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Draft NFL je každoroční událost, při které si týmy z National Football League (NFL) vybírají hráče ze všech způsobilých univerzitních fotbalistů. Událost tak slouží jak nejčastější a nejlepší způsob doplnění hráčů pro celou ligu. Základní ideou draftu je, že každému týmu je přidělena pozice, která je opačná oproti umístění v loňské sezóně, což znamená, že tým, který skončil jeden rok poslední, si v následujícím draftu vybírá jako první. Z této pozice si buď tým může vybrat hráče, nebo vyměnit svou pozice jinému týmu za jinou pozici, vyměnit hráče za hráče, nebo jakoukoliv kombinaci obojího. Kolo draftu je dokončeno, když každý tým má vybraného hráče. Určité aspekty draftu, včetně pořadí týmů a počtu kol se od vytvoření v roce 1936 změnily, ale základní myšlenka zůstala stejná. Původní zdůvodněním pro vytvoření draftu byla snaha o zvýšení konkurenceschopnosti mezi nejhoršími a nejlepšími týmy NFL tak, aby si ti nejhorší mohli vybrat potenciálně nejlepší hráče. V současné době se draft skládá ze sedmi kol. Název draftu je odvozen od názvu sezóny NFL, do které už draftovaní hráči mohou zasáhnout, tedy Draft NFL 2010 patří k sezóně NFL 2010.

V prvních letech byli hráči vybráni na základě doslechu, zpráv z tištěných médií nebo jiných důkazech o schopnostech daného hráče. Ve čtyřicátých letech některé kluby začaly zaměstnávat skauty na plný úvazek, aby se ujistili, že jimi vybraní hráči dobře zapadnou do týmu. Tím přinutili ostatní kluby, aby si skauty pořídili také.

Místo konání draftu se během let neustále měnilo tak, aby se na něj dostalo co nejvíc fanoušků, protože jeho popularita a důležitost se rok od roku neustále zvyšovala. Nyní je draft NFL vždy vysílán v hlavním televizním čase. V posledních letech vedení NFL stanovuje datum konání draftu na konec dubna nebo začátek května.

Historie

Důvody
Na konci sezóny 1934 Art Rooney, majitel Pittsburgh Steelers, dal svolení dvěma hráčům, aby přestoupili do New York Giants, protože Rooneyho tým už o ně nadále neměl zájem. Proti transakci začal protestovat majitel Boston Redskins George Preston Marshall a tehdejší prezident NFL Joe F. Carr mu vyhověl, takže Giants nemohli tyto dva hráče zaměstnat. Na setkání majitelů v prosinci 1934 pak NFL představila pravidlo tzv. "Waiverů", aby podobným akcím zabránila. Jakýkoliv hráč propuštěný týmem během sezóny může být angažován jakýmkoliv jiným týmem. Pořadí nároku na hráče je určeno na základě aktuálního umístění v rámci celé NFL, ale obráceně.

Během této doby Bert Bell, spolumajitel Philadelphie Eagles, cítil, že jeho tým není na hřišti konkurenceschopný, v důsledku toho nemůže prodat víc vstupenek a být ziskový. Zdrojem problémů Eagles bylo, že hráči raději podepisovali smlouvy s kluby, které jim nabídli víc peněz, nebo, pokud peníze byly stejné, si hráči raději vybrali prestižnější nebo úspěšnější tým. Jedním z důvodů bylo i to, že hráči vítězného týmu z NFL Championship game dostali 60% zisku z utkání, zatímco poražení pouze 40%. Výsledkem bylo, že tehdejší NFL dominovali Chicago Bears, Green Bay Packers, Giants a Redskins. Bellova neschopnost podepsat v roce 1935 vytouženého hráče, Stana Kostku, ho nakonec dovedla k přesvědčení, že jedinou cestou k trvalému úspěchu NFL je, aby všechny týmy měly stejný přístup k novým hráčům. Na ligovém setkání 18. května 1935 Bell navrhl draft jako způsob, jak trvale a spravedlivě rozdělit mladé hráče do všech klubů v rámci NFL. Jeho návrh byl ten den jednomyslně přijat, přestože první draft proběhl až před následující sezónou.

Pravidla pro výběr hráčů v prvním draftu byla určena na základě seznamů univerzitních hráčů v posledním ročníku, které sestavil každý klub. Každý tým si následně vybral jednoho hráče v pořadí, které bylo opačné proti umístění v loňské sezóně. S tímto výběrem dostal klub rovněž jednostranné právo vyjednat smlouvu právě s tímto hráčem, nebo možnost vyměnit hráče do jiného klubu. Pokud z nějakého důvodu klub neuspěl při vyjednávání s hráčem a nebyl schopný hráče vyměnit, prezident NFL mohl nařídit arbitrážní řízení mezi klubem a hráčem. Pokud prezident nebyl schopný tento spor urovnat, hráč byl zařazen na seznam náhradníků daného klubu a po celý zbytek daného ročníku NFL nemohl hrát za jiný tým NFL. V sezóně NFL 1935 skončili poslední s bilancí 2:9 Eagles, čímž si zajistili právo první volby v Draftu NFL 1936.

První draft (1936)
První Draft NFL 1936 proběhl v hotelu Ritz-Carlton ve Philadelphii 8. února 1936. Na černou tabuli v hlavní místnosti bylo napsáno devatenáct jmen a z nich si jednotlivé týmy vybíraly. Protože žádný tým tehdy neměl oddělení skautů, seznam byl vytvořen na základě zpráv z tištěných médií, osobních návštěv činovníků klubů na univerzitních utkáních nebo různých doporučeních. Draft se skládal z devíti kol (původně jich mělo být pouze pět) a neměl žádné pokrytí ze stran médií. První hráčem, který byl kdy draftován, se stal Jay Berwanger. Bell se ještě před draftem nedohodl s Berwangerem na smlouvě a tak ho následně prodal Bears. George Halas, majitel Bears, byl při vyjednávání s Berwangerem rovněž neúspěšný, protože hráč se ten rok rozhodl do NFL nevstupovat. V těchto časech to nebylo nijak neobvyklé, pouze 24 z 81 hráčů vybraných v prvním draftu se nakonec rozhodlo hrát NFL ten rok.

Okamžitým efektem prvního draftu bylo snížení platů nových hráčů, protože klub měl exkluzivní právo na vyjednávání s hráčem. Platy hráčů přicházejících z univerzit klesly téměř na polovinu, k velké nelibosti hráčských odborů.

Rané drafty (1937–1946)
Art Rooney, majitel Pittsburgh Steelers, si v prvním kole Draftu NFL 1938 vybral Byrona "Whizzer" Whitea, a to i přesto, že White veřejně vyhlásil, že se nechce věnovat profesionálnímu fotbalu a místo toho se chce věnovat postgraduálními studiu na Oxfordské univerzitě. White nicméně svolil hrát NFL v sezóně 1938 poté, co mu Rooney veřejně garantoval plat ve výši 15 tisíc amerických dolarů, dvojnásobek nejvyššího výdělku v NFL do té doby. Rooney si tím vysloužil odsouzení ze strany ostatních majitelů klubů, protože tím narušil platová očekávání nově draftovaných hráčů. V Draftu NFL 1939 byl Wellington Mara, prezident New York Giants, poprvé postaven před možnost draftovat hráče. Na svůj seznam napsal jednotlivé hráče, ale pak si v prvním kole vybral Walta Nielsena, který nebyl na jeho ani na žádném jiném seznamu s konstatováním, že se mu tam všechna jména nevešla.

Až do vzniku draftu NFL se v soutěži žádní Afroameričané neobjevili. V roce 1939 byl Kenny Washington vnímán jako jeden z největších univerzitních fotbalistů všech dob. Poté, co se tato informace dostala mezi majitele klubů, nebyl Washington v Draftu NFL 1940 draftován ani jedním klubem. Někteří majitelé ho údajně chtěli draftovat, ale nenašli dostatek odvahy k prolomení rasové bariéry.

Draft byl nakonec zahrnut do pravidel NFL, ačkoli nejsou k dispozici informace o tom, kdy k tomu původně došlo.

"Bullet Bill" Dudley byl vybrán jako jednička Draftu NFL 1942 a nakonec se stal prvním hráčem, který se z této pozice dostal do Síně slávy americké fotbalu.

Éra skautů začíná (1946–1959)
Eddie Kotal se v roce 1946 stal prvním profesionálním skautem v NFL, najal ho tehdejší majitel Los Angeles Rams Dan Reeves.

Soutěžení NFL s AAFC vyústilo v roce 1947 v dočasné pravidlo zvané "bonusový výběr".

Konkurenceschopnosti mezi týmy NFL bylo nicméně dosaženo až od roku 1947, kdy se nejprve ze zisku titulu radovali Chicago Cardinals a o rok později Philadelphia Eagles, týmy dříve patřící mezi outsidery.

George Taliaferro se stal prvním Afroameričanem draftovaným v rámci NFL, stalo se tak ve třináctém kole Draftu NFL 1949. Hráč sám ovšem dal místo NFL přednost konkurenční soutěži AAFC. Wally Triplett byl vybrán v devatenáctém kole a stal se tak prvním Afroameričanem, který byl draftován a následně i hrál na klub z NFL. Po draftu a před startem sezóny byl jako volný hráč podepsán Paul "Tank" Younger týmem Los Angeles Rams a stal se tak prvním hráčem v NFL z černošské univerzity.

AFL a nástup technologií (1960–1979)
Draft NFL 1960 se stal zlomovým bodem vzhledem k probíhajícímu nástupu konkurenční soutěže American Football League (AFL), protože hráči si nyní mohli vybírat ze dvou soutěží.

V roce 1976 bývalý Wide receiver NFL Paul Salata použil přezdívku "Mr. Irrelevant" (Pan Nedůležitý), aby tak označil hráče vybraného z celého draftu jako úplně posledního.

ESPN a digitální věk (1980–2015)
V roce 1980 se prezident rok staré televizní stanice ESPN Chet Simmons zeptal tehdejšího komisionáře NFL Peta Rozella, zda by jeho stanice mohla vysílat draft NFL živě. Ačkoliv Rozelle nevěřil, že pořad bude diváky bavit, souhlasil.

V roce 1988 NFL přesunula draft z pracovních dnů na víkend a sledovanost ESPN dramaticky vzrostla. ESPN vysílala pořad až do roku 2006, kdy byla založena stanice NFL Network, která zajistila vlastní pokrytí celého draftu.

Od sezóny 2010 se draft stal třídenní záležitostí; první den se odehraje pouze první kolo, druhý den druhé a třetí kolo, a třetí den zbývající čtyři kola.

Předpisy neuvádějí, že hráč musí hrát univerzitní fotbal, ale prakticky všichni hráči vybraní do NFL ho hráli. Několik hráčů je občas vybráno z Arena Football League (AFL), Canadian Football League (CFL) nebo německé German Football League (GFL). Pouze malá hrstka hráčů byla draftována z univerzit, kde se věnovali jiným sportům než americkému fotbalu.

Pravidla pro určení pořadí v draftu
Pořadí výběru je založeno na poměru vítězství a porážek v předcházející sezóně, a na faktu, jestli se tým dostal nebo nedostal do play-off. Kluby, které nedosáhly na play-off, jsou seřazeny vzestupně podle své bilance, tým s nejméně vítězstvími si tedy vybírá jako první. U týmů se stejnou bilancí se pro určení pořadí používají následující pravidla (v tomto pořadí):
 Síla protivníků, kdy se sečtou výsledky všech šestnácti utkání a porovná se, jak si soupeři v daném ročníku vedli. Tým, který hrál proti slabším týmům (jeho soupeři měli méně vítězství), si vybírá dříve.
 Zápasy proti divizním soupeřům. Pokud jsou oba týmy ze stejné divize, porovnají se výsledky jejich zápasů proti ostatním týmům ze stejné divize a tým s horší bilancí si vybírá dříve.
 Zápasy proti konferenčním soupeřům. Pokud jsou oba týmy ze stejné konference, porovnají se výsledky jejich zápasů proti ostatním týmům ze stejné konference a tým s horší bilancí si vybírá dříve.
 Pokud jsou všechny záznamy stále stejné, před NFL Scout Combine se hází mincí a vítězný tým si vybírá dříve.

Týmy, které dosáhnou na play-off, jsou seřazeny podle toho, v jakém pořadí vypadávají, jak ukazuje tabulka níže. O pořadí týmů ve stejných řádcích určují pravidla popsaná výše (týmy s horší bilancí si vybírají dříve atd.)

Jakmile je určeno pořadí výběru v prvním kole podle pravidel popsaných výše, toto pořadí zůstává v platnosti pro všechna ostatní kola draftu, s výjimkou týmů, které mají stejnou bilanci. Tyto týmy si prohazují pořadí v každém následujícím kole. Například v Draftu NFL 2014 Jacksonville Jaguars, Cleveland Browns, Oakland Raiders, Atlanta Falcons a Tampa Bay Buccaneers skončili všichni s bilancí 4:12 a v prvním kole si vybírali hráče přesně v tomto pořadí. Ve druhém kole se Jacksonville zařadil na konec této řady a pořadí tedy bylo Cleveland, Oakland, Atlanta, Tampa Bay a Jacksonville. Tato rotace probíhala každé kolo až do konce draftu.

Výjimka z tohoto pořadí nastává, když soutěž rozšíří nový tým, tomu je totiž automaticky dáno právo první volby v prvním kole draftu. Pokud jsou týmy dva, rozhoduje mezi nimi hod mincí, v případě tří a více týmů rozhoduje tažení čísel z osudí. Tým nebo týmy, které los prohrají, si pak můžou vybírat jako první v tzv. "expanzním draftu".

První draftovaný hráč obvykle dostane nejvýnosnější kontrakt, smlouvy ostatních hráčů závisí na mnoha proměnných, ale například Quarterbaci pravidelně dostávají víc peněz než ostatní hráči, protože jejich role na hřišti je jedinečná.

Časový sled
Každý klub má na draftu své zástupce. A v každém momentu běží danému klubu, který je právě na tahu, časový limit. V prvním kole je to 10 minut (dříve to bylo 15), během kterých musí klub oznámit svou volbu, ve druhém kole draftu je to 7 minut (dříve 10) a ve zbývajících kolech 5 minut. Pokud klub během této doby neoznámí své rozhodnutí, stále má právo volby, ale v tu chvíli mu ho může "ukrást" klub, který je dále na tahu. To se stalo například v Draftu NFL 2003, kdy se Minnesota Vikings jako sedmá v pořadí nechala předběhnout Jacksonville Jaguars a Carolinou Panthers. Rovněž v Draftu NFL 2011 Baltimore Ravens vyjednávali s Chicago Bears tak dlouho, až je nakonec předběhli Kansas City Chiefs.

Obchody s výběry
Týmy se před i během draftu samotného mohou dohodnout na výměně výběru v jakémkoliv kole. Například jeden tým může nabídnout výběr v budoucím draftu výměnou za právo volby v právě probíhajícím draftu. Týmy se také mohou vzdát výběru v daném kole a za to dostanou právo vybírat si v dalším kole draftu. Tudíž některé týmy si v daném kole nevybírají vůbec a jiné týmy si naopak v jednom kole vybírají vícekrát.

Kompenzační výběry
Kromě 32 výběrů v každé ze sedmi kol je rovněž uděleno celkem 32 kompenzačních výběrů, které jsou uděleny těm týmům, které v předchozím roce ztratily volné hráče. Na začátku sezóny všechny kluby disponují stejným počtem hráčů, některé z nich ale mohou přijít o velmi ceněné hráče, za což je jim před draftem přidělen kompenzační výběr. O jeho rozložení je rozhodnuto na výroční schůzi NFL, která se koná na konci března, většinou tři až čtyři týdny před samotným draftem. S kompenzačními výběry nebylo možné obchodovat, to se ale změnilo od Draftu NFL 2017. Umístění kompenzačních výběrů do jednotlivých kol je určeno na základě přesného vzorce zahrnujícího hráčův plat, odehraný čas a posezónní ocenění, přičemž plat je hlavním faktorem. Pakliže tým například přijde o Linebackera, který jako volný hráč odepsal smlouvu na 2,5 milionu dolarů s novým klubem, starý klub dostane právo kompenzační volby v šestém kole draftu. Pokud by ten samý hráč podepsal smlouvu na 5 milionů dolarů, kompenzační volba se přesune do čtvrtého kola draftu. Sama NFL přesný vzorec na určení kompenzačních voleb nikdy nezveřejnila, ale experti mimo NFL byli schopni odhalit jeho přibližnou podobu na základě pozorování.

Všechny kompenzační výběru jsou zařazeny vždy na konec třetího až sedmého kola. Pokud je uděleno méně jak 32 kompenzačních výběrů, zbývající jsou přiděleny na samotný závěr sedmého kola těm týmům, které by hypoteticky začínaly osmé kolo draftu. Tyto výběry se nazývají "dodatečné kompenzační výběry". Více než 32 kompenzačních výběrů bylo uděleno pouze jedinkrát, 33 v roce 2016; dodatečná volba (určená na základě dohody mezi správní radou NFL a hráčskou asociací NFLPA) byla udělena Buffalu Bills za ztrátu Da'Norrise Searcyho.

Platy
NFL umožňuje každému týmu použít určitou část peněz z platového stropu na podepsání smluv s nováčky během jejich první sezóny. Tato částka je založena na nezveřejněném vzorci, který přiřazuje určitou hodnotu pro každý výběr v draftu; tedy s více výběry nebo dřívějšími výběry se zvýší i plat. V sezóně 2008 nejvyššího zvýšení dosáhli Kansas City Chiefs s 8,22 miliony dolarů, protože měli celkem 12 výběrů v draftu, z toho hned dva v prvním kole. Naopak nejnižší zvýšení měli Cleveland Browns s 1,79 miliony dolarů, kteří měli pouze pět výběrů a žádný z nich v prvních třech kolech. Přesný mechanismus pro stanovení platového stropu pro nováčky určuje kolektivní dohoda vyjednaná mezi NFL a hráčskou asociací National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) podle toho, jak se mění platové stropy pro kluby v jednotlivých sezónách.

Draftovaným hráčům jsou stanoveny platy úměrně k pořadí, ve kterém byli draftováni, hráči vybraní vysoko v prvním kole dostanou nejvyšší platy, naopak hráči vybraní v posledním kole dostanou nejméně. Po konci draftu můžou nedraftovaní hráči podepsat smlouvu s jakýmkoliv týmem v lize bez omezení, tito hráči ovšem obvykle nedostanou tak vysoký plat jako draftovaní hráči, obvykle obdrží platové minimum a bonus za podepsání kontraktu.

Na výši platového stropu nováčků má rovněž vliv, jestli se hráč dostane do základního kádru. Základní plat volných nováčků se totiž do platového stropu nepočítá, ale bonusy ano. A pokud je tento hráč vyměněn do jiného klubu, než je původně draftovaný, jeho platové zatížení zůstává původnímu klubu, což v důsledku znamená, že se s nováčky obchoduje jen velmi vzácně. Toto pravidlo neplatí, pokud je daný hráč z draftovaného klubu propuštěn.

Týmy se také mohou dohodnout na kontraktu s hráčem, který se hodlá zúčastnit draftu, a to ještě před startem draftu samotného. Toto pravidlo může využít pouze tým draftující na prvním místě, protože jeho pozice je nezpochybnitelná. Například před Draftem NFL 2009 se Quarterback Matthew Stafford dohodl s Detroit Lions. Lions oznámili podepsání šestileté smlouvy na 78 milionů dolarů (z toho 41,7 milionu garantovaných) se Staffordem den před startem draftu. Tím se Stafford stal automaticky jedničkou draftu.

Propadnutí práva výběru
Komisionář NFL má možnost nechat propadnout právo volby v jakémkoliv kole draftu týmu, který se draftu účastní. Například v sezóně 2007 byli New England Patriots potrestáni za nahrávání defenzivních signálů New York Jets mimo povolenou oblast. V důsledku toho bylo Patriots odebráno právo volby v prvním kole Draftu NFL 2008. Podobně se byli nuceni San Francisco 49ers vzdát volby v pátém kole draftu, protože tajně vyjednávali s hráčem Chicaga Bears pod smlouvou, i když to pravidla NFL zakazovala, a kromě toho si ještě oba týmy prohodili své pozice ve třetím kole (49ers spadli o šest míst a Bears si o stejný počet míst polepšili). New Orleans Saints bylo odebráno právo volby ve druhém kole Draftu NFL 2012 i Draftu NFL 2013 když vyšlo najevo, že jeho hráči dostávali bonusy za úmyslné zraňování protihráčů.

Strategie týmů
Týmy se velmi liší v přístupu ke draftu. Každý tým má celé oddělení skautů, které se přímo zabývá sledováním a hodnocením hráčů, do konečného výběru se ale zapojují i majitelé, generální manažeři, trenéři a další činovníci klubu. Například během Draftu NFL 1983 měl hlavní trenér Pittsburgh Steelers Chuck Noll, slovy tehdejšího člena výkonného výboru Arta Rooneyho juniora, poslední slovo nad jednotlivými výběry, tedy dokonce vyšší, než majitel Art Rooney. Přímým opakem byl trenér New Engladn Patriots Ron Meyer, který prohlásil, že pod vedením majitele Billyho Sullivana byl trenérský personál vyloučen ze všech souvisejících rozhodnutí a dokonce mu bylo zakázáno čtení zpráv skautů. Meyer rovněž prohlásil, že kdyby rozhodnutí bylo na něm, nikdy by si v prvním kole Draftu NFL 1983 nevybral Tonyho Easona.

Události související s draftem

Expertní komise NFL
Univerzitní hráči, kteří zvažují vstoupit do draftu NFL, ale stále si nejsou jistí, jestli jsou schopní hrát americký fotbal na nejvyšší úrovni, můžou požádat o názor expertní komisi NFL. Ta je tvořena skauty, experty a fotbalovými činovníky, kteří učiní předpověď, ve kterém kole či zda vůbec by mohl být daný hráč draftován. Tato informace, která se mnohokrát ukázala být poměrně přesnou, pomáhá hráčům v rozhodnutí, jestli vstoupit do draftu nebo pokračovat na univerzitě.

NFL Scouting Combine
NFL Scouting Combine je šestidenní setkání na konci února či začátku března konané na Lucas Oil Stadium v Indianapolisu. Vybraní univerzitní hráči zde předvádí své fyzické, psychické a dovednostní předpoklady trenérům, generálním manažerům a skautům klubů z NFL. Se zvyšujícím se zájmem o draft si NFL Scouting Combine postupem času vytvořila sérii cvičení, které mají odhalit skutečný stav a potenciál jednotlivých hráčů.

Celé akce se účastní pouze pozvaní hráči. V konečném důsledku může celkový výkon zásadně ovlivnit hráčovu pozici na draftu, plat a tedy i celou kariéru. Zejména pro méně známé hráče z univerzit, nebo hráče z méně známých univerzit, je to ideální příležitost, jak upozornit na svou velikost, sílu nebo rychlost.

Pro Day
Protože počet hráčů na NFL Scouting Combine je velmi omezený, každá univerzita pořádá tzv. "Pro Day", během kterého NCAA umožňuje skautům klubů z NFL navštívit školu a prohlédnout si hráče během stejných cvičení, která jsou prováděna při NFL Scouting Combine. V podstatě jde o veletrh práce, na rozdíl od Scouting Combine jsou ale hráči v příjemnějším prostředí domácích kampusů, což vede k lepším výkonům. Univerzity produkující velké množství kvalitních hráčů pro NFL tak čelí během Pro Days velkému zájmu ze strany skautů a trenérů.

Vstupenky
Vstupenky na draft NFL jsou volně k dostání fanouškům, začínají se prodávat ráno v den draftu a každý si může koupit pouze jednu vstupenku.

Místo konání
Místo konání draftu není pevně stanoveno a NFL ho nepravidelně mění. Prvním a nejčastějším městem konání byl New York, dále pak Philadelphia a Chicago. Nejvíc pořadatelství v řadě za sebou si připsalo divadlo v Madison Square Garden, kde se draft konal desetkrát v řadě v letech 1995 až 2004.

Chicago: 1938, 1942–1943, 1951, 1962–1964, 2015–2016 (9)
 Auditorium Theatre a Grant Park: 2015, 2016 (2)
 Blackstone Hotel: 1951, 1962, 1963, 1964 (4)
 Palmer House Hotel: 1942, 1943 (2)
 Sherman House Hotel: 1938 (1)

Los Angeles: 1956 (1)
 Ambassador Hotel: 1956* (1)

Milwaukee: 1940 (1)
 Schroeder Hotel: 1940 (1)

New York City: 1937, 1939, 1944–1945, 1947, 1952, 1955, 1965–2014 (57)
 Theater at Madison Square Garden: 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 (10)
 New York Marriott Marquis: 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 (9)
 Radio City Music Hall: 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 (9)
 Omni Park Central Hotel: 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985 (6)
 Belmont Plaza Hotel: 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971 (4)
 Commodore Hotel: 1944, 1945, 1947 (3)
 Roosevelt Hotel: 1976, 1977, 1978 (3)
 Summit Hotel: 1965, 1966 (2)
 Americana Hotel: 1973, 1974 (2)
 Hotel Lincoln: 1937 (1)
 New Yorker Hotel: 1939 (1)
 Hotel Statler: 1952 (1)
 Warwick Hotel: 1955 (1)
 Gotham Hotel: 1967 (1)
 JW Marriott Essex House: 1972 (1)
 New York Hilton Midtown: 1975 (1)
 Waldorf-Astoria Hotel: 1979 (1)
 Javits Convention Center: 2005 (1)

Philadelphia: 1936, 1944, 1949–1961, 2017 (15)
 Bellevue-Stratford Hotel: 1949*, 1950, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956*, 1957* (8)
 Warwick Hotel: 1944, 1957*, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961 (6)
 Eakins Oval: 2017 (1)
 Racquet Club of Philadelphia: 1950* (1)
 Ritz-Carlton Philadelphia: 1936 (1)

Pittsburgh: 1948–1949 (2)
 Fort Pitt Hotel: 1948 (1)
 Schenley Hotel: 1949* (1)

Washington, D.C.: 1941 (1)
 Willard Hotel: 1941 (1)
*: Rok, kdy byl draft pořádán na více místech.

Soutěže, které se spojily s NFL
NFL absorbovala dvě další soutěže amerického fotbalu, přičemž tyto ještě před spojením uspořádaly své vlastní drafty.

All-America Football Conference draft
Chicago: 1946, 1949
 Blackstone Hotel (1946)

Cleveland: 1947, 1949
 Hotel Cleveland (1947)
 Carter Hotel (1949)*

New York: 1948
 Commodore Hotel (1948)
*: Rok, kdy byl draft pořádán na více místech.

American Football League draft
Dallas: 1961–1963
 Dallas Statler Hilton (1961–1963)

Minneapolis: 1960
 Nicollet Hotel (1960)

New York: 1964–1966
 Waldorf Astoria (1964–1966)*

*: Rok, kdy byl draft pořádán na více místech.

Dodatečný draft
Od roku 1977 NFL zařazuje do draftu hráče dodatečně, protože ti nestihli podat přihlášku v řádném termínu z akademických nebo disciplinárních důvodů. Tento dodatečný draft je naplánován po konci normálního draftu a před začátkem základní části. Například v sezóně 1984 do něj byli zahrnuti hráči, kteří již měli kontrakt s týmy z USFL a CFL.

Pořadí draftu je určeno na základě vyváženého systému, kdy jsou kluby rozděleny do tří skupin. V první jsou týmy se šesti a méně vítězstvími z předchozího ročníku, ve druhé týmy bez účasti v play-off s více než šesti vítězstvími a ve třetí zbytek. V dodatečném draftu si kluby nikoho nevybírají, místo toho, pokud daného hráče chtějí, předloží na něj nabídku komisionáři NFL spolu s kolem, které za něj hodlají nabídnout. Klub, který předloží nejlepší nabídku na hráče, ho draftuje výměnou za pozici v draftu v následující sezóně. Například Free safety Paul Oliver byl vybrán týmem San Diego Chargers ve čtvrtém kole doplňkového draftu 2007, z toho důvodu si nemohli Chargers během čtvrtého kola Draftu NFL 2008 nikoho vybírat a toto právo volby propadlo.

Od sezóny 1990 se dodatečného draftu mohou zúčastnit pouze hráči, kteří promovali nebo již nemůžou hrát univerzitní fotbal. Od sezóny 1993 se dodatečného draftu mohou zúčastnit pouze hráči, kteří měli v plánu pokračovat v univerzitní kariéře, ale z nějakého důvodu tak nemohli učinit.

Reference

Literatura
 Baldwin, Douglas Owen (2000). Football—The NFL in Sports in North America: A Documentary History, Volume 8, Sports in the Depression, 1930–1940. Gulf Breeze, Florida: Academic International Press.  strany 191–207.
 Coenen, Craig R. (2005). From Sandlots to the Super Bowl: The National Football League, 1920–1967. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press.
 Davis, Jeff (2005). Papa Bear, The Life and Legacy of George Halas. New York: McGraw-Hill
 DeVito, Carlo (2006). Wellington: the Maras, the Giants, and the City of New York. Chicago: Triumph Books.
 Didinger, Ray; with Lyons, Robert S. (2005). The Eagles Encyclopedia. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
 Levy, Alan H. (2003). Tackling Jim Crow, Racial Segregation in Professional Football. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Co., Inc.
 Lyons, Robert S. (2010). On Any Given Sunday, A Life of Bert Bell. Philadelphia:Temple University Press.
 MacCambridge, Michael (2004, 2005), America's Game. New York:Anchor Books
 Maule, Tex (1964). The Game; The Official Picture History of the National Football League. New York: Random House
 Pervin, Lawrence A. (2009). Football's New York Giants. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc.
 Ruck, Rob; with Paterson, Maggie Jones and Weber, Michael P. (2010) Rooney:a Sporting Life. Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press.
 Peterson, Robert W. (1997). Pigskin New York:Oxford University Press.
 Williams, Pete (2006). The Draft: a year inside the NFL's search for talent. New York:St. Martin's Press.
 Willis, Chris (2010). The Man Who Built the National Football League: Joe F. Carr. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, Inc.

Externí odkazy

 Oficiální stránky

NFL


text:
Batman in the 1970s Jumbo-Sized 50th Anniversary Issue!: July and August 1977
by Peter Enfantino
& Jack Seabrook
Batman 289 (July 1977)
"Sign of the Skull"
Story by David V. Reed
Art by Mike Grell and Vince Colletta
Cosmo "Skull" Dugger suffers from a condition that prevents him from experiencing joy. He has created a machine to steal joy from other people and uses it on a baseball player, an award-winning actor, and a lottery winner; unfortunately, an unexpected side effect is that they all fall down dead the moment the gizmo's beam hits them. Dr. Faye Somers calls Batman to look at the latest victim's forehead--it has a small skull imprinted on it. Moments later, Batman stops some crooks from stealing the body of a man undergoing surgery. Batman finds Dugger's lair and hooks himself up to the machine that puts the joy back into his brain; however, he hooks the wires up backwards and discovers that every twinge of joy he feels is replaced by one of pain. Dugger kills another man to experiment on his body to try to figure out why his victims are dying. Batman slowly falls into a catatonic state, unable to move or speak without pain.
PE: A really silly story, even when you compare it to the other really silly stories we've had to endure with this title. A madman who steals joy via a Cerebro-type gizmo? Three men, all in good shape, drop dead of a heart attack, all three mysteriously have a skull emblem on their foreheads, and doctors and police see nothing strange about the pattern? Admittedly one of the world's great detectives, but are you going to tell me that me that he could pull Dugger's image out of a crowd of thousands at a baseball game? Why does the appropriately nicknamed Skull Dugger (you see, his last name is Dugger and the kids used to make fun of how smart he was and there's the whole skull on the foreheads thing...) feel the need to dress like Adam Strange? Dugger's origin is told in such a way that I thought for sure he was a villain in another DC title previously but, mercifully, this two-parter was his only appearance. Great cover though.
Jack: I enjoyed this story, mainly because of Mike Grell's art. I did not think that the authorities were ignoring the skulls on the foreheads--it seemed more like a cover-up by the medical examiner to me, something I hope we'll learn about next issue. Once again, with DC Comics of this era, the house ads and text items by Jenette Kahn and company are nearly as interesting (you might say more interesting) than the story. Kahn writes a column in January 1977 about how she knows a price hike is coming because of increased printing fees, but she admits that she doesn't know what the price will be on the comic we're reading. This sort of honesty is still very refreshing. There is also another profile of a DC Comics creator--this issue it's Bob Haney, who wrote tons of comics over his long career. These half-page profiles were very unusual at the time, in the days before the internet gave us instant access to everyone's biography.
Detective Comics 471 (August 1977)
"The Dead Yet Live"
Story by Steve Englehart
Art by Marshall Rogers and Terry Austin
Boss Thorne decides that Batman is a liability to his operations and must be dealt with. He gives orders to his men to take down The Dark Knight. Meanwhile, still reeling from the radioactive burns received from his tussle with Dr. Phosphorus (in #469 and #470), Bruce decides he needs to seek medical help or it will only get worse. He checks himself into the Graytowers Clinic and is immediately made to feel welcome. He's locked into his room, goes into a deep slumber and when he awakes he's told he's not in a clinic but, rather, an asylum. Turns out the joint is run by one of Batman's oldest arch-enemies, Professor Hugo Strange who, with the aid of a deadly Green Mamba, gets the jump on Batman. Not wanting The Dark Knight to go out without a protracted battle, Strange injects anti-venom into our hero and out go the lights. When he awakens, Batman is mortified to find out that Strange has unmasked him!
PE: Absolutely first class in story and art. Engaging and suspenseful with a kicker of a finale, this story would have elevated the art of Frank Robbins (okay, I'm exaggerating) but, luckily, it's graced with the wonderful art of Marshall Rogers and Terry Austin. There's a short interview with Terry Austin about the difficulties of working with Marshall Rogers (and editor Julius Schwartz) in Michael Eury's The Batcave Companion (TwoMorrows, 2009), an indispensable guide to the Batman eras of the 1960s and 1970s. Anyone obsessed with The Dark Knight (as I am) probably already owns this volume but, if not, you owe it to yourself to pick it up.
Jack: This is definitely a thrilling issue! The art is top drawer and the story matches it. I was a little surprised to see one of the guys at Boss Thorne's meeting compare Gotham favorably to New York City. For some reason, I always thought they were one and the same!
PE: Love the decidedly non-CC approved pillow talk between the very sexy Silver St. Cloud (Marshall Rogers was the 1970s master of GGA, methinks) and Bruce:
Bruce (on the phone): Silver? Hi, this is Bruce! Listen, I have to cancel out on tonight! I'm going into Graytowers--ah, you've heard of it? No, nothing major! Just some tests!
Silver (in a very revealing negligee): Well, after the other night, darling, I'd hoped you'd at least be suffering exhaustion! I know I am!
Jack: What about Magda, the nurse at Graytowers? Hotcha!
PE: More comic book creator name-dropping. This issue we learn that there's a Finger Alley in Gotham and one of Wayne's friends is named Jerry Robinson. The idea that this group would shut Bruce Wayne into an asylum and leave him with his suitcase stretches the credibility factor a tad. The return of Hugo Strange brings up some interesting questions (similar to those raised out at the Marvel University blog now and then) about comic book timelines. The last appearance of Strange was way back in Detective Comics #46 (December 1940) so one wonders how long he's been gone in the DC Universe scheme of things. And why, getting back to the real world for a moment, would it take so long to resurrect one of Batman's original Rogue's Gallery members? Strange will go on to be a recurring guest villain from here on out. Was the good Professor the first super-villain to discover that Bruce Wayne and Batman shared the same undergarments?
Not your average four-color femme!
Jack: It seems like Batman gets unmasked every few issues, but the person doing the unmasking is blind, or it's dark, or Batman has an amazingly lifelike mask on under his mask, or it's one of the triplets, or . . .and as for the timeline, what about the comment at Thorne's meeting that Ra's al Ghul tried to frame Batman for murder last year? That story arc ended over two years ago.
PE: Then, following that timeframe, Hugo disappeared approximately 19 years before. Again, pushing Bruce Wayne into, at least, his forties.
Batman 290 (August 1977)
"Skull Dugger's Killjoy Capers!"
Skull Dugger claims another victim when a gambler wins big. Bruce Wayne finds himself unable to enjoy anything without feeling pain, a problem that also extends to his efforts at crime fighting as the Batman. Batman fails to stop Skull Dugger from killing a man who comes into a large inheritance. Finally, Batman puts on a disguise and visits Dr. Tzin-Tzin in prison, where he tricks the magician into giving him an hour without pain. Batman confronts Skull Dugger, whose attempt to restore Batman to normal and then kill him only half works. Dugger is killed when Batman throws him into his machine. Bruce Wayne is now free to enjoy Alfred's cooking.
PE: This joke of a story continues to escalate in its inanity. Bruce Wayne orders Alfred to make his food taste terrible as that's the only way to enjoy it. Alfred has Bruce come in from outside because "it's much too pleasant" outside. It's like some superhero version of The Addams Family, only not so funny:
Bruce: Dreadful Alfred--thank you! Everything I dislike--half-cooked and unseasoned--perfect!"
What's amazing is that Dugger doesn't even try to be subtle or fade into the shadows. He's right there with his zapper box when a victim drops dead and even wears a purple cape to the reading of a will (where he poses as a reporter!). By the time I got to the climactic battle I was too confused and disinterested to care how it would play out. Something about reverse-joy machines. Mike Grell's pencils seem to have gotten steadily worse as well. Sure, his Bats looks good enough but the rest of the characters are lifeless and bland. This is easily a front-runner for worst story of the year and, as God is my witness, I hope it wins. I couldn't take reading something worse.
Pay no attention to the bald skeleton-like guy
with the laser beam and the purple tux.
Jack: This is a pretty weak conclusion to the two-part story. Skull Dugger is so weird-looking that it strains credibility to suggest he could melt into any crowd, especially when he gets right up front and points his box at someone's forehead and a laser beam shoots out! And what about the return of Dr. Tzin-Tzin? This guy has super-duper magic powers! Finally, it should be noted that Batman kills Dugger at the end and has a big grin on his face. This is a far cry from the Batman of only a year or two ago who broke into a sweat when someone tried to put a gun in his hand.
There was also a one-shot published during the Summer of 1977 called 5-Star Super-Hero Spectacular that featured "all-new" stories starring various DC heroes. In this case, the tales featured The Flash, Green Lantern, Aquaman, The Atom and our favorite crime fighter. The 17-page Batman story ("The Dead on Arrival Conspiracy" written by Martin Pasko and illustrated by Mike Nasser was originally scheduled for the never-released 8th issue of Kobra (what would have been June 1977). 5-Star was conceived as an annual dollar comic featuring "the mightiest heroes of all time" but was quickly retitled DC Special Series and was actually published bi-weekly for a couple months before settling into a nine-times a year schedule. We'll tell you more about this series when we come to their 15th issue in the Summer of 1978.
Holy bargain, Batman!
A shame on myself for neglecting to wish you guys a Merry Christmas and Happy New Year! Catching your column is always a highlight of my week. Keep up the great work!
BTW, I thought I'd let you know that Ottawa's second Comiccon is set for May 10-12, 2013. So far, the only announced guests I know of are Jewel Staite (Firefly), and X-Men artist Chris Claremont.
I'll pass on more info when I get it.
Have a great one!
Thanks, Greg, and a Happy Bat Year to you too!
mikeandraph87 said...
This is my all-timke favorite year of DC Comics! The unfortuantely too-short Englehart run,"Where Were You on The Night Batman Was Killed?",best character set DC ever had,JLA Satellite is in a great run.
On my dcuguide forum thread we were talking about our favorite overall year in comics or DC overall at the very least. Post your favotie year over there. I'd like to read even more of your wisdom! :)
Thanks mikeandralph87! I'll check out your thread. My favorite DC year is probably 1974, which I think was the year of the 100-page super-spectaculars. My favorite years overall were 1945-1952 or so, encompassing the post-war Spirit sections, great Duck tales by Carl Barks, and EC's New Direction.
Batman in the 1970s Part 51: September and October...
John Collier on TV Part Three-Alfred Hitchcock Pre...
Batman in the 1970s Jumbo-Sized 50th Anniversary I...
Batman in the 1970s Part 49: May and June 1977
John Collier on TV Part Two: Alfred Hitchcock Pres...
Batman in the 1970s Part 48: March and April 1977
Batman in the 1970s Part 47: January and February ...

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text:
S v Bernardus 1965 (3) SA 287 (A), an important case in South African criminal law, was one of unlawful assault (the throwing of a stick) which had resulted in death. The majority of the court, rejecting the view suggested by Hoexter JA in S v van der Mescht, that intention on the part of an accused to assault might, in the event of the victim's dying as a result of such assault, be sufficient to support a conviction of the assailant for culpable homicide, held that the correct criterion was that of foreseeability.

See also
 South African criminal law

References
 S v Bernardus 1965 (3) SA 287 (A).
 S v van der Mescht 1962 (1) SA 521 (A).

Notes

1965 in South African law
1965 in case law
South African criminal case law
Appellate Division (South Africa) cases

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Entering the market for a commercial-level air conditioner means coming face to face with choices so broad and complex that the entire experience can feel overwhelming at first. With so many numbers and statistics flying your way, how can you realistically approach achieving your goals? Your AC should provide your business with a few things: comfort, clean air, and energy efficiency. Harmonizing these three elements can pose a challenge, but there are many ways to streamline your efforts to select a new unit. For example, you could benefit from examining the LEED energy efficiency standards.
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Ultimately, the ideal way to procure the best equipment for your business is to connect with a trusted supplier and installer working in your region. For those interested in adopting an LEED certification, connecting with a qualified commercial HVAC contractor may be an essential first step; a considerable portion of the LEED rubric remains dedicated to heating and cooling improvements. There are other elements to consider but beginning with an overhaul of the most energy-intensive aspect of typical operations makes for an excellent starting point. Delve into the details now or find pros who are ready to help.


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Replica Che Guevara beret with silver star. This is the same Basque-style beret, with a silver metal star on the front and tip on top, worn by Che. It is handmade of wool and comes in sizes small, medium, and large. It has been made with a bit of give to it so it can be slightly stretched, if required, to fit. This is also the same style of beret Benicio Del Toro wears in the movies, The Argentine and Guerrilla.
This beret is exclusive to theCHEstore.com.
Short sleeve red T-shirt with black Guerrillero Heroico image of Che Guevara. This is one of the most popular Che Guevara shirts in the world. Made of 100% pre-shrunk cotton. Available in small to 4x-large.
Guerrillero Heroico was photographed on March 5, 1960 by Cuban photographer by Alberto Díaz Gutiérrez, known better as Alberto Korda, and is among the most iconic images of the 20th Century. Even those who have never heard of Ernesto Che Guevara are familiar with this ubiquitous famous image of him.
In Havana, the May Day celebration begins the night before, and a speech at that time by Guevara soon became a tradition. The selections here are from his speech of April 30, 1963, at the Garcia Lorca Theatre. The meeting, honouring Cuba's outstanding workers and technicians for the year 1962, was held under the joint auspices of the Cuban Confederation of Labour-Revolutionary (CTC~R) and the Ministry of Industry, which Guevara headed.
We meet once again, on the eve of the International Workers' Festival, to honour those compañeros who have distinguished themselves by their efforts in the service of production for our country, in the service of the noble cause of the building of socialism, as vanguard workers in each of the different enterprises into which our Ministry is divided.
During the twelve months of the past year, we have had periodic talks with those compañeros who, month by month by their dedication to their work, excelled among all the workers in our enterprises.
Ernesto Guevara de la Serna is born June 14, 1928 in Rosario, one of the most important cities in Argentina, in a well off family. A family with aristocratic roots but socialistic ideas.
In 1937, Ernesto is 9 years old and goes to the third grade of primary school; he follows up engagingly the Spanish Civil war. On a map he indicates the military evolution.
In 1947, Ernesto Guevara meets the young Berta Gilda Infante, also known as Tita. She is a member of the Argentine Communistic Youth. They build up a profound friendship. Together they read Marxist texts and discuss the actualities.


A penetration test is an attack on a computer system with the intention of finding security weaknesses, potentially gaining access to the system, its functionality and data. By attacking a system in the same manner an outside attacker would, the client can better understand where their systems are vulnerable. This in turn allows, a better understanding of what security measures should be implemented to prevent future issues.
A&P offers two different Penetration testing options depending on the clients needs.
A&P will consult with clients to determine which option best suites their needs based on the goals of the desired testing.


text:
Rustavi 2 staff will resist if police try to enforce takeover
Nika Gvaramia. (Interpressnews.)
TBILISI, DFWatch–A day before Tbilisi City Court is to announce a ruling in a lawsuit about Rustavi 2, the director of the TV company went on the air to tell viewers that he was threatened by representatives of the government.
Instead of the ordinary news program at 18, director Nika Gvaramia appeared and said that the court will decide tomorrow to hand the company to Kibar Khalvashi, a businessman who previously owned Rustavi 2 and has sued to regain control.
Gvaramia said he thinks law enforcers will break into the TV building immediately after the court ruling, but his staff will resist, if necessary with force.
"We won't give away the TV company, our freedom of speech and the country's democratic prospects."
He said that a person who relates messages from the government demanded that he not interfere and threatened him and his family.
"I told him that I won't do it. They responded that I shouldn't forget that my family is living here and that there are affairs that are recorded on video. I think that the best way to deal with blackmail is by talking about it," Gvaramia said.
Khalvashi sued Rustavi 2 on August 4, demanding USD 500,000 in compensation from the company. He also demanded to abolish the property of the current owners and to recognize that 60 percent of shares belong to him and 40 percent to Panorama Ltd.
Later, the amount of compensation was increased to USD 18 million. In August, the court ordered the seizure of all of Rustavi 2's property.
The director and shareholders were restricted from selling any property and were also subject to a number of other prohibitions, like reorganization or liquidation. October 1, the court ordered the seizure of all shares in TV company Sakartvelo, which now owns 51 percent Rustavi 2's shares.
By DFWatch staff| 2015-10-21T19:44:34+00:00	October 21st, 2015|Categories: Media|Tags: seizure of Rustavi 2 assets|0 Comments
New Rustavi 2 owner vows to develop it as a "rigorous and critical" TV channel
Tbilisi court imposes strict bail conditions on former Rustavi 2 director in corruption trial
Georgia's largest opposition TV channel facing takeover after losing last-ditch defense at European Court of Human Rights
Georgian opposition TV claims tax debt used to silence its voice
July 21st, 2017 | 0 Comments
Georgia suspends two officials while investigating journalist's abduction


Have you ever wondered why mosquitoes seem to be eating you alive at every summer barbecue, while someone sitting next to you remains unmolested? Female mosquitoes bite you because they need your blood to develop fertile eggs, but not all blood is created equal from the mosquito's perspective. As it turns out, it's not your imagination that some people are more attractive to mosquitoes than others—and genetics is at least 85 percent to blame.
Human blood is grouped into four basic blood types—A, B, AB and O—based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens and antibodies in the blood. Genetics determine what blood type you have, so you inherit it from your parents depending on what their blood types are. For example, if both of your parents have type AB blood, you may have type A, type B or type AB blood. Of the four blood types, type O is the most common, followed by type A.
Another factor that determines how attractive you are to mosquitoes is your secretor status. Some people secrete chemicals related to their blood type through their skin. Like your blood type, your secretor status is genetically inherited. All people are either secretors or non-secretors, regardless of their blood type, with secretors being the most common. Secretors make up approximately 80 percent of the U.S. population.
Studies show mosquitoes have preferences both for specific blood types and for secretor status. A 1972 study was the first to show mosquitoes have a blood-type preference, favoring type O blood over type A or B blood. A followup study also looked at secretor status and concluded that mosquitoes prefer type O secretors above all. In fact, secretor status may be more important than blood type, since the mosquitoes in that study didn't demonstrate a particular preference for type O secretors over type A non-secretors—although they preferred type O secretors to type A secretors. Scientists have isolated proteins on mosquitoes' antennae that detect chemical markers emitted from peoples' skin, but still don't know why certain blood types are favored over others.
Regardless of your blood type, other factors may attract mosquitoes to you. Body heat and carbon dioxide alert mosquitoes to a potential warm-blooded host, so if you're outside in the summer and engaged in strenuous activity, your increased body temperature and heavy breathing can turn you into a mosquito magnet. Pregnant women are more likely to get bitten by mosquitoes because they emit more carbon dioxide and have a higher body temperature than non-pregnant women, even at rest. Researchers also note high concentrations of steroids or cholesterol at or near your skin's surface attracts mosquitoes.
WebMD: Are You a Mosquito Magnet?
Washington City Paper: Blood Hungry: Do Mosquitoes Favor Certain Blood Types? You Bet They Do!
Scienceline: Why Do Mosquitoes Bite Some People More than Others?


If you currently have a low credit score or just want to improve your credit score over time, there are real steps you can take to raise your rating. But since a credit score is the result of number of years of your financial history, not just your most recent behavior, no one change can have instant results. Beware of schemes to repair credit or fix credit as none can deliver as promised and many can actually result eventually in lowering your overall score. But if you consistently follow the steps recommended below, you will most likely see an improvement in your score over time.
A key component of your credit score is the amount of available credit you have versus the dollar amount you are actively using on a day to day basis. The smaller this ratio is, the higher your credit rating will be. Try to always keep the utilized portion of available credit under one third of the total dollar amount available. To see an increase in your score, pay down your outstanding credit card balances and keep them low. If you have a number of credit cards with outstanding balances, consider consolidating them on a single card or reducing them with a lower rate personal loan. And don't assume that paying your balance in full each month will avoid this scrutiny. Some credit card issuers use the monthly purchase amount on your statement as the balance reported to the credit bureaus each month, so even if you pay off the balance in full each month, your credit score will reflect this amount in the available to utilized debt ratio reported.
Consider paying off some credit cards completely. Start with those that have the smallest balances. Your credit score takes into account the total number of cards you have that have outstanding balances, and so reducing this number can result in a higher overall score over time. Instead of charging a small purchase on one card and another small purchase on another card, use the same card (preferably the one with the lower interest rate) for both. Once all cards with small balances are paid off, pick just one or two cards to use for everything after that point. Doing this will ensure that your credit report is not negatively impacted by a number of small balances.
There is a widespread misperception that leaving old debt like a paid off car loan, home loan, or mortgage on a credit report is bad. While negative items will certainly lower your credit score, most of them will disappear on their own from your report after seven years. Good debt on the other hand, those items you have handed well and paid off in a timely manner, is good for your overall score. The longer your history of responsible debt management, the more positive impact it will have on your score. For this reason, leave old debt and good accounts on your report as long as possible. Also don't close any old accounts where you have previously maintained a consistent payment record.
Don't apply for credit until you are ready and serious about using it. If you are planning to apply for a credit card, do all of your research and preparation before actually applying. If you apply for credit and then don't and up using it, the application process will still have a negative impact on your credit score. Every time you apply for credit, it can cause a slight drop in your credit rating that can last for up to a year. There is often an exception when you apply for a car loan, a mortgage, or a student loan. Some current FICO scoring formulas assume that you might make several applications but end up with only one loan and so they ignore any applications made in the 30 days prior to scoring. After 30 days, multiple applications may be counted as a single inquiry. This period can vary depend the individual credit bureau and the particular formula used for calculation and score determination.
While saving money is always smart, neglecting current obligations to accomplish it is not. When working hard to assemble a large lump sum for a down payment on a major purchase such as a home or a car, it can often be tempting to pay a few bills late to achieve your savings goal. Don't do it! Regardless of your savings balance, one late payment can ruin all your plans since one of the biggest components of your credit score is your month to month bill paying history. A history of consistent on-time payments can often be ruined by one late or missed payment, regardless of the amount or the reason for the delinquency. Beware of items you may not associate with your credit score. Even something like an un-returned library book could result in negative reporting if turned over to a collection agency for resolution.
If you're planning to finance a large purchase, look at your score in advance to avoid any surprises and to have an indication of just where you stand. Even if not applying for credit, you should check your credit reports at least once a year. You are entitled to one of each of your three credit bureau reports (Equifax, Experian and TransUnion) free of charge every 12 months through AnnualCreditReport.com. Using this service will not lower your credit score. If you just check one of the three every four months, you can monitor your score free throughout the year. If you are denied credit or even just don't qualify for the lender's best rate, the lender is required by law to show you the credit score used.
Don't do things that can be interpreted as potential indicators of trouble. Suddenly paying less or charging more than your normal historical pattern can sometimes be misinterpreted as warning signs. Even though such activity will not necessarily hurt your credit score, it can often be seen by potential lenders as a sign of increased risk. Using your cards at businesses such as pawnshops or to retain a divorce attorney can also be seen as signs of possible financial stress. If you anticipate needing credit in the near future, pay special attention to all of the factors that can affect your score. Otherwise, just consistently pay bills on time and use credit wisely and your score will reflect these habits and improve over time.
Many aspects of the credit reporting process are seemingly unfair. A late payment will lower your score even if the post office is at fault. Using amounts charged each month, even on credit cards that have a consistent zero balance, for credit score calculation is another example. Correcting errors on a credit report, even those there through no fault of your own, can be a long, frustrating, and often unsatisfying process.


If guys and girls finally have the latest version of Bomb It, we were all waiting for this 5 version of the game that we love. Today we are going to play Bomb It 5, we will find a lot of new options and new graphics to have fun. We have 4 ways to play the game, it can be ARCADE where we must destroy all the enemies in order to advance level. BATTLE REAL, in this mode we must show that we are the best destroying 10 enemies. PAC-MAN in this mode we must encárganos collect all the monads that are on the stage. GREEN AREA you must stay in the green zone long enough, you must fight for that place against the other players. As always to play they must use the arrow keys and the spacebar to put the bombs. If you play two players, player 1 uses the arrows and the enter key to place bombs. Player two uses WASD and spacebar to place the bombs. All told now to play BOMB IT NOW!
Bomb It 5 is the fifth bomb sequel, a series of games available to users via their computer. This fun and interactive game suits everyone and can be enjoyed by children and adults. You can choose your own avatar when you start the game. There is an avatar for everyone.
You have to cross the maze to cross obstacles and enemies that block the road. The game allows users to collect additional points when collecting additional tiles once you have removed an obstacle in your way. You can use the arrows on the keyboard to navigate your avatar through the game and explode bombs to destroy your enemies and move through the maze.
Remember the more points you get, the better dressed you can make your avatar!
You will encounter obstacles on your way to be removed. How do you do it? By bombing them of course! The same goes for your enemies. If they're on their way, it's time to bomb them before they catch you. It is available to one or two players. So if you want a new challenge or want to beat your friends, give it a bomb once.
You can choose to play this game with one or two players, which allows you to choose your own avatar and difficulty level. You can also decide how many enemies you want to conquer. This is a user-friendly menu because all you have to do to start the game is to select "Start Game". It also provides an option "how to play" that contains information about the keys used to detect bombs and arrows to use to move your avatar. You can disable or deactivate the volume with the audio settings on your computer.
Spacebar detonates the bombs, so you can navigate the maze. Be careful not to stop next to the bomb when it goes out or it will be the end of the game. The arrow keys on the keyboard can be used to navigate your avatar around the game.
The goal of this game is to steer you through the maze by clearing obstacles in your way (bombard) and bombing all enemies before they bombard you. You must be quick to get out of these bombs or they can get you too!
There are 4 different levels with every 5 levels in each section. As you go through the game, each level becomes more difficult. As you continue to play the game you increase the bonuses that increase the score and the more you play the better you will appear and hopefully finally reach the final level. It can be helpful to keep the levels light first to get used to the controls and improve your skills before moving on to the most difficult versions.


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La Fédération textile habillement cuir blanchisserie de la CGT (THCB CGT) est la fédération professionnelle des travailleurs des secteurs du textile, de l'habillement, du cuir et de la blanchisserie affiliée à la Confédération générale du travail. Elle est au niveau européen affiliée à la Fédération européenne du textile, de l'habillement et du cuir.

Historique
La Fédération nationale ouvrière de l'industrie textile se constitue lors d'un congrès qui s'est tenu en novembre 1891, à la suite d'une convocation faite quelques mois plus tôt par les syndicats de tissage de Lyon et de sa région. Cette fédération est alors constituée des syndicats du textile de Lille, Roubaix et Fourmies en plus des syndicats lyonnais. En 1902, le siège de la fédération est transféré à Lille et l'année suivante, le congrès décide de la publication d'un bulletin fédéral qui paraît à partir du  novembre 1903 : Le Travailleur du Textile.

Au contraire du textile, la Fédération nationale des cuirs et peaux eu une existence plus agitée et fut refondée à plusieurs reprises au  avant de l'être définitivement en 1893 lors de son congrès de Paris.

La Fédération de l'habillement est créée en 1892, à l'initiative des tailleurs et coupeurs d'habits de Nîmes. Son premier congrès a lieu l'année suivante. Au moment du Front populaire cette fédération fusionne avec la Fédération de la Chapellerie, une des plus anciennes fédérations syndicales. Créée en 1879, cette Fédération était issue d'une société de secours mutualistes des ouvriers chapeliers de Paris fondée en 1820.

Face à la baisse du nombre de travailleurs dans les secteurs du textile et de l'habillement, une union interfédérale se met en place le 24 novembre 1971 entre la fédération du textile, celle de l'habillement et celle des cuirs et peaux, et les trois fédérations fusionnent en 1985 pour former l'actuelle Fédération textile habillement cuir (THC).

La branche blanchisserie est créée à l'occasion du  des 3 au 6 juin 2014 et le nom de la fédération est légèrement modifié.

Personnalités de la fédération

Ancienne Fédération des Cuirs et peaux
 Victor Griffuelhes, secrétaire général de la CGT de 1901 à 1909, est membre de la fédération des Cuirs et Peaux
 Henri Dret, secrétaire de la fédération dans les années 1905-1934, amputé d'un bras à la suite de la grève de Draveil-Villeneuve-Saint-Georges de 1908.
 Charles Michels, secrétaire de la Fédération des Cuirs et Peaux dans les années 1930, fusillé par les nazis à Châteaubriant le .
 Fernand Maurice, secrétaire général de la Fédération des Cuirs et Peaux de 1948 à 1961, membre du Conseil économique et social (1947-1951).
 Robert Habert, secrétaire général de la Fédération des Cuirs et Peaux dans les années 1960-1970.

Ancienne Fédération du Textile
 Victor Renard (1864-1914), secrétaire de la Fédération du Textile. Il soutient en 1906, lors du  congrès de la CGT, une motion opposée à celle de la Charte d'Amiens.
 Albert Inghels, secrétaire de la fédération du Textile en 1913, élu député socialiste du Nord en 1914, maire de Tourcoing.
 Victor Vandeputte, secrétaire de la Fédération du Textile de 1914 à 1937.
 Alice Brisset, une des animatrices de la grève des « midinettes » en 1916-1917.
 Alexandre Delobelle, secrétaire général de la Fédération du Textile de 1936 à 1939.
 Jules Vercruysse, secrétaire de la Fédération du Textile, fusillé par les nazis à Châteaubriant le 22 octobre 1941.
 Édouard Aubert, secrétaire général de la Fédération du Textile de 1945 à 1971.

Ancienne Fédération de l'Habillement
 Jeanne Bouvier, syndicaliste et féministe, était membre de la Fédération CGT de l'Habillement.
 Georgette Bodineau, secrétaire générale de 1945 à 1948.
 Daniel Anker, secrétaire général de 1948 à 1952.
 Gisèle Joannès, secrétaire générale de la Fédération de l'Habillement de 1952 à 1976.

Ancienne Fédération de la Chapellerie
 Victor Dejeante (1850-1927), fondateur de la fédération générale de la Chapellerie, député de Paris à partir de 1893.
 Pierre Milan, secrétaire de la Fédération de la Chapellerie (1920-1944). Il fut un des représentants de la CGT lors de la négociation des Accords Matignon de 1936.

Fédération textile habillement cuir
 Christian Larose, secrétaire général dans les années 1981-2003, membre du Conseil économique, social et environnemental (1999-2010).
 Maurad Rabhi, secrétaire général depuis 2003, ancien membre du bureau confédéral de la CGT (2003-2009).

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes
 Site officiel

Syndicat affilié à la Confédération générale du travail
Association ou organisme lié au secteur du textile


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NCL cruises restarts operations
Jul 26, 2021 NCL
Norwegian Cruise Line has officially commemorated its cruise comeback with a double debut: Norwegian Jade was not only the first of its 17-ship fleet to welcome guests after 500 days, she also made NCL history as the first vessel to homeport in Athens (Piraeus).
Until November 2021, guests sailing aboard Norwegian Jade's immersive Greek Isles itinerary will wake up in a new destination every day, able to spend eight-to-nine hours exploring some of Greece's most picturesque islands including luxurious Crete, bustling Mykonos, historical Rhodes and the iconic blue and white Santorini.
Commenting, Harry Sommer, President and Chief Executive Officer of Norwegian Cruise Line, said: "Welcoming our guests and crew onboard has been one of the most memorable moments of my over 30-year career.
"We are excited to embark on the Great Cruise Comeback with a brand-new itinerary and homeport for our brand, offering our guests an even greater selection of unique vacations at sea."
Greek Minister of Tourism Harry Theoharis added, "We are overjoyed to welcome Norwegian Jade and her guests to Greece. The planned itineraries will offer unique experiences that combine our rich history, bustling culture and famous gastronomy."
Norwegian Jade is the first ship to recommence voyages as part NCL's larger restart efforts. On 7 August, , Norwegian Encore will be the first ship to return to service from the U.S., when she debuts in Seattle for her inaugural season of Alaska cruises.
Sky Princess arrives in the UK for the first time
MSC takes delivery of new flagship


Welcome to our website,we are team of four professional Realtors serving GTA and Surrounding areas to meet The real estate needs of our clients and customers. We have 20 years of collective experience in Residential,Commercial,New Construction,Leasing of Industrial Buildings,Power of Sale Properties. We are providing Real Estate services with Honesty, Punctuality and with commitment and dedication.For your convenience you can check properties in any Language. we have strong negotiating skills to help our clients to get the best deal that meets or exceed their requirements.Your real estate transaction is one of the largest and most important events in your life. We are honored to assist you and look forward to build another client for lifetime. Thanks for visiting our Website.


Stabling horses is convenient, especially when you have space limitations, but regular exercise is essential for their physical well-being. A controlled exercise routine is also paramount when rehabilitating injured animals. If you have an available paddock, you can turn them out, but there is little assurance that they will get the exercise they need. Also, lunging horses or having riders exercise your horses is time consuming and costly, especially if you have a large number of animals. What trainers needed was a way to simultaneously exercise several horses at a time at a controlled pace.
The first mechanical horse exerciser was called a "hot walker." Several horses could be tied to this merry-go-round style device and forced to walk around in a circle (Photo 1). Many trainers had concerns about using hot walkers; horses were tied to the machine and trainers were worried that the unnatural head position would lead to musculoskeletal disorders. Also, the direction and speed of the machine could not be controlled well, if at all. Trainers needed a more versatile piece of a equipment, and a new approach was needed to refine the concept of an automated training machine.
The Odyssey Performance Trainer is the next step in conditioning and training without constraints and replaces the old style walking machines, treadmills, hand-walking, or ponying. The Odyssey uses state-of-the-art technology to help exercise and rehabilitate all breeds of horses. These machines are fast becoming the industry standard for training professionals worldwide and many owners agree that they can pay for themselves in just a couple of years.
The Odyssey Performance Trainer allows horses to move freely between a set of gates that travel inside a circular fenced track (Photo 2). This allows them to move naturally as they would in a paddock or on a lunge line, but at a specified pace chosen by the trainer and can even be programmed into the Odyssey's computer module. For maximum versatility, the speed and direction of the gates may also be operated manually, giving the trainer full control.
Whether it is keeping your racing or performance horses in shape, rehabilitating injured animals, or exercising stallions and broodmares, the Odyssey is the most versatile exercising machine currently on the market.
The Performance Series horse exerciser was designed to withstand the abuse of a working facility. Whether you are training racehorses, exercising sport horses, and/or rehabilitating horses, our machine is one of the heaviest built machines on the market without compromising wear and tear on strategic parts. Years of upgrading have produced a very balanced machine capable of running for years with little maintenance.


Sun exposure and damage, acne scaring, enlarged pores or just getting older can leave skin tone uneven, wrinkled, spotted or scarred. If you want to refresh your face and skin to restore a smoother, younger and vibrant luminosity…a chemical peel may be your very best choice. Here at Francesca's Facelift, we choose and offer only the very best in peels that are the most effective and advanced anti aging choices. Our peels strip away dead skin and damage, revealing a youthful, glowing fresh new face that's been hiding all these years!
Chemical peels are a chemical solution used to smooth the texture of your skin by removing damaged skin from years of sun exposure or lack of proper care for the skin. There are various peeling agents and a thorough evaluation of your skin is done before getting a chemical peel here in our Las Vegas office so that we can match the right choice for your particular skin. Our Chemical Peels work by gently exfoliating dead, stuck skin cells from your face and neck. Once applied, it begins the sloughing off process to reveal fresh, new skin underneath to emerge.
Chemical Peels or treatments are generally ideal for fair skinned clients.
Darker skin types will also benefit from chemical peels, depending on the skin problem. Let us offer you a Complimentary Consultation to share what is best for your skin.
What Results Can You Expect From Chemical Peels?
Here at Francesca's Facelift, our primary goal is to create a luxury skin experience like no other to reveal your natural beauty and restore your youth and vitality with the very best offerings for advanced aesthetics in anti aging.
Chemical peels can be combined with laser resurfacing, and fillers to achieve a cost effective skin rejuvenation customized to the individualized person.
Discover Why Las Vegas' Elite Choose Francesca LoBaido as Their Preferred "Secret Weapon" to Reverse Aging.
Francesca is a Nurse Practitioner and APN, FNP-BC, and Founder of Francesca's Facelift of Las Vegas. She is the preferred advanced aesthetics and the top beauty expert in Vegas. You'll quickly discover why she has clients flying in from around the country to see her on a regular basis. There are very few top experts in the US who share the level of expertise or reputation for excellence for high quality and natural advanced anti aging results.
Click below now to book your no obligation, Complimentary Consultation today and discover a comprehensive, customized Skin Resurfacing solution for your beauty needs.


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Q: Label tag should keep on top when input value is not empty I have created an onClick label toggle effect, but facing one issue that, when user type/input any value in the input box label should be kept on top and not over lapping on value or down.
you will find here
Js code
function move(elem){
    var a = document.getElementsByTagName('label')
        for(i=0; i< a.length; i++){
            a[i].classList.remove('active');
        }
        elem.classList.add('active');

}

Thanks in advance!

A: That's a nice effect, and you can accomplish the same thing in CSS without using any JavaScript.
The code below changes the label's style if the input field is focused or has a value.
Note that the label needs pointer-events: none so that the input behind it can be focused when the label is clicked:

.input-field {
  margin:50px;
  position:relative;
  width:204px;
}

input {
  border:1px solid #ccc;
  width:200px;
  height:3rem;
  font-size:1rem;
  position:relative;
}

label {
  pointer-events: none;
  cursor: text;
  font-size: 1rem;
  left: 0rem;
  position: absolute;
  top: 0.8rem;
  transition: all 0.2s ease-out 0s;
}

.input-field input:not(:invalid) + label,
.input-field input:focus + label {
  background: yellow;
  top: -35px;
  font-size:0.7rem;
}

  <input type="text" name="name" required="">
  First Name

  <input type="text" name="name" required="">
  Last Name

The above won't work if you need to support <=IE9.  In that case, you will need to use JavaScript.

Attach focus and blur events to the inputs:
<input type="text" name="name" required=""
       onfocus="ifocus(this)"
       onblur ="iblur(this)"
>

function nextElementSibling(el) {
  do { el = el.nextSibling } while ( el && el.nodeType !== 1 );
  return el;
}

function ifocus(el) {
  nextElementSibling(el).className= 'active';
}

function iblur(el) {
  if(!el.value.trim()) {
    nextElementSibling(el).className= '';
  }
}

Fiddle
Also note that the rem units won't work in <=IE8, and the transition won't work in <=IE9.  If you want the animation to work in those versions, you'll need to write it completely in JavaScript.

A: You most probably want to use focus and blur events for this.

A: call the move function in the onfocus(); event. And a note, You shouldn't use the inline calling methods. You should use an event listener.
something like
document.getElementById('elementId').addEventListener('focus',move);

A: Well question is not clear still am trying.
From your fiddle I see issue that once value in entered, label shouldn't come down as its doing now. If so
function move(elem){
    var a = document.getElementsByTagName('label')
    elem.classList.add('active');
}

will be a better option.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We support projects that are administered by the CFI Jerusalem Office and Distribution Centre. This video provides a very brief introduction to some of them.
We also support a school for the children of believers, the pro-life work in Israel, and several projects to help Palestinian babies and families.
You can easily direct your donation to any one of projects listed below.
Links the nations to Israel in Prayer.
Opening the doors of Israeli hospitals to our neighbours' dying children.
Be'ad Chaim is an Israeli nonprofit association dedicated to the protection of the unborn child and its mother. A national organization with offices and hotlines throughout Israel. All women are eligible for our assistance, regardless of nationality or religious beliefs.
Project Under His Wings exists to reach out to terror and trauma victims with comfort and compassion through one-on-one visitations and various practical and financial gifts.
Assisting new Israeli immigrants, who have come back to the Land from the four corners of the world.
Reaching out to the Ethiopian Jewish Community in the Land of Israel.
39 children aged between 3 and 12 representing 27 families, 13 congregations, 11 nationalities and 9 languages spend five days a week at school at Makor Hatikva in the centre of Jerusalem. All are from families of believers in Messiah Yeshua who are seeking to bring up the children to love, honour and obey Yeshua in every aspect of their lives. Many of the children are Jewish, but Jewish and Gentile children here are together in one family. The school receives no funding from the state so all finance comes from what parents are able to pay and from donations from friends in Israel and worldwide.
Providing financial assistance and encouragement to local Believers in the Land of Israel.
is designed for assistance to flow In from the Nations and Out to the Needy.
To give by cheque, (UK only) please make cheques payable to CFI Charitable Trust, and send to CFI, PO BOX 2687, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN22 7LZ. Please note that we can only process cheques in pounds sterling.
Please note: You must pay an amount of income tax and/or capital gains tax equal to the tax we reclaim on your donation.


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Rangers send Carl Hagelin to Anaheim for Emerson Etem
The New York Rangers have traded Carl Hagelin to the Anaheim Ducks for winger Emerson Etem. The Rangers will also get the 41st pick in the 2015 draft. The Ducks will get 59th and 179th picks. The Rangers selected Ryan Gropp with the 41st pick.
Hagelin, a 2007 6th round pick for the Rangers, put up 58-72-130 over four seasons with the Rangers. Hagelin was due a huge raise, and a lot of this trade has to do with saving cap space. Hagelin is a solid middle-six player and penalty killer, but is far from irreplaceable on the roster.
As for Etem, he was a 2010 1st round pick for Anaheim, and has a line of 15-16-31 in parts of three seasons with the Ducks. Etem is fast, big (6'1″, 206 lbs), and skilled, but hasn't put it all together yet. Etem is an RFA as well, but he is coming off his ELC, and is due a bridge deal, likely in the $1.5-$2 million range.
It's worth noting that Etem hasn't really been used properly in Anaheim yet. He was playing on the fourth line, but with his skill set he should be top-nine. I think he will be fine if used properly (OZ starts).


Part 3 of 5 Tips for Attracting More Readers.
So you have written a killer headline and first sentence. Now it is time to keep the readers engaged with killer content.
You have to deliver all the information you promised in the headline.
Personally, I get more engagement on articles between 3–5 minutes long. You might find your readers are different. It is worth analysing your stats to see.
The introduction to the post should be a short paragraph of a couple of paragraphs. Each paragraph should be between 2–3 sentences long. Explain what you are going to cover in the article and create intrigue.
Remember to spend time working on your killer first sentence.
Deliver the expected information in the main part of your article. Be descriptive but also entertaining. Let your author voice shine through. Your readers will get used to your voice. They follow you because they like it, so let that voice ring out.
If you have a large amount of information to get over to your readers then use numbered lists and bullet points. Be respectful to your readers and tell them the information in the shortest amount of time.
Look at the formatting of your posts to break up large chunks of text. I use a similar format for all my posts. I hope my readers become familiar with my voice as well as my format.
You may also like to use deep linking in your posts. This is the process of linking other relevant posts you have written into your current ones. This again gets more traffic to your articles however, I would warn not to overuse them.
Use keywords in your posts and use them throughout the content. It would be an advantage to have an understanding of basic SEO, but, not essential. When using the keywords do not overuse them as these can ruin the flow of a post.
Keep your keywords precise and exact for example, 'Knitting' is too general a search word. Use the keywords 'Knitting for Toddlers' is exact enough for it to attract more traffic to your post.
Allow this to be a summary of the main points you have written in the post. I always include a short paragraph labelled 'Finally' to conclude my posts. You may have your own method, but ensure you include some form of conclusion.
This is a way of calling your readers into the debate. I use a question at the end of my posts as a call to action. Some people may point you to their email list or other posts. Find a method that works for your readers and then use it.
If you inviting your readers to enter a debate, then ensure that you reply to their comments.
No one will know their readers better than the writer. Find a method that works for your followers and stick with it.
Respect the time that your readers take to read your posts.
What is your number 1 tip when writing content to engage readers?
I want to write to make people feel better and also ask questions to get engagement.
I love engaging with people who have read my work. It's one of my favourite parts of writing.
🙂 First of all, I write content with the reader in mind; for example, I would provide advice to questions that they have been pondering about blogging.
Thank you. I have been using Quora lately to discover the questions people have and then write posts around them.
🙂 That is a brilliant move, Sam. Quora is an ideal place to find questions that pertain to blogging.
Do have yourself a wonderful week?


Workers continued to stash more money in their 401(k) plans in the third quarter, but the stock market's sharp decline only left them further behind in reaching their savings goals.
The average balance in Fidelity Investments' plans dropped nearly 12 percent, falling to $64,300 by the end of September from $72,700 three months earlier, the company said Wednesday.
That setback snapped four consecutive quarters of increases, and even put investors behind where they stood a year ago. Their balances were down 2 percent compared with September of last year, according to Fidelity, the largest workplace savings plan provider, with 11.7 million participants.
Blame the 14 percent decline in the Standard & Poor's 500 index in the third quarter. Investors worried about the European debt crisis and slow economic growth at home, leading to the stock market's worst quarterly loss since the financial crisis in late 2008.
Workers' 401(k)s are typically invested in bonds along with stocks to help reduce volatility. Third-quarter investment gains for bonds helped offset some of the stock market's decline, preventing deeper damage to account balances.
The damage also was eased because workers set aside more from their paychecks to stash in 401(k)s, while employers increased matching contributions.
Fidelity said 84 percent of plan participants contributed over the past 12 months, the highest level in more than two years. Their average contribution was $5,890, setting a record, and up $200 from the same period a year earlier. Employers contributed an average $3,320, an increase of $220.
Over the past 10 years, about two-thirds of annual increases in account balances have been due to workers' added contributions and company matches, with one-third the result of investment returns, said Beth McHugh, Fidelity's vice president of market insights.
There are several reasons why changes in account balances don't match the performance of market indexes. Results depend on the performance of the specific funds an investor holds. Plus, participants in 401(k)s also pay investment fees, which chip away at returns. Investment earnings and contributions can grow tax-free in employer-sponsored 401(k)s, which the government established to encourage saving for retirement.
Balances have risen eight of the 10 quarters since early 2009, when the stock market meltdown reduced the average to $46,200.
Workers who have stayed in the market haven't been able to rely on investment gains to build up 401(k) savings, because stocks remain about 23 percent below their historic peak in October 2007. Instead, they've had to rely on contributions from themselves, and their employers.
Fidelity's 401(k) participants appear to recognize that, McHugh said. Each quarter for the past two and half years, more workers have increased their contributions than cut them.
However, Fidelity reported a recent slight increase in hardship withdrawals from 401(k)s, reflecting the financial stress many workers face as the economic recovery struggles to find momentum. About 2.3 percent took hardship withdrawals over the 12 months ended Sept. 30. In the latest 12-month period, workers making hardship withdrawals removed an average $5,800.
The major reason? Hardship withdrawals can subject the participants to taxes and possible early withdrawal penalties, if they occur before age 59. Withdrawals also leave less money in an account to grow as a result of potential market gains and compounding, setting an investor back further in reaching their goals.


Help Alexastylebook on the journey to 10K subscribers!
Welcome to another jeans review video!
In today's video, I am going to share with you all of Everlane's high rise jeans. I have seven different pairs with all different washes to show you guys today. Hope you enjoy!
Girl where did you get your background? Its gorgeous!
That phone case is sooo cute!!
Congrats! You are near your 10K subs goal!
Love this video and your channel!! New sub!
You are so sweet <3 loooove the authentic stretch high rise jeans!


In 2008, a botched SWAT team raid in Connecticut led to two innocent men being shot – one fatally. Today, lawsuits against the police departments can go through, a federal judge has ruled, because the departments used "excessive force" and thus cannot claim "qualified immunity," Huffington Post is reporting.
The events of May 18, 2008, played out as follows: Ronald Terebesi and his friend, Gonzalo Guizan of Norwalk, were watching TV at Terebesi's home in Easton. A 21-member SWAT team, consisting of members from the Easton, Monroe, Trumbull, Darien and Wilton police departments, acting on a tip from a stripper that she had seen a "small amount" of cocaine at the home, burst through the door, throwing flash-bang grenades. In the commotion that ensued, Terebesi was shot six times – by Monroe police officer Michael Sweeney, but survived; Guizan died in the shooting. Only a small amount of drugs was found.
Terebesi filed suit, claiming that the police used excessive force in executing the warrant. He claims that he was hit on the head with a gun, and suffers from PTSD – Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – as a result of the botched raid, and that his civil rights were violated.
The towns have collectively claimed that no excessive force was used, and that the raid was justified. In 2009, the Attorney General of Connecticut exonerated Sweeney, and all of the officers involved in the shooting, of culpability in Guizan's death. In 2012, the lawyer who represents both Sweeney and the towns, tried to block Terebesi's lawsuit. In 2013, Guizan's family settled for $3.5 million. This week's ruling means that Terebesi's suit can go forward.
The case bears similarities to an incident that took place outside of Atlanta earlier this year. In May, an Atlanta-area SWAT team, responding to a tip that a $50 meth deal had taken place at a home, threw flash-bang grenades into a baby's crib, severely injuring toddler Bounkham "Bou Bou" Phonesavanhs. "Baby Bou" was in a coma for days after the incident, but survived (see this Inquisitr article). As of this post, Habersham County is refusing to pay the child's medical bills, taking the stance that the police are the victims in this case.
Do you think that police officers should be immune from liability for their actions when carrying out SWAT raids? Let us know in the Comments.