text:
Darra-i-Kur specimen about 25,000 years younger than previously thought
Very disappointing, because of the dearth of pre-Neolithic samples from Central Asia, but interesting nonetheless. The sample belongs to mtDNA haplogroup H2a, which has also been found in remains from the Eneolithic and Bronze Age Pontic-Caspian Steppe (see here). So there's a chance that it harbors Khvalynsk-like or Yamnaya-like ancestry from ancient Eastern Europe. Hopefully the genome-wide data is coming soon.
Abstract: The temporal bone discovered in the 1960s from the Darra-i-Kur cave in Afghanistan is often cited as one of the very few Pleistocene human fossils from Central Asia. Here we report the first direct radiocarbon date for the specimen and the genetic analyses of DNA extracted and sequenced from two areas of the bone. The new radiocarbon determination places the find to ∼4500 cal BP (∼2500 BCE) contradicting an assumed Palaeolithic age of ∼30,000 years, as originally suggested. The DNA retrieved from the specimen originates from a male individual who carried mitochondrial DNA of the modern human type. The petrous part yielded more endogenous ancient DNA molecules than the squamous part of the same bone. Molecular dating of the Darra-i-Kur mitochondrial DNA sequence corroborates the radiocarbon date and suggests that the specimen is younger than previously thought. Taken together, the results consolidate the fact that the human bone is not associated with the Pleistocene-age deposits of Darra-i-Kur; instead it is intrusive, possibly re-deposited from upper levels dating to much later periods (Neolithic). Despite its Holocene age, the Darra-i-Kur specimen is, so far, the first and only ancient human from Afghanistan whose DNA has been sequenced.
Douka et al., Direct radiocarbon dating and DNA analysis of the Darra-i-Kur (Afghanistan) human temporal bone, Journal of Human Evolution, Volume 107, June 2017, Pages 86–93, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.03.003
or can be just poor coverage...
But if H2a is there , there will be R1a also ...
They got quite a bit of endogenous DNA from the petrous bone in the skull, and the mito-genome has a coverage of 181.9, which is ridiculously good.
There's definitely some decent genome-wide data from this sample on the way. And yes, R1a might turn up as well.
There will be R1a in mature Harappan , there is no doubt now.
@Nirjhar,
Just great how our bias work, isnt it? Its just so funny.
So H2a that we have from Kum6 (4800bc) in Anatolia, shows up in Afganisthan by 2500bc and is steppe or R1a, or whatever?
So, you have an aquarium, so you are Gay. Just like the Joke. lol.
Oly,
if we see the pattern of H2 mtdna , its typically West Eurasian and IINW is also high in R1a centered places . Its high in Northern Europe IINW. We need a confirmation from someone who knows Mtdna better .
@Olympus Mons
There is no evidence of direct Neolithic Anatolian input into South Central Asian populations, and H2a seems to be pretty common in ancient steppe DNA, so it's possible, although granted far from certain, that H2a arrived in Afghanistan ~4,500 years ago from the steppe.
I don't think so buddy , but we will see.
Isn't 2500 BC in Afghanistan a bit too early to come from the steppe? I thought there's more or less consensus that anything before 2000-1800 BC. should be local, with steppe intrusions being possible only after that date.
Yes .
The ~2,500 year estimate is probably rough. In any case, Afanasievo is older and Poltavka_outlier (the one with the oldest Z93 to date) just as old.
But like I say, I'm just guessing about the steppe ancestry based on the H2a, which is definitely a western lineage (not native to Central Asia).
Steppe theory will fall if they have R1a etc from period before 2000 BC , people didn't travel by planes those days.
But lets see .
Steppe theory will fall if they have R1a etc from period before 2000 BC, people didn't travel by planes those days.
It can't fail if the R1a comes with a very clear signal of steppe genome-wide ancestry.
It's not Voodoo Magic that we're dealing with here. It can be scientifically tested and demonstrated.
Jaydeep said...
India has H2a1 and that too among Upper Caste Dravidians. The Indian subgroup is shared with Armenians.
Hence, the H2a1 in South Asia could be present since the Neolithic.
If we consider it to have come from the steppe, that would mean that we are arguing for a 2500 BC or earlier period entry of Indo-Iranians in South Asia. This again rules out the Steppe MLBA as a source for the steppe related ancestry in South Asia.
All the theories of Anthony, Kuzmina et al for South Asian history are going to bite the dust. But let us first wait for more ancient DNA from South Asia.
Is there a way to access the text ?
But it will not matter since the whole paradigm of Steppe Hypothesis will be demolished , as it is ruled by a certain time frame and archaeological appearance in Asia , you do realize that do you?.
Well, duh, Aryans from the steppe, both in India and Armenia (Mitanni elite).
You can access the text if you have academic access or if you're somewhat creative.
But it will not matter since the whole paradigm of Steppe Hypothesis will be demolished, as it is ruled by a certain time frame and archaeological appearance in Asia, you do realize that do you?
Right, so evidence of an migration from the steppe will demolish the steppe hypothesis? And I thought you said that there was no archaeological evidence in South Central Asia backing up the steppe hypothesis? So what does it matter?
In any case, like I say, the dating is not precise.
You should cool down, have a little drink . Today is exciting . :)
Because it will not be steppe ancestry anymore , it will change to Central Eurasian . There is no trace of anything ''Steppish'' in that period there , it comes only around SC Asia(not Afghan.) after BMAC disintegration, with scanty traces from Andronovo .
If it came from the steppe, then it's steppe ancestry.
As I said , it will not be any longer steppe ancestry , it will be Central Eurasian , appearing both in E Europe and SC Asia from a middle zone/Central Asia.
If that Afghan sample has R1a and EHG/CHG steppe ancestry, then it has ancestry from Bronze Age Eastern Europe, not any middle zone.
No because around middle 3rd millennium BC , its an archaeological impossibility , it will either mean its local of SC Asia or came very early both to Yamnaya area and SC Asia around `3000 BC from somewhere else .
It will also mean mature harappan will show R1a .
The paper itself doesn't say anything about the dating being unreliable:
"AMS 14C dating of the Darra-i-Kur sample produced a conventional radiocarbon age of 3989 ± 31 BP (OxA-31781). When calibrated using the latest INTCAL13 calibration curve (Reimer et al., 2013) and OxCal v4.2 software (Bronk Ramsey, 2009) this converts to an age ranging between 4530 and 4410 cal BP/2580-2460 BCE at 95.4% probability."
But anyway, it's very speculative that this sample will be Yamnaya-like or have R1a-Z93. Seems wiser to wait for the results than to speculate about some early offshoot from the steppe to Afghanistan.
About H2a, why is it definitely not Central Asian? Shouldn't we get (more) ancient DNA from the area to know?
The EHG/CHG mixture can't be local to SC Asia and it can't be foreign to Eastern Europe.
We have evidence of it happening on the Pontic-Caspian Steppe in Eastern Europe gradually during the Eneolithic, with samples that carry R1a.
If this Afghan sample shows EHG/CHG ancestry and R1a, and looks obviously steppe admixed, then it has recent ancestry from Eastern Europe.
Btw, H2a is not native to Central Asia. It's native to the Near East.
It arrived on the steppe with admixture from the Near East.
People are already suggesting local ancestry or deeper ancestry which create the Yamnaya type ancestry, which is not from Yamnaya .
If such ancestry is already there in SC Asia at mature harappan time, a time period which shows evidence of trade wise relation between BMAC and Indian Civilization , its clearly obvious that it had nothing to do a to steppe . Now Dave is acting like a child , but he should realize that already Andronovo is ruled out by geneticists , it was already ruled out by archaeology, so genetics only followed what archaeology suggested many years before .
So,2500 BC-2300 BC Yamnaya type ancestry +R1a from SC Asia and India is the end of steppe hypothesis which was on the cards for a long time .
I can't comment on H2a , we need a specialist , who will tell about its occurrence through space and time.
But IIRC Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov of Karelia had H2a .
aha! from Mtdna Guru Kristiina ;) :
''Olympus, Balkans are very interesting from the metallurgy point of view and it will be very interesting if we get ancient yDNA from Vinča culture (5700–4500 BC) which provides the earliest known example of copper metallurgy. What archaeological culture do you have in mind when you point to a population movement from the north Balkans to Anatolia and Caucasus by 8000/7000 BC?
It is a pity that I cannot find information as to if Kumtepe (4700 BC) is H2a1 or H2a2, because as I said above, mtDNA H2a has been detected as follows: Early Eneolithic Smyadovo, Bulgaria (4500–3000 BC) H2a2, Early Eneolithic Vinogradnoe Moldova (4500–3000 BC) and Remedello Italy (3483-3107 BC) H2a (H2a2?). Instead, H2a from Khvalynsk II Samara Eneolithic (5200-4000 BC) is H2a1, and it is this Samara line which is detected in Areni-1 from Armenia (4330-3060 BC). From the point of view of the origin of H2a it is important that the oldest H2a2 is from Karelia as we have Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov, Karelia (5500 BC) H2a2b.
If Kumteke (4700 BC) is H2a2 it could have arrived to Anatolia from nearby Bulgaria and it could also explain why it is Sardinian and Oetzi like. However, I know that there are people who want everything to have originated in the Near East. In any case, Kumtepe site is said to be near Troy on the western coast of Turkey which means that it is very close to Bulgaria.''
http://eurogenes.blogspot.in/2016/08/on-origins-of-first-farmers-in-anatolia.html?showComment=1470469327017#c7507729229237847435
Kristiina said...
Nirj, I recall that Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov has been recently reassigned to mtDNA R1b or something similar. This is a very quick and hasty comment from me so please check this!
I see. But still its present from ~5000 BC Samara . Perhaps as Jaydeep suggested us , its already there in Neolithic period .
Seems wiser to wait for the results than to speculate
Yeah lets do that .
To date: The earliest H2a is from Samara/Karelia. The earliest H from Near East is H5.
The earleist H from Caucasus (Kotias) is H13.
The earliest H6 is Israel, Wadi el Makkukh, approximately 4000 BCE. So I guess? H6 would be considered a Near Eastern line. But I've read that H6 may have been in Mesolithic Russia. I wish I knew how mtDNA H6a arrived on the PC Steppe...........
The BAM file of the 6700 year old female kumtepe 6 sample (4700 bce) has it looking like H2a3, notably also matching G16274A in the up to date Phylotree build.
Ancestral Journeys is keeping track of aDNA. The oldest H2 samples in the aDNA so far are:
Samara Eneolithic 5200-4000 BCE H2a1
4700 BCE kum6 sample Anatolia H2a (female) from a 7000 YBP settlement.
Armenia 4330-3060 BCE H2a1
Remedello 3483-3107 BC H2a
3 samples 3400 - 3000 BC Germany were H2 (2012, not further resolved?)
Yamnaya 3010-2622 BC H2b
Germany Eulau 2568-2518 BC H2a1 (Eulau was inhabited by the people implicated in the massacre of CWC males)
Bell Beaker Culture Germany H2a1e (no date)
Later ones are,
Vatya Hungary 2000-1500 BC H2a1
Unetice Germany 1982-1942 BC H2a1a3
Srubnaya 1850-1600 BC - H2b
Kazakhstan 900-700 BC H2a1
Lithuania 908-485 BC H2a2
Russia 500-200 BC H2a1f
Scythian Russia H2a1
The range of dates for the H2a1 Samara Eneolithic sample is 5200-4000 BCE. This includes the 4700 BCE of the Kum6 H2a sample, which is possibly H2a3. And the fact that each instance is possibly not immediately derived from the other also allows a wider presence of H2a before this period.
Omrak et al 2015 states
Kum6 shows a strong population continuity with present-day Sardinia
Kum6 expresses connections to the central Eurasian gene pool
Kum6 shares notable affinity with the Iceman, a 5,300-year-old southern European
Genetic affinities to both East and West suggest continuous contact with Anatolia
Maybe their second bullet point, on Kum6's connections to central Eurasia, meant to cover the tentative mtDNA association? I'll search for some additional papers on modern Iran and South Central Asia mtDNA.
I had a look through several mtDNA papers on Iran to South Asia. H2a3 is not very common, but H2 in general doesn't seem to be either.
Schönberg et al 2011 covering Caucasus and West Asia populations, 147 samples in total covering Georgia, Armenia, Azeri, Iran, Turkey,
1 x H2 in Turkic speaking Azeri
1 x H2, 1 x H2a3 in Armenian
1 x H2a1a, 1 x H1e1 in Turkey
1 x H1 in Georgian
Farjadian et al 2011 sampled 14 ethnic populations of Iran, 718 samples in total, and found one instance of H2. It was H2a1 and it was detected in a Turkmen sample (T) from Gonbad in North Iran. Since the number of Turkmen samples was 55, this was a frequency of 1.8% among Iran's Turkmen population.
In this paper, the Zoroastrians samples (Z) were all from Yazd, and they had no H2a1 among them. Nor did any of the remaining ethnic populations in Iran.
Derenko et al, 2013 had 353 Iranian samples, with the following 3 instances of H2
1 x H2a1* in an Armenian sample from Isfahan in central Iran
2 x H2a1h. One in a Persian another in a Turkic speaking Qashqai. Both from Kerman province in Iran's southeast.
In Pakistan, there are no instances of any H2 among 85 Saraiki samples (Punjab), nor among a sampling of 100 Makrani persons.
It would be useful to have papers focusing on Baloch and on Brahui in Pakistan, but I haven't come across any on either population. However, the Farjadian 2011 paper already had 61 Baloch samples from Iran's southeast and found no H2a1 among them.
115 samples from Sindh contained 0 of H2 or further downstream, but 2 x H1 (H1a, H1a1)
There were a number of different papers on Pashtuns in Pakistan. And the frequency of H2 were different in each.
The first paper consisted of 230 Pathan samples, finding H2a1 at 0.4% (1 sample) but H2b was at 2.6% (6 samples).
The second paper had a total of 100 samples across four tribes, but found 0 of any H2 and 2 x H1 (H1a1, H1a3).
However, the third paper, which contained 165 samples across 5 Pashtun tribes, found H2 quite common among them but described this haplogroup as being of a Southwest Asian or Middle Eastern origin. Although there was no H2a1, there was 5 x H2 and 1 x H2a3. The rest were H2a2: 6 x H2a2a1g, 4 x H2a2a1c, 2 x H2a2a1d, and one sample of H2a2b.
The Palanichamy et al 2015 paper had a total of 14198 Indian and Bangladesh mtDNA samples. Compared to 74 basal H samples, there were only 6 samples under H2 at all. All 6 were H2a1 or downstream, with 2 being H2a1a. And out of these 6 samples, 5 were Dravidian speakers from southern India and the other one (H2a1a) was a Tibeto-Burmese speaker from northern India. H2a1's route to the region is far from clear, as it's not really common in Iran and seems rarer in Pakistan, where H when it is found, is usually in the form of H1 derivatives or H2a2. And H2a1 doesn't seem common in northern India either. The four instances of H2a1 in southern India could be the result of endogamy, as the carriers converge in terms of region, language and caste affiliations which may indicate some localised founder effect compared to H2a1's paucity in the rest of south Asia.
For now, assuming an origin for H2a1 in Samara in the Eneolithic or before, this maternal lineage had already entered Armenia in 4330-3060 BCE, where it was found in a male carrying Y L1a-M27. Such an early date argues against an Indo-European dispersal carrying it into Chalcolithic Armenia, and that Y lineage is not Indo-European, which would not be indicative of a male dominated steppe migration into early Armenia. L1a-M27 further turns out to be common in south Asia, particularly in southern Indian Dravidian speakers. Could H2a1 in southern India plausibly be from earlier, associated with a similar route as for L1a-M27? Though making such an association isn't strictly necessary, and I should be following Alberto's advice to wait for the aDNA results rather than speculate.
Thanks Ak2014b
The problem with it being H2a is that the CRS is H2a. I corrected the paper on Bioxriv that says most Zoroastrians belong to H2a (they do not). It would be interesting if it is H2a but we need to look at the methods because H2a is one of the few haplogroups that is very prone to error because the CRS belongs to it.
Well, the thought crossed my mind, but Svante Paabo is one of the co-authors, so imagine if he messed up a haplogroup assignment for an mtDNA genome sequenced at 181.9-fold coverage. That'd be really something.
@David,
H2a doesn't indicate a connection to the Steppe. It just indicates a connection to the Stone age Near East. Afghanistan could have been something Iran Neo-like in 2500 BC which can explain the H2a.
Currently, the Darra-i-Kur H2a does suggest a connection to the steppe and also to other parts of Europe, because there's H2a on the ancient steppe and in various ancient European samples but not in ancient Iran. Even the H2a in the Chalcolithic Armenian samples might be linked to the steppe in some way, because of the high level of EHG admix in them.
So at the moment it looks like H2a entered Europe from the Near East during the Neolithic, and then expanded back into Asia via the steppe. There's no evidence right now of an expansion of H2a directly from the Near East to Central Asia.
The number of possibly origins for this ancient Afghan H2a are endless. The Steppe is just one possible origin and not the most likely.
Right now the steppe looks like a good bet.
postneo said...
"H2a entered Europe from the Near East during the Neolithic"
what stops it from spilling over into Iran, some travel ban? MTDNA is very diffuse and at such a young age of 2500 BC H2a would be everywhere.
by young I mean recent
Just been told that the genome-wide DNA for this sample is publicly available. Here it is...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosample?Db=biosample&DbFrom=bioproject&Cmd=Link&LinkName=bioproject_biosample&LinkReadableName=BioSample&ordinalpos=1&IdsFromResult=335708
But it's heavily contaminated, and not treated for deamination. So only the damaged transversion SNPs can be used.
I don't have a clue how to process this.
Additional instances of H2 and H1 I missed out recording in my earlier comment. No further H2a1 that I could see, but 3 more of H2a derivatives.
Saraiki did have H2:
Among them, there's an "H2a +152 1631", 1 x H2a2a, and 1 x H2a2a1g. The H2a2a1g, however, was listed in the first table as U2 next to its ht.
115 samples from Sindh contained 0 of H2 or further downstream, but 4 x H1 (H1a, H1a1 and H1ba, H1e2c)
The Pashtun paper with 100 samples from four tribes, had 0 of any H2 and 4 x H1 (2 x H1a1, and H1a3, H1ba).
Dave, by any means , process it ...
A homeland, but not the homeland
Ancient Egyptians less Sub-Saharan than present-da...
Canaanite genomes (Haber et al. 2017 preprint)
A few more ancient genomes from the Balkans and Ib...
Anywhere but the steppe
Steppe invaders in the Bronze Age Balkans
A plausible model for the formation of the Yamnaya...
Two early Slavs from Bohemia
PCA projection bias fix
European blond hair may have originated on the Nor...
Late PIE ground zero now obvious; location of PIE ...
Ancient population shifts in western Iberia (Marti...
The Bell Beaker Behemoth (Olalde et al. 2017 prepr...
The genomic history of Southeastern Europe (Mathie...
ESHG 2017 abstracts
Darra-i-Kur specimen about 25,000 years younger th...
Kostenki14: morphologically Caucasoid
Some strange stuff at bioRxiv lately


You may have seen this fabric in high-end curtains and bedding. It will look just as beautiful draped on your dog's crate!
Document Fossil is a delightful collection of legal notes and seals in French, including the cost of a contract at 5 francs! The fonts range from a height of three inches to as small as one eighth inch. The fabric is "Danish Linen" in a heavy basketweave with the design printed in dark neutral brown.
No snaps or ties, for ease of use and good ventilation.
Wash in cold water and air dry or dry clean.


text:
Non-Runners & Specialised
To Brisbane
From Adelaide
From Brisbane
Perth to Melbourne
To Perth
From Melbourne
From Perth
Quote Request About Transit Times Services FAQ Blog Terms Contact
About » News » F1 GP Bahrain Preview
F1 GP Bahrain Preview
Released 5/04/2018
It's advantage Ferrari after round one in Australia. Now Sebastian Vettel and his team hope to keep the pressure on as F1 warms up with a trip to the Bahraini desert. But at a track that's been very kind to them in recent years, reigning world champions Mercedes will have other ideas…
Ferrari inflicted defeat on Mercedes for the second year in a row in Melbourne. Only this time, rather than the Prancing Horse outracing them, the Silver Arrows were the masters of their own downfall.
And a two-team fight could become a three-team fight if Red Bull can show the same speed over a full race that Daniel Ricciardo displayed as he set the fastest lap in Melbourne. Bring it on...
Until last season, Mercedes had been in control at Sakhir during the V6 era, winning in 2014, 2015 and 2016. However, Vettel stopped the rot in 2017, gifting Ferrari their fifth victory at the circuit.
The stats that matter
Hamilton may have seen victory slip through his fingers in Australia, but second place was enough to stretch his point-scoring streak to 26 races. Another top 10 finish in Bahrain will equal Kimi Raikkonen's all-time record. In the grand scheme of things, it may seem insignificant, but make no bones about it - it would be a mighty achievement.
Speaking of Raikkonen, victory this weekend would move him ahead of Mika Hakkinen as the most successful Finnish driver in terms of race wins. The duo are currently tied on 20. However, despite scoring eight podiums in 12 attempts at Sakhir, the Iceman has never found his way to the top step. He has also never qualified on the front row in the desert.
After making it to 100 career podiums in Melbourne, Vettel will make a bit more history this weekend by joining the 200 race starts club - the 18th driver to do so. The German has so far scored four world championships, 48 wins and 50 poles in 199 Grand Prix weekends. Another win here will boost the confidence around the halls of Maranello.
For the superstitious out there, victory in Bahrain takes on even greater importance as nine of the previous 13 winners in the desert have gone on to win the drivers' title...
Hamilton failed to convert pole into victory for the fifth time in seven attempts in Melbourne. In Bahrain, he has converted one of two poles into victory. If he can improve that record this weekend, he will surpass Michael Schumacher's record of 40 wins from pole.
However, pole isn't the be all and end all. In only one of the last five races here has the pole-sitter claimed victory (Hamilton in 2015). Lining up at the sharp end, though, is imperative as the race has never been won from outside the first two rows of the grid.
Hamilton will make more history just by starting the race. It will be his 100th for Mercedes, making him the first driver to reach 100 starts for two different teams - he made 110 starts for McLaren between 2007-12.
Fernando Alonso's fifth place in Australia equalled McLaren's best result in the previous three years with Honda. If they fail to win at Sakhir, as seems likely given their pace relative to Mercedes, Ferrari and Red Bull, it will be the first time in their history they have gone 100 races without victory. Their last triumph came in the 2012 Brazilian Grand Prix, courtesy of Jenson Button.
By coincidence, this weekend is also Renault's 100th since their last Grand Prix victory. Only two teams have gone that long without a win and once again made it to the top step of the rostrum. Williams went 132 races between victory in Brazil 2004 and Spain 2012. Ligier started 231 between Canada 1981 and Monaco 1996. So both Renault and McLaren have some way to go to snatch that unwanted record.
In Australia, Force India failed to score points with either car for the first time since the Monaco Grand Prix last May. If they can get back inside the top 10 in Bahrain and score 13 points or more, they will break the 1000-point barrier.
It has been a while since Marcus Ericsson last scored a point. In fact, it'll be 50 races this weekend if he fails to make the top 10. Should he score again, he will set a record for the number of races between points finishes.
Interstate Car Transport
© All Rights Reserved. Auto-Logistics.com.au | Privacy | Terms | Design by Colourpac | Development by Basic Data Solutions

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Huh? Lord Jamar Says 'Moonlight' and 'Beauty and…
Another day, another instance of VLAD TV taunting Lord Jamar with LGBTQ news. Just in case you didn't know, Lord…
'Moonlight' Director Barry Jenkins To Helm Underground Railroad…
Following a triumphant Best Picture Oscar win for the critically-acclaimed Moonlight, director Barry Jenkins is set to write and direct…
Mahershala Ali Shares An Adorable First Photo Of…
Mahershala Ali is loving new fatherhood. The Oscar winning actor took to Instagram to share a photo of his daughter,…
Yeah, The Oscars 'Moonlight' Mix-Up Was Racist
The Oscars employees responsible for the unfortunate envelope error embody Trump's America.
Here's How Denzel Washington Saved The Day For…
Denzel Washington might not have won an Oscar Sunday night, but he did get to leave with his integrity. On…
The Media Coverage Of The Oscars' 'Best Picture'…
https://twitter.com/RobIsRandomAF_6/status/836092576088358912?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw We all know the president likes to tweet. But his Twitter fingers were surprisingly silent Sunday night as Black,…
The Men Of 'Moonlight' Are Giving Us Life…
Fresh off their shocking and historic Best Picture win at this year's Academy Awards, the film's actors continue to wow…
'Moonlight' Got Steve Harvey'd At the Oscars And…
So, WTF just happened?? In the strangest way possible, Moonlight has won the Oscar for Best Picture. But the big moment was…
'Moonlight' Takes Home Six Independent Spirit Awards
Oscar weekend is starting off on a good foot.
Evening Minute: O.J. Simpson May Be Released Sooner Than…
Plus, Indiana teen charged for the murder of her mother and white British writer slams "Moonlight," Twitter eviscerates her.
Janelle Monae Updates Her Black And White Look…
Snagging awards with a double dose of fashion, but was the star insensitive to wear Marc Jacobs to this particular…
HAUTE OR NAUGHT: Is Naomie Harris Looking Solid…
Take a vote on this look.
10 Reasons Why NAACP Image Award Nominee Mahershala…
Mahershala Ali blew up in 2016, earning him an NAACP Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion…
How Black Are The Oscars This Year? [EXCLUSIVE]
Last year's Oscars- like many before -was essentially devoid of blackness.
The True Meaning Of #HiddenFences
If a hidden fence were a real thing, it might be a lot like racism; A sturdy barrier that's invisible…
2017 Golden Globes Top Moments: Tracee Ellis Ross…
It was a great night for some of our faves, who took home top prizes at the 2017 Golden Globes.…
10 Reasons Why We'll Always Be Thankful…


An aircraft appraisal company is the type of company which specializes in offering the services of valuing an aircraft which is in the market. You should thus consider hiring an aircraft appraisal company when you are thinking of buying or selling one. You will have an idea of the services you will get when you consider the company that you have hired for the appraisal services. For that reason, you need to make consideration of the appropriate company which will provide you with the best services. The demand for the aircraft appraisal services has increased because many of them are being sold in the market. The increased demand for the aircraft appraisal services has led to many companies being established in the market. It will not be easy for you to hire the best appraisal company because of their huge number in the market. Therefore, you need to make some consideration to make the process about choosing the best appraisal company easier. The below are the tips to put into consideration while searching for a suitable aircraft appraisal company.
Make the first consideration of the duration that the aircraft appraisal company at vref.com has been operating when you need a suitable one. You will have an idea of the skills and proficiency of the company when you take note of the duration they have been in the market. Therefore, consideration will be made on the aircraft appraisal company which has served for a long time. Consideration will not be made on the aircraft appraisal company which is still young in the market.
Make the second consideration if the company is allowed by the government to offer the appraisal services to aircraft buyers and sellers. The aircraft appraisal company will begin its operation when they are given a go-ahead by the authorities in charge. For that reason, the license will be the only legal proof that will show if the company is approved by the authorities.
Take note of the rates that the aircraft appraisal company charges for the services they offer when you need a suitable one. You will have an idea of the cost the company will demand the appraisal services when you consider the quality they deliver. Therefore, make consideration of the company which you can comfortably for the cost they value the aircraft appraisal services. For more insights regarding airplane, go to http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/best-cheap-flights-websites_us_57604031e4b053d433067564.
The reputation of the aircraft appraisal company is the reputation that they have for their services when you need a suitable one for their services. For that reason, consider the services offered by the aircraft appraisal company which has the best reputation for the services they offer to its client.


text:
OSHA announces inaugural 'Safe + Sound Week'
OSHA National News Release
Agency, safety experts, industry leaders raise awareness of safety, health programs
WASHINGTON – The U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration announced today it has designated June 12-18, 2017, as "Safe + Sound Week," a new nationwide effort that calls on organizations of all sizes in a wide range of industries to raise awareness of the value and importance of workplace safety and health programs.
Joining OSHA to sponsor the effort are the National Safety Council, American Industrial Hygiene Association, American Society of Safety Engineers and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. In addition, 85 trade associations, industry and professional groups are partnering with the Safe + Sound Week initiative.
"Our nation has made great strides in raising awareness about the importance of workplace safety, yet more than four million workers suffer serious job-related injuries or illnesses annually. We can do better," said U.S. Secretary of Labor Alexander Acosta.
Participating in Safe + Sound Week can help organizations get their safety and health program started or energize an existing one. While approaches vary, effective programs have three core elements:
Management leadership that commits to establishing, maintaining and continually improving the program. Managers must also provide needed resources to support the program.
Workers who help identify solutions for improvements. A workforce engaged in safety and health programs result in higher productivity, increased job satisfaction and strong worker retention, which combine to increase revenues and lower turnover and recruitment costs.
A systematic "find and fix" approach that calls upon employers and workers alike to examine their workplaces – proactively and routinely – to identify and address hazards before an injury or illness occurs.
Information on how to participate in Safe + Sound Week, ideas for events and resources, and details of planned events around the country are available at this link.
Amy Louviere, 202-693-9423, louviere.amy@dol.gov
Amanda Kraft, 202-693-4664, kraft.amanda.c@dol.gov
Release Number: 17-739-NAT


I have an old handheld digital Oscilloscope which has a Toshiba TLX-1013 LCD display. Unfortunately the LCD is damaged (a lot of pixels are black making it unusable).
I looked for this display on the internet and either is discontinued or it is sold by usbid.com for $250.00 a piece. Almost the value of the Scope!!! And, the manufacturer has discontinued this unit as usual.
So I went to Digi Key and they sell a very similar unit with some pins in a different position so it is matter to make the appropiate breakout cable... Even the physical dimensions are almost the same by one or two milimeters.
At an affordable $70.75 USD, I would buy it inmediately. And they have a stock of over 72 pieces.
If anyone with more expertise could take a look to both datasheets I will really appreciate for some advice regarding these two LCD modules. Both modules uses the T6963C controller and the architecture is very similar.
The Digikey part is a LED backlit unit while the Toshiba one is an Electroluminiscense unit which requires an inverter.
Time to self reply to my previous post.
I checked more in detail both datasheets and I realized that despite of being very similar the RAM addressing method is different between these modules I have found making them uncompatible.
I even got in contact with the original manufacturer of the TLX-1013 (System Elektronik in Germany) and they told me that this device is out of production.
Searching on the net, I found that the TG160128B-01 made by OPPOD replaces the TLX-1013.
Now it appears that this module is manufactured by many companies in China with different prices and therefore it should be very similar right? WRONG! Apparently despite of having the same part number the inner workings of the LCDs is quite different.
And they make three different versions of this module but, on the inside there are more differences besides the LCD color. All of them uses the T6963C main controller but for the row and collumn addressing one uses the SDN8080G controller by Avant electronics and one uses a T6963C+T6A39+T6A40 arrangement, all chipset made by Toshiba. Unfortunately the datasheet for the TLX-1013 doesn't go further than that and it only shows a X driver and Y driver for rows and columns respectively. It appears to me that the one with a full Toshiba chipset is the one who matches the TLX-1013.
Unfortunately, most of the Chinese manufacturers provide very scarce information, even their "Datasheets" limits only to the pinout and operation voltages and no programming information is given.
Don't get me wrong, I'm not looking to program one of these beauties, I only want to replace a broken TLX-1013. This module uses a two screen addressing mode which was needed when this device was designed due to memory constraints. Now with higher density memory modules this is no longer a problem so new modules even using the same controller uses a "Linear"addressing mode instead of page switching or banking. This forces me to select the right display.
Could anybody please provide some advice? Worst case, have any of you a spare TLX-1013?
Do you know the Pinout of TLX-1013 LCD? SDN8080G is the driver chip, if the LCD module have the same Pinout and with same controller as TLX-1013, that would be work.
I know it's a long time ago, but are you still looking for a TLX-1013?
I have just binned a TrafficMaster unit as the service has been discontinued, but I removed the display first.
Anyone want it? Please post and email paul.trasler@ntlworld.com as I cannot guarantee getting back to this site too soon.


text:
Exclusive: New Details on Disney-Fox's 'Home Alone' Reboot
By Brandon Katz • 10/01/19 2:30pm
Here's how Disney-Fox's new Home Alone reboot will differ from the original. 20th Century Fox
Now that Disney owns Fox, the Mouse House is combing through its new library for valuable properties to mine. To that end, Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed on Disney's earnings call in August that a remake of the Chris Columbus-directed Home Alone for is in the works "a new generation." Now, Observer has learned a few more details about the project.
The new Home Alone film will follow a husband and wife who go to war with a young boy, Max, who has stolen from them, as originally reported by Collider's Jeff Sneider.
Max is being described as an energetic, witty nine-year-old boy with a mischievous side. He feels wise beyond his years and has the personality to easily converse with adults—plus the uncanny ability to relentlessly push their buttons. But, he also displays a sense of innocence and a kind heart much like the original protagonist.
Sources tell Observer that the studio is looking for a big name for the female lead. Fox did not respond to Observer's request for comment.
Dan Mazer (Who Is America?) is in talks to direct a script co-written by Saturday Night Live veterans Mikey Day and Streeter Seidel. Hutch Parker (Logan) and Dan Wilson (Patriots Day) are producing and Fox is eyeing a February 2020 start date.
The 1990 original Home Alone, starring Macaulay Culkin, was a massive hit with more than $475 million grossed worldwide. It followed Culkin's precocious eight-year-old Kevin as he protects his house from a pair of burglars, played by Joe Pesci and Daniel Stern, after he is accidentally left home alone by his family during Christmas vacation. It launched two sequels, arriving in 1992 and 1997, with the series grossing nearly $915 million worldwide overall.
SEE ALSO: No, 'Ad Astra' Hasn't Killed the Smart Sci-Fi Blockbuster


Impression understands that your privacy is important to you and that you care about how your personal data is used and shared online. We respect and value the privacy of everyone who visits this website, www.impression.co.uk ("Our Site") and will only collect and use personal data in ways that are described here, and in a manner that is consistent with Our obligations and your rights under the law.
"We" or "Us" or "Our" means Impression Digital Ltd, a limited company registered in England under company number 08284662, whose registered address is Fothergill House, 16 King Street, Nottingham, NG1 2AS, UK.
Our Site is owned and operated by Impression Digital Limited, a limited company registered in England under company number 08284662, whose registered address is Fothergill House, 16 King Street, Nottingham, NG1 2AS.
Our VAT number is GB186363774.
When hosting events we sometimes work with our partner companies and may utilise third party software to manage our attendee data. If you sign up to attend an event hosted by Impression, your data may be processed by our partners or software vendors. We will always ask for your permission to share your data, and will always let you know in advance who it is to be shared with.
You have the right to ask for a copy of any of your personal data held by Us (where such data is held). Under the GDPR, no fee is payable and We will provide any and all information in response to your request free of charge. Please contact Us for more details at hello@impression.co.uk, or using the contact details below in section 14.


text:
Vol. LXIX, No. 13
ACD Supports Early Investigators, Applauds Collins' Reappointment
Daly Lecturer Describes 21st Century Drug Discovery
Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Help Identify Rare Mendelian Disorders
NIH Hosts 4th Workshop with Gates Foundation
Asian American Heritage Month Celebrated at NIH
Myositis Conference Joins Researchers, Patients
NIAMS, NIDDK Partner to Increase Lupus Awareness
"The field has expanded greatly in terms of its research scope," said NIEHS's Dr. Lisa Rider. "This conference took it to a new level."
Photo: Rita Volochayev
The second Global Conference on Myositis (GCOM 2017) brought together myositis researchers, patients and support group representatives from around the world. Dr. Fred Miller chaired the steering and scientific committees for the recent event, which took place at the Bolger Center in Potomac. Miller is head of the environmental autoimmunity group (EAG) at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
Myositis is a rare, multi-symptom disease that can affect people of all ages and involves dermatology, rheumatology, neurology and pulmonary disease, among others. Also known as idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, myositis consists of a diverse group of complex diseases that result from chronic muscle inflammation.
"Our main goal was to share state-of-the-art research covering all forms of myositis and to include basic researchers and all specialties caring for myositis patients," said Miller. "It was a great success and laid the groundwork for important future collaborations."
"The conference focused on trainees and young investigators," said Dr. Lisa Rider, deputy chief of the EAG and a leading researcher of juvenile myositis. Six trainees received abstract awards and made oral presentations, she noted. The event also offered a special mentoring session on how to become successful myositis researchers.
Dr. Hanna Kim, an NIAMS clinical fellow, received an outstanding abstract award for her research on juvenile dermatomyositis.
"This gave me the chance to give a plenary presentation," she said. "I got a lot of thoughtful feedback from international experts."
GCOM 2017 highlighted the involvement of patients and their advocates. Two major support groups, the Myositis Association and the CureJM Foundation, participated.
"As a rare, neglected disease, myositis doesn't get much official attention or funding," Miller said. "Patient support groups serve an important function in raising awareness and funding for research."
Dr. Adam Schiffenbauer, an EAG staff clinician, heard satisfaction expressed by many of the patients at the conference.
"A lot of the program was directed at addressing what patients want and what we are doing to support them," he said.
NIAMS director Dr. Stephen Katz and Dr. Andrew Mammen, a researcher in the NIAMS muscle disease unit, were also involved.
With 310 participants, the meeting was twice the size of the 2015 inaugural conference in Stockholm. Building on the success of this year's conference, the next of the biennial series, GCOM 2019, will take place in Berlin.
Ongoing clinical studies led by NIEHS, NIAMS and others are recruiting volunteers. In addition to support from NIEHS, the conference received funding from NIAMS and NINDS, as well as 20 patient support group and corporate sponsors.—John Yewell


PCE Instruments offers a wide range of balances: industrial balances, laboratory balances, precision balances, table top balances and many more. All of balances possess the characteristics and performance necessary to take measurements quickly and safely, and they come with a 2 or 3 year guarantee depending on the model. A lot of our balances can transfer data to a computer for further analysis, some have piece count functions and others hopper functions.
The balance some calibrated and can also come with a DIN ISO certificate. Also, if required our calibratable models can be adjusted to suit your needs. Call us if you cannot find the balances you are looking for to perform the job effectively: our offices can be contacted on +44 (0)2380 987030 or you can request a copy of our catalogue of balances (printable version) in which you can browse our vast selection of balances at your leisure and compare the various models.
Below there is a selection of our balances balances in a general index with links to the corresponding products where you will be able to see some images of specific products we carry in this range which will help clarifying the types of instruments you may be looking for. Other information regarding balances can be found at "other information and links".
Our balances, depending on the model, meet all technical requirements and weighing standards within all industries. As part of our balances, we have optional accessories available. The images below illustrate some examples of these accessories.
A legal verif ication of balances (only for verifiable models) can be done by us (class II and class III) or by an authorised verification centre for class II. Once an authorised verification has been performed, the balances cannot be calibrated when using an external calibration weight.
An authorised verification is valid for 2 years, at which point a verification must be performed annually. For companies that have an internal control or external audits, it is acceptable to perform an annual ISO calibration. The ISO certification comes with an additional document containing the test values. The certification can also include the company's address and details.
Balances are used to determine the weight of a particular body or the magnitudes related to weight, such as volume or density. The determination of weight is very important in many sectors, especially within the production and the commerce.
Together with our range of balances and the professional assessment of our engineers and technicians, we also provide an alphabetical list of relevant terminologies to help our customers in familiarising with our products before purchasing them.
Absolute density: determination of the weight of an object in units of milligrams (mg), grams (g), kilograms (kg) or tons (t).
Accurate weighing balances: Accurate scales can be found in our general index. Their accuracy, wide weight range as well as their high quality, are the most valuable factors which convince customers to buy our products.
Adjust: establishing an exact magnitude of measurement in a device, such as a scale, by technically intervening with the measurement system.
Adjust weight range: this can be done by using a control weight and the adjustment setting (CAL), or with an internal automatic adjustment connection. This is required due to changes in temperature, changes in ambient conditions, location change, etc. This adjustment should be done routinely throughout the day.
Analytical scales: In our product range you will find analytical scales which come with software and the possibility to measure with an accuracy of 0.01 mg (more analytical devices are available upon request).
Authorisation of adjustments to balances: calibrations of balances are documented once the device has been authorised. The device must first be submitted to a technical calibration test which is done by an official organisation, usually a state meteorological institution. The technical requirements of the measurement and the specifics of the device are taken into consideration. This authorisation is documented with an EU certification (IEC Type approval certificate). This EU authorisation is valid across all member states of the EU.
Authorisation of balances: this is carried out by the PTB Federal Office. Balances can only be adjusted if there is an authorisation for this format.
Balances for analysis: In our product range we offer scales for analysis which come with software and the possibility to read to an accuracy of 0.01mg (more accurate devices are available on request).
Balances for colleges: On our website you will find six types of scales for colleges. Our scales for colleges can be used by professionals, at home, for hobbies and at school. They can be powered by batteries or an optional mains adaptor.
Balances for dentistry: On our website you will find scales for dentistry to calculate the weight of the golden teeth. Weighing units (grams, carats or even %) can be chosen in some models of scales for dentistry.
Balances for gold : On our website you will find a wide range of scales for gold for weighing both gold and jewels, with an option to choose weighing units (grams or carats). All our scales for gold can be verified.
Balances for people: Scales for people are used to measure and determine the people's body weight. The weight range for scales for people is from 0 kg up to 150 kg, and sometimes up to 200 kg.
Balances for school: On our website there are six different types of school scales, including scales for professional use, home, leisure as well as schools. You can choose to power scales via the mains (optional) or by batteries.
Balances for transit: The scales for transit consist of a ribbed, non-skid plate, four moveable weighing cells and easy to use terminal. Optional accessories for our scales for transit are available, such as: an access ramp, a wall mount, floor plates, a long cable, tripod and tripod base.
Balances for weighing pallets: With our class III scales for weighing pallet you will be able to weigh loads directly from the loading ramp. By using scales for weighing pallet you will save time, shorten the path with full pallets, and you will also reduce the number of employees who work with pallets.
Balances with a support: Scales with a support are in fact tabletop scales with an optional support for the indicator (except in PEC-PB series). On our website you will find a wide range of scales with a support, such as: scales with weight range up to 300 kg, verified or non-verified scales and those with a high resolution.
Balances with counter: Among the wide range of products that we offer you may find scales with counter, scales to weigh items, reference scales or verified industrial models for professionals.
Balances with software: A lot of our scales with software have got RS-232 - an interface for the data transmission. With the help of the connection to the optional software or the data cable you can transfer the weight data directly to the computer or printer.
Basic balances : All types of scales for kitchen usage can be found within our basic scales section. Basic scales possess many advantages including their ease of use and a tare function which makes it easy to put together ingredients for recipes.
a) Commercial ventures where the cost of a product is determined by its weight.
b) The manufacture of medicines in pharmacies, such as in the analysis in medical laboratories or pharmaceuticals.
c) For determing fees, tariffs or official fines, also for technical expertise in court cases.
d) The manufacture of packaging.
All balances are tested in an authorised calibration centre and are identified with a calibration mark. This marking corroborates its accuracy within the tolerance frame of calibration. The scope of EU calibrations extends across all the member countries of the EU.
Calibration of balances with an automatic adjustment or with an automatic connection. All the previously mentioned references lose validity, which can be managed by an automatic adjustment after a calibration. In this case the calibration is done independently of an enclosure.
Calibration value: measured by the calibration tolerance according to the type of balances, between 1 and 10d.
Calibrate: to establish a correction of the magnitude of measurement in a device without intervening in the system of measurement. Example: testing of balances with a test weight. The term 'calibrate' used to mean 'adjustment'. Laboratories for calibrating balances.
Calibrated / non-calibrated balances: in respect to technical measurements, they are almost identical. In case of balances which can be calibrated, some prescribed specifications exist, such as software modifications or additional labels.
Capacity indicator: a luminous band ascending on the display indicates the occupied weight range and the available range. It eliminates the risk of intentionally going out of range.
Minimum load (min): lower limit of an adjustable measurement range. It can be found indicated on the adjustment plate. Balances can also function below the minimum load.
Calibration certificate: document containing the technical characteristics of balances or test weights, which are traceable to a National Standard.
Certification according to DIN EN ISO 9001: the certification shows that a company meets with all the required quality management system according to DIN EN ISO 9001 standards. After consulting the appropriate authorities, a certificate can be obtained according to the quality management system standard DIN EN ISO 9001.
Characteristic line of balances: graphical representation of the weight indication of the balances with weight control from zero up to a maximum load.
Commercial balances: class III balances. These typically include shop balances.
Commercial weights: weights of OIML within error limit class M3.
Compensation for electromagnetic energy: electronic analysis balances and precision balances of higher quality operate according to this measurement principle. The base constitutes the physical effect of the energy experienced an electrical coil within current or permanent magnetic field.
Control of the testing method: performance of quality management systems according to ISO 9000 and others such as the GLP. The method of measurement (scales) and the methods of control (weights) have to be tested at defined intervals, to determine if a calibration is required. This test should include documentation.
Conventional value of a weight: effect of a weight on balances under ideal circumstances: material density 8000kg/m³, relative temperature 20°C, density of air during the measurement 1.2kg/m³.
The conventional value of a weight is facilitated by precision weights, and the present oscillations due to the density of air up to ±10% do not have to be taken into consideration.
Declaration of conformity: the declaration of conformity documents that a product corresponds with EU directives. In terms of electronic balances, they come with the CE certification mark.
Determination of percentage: for example, the reference weight of a sample before drying it is 50g = display of the scale at 100%. After drying, the sample is 40g = display of the balances at 80% absolute (dry mass) or 20% relative (humidity).
An authorised DKD laboratory for issuing calibration certificates.
Division: in digital balances, this is also called Reading capacity d. In non-mechanical balances, the minimum value is indicated in a balances composed of lines and figures that are read by way of an index or indicator.
Document of conformity: when balances are calibrated a document of conformity is drawn up by the authority carrying out the adjustments.
Dosing balances: Many of our scales are used as dosing scales. The economic platform scales are giving way to special dosing scales which are more expensive. Solidity, wide weighing range and high accuracy are the main advantages of dosing scales.
Duration of the validity of a calibration of balances: analytical balances of calibration class I, 2 years; precision balances of calibration class II, 2 years; industrial balances of calibration class III, 2 years; all other classes, 1 year.
Duration of the validity of a calibration of weights: weights in error limit class E2, 4 years; weights in error limit class F1 - F2, 4 years; weights in error limit class M1 - M3, 4 years, weights in all other classes, 1 year.
EA: European co-operation for Accreditation (previously WECC or EAL). Regulates the mutual international recognition of DKD certificates for balances. Link for the EA.
Effects of air: each body experiences a push of air, a loss of weight, that does not disappear when using highly accurate weights. To neutralise this, in practice, a conventional weight value is introduced. The effects of air should be taken into consideration when weighing an object.
Error limit for balances: refers to adjusted balances. The error limit refers to the permitted tolerance which means the allowed deviation of weight. There is a difference between error limits from the first adjustment and error limits used by the balances.
Error limits for weights / classes of error limit: a weight's error limit corresponds with the permitted tolerance, which means the largest allowed deviation from the nominal value. Error limit classes for weights are established by OIML in a strict hierarchical manner.
Error limits when used: they are the double of error limits for balances for their first adjustment. They are the permitted error limits for balances in use.
External test weight: (calibration weight), used to adjust or calibrate precision balances, also see 'Adjust weight range'. An external test weight can come with a DKD certificate.
Filter to adapt to ambient conditions: they filter the sudden movements increasing the number of internal measurement cycles in the balances or increasing the time of integration. It is additional security above the control status that is eliminated in a measurement value that is being read or printed too quickly. Different levels of filters can be adjusted. See also weighted value.
Gross weight: weight of an object including packaging and or the transport container see also Net weight and Tare.
Heavier / lighter weight: for testing quality: load the balances with a nominal weight - reset the tare to zero by pressing the TARE key, which saves the nominal value - all measurements taken will be shown in relation to the nominal weight.
Example: weight range of 300g, at a reading capacity of 0.001g corresponds to 1mg, the resolution = 300,000 digits.
Hook balances: On our website you will find hook scales for the industry. Industrial hook scales have a big display which makes it easy to read the weight properly.
Hopper balances: Many of our scales are used as hopper scales. The economic platform scales are giving way to special hopper scales which are more expensive.
Household scales: Within our range of household scales you can find all types of scales for kitchen usage. Household scales have many advantages including their ease of use and a tare function making it convenient to put together ingredients for recipes.
Humidity balances: PCE humidity scales are designed for both industrial and professional sector. Humidity scales can determine the remaining dry matter after a drying process with infrared energy of the original matter which must be previously weighed.
Influence of temperature on balances: these are physical conditions and can only be corrected with internal device compensation. It is necessary to adjust balances after a change in temperature. >> Adjust.
Indication of an overload: shown on the display of balances when a minimum or maximum load is exceeded.
Industrial balances: this covers a wide range of balances, covering tabletop balances, platform, balances, crane balances as well as balances used for shipping and receiving.
Interface parameters: almost always RS-232 C. to connect directly to a computer or printer.
Internal test weight: like the external test weight, but is incorporated within the balances and functions using a motor.
Inventory scales: We offer you a wide range of inventory scales as well as scales for weighing items, reference scales or verified industrial models for professionals which are used either for piece counting function or for weighing.
ISO 9000 and higher: quality management system within the quality assurance standard for companies known as DIN EN ISO 9000 and above.
ISO / GLP protocol: in quality assurance systems, it's necessary to print weighting results, first values, and the weight correction adjustment with the date and time, as well as the balances identifier. The easiest way is by connecting a printer.
Laboratory balances: under this classification you will find analytical balances and precision balances.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): term used to identify a type of display which incorporates liquid crystal and is not illuminated on its own.
LED display (Light Emitting Diode): It uses the light emitted from light diodes to display values or indicators.
Linearity / Correction of balances: maximum deviation of the weight display with respect to the test weight value across the entire range.
Load control at balances edges: control of the balances when a load is placed near the edge of the weighing pan.
Load cranes: On our website you will find load cranes for the industry. Industrial load cranes have a big display for reading the weight properly.
Load balances: On our website you will find load scales for the industry. Industrial load scales have a big display for reading the weight properly.
Margin of error for balances: the uncertainty in measurements characterises the range in which you will find the real measurement range.
Maximum weight range: operating range for balances. Balances can be loaded up to the maximum load limit.
Metric carat: a metric carat is 1ct = 0.2g. It is used for determining the weight of precious stones.
Micro balances: Analytical balances which can take a minimum load of between 5g and 50g, with a reading capacity d = 0.001mg or higher.
Net weight: weight of an object excluding packaging and or the transport container >> Gross weight, >> Tare.
Newton: the Newton (N) is a unit of force in the System International (SI).
A body accelerates at a force of 1 kg for 1m/seg².
Number of reference pieces: number of pieces needed to obtain a representative weight reference for piece counting. Usually between 5 and 50 pieces.
Package balances: In the general index you will find package scales for mailing/shipping. With package scales you will be able to calculate immediately the weight of the object which is going to be sent. Package scales can be used for various purposes.
Paper balances: On our website, you will find both mechanical and digital paper scales for professional weighing of sheets of paper in g/m² (in relation to a square meter of paper).
Pasteur tube: manual device that offers the possibility to measure the weight of small quantities of liquid.
Piece counting: if you weigh, for example, 10 equal pieces, the reference number of pieces is 10. Balances automatically determine the average weight by the quantity of pieces. From this moment, the identical components to count are referred to as pieces. A larger number of reference pieces results in a more accurate calculation.
Precision scales: You will find precision scales in our general index. Our precision scales convince people by their accuracy, their wide weight range as well as by their high quality. Many of our precision scales have a built-in level to direct scales with a high precision an accuracy.
Prototype of the International kilogram: Also called 'the original kilogram' and it is the base unit for the mass. This piece of 1 kilogram is kept in Paris. It is the global standard for the metric system from which derive gram (g), milligram (mg) and ton (t).
PTB: Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig. This Federal Offices responsible for the legal Metrology OIML in Germany. In the case of balances, they regulate calibrations.
Reading capacity d: the smallest legible value on balances.
Recalibration: periodical measurement of the method of measurement or control, to test its correction.
Recovery of the national norm: the ISO 9000 standard ensures that all measurements meet the defined tolerance of the official standard. Also see 'International prototype kilogram'.
Reference weight: the representative weight for piece counting equal components. Also see 'Number of reference pieces'.
Repeatability: (standard deviation) the coincidence of repeated measurements under the same conditions. Usually 1d or less. Qualitative characteristic.
Scales for carat: On our website you will find scales for carat for weighing both carats and jewellery. In some models of our scales for carat weighing units (grams or carats) can be chosen.
Semi-micro balances: analytical balances with a reading capacity d = 0.01mg.
Surface balances: Mechanical and digital surface scales used to obtain the weight of a sheet of paper in g/m² are available on this site.
Balances with 'stand by': they partially shut down if not being used. This eliminates the start-up time when they need to be re-used, which saves time.
Balances with various ranges: balances with a variety of different weight ranges. Each weight range begins at zero and stops at the maximum load for the balances. Each weight range has its own reading capacity "d".
Start-up time: the amount of time from when the balances are turned on until it has reached its operating temperature.
This is almost always indicated in the user's manual. Also see 'Changes in temperature'.
Systems (Hanging): We offer you an overview of the hanging system which is ideal for both trading and leisure. Hanging system has almost all the weighing ranges (from 20 g to 10 t) and is equipped with a shockproof device.
Tare: the possibility to reset the display to zero once a receptacle is placed on the weighing pan. This can be done as often as required with electronic balances. The tare is subtracted from the device's maximum weight range. For example: the maximum weight range is 6000g, the tare (= a receptacle) 470 g, maximum available weight range = 5530g.
Tare weight: weight of the container or packaging of an object. Also see 'Gross weight' and 'Net weight'.
Temperature range: the range in which balances can be used. If the balances are used in temperatures too high or low, errors can occur.
Terrestrial forces: destabilising influence on electronic balances. The balances should be adjusted in an enclosure as the device's energy will be different at different points of the earth.
Test weights: weights that correspond with a measurement class of error limit M1 of the OIML. Used for testing precision balances and industrial balances.
Thermo balances: PCE thermo balances have been designed for the industrial and professional sectors. Thermo balances can determine the remaining dry matter after a drying process with infrared energy of the original matter previously weighed, so humidity is calculated in relation to the weight of the wet matter.
Tolerance of a measuring device: each device has an indicated tolerance to physical conditions. Tolerance defines the most deviation allowed. Also see 'Error limit'.
Total net: the possibility to put the weight in separate memory locations for making recipes. The net total is the sum of weights of all the components, excluding the weight of the receptacle and can be calculated at the press of a button.
Validation: document demonstrating that a process is more appropriate for performing a tare.
Verification: document demonstrating that the device has met with an established requirement.
Verifiable balances: Our online offer includes a range of verifiable scales with a readability of 0.01 mg and available software.
Weight: the weight of a body is a physical magnitude. It is measured by the effect of the inertia of a change in velocity, such as an attraction to other bodies. Weight is always the same, independent of the effects of air and the attraction to the earth. The metric unit is the kilogram.
Weight differential: determination of the difference in weight of an object after a process, such as drying. Both weights are taken on the same scale under the same conditions.
Weight range tolerance: The upper and lower value limits are individually programmed into the balances either with weights or by using the keypad. To classify a luminous bar oscillates between value limits and an acoustic signal is emitted. Limit values are done in grams (g) per piece or percentage (%).
Weighing table: analysis balances and precision balances should exclude all sudden movements. The solid stone plates should rest upon wall mounted consoles or stable tables. Their horizontal position should not need to be modified.
Weight value: indicated by the balances after weighing. This is usually shown in either (g) or (kg). Results can be simply read or printed.
Wind screen: apparatus that protects the weighing pan against disruptive movements produced by the air flow. It is required by precision balances with a reading capacity d <10mg. It comes with all analytical balances.
Request a copy of our catalogue for balances (company copy).
Below we have a video of our company where you can observe where research, innovation and technical assistance are the most important services which we provide to our clients. If none of our balances are a solution to your problem, call us on: +44 (0)2380 987030 and one of our engineers will assess your needs and help you select the balances which best suit your requirements.
PCE Instruments has tested some of our measuring instruments in the Antarctic. Our aim was to ensure that our measuring instruments could resist extremely low temperatures. In a recent expedition, we exposed some of our pocket and laboratory balances to these conditions. Such extreme tests ensure that our devices will function inside freezer units for prolonged periods of time.
in Polish in Serbian in Russian in Turkish in Portuguese and in Portuguese .


BLOG: Iran and Russia - Israel's nightmare?
Moscow's controversial deal to supply Tehran with powerful S-300 air defence system has alarmed Tel Aviv.
In 2007, Russia signed a $800m deal to supply Iran with the S-300 missile system.
The news was trumpeted with much fanfare in both Tehran and Moscow.
It was a big trade deal for Russian President Vladimir Putin's government and a big security boost for Iran.
But it was never delivered. Increasing Western sanctions on Iran meant Russia shelved the deal.
Then this week the Russians backtracked and lifted the embargo.
Immediately Israel was up in arms. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, according to the Kremlin, called Putin to voice his concerns and the Russian leader responded by saying that the weapons were purely defensive, and did not pose a threat to Israeli security.
That was not enough for the Israeli leader. Israel is doing everything it can to derail a deal on Iran's nuclear programme that could be signed by June.
That will prove a significant challenge to any air attack, and given Israel's open warning that it might hit Iranian nuclear targets is a concern to Tehran, however military experts say that the Israeli capability to hit targets inside the country has been overstated.
Russia and Israel have also have a complicated relationship and Israel has in the past sold arms to Russia's enemies. In Georgia in 2008 Israeli made weapons proved a challenge to Russian forces.
At that time it was noticed by Israeli commentators, who warned that the Russians were supplying Iran and Syria with weapons and Moscow did not need an excuse to sell those countries more advanced weapons.
More recently Ukraine, another Russian enemy, has received weapons from Israel, but under a tacit agreement it stopped supply in what many consider an unspoken de facto deal.
If Russia does not supply Israel's enemies, then Israel will not supply Russia's.
But with the lifting of the ban on the S-300, Israel faces a stark choice. Does it risk the wrath of Russia by supplying weapons to Moscow's enemies, or does it remain silent and figure out a way to beat Iranian air defence systems?
A clue maybe be found in Istanbul.
Quietly Israel were allegedly training Turkish fighter pilots, which began in 1997 according to reports from the time, advanced skills to beat air defence systems and have taken a very close look at the S-300 which the the Greeks had been using and was a concern for Istanbul.
By training the pilots Israel got a good look at the capabilities of a deployed S-300, knowledge which for the Israelis was very useful.
So beating the S-300 is one option. But what else can Israel do stop any further expansion of the Russian-Iran relationship?
Hardline diplomacy in at the United Nations and the EU is well traveled path for the Israelis and its likely they will use all the back channels they can to quietly put pressure on Russia. What Israel is truly concerned about is Iran's re-entry in the world community.
The sale of weaponry, lifting of sanctions, any nuclear deal all bring Iran back into the international fold and that is not something Israel wants.
Netanyahu has been clear repeatedly saying that any influx of money Iran receives after a deal has been struck will further finance its regional ambitions, saying "it will receive billions of dollars to finance its war and terrorism machines, with international legitimacy".
There is a lot of talk in the Israeli press about what Iran might do with the S-300.
Fears it could be transferred to Hezbollah in Lebanon, into Syria to back president Bashar Al Assad's regime are key Israeli concerns, but once again this might be political scare mongering than actual fact.
It might only be five separate missile platforms which Iran would have to deploy selectively.
From a purely security perspective Israel shouldn't have an issue with Russian arms sales to Iran, as the S-300 is a defensive system.
Politically though it provides a excuse to Israel to ramp up its anti Iranian campaign and keep up the pressure on Tehran. Russia has other concerns.
With a deal between Iran and the West in the being negotiated, Russia is looking to secure its influence in the region, and this might be what is driving Russian policy, and that is why it might be easing up on Iran and looking to keep it as partner.
Russia has plenty of trade interests in the country, including nuclear power plants, heavy industry and the like and maintaining and expanding that relationship is key part of Russia's foreign policy.
In many ways the S-300 is not about security or defence but a symbolic show of faith in Iran and one that has Israel worried.
Israel has not responded publicly with a concrete move yet, but it will have to and given the tone coming out of Israel, it is only real choice may well be to risk the wrath of Russia and supply arms to Moscow's enemies.


text:
Here we collected the best imax movies in order of popularity
The Ultimate Wave: Tahiti
Featuring ten-time world surfing champion Kelly Slater, The Ultimate Wave follows a quest to find the perfect wave-riding experience. Filmed in Tahiti and among the islands of French Polynesia, the fi...
Mysterious and only superficially explored by generations of the native Aborigines, Australia's Great Barrier Reef is one of the world's most extraordinary natural life systems. Twelve hundred miles l...
Flight of the Butterflies
It takes two or three generations for the monarch butterfly to reach the Canadian breeding grounds, but it is one "supergeneration" that makes the 2,000 mile return trip back south into central Mexico...
Lost Worlds: Life in the Balance
Lost Worlds looks at untouched aspects of nature in parts of the world where humans rarely tread. From plants, to animals, to geology, this artfully photographed documentary presents facets of the bio...
Tiny Giants 3D
There is a short description of what happens under and around us. A small mouse and a small animal go on an adventure and learn about life and its difficulties.
Mystery of the Nile
Filmed in IMAX, a team of explorers led by Pasquale Scaturro and Gordon Brown face seemingly insurmountable challenges as they make their way along all 3,260 miles of the world's longest and deadliest...
From the unique vantage point of 200 miles above Earth's surface, we see how natural forces - volcanoes, earthquakes and hurricanes - affect our world, and how a powerful new force - humankind - has b...
Explore the extraordinary hidden world of insects, where a leaf weighs more than a car, rain drops feel like exploding hand grenades and a blade of grass soars like a skyscraper. Shot on location in t...
Ultimate G's
Feel the thrill of flying in a world class, aerobatics competition aircraft through the Grand Canyon! Containing the most dynamic aerial stunts ever shot in large format woven into a delightful story ...
A sweeping overview of humanity's accomplishments in space, as well as our ongoing activities and future plans.
To the Arctic
A journey into the lives of a mother polar bear and her two seven-month-old daughters as they navigate the changing wilderness they call home.
To demonstrate the history of various regions, carefully picked scenes of nature and civilization are viewed at high speed using time-lapse cinematography.
Voyage of Time: The IMAX Experience
A celebration of the universe, displaying the whole of time, from its start to its final collapse. This film examines all that occurred to prepare the world that stands before us now: science and spir...
Deep Sea 3D
Sea life in a completely different way. Deep Sea 3D, an underwater adventure from the filmmakers behind the successful IMAX® 3D film Into the Deep, transports audiences deep beneath the ocean surface....
This large format film explores the last great wilderness on earth. It takes you to the coldest, driest, windiest continent, Antarctica. The film explores the life in Antarctica, both for the animals ...
Coral Reef Adventure
Coral Reef Adventure follows the real-life expedition of ocean explorers and underwater filmmakers Howard and Michele Hall. Using large-format cameras, the Halls guide us to the islands and sun-drench...
Fighter Pilot: Operation Red Flag
Fighter Pilot: Operation Red Flag follows American F-15 Eagle pilot John Stratton as he trains with some of the world's best pilots. The movie depicts Stratton's progression through the challenging an...
Roving Mars
Join the Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity for an awe-inspiring journey to the surface of the mysterious red planet.
Journey to the South Pacific
An underwater voyage to Indonesia to learn about its inhabitants such as giant rays and whale sharks as well as efforts being made in the region for ocean conservation.
Alaska: Spirit of the Wild
Alaska... Here, in this vast and spectacularly beautiful land teeming with abundant wildlife, discover the "Spirit of the Wild." Experience it in the explosive calving of glaciers, the celestial fires...
In Born to Be Wild, we observe various orphan jungle animals and their interactions with the individuals who rescue them and raise them to adulthood. The film is unfurled in two different geographic s...
A documentary that explores the natural world of the sea, from the single-celled organism to more complex forms of life, OCEAN ORIGINS was originally filmed in the IMAX large format, which adds a cris...
Straight Up: Helicopters in Action
Straight Up: Helicopters in Action will take audiences on a series of aerial adventures. Fly along with skilled helicopter crews as they carry out sea and mountain rescues, catch drug traffickers, rep...
Dolphins and Whales: Tribes of the Ocean
This documentary goes to coral reefs of the Bahamas and the waters of the Kingdom of Tonga for a close encounter with the surviving tribes of the ocean: wild dolphins and belugas, the love of a Humpba...
Solarmax is a 40-minute giant-screen documentary that tells the story of humankind's struggle to understand the sun. The film will take audiences on an incredible voyage from pre-history to the leadin...
Filmed in the summer of 2019, Jesus Is King brings the famed Sunday Service to life in the Roden Crater, as well as a never-before-seen installation by artist James Turrell in Arizona. This one-of-a-k...
A documentary on the history on mankind's attempts to reach high speeds. Starting with the invention of the bicycle, going on to sports cars, cars with jet engines, rocket-powered cars, attempts to br...
A look at the great wolf debate with comments and views from people on both sides. It also contains footage of Natives dressing up & doing tribal dances. The link between wolves, bison, and Native...
D-Day: Normandy 1944
June 6, 1944: The largest Allied operation of World War II began in Normandy, France. Yet, few know in detail exactly why and how, from the end of 1943 through August 1944, this region became the most...
Island of Lemurs: Madagascar
The incredible true story of nature's greatest explorers—lemurs. Through footage captured with IMAX 3D, audiences go on a spectacular journey to the remote and wondrous world of Madagascar. Join trail...
Sea Rex 3D: Journey to a Prehistoric World
IMAX 3D will allow you to experience a wonderful adventure from the dinosaur age. Julie, an imaginative young woman, is embarking on a unique voyage through time and space. Dinosaurs conquered the ear...
Explore the mysterious Amazon through the amazing IMAX experience. Amazon celebrates the beauty, vitality and wonder of the rapidly disappearing rain forest.
Cosmic Voyage
The Academy Award® nominee Cosmic Voyage combines live action with state-of-the-art computer-generated imagery to pinpoint where humans fit in our ever-expanding universe. Highlighting this journey is...
IMAX documentary about the Suncoast Seabird Sanctuary, FL, USA Made for exhibition at the Expo '85, Tsukuba, Japan.
Ocean Men, Extreme Dive
Two world champion freedivers, Pipin Ferreras and Umberto Pelizzari, have been competing for world records for more than a decade. They love the sea without compromise and that is what makes them comp...
The Secret of Life on Earth
A breathtaking adventure across five continents and through time to reveal nature's most vital secret. Watch a flying fox gorge itself on a midnight snack of figs. Climb into the prickly jaws of insec...
Tornado Alley documents two unprecedented missions seeking to encounter one of Earth's most awe-inspiring events—the birth of a tornado. Filmmaker Sean Casey's personal quest to capture the birth of a...
Wild Australia: The Edge
From beautiful but dangerous waterfalls to canyons and underground rivers carved into stone millions of years ago, Wild Australia is a stunning look at our fragile world and how it relates to Earth of...
Ride Around the World
Journey across Morocco, Spain, Mexico, Argentina, Patagonia, Texas and British Columbia, to meet vaqueros, gauchos, baqueanos and cowboys - all part of a single global horse culture, an unbroken trail...
Under the Sea 3D
Imagine a world that is beautiful and colorful. There were crabs wearing hats. There were fish that were covered in stones and shag carpets. There is a kaleidoscope of life, dancing and weaving, float...
Journey into Amazing Caves
Journey into Amazing Caves is an extraordinary IMAX adventure into the depths of the earth to uncover the secrets to life underground.
Early IMAX documentary about the development of human flight.
Fires of Kuwait
After the Kuwait Oil wells were lit up, teams from all over the world battled the fires for months. They needed to save the oil resources as well as reduce air pollution. Different teams came up with ...
Destiny in Space
Travel alongside the astronauts as they deploy and repair the Hubble Space Telescope, soar above Venus and Mars, and find proof of new planets and the possibility of other life forming around distant ...
Encounter in the Third Dimension
The Professor, helped by his flying robot M.A.X., tries to show us the history of 3-D film, and his newest innovation, Real-O-Vision (ride films). But his hardware keeps breaking down, particularly wh...
The Alps - Climb of Your Life
In 1966, John Harlin II died while attempting Europe's most difficult climb, the North Face of the Eiger in Switzerland. 40 years later, his son John Harlin III, an expert mountaineer and the editor o...
Ocean Oasis is a fascinating journey into the bountiful seas and pristine deserts of two remarkably different, but inextricably linked worlds — Mexico's Sea of Cortés and the Baja California desert.
Wild Ocean is in an uplifting, giant screen cinema experience capturing one of nature's greatest migration spectacles. Plunge into an underwater feeding frenzy, amidst the dolphins, sharks, whales, ga...
Australia: Land Beyond Time
Australia: Land Beyond Time takes viewers on a breathtaking journey back in time to witness the birth and evolution of a mysterious land that harbors remnants of Earth's earliest life and many of it's...
Mysteries of Egypt
Filmed in IMAX, a young girl questions her grandfather about the alleged curse of King Tutankhamen. His response takes us up to the source of the nourishing river Nile, to the Great Pyramids of Giza, ...


We are always working hard to make sure you are happy with your purchase from OOOWLIT Optics. We Guarantee to make a correct pair of lenses according to your ordered. Our professional staff are working diligently with utmost professional integrity to make sure that every pair of lenses are produced perfectly. We verify your lenses according to ANSI standards; OOOWLIT only use raw materials certified by FDA, and check for any material defects like scratches, chips, and other cosmetic defects, we are challenging zero defect through 100% sampling test for the products shipped.
OOOWLIT and OOOWLIT logo are trademarks of OOOWLIT Optics company. Oakley, Inc. is not associated with OOOWLIT and does not endorse, sponsor, support or associate with OOOWLIT products. Any usage of Oakley trademarks is only to describe those products.


It is true that Chinese foods have a special place in every Indian heart and it also holds a huge popularity among foreigners. To support this huge preference, Ernakulam has a wide range of exclusive hotels which provide authentic and tasty variety of Chinese Cuisine spread across the district.
Hugely preferred both by the natives as well as travelers this form of cuisine is served in various multi-cuisine restaurants also. However, the taste of the exclusive Chinese dishes in specialized restaurants brings in a whole new flavor and touch to the ever popular known dishes.


text:
Another SLRC Employee Attacked in Sri Lanka
The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) is outraged at reports that a librarian at the state-controlled Sri Lanka Rupavahini Cooperation (SLRC) television station was cut with a razor knife while travelling on public transport on March 5.
Ranjani Aluthge was attacked on a bus by a young person who stabbed her back and shoulder twice before getting off the bus. Aluthge received stitches for her injuries.
According to the Free Media Movement (FMM), an IFJ affiliate, the attack is the fourth violent incident recorded against SLRC journalists and media workers since the beginning of 2008.
On January 25, SLRC news division producer Lal Hemantha Mawalage was attacked with a knife by two men on a motorbike about 11pm. He was admitted to hospital with severe cuts to his right arm. On March 4, Mawalage was threatened by an unidentified person who told him to get his coffin ready.
Two armed assailants entered the house of SLRC media worker Duleep Dushantha on January 29. Not finding him, the attackers threatened his mother with death if she informed the police of the incident.
SLRC assistant director news camera Priyal Ranjith Perera fought off attacks by an unidentified gang who entered his home on February 27. The attackers fled.
The three journalists were involved in an incident on December 27 when the Minister for Labour, Mervyn Silva, stormed into the SLRC with a group of people and assaulted the news director.
Another three journalists from MTV network who were also involved in covering the December 27 incident have reportedly logged a complaint at Maharagama police station saying that they had received credible information that "underworld persons" were plotting to harm them.
The FMM reports that some journalists who played a leading role in protests about the December incident have gone into hiding.
"Attacks on journalists and media organisation staff for reporting on matters of public interest issue are completely unacceptable," said IFJ Asia-Pacific Director Jacqueline Park.
"By trying to create an atmosphere of fear and violence to fracture the media community, the perpetrators are undermining the value of freedom of expression for all people in Sri Lanka."
The IFJ joins the FMM in calling on Sri Lanka's Government and authorities to act on repeated requests for immediate and open investigations into these attacks. No perpetrators have been brought to justice to date.
For further information contact IFJ Asia-Pacific on +612 9333 0919
The IFJ represents over 600,000 journalists in 120 countries


Purpose: Understand the choice of recall period for PRO measures based on intended use, characteristics of the disease, treatment, and attributes of studies.
Methods: Current practice and considerations were reviewed within several disease areas (overactive bladder, menopausal hot flashes, niacin-induced flushing, osteoarthritis pain, irritable bowel symptoms, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and alopecia).
Results: Rationales were identified for using different recall periods, including event-driven (immediate), daily, up to weekly, and longer than weekly. This work demonstrates that (1) recall depends on what the PRO measure captures, its intended use, and attributes of the disease and study; (2) within the same disease area, recall can vary depending on the concept or phenomenon of interest; (3) recall must consider patient burden and their ability to easily and accurately recall the information requested; and (4) recall must be consistent with the duration of the trial and the scheduled clinic visits.
Conclusions: Shorter recall periods may underestimate symptom burden when symptoms have diurnal or day-to-day fluctuation and may place undue burden on patients. On the other hand, recall intervals that are too long may either over- or underestimate the health state. Therefore, appropriate criteria should be considered given attributes of the disease when selecting an adequate recall period.


men for men massage parlor.
to come in and pamper you soon.
we shall refund your parking fees.
Walk to behind the INTERCHANGE building entrance, take a motorcycle taxi, say Citadines Hotel. Urbanmale is opposite right of Citadines Hotel.
or walk straight into soi to Urbanmale from the INTERCHANGE building about 500 meters.