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Colombia: motorcycle import share 2017, by country of origin
Leading countries of origin of motorcycles imported into Colombia in 1st quarter 2017
by Stéphanie Chevalier, last edited Sep 5, 2018
This statistic displays the leading countries of origin of motorcycles imported into Colombia in 1st quarter 2017. In that period, 47 percent of imported motorcycles in Colombia came from India, followed by China with 35 percent.
Import share
Brands of motorcycle sold in the United Kingdom (UK) 2014-2018
Number of motorcycles and cars registered in Great Britain (UK) 2000-2018
Monthly Triumph motorcycle registrations in the United Kingdom (UK) 2014-2019
Motorcycle MOT: reasons for failure in Great Britain (UK) 2007-2018
Statistics on "Motorcycle industry in the United Kingdom"
Motorcycle brands
Motorcycle types
Motorcycle engines
Motorcycle riding
Number of motorcycles and cars registered in Great Britain (UK) between 2000 and 2018 (in 1,000 units)*Number of motorcycles and cars registered in Great Britain (UK) 2000-2018
Number of enterprises manufacturing motorcycles in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2008 to 2016*Enterprises manufacturing motorcycles in the United Kingdom (UK) 2008-2016
Quarterly expenditure on motorcycles in the United Kingdom (UK) from 1st quarter 2011 to 3rd quarter 2018, based on volume* (in million GBP)Motorcycle purchase trend in the United Kingdom (UK) 2011-2018
Consumer price index (CPI) of motorcycle and bicycle purchases annually in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2007 to 2018Motorcycle and bicycle purchases consumer price index (CPI) in the UK 2007-2018
Number of motorcycles sold in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2014 to 2018, by motorcycle brandBrands of motorcycle sold in the United Kingdom (UK) 2014-2018
Honda motorcycle monthly sales in the United Kingdom (UK) from January 2016 to January 2019Monthly Honda motorcycle sales in the United Kingdom (UK) 2016-2019
Yamaha motorcycle numbers monthly sales in the United Kingdom (UK) from January 2016 to January 2019Monthly Yamaha motorcycle sales in the United Kingdom (UK) 2016-2019
Piaggio motorcycle monthly sales in the United Kingdom (UK) from January 2016 to November 2018Monthly Piaggio motorcycle sales in the United Kingdom (UK) 2016-2018
Triumph motorcycle monthly registrations in the United Kingdom (UK) from October 2014 to January 2019Monthly Triumph motorcycle registrations in the United Kingdom (UK) 2014-2019
Harley-Davidson motorcycle monthly sales in the United Kingdom (UK) from January 2016 to May 2019Monthly Harley-Davidson motorcycle sales in the United Kingdom (UK) 2016-2019
Number of Honda registered motorcycles in Great Britain (UK) from 2000 to 2017Honda bikes registered in Great Britain (UK) 2000-2017
Number of Yamaha registered motorcycles in Great Britain (UK) from 2000 to 2017Yamaha bikes registered in Great Britain (UK) 2000-2017
Yamaha YZF R1 registered motorcycle numbers in Great Britain (UK) from 2000 to 2017Number of registered Yamaha YZF R1 bikes in Great Britain (UK) 2000-2017
Yamaha YBR 125 registered motorcycle numbers in Great Britain (UK) from 2005 to 2017Number of registered Yamaha YBR 125 bikes in Great Britain (UK) 2005-2017
Triumph Tiger registered motorcycle numbers in Great Britain (UK) from 2000 to 2017Number of registered Triumph Tiger bikes in Great Britain (UK) 2000-2017
BMW R 1200 GS registered motorcycle numbers in Great Britain (UK) between 2004 and 2014Number of registered BMW R 1200 GS bikes in Great Britain (UK) 2004-2014
Number of motorcycles sold in the United Kingdom (UK) between 2014 and 2018, by motorcycle typeTypes of motorcycle sold in the United Kingdom (UK) 2014-2018
Naked motorcycle monthly sales in the United Kingdom from January 2016 to January 2019Monthly naked motorcycle sales in the United Kingdom (UK) 2016-2019
Scooter motorcycle monthly sales in the United Kingdom from January 2016 to January 2019Monthly scooter motorcycle sales in the United Kingdom (UK) 2016-2019
Monthly sales of adventure sport motorcycle in the United Kingdom from January 2016 to January 2019Monthly adventure sport motorcycle sales in the United Kingdom (UK) 2016-2019
Supersport motorcycle monthly sales in the United Kingdom (UK) from January 2016 to January 2019Monthly supersport motorcycle sales in the United Kingdom (UK) 2016-2019
Monthly number of mopeds and scooter mopeds sold in the United Kingdom from May 2014 to January 2019Monthly number of mopeds sold in the United Kingdom (UK) 2014-2019
Licensed motorcycle numbers in the United Kingdom in 2018, by engine size (in 1,000 units)Number of motorcycles by engine size in the United Kingdom 2018
Number of motorcycles sold in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2014 to 2018, by engine sizeMotorcycle sold in the United Kingdom (UK) 2014-2018 by engine size
51-125cc motorcycle engine monthly sales in the United Kingdom (UK) from January 2016 to January 2019Monthly 51-125cc engine motorcycle sales in the United Kingdom (UK) 2016-2019
651-1000cc motorcycle engine monthly sales in the United Kingdom from January 2016 to January 2019Monthly 651-1000cc engine motorcycle sales in the United Kingdom (UK) 2016-2019
Motorcycle engine size average capacity in Great Britain from 1994 to 2018 (in cubic centimeters)Average size of motorcycles engines in Great Britain 1994-2018
Distribution of licensed ultra-low emission motorcycles and tricycles in the United Kingdom (UK) at the end of the 4th quarter 2018, by region Registered ultra-low emission motorcycles in the UK 2018
Number of licensed motorcycle distributed across Great Britain (UK) in 2017, by region and home country (in 1,000 units)Number of licensed motorcycles per region in Great Britain (UK) 2017, by region
Number of motorcycle riders killed or seriously injured in road accidents in Great Britain (UK) in 2017, by ageMotorcyclists killed and seriously injured in Great Britain (UK) 2017, by age
Number of emergency admissions of injured motorcycle riders in Scotland in 2017/18, by genderMotorcyclists: emergency admissions in Scotland in 2017/18, by age and gender
Number of motorcycle road practical tests conducted in Great Britain (UK) from 2016 to 2018, by age groupMotorcycle road practical tests taken in Great Britain (UK) 2017/18
Pass rates for practical motorcycle road tests in Great Britain (UK) in 2015 to 2018, by age groupMotorcycle practical road test pass rates in Great Britain (UK) 2017/2018
Reasons for motorcycles failing their MOT tests in Great Britain between 2007/2008 and 2017/2018Motorcycle MOT: reasons for failure in Great Britain (UK) 2007-2018
Colombia: number of motorcycles produced 2010-2016
Italy: number of Kawasaki motorcycles registered 2013-2018
Projected global motorcycle market size 2018/2026
Italy: number of Moto Guzzi motorcycles registered 2013-2018
Italy: number of Husqvarna motorcycles registered 2013-2018
Share of motorcycle exports from Japan to Latin America 2008-2017
Share of motorcycle exports from Japan to Oceania 2008-2017
Share of motorcycle exports from Japan to Asia 2008-2017
Italy: number of MV Agusta motorcycles registered 2013-2018
Class 1 motor-driven bikes demand volume in Japan FY 2015-2018
Share of motorcycle exports from Japan to the U.S. 2008-2017
Number of registered motorcycle licenses in the Netherlands 2016-2018, by age
Italy: number of KTM motorcycles registered 2013-2018
Italy: number of Aprilia motorcycles registered 2013-2018
Share of motorcycle exports from Japan to the EU 2008-2017
Share of two wheelers in operation in India 1981-2016
Number of registered motorcycle licenses in the Netherlands 2014-2018
Share of motorcycle exports from Japan to Africa 2008-2017
Motorcycle Industry in the U.S.
Bicycle Industry in the U.S.
Motorcycle industry China
Motorcycles in the U.S.
Motorcycle industry in the United Kingdom
Anuário da Indústria Brasileira de Duas Rodas 2018
Traffic Safety Facts 2013. Motorcycles
Motorcycle industry in Colombia
Motorcycle Industry in China
Bajaj Auto Limited - 12th Annual Report 2018-19
Polaris Industries Inc. 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K
Harley-Davidson 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K
Number of motorcycles and cars registered in Great Britain (UK) between 2000 and 2018 (in 1,000 units)*
Number of enterprises manufacturing motorcycles in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2008 to 2016*
Quarterly expenditure on motorcycles in the United Kingdom (UK) from 1st quarter 2011 to 3rd quarter 2018, based on volume* (in million GBP)
Consumer price index (CPI) of motorcycle and bicycle purchases annually in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2007 to 2018
Number of motorcycles sold in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2014 to 2018, by motorcycle brand
Honda motorcycle monthly sales in the United Kingdom (UK) from January 2016 to January 2019
Yamaha motorcycle numbers monthly sales in the United Kingdom (UK) from January 2016 to January 2019
Piaggio motorcycle monthly sales in the United Kingdom (UK) from January 2016 to November 2018
Triumph motorcycle monthly registrations in the United Kingdom (UK) from October 2014 to January 2019
Harley-Davidson motorcycle monthly sales in the United Kingdom (UK) from January 2016 to May 2019
Number of Honda registered motorcycles in Great Britain (UK) from 2000 to 2017
Number of Yamaha registered motorcycles in Great Britain (UK) from 2000 to 2017
Triumph registered motorcycle numbers in Great Britain (UK) between 2000 and 2017
Harley-Davidson registered motorcycle numbers in Great Britain (UK) from 2000 to 2018*
Suzuki registered motorcycle numbers in Great Britain (UK) between 2000 and 2017
Yamaha YZF R1 registered motorcycle numbers in Great Britain (UK) from 2000 to 2017
Yamaha YBR 125 registered motorcycle numbers in Great Britain (UK) from 2005 to 2017
Triumph Tiger registered motorcycle numbers in Great Britain (UK) from 2000 to 2017
BMW R 1200 GS registered motorcycle numbers in Great Britain (UK) between 2004 and 2014
Number of motorcycles sold in the United Kingdom (UK) between 2014 and 2018, by motorcycle type
Naked motorcycle monthly sales in the United Kingdom from January 2016 to January 2019
Scooter motorcycle monthly sales in the United Kingdom from January 2016 to January 2019
Monthly sales of adventure sport motorcycle in the United Kingdom from January 2016 to January 2019
Supersport motorcycle monthly sales in the United Kingdom (UK) from January 2016 to January 2019
Monthly number of mopeds and scooter mopeds sold in the United Kingdom from May 2014 to January 2019
Licensed motorcycle numbers in the United Kingdom in 2018, by engine size (in 1,000 units)
Number of motorcycles sold in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2014 to 2018, by engine size
51-125cc motorcycle engine monthly sales in the United Kingdom (UK) from January 2016 to January 2019
651-1000cc motorcycle engine monthly sales in the United Kingdom from January 2016 to January 2019
Motorcycle engine size average capacity in Great Britain from 1994 to 2018 (in cubic centimeters)
Distribution of licensed ultra-low emission motorcycles and tricycles in the United Kingdom (UK) at the end of the 4th quarter 2018, by region
Number of licensed motorcycle distributed across Great Britain (UK) in 2017, by region and home country (in 1,000 units)
Number of motorcycle riders killed or seriously injured in road accidents in Great Britain (UK) in 2017, by age
Number of emergency admissions of injured motorcycle riders in Scotland in 2017/18, by gender
Number of motorcycle road practical tests conducted in Great Britain (UK) from 2016 to 2018, by age group
Pass rates for practical motorcycle road tests in Great Britain (UK) in 2015 to 2018, by age group
Reasons for motorcycles failing their MOT tests in Great Britain between 2007/2008 and 2017/2018
Number of motorcycles produced in Colombia from 2010 to 2016 (in 1,000 units)
Number of Kawasaki motorcycles registered in Italy from 2013 to 2018 (in units)
Projected global motorcycle market size in 2018 and 2026 (in million U.S. dollars)
Number of Moto Guzzi motorcycles registered in Italy from 2013 to 2018 (in units)
Number of Husqvarna motorcycles registered in Italy from 2013 to 2018 (in units)
Share of the motorcycle export volume from Japan to South and Central America from 2008 to 2017
Share of the motorcycle export volume from Japan to Oceania from 2008 to 2017
Share of the motorcycle export volume from Japan to Asia from 2008 to 2017
Number of MV Agusta motorcycles registered in Italy from 2013 to 2018 (in units)
Domestic demand volume of class 1 motor-driven cycles in Japan from fiscal year 2015 to 2018 (in 1,000 units)
Share of the motorcycle export volume from Japan to the United States from 2008 to 2017
Number of registered motorcycle (driving) licenses in the Netherlands from 2016 to 2018, by age
Number of KTM motorcycles registered in Italy from 2013 to 2018 (in units)
Number of Aprilia motorcycles registered in Italy from 2013 to 2018 (in units)
Share of the motorcycle export volume from Japan to the European Union from 2008 to 2017
Two-wheelers as a percentage of vehicles in operation in India from 1981 to 2016
Number of registered motorcycle (driving) licenses in the Netherlands from 2014 to 2018
Share of the motorcycle export volume from Japan to Africa from 2008 to 2017


The Thunder may not be in the NBA Finals, but OKC's GE project win is just beginning to reverberate.
GE's first-ever Global Research Center dedicated to Oil & Gas technology, located near downtown Oklahoma City, will create 130 high-tech jobs and is expected to have a direct and indirect economic impact of $13 million on the state and local economies. GE has invested approximately $14 billion in its Oil & Gas business globally since 2007.
E Oil & Gas on May 12 announced a new Technology Collaboration Agreement with Devon Energy Corp. to accelerate the development and testing of products in the field to enhance the performance and economics of unconventional oil and gas projects. Under the alliance, GE will collaborate with Devon on driving technology advancements for artificial lift systems used for increasing the flow of liquids from production wells, advanced drilling technologies and water treatment solutions.
The announcement took place at a groundbreaking ceremony for GE's new Global Research Center (GRC) in Oklahoma City, a hub for global oil & gas innovation and field testing of products to determine commercial viability. The site was selected in December for the $125-million, 130-job project, after GE had announced Oklahoma as its chosen state in April 2013.
Scheduled to open next year, the Center is part of GE's three-year effort to triple R&D investment in the oil and gas industry. Focused on accelerating mid- to later-stage oil and gas technologies, the Oklahoma Center will capitalize on its close proximity to GE customers and to an important oil-and-gas-producing region. The Center will focus on solutions related to production systems, well construction, water use optimization, CO2 solutions and energy systems.
Following the announcement of a broad-ranging Chevron GE Technology Alliance in February, GE has recently announced a technology collaboration agreement with PEMEX as well.
GE says its new Oil & Gas Technology Center will attract oil & gas industry influencers from all around the globe and also serve as a focal point for building new working relationships with the State's university network, including the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, University of Tulsa and Oklahoma City University.
"Over the past three years, we have worked hard to create more jobs and opportunities for Oklahoma families by strengthening our state's economy," said Oklahoma Gov. Mary Fallin. "We've also worked to enhance Oklahoma's reputation as a national leader in energy production and energy-related research. The addition of GE's new Oil and Gas Technology Center in downtown Oklahoma City is a major victory in that effort.
With the high-tech jobs GE is creating at the new Center and its ability to attract customers from around the globe, the total direct and indirect economic impact on the state and local economies is estimated to be at least $13 million annually. To date, 25 employees have been hired, with a similar number of job postings waiting to be filled.
Construction on the more than 100,000-sq.-ft. (9,290-sq.-m.) facility is under way. Miles Associates, a local architectural and design firm in Oklahoma City, is leading the design. Flintco, also based in Oklahoma City, is leading the construction. In the interim, GE is leasing temporary office space in the City Place Tower in downtown Oklahoma City.


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New York City's Chinatown is a great place to visit, and the fourth most visited neighborhood in Manhattan. It has a rich history, delicious food, and unique culture. Not only do I love going there myself, but I also love recommending it to others who are...
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The Hottest December Food Pop-ups in New York City
From a Singaporean restaurant at an East Village bakery to a former Bessou chef at a Lower East Side Vietnamese spot Pop-ups have long thrived in NYC, but over the past couple of years, they've become an integral part of the dining scene. These...
The Best Places to Get a Hot Dog in NYC
With Summertime about to be in full swing, one of the most popular foods in New York City tends to be a simple one – the hotdog. Hotdogs can be a great snack to munch on as you walk the streets of New York or when you're watching a baseball game, and...
Three of the Best Restaurants in Manhattan
Manhattan is one-fifth of the bustling New York City, but it's overflowing with potential. From entertainment to shopping to job opportunities, people flock to the city's streets by the dozens looking for a taste of that classic New York life. One way people—both...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
新闻时讯
中文-CN
Scientists develop jet fuel powered heat exchangers using 3d printing technology
3D Printing the Perfect Sprinkler
Texas researchers develop new bioink specifically for 3d bioprinting blood vessels
Researchers at RMIT University, Australia, have developed a set of next-generation 3D printed cooling devices that could be the key to solving one of hypersonic flight's biggest issues.
The 3D printed catalysts, as they're called, are essentially metal heat exchangers coated in synthetic minerals known as zeolites. They're cost-efficient to print and easy to scale, and use jet fuel as a coolant to control the temperature of their surroundings. The research team believes the advancement could potentially solve the problem of overheating in high-temperature applications such as hypersonic flight.
Dr Selvakannan Periasamy, the lead researcher of the study, said, "Our lab tests show the 3D printed catalysts we've developed have great promise for fuelling the future of hypersonic flight. Powerful and efficient, they offer an exciting potential solution for thermal management in aviation – and beyond. With further development, we hope this new generation of ultra-efficient 3D printed catalysts could be used to transform any industrial process where overheating is an ever-present challenge."
A range of experimental designs for the 3D printed catalysts. Photo via RMIT University.
The issue of temperature control
Hypersonic flight is defined as a speed of above Mach 5 (five times the speed of sound), or 6,500 km per hour. Running at maximum velocity, a hypersonic aircraft could theoretically travel from Europe to Australia in under three hours. Unfortunately, only a select number of experimental aircraft have ever reached Mach 5, as there are several engineering challenges that make it incredibly difficult. One of the biggest hurdles is in keeping the plane cool, as traveling at such speeds generates extreme heat.
According to co-author Roxanne Hubesch, repurposing fuel as a coolant is one of the most promising methods of treating the overheating issue.
She adds, "Fuels that can absorb heat while powering an aircraft are a key focus for scientists, but this idea relies on heat-consuming chemical reactions that need highly efficient catalysts."
Due to the size and mass constraints of hypersonic aircraft components, the catalysts need to be as small as possible. As such, the team used SLM 3D printing to manufacture their heat exchangers and coated them with zeolites, turning them into the final usable catalysts.
Developed as part of NASA's Hyper-X program, the X-43A hypersonic research vehicle reached speeds above Mach 9.6 in 2004. Image via NASA.
A small-scale chemical reactor
So how do the catalysts actually work? When the 3D printed structures are exposed to heat, some of the base metal material moves into the zeolite coating. This is what enables the endothermic (heat-absorbing) reaction in the fuel flowing through the printed structure, cooling the surroundings in the process. When testing the functionality of their printed catalysts in a lab with simulated temperatures and pressures, the researchers found them to have 'unprecedented efficiency'.
"Our 3D printed catalysts are like miniature chemical reactors and what makes them so incredibly effective is that mix of metal and synthetic minerals," Hubesch explains. "It's an exciting new direction for catalysis, but we need more research to fully understand this process and identify the best combination of metal alloys for the greatest impact."
As far as future work goes, the RMIT team intends to optimize the 3D printed catalysts with the use of X-ray synchrotron techniques and other advanced analysis methods. The hopes are that the potential applications of the technology can be expanded to air pollution control for vehicles and air quality devices for indoor spaces.
Suresh Bhargava, Director of RMIT's Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry, said, "This third generation of catalysis can be linked with 3D printing to create new complex designs that were previously not possible. Our new 3D printed catalysts represent a radical new approach that has real potential to revolutionise the future of catalysis around the world."
Further details of the study can be found in the paper titled 'Zeolites on 3D-printed open metal framework structure: metal migration into zeolite promoted catalytic cracking of endothermic fuels for flight vehicles'. It is co-authored by Suresh Bhargava, Roxanne Hubesch, Selvakannan Periasamy, et al.
Active cooling: a 3D printing application
One of the more niche applications of 3D printing technology is active cooling devices. Just last month, a team of U.S. researchers used 3D printing to create a novel, highly configurable metamaterial with modifiable thermal and electromagnetic properties. The reconfigurability of the metamaterial makes it multifunctional, with potential applications in active cooling for microprocessors, aircraft, and buildings.
Elsewhere, 3D printer manufacturer 3D Systems has previously partnered with the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, to 3D print cooling components for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Specifically, the partners used the DMP Flex 350 PBF system to print a set of custom titanium cool-bars for use in particle detection experiments – components that would otherwise be impossible to manufacture.
Subscribe to the 3D Printing Industry newsletter for the latest news in additive manufacturing. You can also stay connected by following us on Twitter, liking us on Facebook, and tuning into the 3D Printing Industry YouTube Channel.
Looking for a career in additive manufacturing? Visit 3D Printing Jobs for a selection of roles in the industry.
Featured image shows a range of experimental designs for the 3D printed catalysts. Photo via RMIT University.
Editor's Note: This article is originally appeared on 3DPrintingIndustry.com by Kubi Sertoglu
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Brought to you by GRABAGUN.
On January 16, 2016, Dylan Dorris , a 23 year-old deputy with the Bastrop County Sheriff department in Texas, responded to a report of a man driving erratically with one of his children in the vehicle.
When officer Dorris attempted to stop the man, who was later identified as Kenton Desean Fryer, he fled in his vehicle to a nearby gas station. Officer Dorris pursued and attempted to arrest Fryer but he resisted and a fight ensued.
According to the Statesman, dispatchers knew there was a struggle but were not able to get a hold of officer Dorris, fearing the worst.
Unfortunately, Doris's fighting wasn't enough to save his live; it took the help of one local Marine who had served two tours in Iraq. Scott Perkins was able to stop Fryer from reaching officer Doris's firearm by pointing his own conceal and carry pistol at Fryer.
This article was brought to you by GRABAGUN.


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15350 Naganuma, provisional designation , is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately  in diameter. It was discovered on 3 November 1994, by Japanese astronomers Yoshio Kushida and Osamu Muramatsu at the Yatsugatake South Base Observatory. The likely S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 2.5 hours. It was named for the town of Naganuma in northern Japan.

Orbit and classification

Naganuma is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.7–3.0 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,343 days; semi-major axis of 2.38 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at the Yatsugatake South Base Observatory in November 1994.

Naming

This minor planet was named after the town of Naganuma, located on the island of Hokkaido in northern Japan, where the "Artists Atelier Village" was promoted for many years with more than 20 workshops. The official  was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 October 2000 ().

Physical characteristics

Naganuma is an assumed S-type asteroid, which agrees with its determined geometric albedo (see below).

Rotation period

In November 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Naganuma was obtained from photometric observations by Donald Pray at the Carbuncle Hill Observatory  on Rhode Island, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of  hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (). Concurring periods of 2.58348, 2.5835 and 2.587 hours were also determined by Vladimir Benishek at Sopot Astronomical Observatory  and Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory ().

Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), Naganuma measures 4.36 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo if 0.256. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE-albedo of 0.20 and calculates diameter of 4.34 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.16.

Notes

References

External links
 Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
 Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (15001)-(20000) – Minor Planet Center

015350
Discoveries by Yoshio Kushida
Discoveries by Osamu Muramatsu
Named minor planets
19941103

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Whether it's being built to frame a classic oil painting, or a drawing made by one of your kids, the craftspeople in our Bedford frame workshop are committed to making sure that the frame your picture sits in is built with the utmost skill, and to the very highest level of quality.
At Zanart Gallery & Framing we have been manufacturing picture frames and mounts for over a quarter of a century. We have moved the home of our manufacturing workshop as necessary over the years, and now operate out of a 5000 sq ft factory in Railton Road, Kempston, Bedford.
The workshop is fully kitted out with the latest state-of-the-art framing machinery, ensuring that we provide the highest quality products at the best price possible. Most of the frames we build are cut with the latest AlfaAutomation double mitre saw that automatically measures every length of moulding cut to ensure perfect accuracy every time. It's a machine that, within the frame manufacturing industry, is understood to be the very best available. All of our picture mounts are cut using the brand new version of the world renowned Gunnar computerised mount cutter, which ensures pin-point accuracy and a perfect end product, every time.
Every day, our dedicated staff of up to 10 professional framers are busy producing hundreds of high quality picture frames for our many happy customers.


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About Blog The Presbytery of Giddings-Lovejoy is a regional Council of the Presbyterian Church (USA) with 79 congregations in Missouri and Illinois. A Community of Vibrant Congregations and Dynamic Leaders.
Philadelphia About Blog The Mission of the Presbytery of Philadelphia is to provide resources and support to our churches to develop healthy congregations, faithful leadership, common mission and ministry and essential administrative and institutional support.
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Waxahachie, TX About Blog Welcome to Central Presbyterian Church. Inspired by the grace of God we nurture and enrich the spiritual faith of our church community and exemplify God's transcending love in our daily lives through our worship, witness and actions so all will come to know and embrace the redeeming power of our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ!
About Blog St. Giles Presbyterian Church is an active congregation of the Presbyterian Church (USA), and a member of Foothills Presbytery.
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About Blog St. Andrew's is a lively Presbyterian church located in beautiful Duncan, BC. A community of faith, inviting all to real life in Jesus.
Coconut Creek, Florida About Blog North Creek Presbyterian Church a biblical, friendly, reformed, Presbyterian church is located in Coconut Creek, FL. We provide worship, learning, and service opportunities that God might give people, in and through the North Creek family, growing relationships with Himself and each other.
Lexington, NC About Blog We are a gathering of Christ followers in Lexington, North Carolina, and we invite you to join us on the journey of faith. First Presbyterian Church is a loving community in Christ where we Call People to Faith, Develop them as Disciples, and Send them to Serve.
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About Blog Govans Church is a progressive, inclusive, loving, faith community. We are a More Light congregation, and are committed to the full participation of all members in the life of the church. We are working for social, racial and economic justice. Together, we are on a transforming lifelong spiritual journey.
Facebook fans 372. Twitter followers n/a.
About Blog byFaith's mission is to draw readers into the full life of the Church by informing, edifying, and encouraging them with the news of God's kingdom. Through articles, the magazine motivates and equips readers to serve Christ in the PCA and in His kingdom.
Facebook fans 2,132. Twitter followers 5,728.
About Blog Roswell Presbyterian Church's mission statement serves as an important reminder of the church we believe God is calling us to be. It begins with an emphasis on the tremendous blessing of the call of God through the grace and love of Jesus Christ. We are a congregation which affirms Jesus Christ as the center of our church.
Facebook fans 1,158. Twitter followers n/a.
About Blog Welcome to First Presbyterian Church. In everything we do we will love first; God, each other, and our neighbours. Live and worship in joyful relationship with God. Open ourselves to one another as a diverse community of Spirit. Venture together on a hopeful journey into healing, overflowing life through Christ. Engage together in a life of service for our downtown neighbours and the wider world.
About Blog Our church community is devoted to Reading the Bible, Praying, and working in local and international Missions, when we exit our door. Our Vision is to proclaim Jesus Christ and be His hands and feet to the world!
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About Blog A Presbyterian Church Blog.
About Blog City of Grace is a missional Christian community intent on reaching the people of Sacramento through worship, witness and lifestyles that proclaim and practice the historic gospel. Fostering healthy disciples of Jesus Christ who desire to fulfill his mission of introducing and restoring people and families to the living God.
Iowa About Blog Welcome to First Presbyterian Church of Lake Park. Empowered through the Holy Spirit, we seek to embrace all people with the loving arms of Jesus Christ; by providing worship, fellowship and encouragement.
Facebook fans 161. Twitter followers 7.
About Blog St. Mark Presbyterian Church is mission-minded, with a strong commitment to sharing God's love with our neighbours and our world.
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About Blog Welcome to Trinity Presbyterian Church. We believe that Jesus Christ rescues people from the emptiness of life and invites them to live life to the full.
Facebook fans 251. Twitter followers 18.
Manakin-Sabot VA About Blog Hebron Presbyterian Church has been a worshiping community since 1843. Our Presbyterian roots keep us grounded in the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments as we proclaim the saving grace of Jesus Christ to our community and beyond.
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Raleigh, NC About Blog Milner Memorial Presbyterian Church is called by God to be a Christ-centered, active church attracting and impacting our community for God's eternal purpose. Jesus Christ is our guide, and we seek to be Christ's faithful followers in this time and place.
Facebook fans 72. Twitter followers 14.
About Blog Comment from an evangelical presbyterian perspective and an orthodox confessionally reformed outlook.
About Blog My name is Ethan Sayler. I serve as the pastor of Lennox Ebenezer Presbyterian Church (PCA). I am a man in desperate need of grace, and have been blessed to know the all-sufficient Grace of God in Christ Jesus my Savior.
About Blog We are called to be a missional church. We will witness to Christ's love and minister with members of the aging community, their families, and caregivers. We will act in the power of the Holy Spirit and follow where God guides us through the discipline of spiritual discernment.
About Blog The Presbyterian Peace Fellowship is a national community of Presbyterians who trust in the nonviolent Jesus Christ. Our call is to be movers and shakers within the PC(USA) and beyond, encouraging one another to take seriously God's call to God's people to participate in God's nonviolent work of love, peace, and justice in the world.
Facebook fans 2,620. Twitter followers 2,198.
CONGRATULATIONS to every blogger that has made this Top Presbyterian Blogs list! This is the most comprehensive list of best Presbyterian blogs on the internet and I'm honoured to have you as part of this! I personally give you a high-five and want to thank you for your contribution to this world.


The Art Umbrella School of Performing Arts is the premier drama school in the Sutherland Shire, providing quality tuition in stage and screen acting for children, teens and young adults since 1986.
The Art Umbrella engages students in the wonder and power of the dramatic arts in a fun and exciting environment at our dedicated, professionally equipped drama studio. The school has been developing talent in the Sutherland Shire since 1986 and has progressively created opportunities for participation in the dramatic arts and equipping its students with the skills needed to be strong, confident and creative actors.
The Art Umbrella was established to offer quality acting tuition in a learning environment that sees the growth of the actor and the growth of the person as one and the same.
The school values and nurtures individuality, independent thinking and self-discovery whilst providing grounding in acting techniques that our students will carry with them into the future. Our programs aim to extend each student's innate talent by developing their self-esteem, creativity and skill across a range of theatrical performance.
There are weekly classes, individual one-on-one tuition and performance opportunities. We prepare students for stage and screen work and provide authentic performance opportunities to progress students from theory and craft skills to practice.
The Art Umbrella offers acting & drama classes, lessons and courses for kids, teenagers and young adults in the greater Sydney area of NSW.


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What's the cost of higher minimum wage?
Posted: Jul 11, 2019 / 11:21 AM CDT / Updated: Jul 11, 2019 / 11:23 AM CDT
WASHINGTON (WFLA) – As the fight for a $15-an-hour minimum wage continues, some may be wondering what the true cost will be. A new government report is highlighting the winners and losers if that happens.
The report says 17 million Americans would get a raise – and more than a million would be pulled out of poverty – if Congress enacted a $15 federal minimum wage.
Heide Shierholz, a senior economist for the Economy Policy Institute, says it's a no-brainer.
"We will see increase in workers' wages, a reduction in poverty, a reduction in inequality," she said.
But the report from the Congressional Budget Office also says some Americans – and some businesses – wouldn't do so well. The CBO says about 1.3 million people would lose their jobs and business owners would see reduced income.
Michael Tanner of the Cato Institute warns that raising minimum wage could do more harm than good.
"We should also note the report said that America as a whole would be poorer," he said.
The bottom line seems to be that no one is quite sure about the overall impact of a higher minimum wage.
"Economists are all over the place on this," Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell said. "What (reports) tend to show is that a number of people get higher wages and a number of people lose their jobs."
Until Congress takes action, the debate will continue.
"On the basis of annual family wealth, we would actually go down," Tanner said.
"The benefits of a $15 minimum wage to low-wage workers totally outweigh the costs," Shierholz argued.
House Democrats say they plan to hold a vote on the issue this session.
All states represented at annual Made in America event
by Brie Jackson / Jul 15, 2019
WASHINGTON (Nexstar) - The White House held its 3rd annual Made in America Showcase on Monday. From heavy duty military equipment to small marbles, American made products from every state were on display.
"We are so proud to be made in America. America's past time is baseball. Where else should ball gloves be made?" said Laura Baraznik, with the company Nokona.
House OKs 70-year extension of 9/11 Victims Compensation Fund
by Morgan Wright / Jul 15, 2019
WASHINGTON (NEXSTAR) — The House of Representatives voted Friday to approve legislation extending the 9/11 Victims Compensation Fund until 2090.
The bill was renamed last week as the "Never Forget the Heroes: James Zadroga, Ray Pfeifer and Luis Alvarez Permanent Authorization of the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund Act."


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Definition of wagon train
: a column of wagons (as of supplies for a group of settlers) traveling overland
Examples of wagon train in a Sentence
Recent Examples on the Web Costumed instructors demonstrate daily life for settlers and lead various family activities, including an exploration of pioneers' cabin homes, an imaginary wagon train and craft time. — Web Behrens, chicagotribune.com, "15 things to do in the Chicago area with the kids Nov. 18-24," 17 Nov. 2019 The museum showcases the history of the city and that of the Murphy family, who settled in what would become Sunnyvale in 1849 after successfully crossing the Sierra Nevada by wagon train. — Katharina Woodman, The Mercury News, "Sunnyvale museum celebrates first decade, plus one," 20 Sep. 2019 Roy is something of a Man With No Name, a lonesome cowboy on a wagon train through the stars who runs into an assortment of intriguing people along the way. — David Sims, The Atlantic, "Ad Astra Is a Deeply Human Tale Set Amid the Stars," 18 Sep. 2019 The West is a saga of God and commerce, homesteaders and cowboys, politicians and opportunists, wagon trains and slaughtered natives, grizzlies and coyotes, and mesas, buttes and gorges. — Los Angeles Times, "Review: The American West is dying. Christopher Ketcham's 'This Land' is a rallying cry to save it," 26 July 2019 There were women on the Mayflower and on the first wagon trains west, working alongside the men to forge new trails to new vistas. — Amber Jorgenson, Discover Magazine, "Meet the Mercury 13: Women Fight for Spaceflight," 20 May 2019 Lusich said the entire family would later move Nixon to Florida, forming a wagon train of vehicles that traveled across Interstate 10. — CBS News, "Memorial services begin for 12 victims of Virginia Beach shooting," 6 June 2019 To some extent, the wagon train is a self-fulfilling prophecy. — Kyle Stock, The Seattle Times, "Richer Americans are skipping SUVs for station wagons," 7 Jan. 2019 Giant video screens project images of buffalo running, and wagon trains moving through a backdrop of mountains and open range. — Philip Kennicott, kansascity, "St. Louis' Gateway Arch emerges with new name, skeptical view of western expansion," 3 July 2018
These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'wagon train.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback.
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The first known use of wagon train was in 1810
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"Wagon train." The Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster Inc., https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wagon%20train. Accessed 20 January 2020.
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English Language Learners Definition of wagon train
: a long line of wagons traveling together over land especially : a line of wagons traveling west in the U.S. during the 1800s
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Years of inspiration and hard work have transformed our new Fall line into one of our most beautiful collections yet. With the return of many coveted favorites and the debut of some much-anticipated styles, our new 2012 Fall Collection—debuting the middle of August— features luxurious fabrics, bright break beats, and distinct design cues that continue our tradition of beauty, performance and sustainability.
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Brekhus fires back at Clinger, ignores his demand for a retraction
Anjeanette Damon
adamon@rgj.com
Reno City Councilwoman Jenny Brekhus said Friday the report from the initial investigation into misconduct complaints against former City Manager Andrew Clinger supports her claim he "fostered a highly disharmonious and unprofessional work environment" and she called on Reno City Attorney Karl Hall to release the document.
Brekhus said she plans to ignore the cease and desist letter she received from Clinger's lawyer, John Gallagher, last week. Gallagher threatened to sue Brekhus if she didn't retract her criticism of Clinger, which he said implied Clinger was guilty of the sexual harassment complaints still being investigated by the city.
"I find his letter to me unnecessarily intimidating, bullying and retaliatory," Brekhus said.
Gallagher threatened to sue Brekhus over an email she sent to Urban Land Institute consultant Tom Murphy that asked him to redact his findings that the Reno City Council was hindering progress by micromanaging staff. In her email, Brekhus sought to shift the blame to Clinger, pointing out he was terminated "under duress."
"While the (sexual harassment) claims are still under investigation, there is substantial evidence that Mr. Clinger's management style fostered a highly disharmonious and unprofessional work environment among the city's senior staff," Brekhus wrote.
Clinger threatens to sue Brekhus for 'defamatory comments'
The city is in the midst of a $150,000 investigation into the sexual harassment claims, as well as complaints that Clinger retaliated against the three women for filing the claims. An initial investigation, conducted by Reno lawyer Alice Mercado, found Clinger did not violate the city's harassment policy.
Hall has declined to release that report until the second investigation is completed. That isn't expected to happen until after the Nov. 8 election.
But Brekhus said the report from that investigation details significant problems attributed to Clinger's management practices.
"It would be very difficult for anyone to read the Alice Mercado report that was completed in August and come to a different conclusion," Brekhus said. "Mr. Clinger has not read that report. I have implored Mr. Hall to release that report for months."
"It does reflect details that the public should know about Mr. Clinger's management tenure," Brekhus added.
Brekhus said she would not release the report herself because the city's lawyers have advised against it.
"Mr. Clinger should be provided a copy so he understands the basis of my comments," Brekhus said. "I am more than happy to talk to him about these statements. I think when he reviews this, there will be comments in there that are of greater concern to him than the comment I made."
Council votes to terminate Clinger, pay $227,000 severance package
Brekhus said she believes Clinger's lawsuit threat is politically motivated. She pointed out that she voted against Clinger's $227,000 severance package, which included $30,000 in legal fees.
"He is sitting at home on the city dime with a generous severance package that I voted against," Brekhus said. "Now he has an attorney on retainer and he's creating busy work for him with this politically motivated attack against me."
Brekhus is in the middle of a tough re-election battle against Reno lawyer Victor Salcido.


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Peter Godfrey-Smith is distinguished professor of philosophy at the City University of New York, and professor of the history and philosophy of science at Sydney University.
In 1959 the psychological doctrine known as 'behaviourism' was at the peak of its influence. Pioneered in the early 20th century by Edward Lee Thorndike, Clark Hull and J.B. Watson, behaviourism rejected explanations of action in terms of mysterious inner processes such as 'thought' and tried to explain behaviour purely in terms of the organism's conditioning by experience. By the middle of the century, the behaviourist approach had been developed in a detailed and radical form by B.F. Skinner. Skinner explained learning in terms of reinforcement: organisms produce novel behaviours spontaneously, and those that are positively reinforced are more likely to occur in similar circumstances in the future. This view, developed in work on rats and pigeons, was extended to cover human language in Skinner's 1957 book Verbal Behaviour. A young linguist, Noam Chomsky, published a review of Verbal Behaviour two years later. It was perhaps the most devastating book review ever written.
Chomsky argued that Skinner's theoretical vocabulary could be applied to human linguistic behaviour only in an empty, post hoc way. He also thought that Skinner's behaviourism had a simple architectural flaw: it held that external factors – especially experiences of reinforcement – were of 'overwhelming importance' in the explanation of behaviour. Hardly any role was given to what Chomsky referred to simply as 'the internal structure of the organism'. It is unusual to do serious damage to a scientific research programme with a set of general arguments – not by citing experimental or mathematical results, but by looking at the basic ideas and revealing a crack in the foundations. Though the impact of the review itself is sometimes exaggerated, this is the effect Chomsky had on the behaviourist study of humans.
Jerry Fodor now hopes to do something similar to Darwinism in biology. Fodor has been making sceptical remarks about Darwinian ideas for decades. Three years ago he wrote a direct attack on Darwinian evolutionary theory in the LRB,[*] and he has now published What Darwin Got Wrong, along with Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini. Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini believe that they can replicate Chomsky's demolition job on Skinner because 'Skinner's account of learning and Darwin's account of evolution are identical in all but name.' As we shall see, 'identical' is quite a stretch, but there is a real analogy. First, both theories draw on an externalist or 'outside-in' pattern of explanation, in which the structure or behaviour of living things is seen as a consequence of their environments. Second, both rely on a process that can be described loosely as 'trial and error'. New variations are produced in a spontaneous and unintelligent way, and a few successful variants are kept while others are discarded. This resemblance between the theories was recognised by Skinner himself, who saw Darwinism and behaviourism as dovetailing together. And Chomsky, the great critic of behaviourism, shows no enthusiasm for mainstream evolutionary theory, especially when applied to psychological traits.
Opposing attitudes towards externalist explanations point to a fissure running through the history of science and philosophy. This is part of what distinguishes the 'empiricist' from the 'rationalist' tradition, with the former (Locke, for example) explaining the contents of the mind in terms of what is given in experience, and the latter (Leibniz) insisting on the self-propelled power of thought. Which side of the divide one places oneself on is partly a matter of intellectual temperament; but Skinnerian behaviourism and Darwinism are still scientific theories, answerable to empirical evidence. The partial similarity in pattern does not mean they must stand or fall together. They are about different things; one may be right and the other wrong.
Modern evolutionary biology contains two main sets of theoretical ideas. One is the hypothesis of a pattern of common ancestry, roughly tree-shaped, linking all life on Earth. The other concerns the way change occurs within particular populations – or particular segments of life's 'tree'. Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini have no argument with the claim of common ancestry. Their concern is with evolution by natural selection as a process of change within populations.
Suppose we have a population, i.e. a collection of organisms of some particular species. They live, reproduce and die. New variations appear from time to time, and do so in an 'undirected' manner. This variation can be loosely referred to as 'random', but it is due to ordinary physical causes. What is important is that the appearance of a new variant is not affected by whether or not it is likely to be useful. Most of these new traits are harmful, but a few will help organisms to survive and reproduce. If, in addition, these favourable traits are inherited, they may spread through the population.
This causal schema is essentially owed to Darwin, but since his time it has seen much elaboration and refinement, mostly thanks to the newer science of genetics. For some biologists, the idea of launching an attack on Darwin today is about as sensible as a physicist launching one on Galileo, so much has evolutionary biology changed since Darwin's time. But Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini are attacking ideas in evolutionary theory so basic that, for the most part, they go back to Darwin.
Even in the simple sketch I've just given, we can see ways in which the picture of Darwinian biology as an externalist or environment-driven theory is only partly right. Evolutionary success is a matter of survival and reproduction. A lot of what makes for an organism's survival and capacity for reproduction depends on its relation to its environment, but a lot is a matter of the internal functioning of the organism's machinery. And though organisms adapt to their environments, they also transform them: the oxygen-rich atmosphere of the Earth is a product of the evolution of life. In the first half of their book, Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini give a diverse list of evolutionary factors that they see as being at odds with Darwinism. These all have to do with the 'internal' structure of organisms. But it is far from true that whenever anything internal proves to be important, this is non-Darwinian. Some of the more speculative ideas Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini discuss create tensions with Darwinian views, while others (the 'imprinting' of genes, for example) are embraced by the most uncompromising Darwinians.
In the correspondence following Fodor's article in the LRB, several critics pointed out that modern evolutionary biology makes use of a mix of explanatory factors, and puts particular emphasis on the evolutionary consequences of detailed features of genetic systems. (Darwin, for that matter, often gestured towards the importance of internal features of inheritance mechanisms, though he knew little about them.) In reply, Fodor has insisted that his targets are those evolutionists resolutely committed to giving explanations of living things in terms of 'exogenous' (external) factors. He sees any invocation of internal causes as a concession. But to say this is to set up an opponent very different from mainstream evolutionary biology, even evolutionary biology of the most vigorously and self-consciously 'Darwinian' kind.
The central aim of Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini's book is to undermine what is usually seen as a quite straightforward form of explanation in evolutionary biology, in which the distribution of features in a population at some point in time is explained in terms of the operation of natural selection. Such explanations take for granted that there is (or was) a particular range of variants in the population, and aim to explain why some are common, some are rare, some may have been lost altogether and so on.
A simple example: suppose we have a population of organisms and a new trait, T, appears in it. Individuals with T are more likely to survive to reproductive age, so on average they have more offspring. As T tends to be inherited, over time it increases in frequency in the population. It seems natural to say that there was selection for T. But what if there is another trait, T*, that organisms with T tend also to have? This might be because the genes that produce T also produce T*, or because the genes that produce T are close to those that produce T* in the genome and tend to be passed on together, or for other reasons. However the correlation arises, when explaining the increase in what we are calling 'organisms with T', we have to say why it is T that selection was favouring. Take the extreme case in which all organisms with T also have T*, and all with T* have T. Then it seems that natural selection is blind to the difference between them. So, Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini say, whenever there is this kind of correlation between traits (it is ubiquitous, in various degrees), an explanation of the form 'the population is now the way it is because trait T was favoured by natural selection' is undermined.
They cast their argument within a framework derived from logic and the philosophy of language. There, two terms are said to be 'co-extensive' when they pick out exactly the same object or set of objects. Suppose that every animal that has a heart also has blood, and vice versa. Then the descriptions 'animal with a heart' and 'animal with blood' are co-extensive. Extending this usage, Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini argue that two properties are co-extensive if all the same objects have those properties. So properties T and T* are co-extensive if everything with T also has T*, and everything with T* also has T. Two properties can also be 'locally co-extensive' if in some region everything which has one property also has the other, even if the properties are not co-extensive in all places and times. In a more standard way of talking, we might say that the properties are 'correlated' (either locally or everywhere).
'Intensionality' is another term of art required here. A sentence is intensional if it can be changed from true to false, or from false to true, by substituting one co-extensive term in it for another. It might be true that 'Bob thinks the morning star is bright' but false that 'Bob thinks the evening star is bright' even though 'morning star' and 'evening star' refer to the same object. Sentences containing 'thinks that …' are often intensional. Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini claim that an 'intensional process' is one that 'distinguishes' between co-extensive properties, and that Darwinism requires natural selection to be an intensional process, where in fact it is not. Darwinism is thus guilty of an 'intensional fallacy'.
It is easier to see what is going on here by putting it in simpler terms. Continuing with the example above: some individuals in our population have T, and these also have T*. As selection is a contrastive matter, we also need to label an alternative form: let's say other individuals have U rather than T, and that these have their own correlated trait, U*. Let's now suppose that T and U are alternative colours of the exterior of the organism, and T* and U* alternative colours of some interior part of the organism that is never normally seen. The colour of this interior structure is determined as a by-product of the processes determining the exterior colour (perhaps it is the same colour, perhaps a different one).
Next, it is helpful to switch from thinking about selection for a trait to its flipside, selection against. If T and U are alternative colours of the outside of the organism, suppose that those with U are more often eaten by predators. If we look at some particular individual with U, does it make sense to ask whether it was U, U* or both that led to its dying young? We ask this setting aside questions about evolutionary theory – our interest is just in this one organism and its untimely death. Does it make sense to say that the death was due to one of the correlated properties and not the other? Surely it does. We work this out by looking at the processes in which U and U* are involved – the biochemical pathways, the roles that different parts of the animal play in its life. This individual was seen by a predator and eaten, and it was seen because the colour of its exterior meant it was poorly camouflaged. The fact that an internal part of the organism had a particular colour was irrelevant.
If this can be true of one individual, it can be true of ten of them, or a thousand. So we have a population in which individuals with U and U* are dying young while individuals with T and T* are not. For each of those with U and U*, it is U that is hastening their demise while U* is irrelevant. Similarly, for each of those with T and T*, T helps while T* is irrelevant. Add to which that T has no other costs that are not shared with U. This then is a case of natural selection. If the combination of T and T* is inherited over generations, then (barring special factors interfering) it will increase in frequency in the population. T was selected for, and U selected against, because these are the features that can determine whether individuals live or die. T* increases in frequency along with T, but it is just along for the ride.
Perhaps there is something strange in this way of putting things, whereby a trait like T* can be made more common by natural selection, without being selected for. One may wonder whether an implication of agency isn't lurking in the term 'selection'. That is in fact what Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini claim. In which case, the thing to do is to set the suspicious terms aside and see whether it is possible to describe the same sequence of events without using them. If it is, the theory of natural selection is not called into question, and at most there is an awkwardness in the terminology. This turns out to be the case. Suppose we say, for example, that individuals with T and T* had more offspring than individuals with U and U*, and did so because T helped them avoid predators. T* also increased in frequency, but only because it is passed on along with T. However we choose to talk about it, the theory does distinguish between two different cases, one where a trait affects survival and reproduction and another where it doesn't. In practice, confusion arising from the unwanted connotations of the term 'selection' is rare in biology, but it is always possible to shift to a more careful description if they intrude.
Counterfactuals are a popular tool in philosophy when discussing causal relations. They can be helpful, but they can also be part of a rather misleading picture: sometimes people write as if one should try to inspect or survey the counterfactuals that apply in a particular case, and treat them as a kind of litmus test for causation. Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini suppose that you have to be able to do this before you can determine whether T or T* is what was selected for. But for T rather than T* to be 'selected for' just means that T is the trait that gave individuals their advantage. We can know this by looking at what T does, and how it relates to the organisms' lives. T* and U*, on the other hand, have no role in the organisms' lives and deaths. Having discovered this, we may then feel confident in asserting a counterfactual: if the successful organisms had T but not T*, they would still have done well. This is in fact a post hoc summary of the causal knowledge we gained by looking at the biology of the situation – at what the traits in question actually do.
In the discussion following both Fodor's 2007 article and the publication earlier this year of What Darwin Got Wrong, a number of commentators have argued that there is no conceptual problem for evolutionary theory arising from correlated traits, as one of the traits can be important in causing reproductive success while the other is not. Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini have suggested in reply that their argument has been misunderstood. In response to Ned Block and Philip Kitcher, for example, they say it was never their intention to claim that there cannot be a fact of the matter about which of two correlated traits 'causes increased reproductive success'. Rather, their claim is that even if one trait causes organisms to reproduce more while the other trait is irrelevant, this is not a situation in which natural selection is distinguishing between the two. For that, something more would be needed, perhaps a special kind of law of nature which they call a law of 'adaptation as such'. But, again, if one trait is causing increased reproductive success, it is being selected for, in the sense that matters to evolutionary theory. Nothing more is needed. Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini criticise the tendency to talk of selection as if it were an agent. They are right that this is often misleading, but they seem to be making a similar mistake when they treat it as something over and above the ordinary facts of life, death and reproduction. For Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini, it makes sense to ask: 'Even if trait T causes organisms to reproduce more while T* has no effect, how can selection see that fact?' But there is no question to ask here, nothing extra that selection might achieve or fail to do.
Given that Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini do not show any real flaw in the architecture of Darwinian biology, let me return to the relation between behaviourism and Darwinism. The similarities between behaviourist learning theory and Darwinian evolutionary theory are not as close as Skinner or, now, Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini claim, even if the theories have structural resemblances. Behaviourist learning theory, as applied to humans, has been largely abandoned, but that doesn't mean that Darwinism's theory asks to be abandoned along with it. Still, if one view is right and the other wrong, we might try to say something about why a certain pattern of explanation works in one place and not in the other.
Darwinian processes of variation and selection have built our brains. These processes have constructed a mechanism that goes through a kind of adaptive change – we call it 'learning' – within each person's lifetime. But evolution was not bound to build brains which use the same mechanism of change that we see in evolution itself. One Darwinian process can sometimes build another Darwinian machine running on a faster time-scale: one part of our immune system, for example, runs on a variation-and-selection process in which many novel antibody molecules are produced in an undirected way, and the cells that happen to make antibodies which can recognise invaders become more numerous. But this is not, for the most part, what evolution has done in the building of our brains. There is some role for simple 'trial and error' in learning, but much of our learning is smarter than that. We can produce new behaviours because they seem likely to work. We can learn by watching. We, unlike our genes, can reason through problems. Our behaviours reflect much more than experiences of 'reinforcement', and that is why Skinner was wrong while Darwin was right.
[*] 'Why Pigs Don't Have Wings', 18 October 2007.
Jerry Fodor and Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini rehash an old argument, beloved of creationists, that Darwinism is empty because a property of organisms that the Darwinian says has a causal relation to reproductive success is also defined in terms of reproductive success (Letters, 22 July). Fodor and Piattelli-Palmarini think that the Darwinian is committed to there being a causal relation between a trait's causing reproductive success and its being selected for. But that is not part of the theory: it would be one cause too many. The situation, instead, is like this. Suppose a trait causes increased reproductive success. Why does the trait do so? It might be camouflage, attractiveness to mates, or something else. One part of evolutionary theory describes how features like this lead some organisms to reproduce more than others. A further part of the theory describes the consequences of these reproductive differences for the distribution of features in the population. The first part treats reproductive differences as effects; the second treats them as causes. The whole theory explains how, for example, the fact that a particular colour on an organism's exterior makes it hard for predators to see it can (given assumptions about inheritance) lead to that colour's becoming common in the population. There is no problem with the claim that to be selected for is to cause increased reproductive success. Talk of selection does not conceal a vicious circularity, but describes part of what Darwin recognised as a causal chain leading from the lives organisms lead in their environments, through differences in reproductive success, to the way biological populations around us change.


"You're spending a lot of time together, going out on dates, meeting each other's friends, and not seeing anyone else.Sounds like a girlfriend to me." "It is an unspoken understanding," he said, "In agreeing to be exclusive, we're basically saying, 'I like you and want to see if this continues to be good, so I won't do anything with anyone else that could mess this up, but officially calling you is a little too much at this point.'" Ok, so...More Ways to Get Glamour Visit Shop for cute stuff starting at just ! What's the difference between "just dating" and "boyfriend/girlfriend"? But if a man is going to court us, it sounds like we can get comfortable.2. Men had to plan ahead and compete just to reserve one waltz or jitterbug with you. The term would be so useful in modern times; if someone asks, "Are you two boyfriend-girlfriend,'" you could answer, "Well, we had a great momentum that first week, and so far, anyway, we're going steady."6. This little system is much better and far more accurate than the catch-all term "hooking up," which is too vague and general, and therefore inadequate.7. " Remember when guys respectfully asked permission to make contact with you, and they made reference to actually picking up the receiver on the telephone and speaking into it? Beau, paramour, suitor, lover.__Some women still use these romantic-sounding terms. So why do we feel bad about emailing or texting someone a rejection? A dalliance sounds like something you enjoyed while summering in Capri.11. Because "hottie" just doesn't do George Clooney justice. If you have any urgent questions about the spam, please contact us.
Labels do well, however, to simplify and clarify -- to provide boundaries and set expectations. Unlike married couples -- or even cohabitating, unmarried couples -- should a boyfriend and girlfriend breakup, there are few -- if any -- financial or familial troubles to navigate.
Yes, I know "just dating" is non-commital, but--How do you know if you've "secured" the title?
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Authors and agents typically look for four critical things from a publisher: excellent creative development, good royalties, marketing, and great distribution. Distribution means the reach and accessibility of the titles to online as well as brick-and-mortar booksellers, retailers, and wholesalers. And, of course, in the end, distribution means getting books to the readers.
Our distribution is provided by Ingram, one of the biggest and best book distributors in the world. They give us—and our titles—reach. Some of our inventoried titles are with Ingram Wholesale, but most are with IngramSpark. In our opinion, Ingram is the best in the business at printing and distributing books. Period. It handles everything for us: softcovers, hardcovers, black and white as well as color, and e-books, distributed through retailers like Amazon, Barnes and Noble, Books-A-Million, and thousands of other booksellers. It is the biggest and the best and it gets our books out to the entire world.
Usually the publisher sells directly to a wholesaler, who then sells to a bookstore or retailer, who ultimately sells to a reader.
See for yourself on IngramSpark's Publisher Compensation Calculator.
Amazon and other online booksellers do not have the same overhead and storefronts as brick-and-mortar stores. So they can discount their titles more aggressively then the storefront booksellers.
All authors want to be in brick-and-mortar bookstores, but some of the bigger chains can be aggressive with orders. That's very exciting, as long as they don't return a lot of books! They can buy a book and hold on to it for a year or more and then return it to get their money back. They take on little or no risk, while the publisher takes on the risk of a return. This is especially valuable for an independent (self-pub) author who manages to move books to some big chains. Before you throw that party, check the return policy with your distributor. You may want to consider the smaller Indies and the online booksellers, because they will produce fewer returns.
We are big fans of most indie or independent bookstores. They tend to work more creatively, are more open to new authors, and make careful buying decisions. They buy a few, and if they sell, they buy more. Smart.
We are also huge fans of the online booksellers, led by Amazon. There are two primary reasons. The first reason is that the online booksellers account for nearly 90 percent of our print sales, which actually means we love them very much! The second reason we are huge fans of online booksellers is that they return very few books. This is because they are final sales, not just orders. When readers buy a book, they tend to keep it.
Returns from online stores are less than 5%, returns from Indie brick-and-mortar stores are around 20%, and the big chain stores can have returns of more than 30%—sometimes much more.
E-book distribution can vary, depending on the distributor. Ingram Digital distributes their digital products (e-books) to around two dozen digital online booksellers. Some of the top e-book-selling vehicles include Kindle, iBooks (Apple), Nook (Barnes & Noble), Kobo, and Sanyo.
E-book's prices tend to be much lower than printed books'. This has become a source of considerable discussion over the years. Some think that e-book prices should be low because the overhead is so cheap and easy for the publisher and retailer. Others think that e-books are just as important and valuable as the printed product and should be close in price. The reality is that most e-books are priced below $10, unless they are top-selling authors and/or through bigger publishers.
While printed book prices are locked in place due to the physical aspect of the book and the fact that the price is usually printed on the back of the book, e-book prices may easily vary according to the whims and plans of the author and publisher. This allows for sales to be run and tied directly to promotions. Some of our authors have been accepted by BookBub (a paid program) for an email blast to run on a particular day. We drop the price before the day, and when the blast goes out, thousands of books can be sold. This type of versatility and flexibility is only available through e-books.
Currently, our e-books are priced at $4.99 for fiction and $7.99 for nonfiction. The $4.99 is the current threshold price at which buyers perceive a good value and are more inclined to purchase the e-book.


I've got a strange problem: i use kvm+qemu+libvirt for virtualisation with ubuntu server as host. for testing purposes i've already installed another ubuntu guest, which runs fine.
But when i boot up the virtual machine, the boot menu gets stuck and freezes. The timer which is supposed to run down from 10 to 0 never reaches 0, it's stuck at 10/9 or somtimes 8, and then nothing happens and any keyboard input besides strg+alt+del is ignored.
Also, at one point i got this to work by spamming return while booting and the installer showed, but then the installed system has the same problem, the counter starts (i think) by 3 and never reaches 0, but instead freezes at 3 and even no return spamming got this machine to boot up.
Is there any known bug about this or even a solution?
Hope somebody can help ???


text:
Disaster as thousands of Atlantic salmon escape from fish farm on the west coast
Last updated on August 28th, 2017 at 11:28 am by Elena Motivans
This past week, the net of a fish farm in Washington state was damaged, releasing thousands of Atlantic salmon into Pacific waters. Of course, Atlantic salmon don't belong there and can have disastrous consequences on the already-struggling Pacific salmon.
The oceans are being overfished and one solution to reliably bring fish to the grocery stores is to raise them on fish farms. On one hand, this is positive because it takes pressure off from wild fish stocks. On the other hand, the enclosures are often directly in bays and can affect wild fish and ecosystems.
The fish farm that broke is owned by Cooke Aquaculture and the net in question contained 305,000 Atlantic salmon. It is located in Washington state near the San Juan Islands. At first, between 4,000 and 5,000 fish were confirmed by the company to have escaped. However, they have recently admitted that the number could actually be much higher than that. Cooke Aquaculture needs to wait until the tides improve to really see what the damage was.
Fish farms are often right in the middle of bays and pretty exposed. Image credits: Frank Vincentz.
The company blamed high tides and even the solar eclipse. However, the real problem is that Cooke Aquaculture just bought the farm last year. The fish farm is 30 years old and not up to date on safety standards. It was scheduled for upgrades and already showed trouble last month. In July, emergency work was needed to stabilize nets after they were moving in the currents. The company was planning to install new up-to-date technology after this harvest.
According to tide charts, the tides and currents were nothing unusual. Of course, an eclipse wouldn't have any special effect, just the presence of the new moon could mean higher tides and currents. But there is a new moon every month and the nets should be built to withstand the currents that come with it.
Local fishermen who catch Pacific salmon have been catching Atlantic salmon in their nets already. Indeed, anglers are encouraged to catch as many of the escapees as possible. Many are worrying about the negative consequences that these escapees could have.
Atlantic salmon don't belong on the west coast and are an invasive species there. Their consequences on native fish and ecosystems are unknown; they could spread disease, prey on or compete with native fish. Atlantic salmon could also cross-breed with the threatened Pacific salmon.
Atlantic salmon have been caught in the past few days where they don't belong. Image credits: Rupert Fleetingly.
One thing that could limit the escaped fish survival is that they are domesticated and perhaps aren't so good at living in the wild. However, it has been found in the past that escaped farmed fish mate with wild fish. Not much is known now about their impact but Professor John Volpe has found in his research that Atlantic salmon can survive and produce offspring in the Pacific.
Perhaps it's not a good idea to raise Atlantic salmon in the West, especially in exposed enclosures. Thousands of Atlantic salmon have already been released in the Pacific before, in the 1900s and 1990s. Now, this escape is particularly serious because it threatens Pacific salmon when they are already struggling to survive against human-caused changes in the environment. Here's to hoping the Pacific salmon pull through.


text:
Beirut: World Day of dialogue between religions and cultures
by Fady Noun
Lebanese political and religious leaders call for such a feast. The Islamic-Christian celebration can be a model for meeting and exchange. An international Marian centre dedicated to dialogue will be set up in the capital. A garden dedicated to Mary, a beloved figure revered by both monotheistic religions, will also be established.
Beirut (AsiaNews) – Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri surprised everyone last Saturday at a ceremony in the chapel of the Collège Notre-Dame de Jamhour, when, in agreement with the Lebanese President, he announced that the Lebanese government would allocate some land in the capital to an international Marian centre for dialogue between religions and cultures, which had been requested by the organisers of the 'Together around Mary, Our Lady' Islamic-Christian meeting, Nagy el Khoury, a Maronite, and Sheikh Mohamed Nokkari, a Sunni.
The government said that it would also provide some land near the Museum for 'Mary's Gardens', and issue a commemorative stamp for the feast of the Annunciation.
Organisers had pushed for this for a while, a demand reiterated during the ceremony in Jamhour, just outside Beirut, on the occasion of the joint national holiday of the Annunciation, which celebrates its sixth anniversary this year. The Minister for Presidential Affairs Pierre Raffoul, who was present at the ceremony, seized the initiative and immediately contacted President Aoun, who approved the request.
The prime minister's presence itself gave the Annunciation ceremony in Jamhour a special character. Organised by the Jamhour Alumni association and 30 or so associations, congregations and movements behind 'Together around Mary, Our Lady', the meeting opens the way to a new Marian culture of concord and coexistence. According to essayist Saoud el-Maoula, this is "an adventure and a necessity".
In his welcoming address, Jamhour Alumni association secretary general Nagy el Khoury, who is co-secretary general of the 'Together around Mary, Our Lady" Islamic-Christian meeting, noted that, starting from the Collège, "this adventure has spread to the four corners of the country, and has won over the world."
"For four years, 25 March has been the national holiday of the city of Nazareth (Palestine), and has spread to Jerusalem. It is now celebrated in Tunisia, Algeria, Malta, Poland, Belgium, Italy and France (Paris, Pontoise, Toulouse, Verdun, Longpont)." Now "Let us help each other make Lebanon the centre of dialogue in the world (. . .) and make 25 March an international day of dialogue between religions and cultures."
Sheikh Mohammed Nokkari, co-secretary-general of the meeting and judge of the Beirut court, slammed the "band of criminals . . . who (deceptively) claim to rule in the name of Islam", making "both Christians and Muslims suffer. Islamic-Christian understanding is a response to such hatred," he explained.
Sheikh Nokkari also said that he hopes that "the government, supported by its embassies and representatives to the United Nations, will make 25 March a World Day for dialogue between Religions and Cultures."
For his part, Prime Minister Hariri told those present that the government's decision on 18 February 2010 to established a shared feast is "one of the dearest to my heart, not only for what the Virgin Mary represents in Christianity and Islam but also because it brings us together."
"If today we have gathered around this most marvelous of women, a meeting point for our two religions, can we Lebanese gather around Lebanon?" he wondered.
"With the President of the Republic Michel Aoun and the other pillars of the state, our government is determined to avoid any division and keep the country safe and away from storms," Hariri said in concluding. "In such historic and decisive moments, only by remaining united and privileging understanding, dialogue and moderation can we protect ourselves."
Catholic music to promote dialogue in Ambon, the city of sectarian violence
Christian-Muslim dialogue should continue and promote freedom of religion
Catholic delegation in Bangkok to mark the 230th anniversary of the temple Chetupon
Pyongyang, a military parade to celebrate the country's 70th anniversary. Without nuclear missiles
Greetings from Pakistan to the new Cardinal Joseph Coutts, 'great promoter of dialogue between Christians and Muslims'


If you're being continuously bothered by nuisance calls and texts, there are things you can do to put a stop to it. Find out where and how to complain here.
Your support has helped Which? convince the Government to take action on nuisance calls and texts.
There are two types of nuisance calls – silent calls and unwanted marketing calls.
It's important to make the distinction because regulator Ofcom deals with silent calls while the Telephone Preference Service (TPS) deals with marketing calls.
If you're concerned about unwanted marketing calls you can register your phone number with the TPS.
This is free and easy to do, but unfortunately it doesn't guarantee to stop all nuisance calls.
The TPS doesn't cover international calls, market research calls or calls from companies to which you've given your consent.
If you've registered with the TPS and still receive nuisance calls, you can make a complaint and the TPS will investigate.
But the TPS doesn't have enforcement powers so it can't penalise the company responsible for bombarding you with nuisance calls.
Although the TPS is unable to prosecute, it does send complaints to the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) which has the power to take action.
It's against the law for companies to call consumers who are registered with the TPS without their clear consent.
You can also complain directly to the regulator using our free tool.
Several companies, besides the Which? recommended TPS, offer nuisance call prevention services. But can these call blocking companies be trusted?
In addition, some consumers have reported getting calls from fraudsters pretending to be from the TPS and asking them to pay to register.
Spam text messaging is also on the increase especially messages about debt management, accident claims and mis-sold Payment Protection Insurance (PPI).
Sending nuisance text messages is illegal so if you're receiving spam texts you should also report this to the ICO. There are steps you can take to stop receiving spam text messages.
Phone companies offer a number of services that can help protect against nuisance calls.
Some of these services are free, and for some of them, monthly charges can apply and may vary depending on what package you have signed up to.
Services include caller display, which shows you the number of the person calling; incoming call blocking, which prevents selected numbers from getting through; and last caller identification - or 1471.
For more information on the different types of services available, take a look at Ofcom's guide on phone company services.
We campaigned to call time on nuisance calls & texts.
We called for a tough new approach from government, with regulators given new powers to police and punish companies that break the rules.
Thanks to your support, we convinced the government to lower the threshold for the ICO to take action against cold calling firms and new regulations to let Ofcom and the ICO share information on rogue companies.
Find more out about our Calling Time campaign and sign up to our emails to help us win our next campaign.
Ofcom has subsequently published guides to help ensure consumer information about nuisance calls and messages is accessible to a wide audience.
The first guide is a short online educational video that offers tips and advice on nuisance calls. It is available with subtitles to help people with hearing impairments.
The second guide provides advice on preventing nuisance calls for vulnerable people in an 'Easy Read' format.
We're campaigning to call time on nuisance calls and texts. We're calling on the Government, Regulators, and Businesses to take action to protect people from unwanted callers. We also want you to have more control over how your personal data is used.


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Kapoor & Sons Had a Very Powerful Sunday at the Box Office steering its box office fate into the right direction. The Film started of with a decent friday, with signs of improvement till the evening. Saturday Collections were hit by India vs Pak Cricket Match. But, Sunday. Sunday was unaffected by any world events. Sunday showed a Strong Jump, in fact it was a jump that no movie has shown in a long time now.
Here are the First Weekend Collections of the Film. (Confirmed Figures).
This Sidharth Malhotra starrer is looking to go very Strong. Monday has started of well too. Wednesday will be a little low due to Holi, but the preceding evening and the next day should perform very well. Overall, the film is on the right track and should be at least a hit.
Another Major Hurdle for Kapoor & Sons will be its Week 2, when it faces enormous competition from Batman vs Superman & John Abraham's Rocky Handsome.