The Drunken Nightmare game is under the collecting, platforms, retro category. Play drunk Drunken Nightmare, the free online game at Y8.
The Are You Drunker Than Amy Winehouse? game is under the drunk, funny, quizz category. Take the quiz and find out if you are as drunk or more drunk than Amy.
The Walk of Drunk game is under the balancing, drunk, funny, mouse skill category. Drunk walking.
The Drunk n Puke game is under the drunk, funny, stick category. Try to get drunk in this short skill game of drinking & peeing.
The Dead Drunk V1.9 game is under the blood, drunk, fun, funny, stick category. Help a drunken system administrator get home.
The Drunk Pacman game is under the arcade, collecting, drunk, retro category. Difficult Drunk Pacman is reacts slowly to your commands, as if he were drunk.
The Drunk Bowling game is under the ball, bowling, drunk, sports category. Try drunk to strike while totally wasted.
The Drunken Celebrities game is under the balance, balancing, boy, drunk, mouse skill category. Some Celebrities have had a hard time partying and theyve been seized by a cop!
The Drunken Sam game is under the mouse skill, obstacle category. Help Drunken Sam to reach home in time before his furious wife will leave him forever.
The DrunkHerder game is under the drunk category. Get your drunk friends to the bar.
The Gorillaz - Drunken Darts game is under the dart, drunk, sports category. Murdoc has had a little too much to drink.
The Dead Drunk game is under the drunk, stick category. Carefully navigate the drunken stickman over obstacles as you grab beer to regain health.
The Dress a Drunk game is under the dress up, drunk category. See if you can dress the drunk in the right outfits before the tube makes its next stop.
The Drunk Rider game is under the driving, motorcycle, obstacle category. Don't drink and ride!
The Drunken Hamburgers game is under the burger, drunk category. Ever wanted to make hamburgers drink beer?
The Drunken Rabbit 2 game is under the animal, collecting, drunk, rabbit category. Adjust direction and power to launch your rabbit and grab beer bottles and cups.
The Drunk BlackJack game is under the beer, cards, casino, drunk, wine category. A game of Blackjack with the players drinking if they lose.
The Drunk Dude Goes Home game is under the balance, balancing, collecting, drunk, mouse skill category. Drink more beer and puke on everyone!
The Get Drunk: High on Holi game is under the balloons, drunk, evade category. Get High on Holi this season without bhang!
The Drunken-Nes game is under the beer, drunk, timing category. Catch as many beers sliding across the bar in this short game.
The Snipe Drunken Waldo game is under the action, drunk, shooting, sniper category. Can you find Waldo in the massive crowd?
The Drunk Driving Mel game is under the celebrity, driving, drunk, parody category. Help Mel gibson drive and collect tequila bottles while avoiding cops and jews.
The Fraternity Massacre game is under the action, drunk, shooting category. Fraternities.
The Beer Pong Girl Flash game is under the ball, beer, drunk, mouse skill category. Try to be first who will hit all the cups of opponent, and make them drunk.
The Beer Pong game is under the ball, beer, drunk, mouse skill category. Try to be first who will hit all the cups of opponent, and make them drunk.
The Pass the Pint game is under the beer, drunk category. Pass the pint from leprechaun to leprechaun.
The Vikings Short Life game is under the collecting, extreme sport, jumping, platforms, running, side scrolling category. Living like a viking may be very dangerous.
We found 47 matches about Drunk Games.


text:
The 47th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between March 2, 1971, and October 11, 1974.

Wallace Samuel Bird was Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick in 1971. In October of that year, he was succeeded by Hédard Joseph Robichaud.

Lawrence Garvie was chosen as speaker in 1971. William J. Woodroffe became speaker in 1973.

The Progressive Conservative Party led by Richard Hatfield defeated the Liberals to form the government.

History

Members

Notes:

References
 Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1974, PG Normandin

Terms of the New Brunswick Legislature
1970 establishments in New Brunswick
1974 disestablishments in New Brunswick
20th century in New Brunswick

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Percichthys melanops és una espècie de peix de la família dels percíctids. És endèmic de Xile, on viu en rierols preandins. Pot assolir una llargada total de fins a 20 cm.

Percoïdeus


text:
Optimization of prodigiosin biosynthesis by Serratia marcescens using unconventional bioresources
Ashlesha Bhagwat1 &
Unnati Padalia2
Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology volume 18, Article number: 26 (2020) Cite this article
Prodigiosin is a naturally occurring red pigment by Serratia marcescens and having enormous medicinal properties. Recently, there is a need to develop a high-throughput and economically feasible bioprocess for the production of prodigiosin. In order to find a cost-effective alternative to individual fatty acids as substrate in industries, we tried to study the effect of different fatty acid containing oil seed cakes of peanut, sesame, and mustard as sources of substrate. The present study screened waste and unconventional bioresources for the production of prodigiosin using S. marcescens ATCC 13880. Sources with high oil content were screened for maximum production of prodigiosin. Also, various parameters like temperature, pH, and nutrient precursors were screened and optimized for the production of prodigiosin.
Scaled-up of optimized media consisting of 4% peanut oil seed cake powder, 2% sucrose, pH 7.5, temperature 28 °C, and 72 h incubation time resulted in highest production of 15.5 g/L wet biomass and 0.9 g/L of dried prodigiosin. Further, UV scan of the pigment showed maximum absorbance at 538 nm which is physiological property of the pigment. Extraction and purification of the pigment at the commercial level using the chromatographic techniques and mass spectral analysis confirmed the presence of prodigiosin.
Using oil-extraction leftover wastes might help in the commercial and cost-effective production of prodigiosin.
Prodigiosin is a secondary metabolite widely produced by several species including Serratia marcescens, Vibrio psychroerythrous, Pseudomonas magneslorubra, and other such bacteria [1]. This multifaceted secondary metabolite is a red pigment with a common 4-methoxy-2,2 bipyrrole ring system and has a series of close relatives bearing the same structure with different alkyl substituents [2]. Prodigiosin is known to have immunosuppressive, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-microbial, anti-malarial, and anti-proliferative properties. It also induces apoptosis in cancer cells [3, 4]. The anti-bacterial activity of prodigiosin is attributed to its ability to pass through the outer membrane thereby inhibiting enzymes, like DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV involved in cell growth [5]. There are reports that have revealed prodigiosin's ability of suppressing graft versus host disease in mouse models as well as prevention of collagen-induced arthritis in mouse models [6].
Pigments are widely used in manufacturing paints, ink, plastics, fabrics, cosmetics, food, etc. Due to technology development, synthetic pigments are produced and used in the fabric industry. Recently, there is a high demand for natural pigments. Natural pigments are mainly obtained from plants and microorganisms. They produce more eco-friendly and sustainable pigments. Microorganisms have been screened and reported to produce secondary metabolites in form of pigments, like carotenoids, melanins, flavins, and phenazines. The toxic nature of artificial pigments have rendered a high demand for microbial pigments which are safer to use [7].
Serratia, a Gram-negative organism has widely spread sources such as air, water, soil, plants, fruits, and animals [8]. They are prolific producers of the pigment "prodigiosin." Several reports have suggested use of typical complex media for fermentative production of prodigiosin by S. marcescens that are rich in a variety of nutrients [9, 10]. Some nutrients, like thiamine and ferric acid [11], are crucial for enhanced prodigiosin production, while phosphate [12], adenosine triphosphate, and ribose [13] have shown opposite effect by inhibition of prodigiosin yield. Aniyan and Thomas have suggested use of solid-state fermentation using less liquid medium for pigment production in Serratia marsescens. The solid state is known to give high nutrient concentration and availability from the substrate for pigment production [8]. Also, various parameters, like temperature, incubation time, pH, nutrient source, and quorum sensing, are the main factors that have been reported to impact prodigiosin production [14].
Owing to its medicinal and industrial properties, there is a demand to develop high-throughput and cost-effective bioprocesses for prodigiosin production. Selection of inexpensive raw materials is crucial for economically feasible production process of prodigiosin and that accounts for 50% of the total product cost. The rapid increase in industrial waste has developed a need to convert this waste to a value added product with an eco-friendly approach [15]. Traditionally, fats, oils, glycerol, and carbohydrates with hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbon content are used for the growth of pigment producing microorganism [16, 17]. Giri et al. had screened a series of media and discovered that media containing peanut seed and sesame seeds gave significant enhancement of prodigiosin production [1]. Oil seed cakes have been reported to be an excellent source of nutrients, like protein, minerals, crude fibre, and fatty acids, and have also been studied as food supplements [18].
In the present study, we aimed to produce prodigiosin from natural, inexpensive, and eco-friendly carbon sources. We screened oil seed cakes from oil factories that had been left after the oil extraction process. These sources included peanut, mustard, and sesame seed oilcakes as a source of unconventional economical media for prodigiosin production.
Peanut seed, mustard seed, and sesame seed oil cakes were purchased from a local oil factory located in Mumbai. All the chemical and reagents used were of AR grade and purchased from Himedia, Mumbai. S. marcescens ATCC 13880 was a gift sample from K. J. Somaiya Microbiology Department, Mumbai. The culture was maintained on Luria Bertanni (LB) agar medium and sub-cultured after every 15 days. The slants were stored at 4 °C in a refrigerator.
Prodigiosin production and its estimation by UV-Vis spectroscopy
In order to compare pigment production, both liquid and solid forms of media were screened for pigment production. Briefly, 20 ml of nutrient broth (NB) was inoculated with fresh 5% culture. Similarly, nutrient agar (NA) plate was spread with 5% of culture. Both the media were incubated for 72 h and evaluated for pigment production. The quantitative determination of the red pigment was done by measuring the absorbance at 530 nm using double beam UV-Visible spectrophotometer as suggested by Chen et al. [17]. In case of solid medium, the culture was scraped and suspended in 20 ml distilled water (D/W). For the extraction process, 5 ml from above broth was taken in a test tube, and 4 ml of methanol was added. The mixture was vigorously vortexed for 2 min. The solution was then centrifuged for 10 min at 6000 rpm. Following the above step, 0.8 ml supernatant was further mixed with 0.2 ml of 0.05 N HCl: methanol mixture (4:1 v/v). The absorbance of the resulting solution was then measured at 530 nm [17].
Optimization of culture growth conditions for prodigiosin production
Sterile nutrient agar was used as the basal medium, as the culture failed to grow in broth. Important parameters, like pH (6.5, 7, 7.5, and 8), temperature (25, 30, and 37 °C), and incubation time (24, 48, 72 h) were checked for optimum pigment production.
The effect of carbon source (each 2% glucose, sucrose, lactose, and fructose), nitrogen source (1% of peptone, yeast extract, beef extract, casein hydrochloride) were also studied, respectively. After optimizing each parameter for maximum prodigiosin production, the same was selected and maintained throughout the study.
For optimization of fatty acid sources, natural substrates, like oil seed cakes of peanut, mustard, and sesame, were crushed in a mixer and sieved to fine particles. Fine particles of oil seed cakes were stored at 4 °C until further use. Nutrient agar supplemented with 2% oil seed cake powder was used for prodigiosin production using S. marcescens strain. The pH was adjusted to 7.5 using 1 N NaOH. All the media were autoclaved at 121 °C for 20 min. All experiments were carried out in triplicates. The unconventional sources which gave higher production of prodigiosin such as peanut and sesame seed powder were further screened for their concentration in the range from 1 to 4%.
Effect of solvents in prodigiosin extraction
Solvents, like ethanol, methanol, acetone, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), were used to extract crude prodigiosin. Briefly, the culture was scraped from Petri plates and washed with 20 ml of D/W. The washed pellet was dissolved in 4 ml each of the mentioned solvents and absorbance reading was noted at 530 nm. Higher absorbance reading exhibited higher pigment extraction.
Scale-up studies for prodigiosin biosynthesis and biomass estimation
After optimization of all the parameters, prodigiosin biosynthesis was determined by upscaling the protocol using 1 L media. The medium was prepared using optimized parameters, like 4% peanut oil seed cake powder, 2% sucrose, 1% casein hydrolysate, pH 7.5, temperature 28 °C, and incubated for 72 h. Briefly, the culture was scraped off from Petri plates and suspended in 20 ml of D/W. The cells were centrifuged at 10 min at 6000 rpm and suspended in D/W, vortexed, and centrifuged again to obtain pellet. The pellet was dissolved in 4 ml of methanol, vortexed, and centrifuged again. The resulting pigmented supernatant was collected by filtering through 0.2 μ Whattman filter paper. The filtrate obtained was dried in a hot air oven at 55 °C overnight. The crude powder was again suspended in 4 ml of chloroform and dried again. The obtained powder was then weighed and expressed as gram per liter.
Purification, confirmation, and characterization of pigment
In this study, the pigment pellets were collected from 1 L media by scrapping the Petri plates. The washed pellets were then dissolved in 50 ml of acidified methanol (4 ml + 96 ml methanol) followed by ultrasonication for 30 min. The supernatant was left to stand for 1 h. The supernatant was then collected by rotary evaporation to obtain the crude form of the pigment. The crude form of pigment was then purified using a silica gel column. The pigment was eluted using petroleum ether for five volumes followed by petroleum ether: ethyl acetate (1:1 v/v). The red elute was collected and concentrated using rotary evaporator at 40 °C [19].
The pigment was confirmed by UV wavelength scan, thin layer chromatography, and Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry. Two purified pigment extracts (3 ml) were separately dissolved in methanol and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) solvents and scanned under UV-spectrophotometer (Beckman DU-800) in the range 200–800 nm for maximum absorbance.
The purified pigment extracts dissolved in methanol and DMSO separately were then characterized using subjected thin layer chromatography using a developing solvent (70% acetone + 30% hexane). The Rf values were compared to values reported in the literature. The pigment extract was dissolved in 5 ml methanol and subjected to mass spectral analysis (GC-MS) to determine the molecular mass of the pigment by comparing prodigiosin derivatives as reported in the literature. Vitamin A, a chemical analog of prodigiosin with similar pyrrole ring structure, molecular weight (333 amu), was used as a reference compound. The mass match was carried out by a computerized search with already registered prodigiosin-like compounds [20].
Growth on nutrient agar (0.6 mg/ml) resulted in higher pigment production than nutrient broth (0.35 mg/ml). The pigment was produced and purified on lab-scale using a solid optimized medium. Table 1 shows the optimized parameters suitable for enhanced prodigiosin production. Also, setting up parameters, like pH 7.5, temperature 28–30 °C, and 72 h incubation time, gave an enhanced pigment production (Figs. 1, 2, and 3). Sucrose and lactose revealed as better carbon sources for optimum prodigiosin production (Fig. 4). One percent casein hydrolysate revealed higher pigment production as compared to peptone, beef extract, and yeast extract supplements (Fig. 5). Peanut oil seed cake powder supplemented nutrient agar gave maximum production of pigment (Fig. 6). Moreover, 4% peanut oil seed cake powder concentration served as rich source of nutrients helping in raised amount of prodigiosin production (Fig. 7). The incorporation of optimized sucrose, lactose, and peanut oil seed cake powder, and other essential parameters resulted in maximum yield (3.5 mg/ml) of prodigiosin. Methanol was found to be the best solvent for extraction process (Fig. 8). The wet weight of the biomass produced was found to be 15.5 g/L (Fig. 9). The pigment was extracted and dissolved in minimum amount of methanol (50 ml) and dried using rotary evaporator at 60 °C. The dried powder obtained weighed 0.9 g/L (Fig. 10).
Table 1 Summary of optimized parameters for prodigiosin production
Effect of pH on prodigiosin production
Effect of temperature on prodigiosin production
Effect of incubation time on prodigiosin production
Effect of carbon source on prodigiosin production
Effect of nitrogen source on prodigiosin production
Effect of nutrient agar supplemented with different oil seed cake powders on prodigiosin production
Effect of nutrient agar supplemented with peanut seed oilcake powder on prodigiosin production
Effect of solvents on prodigiosin production
Pigment production on Petri plates
Crude extract dry powder
The UV-scan results showed that the maximum absorbance of methanolic-dissolved extract was 538 nm (Fig. 11) while DMSO extract showed 539 nm. The pigment was characterized and confirmed by TLC (Fig. 12). The Rf value of methanolic extract was 0.89 and that of DMSO extract was 0.87. The GC-MS analysis revealed the molecular mass as 323 amu and structure was observed as 4-methoxy-5(5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H—pyrrol-2-ylidene)—2,2-bipyrrole, a structure similar to homologues of prodigiosin derivatives.
UV-scan image of methanolic extract
Chromatographic analysis by TLC. (Reference; vitamin A, S1; sample of methanolic extract of prodigiosin, S2; DMSO extract of prodigiosin)
Optimisation of culture growth conditions for prodigiosin biosynthesis
Microbial pigments are biologically active and medicinally important compounds released by some bacteria. Different media components should be analyzed and compared effectively to deduce the most probable reason for the enhancement or decline in pigment production. The parameters, like carbon source, nitrogen source, fatty acid source, pH, incubation time, temperature, and solvent, were optimized to obtain maximum production of prodigiosin. Keeping this in mind, a media which could support growth of bacteria and at the same time prove efficient to trigger high levels of pigment formation was designed. As the pigment was highly hydrophobic, it could not produce much pigment in liquid medium, solid media was used for its production. Rosenberg et al. have also mentioned about the cell surface hydrophobicity in their study [21].
While considering the basic role of carbon source in augmenting pigment production, the addition of sucrose and lactose was shown to enhance the pigment yield. The optimum pH for pigment production was determined to be 7.5 (Fig. 6). The bacterial isolate elaborated pigment production at 28–30 °C, and the rate decreased as temperature increased. The pigment production increased after incubation for 72 h while it decreased after 96 h suggesting that bacteria used the prodigiosin which is a protein as nutrition during stress conditions. Williams and Hussain Quadri had also reported that no pigment was produced when cultures were incubated at 37 °C [22].
Several researchers have screened various differential and selective media containing specific carbon sources for enhancing the pigment production. Capryllate thallous agar is one such media which has capryllate as carbon source and thallous salts to avoid contamination. Nakamura and his colleagues have reported use of regular media, like nutrient broth and peptone glycerol broth including 2% sodium oleate which resulted in enhanced pigment production of 0.69 mg/ml [23].
Giri et al. has reported the use of powdered sesame seeds in nutrient broth and peptone glycerol media for augmenting growth of S. marcescens. The researchers observed that sesame seeds resulted in higher yields of prodigiosin production as compared to other cheaper sources, like peanut and coconut. The researchers screened media for growth at varied temperature parameter for prodigiosin production. They suggested that fatty acids play an important role as a substrate for higher pigment production. It has been observed that various components in the seeds can stimulate the cell density which in turn resulted in higher concentration of positive regulators inside the cell thus triggering excessive pigment production. The maximum pigment was produced at 28 °C and 30 °C in nutrient broth. It was also observed that crushed sesame seed broth resulted in highest pigment production [1]. Similarly, in our study, incorporation of 4% peanut oil seed cake powder in nutrient agar resulted in maximum pigment production (3 mg/ml) at 28 °C after incubating for 72 h.
Cang et al. has reported a medium with ethanol and carbon source resulting in yield up to 3 mg/ml. In his studies, nutrient broth with glucose exhibited a two-fold increase of pigment production at 28 °C. But again, it was observed that enhanced pigment was found in sesame seed broth even without the addition of any sugars. In fact, they observed reduction in the pigment production in sesame seed medium with maltose at 28 °C as compared to only powdered sesame seed broth. The glucose sugar within powdered sesame seed medium showed a radical decrease of pigment at both 28 °C and 30 °C. The results suggested that maltose was a better source of substrate in enhancing pigment production but in nutrient broth [24]. The reason for reduction in pigment release in case of added glucose or maltose might be attributed to the catabolite repression mechanism. Researchers have observed that the addition of glucose to a rich and minimal media inhibited prodigiosin production. The cyclic AMP and CRP regulation of the flagellum were found to be responsible for the secondary metabolite production in S. marcescens strain PIC3611 [25].
In one study, when triolein an unsaturated fatty acid was substituted in the medium, a maximum yield of 0.69 mg/ml of pigment was recovered. Kim et al. in their study also observed that oil gave a better yield over other powdered oil seeds as carbon and nitrogen sources tested. They suggested that the bonded fatty acids as carbon source might less accessible by the organism [26].
Shahitha et al. in their study screened a similar fatty acid containing substrate called copra (coconut) which has the highest amount of fatty acids followed by peanut and sesame. But, in contrast to other studies, the pigment production was seen to be lesser in the presence of copra. From this fact, they deduced that the presence of 50% lauric and 7% capric acid which is anti-bacterial in nature might have inhibited the growth of Serratia. Peanut oil seed cake is a by-product obtained after the extraction of oil. Tekrony have revealed that peanut oil seed cake composition includes 45–60% protein, 22–30% carbohydrate, 4–6% minerals, and 3.8–7.5% crude fibre [27]. Also, peanuts have higher concentration of fatty acids than in sesame seeds and that may result in comparative enhanced pigment production than in sesame seeds as carbon substrate media [28].
After studying the literature of the composition of published media, there was a need for designing an innovative, nutrition-packed, and economically cheap medium for enhanced prodigiosin biosynthesis. The suitable fatty acid for pigment production was optimized by cultivating the bacteria in thepresence of 2% peanut seeds, sesame seeds, and mustard seeds oilcakes. The powdered peanut oil seed cake gave the highest yield of 3 mg/ml, and this result was compared with existing literature that used different carbon source. This medium is a rich source of minerals, vitamins, proteins saturated, and unsaturated fatty acids. S. marcescens is capable of producing a lipolytic enzyme or lipase which has ability to hydrolyse fatty acids in order to use as a carbon source [1].
Confirmation and characterization of the pigment
The pigment separation and its Rf value was determined by thin layer chromatography method using silica gel plates. Vitamin A which is an analog of prodigiosin having pyrrole ring system and also similar molecular weight 333 amu was used as a standard. Two sample extracts in methanol(Rf = 0.87) and DMSO (0.89) separately were spotted and showed the same Rf value as that vitamin A (0.88) and that of prodigiosin orange red fraction (0.9) as given in literature [29]. Similar study was conducted by Someya and his colleagues who tested the prodigiosin content by scrapping off bacterial cells from Luria Bertanni agar plates and by suspending it in 9 ml of ethanol. The centrifuged cell pellets were fractionated by thin layer chromatography. The Rf value was then calculated and found to be in the range if 0.9–0.95 which is characteristic of the prodigiosin pigment [30].
The absorbance value of prodigiosin was determined by running an UV-wavelength scan. Prodigiosin pigment has a characteristic absorbance at 537 nm. Two 3 ml sample extracts each were dissolved separately in methanol and DMSO was scanned. Methanol extract showed maximum absorbance at 538 nm while DMSO extract showed absorbance at 539 nm. These results were similar to results obtained by Williams et al. [29]. Also, Kim et al. in his study has reported that prodigiosin recovered from Serratia spp. KH-95 had a maximum absorption spectrum at 535 nm [31].
The mass spectrophotometry analysis showed that compound obtained was 4-methoxy-5(5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H—pyrrol-2-ylidene)—2,2-bipyrrole ring structure. The mass calculated by GC-MS was found to be around near about 323 m/z. In a similar study conducted by Silva et al., the red pigment produced by S. marcescens had an absorbance of 534 nm and molecular weight equal to 323 m/z and was characterized as prodigiosin. Similarly, Yang et al. also reported a prodigiosin produced by Microcystis aeruginosa that had a molecular weight of 323 m/z [32].
Prodigiosin yield was enhanced under optimized conditions. Using oil seed cakes proved to be economical and gave higher yield of prodigiosin. The optimized media especially with 4% peanut oil seed cake powder supplemented nutrient agar gave maximum prodigiosin production. The oil seed cake is known to be power packed with nutrients that might have led to a boost in the pigment production. This promising pigment is known to possess wide medicinal applications due to its anti-proliferative, anti-bacterial, and anti-mycotic activities. Hence, further study will focus on the medical applications of prodigiosin.
AR:
Analytical reagent
Luria Bertanni
Nutrient broth
D/W:
HCl:
NaCl:
DMSO:
R f :
Retardation factor
amu:
Atomic mass unit
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Witney FR, Failla ML (1977) Weinberg ED. Phosphate inhibition of secondary metabolism in Serratia marcescens, Appl Environ Microbiol
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De Araújo HWC, Fukushima K, Takaki GMC (2010) Prodigiosin production by Serratia marcescens UCP 1549 using renewable-resources as a low cost substrate. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15106931
Xia S, Veony E, Yang Q (2018) Kitchen waste as a novel available substrate for prodigiosin production by Serratia marcescens. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/171/1/012037
Gutiérrez-Román MI, Holguín-Meléndez F, Bello-Mendoza R, Guillén-Navarro K, Dunn MF, Huerta-Palacios G (2012) Production of prodigiosin and chitinases by tropical Serratia marcescens strains with potential to control plant pathogens. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-011-0803-6
Wei YH, Chen WC (2005) Enhanced production of prodigiosin-like pigment from Serratia marcescens SMAR by medium improvement and oil-supplementation strategies. J Biosci Bioeng. https://doi.org/10.1263/jbb.99.616
Sunil L, Appaiah P, Prasanth Kumar PK, Gopala Krishna AG (2015) Preparation of food supplements from oilseed cakes. J Food Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1386-7
Bae J, Moon H, Oh KK, Kim CH, Sil Lee D, Kim SW, et al. A novel bioreactor with an internal adsorbent for integrated fermentation and recovery of prodigiosin-like pigment produced from Serratia sp. KH-95. Biotechnol Lett 2001. doi:10.1023/A:1010573427080.
Khanafari A, Assadi MM, Fakhr FA (2006) Review of prodigiosin, pigmentation in Serratia marcescens. Online J Biol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3844/ojbsci.2006.1.13
Rosenberg M, Blumberger Y, Judes H, Bar-Ness R, Rubinstein E, Mazor Y (1986) Cell surface hydrophobicity of pigmented and nonpigmented clinical Serratia marcescens strains. Infect Immun. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.51.3.932-935.1986
Qadri SM, Williams RP (1972) Induction of prodigiosin biosynthesis after shift-down in temperature of nonproliferating cells of Serratia marcescens. Appl Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.23.4.704-709.1972
Nakamura A, Nagai K, Ando K, Tamura G (1986) Selective suppression by prodigiosin of the mitogenic response of murine splenocytes. J Antibiot (Tokyo). https://doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.39.1155
Cang S, Sanada M, Johdo O, Ohta S, Nagamatsu Y, Yoshimoto A (2000) High production of prodigiosin by Serratia marcescens grown on ethanol. Biotechnol Lett. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005646102723
Kalivoda EJ, Stella NA, Aston MA, Fender JE, Thompson PP, Kowalski RP et al (2010) Cyclic AMP negatively regulates prodigiosin production by Serratia marcescens. Res Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2009.12.004
Kim CH, Kim SH, Hong SI. Isolation and characteristics of prodigiosin-like red pigment produced by Serratia sp. KH-95. Korean J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1998.
TeKrony DM (2005) Seeds Handbook: Biology, Production, Processing and Storage (second edition). Crop Sci. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.0006
Shahitha S, Poornima K (2012) Enhanced production of prodigiosin production in Serratia marcescens. J Appl Pharm Sci. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2012.2823
Williams RP, Green JA, Rappo-Port DA. Studies on pigmentation of Serratia marcescens. I. Spectral and paper chromatographic properties of prodigiosin. J Bacteriol 1956.
Someya N, Nakajima M, Hamamoto H, Yamaguchi I, Akutsu K (2004) Effects of light conditions on prodigiosin stability in the biocontrol bacterium Serratia marcescens strain B2. J Gen Plant Pathol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-004-0134-7
Song MJ, Bae J, Lee DS, Kim CH, Kim JS, Kim SW, et al. Purification and characterization of prodigiosin produced by integrated bioreactor from Serratia sp. KH-95. J Biosci Bioeng 2006. doi:10.1263/jbb.101.157.
Yang F, Wei HY, Li XQ, Li YH, Li XB, Yin LH et al (2013) Isolation and characterization of an algicidal bacterium indigenous to lake taihu with a red pigment able to lyse Microcystis aeruginosa. Biomed Environ Sci. https://doi.org/10.3967/0895-3988.2013.02.009
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors.
Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
Ashlesha Bhagwat
Department of Microbiology, K. J. Somaiya College of Science and Commerce, Mumbai, 400019, India
Unnati Padalia
AB performed the experiments and wrote the manuscript. UP supervised the work performed. To this end, all authors have read and approved the final manuscript for publication.
Correspondence to Ashlesha Bhagwat.
The present study was not subject to any conflict of interest with any individual or group of persons in terms of financial benefits or constraints. Therefore, we hereby declare that we have no knowledge of plights associated with the publication of this research work.
Bhagwat, A., Padalia, U. Optimization of prodigiosin biosynthesis by Serratia marcescens using unconventional bioresources. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 18, 26 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43141-020-00045-7
Serratia marcescens
Oil seed cakes
Prodigiosin

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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To be eligible to stand for office, nominate, or vote, the person must be an eligible canola producer of the region in which the election is being held. An eligible producer is defined as any producer who has grown canola in Alberta or is entitled to a share of canola grown in Alberta under a crop share arrangement, and who has paid or submitted a commission service charge on canola sold within the past two years.
Alberta farmers that grew canola under a production contract but did not pay the service charge can voluntarily submit the service charge to become eligible producers.
How are Eligible Producers Identified?
The Alberta Canola Producers' Commission can only identify the location of any eligible producers by their mailing address. An address within a region does not necessarily mean that a producer either lives, farms or share crops in that region. Secondly, an eligible producer may grow canola in more than one region and has the right to specify the one region of his/her choice for electoral purposes, providing he/she has grown canola in that region.
Can an Eligible Producer be Other than an Individual?
An eligible producer may be an individual, a corporation, partnership or an organization other than a corporation or partnership.
If an eligible producer is not an individual, then the corporation, etc., may appoint a representative to act on its behalf, as an eligible producer, including voting in an election, and standing for office. An individual cannot be a representative for more than one eligible producer (that is, carry more than one vote).
an organization other than a corporation or partnership, it shall appoint an individual who is a member, officer or employee of the organization as its representative.
The Alberta Canola Producers' Commission office must be notified, in writing, by an eligible producer (being a corporation, partnership or other organization) as to the appointment of its representative for that representative to be eligible to vote in an election, stand for nomination, or hold office.
Alberta Canola does not have the ability under its regulations to appoint Directors to the Board, except in the instance of a vacancy on the Board between scheduled elections.
How are the Commission's Regions defined?
The twelve (12) regions are each identified by Alberta's municipal districts. If your postal address is not located in the region where you produce canola, or share crop in the production of canola, please advise the Alberta Canola office (phone 780-454-0844 or [email protected]) at the earliest convenience, as to which is your proper region.
How long is the term for an Alberta Canola Director?
Each director is elected for a three year term*, and can be re-elected for a second term. Directors can serve a maximum of two consecutive terms.
When are election dates in the Alberta Canola regions?
Elections are held every three years in each region with closing nomination date usually being the last business day of October. Every year four of the twelve regions has an election.
filed at the Commission office – 14560-116 Ave NW, Edmonton, AB T5M 3E9, in writing, on or before the date set by the Board of Directors each year.
accompanied by the written consent of the eligible producer nominated as a director.
What Procedures are Followed in Electing Alberta Canola Directors?
When only one candidate is nominated, the candidate shall be elected by acclamation.
For regions having elections, the elections shall be carried out by mailed ballot, designed for a secret vote.
vote in an election for a director in that region.
Should there be a need for an election in any region, ballots will be sent by mail, to all eligible producers within that region.
and, be received by the Commission office by the closing date.
If the eligible producers in a region fail to elect a director by a mail ballot, the election of a director from that region may be carried out at the next annual Commission meeting that is held after the time at which election by a mail ballot was to have been held.


Sleepless nights and weight loss... the telltale signs were appearing. Craig Deaden Phillips explains how finding Headspace saved him from a possible breakdown and helped turn his business around.
Resilience, pragmatism and innovation are required to address the global heath epidemic that nobody is talking about: mental health. Chris Underhill spoke at the Emerge Conference about his pioneering work in the developing world.
Why being swallowed up can be a good thing for social enterprises, if you can beat fear and ride the wave.


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Mercedes set to commit to Formula 1 until at least 2025
Daimler AG under new boss Ola Källenius is set to confirm their commitment to Formula 1 and Formula E as the handover from his predecessor Dieter Zetsche is not expected to affect the Silver Arrows programme which has reaped huge rewards in terms of marketing and brand image for the company.
Writing for Corriere dello Sport, Fulvio Solms reports: "Mercedes will stay in F1 beyond the 2020 and until at least 2025. The decision was taken by the new president of Daimler AG, Ola Källenius, based on the programs drawn up by his predecessor Dieter Zetsche, who he took over from on May 22nd."
"The German team will, therefore, not embark on a Le Mans program, and will continue in Formula 1 while embarking on a Formula E venture. Their commitment will now have a direct impact on commercial, technical and sports agreements negotiations for 2021. The current Concorde Agreement runs out at the end of 2020."
The report also hints that the season to be a coinfirmed commitment from Stuttgart HQ will also go a long way to pacifying team chief Toto Wolff who is being courted for a role within Formula 1, perhaps even Chase Carey's successor. While their star 'asset' Lewis Hamilton might well be swayed to remain in silver amid suggestions Ferrari are hankering for his services.
Hamilton will be 40-years-old in 2025
Mercedes once famed for making robust cars for farmers and taxi drivers now is up there in terms of sexiness on four wheels. Always reliable, now sportier and faster is what years of Formula 1 have earned them in terms of reputation.
In his report, Solms quotes numbers claiming Mercedes log $3-billion in mileage for the $600-million they spend per season on their team. A great return on investment if those figures indeed are for real. Having said that, be assured if it did not make financial sense the bean counters would pull the plug.
Mercedes' re-entry to Formula 1 in 2010 followed decades as a successful engine supplier in the top flight. But the team (spawned from the former Honda works team that became Brawn GP for a year) paid their dues as success was not instant despite having lured Michael Schumacher out of retirement to join Nico Rosberg in the team.
The Schumacher experiment nearly worked but when Merc decided to get serious they moved Schumi aside to make way for Lewis Hamilton. A year after that the new hybrid turbo dawned and the rest is now history. They have dominated the sport ever since.
Since 2010, in 183 starts the team have racked up 84 wins, 98 pole positions, 174 podiums and ten world titles, two more beckon.
Hamilton: Kallenius just as passionate as Zetsche about F1
commitconfirmf1formula 1formula oneseasonworld championship
Flashback: Mercedes one-off triumph in Tripoli
Indycar Detroit Race 1: Newgarden wins after delay


Mandragor Swamproots are roots from Mandragors which are said to "grow into vines that, if planted properly along a hillside, latch onto the soil and keep it from eroding." They are also used in sandwiches.
South and southwest from Blacktide Den.
The collector Zukesha trades 1 Mandragor Swamproot for armor that sells for 20 to a merchant. This provides a return that is 1.33 times more than just selling the trophies by themselves.
This page was last edited on 25 November 2015, at 07:53.


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Nintex Appoints Christian Smith as Senior Vice President of Global Sales
Rapidly Expanding Workflow Company Selects Seasoned Executive to Lead Global Sales Team
October 30, 2013 08:05 AM Eastern Daylight Time
BELLEVUE, Wash.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Nintex, a world leader in workflow software, today announced the appointment of Christian Smith as senior vice president of global sales. Smith's appointment to the Nintex leadership team comes on the heels of the naming of John Burton as Nintex CEO, exhibitive of the company's rapid growth and expansion.
"We're pleased to have Christian on board, who adds to our exciting momentum as a pacesetter in the workflow space," said Wayne Woolston, president of Nintex. "His extensive technology sales, marketing and SaaS expertise moves us forward in our market expansion as we continue to deliver solutions to help our partners and customers."
Smith brings to the Nintex team more than 20 years of technology sales and marketing expertise. He comes to Nintex from Oracle, where he served as group vice president of service automation. In this capacity, he was responsible for revenue and the go-to-market strategy for the company's entire customer experience portfolio of SaaS and on-premise solutions for automating multi-channel service experiences.
Previously, Smith served as vice president of worldwide sales for Oracle's ATG Web Commerce Optimization Services team, having held the same position for ATG before it was acquired by Oracle in 2011. In his more than 14 years of SaaS experience, Smith has been directly involved in the creation and growth of several SaaS businesses as a founder, an executive, or in advisory roles, including at Daptiv, where he served as vice president of worldwide sales and marketing and led the organization from a startup to the market leader in SaaS project portfolio management and work automation.
Offering a suite of software and cloud services, Nintex is shaping the workflow arena by enabling organizations to automate everyday business processes quickly and easily. Its workflow products, including Nintex Workflow and Nintex Forms for SharePoint and Office 365, are used by more than 5,000 businesses in 90 countries around the globe. Profitable since its founding in 2008, Nintex underwent an investment from TA Associates and Updata Partners earlier this year to gain support for its planned global growth through organic expansion and strategic acquisitions.
"Nintex commands the workflow space with its commitment to maintaining a dynamic team of creative minds, powerful workflow products and top-notch customer service," said Smith, senior vice president of global sales for Nintex. "I am excited to join the team and to drive Nintex's worldwide sales and channel enablement as the company capitalizes on its growing success as the leader in delivering 'workflow for everyone.'"
Nintex is the world-leading workflow software company, with more than 5,000 customers in 90 countries serviced by a global network of more than 1,000 high-quality partners and service providers. Nintex delivers innovative software and cloud services that empower organizations to automate business processes, quickly and easily. Please visit www.nintex.com for more information.
Communiqué PR
Colleen Moffitt, 206-282-4923 x 113
Colleen@CommuniquePR.com
Leading workflow software company Nintex hires new SVP of Global Sales


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ICYMI, greenery has taken the wedding world by storm this year. But why should the craze stop at garden venues and floral backdrops when adorable little plant favors are a possibility too? Blooming gifts, like edible petals in a lollipop and tiny bouquets, will score you and your boo all the trend points. Feeling a tug on your green-goddess heartstrings? Keep scrolling for 14 botanical favor ideas that are perfect for any outdoorsy-cool couple.
Will you incorporate any of these botanical wedding favors into your wedding? Tweet us your wedding favor ideas @BritandCo!


Yesterday morning, a driver struck and killed 13-year-old Jazmine Marin as she walked across Cross Bay Boulevard at 149th Avenue on her way to school. The location is deadly — one other person has been struck and killed there since 2012, and Cross Bay is one of the most dangerous streets in the city. From 2009 to 2013, 17 pedestrians lost their lives on Cross Bay and Woodhaven Boulevard (the name of the same street north of Liberty Avenue) [PDF].
And yet, opponents of DOT's Woodhaven Boulevard Select Bus Service project — which would create safer conditions by expanding pedestrian space and restricting vehicular turns — continue resist it by claiming pedestrians would be harmed.
To win the support of local Council Member Eric Ulrich, DOT has already scaled back plans for left turn bans in the Woodhaven project — including one at Jamaica Avenue, where more pedestrians were killed between 2009 and 2013 than any other intersection in the city, according to DOT.
While Ulrich is on board now, Queens Community Board 9 remains adamantly against the redesign. Despite the agency's concessions, all but three CB 9 members voted last week to oppose the project. One person went so far as to say that if any fatalities occurred on the corridor after SBS implementation, "Their blood will be on your hands," the Queens Chronicle reported.
At the intersection of Cross Bay Boulevard and 149th Avenue, where Martin was killed, the city intends to square off an irregular intersection, expand a pedestrian median, and ban westbound left turns. It's impossible to say whether those changes would have saved Jazmine Marin's life, but those types of improvements are proven to reduce the risk of traffic deaths.
To DOT's credit, the agency is already redesigning the Jamaica Avenue intersection this fall, much to the chagrin of SBS opponents [PDF]. And it looks like the Woodhaven project remains on track to begin next year, despite the wailing from CB 9. "Woodhaven SBS is a safety project that we are implementing," an agency spokesperson told the Chronicle last week.
Other factors are also dragging out the process of making these major avenues safer. The city's capital construction bureaucracy moves so slowly that full build-out of the Woodhaven project won't be complete until sometime in the 2020s.
What's scary about the influence wielded by intransigent community boards is that they can water down safety projects before they get into that very long construction pipeline. The terrible loss of life on Woodhaven and Cross Bay Boulevards is a reminder that community boards retain this influence even though many of them are in complete denial about what's causing traffic violence — and how to prevent it.
Would the Health Department defer to a community board on whether to mount a vaccination campaign? This is insane. DOT should go ahead with whatever measures it believes are necessary to save human life, and if community board members don't like it, they can vote for a different mayoral candidate with different priorities.
As a former community board member, I am always bothered by the organized cycling community's propensity for characterizing all boards with the same broad brush. Some community boards are fairly progressive when it comes to livable streets initiatives, some take proposals on a case-by-case basis, and others are indeed "intransigent." Further, the community boards that fall in the first category are in no position to influence the thinking of the other boards, so why should they be subject to generalizations? When Transportation Alternatives and others say to the boards that are sympathetic to these issues, we don't acknowledge (and implicitly don't appreciate) your good work, it potentially creates a disincentive for those boards to continue taking thoughtful positions on similar proposals in the future. It seems like an unproductive and polarizing strategy to take.
Good point. Streetsblog should create report cards for every community board and keep track of cooperation or intransigence.
Also, I think you are wrong to say streetsblog is made up of the "organized cycling community". I think most people here are primarily pedestrians that are appalled by the behavior of some motorists in this city. While cyclists are part of this constituency, they are not a majority. It just turns out that both pedestrians and cyclists benefit from street safety initiatives.
Some of us are suspicious of the CB system itself, whether it's doing "what we want" or not. They're appointed, not elected, in a process that's not particularly transparent, and they're hyperlocal to a degree that is perhaps OK for walking improvements (except on the boundaries of CBs, which are often along major, dangerous roads!) but a problem for cycling and transit improvements.
Improvements to cycling and transit routes are necessarily over a distance that spans multiple CBs. Even if they're cooperative (and in the outer boroughs, getting more than one to cooperate at a time seems a rarity) it's a long and painful process to get anything done. Frequently CBs demand many presentations of the same thing over months or even more than a year. This is even the case for projects that don't change the basic geometry of streets, such as sharrows or door zone bike lanes!
Are Community Boards ever constructive? They exist mostly to preserve the status quo, whatever it may be, rather than find solutions to problems. And from my experience attending CB meetings, the members are usually self-important reactionaries who think they know everything and who don't listen. They're also far older and whiter and generally unrepresentative of the communities they serve. Oh, and they're appointed, rather than elected.
So "broken" is right. They are supposed to represent local communities, but they are useless and undemocratic.
Just remember why NYC needed appointed officials to actually "represent people." That was a judgment on the City Council, which pre-term limits was occupied by perpetual incumbents like the state legislature.
Thanks to term limits turning the City Council over a couple of times, I think it actually does represent New Yorkers for better or worse. That makes community boards less necessary.
I think several of the responses prove my point.
Another successful SBS line should finally shut up opponents of good bus service.


text:
Shared Stories
The 150 Quiz
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FCC Home
Pakistan Post issues stamp commemorating FCC's 150th anniversary
Home » FCC 150 » Pakistan Post issues stamp commemorating FCC's 150th anniversary
On Wednesday 14 May 2014, Pakistan Post issued a stamp highlighting FCC's sesquicentennial. For those who don't want to go to the GPO, panes of 15 stamps are now available from Ms Eileen Dass's office at the cost of Rs 150. Pak Post has also issued a first day cover and an accompanying leaflet, shown below. A limited number of first day covers will be available for sale from Tuesday 20 May 2014.
Here is an extract from the leaflet:
"To commemorate the great achievements of FCC, in its sesquicentennial year, Pakistan Post is issuing a stamp which depicts Sinclair Hall, constructed to mark the centenary of FCC and completed in 1971. Named after a devoted principal, Dr EJ Sinclair, who served FCC for over fifty years as a faculty member and from 1962-1968 as Principal, the building was designed by architect Nasreddin Murat Khan who also designed the Minar-e-Pakistan. One of the most recognisable buildings on campus, the depiction is by watercolour artist Anjum Zaheer. As FCC celebrates its 150th anniversary in 2014, it is proud of the legacy it has inherited and aware of the responsibility this places on it as educators of the youth of Pakistan, and indeed the region."
Author: Communications Office
A Piece of the Past (30)
Alumni (12)
FCC 150 (72)
FCC Home (16)
FCC Societies News (1)
Sesquicentennial (73)
Your Story (23)
Photograph taken by Juniad Javed Khan on 5 February 2014
FCC Societies
Forman Christian College. Ferozepur Road. Lahore 54600. +92 (42) 9923 1581 upto 88
FCC 150 Website by Signin Group


NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association) defines standards used in North America for different grades of electrical enclosures. Such enclosures are mostly used in industrial environments,harsh work conditions,and hazardous locations. NEMA ratings categorizes enclosures according to their ability to withstand damaging substances like water, dust, corrosion, oil, or other foreign materials.
As mentioned above, NEMA ratings define standards for electrical enclosures and define environment the enclosure can be used in with its ability to withstand harsh work conditions. However,NEMA do not test products nor it is associated with any testing laboratories, it only defines and publishes enclosure standards.Manufacturers can self declare their compliance or use third party testing agencies for certification. Below is the description about non-hazardous and hazardous locations NEMA enclosures types and their purpose.
1 Enclosures constructed for indoor use and provide protection against incidental contact and dirt.
2 Enclosures constructed for indoor use and provide protection against falling dirt, dripping and light splashing of liquids.
3 Enclosures constructed for both indoor or outdoor use and profile protection against dirt, rain, and snow.
3R Enclosures constructed for indoor/outdoor use and provide protection against falling dirt, rain, dust, sleet, and snow.
3S Enclosure constructed for indoor/outdoor use provides protection against dirt, windblown dust, water ingress (rain, snow, sleet).
4 Enclosure constructed for indoor/outdoor use and provides protection against dirt, rain, sleet, snow, dust, and water.
4X Enclosures constricted for indoor/outdoor use and provide protection against falling dirt, rain, sleet, snow, windblown dust, and splashing water.
5 Enclosures constructed for indoor use and provide protection against dirt, dust, lint, fibers, flyings, dripping and splashing liquids.
6P Enclosures constructed for indoor/outdoor use and provide protection against foreign object like dirt, water ingress and additional protection against corrosion.
12K Enclosures constructed for indoor/outdoor use and provide protection against dirt, circulating dust, lint, fibers, flyings, dripping water, oil seepage and non-corrosive coolants.
13 Enclosures constructed for indoor use and provide protection against dirt, circulating dust, lint, fibers, flyings, oils, and non-corrosive coolants.
7 Enclosures constructed for indoor use in hazardous classified locations Class I, Division 1,Groups A,B,C, or D.
8 Enclosure constructed for indoor or outdoor use in hazardous locations classified Class I, Division 1,Groups A,B,C, and D.
9 Enclosures constructed for indoor use in hazardous location classified as Class II, Division 1,Groups E, F, or G.
10 Enclosures constructed to meet requirements of mines safety and health.
This was the overview of NEMA enclosures and it types. NEMA performance and test methods are opted by Underwriter Laboratories (UL) and the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) as a medium for listing electrical enclosure. The enclosures further carry a label by UL or CSA to indicate they have passed the test and meets UL and CSA applicable standards.


text:
MUSSINA THRIVES IN YANKEES DEBUT
Mike Mussina didn't flinch in his New York debut Thursday, allowing 5 hits in 72/3 innings as the Yankees beat Kansas City 1-0 and completed a 3-game sweep. He threw 65 of 96 pitches for strikes.
JONES' BLOWN SAVE COSTS TIGERS
Detroit's Todd Jones, who tied for the 2000 American League lead in saves, blew a 1-run lead in the 9th and allowed 4 runs in all as Minnesota prevailed 9-5 in 10 innings.
RED SOX'S LOWE LOSES CONTROL IN LOSS
Derek Lowe walked in the winning run in the bottom of the 9th inning as Boston fell to Baltimore 2-1. Despite allowing only 4 runs in the 3-game series, the Red Sox lost twice.
VARITEK CATCHES $14.9 MILLION DEAL
It's been a big week for Boston's Jason Varitek. First, he catches Hideo Nomo's no-hitter Wednesday. Then he gets a $14.9 million, 3-year contract extension through 2004.
Stat of the day
By going 8 innings in an 11-0 victory Thursday, Toronto right-hander Chris Carpenter has allowed a total of 7 runs in 49 career innings against the Tampa Bay Devil Rays.
Quote of the day'I haven't seen a rookie come in here with so much confidence since Derek Jeter.'
-- New York infielder Luis Sojo, on utility player Alfonso Soriano
1973 -- New York's Ron Blomberg became the majors' 1st designated hitter. With the bases loaded in the 1st inning against Boston, he walked. The Red Sox won 15-5.
1977 -- Seattle played its 1st game and lost 7-0 to California at the Kingdome.Eckstein at short
Former Seminole High infielder David Eckstein, who is starting at 2nd base for Anaheim while Adam Kennedy is hurt, played an inning at shortstop Wednesday against Texas. Manager Mike Scioscia is considering keeping Eckstein as a utility infielder when Kennedy returns, possibly costing Jose Nieves a roster spot. 'This guy has a knack for getting things done, and I want to see him in as many places as we can,' Scioscia said of Eckstein.


The future of Britain's longest-standing UCI-ranked one-day race, the Rutland-Melton CiCLE Classic, is under threat.
Race director Colin Clews today revealed that he has a race against time to raise a minimum of £20,000 to stage next year's edition, which is scheduled to take place on April 21.
Citing with problems with title sponsor Mountivation, whom Clews believes had signed up to support the race until 2014, he told Cycling Weekly this afternoon that he has two months to find the money to bankroll the 2013 edition.
"In the last eight years, I've put in in excess of five figures to keep the race going," said Clews.
"There comes a time when I can't afford to do that, especially to the level I need to on this occasion.
"The end of January is my deadline when it comes to next year's race. There are teams from all over the world interested in riding it, but the longer we leave it, the lesser the chance of them coming over.
Modelled on Paris-Roubaix, the race was first run in 2005 as a Premier Calendar round. Two years later it gained UCI 1.2 status, making it Britain's highest-ranked single day event.
This year's edition, which was won by Endura's Alex Blain, was run in cold and wet conditions; so much so that CW declared it tougher than this year's Roubaix.
Clews revealed that he was also in negotiations to modify the parcours, which would see riders pass through the finish in Melton Mowbray and completing one lap of a circuit, as well as adding additional sections earlier in the race.
* Anyone interested in helping support the retention of the CiCLE Classic, in any way, is asked to contact Clews on 07979 856262.
See this Thursday's Cycling Weekly for an in-depth look at the future of the Premier Calendar.


text:
Maternal plasma viral RNA levels determine marked differences in mother-to-child transmission rates of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in The Gambia. MRC/Gambia Government/University College London Medical School working group on mother-child transmission of HIV
D O'Donovan, K Ariyoshi, P Milligan, M Ota, L Yamuah, R Sarge-Njie, H Whittle
OBJECTIVES: To determine the rates of, and risk factors for, mother-to-child transmission (MCT) of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in The Gambia.
DESIGN: A blinded, prospective, community-based cohort study of 29.549 pregnant women attending the eight largest antenatal clinics in The Gambia.
METHODS: Women were tested for HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection. Infected subjects and a group of HIV-seronegative women were followed with their babies until 18 months after delivery. Maternal CD4 cell count percentages were measured before and 18 months after delivery, and the antenatal plasma viral load was determined. Babies were tested for HIV by the polymerase chain reaction and/or serology at 2, 9 and 18 months of age.
RESULTS: The study enrolled 144 women positive for HIV-1 and 294 for HIV-2 plus 565 seronegative pregnant women: the mean antenatal percentage CD4 cell counts of 96 HIV-1-positive, 223 HIV-2-positive and 125 HIV-seronegative mothers were 31% [95% confidence interval (CI) 28-33], 41% (95% CI 39-42) and 47% (95% CI 45-49), respectively. The geometric mean antenatal plasma viral load of 94 HIV-1-infected women was 15,100 copies x 10(3) ml (95% CI 10,400-19,000) which was much higher than that of 60 randomly selected HIV-2-infected women, which was 410 copies x 10(3) ml (95% CI 150-910) (P < 0.001). The estimated transmission rate of HIV-1 was 24.4% (95% CI 14.6-33.9) and that of HIV-2 was 4.0% (95% CI 1.9-7.4). Five of 17 HIV-1-positive and three of eight HIV-2-positive babies were infected after 2 months of age. Birth in the rainy season [odds ratio (OR) 2.9; 95% CI 1.2-7.2], a low postnatal CD4 cell percentage (OR for a 10% fall 2.4; 95% CI 1.1-5.1) and a high maternal plasma viral load (OR for a 10-fold increase 2.9; 95% CI 1.1-7.8) were risk factors for transmission that applied equally to both viruses.
CONCLUSION: Low maternal HIV-2 RNA levels, which on average are 37-fold less than in HIV-1 infection, relate to the low MCT rate of HIV-2.
AIDS (London, England)
CD4 Lymphocyte Count
Gambia/epidemiology
HIV Infections/epidemiology
HIV-1/genetics
Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
Pregnancy Outcome
RNA, Viral/blood
Dive into the research topics of 'Maternal plasma viral RNA levels determine marked differences in mother-to-child transmission rates of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in The Gambia. MRC/Gambia Government/University College London Medical School working group on mother-child transmission of HIV'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Gambia Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
HIV-2 Medicine & Life Sciences 88%
Vertical Infectious Disease Transmission Medicine & Life Sciences 86%
Viral RNA Medicine & Life Sciences 74%
HIV Medicine & Life Sciences 47%
O'Donovan, D., Ariyoshi, K., Milligan, P., Ota, M., Yamuah, L., Sarge-Njie, R., & Whittle, H. (2000). Maternal plasma viral RNA levels determine marked differences in mother-to-child transmission rates of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in The Gambia. MRC/Gambia Government/University College London Medical School working group on mother-child transmission of HIV. AIDS (London, England), 14(4), 441-8.
O'Donovan, D ; Ariyoshi, K ; Milligan, P ; Ota, M ; Yamuah, L ; Sarge-Njie, R ; Whittle, H. / Maternal plasma viral RNA levels determine marked differences in mother-to-child transmission rates of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in The Gambia. MRC/Gambia Government/University College London Medical School working group on mother-child transmission of HIV. In: AIDS (London, England). 2000 ; Vol. 14, No. 4. pp. 441-8.
@article{e6f3546b746f4cf89f48cbd78e098d14,
title = "Maternal plasma viral RNA levels determine marked differences in mother-to-child transmission rates of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in The Gambia. MRC/Gambia Government/University College London Medical School working group on mother-child transmission of HIV",
abstract = "OBJECTIVES: To determine the rates of, and risk factors for, mother-to-child transmission (MCT) of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in The Gambia.DESIGN: A blinded, prospective, community-based cohort study of 29.549 pregnant women attending the eight largest antenatal clinics in The Gambia.METHODS: Women were tested for HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection. Infected subjects and a group of HIV-seronegative women were followed with their babies until 18 months after delivery. Maternal CD4 cell count percentages were measured before and 18 months after delivery, and the antenatal plasma viral load was determined. Babies were tested for HIV by the polymerase chain reaction and/or serology at 2, 9 and 18 months of age.RESULTS: The study enrolled 144 women positive for HIV-1 and 294 for HIV-2 plus 565 seronegative pregnant women: the mean antenatal percentage CD4 cell counts of 96 HIV-1-positive, 223 HIV-2-positive and 125 HIV-seronegative mothers were 31% [95% confidence interval (CI) 28-33], 41% (95% CI 39-42) and 47% (95% CI 45-49), respectively. The geometric mean antenatal plasma viral load of 94 HIV-1-infected women was 15,100 copies x 10(3) ml (95% CI 10,400-19,000) which was much higher than that of 60 randomly selected HIV-2-infected women, which was 410 copies x 10(3) ml (95% CI 150-910) (P < 0.001). The estimated transmission rate of HIV-1 was 24.4% (95% CI 14.6-33.9) and that of HIV-2 was 4.0% (95% CI 1.9-7.4). Five of 17 HIV-1-positive and three of eight HIV-2-positive babies were infected after 2 months of age. Birth in the rainy season [odds ratio (OR) 2.9; 95% CI 1.2-7.2], a low postnatal CD4 cell percentage (OR for a 10% fall 2.4; 95% CI 1.1-5.1) and a high maternal plasma viral load (OR for a 10-fold increase 2.9; 95% CI 1.1-7.8) were risk factors for transmission that applied equally to both viruses.CONCLUSION: Low maternal HIV-2 RNA levels, which on average are 37-fold less than in HIV-1 infection, relate to the low MCT rate of HIV-2.",
keywords = "CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Cohort Studies, Female, Gambia/epidemiology, HIV Infections/epidemiology, HIV-1/genetics, HIV-2/genetics, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Pregnancy Outcome, Prospective Studies, RNA, Viral/blood, Risk Factors",
author = "D O'Donovan and K Ariyoshi and P Milligan and M Ota and L Yamuah and R Sarge-Njie and H Whittle",
journal = "AIDS (London, England)",
O'Donovan, D, Ariyoshi, K, Milligan, P, Ota, M, Yamuah, L, Sarge-Njie, R & Whittle, H 2000, 'Maternal plasma viral RNA levels determine marked differences in mother-to-child transmission rates of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in The Gambia. MRC/Gambia Government/University College London Medical School working group on mother-child transmission of HIV', AIDS (London, England), vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 441-8.
Maternal plasma viral RNA levels determine marked differences in mother-to-child transmission rates of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in The Gambia. MRC/Gambia Government/University College London Medical School working group on mother-child transmission of HIV. / O'Donovan, D; Ariyoshi, K; Milligan, P; Ota, M; Yamuah, L; Sarge-Njie, R; Whittle, H.
In: AIDS (London, England), Vol. 14, No. 4, 10.03.2000, p. 441-8.
T1 - Maternal plasma viral RNA levels determine marked differences in mother-to-child transmission rates of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in The Gambia. MRC/Gambia Government/University College London Medical School working group on mother-child transmission of HIV
AU - O'Donovan, D
AU - Ariyoshi, K
AU - Milligan, P
AU - Ota, M
AU - Yamuah, L
AU - Sarge-Njie, R
AU - Whittle, H
N2 - OBJECTIVES: To determine the rates of, and risk factors for, mother-to-child transmission (MCT) of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in The Gambia.DESIGN: A blinded, prospective, community-based cohort study of 29.549 pregnant women attending the eight largest antenatal clinics in The Gambia.METHODS: Women were tested for HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection. Infected subjects and a group of HIV-seronegative women were followed with their babies until 18 months after delivery. Maternal CD4 cell count percentages were measured before and 18 months after delivery, and the antenatal plasma viral load was determined. Babies were tested for HIV by the polymerase chain reaction and/or serology at 2, 9 and 18 months of age.RESULTS: The study enrolled 144 women positive for HIV-1 and 294 for HIV-2 plus 565 seronegative pregnant women: the mean antenatal percentage CD4 cell counts of 96 HIV-1-positive, 223 HIV-2-positive and 125 HIV-seronegative mothers were 31% [95% confidence interval (CI) 28-33], 41% (95% CI 39-42) and 47% (95% CI 45-49), respectively. The geometric mean antenatal plasma viral load of 94 HIV-1-infected women was 15,100 copies x 10(3) ml (95% CI 10,400-19,000) which was much higher than that of 60 randomly selected HIV-2-infected women, which was 410 copies x 10(3) ml (95% CI 150-910) (P < 0.001). The estimated transmission rate of HIV-1 was 24.4% (95% CI 14.6-33.9) and that of HIV-2 was 4.0% (95% CI 1.9-7.4). Five of 17 HIV-1-positive and three of eight HIV-2-positive babies were infected after 2 months of age. Birth in the rainy season [odds ratio (OR) 2.9; 95% CI 1.2-7.2], a low postnatal CD4 cell percentage (OR for a 10% fall 2.4; 95% CI 1.1-5.1) and a high maternal plasma viral load (OR for a 10-fold increase 2.9; 95% CI 1.1-7.8) were risk factors for transmission that applied equally to both viruses.CONCLUSION: Low maternal HIV-2 RNA levels, which on average are 37-fold less than in HIV-1 infection, relate to the low MCT rate of HIV-2.
AB - OBJECTIVES: To determine the rates of, and risk factors for, mother-to-child transmission (MCT) of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in The Gambia.DESIGN: A blinded, prospective, community-based cohort study of 29.549 pregnant women attending the eight largest antenatal clinics in The Gambia.METHODS: Women were tested for HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection. Infected subjects and a group of HIV-seronegative women were followed with their babies until 18 months after delivery. Maternal CD4 cell count percentages were measured before and 18 months after delivery, and the antenatal plasma viral load was determined. Babies were tested for HIV by the polymerase chain reaction and/or serology at 2, 9 and 18 months of age.RESULTS: The study enrolled 144 women positive for HIV-1 and 294 for HIV-2 plus 565 seronegative pregnant women: the mean antenatal percentage CD4 cell counts of 96 HIV-1-positive, 223 HIV-2-positive and 125 HIV-seronegative mothers were 31% [95% confidence interval (CI) 28-33], 41% (95% CI 39-42) and 47% (95% CI 45-49), respectively. The geometric mean antenatal plasma viral load of 94 HIV-1-infected women was 15,100 copies x 10(3) ml (95% CI 10,400-19,000) which was much higher than that of 60 randomly selected HIV-2-infected women, which was 410 copies x 10(3) ml (95% CI 150-910) (P < 0.001). The estimated transmission rate of HIV-1 was 24.4% (95% CI 14.6-33.9) and that of HIV-2 was 4.0% (95% CI 1.9-7.4). Five of 17 HIV-1-positive and three of eight HIV-2-positive babies were infected after 2 months of age. Birth in the rainy season [odds ratio (OR) 2.9; 95% CI 1.2-7.2], a low postnatal CD4 cell percentage (OR for a 10% fall 2.4; 95% CI 1.1-5.1) and a high maternal plasma viral load (OR for a 10-fold increase 2.9; 95% CI 1.1-7.8) were risk factors for transmission that applied equally to both viruses.CONCLUSION: Low maternal HIV-2 RNA levels, which on average are 37-fold less than in HIV-1 infection, relate to the low MCT rate of HIV-2.
KW - CD4 Lymphocyte Count
KW - Cohort Studies
KW - Gambia/epidemiology
KW - HIV Infections/epidemiology
KW - HIV-1/genetics
KW - Infant, Newborn
KW - Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
KW - Pregnancy
KW - Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
KW - Pregnancy Outcome
KW - Prospective Studies
KW - RNA, Viral/blood
KW - Risk Factors
JO - AIDS (London, England)
JF - AIDS (London, England)
O'Donovan D, Ariyoshi K, Milligan P, Ota M, Yamuah L, Sarge-Njie R et al. Maternal plasma viral RNA levels determine marked differences in mother-to-child transmission rates of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in The Gambia. MRC/Gambia Government/University College London Medical School working group on mother-child transmission of HIV. AIDS (London, England). 2000 Mar 10;14(4):441-8.


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