text:
Main → Principles Of Wireless Power Transcript
Audio can be found here: http://www.tuks.nl/audio/Eric_Dollard/
The document could probably still use some proofreading and reference links. A few miscellaneous in-text notes have been included by the transcriber that are not a part of the original recording.
Eric Dollard - "The Principles of Wireless Power" (circa 1986)
Begin Transcript
Introduction: Our next speaker is an electrical engineer... ...with plenty of experience in the work of Tesla. He is vice president and editor of the Borderland Research Foundation. He is head of the past RCA support, Pacific Gas and Electric support, as well as Bell Telephone support. He's also had the distinguishing characteristic of reversing the utilities power meter without the company approval, and...uh...received some reaction for that.
Audience: *laughter*
Speaking on the topic of "Representations of Electric Induction", we have Mr. Eric Dollard.
Audience: *applause*
Eric Dollard: There has been a slight change. "Representations of Electric Induction" would have been so theoretical and nothing but blackboards full of Greek letters, which I didn't feel was really appropriate. I have changed it to "The Principles of Wireless Power" which I think will be easier for people to understand.
In the period from 1890 - 1900 Dr. Nikola Tesla was engaged in the systematic research of high-frequency electric waves with the specific aim of developing a method of transmission and reception of electrical energy without the use of wires. Inspired by Dr. Henrich Hertz's experimental researches into the Maxwell Theory of Electromagnetic Waves, Dr. Tesla developed various apparatus for the object of exploring the developments of Dr. Hertz. Tesla found to his dismay that he couldn't prove that the oscillations that Hertz was using were akin to original Theory of Electromagnetism that's described by Maxwell and which Hertz attempted to prove. What Tesla discovered was that the oscillations from his transformers were longitudinal electric wave forms, or what might be called "electric rays of induction". This indicates why Tesla was extensively interested in research with X-rays which were considered in that period of time to be a longitudinal form of radiation.
The theory of electric waves wasn't of much concern to Marconi however. He developed a practical system which was put into commercial use by 1919, constructed 5 high-frequency power plants around the world which operated on 18 Kilocycles per second at 200 Kilowatts of drive to the antenna. This was done by motor generator sets known as the "Alexanderson Alternators" and was fed to a multiple loaded antenna system which I have shown in the figure here. Ok, what Marconi had was a giant mesh of copper suspended 300 feet in the air. It was roughly 1,000 feet long by 500 feet wide. He had a similar mesh of wire buried in the ground underneath the antenna to form a giant capacitor plate. And then at the particular installation I was associated with, there was a large bronze plate buried in the Pacific Ocean right next to where the San Andreas Fault comes in. This is in Bolinas, California.
He had a 200 Kilowatt alternator here. The motor generator set had an efficiency of about 20% so they drew about a Megawatt off the utility company's power lines. It was fed with a 66,000 Volt, 60 Cycle power line. Through his resonant transformer he developed about 100 Kilovolts across this large capacitor plate, and in order to prevent the formation of ridiculous quantities of current that would just fuse the wires, he had to put these loading coils in here to tune with the capacitance to neutralize these currents out, what in electrical engineering we refer to as "Power Factor Correction". In this case, it is the opposite of what you normally encounter. Now, we are not using coils, we are using capacitors.
In the schematic representation we have two waves that propagate off of this. We have a magnetic wave that propagates through the Earth, and we have a dielectric wave that propagates through the atmosphere; and then electric wave, which is the combination of the dielectric and magnetic, is the actual transmission wave on the so-called "antenna structure". Now, you find that the wave propagations of these waves are quite unlike electromagnetic waves because, in essence, they are not even electric waves. You have a dielectric wave and a magnetic wave, and these basically phase and form a kind of nodal system around the planet where you'll end up with appearances of electrical energy that can be captured by similar antennas.
Upon completion of these wireless plants, the United States government formed Radio Corporation of America to take control of these installations. This was in 1919. As soon as Marconi finished them, he lost them. RCA was very quick to develop upon the transverse form of electromagnetic wave propagation, and they developed what was referred to as the "Type-D Director", which now is known amongst most radio engineers as the "Rhombic Antenna".
Basically you have utility poles usually between 100, or stacked utility poles, from 150-200 feet in height, holding a large diamond-shaped coil of wire in the air. You have a resistance at the end and a high-frequency transmitter in the input, and waves are launched on this transmission structure, and in their propagation to the resistor, are lost by energy leakages which are called "electromagnetic radiation".
We have the inductance of the antenna here, the antenna area represented by conventional coils...And the capacitance in this area between the surfaces of the conductors is represented by capacitance. Now our actual transmission is done by the conductance that appears due to the dielectric hysteresis of this capacitance in this wide open space. We have a resistance that appears in the magnetic hysteresis in the magnetic inductance of this wide open space. So the energy basically disappears into the hysteresis of the Aether. Very little is reflected back, and it is a highly inefficient system of transmission, but of course, it is what we use today. The dipole antenna is basically a shortened version of this that has to be tuned for a particular resonant frequency, but this will operate on all frequencies.
The development of this antenna and the use of these Hertzian waves diverted much interest from Nikola Tesla's work and delayed the Tesla World System from coming into being because this was much simpler and practical, both the Marconi and RCA systems, rather than having large high-voltage towers and electrostatic generators.
To quote Tesla's spots on the development of wireless at this point in history, "The commercial application of the art has lead to the construction of larger transmitters and multiplication of their number. Greater distances had to be covered and it became imperative to employ receiving devices of ever greater sensitiveness. All of these changes have corroborated in emphasizing the trouble and seriously impairing the reliability and value of these plants. To such a degree as this has been the case that conservative business men and financiers have come to look upon this method of conveying intelligence as one of offering but very limited possibilities. And the government has deemed it necessary to assume control. This unfortunate state of affairs, fatal to the enlistment of capital and helpful competitive development, could have been avoided had electricians not remained to this day under an delusive theory"...thinking of the Hertzian theory..."and had practical exploiters of this advance not permitted enterprise to outrun technical competence".
Dr. Tesla himself had remained totally unswayed by these developments and fully understood that the Hertzian waves were useless because of their scattering nature. To quote again, "Nothing illustrates this better than the recent demonstrations of a number of experts with very short waves, which has created the impression that power will eventually be transmitted by such means. In reality, experiments of this kind are the very denial of the possibility of energy transmission." And this of course brings to mind the recent proposal to send photovoltaic generated power by microwave beams and satellites down to the earth.
The Tesla system of transmission and reception of electric energy without the employment of connecting wires or waveguides as conceived of by Dr. Tesla is not the propagation of any type of electromagnetic wave. The word "electromagnetism" has no relation to any of Tesla's work. Nor is it the excitation of the Earth-Ionosphere waveguide. This has all been proposed. The Tesla System employs resonant actions along lines or rays of electric induction; these lines standing between the transmitter and receiver.
So you have your "Tesla Magnifying Transmitter" here, or more appropriately your "Tesla Transponder", and your receiving "Tesla Transponder" here so the generator is directly connected to the load via these lines of induction. The apparatus for establishing these lines of induction of course has taken on the name "Tesla Magnifying Transmitter". By definition the TMT is a system of resonant transformers harmonically balanced to the electric condition of the Earth. Also, the monopolar nature of the TMT greatly facilitates the departure of energy from the apparatus and into the environment. When you experiment with a resonating coil you find that all your magnetism appears at one end, and all of your dielectricity appears at the other end. It is interesting; even electrical discharges, which occur off the end of this, will curve back and come to the point where they started from. And you can hook a radio-frequency watt meter or an amp meter, or whatever you want here, and there will be actual indication of very heavy flows of energy, all of which are reflected back to the coil, except that utilized by the load.
These lines of induction established by the TMT are drawn into the high inductivity of the Earth's interior which can viewed as a very high capacity capacitor. Especially considering the theory that the Earth is basically hot glass inside, the mantle.
To illustrate exactly how Tesla felt this propagation would occur in the Earth, he has an experiment that he gives here. To quote, "I here have a short, wide tube which is exausted to a high degree" ...Which back then, was about the exaustion you would find in a regular streetlamp. In other words, there is still gas in the bulb..."and covered with a substantial coating of bronze"...He plated bronze on the surface of the bulb to give it a metal shell around the outside to allegedly shield it..."the coating barely allowing the light to shine through. A metallic clasp with a hook for suspending this tube is fashioned around the middle portion of the latter, the clasp being in contact with the bronze coating. I now want to light the gas inside by suspending the tube on a connecting wire to a coil. Anyone who would try this experiment for the first time, not having any previous experience, would probably take care to be quite alone when making this trial for fear that he might not become the joke of his assistants. Still, the bulb lights in spite of the metal coating, and the light can be distinctly perceived through the latter."
Ok, and he has another experiment, "A long tube covered with aluminum bronze lights when held in one hand and the other hand touching the terminal of the coil. Quite powerfully. It might be objected that the coatings are not sufficiently conducting. Still, even if they were highly resistant they ought to screen the gas. They certainly screen it perfectly in a condition of rest, but not by far perfectly when charge is surging within the coating. But the loss of energy which occurs in the tube, not withstanding the screen, is occasioned principally by the presence of the gas."
The dielectric induction through the interior of the Earth communicates the energy from the transmitter to the receiver as shown in figure 4...That one is too hard to draw.
Eric: Let me think briefly how I am going to do this here...Basically it's just...I'll use figure 3.
Person in audience: (inaudible)
Eric: What's that?
Person in audience: ...figure 4.
Eric: Ok, I can describe figure 4. What we have here...
Eric: Here is the schematic drawing of the Tesla Transformer with its elevated capacitance and propagating into the Earth. Tesla uses the analogy here of having a large balloon with a hand pump putting pressure waves in and out of the balloon and little pressure gauges all around the planet indicating receiving instruments. And of course, the pointers on the pressure gauges all dance up and down in perfect correspondence with the hand pump. And then of course, we have here the Wardenclyffe Tower attached to the Earth doing the same thing electrically, pumping dielectric energy in and out of the Earth which is captured by small receiving apparatus that take this dielectric induction and convert it back into electrical induction. Yes, there's a question?
Person in audience: [asks a question about availability of books?]
Eric: Yes, these books are all available from BSRF [Borderland Science Research Foundation].
So what we have here in the operating principles is the Tesla Magnifying Transmitter, being that it propagates energy through the ground, gives rise to the question as to, "How do we ground the apparatus?". Since the so called "ground" is now the hot terminal. In other words, the so called "ground" of the Tesla coil is where the action is really going on; it's the capacitance, it's not where you take your output from, in other words, the ball on the top. So being that the hot terminal also has to be the ground, it's not capable of serving as electrical reference point. Now, here is the most important feature of the Tesla Magnifying Transmitter:
Through the distributed mutual inductance in the coil, and the odd function resonance, which basically boils down to the quarter (1/4) wave resonance, you have a principle known as the "virtual ground". So what the coil does is it establishes a ground reference system...This schematic here...Your Tesla coil, and its associated spherical capacitance, act to bring a ground on this point of the transformer, leaving the Earth connection hot so the thing is capable of transmitting, and then you feed it through a regular radio-frequency transformer, either resonant or not, and that delivers or abstracts energy from the system.
Now, Tesla developed another device which is the mechanical analog of this, and it's called "The Telegeodynamic Oscillator". This is an interesting device as it applies this principle with a small reciprocating air engine and a system of coils and capacitors with generator-type coupling through a linear generator to this mechanical system. And you find that this thing can shake stuff around without having anything to stand up against. It needs no wall or backing or anything with which to hold back, to push against. So again you have the virtual ground principle here. This kind of breaks down the notions that were established by the Newtonian ideas of action and reaction, and opens up a whole new world for exploration.
This reconfiguration of energy that goes on in here basically is a result of the separation of cause and effect in time or space, and it is what might be called hysteresis. So the TMT, as well as the TGO, Tesla Geodynamic Oscillator, is capable of transmitting vibrations by virtue of the fact that it is self-referencing and doesn't require any electrical or mechanical reference from which to push against. This relates somewhat to the saying, "Give me a fulcrum and I'll move the Earth." [quoting Archimedes when discovering the principle of leverage]. Tesla found this type of fulcrum, and not only did he move the Earth and vibrate buildings near the point of breaking in New York, he brought the entire electrical system of the Earth into vibration producing a standing lightning discharge in Colorado Springs, and at that time, who knows where else at resonant nodes on the planet. The Tesla Transponder or TMT can be divided into five distinct categories or components:
[1] We have the Earth, which serves as one part of the component.
[2] Then we have the reflecting capacitance, which serves as the complementary part.
[3] We have the energy transformer where energy is either supplied or abstracted by a rotating apparatus, or by a resistance, or negative resistance, or thyratrons, or spark gaps, or any one of the infinitude of methods.
[4] Then we have a source of magnetizing power, which is usually called a capacitor or dielectric inductor.
[5] Then we have the coupling transformer. What this does is couple this electric energy into the transmission system established here, keeping a certain isolation between our power system or energy system and the oscillating system so that it doesn't burn this out.
[6] Then we have, finally, the resonant coil, which does the real magic work here. This establishes the virtual ground, or what you might say, dematerializes the electrical energy. In this arrangement energy is continuously bounced back and forth between the Earth and the reflecting capacitance, at point two there.
Some of this energy is refracted into the Earth and exists in the Earth another coupled or standing electric wave. This standing wave of energy pulsation in the system in the Earth is maintained by the energy transformer and kept into continuous oscillation.
So there is a pair of standing waves produced. There's a standing wave inside the TMT and there is a standing wave in the Earth. Also, we have another standing wave which exists in time which is called the "LC oscillation" of the system, and that's the energy exchange between the energy transformer and the coupling transformer. This being magnetic and dissipative, and this being dielectric and generative of electrical energy.
Now, the appearance that this is the output terminal of the coil is given by the fact being that you're standing on the Earth at that point, then everything around you is charged to the same potential so to speak, or in the same electrical condition. So this appears to be neutral and this appears to be hot. But from the standpoint of the Earth, this is the neutral and this is the hot. So it's kind of a reverse situation we have here. It's not normally encountered in electrical work.
The electrical conditions surrounding the TMT no longer can be represented by conventional or electromagnetic concepts because energy is converted from these dimensions of material energy, which is given as mass times velocity squared, which breaks into mass multiplied by length squared divided by time squared, into a new type of energy the dimensions being given by Wilhelm Reich as length cubed divided by time squared where mass becomes functionally equivalent to length. This of course, is a natural consequence of working with what is called "Skin Effect" in electrical conductors where the mass of the conductor drops out of the picture and really only the circumference of the conductor plays a part in the electrical phenomena. And that's what we are dealing with here with the Tesla transformer, extremely high-frequency or high rates of electrical movement that completely circumvent the actions in the conductor. This dematerialized energy is a spatial analog of reactive power that's encountered in alternating current electrical systems.
What is of a particular interest is that the dielectric saturation that occurs around this area here produces organic types of waveforms that are all based on the patterns of life, such as The Golden Ratio, and the fact that they can exist for a period of time after the source of power is removed, and many things that living objects usually only are capable of doing.
This eventually takes us to the theory of "Cosmic Superimposition" by Wilhelm Reich, and I've encountered this in practice by having two Tesla coils beam into a light bulb and having actual formations, such as galaxies and nebula that you normally only see in deep space, occur inside the light bulb, in living color.
The pulsations between the energy transformer, which is dielectric in nature, and the coupling transformer...Oh, I already covered that.
So it can be seen that the TMT involves three distinct standing electric waves. There's the electric wave in the Earth, which we will call "space-dimensional". There's the electric wave of the LC oscillation, which we will call "time-dimensional". But in here, in the virtual grounding system we have a new electrical wave which we have to call "extra-dimensional", and Tesla referred to this as "extra coil".
This has a direct analogy in music where harmony is space-dimensional, and rhythm is time-dimensional, and melody is extra-dimensional. So you can basically use music as an analog for this type of situation, and it's of particular interest to note that the music developed by J.S. Bach I have found to serve as one of the most fundamental expressions of electricity, even beyond Steinmetz or any of the more modern researchers that attempt to use conventional mathematics and words. I intuited most of what I know about Tesla from the music of Bach.
So we have here what is called a "Triple Energy Transient", which is an extremely difficult thing to analyze because we have three standing waves each containing a pair of energy. So we have, more correctly, six forms of energy to bring in, now not to regular resonance, but what is called "Consonant Resonance". And this is the one thing that I found everybody misses in building Tesla apparatus is bringing the device to this consonant resonance.
The main reason we have trouble with bringing these devices into this type of resonance is our science and algebra cannot deal with the equations greater than the second degree. There is no symbolic expression for handling these kinds of things. So we basically have no language for doing it.
Secondly here, what I would like to cover is basically some of the history and elemental theory of induction in the dimension of time. If we go back, we find that the elemental principles of electrical induction were first discovered by Michael Faraday in the very early part of the 19th century. Faraday considered action at a distance through empty space highly improbable and developed his theory of contiguous particles in the Aether and polarizations of these particles in developing what are called "lines of force". Faraday found that these lines of force were curved and didn't follow the shortest path between A and B, and was considered to be a mad man for proposing that, at this time where action at a distance was the prevalent theory.
In the course of his experimental researches Faraday found that if you take magnetic flux and change the quantity of it with respect to time, it produces what is called an "Electro-Motive Force", which we now give the name "Volts" to. This has become known as The Law of Electromagnetic Induction. So basically in English the EMF of magnitude E is directly proportional to the total number of lines of induction enclosing a conducting system, and inversely proportional to the length of time required to produce or consume these lines of induction.
This discovery marks the beginning of our knowledge of transformer theory. Also, Faraday discovered...didn't discover, but basically developed...the lines of force situation for what are called "electrostatic charges" and coined the word "dielectric lines of induction", which just serves as a complementary field to the magnetic lines of induction.
The experimental researches of Faraday greatly impressed two very influential electrical scientists of the 19th century, namely James Clerk Maxwell and James J. Thompson. Maxwell sought to translate Faraday's experimental researches into a more mathematical form to facilitate understanding and working with these. In the process, Maxwell discovered the complementary Law of Dielectric Induction, which states your lines of dielectric force compared to the time it takes to produce or consume them develops what is called a "displacement current", which we normally give the name "Amperes" to.
This displacement current is interesting as it doesn't flow through wires it flows through empty space. And this is the key for dealing with Tesla's work is the displacement current.
Eric: The key and the most fundamental problem that we have in dealing with Tesla's work is we've ignored the dielectric field, we've ignored the displacement current that flows through space, and substituted electrons and particles and other things, which are supposed to flow through the wire, which is absolutely impossible because the wire is solid, and it has just completely left our understanding of Tesla out of the picture.
Eric: The complementary nature of magnetic and dielectric inductions lead Maxwell to discover the existence of a constant numerical proportion between the units of measure in magnetism and the units of measure in dielectricity. This constant being numerically equal to one over the velocity of light squared. This famous discovery lead Maxwell to the Theory of Electromagnetism. This theory stating that electric waves are identical to light waves and thereby gave the notion that magnetism and dielectricity are inseparable.
The Maxwell Theory of Electromagnetism dominated research into electric waves, particularly after the experiments of Henrich Hertz. Nikola Tesla comments on this matter, "I do not hesitate to say that in a short time it will be recognized as one of the most remarkable and inexplicable aberrations of the scientific mind which has ever been recorded in history."
Professor Thompson took a much less mathematical approach and a more physical approach to Faraday's discoveries. Thompson considered Faraday's contiguous particles and lines of induction as concrete physical realities, despite the shift in contemporary thought circa 1900 back to what resembled action at a distance through an Aether-less space, and now unfortunately also, a spiritless and dead space.
Thompson considered propagation of magnetic induction as distinctly independent of the propagation of dielectric induction, rather than these two inductions propagating co-jointly as given by Maxwell. He conceived that these propagations of inductions as being Faraday's lines of force, and the magnetic lines of induction as propagating transverse to the flow of the propagation of energy. Now, these lines, or tube of induction, drag on the Aether and are retarded in their motion and therefore are limited to being less than the velocity of light in their propagation velocity.
The dielectric lines radiate radially between conducting surfaces and energy flows in the same direction. So what you have is lines going through the Aether in a needle-like fashion and you don't have any drag at all. A pair of analogies would be: A parachute is a good representation of magnetic induction through the Aether. It definitely has a finite, limited velocity. Whereas the propagation of dielectric induction is more like a rocket or a missile, which of course can sail right through; and the aerodynamics of it completely eliminate, for all practical purposes, the opposition to its movement through the media.
Now what happens here is the dielectric induction, being that it can go faster, propagates ahead of the magnetic induction. So you end up with a situation of an interference pattern along the lines of magnetic and dielectric induction producing what appears to be an electromagnetic wave. This concept is very important for understanding the works of Nikola Tesla. These separated inductions. You have a question?
Eric: Ok, but there is a lot of stuff to cover here, and I have a very finite quantity of time.
In his search for the contiguous particles of the Aether, Professor Thompson discovered what is known as the "electron". Much misunderstanding developed with regard to the relation between this particle and dielectric induction. This has worked much harm in the proper understanding of Tesla's discoveries, and understanding of electricity in general. To quote C.P. Steinmetz on this matter, "Unfortunately, to a large extent in dealing with the dielectric field the prehistoric conception of the electrostatic charge on the conductor still exists, and by its use, destroys the analogy between the two components of the electric field, the magnetic and dielectric. And makes the consideration of the dielectric fields unnecessarily complicated. There is obviously no more sense in thinking of displacement current as current which charges the conductor with a quantity of electricity than there is of speaking of the electro-motive force of magnetic induction as charging the conductor with a quantity of magnetism. But while the latter conception, together with the notion of a quantity of magnetism, etc., has vanished since Faraday's representation of the magnetic field by lines of magnetic force, the terminology of electrostatic charges in many textbooks still speaks of electric charges on the conductor, and energy stored by them, without considering that the dielectric energy is not on the surface of the conductor, but in the space outside the conductor, just as with the magnetic energy."
In 1854 Sir William Thompson, or who was known as Lord Kelvin, published the theory of electric oscillations. This theory demonstrated the interaction of The Law of Electromagnetic Induction with The Law of Dielectric Induction forming the Law of Electric Induction, which virtually is unknown. And that is that your electric induction, which is the product of magnetic and dielectric induction against the time squared in this case, of the production or consumption of this electric induction, gives you the quantity which is called the "Activity" of the electrical system, or what we are in the habit of calling "Power". It is usually given the units of "Watts". You can see what it is; it's the product of electromagnetic induction and dielectric induction. And contrary to popular belief, the Watt-Second is not the fundamental unit of electricity, it is this that is the fundamental unit of electricity which is lines of dielectric induction multiplied by the lines of dielectric induction equals the units of electric induction. And this has the dimensions in energy terms of Energy multiplied by time, of course what we usually refer to as "Planck's constant". So in this case, Planck's constant gives us the size of a magnetic line of induction and a dielectric line of induction at their crossing point. Now of course if they don't cross, then you do not have electromagnetism, you have Tesla energy, which is distinctly different. We talked about it a little earlier.
This theory and the further development by Helmholtz, Heaviside, and Steinmetz represents the fundamental theory behind nearly all of Tesla's apparatus. Lord Kelvin felt that it was possible to establish compressional waves such as sound waves through what he called the "Luminiferous Aether". These waves being a version of Maxwell's displacement current. By the way, another researcher in this field refers to this Aether as the "Chemical Ether" [referring to Rudolf Steiner or perhaps Trevor James Constable?]. This current, also called capacitor current, flows through the electric insulators, even through empty space. No conductors or electron fluxes involved with this current. Kelvin indicated his feeling these waves must propagate faster than the velocity of light. To quote Kelvin in his description of an experiment with a capacitor connected to an alternator, "Now does anyone believe that if the revolution was made fast enough"...The revolution of the alternator..."the electrostatic law of force pure and simple would apply to the air at different distances from each plate. Everyone believes that if the process could be conducted fast enough, several million times, or millions of millions of times per second, we should have large deviations from the electrostatic law in distribution of electric force through the air in the neighborhood. It seems absolutely certain that such actions as that going on would give rise to electrical waves. Now it does seem probable that these electrical waves are condensational waves of the luminiferous Aether, and probably it would be that the propagation of these waves would be enormously faster than the propagation of ordinary light."
Now the velocity of propagation of dielectric induction was experimentally verified by Professor Wheatstone to be pi over two times the velocity of light. Tesla also states this velocity in his writings on wave propagation. So in conclusion here, in the view of these scientific discoveries, and the fact that Oliver Heaviside developed a theory for faster than light electrons which was confirmed by Dr. Tesla, its an absolute wonder how the present notions of electromagnetism, its limiting velocity as purported by Einstein and his followers, has dominated electrical theory. It is of particular interest to note that C.P. Steinmetz did not consider Hertzian waves even the transmission of any type of energy, but as energy loss of the hysteresis of the Aether.
That concludes my talk.
Eric: Question?...No questions? Yes.
Eric: The way I look at it that would be a side-effect of this research. What I am trying to do here is establish a language in which to describe electricity. We no longer have a language. After about 1920 with the death of Steinmetz, Physics kind of took over electricity and filled it with particles and electrons, and conductors, and maths?-orientated types of situations and the science of electricity went completely under and was virtually ignored. So what I am doing is resurrecting all these things. And I found in my researches that the waveshape of free electricity can be expressed, and that it should be quite possible to produce it with either rotating apparatus, or energy multiplication vacuum tubes. I know of specific experimental verification that free energy can be derived from vacuum tubes because this was accomplished by [Philo T.] Farnsworth twice. Once with the Multipactor Tube, which was an oscillating diode with cold cathodes, secondary emission material and the exponent of oscillation in this tube...the energy exponent of oscillation was positive over a sustained period of time. The oscillations did not dampen by the normal law of combinations of exponents in decay, but kept on growing up into the point where the tube burned out. Later on he developed this into what is called a type of nuclear fusion, which was purely electronic in nature and didn't require any enormous magnets or any giant lasers [referring to the inertial electrostatic confinement of the Fusor]. Or as I like to say, he didn't have to brown out LA to produce such a small quantity of electrical energy that you could only see it with a neon bulb and a 100-stage photomultiplier tube.
Eric: Anymore questions?
Eric: The question is, "Have I built any practical devices to attain experimental results of Tesla's work?". The answer is definitely yes. I have a laboratory. I have one laboratory which I built at the Marconi wireless building in Bolinas, California, which was, of course, RCA's at the time...Which I diagrammed up on here as to what Marconi used to have in there. That is where I did most of my experimental researches, but the political situation was like dancing on white hot coals and I'm not very good at politics. Kind of the engineers point of view that politics is a parasitic energy and you kind of just shun it to the side, if you can.
Audience: *laughter* *applause*
Eric: I now have a laboratory which I'm building up at the Van Tassel Integratron, which I kind of been karmically lead to and allowed, by what some people refer to as astral entities or dark forces, to complete. I will get done. I'm going to give a public showing there for people with some level of engineering background to be able to understand and intellectually exchange with what they see and what's going on. And I've verified a number of Tesla's experiments there, particularly the development of Aether pressures that act like compressed air, and wireless power transmission by the actual delivering of Amperes into the ground with some reflecting backup just as he predicted; no energy loss. And also, I've been able to come up with algebraic expressions derived from experimental work as to exactly how do you design the transformer. This material is all available at the Borderland desk, the results of my work so far.
Eric: Right, I talked basically from this...What this is is I'm writing a book. It's called The Theory and Calculation of The Tesla Transformer. This is excerpts from that, and also it contains two articles that I wrote in the Borderland Journal. One giving a very descriptive and non-mathematical explanation of the rotating magnetic field, and the other one giving algebraic equations for calculating the top velocity that you encounter on a Tesla coil, which you'll find is not limited to the velocity of light but can propagate much faster. Is there any more questions? Ok. Thank you.
End Transcript
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Injustice: Year Four #10 review
Elena Carrillo
This issue follows two distinct storylines: Digital First 19 presents us with "Stupid Tartarus", which is the best title yet in Year Four. This half features Harley Quinn, Billy Batson, and Hippolyta as they attempt to escape from the Prison of the Damned. Digital First 20, "Retreat", returns us to Themyscira and that crashing wave that's taking its time destroying the island at Poseidon's hands.
And speaking of Poseidon: did you really think being eaten by a shark was going to be the end of him? He's a god. While this feels like it's missing a bit of a transition, I feel like it's time to trust that writer Brian Buccellato knows what he's doing here. At least in terms of working with these characters and their properties/personalities.
Gods in Their Glory
I feel like there was some editorial mandate somewhere in which it was dictated that Harley Quinn was becoming too soft and needed some edging-up because both this book and her own title (issue no. 20) feature a Harley hell-bent on chaos. She's always had a good bit of edge in Injustice, but this issue really ratchets it up several notches as she, Billy, and the queen fight their way out of Tartarus. There's a moment when Billy asks Harley why she didn't take the green pill before on their way down and Harley sort of shrugs. It's a moment of convenient storytelling, but given that its Harley, it's not entirely unbelievable.
Classic Harley roiling in guts and not copping to why everyone else is horrified
Some other great moments to look for:
Flash giving an assist on the evacuation.
Superman and Batman almost having something like a civil exchange. It's so brief don't blink or you'll miss it, but it's sure nice to see them talk to one another without seething.
Batwoman just being awesome as usual.
Superman gets his hat handed to him by Zeus. Always a pleasure here.
Bruno Redondo and Juan Albarran are on art duties and as usual the book looks great for it. I will quibble, however, with how much cut-and-paste there is in the city evacuation scene, however. Some of it is used to great cinematic effect, but could have been much strengthened by even small changes (like the flow of Batwoman's hair from panel to panel as Batman swoops in).
Gods Gone Wrong
The first half of the book is a lot of fun, but the major plot advancement is the acquisition of Ares' mother box. The acquisition of the box is no great feat of achievement, however. He basically drops it on the floor. Not exactly jockeying for greatest mastermind of evil in the cosmos, is he? It's a bit of buffoonery that doesn't really work and could have been easily fixed given they all make contact with him in the fight.
The second half of the book is more problematic all around. We begin with narration from Artemis setting up what's happening, but Artemis gets lost in the shuffle later on. Feel like it would have been a better place to use Catwoman or Batwoman (and probably the latter). If Buccellato had as least brought the beat full circle and given Artemis some closure, it would have worked. As-is, it just feels weirdly intrusive here.
Next, there's a wave that's already hit Themyscira and carried everyone at ground zero into its vortex. But somehow the city is still fleeing. Has no one working on this book seen an actual wave of this magnitude hit a city? Did no one watch The Impossible? You can't run from a wave like this. And if it's struck the city, which it appears to have done, the casualties should already be astronomical. And okay, the Batwomen were getting people organized to flee, but they are trying to evacuate an entire city through a narrow pass. I know Amazons are smart and capable, but a city-wide evacuation in literally minutes is pushing it. Also, Batman needs to blow the pass but they're not through, but kablam! and I guess they made it. I think we're supposed to get that Flash helped, but the way it's drawn is that he saves Batwoman and the other warriors. What happened to the remaining civilians? I don't know because even though the problem is introduced, it's not solved on the page. Presumably Flash saves them all? This kind of storytelling can work when the solution is obvious, but here it's just a little glossed over. Could be a problem of the art. The civilians are shown fleeing, leaving the guards (to do what? stand and watch the wave hit them?). I feel like they were going for epic, but it's just not great.
The other thing that happens storywise, is Zeus comes thundering down (literally) to eject Superman from the ballpark. Why he didn't do this earlier feels like another bit of convenient redundancy. It works, though, because circumstances have actually changed. We're traveling in a circle, but definitely on a new arc. I just hope Buccellato has built in enough momentum to fling us out of orbit in the next issue leading to the finale because right now the build up has gone on a bit longer than the current plot warrants.
We need to talk about Clark….
Recommended If…
You're in it to the finish!
You want to see possibly the biggest, baddest jail break from hell ever.
It's about time the gods took things into their own hands and the mortals started plotting together against them, regardless of affiliations.
I'm feeling a little frustrated with this title because even though it still has flashes of great art, fun character moments, and awesome action, it feels a little like it's lacking heart. Year Three also suffered from this, so I hope it's not a problem with Buccellato and that this Year will end with some serious emotional impact. Despite my frustration, I continue to have all faith, however, so I'm definitely still invested in the book.
Kikai Sentai Zenkaiger – Japanese Power Rangers 45th series
Dungeons & Dragons television series in the works
Ethan Hawke joins Moon Knight series for Disney Plus
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Wonder Woman 1984 takes third place at the box office
Sean P. Aune - January 17, 2021
In its fourth weekend at the U.S. box office, Wonder Woman 1984 took third place as the entire industry continues to struggle. Wonder Woman 1984...
Zack Snyder's Justice League returns to being a movie
Zack Snyder has confirmed that Zack Snyder's Justice League will be presented as a four-hour movie as opposed to a four-part miniseries as was...
David Ayer shares short, unreleased Suicide Squad clip
David Ayer has shared a short clip of an unused Joker scene from his original cut of Suicide Squad. What else might he have...
Diamond Select Batman Defiant Statue Review – That Cape, Though
Eric Frederiksen - January 17, 2021
As much as we know Batman for being a gymnast and a master martial artist, one of the most enduring images of the Dark...
HBO Max promotes day-and-date movie releases with new teaser
Wonder Woman 1984 was just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to Warner Bros. plans for films on HBO Max throughout 2021. In...
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Taleggio is a buttery, delicate, semi-soft Italian style cheese is subtly sweet with a rough crust.
The texture of the cheese is moist-to-oozy with a very pleasant melt-in-your-mouth feel.
The combination of the soft texture, pungent aroma, and buttery flavours has proven to be addictive especially when spread on fresh crusty bread or buttery croissant.
Taleggio is the cheese used to make Tartiflette, a French onion-and-potato bake.
Use it to make honey gammon with Taleggio Tartiflette.
Pick up your Taleggio from Woolworths stores.


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BoG's withdrawal of FX support: Most importers don't use official forex – Bright Simons
The Vice President of IMANI Africa, Bright Simons says the Bank of Ghana's forex ban for some imports will completely fail to stabilize the depreciation of the Cedi.
A tweet by Bright Simons indicated that the move will come to naught because "most importers don't use official forex."
The Bank of Ghana (BoG) has signalled that it will no longer provide FX support for imports of more than eight items imported into the country.
The items include rice, poultry, vegetable oil, toothpicks, pasta, fruit juice, bottled water, ceramic tiles and other non-critical goods.
"In accordance with the President's directive issued at his recent address to the nation on the Ghanaian economy, on October 30, 2022, BoG will no longer provide FX support for the imports of rice, poultry, vegetable oils, toothpicks, pasta, fruit juice, bottled water, ceramic tiles and other non-critical goods" BoG said in a statement.
The central bank withdrew the support this month as part of efforts to maximise the country's reserves while encouraging domestic production and the consumption of local substitutes.
But Simons observes Nigeria failed with such decision some 7 years ago when it implemented same, and fears this could largely be repeated in the case of Ghana.
"A general rule for predicting how Ghana evolves is that it lags Nigeria by ~7 years. After months of blaming speculators failed to stem the slide in the Cedi, Ghana will now resort to forex bans for some imports.
A. Most importers don't use official forex.
B. It failed in Nigeria"
In 2015, the central bank of Nigeria, as a way of salvaging the Naira and encouraging local manufacturers, placed an embargo on the importation of rice, furniture, soaps, toothpicks, cosmetics, cement, private jets, steel products, plastics and rubber, margarine, palm kernel/palm oil products/vegetables oils, meat and processed meat products, vegetables and processed vegetable products, poultry chicken, eggs, turkey and others.
The move was also brought about to save the country's foreign reserves, which had increased.
But the foreign exchange ban earlier placed on the importation of 41 items by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) was removed later.
Source: Ghana/Starrfm.com.gh/103.5
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The USA tech giant Microsoft says that hackers with ties to Russia, China and Iran are attempting to snoop on people and groups involved with the US 2020 presidential election.
Microsoft has published a blog-post on its official blog where the tech firm claimed that Microsoft has recently detected cyber-attacks targeting people and organizations involved in the upcoming presidential election, including unsuccessful attacks on people associated with both the Trump and Biden campaigns.
According to Microsoft:
Strontium, operating from Russia, has attacked more than 200 organizations including political campaigns, advocacy groups, parties and political consultants.
Zirconium, operating from China, has attacked high-profile individuals associated with the election, including people associated with the Joe Biden for President campaign and prominent leaders in the international affairs community.
Phosphorus, operating from Iran, has continued to attack the personal accounts of people associated with the Donald J. Trump for President campaign.
Microsoft assured that the majority of these attacks were detected and stopped by security tools built into the Microsoft products.
China-linked hacking group, Zirconium, has been accused of targeting "prominent individuals" in the USA's international affairs community, academic institutions and policy organisations.
Iran-linked group, Phosphorus, had attempted to access the accounts of White House officials and Mr Trump's campaign staff between May and June. But the attempts were said to be unsuccessful.
Trump campaign deputy press secretary Thea McDonald said: "We are a large target, so it is not surprising to see malicious activity directed at the campaign or our staff."
A Biden campaign official said: "We have known from the beginning of our campaign that we would be subject to such attacks and we are prepared for them."
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PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HIGHLY PHOTOACTIVE COATINGS ON GLASS SUPPORTS FOR DEGRADATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL SUBSTANCE PARACETAMOL IN WATER
Lidija Sinovčić, 2016, master's thesis
Abstract: Pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment are considered as emerging environmental contaminants due to their constant presence, evironmental resistance and toxic effect they could have on aquatic organisms. Studies for Slovenia have shown the presence of pharmaceutical substances in waters to be comparable with published results of pharmaceutical water pollution in Europe. As conventional methods do not reach efficient pharmaceutical removal from water sources, more powerful and effective methods like heterogeneous photocatalysis using TiO2/UV have been implemented. Titanium dioxide coatings in silicate binder were prepared by the sol-gel process and deposited on a glass support with dip-coating technique. The films showed good quality and possibility of multiple use. The characterization of the films was performed with scanning electron microscope (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and hardness test (Elcometer 501 Pencil Hardness Tester). Effectiveness and quality of prepared TiO2 coatings for photodegradation of pharmaceutical compound paracetamol (PCT) were assessed during photocatalytic treatment and compared to photolysis, a process without presence of a catalyst. Photolysis caused substantial changes in paracetamol concentration between 120 and 180 minutes of irradiation where 92% of degradation was achieved, but with no changes in mineralization. Photocatalytic treatment was much faster and effective where 95% of paracetamol degraded within 90 minutes of UV irradiation and after prolonged irradiation time from 120 to 240 minutes also mineralization of paracetamol solution increased from 59% to 83%. Accordingly, toxicity decreased, but it was still not lower than in the starting PCT solution as it was shown by acute toxicity test on Daphnia magna aquatic organisms. The master thesis represents a step forward in studying photocatalytic removal of paracetamol from water, because to my knowledge all the published investigations on this pharmaceutical up to now include photocatalyst mostly in powder and not in immobilized form, which is more advantageous from application point of view.
Summary of found: ...pharmaceutical compound paracetamol (PCT) were assessed during photocatalytic treatment and compared to photolysis, a process...
Keywords: Pharmaceuticals, paracetamol, titanium dioxide, photocatalytic degradation, Daphnia magna.
Fulltext (2,50 MB)
Photocatalytic properties of metal modified TiO2 by photothermal techniques
Mladen Franko, Dorota Korte, Urška Lavrenčič Štangar, Olena Pliekhova, Humberto Cabrera, Zeinab Ebrahimpour, 2018, published scientific conference contribution abstract
Summary of found: ...eflection spectroscopy, Dye remediation, Photothermal technique, Photocatalytic degradation, Reactive Blue 19, TiO2 modification...
Keywords: Thermal lens spectrometry, Photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy, Dye remediation, Photothermal technique, Photocatalytic degradation, Reactive Blue 19, TiO2 modification
Published: 09.11.2018; Views: 1925; Downloads: 0
Fulltext (208,76 KB)
Chemical (in)stability of interfaces between different metals and Bi[sub]2Se[sub]3 topological insulator
Sandra Gardonio, Matjaž Valant, Katja Ferfolja, Mattia Fanetti, 2018, published scientific conference contribution abstract
Abstract: In recent years a classification of materials based on their topological order gained popularity due to the discovery of materials with special topological character – topological insulators (TI). TI have different band structure than regular insulators or conductors. They are characterized by a band gap in the bulk of the material, but at the surface they possess conductive topological surface states (TSS) that cross the Fermi level. TSS are a consequence of the non-trivial bulk band structure and have properties that differ from ordinary surface states. They are robust toward contamination and deformation of the surface. Additionally, they are also spin polarized, which means that an electron spin is locked to a crystal momentum and, therefore, backscattering during transport is suppressed [1]. Due to their specific properties the TI could be used in fields of spintronics, quantum computing and catalysis [2]. The investigation of the interfaces between metals and the TI has not been given much attention even though its characterization is interesting from fundamental physics and applicative point of view. (In)stability of the contacts with metal electrodes, in a form of a chemical reaction or diffusion, has to be taken into account since it can affect the transport properties of the material or increase the contact resistance. Our research is dedicated to the study of the metal/TI interfaces, in particular to Bi2Se3 with deposited metals that are relevant for electrical contacts (Au, Ag, Pt, Cr, Ti). The thermal and chemical stability of the interfaces are of fundamental importance for understanding the contact behavior, therefore, we focused our work to the characterization of these properties. The metal/TI interfaces are investigated mainly with an electron microscopy (SEM, TEM, STM), EDX microanalysis and XRD. Our previous studies showed that the interface between Bi2Se3, and Ag deposited either chemically or from a vapor phase, results in the formation of new phases already at room temperature [3]. On the contrary, Au deposited on the Bi2Se3 surface shows very limited reactivity and is stable at RT, but diffusion and coalescence of the metal are observed starting from 100 °C [4]. In this contribution, we will present further characterization on the evolution of the Ag/Bi2Se3 and Au/Bi2Se3 interfaces, show preliminary results about recently investigated systems (Pt/Bi2Se3, Ti/Bi2Se3) and compare the thermal and chemical stability of the systems under investigation.
Summary of found: ...beam deflection spectroscopy, dye remediation, photothermal technique, photocatalytic degradation, reactive blue 19, TiO2 modification...
Published: 20.08.2021; Views: 429; Downloads: 0


Berry Diaries: My Wardrobe Detox and a Giveaway!
Is a phrase that I've heard a few times over the past few years, but never really appreciated until recently.
I think that most of this realisation has come from having the administrative part of my business based from home. And quite often lately, feeling overwhelmed by all that I need to get done.
A few weeks ago, I went on a tidying rampage. And I don't mean a surface tidy. I'm talking refiling those papers from a lecture I attended once and might need one day....and creating a pile of books for the charity store.
I totally ordered and cleansed my desk, files, shelves and the growing pile of old magazines under the coffee table.
And it felt and still feels amazing.
Next I knew that my wardrobe needed a thorough cleanse. I try and do this every few months, but to be honest I've known for a while that some drastic action was required.
And then in the way that life so often works out, I got an email from my friend Claire.
Claire has recently started Style Ambition- a personal styling business, and she offered to come and help me go through my wardrobe.
A few days later Claire came over.
Before our session, she got me to fill out a form, asking various questions about my daily life, style icons and what I feel my best and worst body features are. She also asked what my budget was for shopping, my dress sizes and what shops I frequent the most.
Armed with her little bag of scissors, needle and thread, for any on the spot jobs, we got to work.
It turns out I'm an "Hour Glass Pear."
I know. Pete thinks its hilarious too.
But it also means there a few things that I've been doing very wrong over the past 29 years.
Claire made me try on every item in my wardrobe.
And other than my gym clothes-she scrutinised every piece.
Initially I recoiled a little as she encouraged me to add more and more to my throw away pile.
But I soon eased into it.
Turns out you don't need so many of the ok fitting jeans, nor coloured knitwear that after a few rounds in the washing machine look a little tired.
It also turns out that the long tops that I love because I feel they 'hide' my hips, actually draw more attention to them and they cut me at my widest point. I need to wear slightly shorter tops with higher waisted trousers. I also need tops that are wider across the shoulders to balance my hips. And I am never ever ever allowed to wear flared trousers as these make my hips look wider than they already are.
There were of a course a few items that or various sentimental or financial reasons I didn't want to throw out. Claire then made me try various combinations of items until we found a way for me to wear the item in the best way possible.
3 hours later, I was exhausted and I had two massive bin bags of clothes for our lovely cleaner to send home to her family in the Phillipines.
Claire however, was still full of energy.
I needed something to wear to Henley that covered my knees.
And my wardrobe hadn't revealed a thing.
The following day I met Claire in the Wimbledon Village, where she had selected a few options in my size and had them hanging in the changing room when I arrived.
How is that for service?
And I LOVE the blue dress that she selected for me.
This runs until the 15 September 2013.
A wardrobe consult that is usually £150, you can get for £75.
A shopping day with Claire, according to your budget, is usually £250, but you can get it for £125.
The wardrobe consult and shopping experience are usually £350 together, but you can get it for £175.
And if you want to go all in for a full make over, instead of being £500, you can get it for £250.
And you could win this for free!
I was so impressed by the advice that Claire gave me, that she is offering two of you lovely London based readers the choice of a wardrobe consult or shopping experience!
To enter, like StyleAmbition on Facebook.
Leave a comment below here or on the Berry Diaries Facebook page, or tweet @Berrydiaries saying you have done the above and you could be the lucky winner!
Winner will be announced next Friday the 2nd of August.


Hello, guys as you know the security is must in this era whether the indoor or outdoor area of your house or any kind of property and If you are searching for a best waterproof CCTV camera under 4000 Rs in India so, you are at the right place.
As I explained about indoor CCTV cameras in a previous post best CCTV camera under 5000 for home use and here I am going to tell you the best waterproof CCTV camera under 4000 ₹ for outdoor security in India.
These security surveillance cameras for outdoor comes in a well-built material, High definition picture quality with the waterproof and WiFi feature, so you can connect your camera direct from WiFi connection for easy access.
These are the smarter best CCTV camera for outdoor security because you can watch live videos on your smartphone and also talk to your parents and kids as well and record the moment in SD card, these camera comes with Micro SD card slot and supports a huge range of capacity.
The Outdoor IP camera comes with a 1.0MP sensor that can easily capture high-quality video and the design is normally used for outdoor surveillance of factory, Home and where ever you want to apply.
The outdoor security CCTV camera comes with an SD card slot so, you can insert an SD card for more storage, and also the camera comes with the zoom in and out technology that will help to see the larger image of objects if you want.
Support up to 64GB Micro SD card.
The CCTV camera comes with 720p HD resolution for a great quality of video and pictures, and remember this is about the best waterproof camera under 4000 ₹ and this is the waterproof IP camera with WiFi connectivity.
You will get the notification on your device with the picture of the person because it has motion detection technology that is a must feature for security cameras that will send the notification on your smartphone while any suspicious activity, and also comes with night-vision features and hidden LED lights for clear recording at night time.
Don't worry about storage because of the IP camera has an SD card slot and you can apply an up to 128 GB micro SD card for huge storage.
This Wifi IP camera is mainly designed for personal surveillance and sensor of the camera is optimized for mobile views, and as you know guys that IP camera requires WiFi connectivity for recording videos because this is a wireless camera.
The outdoor CCTV camera comes with Android and IOS app for communication and you can manage the camera via mobile from anywhere in the world, and also watch the live videos of the surveillance area.
The camera has an SD card slot for storage expansion and you can insert an up to 128 GB micro SD card for more storage, you will get notifications with the image of a person because the CCTV camera comes with the motion detection technology.
The security CCTV camera has night vision technology with the hidden LED lights that can help in recording videos in the darker area.
The Waterproof CCTV security camera comes with the 1 MP sensor and this camera records good quality of videos and comes with the night vision feature that can help to record at the darker area.
The outdoor security camera records 720p resolutions videos with the frame rate of 25fps and gives the clear files, the camera is not a Wireless camera so at this price the deal is a value of money.
This is the best waterproof CCTV camera under 1000 Rupees, and at this price, the camera gives ultimate build and picture quality.
With the help of this Wireless IP Camera, you can watch live videos of your house and also do live chat from anywhere on your smart mobile, just imagine live checking at your office and home without any wire with the help of WiFi connection, that's so cool.
The camera comes with the IP66 waterproof & weatherproof technology, that Keeps the camera protected from dust and water, so the security camera easily works in the rainy season and dust area as well.
The Security surveillance camera comes with the 1.3 MP sensor that is cool enough for recording clear and crisp 720P resolution video and you can watch live the quality value videos on your smartphone or tablet.
Supports up to 64 GB micro SD card and it will fully fill the storage in about 40 days that's also a great feature for a CCTV camera.
At wherever you are you will get the notifications with pictures of suspicious activity because the CCTV security camera comes with the motion detection technology.
Conclusion – These are the best waterproof CCTV camera under 4000 Rs for outdoor security, and they all are capable to capture 720P HD resolution video and comes with the waterproof trademark, that can help in recording in the rainy season and also protects from dust.


Girlings offices in Ashford are just on the edge of the town centre and a short walk from Ashford International Station, with it being a typical Winters day we made use of the weather and utilise some umbrellas for a profile image which will feature in the Lawful company newsletter. I also covered a couple of days photography towards the end of last year where we had access to the International station departure lounges, this showed a different backdrop and allows the company to have access to their own unique images rather then relying on stock imagery.
The additional images were taken in Ashford International Hotel, a really modern looking foyer area gave some vibrant backdrops for the Solicitors to engage, these will be sued across various platforms, online, print and leaflets that will be displayed in the Girlings offices across Kent.