cristobal Balenciaga.
De la Renta made his name in the early 1960s when the then first lady, Jackie Kennedy, frequently wore his designs. He launched his own label several years later.
Over the following decades he dressed nearly every first lady up to and including Michelle Obama, who he once chided for not wearing American designers.
image captionOscar de la Renta made his name in the early 1960s
image captionOscar de la Renta continued to enjoy success worldwide
Betty Ford, Nancy Reagan, Hillary Clinton and Laura Bush all opted for De la Renta gowns.
Laura Bush described the designer as "the man who made women look and feel beautiful".
Mrs Obama eventually made her first appearance in one of his dresses at a White House reception in October.
At a ceremony honouring the designer this year, Hillary Clinton heaped praise upon De la Renta.
"This man has been working for more than 20 years to turn me into a fashion icon," she said.
De la Renta rose to further prominence after being chosen by Amal Alamuddin to design the gown for her wedding to George Clooney.
"George and I wanted a wedding that was romantic and elegant, and I can't imagine anyone more able than Oscar to capture this mood in a dress," Mrs Clooney told Vogue.
"Meeting him made the design process all the more magical, as he is so warm and such a gentleman."
image captionFormer US First Lady Jackie Kennedy famously wore De la Renta's designs
image copyrightAFP
image captionLaura Bush, wife of President George W Bush, was another of the designer's fans
De la Renta passed away at his home in Connecticut, reports say. The cause of his death was not immediately clear, although he had been diagnosed with cancer.
His stepdaughter Eliza Reed Bolan said in a statement that De la Renta had passed away surrounded by family and friends and "more than a few dogs".
"While our hearts are broken by the idea of life without Oscar, he is still very much with us," the statement said.
"All that we have done, and all that we will do, is informed by his values and his spirit."
What are your memories of Oscar de la Renta? Did you meet him? Please share your tributes and pictures by emailing: haveyoursay@bbc.co.uk Please leave your contact details if you are happy to speak to a BBC journalist.
Send your pictures and videos to yourpics@bbc.co.uk or text them to 61124 (UK) or +44 7624 800 100 (international). Or you can upload here.
Read the terms and conditions.
Oscar de la Renta: Life and work in pictures
Republicans seek delay 'to give Trump fair trial'
Members of the ex-president's party say he deserves "a full and fair process that respects his rights".
duration10 minutes ago


text:
Etta Faye (Hinton) Burnham
editor@nassaucountyrecord.com
Etta Faye (Hinton) Burnham of Hilliard passed awaypeacefully in her home July 4, 2019.
Born in West Palm Beach, Fla. June 2, 1929, she was preceded in death by her son, James Hilton Burnham, and her siblings JW, Athelda, Mary Gladys and Joan. She leaves behind three daughters, Gail Gamble, Lorraine Howell and Carolyn Griffis. She had five grandchildren, Chris (Laura) Beasley, Joyce (John) Womack, Kenneth Geiger, Becky Anglin and David Crews; seven great-grandchildren, Tori, Courtland, Scott, Tyler, Seth Beasley, Michael Geiger and Andy Rosado, along with three great-great-grandchildren, Brynleigh, Bentley and Aurora Beasley.
Ms. Burnham served the Town of Hilliard faithfully on the zoning board during her many years of residence, also serving as the board's president. She retired from the State of Florida, serving as a Welcome Center hostess at both the U.S. 1 center until its closing and I-95 until her retirement.
The family received friends Sunday, July 7 at Shepard-Roberson Funeral Home from 2-4 p.m. Funeral services will be held Sunday, July 7 at 4 p.m. in the chapel of Shepard-Roberson Funeral Home. Burial services were held Monday, July 8 at 1 p.m. at Evergreen Cemetery in Jasper, Fla.
In lieu of flowers, the family request donations be made to Community Hospice and Palliative Care, 4266 Sunbeam Rd., Jacksonville, FL 32257. Condolences may be expressed by signing the guest registry at www.shepardfh.com. Arrangements are under the direction of Shepard-Roberson Funeral Home in Folkston, Ga.
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text:
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) Course
👉 INDUSTRIAL IoT (IIoT) COURSE & Certification 🥇 Get Certified Fast & Easy! 【Courses10.com】⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
Historically, Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS) were largely isolated from conventional digital networks such as enterprise ICT environments. Where connectivity was required, a zoned architecture was adopted, withfirewalls and/or demilitarized zones used to protect the core control system components. The adoption and deployment of 'Internet of Things '(IoT) technologies are leading to architectural changes to IACS, including greater connectivity to industrial systems. This paper reviews what is meant by Industrial IoT (IIoT) and relationships to concepts such as cyber-physical systems and Industry 4.0. The paper develops a de finition of IIoT and analyses related partial IoT taxonomies. It develops an analysis framework for IIoT that can be used to enumerate and characterize IIoT devices when studying system architectures and analyzing security threats and vulnerabilities. The paper concludes by identifying some gaps in the literature.
3 Industry4.0
3.1 Cyber-physical systems (CPS)
3.2 Industrial automation & control systems (IACS)
3.3 Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
4 Industrial internet
5 Industrial internet of things (IIoT)
6 IIoT: an analysis framework
6.1 Review of existing IoT taxonomies
6.2 Industry sector
6.3 Location
6.4 Connectivity
6.5 Device characteristics
7 Discussion, gaps and recommendations for future research
8 Mapping the IIoT ecosystem and threat landscape
9 Limited research on OT and ICT convergence
9.1 Providing solutions to brownfield issues
The concept of Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS) is well established. These systems often referred to as Operational Technology (OT), are employed in diverse industries including manufacturing, transportation and utilities, and are sometimes referred to as cyber-physical systems (CPS). Since the term Internet of Things (IoT) was first used in 1999, it has been applied to connected devices in consumer, domestic, business and industrial settings. Although there is a sign ficant amount of literature attempting to define IoT, its uses, and its typical components, it is rarely made obvious how any of this applies in the industrial setting.
Because current definitions of IoT invariably imply a similar approach to the high-level architecture of a system, the ubiquitous use of the term IoT to refer to the use of digital technologies in the industry is unhelpful as it hinders the analysis of alternative system architectures, including the location and nature of the data or information processing, and associated performance and security issues. The aims of this paper are to improve on existing defi nations of Industrial IoT (IIoT) and to propose a framework for IIoT components as a basis for analyzing the use and deployment of IoT technologies in industrial settings. In undertaking this research our aim was to establish a framework that allows us to analyze the nature of IIoT devices and their uses, which is to be used as part of a vulnerability and threat analysis process for these devices. By being able to characterize the devices in a systematic manner, we anticipate being able to analyze cross-cutting threats and vulnerabilities and identify patterns that may be obscured when focusing on the technology employed or sector speci fic issues. This paper is structured as follows: Section 2provides some further background to CPS, IACS, and the Industrial Internet, setting it against the background of Industry 4.0. Section 3provides our analysis and defination of IIoT, which builds on existing explanations that are presented. Section 4presents our framework. Finally, Section 5 identifies gaps in the current literature that need to be addressed in future work.
Whilst researching IIoT we have reviewed a wide range of academic literature and found that when combining the search terms:
(" Industrial Machines "OR "Industrial Systems ") AND "Internet "OR ( " Industrial Internet ") AND "Machines "
The following terms were amongst those most regularly found:
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Industrial Control Systems (ICS), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), and Industrial Internet.
Although not an exhaustive list, it does represent the most commonly used terms in both academic and relevant non-academic literature, for white papers and corporate blogs. In the rest of this section, we define Industry 4.0 and review the above terms before moving on to develop our de finition of IIoT and the taxonomy.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2018.04.015
Received 7 December 2017; Received in revised form 21 March 2018; Accepted 20 April 2018
⁎Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Boyes).
Computers in Industry 101 (2018) 1– 12
0166-3615/ © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY/4.0/).
Industry4.0
The first three industrial revolutions are characterized as being driven by mechanical production relying on water and steam power, use of mass labor and electrical energy, and the use of electronic, automated production respectively [3]. Whilst the supposed fourth industrial revolution ( 'Industry 4.0 ') was first proposed in 2011 in the context of the goal of developing the German economy [4]. This revolution is characterized by its reliance on the use of CPS capable of communication with one another and of making autonomous, decentralized decisions, with the aim of increasing industrial e fficiency, productivity, safety, and transparency.
There is a considerable overlap between the concept of Industry 4.0 developed in Germany and the Industrial Internet concept (see 2.6), which originated in the United States. The defi nation of the latter now encompasses change for both business and individuals:
"…the industrial internet is an internet of things, machines, computers and people enabling intelligent industrial operations using advanced data analytics for transformational business outcomes, and it is rede fining the landscape for business and individuals alike".
A de finition of 'Industrie 4.0 ′a term which, in its English cognate, the authors treat as synonymous with IIoT, is:
"…we define Industrie 4.0 as follows: Industrie 4.0 is a collective term for technologies and concepts of value chain organization. Within the modular structured Smart Factories of Industrie 4.0, CPS monitor physical processes, create a virtual copy of the physical world and make decentralized decisions. Over the IoT, CPS communicate and cooperate with each other and humans in real time. Via the IoS [Internet of Services], both internal and cross-organizational services are o ffered and utilized by participants of the value chain. "
Cyber-physical systems (CPS)
Whilst there are a number of defi nations of CPS[7–11] , this paper uses: "A system comprising a set of interacting physical and digital components, which may be centralized or distributed, that provides a combination of sensing, control, computation and networking functions, to in fluence outcomes in the real world through physical pro-
cesses. "
What sets CPS apart from more conventional information and communications systems (IT or ICT) is the real-time character of their interactions with the physical world. Whilst both CPS and ICT systems process data and/or information, the focus of CPS is on the control of physical processes. CPS uses sensors to receive information about, in- including measurements of, physical parameters, and actuators to engage in control over physical processes. CPS often involve a large degree of autonomy. For example, CPS often have the capacity to determine whether to change the state of an actuator or to draw a human operator 's attention to some feature of the environment being sensed.
Industrial automation & control systems (IACS)
IACS or ICS is a collective term typically used to describe di fferent types of control systems and associated instrumentation, which include the devices, systems, networks, and controls used to operate and/or automate industrial processes. Descriptions of ICS from authoritative American and European organizations are respectively:
•" Initially, ICS had little resemblance to traditional information technology (IT) systems in that ICS were isolated systems running proprietary control protocols using specialized hardware and software. Many ICS components were in physically secured areas and the components were not connected to IT networks or systems. Widely available, low-cost Internet Protocol (IP) devices are now replacing proprietary solutions "; and
•"Today ICS products are mostly based on standard embedded systems platforms, applied in various devices, such as routers or cable modems, and they often use commercial o ff-the shelf software "and " command and control networks and systems designed to support industrial processes. The largest subgroup of ICS is SCADA ".
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
SCADA has been described as:
• A system that allows an operator, in a location central to a widely distributed process, such as an oil or gas field, pipeline system, or hydroelectric generating complex, to make setpoint changes on distant process controllers, to open or close valves or switches, to monitor alarms, and to gather measurement information;
• Similar to a Distributed Control System with the exception of sub-control systems being geographically dispersed over large areas and accessed using Remote Terminal Servers. Where a Distributed Control System (DCS) is a supervisory control system typically controls and monitors set points to sub-controllers distributed geographically throughout a factory; and
• SCADA applications are made up of two elements: the process/ system/machinery you want to monitor and control, which can take the form of a power plant, a water system, a network or a system of traffi c lights; and a network of intelligent devices that interface with the first system through sensors and control outputs. This network, which is the platform system, provides the capability to measure and control specific elements of the first system.
The nature of SCADA has led to con flicting views as to whether it forms part of the IIoT ecosystem. For example, discussion of SCADA system forensic analysis within IIoT contrasts with a view that SCADA is simply the predecessor to IIoT especially as SCADA systems have evolved to connect to the internet but do not have the analytics and level of connectivity that is found in IIoT.
Industrial internet
The concept of an Industrial Internet was first articulated by General Electric (GE), and described as:
" The defi nation of the Industrial Internet includes two key components: The connection of industrial machine sensors and actuators to local processing and to the Internet; The onward connection to other important industrial networks that can independently generate value. The main di fference between the consumer/social Internets and the Industrial Internet is in how and how much value is created. For consumer/social Internets, the majority of value is created from
advertisements ".
This description clearly separates the Internet and the Industrial Internet, although in both cases the function of the Internet is to provide wide area networking. More recently the Industrial Internet has been defi ned as:
"… a source of both operational e fficiency and innovation that is the outcome of a compelling recipe of technology developments. The resulting sum of those parts gives you the Industrial Internet —the tight integration of the physical and digital worlds. The Industrial Internet enables companies to use sensors, software, machine-to-machine learning and other technologies to gather and analyze data from physical objects or other large data streams— and then use those analyses to manage operations and in some cases to offer new, value-added services ". From this definition, it is apparent that the authors consider a key component of the Industrial Internet to be the ability to analyze data, which is corroborated by a statement later in their report, in which it is stated that "⋯Big Data analytics is the foundation of the Industrial Internet…". This desire to collect and analyses data is a feature in common with Industry 4.0.
Whilst there are numerous IoT defi nations, those of relevance to industrial application make explicit the kinds of smart components that get embedded into ordinary objects so that those objects can count as IoT devices, and form constituents of cyber-physical systems (CPS). Three relevant defi nations are:
• Adefinition for the IoT would be a "group of infrastructures, interconnecting connected objects and allowing their management, data mining and the access to data they generate "where connected objects are "sensor(s) and/or actuator(s) carrying out a specific function that are able to communicate with other equipment "[24] ;
• "The terms 'Internet of Things 'and "IoT" refer broadly to the ex- the tension of network connectivity and computing capability to objects, devices, sensors, and items not ordinarily considered to be computers. These "smart objects "require minimal human intervention to generate, exchange, and consume data; they often feature connectivity to remote data collection, analysis, and management capabilities "; and
• "The IoT represents a scenario in which every object or 'thing 'is embedded with a sensor and is capable of automatically communicating its state with other objects and automated systems within the environment. Each object represents a node in a virtual network, continuously transmitting a large volume of data about itself and its
surroundings …".
On the basis of these, an initial defi nation of IIoT might be the use of certain IoT technologies –certain kinds of smart objects within cyber-physical systems –in an industrial setting, for the promotion of goals distinctive to industry. Similar simple defi nations were found in our literature search, for example:
• " The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in manufacturing "; and
• "Industrial Internet: A short-hand for the industrial applications of IoT, also known as the Industrial Internet of Things, or IIoT ".
Such a simple concept is not sufficient for our purposes in this paper, however. We need something substantive and a precise conception to inform our proposed IIoT framework. The simple conception does provide a template for a definition of IIoT, for it correctly attempts to define IIoT by appeal to two essential features: (a) the kinds of technologies that are used in an IIoT setting and (b) the distinctive aims and purposes to which those technologies are put. We need a de finition which has that structure, but which gives us a more substantial ex- pension of (a) and (b).
An advantage of the simple concept is that because it makes it clear that the relevant technologies are used for purposes distinctive to industry, it satisfies the basic criterion of enabling us to distinguish IoT devices from IIoT devices. For example, devices such as smart bike locks and smart kettles are not useful from the point of view of industry per se, the simple conception correctly classic fies those items as non-IIoT devices. Despite this advantage, the defi nation remains uninformative nevertheless.
A further pitfall to avoid when attempting to arrive at a de finition of IIoT is defining IIoT in terms of some other notion, which is not obviously di fferent from the notion of IIoT itself, which would render the de finition uninformatively circular. That sort of problem is exemplified in the industry-driven literature by, for example:
"The IIoT vision of the world is one where smart connected assets (the things) operate as part of a larger system or systems of systems that make up the smart manufacturing enterprise".
Since 'smart manufacturing enterprise 'is essentially an industrial enterprise that exemplifies fies the features of IIoT, this definition is also uninformatively circular.
In seeking to formulate an improved conception of IIoT we searched the contemporary academic and industry-driven literature for more informative defi nations than those already cited. We found a few that improved on the simplistic and circular defi nations already presented. Ade finition that improves incrementally over the simple de finition is:
"Industrial Internet or Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is built for bigger 'things 'than smartphones and wireless devices. It aims at connecting industrial assets, like engines, power grids and sensor to cloud over a network ".
This defination goes beyond the simple conception by making it explicit that it is industrial assets which are counted as connected in an IIoT setting, and it tells us a little about the nature of that connection: that the relevant assets are connected to a cloud, over a network. A second defi nation which adds some further details is:
" The Industrial Internet of Things (Industrial IoT) is made up of a multitude of devices connected by communications software. The resulting systems, and even the individual devices that comprise it, can monitor, collect, exchange, analyze, and instantly act on information to intelligently change their behavior or their environment –all without human intervention "
The central advantage of this still admittedly vague de finition is that it makes it clear what the function of IIoT devices is: to monitor, collect, exchange, and analyze information so as to enable them to change their own behavior, or else instruct other devices to do so, without human intervention.
A number of researchers writing in German, o ffer a cluster of definitions of IIoT that share a focus on the kinds of technologies which are put into operation in IIoT settings and the ways they are put to use in those settings. It is suggested that a central element of IIoT is its reliance, in an industrial setting, on objects, systems and machinery which has been upgraded to the status of a CPS, so that products and services can be guided through the supply and value chains in an autonomous manner. Another perspective is that IIoT relies not just on CPS, but also on embedded systems, cloud computing, edge computing, the generic technologies associated with the smart factory, and associated software. A further insight relates to the aims and purposes of IIoT technologies, suggesting that they should not merely function to enable autonomous production, but enable real-time information to users, consumers and other processes. The defi nation of Industrie 4.0 in Section 2.1sheds light on the kinds of technological processes utilized as part of IIoT, and how those processes are applied in promoting the values of the relevant industries whilst also making it explicit how IIoT technologies are connected to other features of the industrial-technological landscape, such as Smart Factories and the Internet of Services (i.e. a "thing "as a service, e.g. Power as a Service or Mobility as a Service).
We are now able to provide our own working defi nation of IIoT. It has the same structure as the simple conception we started out with: IIoT is defi ned by appeal to the kinds of technologies which compose it, as well as by appeal to the distinctive uses to which those technologies are put, but builds in more details that the simple conception:
Industrial Internet of Things: A system comprising networked smart objects, cyber-physical assets, associated generic information technologies and optional cloud or edge computing platforms, which enable real-time, intelligent, and autonomous access, collection, analysis, communications, and exchange of process, product and/or service information, within the industrial environment, so as to optimise overall production value. This value may include; improving product or service delivery, boosting productivity, reducing labor costs, reducing energy consumption, and reducing the build-to-order cycle.
IIoT: an analysis framework
Before developing our analysis framework, we reviewed existing published material on industry-focused IoT taxonomies and a range of industrial material, in particular manufacturers 'white papers, case studies and technical articles describing specific products or implementations. We identify fied seven published IoT taxonomies in the academic
literature, which address the IoT as a whole and are not specifically focused on IIoT.
Review of existing IoT taxonomies
In undertaking this research our aim was to establish a framework that allows us to analyze the nature of IIoT devices and their uses, which is to be used as part of a vulnerability and threat analysis process for these devices. None of the taxonomies outlined above provide sufficient coverage of the characteristics of devices to support our objectives. The specific limitations of the taxonomies can be summarised as follows:
(a) the device-centric taxonomy [35]–this approach provides useful characteristics at the device level (e.g. energy, communication, functional attributes, local interface, hardware and software resources), but does provide information about the role of the device, its physical or architectural locations, and the sector in which it is being used;
(b) the IoT stack-centric taxonomy -whilst some of the characteristics (e.g. service, data, interaction and thing) addressed in this approach may be of value the stack does not relate to the conventional IACS hierarchy that is described in the Purdue Model. We considered the concept of service in this taxonomy to be flawed as a particular device may contribute to fulfilment of multiple business objectives;
(c) the IoT sensor taxonomy [38]–the characteristics (e.g. motion, position, environment, mass measurement and biosensor) used by this approach are useful for devices that have a sensing capability, but this is only a subset of the range of IIoT devices;
(d) the IoT-based smart environment taxonomy [39]–this is of limited utility from a security perspective as its emphasis is on classical fication of the networking elements (e.g. communication enablers, network type, technologies, local area wireless standards, objectives and characteristics), the technology elements are very broad and the objectives (e.g. cost reduction) are di fficult to apportion at device rather than system level;
(e) the IoT architecture taxonomy [40]–this combines a mixture of business architecture and technical characteristics (e.g. applications, enabling technologies, business objectives, architectural requirements, IoT platforms architecture types and network topologies), but given the use of only six classic fication elements is of limited value for classifying devices;
(f) the Industrial Internet of Things taxonomy [41]–the approach is immature in terms of the classic fication criteria (e.g. reliability, real-time, data item scale, module scale, runtime integration, distribution focus and collection focus) with only single examples given for each criterion, and the six criteria would not provide us with sufficient granularity to compare and contrast the security pro file of individual devices;
(g) the domain or sector-based IoT taxonomies–this is helpful in addressing the business use to which a device is being put, however, this taxonomy does not address the technical or architectural aspects of device design and deployment as it identifies the type of device but not its characteristics.
Whilst none of the existing taxonomies meet our needs, as they are either too high level or incomplete from a device characterization. perspective, we can draw upon them and our own investigation of current IIoT proposed and actual solutions to develop an analytical framework for IIoT devices. We also considered the theoretical foundations of cyber manufacturing and the work published by the CyPhERS project, for example. However, neither of these publications provide the framework we were seeking as a basis for analyzing devices.
Given the limitations of the published literature, we have developed a framework for characterizing IIoT devices. We have not sought to call it a taxonomy as it does not have a branching structure based on a single root, nor is it an ontology, given inconsistent use of many of the technical terms and the propensity for product marketers to create
new jargon to di fferentiate their products.
Our approach, which is described in more detail below is to characterize devices based on six categories, with each category having a number of sub-categories:
•Industry sector;
•Device location;
•Connectivity;
•Device characteristics;
•Device technology;
•User type.
Each of the remaining sub-sections sets out the rationale for including the category within our framework, providing a diagram that illustrates its breakdown and a rationale for the proposed structure. In setting out our framework we provide examples of each category using a programmable logic controller (PLC) as the device.
The industry sectors illustrated in Fig. 1are relevant to the severity and nature of threats to an organization and the IIoT devices deployed in the organization's operational systems [45]. All of the sectors make use of IACS to varying degrees, and there is likely to be increased use of IIoT based on industry trends reported by market research companies as referred to in Section 4.1. With the exception of retail, the subcategories listed above are generally recognized as the critical infrastructure of developed economies. Retail has been included to re flect the criticality of supply of essential supplies to citizens and to re flect the increasing technical complexity of many retail outlets, for example, the building automation, management and security systems deployed in their premises. The breakdown of the Manufacturing sector is adapted from the report on digital manufacturing commissioned by the UK government.
Using this category the PLC might be described as:
In Fig. 2, we propose a taxonomy that considers the location of the IIoT device from a number of perspectives, which are relevant in terms of the device 's exposure to risks from both cyber and physical security perspectives.
Four sub-categories are proposed:
(a) Ecosystem–There are a number of models o ffered for IoT ecosystems [47–50], but these are generic and not specifically related to IIoT implementations. An ecosystem model that does directly related to industrial applications is illustrated in Fig. 3. The proposed class fication scheme is adapted from this model but extended to include the wider enterprise IT to accommodate the convergence of information and operation technologies, and adjacencies. In the Thing class, we have included a sub-class "Monitor ' to accommodate devices that provide a wider functionality than measurements, e.g. a CTV camera.
(b) Purdue Model –the Purdue Model for Control Hierarchy is a well-recognized model in the manufacturing industry that segments devices and equipment into hierarchical functions. This model has been used by international standards organizations to specify a zone and conduit model for IACS security and is also used in a variety of security [56]and safety guidance material. The model illustrated in Fig. 4, uses the concept of zones in order to subdivide Enterprise and ICS networks into modules that function in a similar way.
(c) Physical –this element seeks to characterize the environment that the device is installed, which therefore allows the level of physical security vulnerability to be considered. For example, devices that are located externally are likely to be much more susceptible to physical damage, theft or being interfered with, as well as being exposed to the elements and a variety of natural hazards.
(d) Mobility –this element provides an indication of whether the device is only used in a fixed location or may be moved around, on its own or as part of a system. Mobile devices are likely to require a wireless communications mechanism to convey data and permit con figuration and/or control, thus exposing the device to the threat of interference or jamming. In addition, there may be a need to track or geolocate the device so as to correctly interpret the data it provides.
The proposed connectivity characteristics are illustrated in Fig. 5, the aim of using these is to identify the essential features of the networking or communications connectivity between the device and the IIoT system within which it operates.
The five proposed sub-categories are explained as follows:
(a) Mechanism –the focus of this sub-category is on the physical mechanism used to convey any communications to or from the device. Two classes that may appear unusual are no connectivity and physical connectivity. The former relates to devices that may be recording changes to the environment, where measurement data is stored in the device for later recovery on its retrieval and decommissioning, for example, an IoT-based dosimeter. The latter relates to devices in hazardous or extreme environments, for example, an IoT device employing ultrasonic communications rather than RF
signals in an in a flammable or explosive environment.
(b) Nature –whether the communications are in real-time or near real-time, implying continuous connectivity is required, or whether data can be stored and forwarded either on a schedule or on request.
(c) Initiation –this relates to how communication is initiated;
(d) Protocols –this relates to the protocols used to establish and manage the link and to convey information, examples of the three classes are Infrastructure (IPv4, IPv6, 6LoWPAN, UDP); Discovery (mDNS, HyperCat, UPnP); and Data protocols (MQTT, XMPP, LLAP,
REST, SOAP).
(e) Link security –this focuses on the level of security and trust involved in establishing and operating the connectivity.
Using this category, the PLC may be described as:
The focus of the proposed device characteristics illustrated in Fig. 6, is on the functionality of the device, specifically how important it is to the system it is part of, the function the device provides, and how it is managed.
The proposed sub-categories are justified as follows:
impact on the overall operational process and how easy it is to repair or replace a faulty or malfunctioning device. The greater the impact and the more difficult it is to replace or repair, the greater the security risks arising from any attempts to attack or interfere with the device. Safety-critical devices clearly need to be engineered and designed to higher standards than those where the is little impact and they are easy to replace.
(b) Function –this class is used to describe the principal function(s) of the device. When considering a device with analytic functions, the nature of the algorithm(s) used is relevant.
(c) Relationships –this class is intended to allow understanding of how the device relates to other devices and the processes, systems or environment within which it operates. For example, a temperature sensor in a room may be linked to an aggregating or control device, as its role is to measure the temperature in the space that it is installed in, it is part of an environmental conditioning process and it will be a ffected if a door or window is opened or left open in the
space within which it is located.
(d) Management interface –relates to how the device is con figured, turned on/o ffor otherwise controlled.
The proposed technology characteristics of the IIoT device are illustrated in Fig. 7. These focus on technical features that may constrain or in fluence device design or the ability to address vulnerabilities once the device has been deployed.
The power source, energy use and hardware characteristics are relevant as they can constrain the processing capacity of the device, which in turn a ffects the design of security mechanisms used to protect the connectivity and may limit the ability to patch or update the device once deployed. The operating system, software type, and updatability are relevant given the launch of IoT botnets, for example, the Mirai botnet, as they represent a potential vulnerability and if not updateable may limit the ability to respond to botnet malware. The identity of the device manufacturer and a unique identifier are
important for configuration management purposes.
Given the nature of IIoT devices and their extensive use of software, the concept of trustworthiness is an important technical characteristic. This sub-category references the publicly accessible specification (PAS 754), which provides a framework designed to cover all aspects of the system and software lifecycle, as defi ned by ISO/IEC 15288. Of particular relevance is the trustworthiness level matrix, which considers the degree of trustworthiness required from a component, composed sub-system or system is dependent on software and the potential impact. Thus, for a component where the software provides the sole source of trustworthiness if the impact is deemed significant or critical a high level of trustworthiness should be required and demonstrated.
Using this category, by way of example, an Arduino-based PLC can be described as:
The proposed user characteristics, as illustrated in Fig. 8, are intended to allow identification of who or what the device is interacting with. The proposed user types are either a human or machine, for example where the device is sensing and providing machine-to-machine communication for system control or monitoring purposes. With regards to the user interface, a device may be:
(a) headless, i.e. there is no indication of device status, measurements or operation;
(b) direct, either passive (e.g. a room thermostat displaying temperature but not allowing user control) or active (e.g. a device with an interactive touch-sensitive display that allows interrogation of the device status and may permit some control of it);
(c) indirect, i.e. the device can be interrogated via another device in the IIoT system.
Discussion, gaps and recommendations for future research
The approach used to develop our analysis framework is consistent with that used by MITRE in the development of their MAEC method used for malware attribute enumeration and characterization. As with the development of MAEC, it is inappropriate to employ a taxonomy based on a single top-down tree structure as specific instances or applications of an IIoT device may result in its classification under multiple branches of the tree. The value of our proposed multi-dimensional approach is that it allows classification of an IIoT device based on pre-de fines attributes that can be used in systematic studies. Depending on the nature of a study, the researcher can decide which categories and classes to employ, thus allowing the focus to be narrowed or broadened to suit the specific research question. For example, if the focus of a study was on software vulnerabilities, the researcher could choose to ignore the industry sector and user type, and focus on the following categories:
• device location and connectivity –to allow assessment of the degree of exposure of the device to potential attacks;
• device characteristics and technology –enabling assessment of the nature and criticality of the software, ease of software updates and systematic risks associated with the processing platform and operating system in use.
systematic collection of information about IIoT devices. It was developed as part of a research initiative investigating IIoT security issues. The data collection and analysis is ongoing, however, the development of this framework potentially allows comparison of threats and vulnerabilities between di fferent sectors ad application in much the same way as the MAEC approach discussed above.
Having presented our analysis framework, during our research several observations were made which the authors believe to constitute gaps that could be addressed by further research. This recommendation are not presented in any order of importance; we note that each is critical to ensuring future understanding, resiliency and security within IIoT ecosystem, and therefore make no judgment as to their relative importance.
Mapping the IIoT ecosystem and threat landscape
There are a number of publications available that explore and analyse issues of security and privacy relating to IoT in general, there is little work specifically focusing on the IIoT ecosystem. We propose using our taxonomy, to explore and better understand the IIoT ecosystem and associated threat landscape, so as to identify vulnerabilities and potential security and/or privacy concerns.
Limited research on OT and ICT convergence
Whilst there is some work, primarily analyst or vendor, driven, which directly states or implies that IIoT is the result of convergence between Operational Technology (OT) and traditional information and communication technologies (ICT). For example, it is suggested that:
'… merging IT and OT isn't an easy task. Merging these two areas requires well-defined, scalable standards that span from assets to data centers and vice-versa. It's also crucial that these standards are secure, otherwise critical and expensive operational assets can be vulnerable. All these concerns can be tackled by following the concept of 'Enterprise Architecture'.'
The above approach is indicative of a lack of understanding of the differences between conventional enterprise ICT systems and the cyber-physical systems that are found in industrial applications. In contrast, a better-informed assessment [68] of the security challenges faced in securing IoT devices recognized some of the constraints:
"These current security mechanisms, based on 'traditional public-key infrastructures will almost certainly not scale to accommodate the IoT's amalgam of contexts and devices".
In this assessment, the authors were taking into account the limitations of IIoT devices, for example, sensors, actuators and RFID tags, where there are processing, power and economic constraints limiting the use of strong encryption.
In addition to these technical issues, there is also the mismatch between the relatively short lifespan of many ICT devices and the relative longevity of IACS devices, which are often expected to have a lifespan an order of magnitude longer than their ICT counterparts. We propose to use our analysis framework as a basis for exploring the IT/OT convergence issues.
Providing solutions to brownfield issues
Legacy systems, i.e. a brownfield site, inject complexity into a wide range of cases. A compelling argument has been made regarding the need for developers to considering the issue of brownfield IIoT:
…how important in industrial IoT (IIoT), such as smart buildings, bridges, roads, railways and all infrastructure that has been around for decades and will continue to be around for decades more.
Further research is required to consider the implications of installing IIoT devices in an operational architecture, where security has been implemented using the zones and conduits inherent in the Purdue Model. As with the topics of security and scalability of IIoT, circular conversations are occurring, solutions have required that address both greenfield and brownfield installations, and again the relative longevity of IACS device needs to be taken into account.
Limited research on the safety and security of IIoT devices Safety and security should be paramount in industrial systems to
prevent harm and minimize the threat to personnel, assets and the environment. There is increasing industry recognition that safety and security are related, for example, that connectivity brings both opportunity and risk and that poor security threatens safety. This is also recognized in international functional safety standards. With traditional IACS systems, the application of the security principles is based on international standards, which advocate the use of security
models aimed at delivering defense in depth, particularly with reference to connections between different layers in the Purdue Model and segregation of processes.
The adoption of IIoT undermines these established practices by creating new connectivity from systems to enterprise or cloud-based systems, thus increasing the potential for safety and security related breaches. There is a current lack of consistent approaches to the combined assessment of safety and security risks inherent in the deployment of IIoT solutions. A combined framework has been proposed [74], but further work is required to codify its use and test its applicability in industrial plants.
In conclusion, having laid out the background including an overview of related terms in section two, we provided a survey of existing definitions of IIoT in section three and developed our own definition which we hope improves on those. In section four we then provided an analysis framework for IIoT devices which provides a practical classification schema for those with an interest in security-related issues surrounding IIoT. The use of the schema has been illustrated by examples at the end of each of the sections describing the six categories. Finally, in section five, some gaps in the IIoT related literature were identified, which we propose should be addressed as part of our continuing research.


Welcome to my CSCI 460 Senior Capstone Experience.
Throughout the course of my final semester here at St. Norbert College I developed an application which was able to do localize sound. As the semester progressed I updated my progress on the blog page. Feel free to look around and contact me with any questions.


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Malakai's story: he died from whooping cough at 6wks old
Malakai.
By JAMILA RIZVI
Beth Cockroft's voice shakes when she talks.
It shakes like she's been running at full speed for far longer than her body is capable of. Beth's voice shakes as if she's still struggling to catch her breath after that sprint, desperately searching for the strength and fortitude that will allow her to push through the pain and keep going.
Her voice is full of sadness, knowledge and broken hope.
Beth's son Malakai was born on 31 July this year. Six weeks later, on 17 September, Beth and her husband held Malakai in their arms, as his life support machine was switched off.
After almost two weeks of being told by doctors that Malakai had a cold, a sniffle, a viral infection, Beth's youngest son passed away from whooping cough.
When Beth went to submit Malakai's death notice to the local paper and explained how he'd died, the response was this: 'Whooping cough? No. That's not a worry any more.'
'Yeah it is,' was Beth's reply. 'My son just died of it. It is still out there.'
Mamamia spoke to Beth earlier this week. For a full hour she quietly and methodically told Malakai's story.
This is what she said.
Mamamia: Beth, tell me about bringing Malakai home for the first time. I know that he was born prematurely and had to stay in hospital a little longer.
Beth: I spent one night in the hospital doing what's called rooming in. Malakai was premature so had spent a bit of time in the hospital and I hadn't been with him. So rooming in is when the nurses are with you while you settle with each other and get to know each other again.
I'd said to my partner a couple of days before [the rooming in], 'I'm really really sick, I've never been this sick before'. But the problem was that everyone was sick, he was sick, the grandparents were sick, the neighbours were sick.
We live in a small town and everybody was sick.
You'd run into the street and they'd go, 'You know, I've been coughing for months."
So the night I spent in hospital rooming in, I was coughing and coughing. I'd taken really minimal painkillers during the pregnancy but took Sudafed the night I was in the hospital. Coughing and coughing. We were discharged together and about a week and a half later he was unwell and we took him to the GP.
Mamamia: When did you first notice that something was wrong? What did the GP have to say when examining Malakai?
Beth: Malakai had been coughing. I took him to the GP and he told us that Malakai had a cold. Just a cold. We spoke to the GP about whooping cough amongst all of the other possibilities. We said, do you think it could be whooping cough. "No, no," we were told. "It's just a cough."
The Robert Mueller Report
Tell Me Its Going To Be Ok
But the next day, he had an episode of apnoea. We'd been into town and took I could hear him coughing so I took him out of the car seat he just looked funny. He was a funny colour. I put him over my shoulder, patted him on the back, he had a little cough and was then alright again.
In that moment, I knew it was just not quite right.
When he was born he'd had some jaundice. So he was never that bright, baby pink colour. The more we went on the colours would change, and as the episodes of apnoea went on, he would go quite dark purple. Then, as that receded he'd come back to this jaundiced yellow tone once more.
Mamamia: Did you know much about whooping cough?
Tony and David McCaffrey, who lost their daughter Dana to whooping cough in 2009.
Beth: Only what I'd seen on the TV. I'd seen Dana's story [the daughter of vaccination campaigner Toni McCaffrey, who died of whooping cough in 2009] and I had just cried and cried. So I knew a bit about it and the signs and symptoms.
Also, after I'd had my sixth son, who is my son just before Malakai, there had been at epidemic of whooping cough in our area and the Government was offering a booster. We had talked it over with friends and family and neighbours and everything but we did nothing about it because, at the time, our baby was already 2 months old and had had his needles.
When you fall pregnant and you go to those ante-natal visits, they make you fill out forms and they keep them. There is one page about smoking, a whole page about that and a page about alcohol and drinking during pregnancy and risks. There is a small bit where they talk about the positioning of a seatbelt while you're pregnant, in case there is an accident. A whole segment about how to wear a seatbelt.
But nowhere on that form do they talk about vaccination or about whooping cough.
Mamamia: And what happened next? How soon did Malakai's health start deteriorating?
Beth: He was still unwell [as the weekend passed]. Then [one night] we'd gotten up to breastfeed him and as I laid him down to start and the angle I tilted him at – it must have been – well, he just stopped breathing.
And again it was the colour. He went this dark, dark purple colour.
I told my partner it wasn't right and he said 'should we make another GP appointment' and I said 'No, let's go to the hospital. Something just isn't right with this baby.'
Mamamia: This was your local hospital in regional Queensland?
Beth: Yes. At the hospital, the doctors wanted to keep us and watch over us but we couldn't stay in emergency. So we were led upstairs and because Malakai was so young we were put in the maternity ward… A little baby, who we now know had whooping cough, in an open, shared, maternity ward.
Mamamia: Tell me about the night at Cairns hospital, that came later. What happened that night?
Beth: We got put through emergency and we had to wait for a doctor. We were waiting and waiting. It was a crazy night in emergency and there were people with handcuffs. And me with my little baby who just kept coughing.
Again he would look fine until he was coughing. You see, the problem with whooping cough is they look fine in between episodes. They just look fine. You scratch your head and think, this is just a baby with a cough.
I had to pick him up constantly, that was the only thing that would alleviate the coughing. We waiting in a back room in emergency until 3 or 4 in the morning. Doctors decided he had Bronchialitis, a viral infection. They would periodically come in and check, the consensus at that point was it was Bronchialitis and that it would improve after the four day mark.
Mamamia: And at this point, did anyone mention whooping cough?
Beth: I raised the subject with them, I raised the whooping cough. Do you think it could be whooping cough, I asked. I said to them, I have this feeling in my gut. I had seen the pictures of [other children who had died of whooping cough] and I had seen things on TV and it just looked like that. I asked for antibiotics but they kept telling me it was Bronchialitis, a virus and that [antibiotics] would do nothing.
When he had a coughing fit, his oxygen would go right, right down – 70 per cent saturation levels. He would struggle to breathe again and his heart rate would go up. The oxygen saturation alarm kept going off, again and again. The first few times the alarm sounded, I would press the nurse's call button. They would come in, press silent on the alarm and leave.
Mamamia: And nobody seemed particularly worried about Malakai? The oxygen saturation levels you mentioned – they weren't dangerous?
Beth: No. Well finally, they told me to just press the silent button myself when it went off. Something should have been done but it wasn't. Nobody came in that room gowned or with a face mask. Nobody took it seriously and nobody would listen when I said I was scared it was whooping cough.
The next morning there was a change of staff and the nurse said 'Oh my God, look at his stats' and I said I've been left in a room for so long being told to hit silent and suddenly I was told this was a problem, that his oxygen was at seriously bad saturation levels. The nurse ran to get people and thing started happening all of a sudden.
I stood there and watched him suffocating. I stood there while it happened. I called my husband and said 'we almost lost him'. The doctors administered antibiotics which is a great comfort but doesn't do much for whooping cough because there is no cure. All it means is that there was less chance he could transfer the bacteria to anyone else.
At this stage they still kept saying 'this is a virus'. They said because he was premature it was lasting longer and was more severe. They still hadn't performed a swab and nobody was listening to me saying it might be whooping cough.
Mamamia: And then you were transferred to a hospital in Brisbane, is that right? By this stage it must have been extremely serious for you to be moved such a distance to a major hospital?
Beth: Yes. By the next morning again they decided to send him to intensive care and in Cairns they just aren't set up for little babies so… they decided to send us to The Mater Hospital in Brisbane.
While we were waiting, he had yet another violent coughing fit and after it stopped he went very, very still. The retrieval team from the Mater flew up to collect us and as soon as they arrived it was like he thought, okay, I can stop fighting now.
Had they been 5 minutes later, that would have been the end of it right there. His heart rate was over 200.
That was the 9th of September, where he basically started to give up. I asked them, what do you think it is, do you think there is any chance it might be whooping cough.
They looked at me like a crazy person and said "Of course it's whooping cough, the symptoms are there, we're going to treat it like whooping cough unless we're proved otherwise."
I was gobsmacked. It changed so quickly.
Mamamia: Beth, what happened next? After you realised it was whooping cough and that you had been right all along?
Beth: We walked around the hospital grounds and at some point during that night, they finally said to us 'he's not stable yet, we're trying to put a line in, we're going to stop for a minute and you can see him'. He was on a really high strength ventilator that would make his whole body shake.
Up to that point it was a little tube up his nose or cover on his mouth but this was a huge machine, his whole body was shaking, he would go up and down as they tried to stabilise him.
The next morning a nurse came out and said to us, look you need to come in now. Come now, things aren't good. You need to come now. We ran through and as we got there Malakai's heart failed. It was quite shocking. Only two days before they were saying he had bronchialitis.
…tiny little itty-bitty baby sized panels to give him an electric shock….20 people in the room trying to do things…..
When we watched his little heart fail, I turned to my partner and suddenly I couldn't stand any more… My legs just went and I fell. I know now it was shock. My knees wouldn't work and I kept saying, "I can't get up, I can't stand, I can't stand." It was quite shocking. I'm sorry…
Mamamia: Oh Beth, you were incredibly brave to be in that room at all, watching all of that.
Beth and her husband hold Malakai as his life support is turned off.
Beth: [distressed]The doctor asked us about how we'd feel putting him on a bypass machine. I'd just seen my child die and said 'Whatever, you do whatever, I am not a doctor, he's in your hands. Try and fix him.' The doctor told me this was the best for Malakai right now because that was our only option. So we said yes.
A couple of hours later he was on life support. He spent a week on that life support machine up until 17 September. Life support isn't an easy thing to do, there is a lot of machinery, two nurses in the room at all time. All the things you don't think of that your body does for you, a machine now does for you.
The amount of lines that were in him, were…. it was like a power board. It was something I'd never imagined, there are needles running in and drips everywhere, drips going into drips to keep all the drugs separate and not let them mix. We went through this hell week of things looking positive and then not again.
The rest of your life doesn't matter, Malakai was everything. He had a CT scan that morning and they said his brain was irrevocably damaged. And we made the decision between us and all the doctors who were there that it was futile for him to stay on life support.
My partner and I had talked it over the day before, I said I don't care, if a child has one arm, you deal with it. If your child needs oxygen tanks in the house, then you deal with it. If there's other things, if he can't run or play because of damage to his heart or he needs a wheelchair… if I need to wipe his drool or his bum for the rest of his life you would do that.
But it was at the point he was so damaged that there was nothing, nothing in his head any more. Then we sat there. We sat there and we held him while he passed away.
Mamamia: Beth, I am so sorry for what has happened to Malakai. Did you want to take a moment? We can go on in just a minute, if you're feeling up to it. I do want to ask, what you think needs to happen? What part of the process – and it feels like there were so many – do you think let Malakai down?
Beth: I've sent a letter to the federal health minister and others. It's not just awareness about vaccination, it's awareness about the symptoms of whooping cough, the awareness of what it does to your body. I had no idea it could give a child brain damage through lack of oxygen to the brain. We need to make people aware.
Mamamia: Now, Malakai was too young to have yet been vaccinated to protect him from whooping cough. He was reliant on those around him being protected. If you could send a message to the parents who actively choose not to vaccinate their children and who encourage others to do the same, what would you say?
Beth: To me, honestly, it's like drink driving. If you choose not to vaccinate you run the same risks as a drink driver. Your choice, your life but you are ALSO risking the lives of the families around you. You can kill other people in the process. Not just yourself. If you don't vaccinate, you can walk around passing these bugs on and you can kill my child as well. The lack of information and scare mongering is terrible.
Mamamia: Beth, what do you want to happen next? What is it you're trying to achieve by speaking to Mamamia readers? What do you want Malakai's legacy to be?
Beth: I want to see the booster funded [Beth is referring to the whooping cough booster for adults who are in contact with babies – including new parents – which has been de-funded in Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and the ACT].
There are absolutely no if, buts, no maybes. It needs to be done now. Not after the Government have another meeting. It needs to happen now.
There needs to be more awareness. Mums while they're pregnant, even when they're planning. Mums need to share stories, we need to talk to each other. Nobody talks about babies passing away because it's such a horrible concept to talk about but we need to. My son passed away from something that is preventable.
Even after he passed away we said to the staff of the hospital, what happens now? We live in a 1000 people community, I mean, how will they know to be careful? Do we have letters or notifications? And they said no. They don't. Malakai was in a maternity ward, he was around other people. Other newborn babies.
And something needs to be included on that form you get at your pre-natal appointments so that doctors and nurses talk to you about the need for boosters and to understand about things like whooping cough.
Many people don't realise that the vaccine does wain and it's not just for the parents, it is for other children in the family as well, older children. You'd hate to think that one of your older children was exposed to whooping cough at school could then cause the death of a baby in the family.
Mamamia: Beth, thank you so much for sharing Malakai's story. We will do everything in our power to help raise awareness about the need for vaccination, education and booster shots via our engaged community of readers who will share the message with their networks. We offer you and your family all our love and support.
If you haven't already, you can sign Mamamia's vaccination pledge below.
Mamamia's Vaccination Pledge
I believe in the benefits of medical research, which mean that we can vaccinate babies and children against potentially deadly diseases.
I do not want to return to a world where human beings are at the mercy of incurable diseases like whooping cough, polio, measles, mumps and rubella.
I will vaccinate my children and encourage my friends and family to vaccinate their children against deadly diseases.
I will not give in to the myths, lies and scare-mongering of the anti-vaccination lobby.
Do you have kids?
YesNoNo but I want them
If yes, how many?
Can we keep you up to date on what everyone's talking about, via email?
Hells to the yeah, sign me up for a daily dose.Thanks for asking, I like to indulge once a week if you please.I'm very busy and important but I'll cast you a thought once a month.No thanks (I prefer feeding my pet snail and watching paint dry)One step ahead of you MM, I'm already signed up.
Tags: birth , family , kids , motherhood , vaccination


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Q: WooCommerce Pre-Orders Not Triggering a Google Analytics Conversion I have a WooCommerce shop with the official Pre-Orders plugin. The issue is that my data in GA is not reflecting the conversions I am getting via the pre-orders.
I believe, but am not 100% sure that this is because GA is only passed conversion data from WooCommerce when the order is marked as "processing" or "completed".
The pre-order plugin automatically marks all pre order sales as a special status "Pre ordered"
If I manually change the order from "Pre ordered" to "Processing" ... something fires and GA sees the sale and marks it as a conversion.
What's the best solution here so that I can leave the status as Pre ordered? Part of the issue is that if I manually go in and change the status to "Processing" , the customer will receive a second "confirmation" email and may think there's been an error and they've been charged twice.
Also, it's just not an elegant solution, especially as the volume of sales are picking up.
Thank you for any help!

A: I think the logic is correct. If something is pre-ordered, it's not a conversion (yet). When the order has been processed, the conversion should be registered.
I would keep the setup but with a change in the email after a customer has pre-ordered. Let them know you have received their pre-order and will notify them once their order is processed. And sent them a confirmation when you are processing the order.