text:
Moore v. State
Williams v. State
"The scope of cross-examination is not unlimited, but rests largely within the discretion of the trial court,…
See Jackson v. State , 237 Ga. 663, 663, 229 S.E.2d 345 (1976) (trial court did not err in limiting…
Full title:MOORE v. THE STATE
Court:Supreme Court of Georgia
Date published: Sep 27, 1983
251 Ga. 499 (Ga. 1983)
DECIDED SEPTEMBER 27, 1983.
Murder. Carroll Superior Court. Before Judge Smith.
Tisinger, Tisinger, Vance Greer, Thomas E. Greer, for appellant.
Arthur E. Mallory III, District Attorney, Robert H. Sullivan, Assistant District Attorney, Michael J. Bowers, Attorney General, William B. Hill, Jr., Senior Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.
BELL, Justice.
The appellant, Jack Moore, was convicted of the murder of his wife, Lorrie Moore, and was given a life sentence. He appeals.
Jack, Lorrie, and their two children lived in a mobile home. At approximately 4:00 p. m. on June 28, 1982, the Carroll County Sheriff's Department received a call from the appellant, who reported that his trailer had been burglarized and his wife injured. Chuck Lambert, a sheriff's investigator, and Steven Robertson, a GBI agent, answered the call and went to the appellant's trailer, where they found Lorrie dead on the bedroom floor. She had been shot three times with a .22 caliber firearm, once in the head, once in the shoulder, and once in the arm. During their investigation, the officers found no pry marks, broken glass, or any other indication of forced entry into the trailer.
On that day, the appellant told the officers that he had left the trailer at 7:35 a. m. to go to work, and that at about 3:30 p. m. he called Lorrie at work, but was told she had not reported in. She was scheduled to begin work at 1:30 p. m. He told the officers that he then called a neighbor to see if Lorrie's car was still at home, and that, because the neighbor told him that it was, he left work and went home, where he found his wife's body.
The next day, June 29, 1982, the appellant reported that three firearms had been taken during the alleged burglary: a .38 caliber revolver, a rifle, and a shotgun. A day later the appellant also reported that he had found pry marks on the front door.
On July 2, 1982, the appellant changed his story and gave a statement concerning the shooting of his wife. Agent Robertson testified that the appellant stated that he and Lorrie argued early on the morning of June 28, 1982; that Lorrie threatened to leave him and take their two sons; that they went into the bedroom; that he told Lorrie she was not going to take the children; that she threatened to kill him if he tried to stop her; that Lorrie became angry and pulled a holstered .38 caliber revolver out of a dresser drawer; that he then pulled a .22 pistol out of a nightstand; that she turned towards him and dropped the holster and pistol, at which time he started to back towards the bedroom door, near which he was standing; that he told her not to pick up the gun, but that she did; that she then removed the revolver from the holster and pointed it at him; that he then fired once at her, causing her to stumble onto the bed; that while lying on the bed, Lorrie again raised the gun at him and that he shot her again, knocking her to the floor; and that he then threw the .22 pistol in the trash and put the .38 caliber revolver in a duffel bag in a storage closet.
The appellant further stated that after the shooting he left for work, unable to remember that he had shot Lorrie, but able to remember that they had argued. He stated that after he called Lorrie at work, and discovered she was not there, he called a neighbor to see if Lorrie's car was still home. The neighbor informed him that it was. The appellant stated that he then left work and went home. As to the rifle and shotgun which he had earlier reported missing, he stated that he had hidden the rifle and shotgun in the wall behind his dresser after hunting season and did not know why he had reported them missing. He stated that he took the trash to the dumpster on June 29 and that the .22 caliber pistol may well have been thrown away.
The officers testified that the .38 caliber revolver, the rifle, and the shotgun were found in the places identified by the appellant. Officer Lambert also testified that when he secured the crime scene a holster was found on the floor by Lorrie's body. Although the holster and the .38 caliber revolver were examined for prints, no identifiable prints were found on either.
At trial, the appellant testified to basically the same version of the shooting that he gave in his July 2 statement. He maintained that Lorrie was qualified to handle a gun, and that he shot her in self-defense. However, on cross-examination he testified that it was not an accident that he shot Lorrie; that he was not mad when he shot her; that he had intentionally pointed the gun at her after she pointed the .38 revolver at him; and that he did not act out of a sudden, irresistible passion when he pulled the trigger.
One Rita Degaris, a dental assistant, testified that she called Lorrie five times on the morning of June 28, 1982 between 8:05 and 8:45 a. m. to set up a dental appointment, but received no answer. Eldred Perry, a friend of the appellant, testified that on June 28, at about 7:30 a. m., he saw Moore driving on a local road. Perry said that he did not usually see Moore in that area, and that a trash dumpster was located nearby. Lurlie Colson, who baby-sat the two Moore children during the day, testified that the appellant usually delivered the children to her promptly at 7:30 a. m., but that on the morning of June 28 he was a little late.
1). In his third enumeration of error, the appellant argues that the trial court erred in failing to grant his motion for a directed verdict. However, after examining the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, we conclude that a rational trier of fact could reasonably have found the essential elements of the crime, including malice or intent, beyond a reasonable doubt. Lee v. State, 247 Ga. 411 (6) ( 276 S.E.2d 590) (1981); Strickland v. State, 250 Ga. 624 (1) ( 300 S.E.2d 156) (1983).
2). In his first enumeration of error, the appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying him his right to a thorough and sifting cross-examination of two state's witnesses.
a). First, the appellant argues that the court erroneously curtailed the following questions concerning malice aforethought, which were addressed to Officer Lambert: 1). "Q. And as of September 1st, 1982, you had not found any concrete evidence that Edward Moore planned or anticipated this shooting prior to the morning of June 26th [sic], 1982?" (objection sustained), and 2). "Q. What, if any, hard evidence you can [sic] point to, sir, that showed that he intended to do this prior to..." (Court curtailed questioning sua sponte.)
The scope of cross-examination is not unlimited, but rests largely within the discretion of the trial court, and its discretion will not be disturbed on appeal unless it has been abused. Casey v. State, 249 Ga. 724 (3) ( 293 S.E.2d 321) (1982); Jackson v. State, 237 Ga. 663 ( 229 S.E.2d 345) (1976).
Prior to asking the above questions, the defense counsel had asked Officer Lambert if he had found anything inconsistent with the appellant's July 2 statement; if he had any hard evidence against the appellant before the appellant gave his statement; if he had discovered the murder weapon; if he had discovered any eyewitnesses; again, after reviewing the content of the statement, if he had discovered any hard evidence inconsistent with the statement; if his investigation had revealed that Lorrie knew how to handle a gun; and if his investigation had revealed that Moore did not have a criminal record and did not have a propensity towards violence. Officer Lambert answered all of the above questions favorably to the defense.
These prior questions, which led to the questions the appellant complains were improperly curtailed, support the conclusion that the latter questions were argumentative and were merely cumulative of the prior questions. For these reasons, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in limiting the questioning of Officer Lambert.
Additionally, because a review of the record shows that the appellant was allowed a thorough and sifting cross-examination of Officer Lambert, and because the questions which were disallowed were later posed to and answered by Agent Robertson, the appellant was not harmed by the court's ruling. See, Deberry v. State, 241 Ga. 204 (3) ( 243 S.E.2d 864) (1978).
b). The appellant next argues that the trial court erroneously denied him his right to cross-examination by sustaining the state's objection to the following question, which was addressed to Agent Robertson: "Q. Do you recall telling me that his basic problem was that he failed to remember or forget or whatever and that he had a good case of self-defense?"
We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in sustaining the state's objection. The question asked the witness to reiterate an out-of-court observation he might have made concerning his personal evaluation of the merits of the appellant's defense, which was an ultimate issue in the case and a matter which could only be determined by the jury. Proctor v. State, 235 Ga. 720, 725 ( 221 S.E.2d 556) (1975).
3). In his second enumeration of error, the appellant argues that the trial court erred in refusing to give his requested charge on lawful act — unlawful manner — involuntary manslaughter. OCGA § 16-5-3 (b) (Code Ann. § 26-1103). We disagree. It is not error to refuse to give a requested charge on misdemeanor grade involuntary manslaughter where the defendant asserts that he or she caused the death of another by the use of a gun in self-defense. Crawford v. State, 245 Ga. 89 (3) ( 263 S.E.2d 131) (1980); Farmer v. State, 246 Ga. 253 (2) ( 271 S.E.2d 166) (1980); Williams v. State, 249 Ga. 6 (4) ( 287 S.E.2d 31) (1982); Green v. State, 249 Ga. 369 (4) ( 290 S.E.2d 466) (1982); Strickland v. State, supra, 250 Ga. 624 at (4). The appellant asks us to reconsider and depart from these holdings; however, we decline to do so. Accordingly, this enumeration of error is without merit.
4). In his final enumeration of error, the appellant argues that the trial court erroneously admitted over his objections state's exhibits #7 and #8, which are photographs of the victim. The victim was found in a half kneeling, half lying position, face down on the bedroom floor. State's exhibit #8 shows a frontal view of the victim and was taken after she had been rolled over. At trial the appellant objected to this photograph on the ground that it did not accurately depict the victim as she was found. State's exhibit #7 shows the victim as she was found. The appellant objected to it on the ground that it was repetitious. On appeal, in addition to raising the same objections he did at trial, the appellant argues that the photographs should not have been admitted because they are gruesome and highly inflammatory.
We find that the trial court did not err in admitting these photographs, first, because neither is particularly gruesome or inflammatory, and, second, because state's exhibit #8 was relevant to identify the victim, to show the blood on the front of her nightgown, and to show that her arms had been raised in a defensive posture when she was shot. Strickland v. State, supra, p. 626; Stevens v. State, 242 Ga. 34 (3) ( 247 S.E.2d 838) (1978); Moses v. State, 245 Ga. 180 (6) ( 263 S.E.2d 916) (1980).
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.


Do not overfill the indent with jam as it will overflow when cooking, and may be prone to burning on oven tray.
If you don't have coconut flakes, shredded coconut works perfectly well (flakes or 'chips' add a nice chunky texture however).
Preheat oven to 180°C fan bake. Line baking trays with baking paper.
Melt butter, golden syrup and brown sugar in a saucepan over a low-heat stove top. Stir to combine and sugar has dissolved. Remove from heat.
In a separate small bowl, add baking soda to boiling water and stir until dissolved and frothy. Fold into golden syrup mixture, add rest of the dry ingredients and mix thoroughly.
Spoon 1 tablespoon of mixture onto baking tray. Make an indent with your thumb firmly in the middle of each cookie. This is difficult to do when mixture is hot, hence more malleable when cooled. Spoon 1/3 teaspoon of your favourite Anathoth Farm jam into the indent. Cook for 12-15 minutes.


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Raglan's Soundsplash Festival raises the bar with an epic first line-up announcement!
Raglan's boutique, eco-focused, three-day Soundsplash Festival is returning in early 2019, with an epic first line-up just announced.
Presented by ZM, the festival includes international big hitters Sticky Fingers and Macky Gee, alongside some of the most exciting Kiwi acts making waves across the globe, including SACHI, Theia, Louis Baker and Marlin's Dreaming.
Soundsplash will once again be held in Raglan's Tainui Reserve on Friday, January 18, Saturday, January 19 and Sunday, January 20.
Respected and renowned for its focus on the environment and also its reputation as being a festival run by music lovers, for music lovers, Soundsplash covers all bases when it comes to genre, with organisers curating an exciting line-up with acts from all over the world.
They include Aussie "band of the moment" Sticky Fingers, who have just finished a world tour, selling out across Europe, the US, Australia and here in New Zealand.
Another major drawcard is British DJ/producing legend Macky Gee, who is returning to Kiwi shores after creating a frenzy earlier this year when his first-ever NZ show sold out in three minutes flat.
Other international acts joining the line-up include Deekline, Bootleg Rascal, Godlands, and My Baby.
There's also strong representation from New Zealand. They include the Diplo-approved dance duo SACHI, who have just released a new track 'Hollywood Angel', feat. East, and signed a deal with US label, Casablanca Records.
NZ's legendary hip-hop collective and 'festie fave', Homebrew - who dropped an unexpected album last week titled B-SIDES AND RARITIES - are also announced.
Alt-pop sensation Theia is also in the mix. She continues to turn heads on the international stage with Clash Magazine recently describing her new single 'Bad Idea' as "expertly controlled pop bedlam, laced with colour and energy".
Multiple Silver Scroll nominee, Louis Baker, promises to bring an exciting live show to Soundsplash. Baker has performed at some of the world's biggest festivals, including Field Days, Sonar Festival, Berlin Festival, The Great Escape, and Splendor in the Grass.
The indie, psychedelic, surf rockers everyone - including Pigeons and Planes - is talking about, Marlin's Dreaming, is also a 'must see'.
Kings, who holds the NZ record for longest #1 song in the NZ charts with 'Don't Worry 'Bout It' and continues to bring the high energy dance hits, will get the crowd moving.
And, what would a festival be without the incredible Kora brothers - aka L.A.B - who are well-known for their live performances.
Exciting Christchurch dub-step producer duo, Truth, and Auckland high-energy hip hop duo, TIMES x TWO, round out the first line-up.
With its stunning location, just 500 metres from the beach and a short drive from the Raglan township and some of the world's most famous surfing spots, Soundsplash is understandably one of New Zealand's most popular summer festivals.
Held across three days, and three stages, organisers are also going the extra mile in 2019 to ensure production levels are top notch. Also notable, is the festival's ongoing commitment to its Zero Waste policy. And in 2019, Soundsplash will proudly be the first-ever accredited "plastic bag free" festival in New Zealand.
It all makes for a fun-filled, community-minded event, which focuses on all ages and also families, with lots of healthy food options, camping with hot showers, and workshops, which offer everything from arts and dance, to nutrition, health, yoga and education around teen suicide, depression and anxiety.
It is not possible to change campsite.


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Start with the onion and garlic. When everything seems just as it should be, add saute to the beans. Let the soup continue to simmer over lowest possible heat.
Give it a stir, cover, and sit down for 10 minutes. Now, return to the soup, refreshed. Look at it and ask yourself if this soup suits you. Is it too thick? Add water. Do you want it thicker, heartier? You can puree some or all of it in the blender. You can make it hotter with more red pepper.
Serve topped with sour cream or yogurt.


The Porcupine Mountains are part of Michigan's largest state park. There are no roads in the interior of the park but 90 miles of trails gives visitors access to the wilderness. There are quite a few backcountry campsites, cabins, and yurts that you can hike to.
This area is beautiful year round, but especially in the fall. The large old growth forests burst into color starting in September and usually peaking in early October. That is when I spent 6 days in the park. My goal was to photograph the scenic views, lakes, waterfalls, and hopefully, the northern lights.
I arrived after driving 8 hours from Central Illinois through Wisconsin to Michigan's Upper Peninsula. At first I was shocked by how much colder it was. Back home it was 85 degrees, but here the temperature was 40 degrees. The first and last days I was there ended up being the coldest. After checking in to Union Bay campground, I set up my tent. My campsite was so close to Lake Superior's pounding waves I almost felt like my tent was going to get wet. It was going to be a loud night. But first I wanted to check out Lake of the Clouds overlook. It is the most popular view in the park and is only a short walk from the parking lot. From the cliffs you can see the Lake of the Clouds 500 feet below, along with the Big Carp River and an endless colorful forest.
The Escarpment Cliffs rise up 500 feet above the Lake of the Clouds and the Big Carp River.
The Big Carp River winds through the Porcupine Mountains on it's way to Lake Superior.
Lake Superior waves crash over a rock in Union Bay.
There was not much of a sunrise as thick clouds hung around. I packed up my tent and made my way back to the same place I was the evening before. This would be the start of my 28 mile backpacking trip. I had to be careful to pack everything I needed to survive for 3 days. Food, shelter, sleeping bag, clothes, and other survival gear went into my pack. But the heaviest part of my 40 pound pack ended up being my photography equipment. I started out hiking the Big Carp River trail which traverses the cliffs to the west of Lake of the Clouds.
Lake of the Clouds gets farther away as I hike west.
Thick clouds didn't clear until about noon.
Once I descended the cliffs and reached the river itself it became sunny so I stopped and ate lunch. The trail would go through a swampy area before reaching the first waterfall: Shining Cloud Falls.
Shining Cloud Falls is at the bottom of a steep ravine and is difficult to get down to.
The next mile and a half of the trail would contain countless waterfalls as the Big Carp River flowed towards Lake Superior. I spent a lot of time here trying to photograph each waterfall.
Finally I made it to my campsite after hiking 10 miles. It seemed like the best campsite on Lake Superior had been left just for me. There were many stones on the beach and someone had made chairs and a windbreak for the fire pit.
It felt great to stick my feet into the icy cold water of Lake Superior. Since the waves were still a little high it was difficult to collect water for filtering without getting wet. But the late evening sunlight dried me off.
A colorful sunsets reflects on the water as waves crash into the rocky shore.
After the sun set I ate dinner and waited for it to get dark. I really wanted to see the northern lights. And I knew based on the weather forecast that this may be my only chance. The aurora borealis is quite rare back home in Illinois, only visible a few times a year. But up here at 46 degrees latitude it's seen a lot more often, especially during the weeks surrounding spring or fall equinox. As the sky got darker I quickly noticed a green glow off the horizon to the north. But this soon faded away to a very dim light right on the horizon. I checked again at midnight and it was still very dim. But after watching the dark skies for a short time it became much brighter. Colorful pillars of light rose up and slowly drifted from left to right. I watched a couple hours until clouds moved in again. I felt bless to have seen this spectacular show. This was the only night clear enough to see the stars. It was also the only one of the 5 nights I was there that had geomagnetic activity.
Northern lights drift across the horizon under the Big Dipper.
The lake was calmer this morning but I could tell a storm was moving in. The plan was to hike 12 miles today along the Little Carp River Trail so I packed up quickly. After hiking 6 miles, I stopped right next to Greenstone Falls to eat lunch. This was a very scenic part of the Little Carp River and there was a cabin nearby. Soon after I left it started raining. I pulled out my rain jacket and cover for my backpack. But then I realized I left my water bottle behind so I had to backtrack a couple miles. I didn't take very many other pictures this day because it was hard to pull out my camera in the rain. By the time I got to Mirror Lake, I was exhausted. A break in the rain let me set up camp. After eating dinner and hanging my food from the nearby bear pole, I went to sleep.
Greenstone Falls is on a very scenic part of the Little Carp River.
After a difficult 14 miles the day before, I slept 11 hours. When the rain let up in the morning, it became obvious how Mirror Lake got its name.
Mirror Lake was very calm after a rainy night.
I only had to hike 4 miles to get back to my car. But much of the North Mirror Lake trail was muddy so it took awhile. When I got down to Lake of the Clouds it became foggy.
After I got back to my car I hit the road. Bonanza Falls was one place I wanted to stop just outside of the park. The Big Iron River was wide and shallow here with several waterfalls.
Bonanza Falls is on the Big Iron River south of Silver City.
I spent the night at a campground in Ontonagon 30 minutes away. Nothing makes you crave a burger more than a backpacking trip. So I stopped at Syl's Cafe where the food was great. It was one of the few places to eat in the small town. It once again rained most of the night.
This was going to be my last full day in the Porcupine Mountains. So I wanted to check out a couple places I hadn't seen yet: Summit Peak and the Presque Isle River. Summit Peak is the highest point in the park and it has a lookout tower at the top. It was very windy and foggy. But after waiting awhile the clouds would sometimes lift revealing a view all the way out to Lake Superior.
Low clouds drift past Summit Peak.
Thick fog moves through the woods near Summit Peak.
The Presque Isle River is the biggest of the many rivers in the park. It contains many powerful waterfalls as well as a small beach on Lake Superior. To see the waterfalls from every angle, it's best to hike the trail on both sides of the river.
This is the top of Manido Falls on the Presque Isle River.
The temperature became colder as the day went on. I was originally planning to spend my last night at the Presque Isle campground. But I changed my mind and instead drove an hour to Bobcat Lake, which had a national forest campground. This campground was free in the offseason and it was an hour closer to home. Rain moved in after dark and it even changed to snow for a time. But it didn't stay on the ground where I was. On the drive home the next day I passed some parts of Wisconsin where there was more snow that contrasted with the brightly colored trees.


Children with Special Needs is an area of intense attention where a dedicated approach is a necessity.
Khadija Attar Center for Children with Special Needs is one of the initiatives of the Group with the motive to bring a solution to this important matter and ease the lives of struggling families.
Khadija Attar Center provides children with special needs (birth to 12 years old) an array of medical, educational, rehabilitation and entertainment services.
Aspire to the development and empowerment of children with special needs and their families respectively in order to guide them to be able to live independently.
Both, Vocational Rehabilitation and Educational Integration, contribute to the integration of children with special needs in their community.
The Khadija Attar Center for Children with Special Needs trained, so far, over 200 students who are majoring in the field.
Merged 13 students with special needs, successfully, in public schools.
It is the first center that offers, sports like Takewando, to students with special needs.
Khadija Attar Center for Children with Special Needs developed and implemented a valuable program in collaboration with Trainer, Dr. Abdullah Alyahya, to teach families how to work under stress.


Pregnancy is one of the most beautiful stages in a woman's life. The mere fact and knowledge that an entity is growing within are enough to send you floating on air. However, nothing good comes easy as there have to be challenges that emerge. For instance, how to sleep comfortably as your pregnancy progresses is a mystery to some women. This doesn't mean they should deprive themselves of sleep under any circumstances. With these few tips, you will be looking forward to your nap time more than you did before.
It's not right to go to bed on a full stomach especially when you are pregnant. This means that your chances of having a good night's rest are very slim. Maybe something as light as a fruit salad is enough to send you into the land of dreams without much hassle.
After all, you are bound to wake up to some hunger pangs in the middle of the night. Until then, go easy on yourself and only take what your stomach can handle. You can see your physician for more details on the same. You can also take the liberty to do your research and see just what's new. The resources are close by and are sure to give you credible findings.
There is no better time to embrace pillows than now. Sleep tends to be minimal especially during the third trimester. For this reason, you can get it back by getting all the comfortable pillows lying close to you. Experts advise on placing them between your knees for maximum comfort or buying one of the best knee pillows in the market. The guys at www.sleepholic.com have a good guide on how to pick the best knee pillow. A practical example from your physician will guide you on how exactly to go about the whole procedure. It doesn't have to be as complicated as most people put it. On the contrary, it goes exactly how you take it or receive it. While you're at it, pick the best pillows you can find. Rocky pillows are not the way to go as you will need all the comfort you can get.
The last thing you'd want to do is offend your body when you're pregnant. One way to do this is by depriving it of sleep mainly because of some matters that can be solved efficiently. One of them is the mattress issue.
A mattress that generates too much heat is a no-no for a pregnant woman. It will cause you to lose your sleep rather than enjoy it. Check for a mattress that can keep the excessive heat at bay and has you sleeping like a baby. At the same time, check the density of the mattress you use while pregnant. A bed that is way too dense to support your posture should be out of the question. If you're not too sure what to expect, you can seek the services of an expert. You will be advised accordingly on what's best for you.
Not too many pregnant women are at home with this idea, but it does work. They see it as such a colossal task. It gets better and more comfortable when your partner is around to help you out.


text:
Panama, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic ask for U.S. help on migration
Migrants are seen at temporary shelter during acting U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security Kevin McAleenan's visit in the village of La Penita
PANAMA CITY – The presidents of Panama, Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic on Wednesday asked for U.S. assistance in stemming the flow of thousands of migrants crossing the dangerous jungles that divide Panama and Colombia as they make their way to the United States.
Panama's President Laurentino Cortizo hosted a meeting with Costa Rica's Carlos Alvarado Quesada and Dominican Republic's Luis Abinader in Panama City on Wednesday, where they discussed the burgeoning migrant crisis.
Cortizo said that so far this year a record number of more than 100,000 undocumented migrants have trekked north from Colombia through the Darien Gap, a lawless jungle teeming with everything from deadly snakes to anti-government guerrillas.
The United Nations children's agency UNICEF said earlier this month that some 19,000 migrant children have crossed the Darien Gap so far in 2021, almost three times higher than the total for the previous five years.
Cortizo said the situation demands concrete solutions and that Washington should play an active role in assisting.
The Latin American leaders agreed "that our foreign ministers urgently articulate with the U.S. authorities and other countries to … look for concrete measures," he added.
The presidents discussed the possibility of establishing a strategy of investments and job creation in Haiti, home to many of the migrants.
Cortizo said that he is seeking a meeting with U.S. President Joe Biden during the United Nations' COP26 climate conference in Glasgow, Scotland.
In early 2021, Panamanian authorities had warned of a possible crisis after opening the borders that had for months been closed because of the pandemic.
By September, the immigration authorities of the Central American nation reported a record number of 91,305 migrants who entered from neighboring Colombia. Of these, 56,676 were Haitians and 12,870 Cubans.
(Reporting by Elida Moreno; Writing by Anthony Esposito Editing by Simon Cameron-Moore)
rica,
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Suffolk County police officers travel to Florida, Puerto Rico to Help Hurricane Victims
Charges Filed After Man Sucked into Swimming Pool Party Sinkhole
Is America having a Freedom Convoy to protest vaccine mandates? Yes, and here are the details of the People's Convoy
Plans for truck convoys to arrive in Washington around State of the Union- police
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
\section{Introduction}\label{introduction}

 Authors, who submit (by their own assumption) high quality papers  to scholarly journals, are interested to know if there are  factors which may increase the probability that their papers   be accepted. One of such factors may be related to the month of submission, or to the day of submission, as recently discussed  \cite{SCIMHerteliu}.    Indeed,  authors might wonder about editors and reviewers overload at some time of the year. Moreover, the number of submitted papers is  relevant for editors and publishers handling machines to the point that  artificial intelligence     can  be useful  for helping journal editors
 \cite{r7,r8}.  More generally,
 informetrics and bibliometrics are also interested in the manuscript submission timing especially in the light of an enormous increase in the number of electronic journals.

  From  the author point of view, the rejection is often  frustrating, be it due as a "editor desk rejection" or following a review process. One has sometimes  explained a high editor desk rejection rate due to  an entrance barrier editor load effect \cite{r10}.  Thus, it is of interest  to observe whether there is a high probability of submission during specific months or seasons. In fact, the  non uniform  submission has already been studied. However, the   acceptance distribution,  during  a   year, i.e. a "monthly bias", is  rarely studied, because of publisher secrecy.   Search engines do not provide any information at all on the timing of rejected papers.

 Interestingly, recently, Boja et al. \cite{SCIMHerteliu} examined a large database on journals with high impact factor and reported that  a {\it day of the week} correlation effect  occurs between  "when a paper is submitted to a peer-reviewed journal  (and) whether that paper is accepted".  However, bis, there was no study of rejected papers. - because of a lack of data Thus, one may wonder if beside a {\it "day of the week"} effect,  there is some "{\it seasonal"} effect. One may indeed imagine that researchers in academic surroundings do not have a constant occupation rate, due to  teaching classes, holidays, congresses, and even budgetary conditions. Researchers have only specific times during the academic year for producing research papers.

 From the {\it "seasonal effect"} point view,   Shalvi et al.  \cite{r11}
 found a discrepancy in the pattern of "submission-per-month" and "acceptance-per-month" for  Psychological Science  ($PS$), - but not for Social Psychology Bulletin ($PSPB$).
  Summer months inspired authors to submit more papers to  $PS$, but the subsequent acceptance was not related to the effect of seasonal bias    (based on  a $\chi^2_{(11)}$ test for percentages); on the other hand, a very low rate of acceptance was recorded for manuscripts sent in November or December. The number of submissions to $PSPB$, on the contrary, was the greatest during winter months, followed by a reduced "production" in April; however, the rate of the acceptance was the highest for papers submitted in the period [Aug.-Sept.-Oct.].
Moreover, a significant "acceptance success dip" was noted for submissions made in winter months. One of the main reasons for such differences between journals was  conjectured to lie in different rejection policies; some journals employ desk rejection, whereas others do not.

 Schreiber  \cite{r10}  analysed the acceptance rate in a journal, Europhysics Letters ($EPL$), for a period of 12 years and found that the rate of manuscript submission exceeded the rate of their acceptance. The data revealed (Table 2 in  \cite{r10}) that there is a maximum in the number of submissions in July, defined as a 10 \% increase compared to the annual mean, together with a minimum in Feb., even taking into account the "smaller length" of this month. He concluded that significant fluctuations exist between months. The acceptance rate  was ranging from 45\% to 55\%; the highest acceptance rate was seen in July and the lowest in January,  in the most recent years.

Recently, Ausloos et al. \cite{SCIM19MAONAD}   studied  submission and also  subsequent acceptance data for two journals\footnote{a specialized (chemistry) scientific journal and  a multidisciplinary journal, respectively },  Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society  ({\it JSCS})\footnote{$http://shd.org.rs/JSCS/$.} and {\it Entropy}\footnote{ $http://www.mdpi.com/journal/entropy$. }, each over a 3 year time interval. The authors find that fluctuations, expectedly, occur:  the number of submissions for $JSCS$ is the greatest in July and Sept. and the smallest in May and Dec. The highest rate of paper submission for $Entropy$ was noted in Oct. and Dec. and the lowest in Aug. Concerning acceptance for $JSCS$, the proportion of accepted/submitted manuscripts is the greatest in Jan. and Oct.
Concerning acceptance  for $Entropy$,  the number of papers steadily increase from January  till  a peak in May,  followed by a marked dip during summer time, before reaching a peak in October of the order of the May peak.

Concerning the number of submitted manuscripts, it was observed that the acceptance rate in $JSCS$ was  the highest if papers were submitted in January and February; it was  significantly low if the submission occurred in December. In the case of $Entropy$, the highest rejection rate was for papers submitted in December and March, thus with a January-February peak; the lowest acceptance rate was  for manuscripts submitted in June or December; the highest rate being for those sent in spring months, February to May. One recognizes  a journal seasonal shift\footnote{We adapt  the word "seasonal"; even though changes in seasons occur on the 21st of various months, we approximate the season transition as occurring on the next  1st day of the following month.} of the features.

Here, we propose another line of approach in order to study the submission, acceptance, and rejection (number and rate) diversity,  based on probabilities, with emphasis on the conditional probabilities, thereafter measuring the entropy and other characteristics, of the distributions.  Indeed, the entropy is a measure of disorder, and one of several ways to measure diversity.
Researchers have their own preference \cite{Marhuendaetal2005,AlizadehNoughabi2017} in measuring diversity. Here below, we practically adapt the classical measure of diversity, as used in ecology, but other cases of interest pertaining to information science \cite{Rousseau92,Loet11} can be mentioned.

Let us recall that the  general equation of diversity is often written in the form  \cite{Hill,Jost}
\begin{equation}
\label{diversityeq}
{^q}D =  \large[\sum_{i=1}^N p_{i}^q  ]\large^{1/(1-q)}
\end{equation}
  in which  $ p_i=[z_i/\sum_i z_i]$, and $z_i$ the measured variable.
  For $q=1$,  ${^q}D$ reduces to the exponential of the Shannon entropy \cite{shannona,shannonb}
 \begin{equation}\label{diversity1}
 ^1D = exp[-\sum_{i=1}^N  p_i \;  ln(p_i)],
 \end{equation}
 to which we will only stick here.

Several  inequality  measures  are  commonly  used  in  the  literature:
  in the class of entropy related measures, one finds the  exponential entropy  \cite{Campbell66}, which measures the extent of a distribution, and the Theil index \cite{Theil1967} which emerges as the most popular one \cite{Beirlanetal01,OanceaPirjol19}, beside the Hirschman-Herfindahl  index  \cite{Hirschman}, measuring "concentrations".
 "Finally", upon ranking according to their size the measured variable,   the  Gini  coefficient  \cite{Gini1914},  is a classical indicator of non-uniform distributions.

The Theil index \cite{Theil1967} is defined by
\begin{equation}\label{Theilindexeq}
    Th =-\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^N \frac{z_i}{\sum_i z_i}  \; \ln\left( \frac{z_i}{\sum_i z_i} \right).
\end{equation}
It seems obvious that  the Theil index  can be expressed in terms of  the negative entropy
\begin{equation}\label{entropyeq}
   H = -\sum_{i=1}^N\frac{z_i}{\sum_i z_i} \; \ln \left(\frac{z_i}{\sum_i z_i}\right)
\end{equation}
indicating the deviation  from the maximum disorder entropy, $ln(N)$,
\begin{equation}\label{HTheq}
   H \;=\;ln (N) - Th \;\;or\;\; Th= ln(N) - H.
\end{equation}
  The exponential entropy \cite{Campbell66} is
  \begin{equation} \label{expentropyeq}
 E=  exp(-H) = \Pi_{i=1}^N p_i^{p_i}.
 \end{equation}

The Hirschman-Herfindahl  index (HHI)  \cite{Hirschman}
  is an indicator of the "concentration" of variables, the
"amount of competition" between the months, here. The higher the value of HHI, the
smaller the number of months with a large value of (submitted, or accepted, or accepted if submitted) papers in a given month.
Formally, adapting the HHI notion to the present case,
\begin{equation}\label{HHIeq}
HHI =  \sum_{i=1}^N \left(\frac{z_i}{\sum_i z_i} \right)^2.
\end{equation}
Notice that $HHI=\sum_{i=1}^N\; p_i^2$.

The Gini coefficient $Gi$ \cite{Gini1914} has been widely used as a measure of

    income \cite{AtkinsonBourguignon2014handbook} or wealth inequality \cite{CerquetiAusloosQuQuwealth,SSD15RCMAseanalysisIThagio}; nowadays,  it is widely used
 in  many  other  fields.
In brief,  defining first  the Lorenz curve $L(r)$ as the percentage
 contributed by the bottom $r$ of the variable population
to the total  value $\sum_r z_r$  of the measured (and  now  ranked)  variable $z_r$, i.e.,
$ p_r=[z_r/\sum_r z_r]$,
  one obtains the  Gini coefficient   as twice the area between this Lorenz curve and the diagonal line in the $[r, L(r)]$ plane;  such a diagonal  represents perfect equality; whence, $Gi=0$  corresponds to perfect equality of the $z_r$ variables.

Having set up the framework and presented the definition of the indices to be calculated, we turn to the data and its analysis, in Section \ref{Data} and Section \ref{analysis} respectively. Their discussion and
 comments on the present study, together with  a remark on  its limitations,
  are found in the conclusion Section \ref{reasoning}.

\section{Data}\label{Data}

In order to develop the method  measuring the disorder of the time series, let us recall the necessary data.  The raw data can be found in  \cite{SCIM19MAONAD}.  For completeness,
let the time series of submitted and of accepted papers if submitted during a given month to $JSCS$ and to $Entropy$ be recalled through   Fig. \ref{3yrtimeseries} for the  years  in which the full data is available, i.e. for which the final decisions have been made on the submitted papers.

Let us introduce notations:

\begin{itemize}
\item the number of monthly submissions  in a given month ($m= 1,\dots,12$) in   year ($y$)  is called $N_s^{(m,y)}$
\item the percentage of this set  is the probability of submission in a given month for     a  specific  year

$q_s ^{(m,y)}= N^{(m,y)}_s/\sum_m N^{(m,y)}_s$

\item similarly, one  can define $N_a^{(m,y)}$, as being   the number of accepted papers  when submitted  in   year ($y$)  in a specific  month ($m$),
\item and for the related percentage, one has $q_a^{(m,y)}= N^{(m,y)}_a/\sum_m N^{(m,y)}_a$;

\item more importantly, for authors,   the (conditional) probability of a paper acceptance when submitted in a given month may be  considered and estimated  before submission
\begin{equation}
 p_{(a|s)}^{(m,y)}= N^{(m,y)}_a/ N^{(m,y)}_s
\end{equation}
 \end{itemize}

 Thereafter, one can deduce the relevant "monthly information entropies"

 \begin{itemize}
\item $S_s ^{(m,y)}=-q_s ^{(m,y)}\;  ln (q_s ^{(m,y)})$
\item $S_a^{(m,y)}=-q_a ^{(m,y)}\;  ln (q_a ^{(m,y)})$
\item $S_{(a|s)}^{(m,y)}=- p_{(a|s)}^{(m,y)} \; ln(p_{(a|s)}^{(m,y)})$
 \end{itemize}

 and the overall information entropy:
  \begin{itemize}
\item $ S_s ^{(y)}= \sum_m S_s ^{(m,y)}$
\item $ S_a^{(y)}= \sum_m S_a ^{(m,y)}$
\item $S_{(a|s)}^{(y)} =\sum_m S_{(a|s)}^{(m,y)}$
 \end{itemize}
 in order to pin point whether the yearly distributions are disordered.

 Moreover, we can discuss the data not only comparing different years, but also the cumulated data per month in the examined time interval
 as if all years are "equivalent" : \begin{itemize}
\item
$C_s^{(m)}=\sum_y N_s^{(m,y)}$, from which one deduces  \item $q_s^{(m)} =  C_s^{(m)}\; /\; \sum_m C_s^{(m)}$
\item  and similarly for  the accepted papers  $C_a^{(m)}=\sum_y N_a^{(m,y)}$, and \item $q_a^{(m)} =  C_a^{(m)}\; /\; \sum_m C_a^{(m)}$
\item leading to the ratio between cumulated monthly data
\begin{equation}
  q_{(a|s)}^{(m)}=  C_a^{(m)}/C_s^{(m)},
  \end{equation}
 \item and  to  the corresponding "monthly cumulated entropy",
 $S_{(a|s)}^{(m)} = -  q_{(a|s)}^{(m)} \; ln(q_{(a|s)}^{(m)})$,
 \item finally to
  $S_{(a|s)}= \sum_m S_{(a|s)}^{(m)}$
   \end{itemize}
which will be called the "conditional entropy".

Relevant values are given in Tables 1-4 both for $JSCS$  and for $Entropy$.
The diversity and the inequality index values are given in Table 5. Most of the results stem for  the use of a free online software \cite{Ktauweb2014}.

  \section{Data analysis}\label{analysis}

 \subsection{Data}

 First, notice that the 3 -year long time series in itself is not part of the main aim of the paper; this is  because we intend to compare data  with an equivalent number of  degrees of freedom,  i.e.  11, for all studied cases. Nevertheless, for completeness, and in order not to distract readers from our framework,  we provide relevant figures, but  in Appendix, together with a note on  the  corresponding discrete Fourier transform.

 \subsection{Analysis  }

 The relevant values for the various indices,   given in Tables 1-4, both for $JSCS$  and for $Entropy$, serve for the following analysis.  We consider 3 aspects:
 (i) {\it a posteriori } features findings;, (ii) non-linear entropy indices, and (iii) forecasting aspects.

  \subsubsection{A posteriori  features findings }
 Browsing through Table 1, it can be noticed that the distribution of probabilities of submissions is weaker during  the February-May months for $JSCS$, but is rather high  for the fall and winter months.  For $Entropy$,  the highest probability of submissions also occurs  in October-December, and is preceded by a low rate of submissions, the lowest being in  February and in August, should one say at vacation times. Let us recall that the extremum entropy  (for "perfect disorder") is here $  ln(12) \simeq 2.4849$.

 Apparently this submission evolution pattern is  reflected, see Table 2,  in the acceptance rate, except for $JSCS$ which has a low acceptance rate for papers submitted in winter 2014. For $Entropy$, the weaker acceptance rate occur for papers submitted during August-September months, say end of summer time.

 Statistical tests, e.g., $\chi^2$ , can be provided to ensure the validity of these findings for percentages, but taking into account the number of observations.
 In all cases such a test demonstrates that the distributions are far from uniform, suggesting to look further for  the major deviations.  See a discussion of others texts in subsection \ref{forecasting}

 However,  $q_a^{(m,y)} $ values only measure the probability of monthly acceptances without considering the number of submissions in a given month. It is in this respect more appropriate to
  look  at  the conditional probabilities, $q_{(a|s)}^{(m)}$ , as  in Table 3.  For $JSCS$, the highest values of are found  for winter months:  $q_{(a|s)}^{(m)}$ has a notable maximum in January. and the lowest for spring-summer time, from March till August. There is a shift of such a pattern for $Entropy$: the highest conditional probabilities occur during spring time, except in 2016.

The  corresponding values of the monthly entropy,  for the given years and for the cumulated distributions, are found in Table 4. All values of the entropy are  remarkably $\simeq 4.1$, both for $JSCS$ and $Entropy$, suggesting some sort of universality.   One can notice that the entropy steadily increases as a function of time both for $JSCS$ and $Entropy$,  - the growth rate being about twice as large for the latter journal.  This is somewhat slightly surprising since one   should expect an averaging effect in the case of $Entropy$ because of the multidisciplinarity of involved topics. Comparing such values indicate that the distributions are far from uniform\footnote{The slight difference between the last lines of Table 3 and Table 4, displaying the "conditional entropy" is merely due to rounding errors.} indeed.

   \subsubsection{Non-linear entropy indices}
  The diversity and  inequality   measures given in Table 5.  The diversity index $ ^1D $  is remarkably similar for both journals ($\sim 11$) for the submitted papers and accepted papers distributions. The similarity  holds also for the HHI $\simeq 0.087$, although a little bit lower for the $Entropy$ journal $\simeq 0.085$.  The diversity index for the conditional  probability distributions is however rather different:    both increase as a function of time, indicating an increase in concentrations for the in favor of relevant months. This increase rate  is much higher for $Entropy$ than for $JSCS$.

  The inequality between months is rather low, as further well  seen in the Gini coefficient; there is a weak inequality between months. However,  there is  a factor $\sim 2$ in favor of $JSCS$, which we interpret as due to the greater specificity of $JSCS$,  implying a  smaller involved community and   specially favored topics. This numerical observation  reinforces what can be deduced from  the Theil index,
  whence inducing the same conclusion.

     \subsubsection{Forecasting aspects} \label{forecasting}
     Considering the rather small sizes of  both samples (not our faults!), it is of interest to discuss the significance of the findings, in some sense in view of suggesting some  "strategy" after the "diagnosis".
     The  notions of "false positives" and "false negatives", as in medical testing, can be applied in our framework.

      In brief, a "false positive" occurs as an error when    a test result improperly indicates the presence  (high probability) of an outcome,   when
in reality it is not present; obviously, {\it a contrario}  a "false negative" is an error in which a test result improperly indicates no presence of a condition (the result is negative),
      when in reality it is present. This corresponds to  rejecting (or accepting) a null hypothesis, e.g.,  in econometrics.
    Thus, two statistical tests have been  used  for such a discussion: (i) the $t-$Student test and  (ii) the $z-$test.  Recall that they are used if either one does not know or one knows  the variance (or standard deviation)  of the sample and test distributions. Such characteristics are given in Table 1-4 for each relevant quantity.

    For completeness, one has also given the confidence interval [$\mu-2\:\sigma\;,\; \mu + 2\; \sigma$]. It is easily seen that there is no outlier. This observation would lead, like other authors, to claim that there is no anomaly in the monthly numbers and subsequent percentages, in contradistinction with the $\chi^2$ values and tests.  We should here point out that the $t-$Student test leads to a $p$-value  $<$ 0.0001, whence to a quite significant result. Concentrating our 	 attention to the  (monthly and annual) conditional probabilities $N_a/N_s$, the $z-$ test gives the significance reported in Table 4. The values (so called $\alpha$, or {\it error of type I}) in  hypothesis testing, indicate that the correct conclusion is to reject the null hypothesis and to consider the existence of   "false positives". This is essentially due to the sample size. It is remarkable that the order of magnitude differs for $JSCS$ and for $Entropy$.

\section{  Conclusion}\label{reasoning}

  The  data   on the number of submitted papers is relevant for editors, and the more so nowadays for publishers due to the automatic handling of papers.  The relative number of accepted papers is less significant in that respect, but the conditional probability of having an accepted paper if it is submitted in a given month is much relevant for authors.

 Authors expect fast and (hopefully) positive response from journals as they are probably interested to discover the best timing for their submission in order to avoid possible editor overload negative effect in a particular moment. For these authors,   the possible seasonal bias issue  is expected to be relevant, as they would like to know whether a specific month of submission will increase the chance that their paper will be accepted.

  Thus, the  probability of acceptance, the so called "acceptance rate" is the relevant variable to be studied! Instead of $\chi^2$ tests or observing the "confidence interval" on monthly  distributions, we  have proposed a new line of approach: considering the diversity and inequality in the  distributions  of papers submitted, accepted, or accepted if submitted in a given month through information indices, like the Shannon entropy \cite{crooks}, the diversity index, the Gini coefficients and the  Hirschman-Herfindahl     index.

From this cases study, a seasonal bias  seems stronger in the specialized ($JSCS$) journal.  The features are  emphasized because we use a non linear transformation of the data, through information concepts, having their usefulness demonstrated in many other fields \cite{ClippeAusloosTheil}.  In the present cases, the seasonal  bias effects are observed. The overall significance and the universality features might have to be re-examined if more data was available. Indeed
the $p-$values (so called $\alpha$, or {\it error of type I}) in  hypothesis testing, indicate that the correct conclusion is  to consider the existence of   "false positives".

Our  outlined findings  suggest  intrinsic behavioral hypotheses for future research.  Complementary aspects must be used as ingredients in order to understand whether some seasonal bias occurs \cite{Nedicefficiency,Nedicauthorsperspective}.
  One has  markedly to take into account the scientific work environment, beside the journal favored topics.

   \vskip0.5cm
\section*{Acknowledgements}

 MA greatly thanks the MDPI  {\it Entropy} Editorial staff for  gathering and cleaning up the raw data, and in particular
Yuejiao Hu, Managing Editor.   Thanks go also to the reviewers and $Entropy$ editor. \vskip0.5cm
    \clearpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Characterize a stable isotope labeled human erythropoietin (SILu™Prot EPO) and compare it's use as an internal standard in an immunoaffinity enrichment experiment to the SIL peptide approach.
LC-MS/MS methods employing the sensitivity of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) for quantification of proteins has typically utilized stable isotope labeled peptides (SIL-Pep), commonly called AQUA peptides. While good reproducibility and relative quantitation can be achieved with such peptide-based approaches, the accuracy of absolute quantitation is subject to error associated with protein fractionation, enrichment, and proteolysis steps that generally occur prior to introduction of the stable-labeled peptide. A more ideal alternative strategy involves the use of a stable labeled full length protein internal standard that can be introduced early in the analytical workflow, overcoming processing variability. In this study, we compared the performance of SIL peptides to whole-molecule SIL protein as the internal standard in a quantitative assay for Erythropoietin (EPO) in plasma. The results demonstrate that the performance of whole-protein SIL-EPO is better than that of SIL peptides in this application, likely owing to compensation for inefficiencies in the immunoaffinity enrichment and digestion steps of the assay.
Figure 1. SIL-EPO purity was visualized by 1-D PAGE. The excised band underwent enzymatic digestion followed by LC-MS/MS analysis of the resulting tryptic peptides on a Thermo LTQ-FT. Resulting data was database searched, >75% sequence coverage was observed. Highlighted in the sequence are the surrogate peptides used for quantitative analysis.
Figure 2. Incorporation of stable labeled isotopes for surrogate peptides from the SIL-EPO protein are shown. Data was generated by LC-MS/MS. Incorporation was demonstrated to be greater than 98%.
Figure 3. Extracted ion chromatogram (XIC) of three EPO peptides from a digested IA enriched sample containing 50 ng/mL SIL-EPO, 100 ng/mL human EPO standard in a beagle plasma matrix. On-plate tryptic digestion was followed by dry down and reconstitution in 0.1% formic acid.
Figure 4. Standard curves for Protein and Peptide IS (Internal Standard) experiments. Data points represent an average of three process replicates.
Figure 5. Comparison of the accuracy of data points obtained using either Peptide or Protein IS.
The performance of SIL peptides to whole-molecule SIL protein as the internal standard in a quantitative assay for Erythropoietin (EPO) in plasma was compared.
Whole-protein SIL-EPO provided more accurate quantitative data than that of SIL peptides based on linearity and accuracy.


Heitzman Body & Paint are just awesome, they really are. Their work is good, and they have friendly customer service. Ben, my estimator, was awesome as well.
When my car was in their shop to get work done, they set up my rental car for me so that there was no hassle on my part when I got there. When the work was done, I could get right to the car, and they even brought me back to the shop. They're just right on it, and they even offer coffee!
In terms of the work and customer service, they actually went above and beyond all expectations and far more than what I was hoping for. I can't say enough about them, and I would highly recommend them to anyone.


On January 29, 2015 OCS sent a Dear Colleague Letter requesting feedback on a revised Model State Plan. The revised plan is expected to be in effect for FY 2016 and will be automated, more streamlined, and incorporate information relating to the State Accountability Measures from the January 28, 2015 Dear Colleague Letter.
To read the Dear Colleague Letter with the attached Draft of the Revised State Plan, please use the link below.
On May 20, 2015 OCS sent a Dear Colleague Letter noting that the Model State Plan will be in its second round of open comments as it works its way through the OMB Clearance process. The 30 day comment period will begin as soon as notice is given in the Federal Register.
To read this Dear Colleague Letter and its attachments please use the link below.


Biodiversity, water, soils: how to promote efficient and sustainable management of natural resources and the environment?
Conflicts on resource use, biodiversity, climate: how to design a governance meeting equity and efficiency goals?
Promoting an innovative agriculture: how to define and design appropriate agri-environmental policies?
Climate change and major ecological disruptions: how to manage environmental risks?
See the latest publications in economics and other disciplines.
Learn more about our partnerships in France and abroad.
Learn more about current grants and funded projects.
Learn more about our consultancy and training activities in France and abroad.


text:
One Killed as Police, Shi'ites Clash in Abuja
Abel Ogwu
One passerby was killed when the police allegedly fired gunshots and tear gas canisters to disperse a protest by members of the Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN) otherwise known as Shi'ites around Berger area of Wuse in Abuja.
The procession, which started at Utako ended at Berger, due to the pandemonium.
An eyewitness told our correspondent that commuters and other members of the public took to their heels when the incident occurred.
The body was said to have been moved away by the police.
The Shi'ites have been demanding unconditional release of their leader, Sheikh Ibrahim El-Zakzaky and his wife, Zeenat detained by government in a correctional facility in Kaduna State.
The policemen on ground were not willing to comment about the incident.
Follow us on Twitter at @thesignalng
Copyright 2020 SIGNAL. Permission to use portions of this article is granted provided appropriate credits are given to www.signalng.com and other relevant source.
Ibrahim El-ZakzakyIMNNPF
Buhari Asks UK To Go After Nigerian Fugitives
Report of 17 Soldiers Killed in Battle With Boko Haram Fake News - Army


Beyond Oahu's well-known destinations is the Ko'olau Mountain Range, remnants of the extinct shield volcano that once helped to form the island's land mass.
Exploration of these mountains isn't new, but it wasn't until five years ago that the first traverse of the entire range was completed, by Chase Norton, then a PhD student at the University of Hawai'i. (The length of the traverse is unclear. Estimates range between 55 and 80 miles.) Norton spent years working out logistics, locating water sources, and attempting the route multiple times before completing it in eight days in April 2012, using a mix of mountaineering, climbing, route finding, and bushwhacking.
For about two years, Norton remained the only person to successfully complete this feat. Then, in January 2014, photographer-filmmaker Ryan Moss completed the route in five and a half days. After Moss' successful trek, the route saw numerous attempts but fewer than a handful of completions over the next few years.
On March 4, 2017, Moss set out to beat his own speed record and succeeded spectacularly, completing the trek solo and unassisted in just four days and seven hours. Just a couple weeks after Moss' successful traverse, Derek Potter, a Pearl Harbor–based machinist in the U.S. Navy, impressively completed the trek on his first attempt in just three and a half days.
The following images were captured over the course of the past five years as part of a project to document the Ko'olau Range.
Early morning light fills the cracks of the Ko'olau Mountain Range. The conspicuous linear crest is the western rim of the extinct Ko'olau volcano and represents the route to traverse the entire range.
Ryan Moss poses for a portrait moments before taking the first steps of his most recent traverse of the Ko'olau Range.
Water is the most prominent element on these mountains. It slowly erodes the volcanic rock, creating narrow ridges and unstable terrain. On days with significant precipitation, the vertical chutes on the east side of the range fill with water and create numerous waterfalls. The narrow summit ridge has no room for water to build up, making these waterfalls elusive and short-lived. The Ko'olau Range receives, on average, about 200 inches of rain per year.
The Ko'olau Range isn't known for towering peaks or vast, open spaces, but rather for the complexity and diversity of its terrain. Pictured here is the tallest point in the range, Pu'u Konahuanui, which stands at 3,105 feet and is commonly referred to as K1.
The summit ridge is a roller coaster of ups and downs through thick overgrowth. Sticks poke and prod, bushes snag your pack and clothing, and unstable rocks challenge hikers the whole way.
The Ko'olau Range runs north to south—essentially perpendicular to the prevailing northeasterly trade winds. These winds interact with the steep eastern slopes, causing clouds to accumulate frequently and making days this clear remarkably rare.
The windward coast of Oahu is world-renowned for its scenic vistas. The commanding peaks of the Ko'olau Range are the cornerstone of these famous views, dwarfing the communities that lie at their base. Pictured here, a boat motors through Kāne'ohe Bay on a calm morning inside the extinct Ko'olau volcano.
The crux of the traverse is a series of narrow ridgelines known as the Three Saddles. Each holds its own unique challenges and obstacles. For years, this section was regarded as irresponsibly dangerous terrain.
Perhaps the most frequently visited peak in the Ko'olau Range is Pu'u Keahi a Kahoe, best known as the Stairway to Heaven. The stairs were completed in 1943 to provide easy access up the steep ridge to a high-powered radio station used by the U.S. Navy.
Across Ha'ikū Valley lies another, lesser-known set of stairs also constructed by the military. Called the Stairway to Hell, they are accessible only from the top down.
Moss, pictured here, makes his way up an obstacle aptly named the Witch's Hat on the Kalihi Saddle, the middle of the three saddles.
Moss rounding the corner at the finish line of the traverse.


text:
European route E19 is a  long European route. It connects the Netherlands to France via Belgium. Among the places included in its itinerary are:

 Netherlands: Amsterdam - The Hague - Rijswijk - Rotterdam - Breda

 Belgium: Antwerp - Mechelen - Brussels - Mons
 France: Valenciennes - Cambrai - Compiègne - Paris

Overview
Since October 2007 construction works have started on a new railroad between Schaerbeek and Mechelen on the central reservation of the E 19 (Belgian A1) with the purpose of improving the train connection between Antwerp, Brussels Airport and Brussels.

In the Netherlands, the E19 starts in Amsterdam on the A4 to pass Through to the Hague, where it switches to the A13 to run Delft and to Rotterdam. There it goes on the Kleinpolderplein on the A20 and Terbregseplein on the A16. At Zwijndrecht it passes through the Drechttunnel as it goes on to Dordrecht, over the Moerdijkbruggen, Breda by the forest Mastbos over and over the border town of Hazeldonk to Belgium.

In Belgium the E19 runs on the A1 to the Antwerp ring and from Antwerp to the Brusselse ring. The route then leads to France via the A7.

In France, the E19 runs first in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region on the A2. In Valenciennes, it serves as the ring on the A23 motorway to Lille. At the junction of Graincourt-lès-Havrincourt near Cambrai, the E 19 joins the Autoroute des Anglais E 17. It then meets the E 15 European route in the node of Combles.

It now runs on the North Autoroute A1 through the Picardy to Paris. The European roads E 15 and E 19 merge into each other. The node of Ablaincourt-Pressoir connects the E 19 to the E 44. Then comes Compiègne before reaching the Île-de-France region.

It arrives in the agglomeration of Paris and meets the Franklinienne A104 at the Knot of Gonesse. Shortly thereafter, the E15 and E19 diverge in the knot of Garonor. The knot of la Courneuve connects it to the A86. The E 19 ends at the Porte de la Chapelle, where it connects to the Boulevard périphérique (ring) and the Rue de la Chapelle (street of La Chapelle).

In the past, this European road was number 10 (E 10). Of these, some names are derived, look for the E10 lake in Brasschaat / Schoten.

Route
The E19 passes following cities:

 : Amsterdam - Schiphol Airport - The Hague
 : The Hague - Delft - Rotterdam
 : Ring road Rotterdam
 : Rotterdam - Breda - Border

 : Border - Antwerp
 : Ring road Antwerp
 : Antwerp - Brussels
 : Ring road Brussels
 : Brussels - Nivelles - La Louvière - Mons - Border

 : Border - Valenciennes - Cambrai - junction with A1
 : Junction with A2 - Paris

External links
 UN Economic Commission for Europe: Overall Map of E-road Network (2007)

19
E019
E019
E019

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


My Local yarn shop is the best. Really. Robyn, the owner, always puts a ton of thought into her window displays. Every season is welcomed with an imaginative, fantastic idea. There was the Valtentine's display with sheep wearing heart-shaped sunglasses and chocolate boxes filled with little yarn-balls, the yarn-bombed bike, the Christmas tree made of yarn. It's always a lot of fun to see what she comes up with next, and more often then not the knit-night group is also involved in the planning and creating of the necessary pieces. It's so much fun to let your imagination fly and to see it all come together.
For this year's winter display, Robyn is starting this wonderfully thoughtful campaign. She has asked her customers and friends to knit up a collection of Polar Bears. She provides the pattern and the yarn, you simply pick them up at the shop and knit it up. It's a very easy quick knit. This collection of bears will grace her Holiday window display, after which she will donate them all to a children's charity.
I find it is a great idea. It rallies this wonderful community of knitters, because ultimately we all knit for the love of the craft, but at the same time we always want our pieces to bring joy to someone. And in this case, they certainly will. I cannot wait to see the finished window display.
ooh, what a wonderful idea! And I love knitting shop window displays, some are so indrebily imaginative. Those polar bears are going to be awesome!
I'll have to visit them! I thought I already visited all the yarn stores in Montreal! Great post!


There's often less to say about a decently successful episode of a sitcom than a bad one, which is about where I stand on Modern Family's "Strangers on a Treadmill." Three of the four storylines hit (the miss being Jay's quinceanara foul-up, which was pretty much one underdeveloped joke), and maybe the most noteworthy accomplishment of the episode was something it didn't do: no closing monologue about how love is about wanting to protect people from mistakes, but sometimes you have to let people make them, and birds have got to fly, &c.
Or perhaps the second most noteworthy, because one thing I particularly enjoyed about "Strangers" is that it had a rare successful subplot solely involving two of the kids: Haley and Alex are well-enough defined now that big sister's attempts to school little sis in popularity—and taking motherly pride in her—were funny and a little sweet. And the payoff scene (Alex masterfully negging Mackenzie on the phone, until she slips up with a homework reference and then falls apart) was beautifully handled.As for the title storyline, I liked how the plot departed from the movie inspiration by having Mitchell, the one who had the "Criss-cross!" idea, be the one to fail to hold up his end, which grew out of his conflict-averse character.
In all, not a remarkable episode, but one with several nice moments—and pixellated bike shorts!—that thankfully left the monologue where it belonged: on the podium at a real estate banquet.


The use of HH-34Js by the Air Force was virtually unknown except by the members of the AFRES organizations the HH-34Js were assigned to.
The HH-34J was originally manufactured as an SH-34J by Sikorsky Aircraft in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and delivered to the U.S. Navy in the 1960s. It was one of fourteen aircraft later transferred from Navy storage to the Air Force as HH-34J Search-And-Rescue ships.
Three rescue squadrons in the Air Force Reserve (301st ARRS at Homestead AFB, Florida; 302nd ARRS at Luke AFB, Arizona; and 304th ARRS at Portland, Oregon) were assigned the Choctaw as an interim machine in which to transition from the fixed-wing environment of the Grumman HU-16 Albatross to the rotary-wing world of the Air Force's rescue version of the Bell HH-1 Huey. The HH-34s retained the auto-hover equipment originally installed for their Navy anti-submarine warfare mission, making them very steady platforms for hoist deployment and recovery of personnel.
For more info on the H-34 AF Reserve Rescue units, go to Rotorheadsrus and 304th ARS contributed by Msgt Felix McLarney, USAF, Retired, who was First Sgt of the 304th at the time they had the H-34's.
This HH-34J was operated by the 301st ARRS out of Homestead AFB in 1972. Now on display at Hill AFB Museum. Compliments of Lou Anatrella.
304th ARS HH-34J tail # 710 fitted with "straight leg" main gear.


A: Good question, June. There are many factors that play into whether you'll make money on a property you buy, but here are 3 key ones: 1. Picking the right area/neighborhood/street. This is critical because the right area will make your property more attractive to tenants if it's a rental property and more attractive to buyers whenever you choose to sell your property 2. Picking the right kind of property-based on your budget (what you can afford to buy and maintain while you own it) and your exit strategy—exit strategy just means what you ultimately plan to do with the property (i.e. hold onto it or try to sell it immediately) 3. The 3rd most important factor in choosing the property that will make you the most money is buying that property at the right price. A wise man name Warren Buffet once said that, "nobody ever got rich paying too much for something"-you want to try to get property as cheap as you can because in real estate you make your money when you buy. Thanks for your question, June—good luck. For more real estate tips and information, visit performanceproperty.com or geraldlucas.com. I'm Gerald Lucas and I'll see you again soon.


text:
Alabama Information Systems Schools
Computer Information Systems Industry Outlook in Alabama:
According to Education-Portal.com, an online career monitor, Alabama�s fastest growing careers over the next decade will be in health care and information technology (IT). Computer Information Systems careers in the state are expected to grow significantly faster than the economy as a whole.
Computer Information Systems career fields are growing as modern business becomes continually complex and interdependent on numerous and simultaneous areas of technology. Of the vast field of Information Systems, those that will rank among the most important and thus, in demand practice areas in Alabama are the following:
Network systems and data communications analysis
Computer software engineering
Network systems administration
Computer support specialization
The time to begin learning the demands of tomorrow is not tomorrow, but right now. Research programs, either online or campus based, that meet your interests and career goals and get started today.
Alabama Computer Information Systems Salaries and Areas of Occupation:
Computer Information Systems salaries in the state of Alabama are slightly higher than those of the national average. Benefits in the region are also better than average, ranging from private employers to government positions, such as those in criminal justice and state and local government. When added to the state�s generally lower average cost of living, a career in Alabama Information Systems makes great sense for the next decade and beyond.
A list of Alabama average salaries for Information Systems professionals is available below:
Schools offering online and campus-based education programs in Alabama:
Campus Schools:
Miller-Motte Technical College
Campus Locations: Columbus
Programs: IT Support Specialist