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Translation:Attempt of a Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Bodies/Section I
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Translation:Attempt of a Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Bodies by Hendrik Lorentz
Section I. The fundamental equations for a system of ions located in the aether.
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757829Translation:Attempt of a Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Bodies — Section I. The fundamental equations for a system of ions located in the aether.Hendrik Lorentz
1 The fundamental equations for a system of ions located in the aether.
1.1 The equations for the aether.
1.2 The first part of the force acting on ponderable matter.
1.3 Electric currents in ponderable conductors.
1.4 The second part of the force acting on ponderable matter
1.5 The conservation of energy.
1.6 The theorem of Pointing.
1.7 Tensions in the aether.
1.8 The reversibility of motions and the mirror image of motion.
The fundamental equations for a system of ions located in the aether.[edit]
The equations for the aether.[edit]
§ 5. When forming the equations of motion we will express all magnitudes in electromagnetic measure, and preliminarily use a coordinate system that is at rest in the aether. Now according to Maxwell, two kinds of deviations from the equilibrium state can exist in this medium. The deviation of first kind, which (among others) can be found in the vicinity of any charged body, we call the dielectric displacement; it is a vector quantity and may get the designation d {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}} [1]. It is solenoidally distributed in "pure" aether, i.e. in the spaces between the ions, and we have
D i v d = 0. {\displaystyle Div\ {\mathfrak {d}}=0.} (3)
We now want to assume, that aether exists in the space where an ion is located, and that a dielectric displacement can happen at this place, i.e. that the dielectric displacement caused by a single ion is extended over the interior of the other ions.
The charge of an ion we see as distributed over a certain space; the spatial density may be called ρ {\displaystyle \rho } , and we want to assume, that this function steadily goes over to 0 when passing from the interior of the particle into the pure aether. In this assumption, that gives us the advantage that no discontinuities must be considered, there is no essential restriction. Because the charge distribution over a surface and a discontinuity of ρ {\displaystyle \rho } can be treated as limiting cases of states to which that assumption are applicable.
In the cases to be considered, ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is different from zero only in the interior of a very great number of small spaces which are completely mutually separated. Yet we can start with the general case, that an electric density exists in arbitrary great spaces. Since we think of the electric charges as always connected to ponderable matter, then this would correspond to a continuous distribution of matter.
Ponderable matter, which is not charged, has only to be considered by us, when it exerts molecular forces on the ions. Concerning the electric phenomena, it has no influence at all and everything happens, as if the space where it is located would only contain the aether.
Where ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is different form zero, equation (3) is not applicable anymore. According to a known theorem from Maxwell's theory, we have for any closed surface σ {\displaystyle \sigma } , when E represents the entire charge in the interior,
∫ d n d σ = E = ∫ ρ d τ , {\displaystyle \int {\mathfrak {d}}_{n}\ d\ \sigma =E=\int \rho \ d\ \tau {,}}
∫ D i v d d τ = ∫ ρ d τ , {\displaystyle \int Div\ {\mathfrak {d}}\ d\ \tau =\int \rho \ d\ \tau {,}}
so everywhere it must be
D i v d = ρ {\displaystyle Div\ {\mathfrak {d}}=\rho } (I)
If the ponderable matter is moving, then — since it carries the charge along with it — at a certain point of space there always exists another ρ {\displaystyle \rho } , and soon it is (when we are dealing with mutually separated ions) different from zero here and there. Yet the condition of the aether has constantly to obey equation (I).
§ 6. The change of d {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}} , that happens with time at a certain point of space, constitutes an electric current (Maxwell's displacement current) that can be represented by d ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {\mathfrak {d}}}} . We assume that it exists also in the interior of charged matter. Yet additionally we find a convection current C {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {C}}} there. This is considered by me, when v {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {v}}} is the velocity of ponderable matter, as given in magnitude and direction by
C = ρ v {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {C}}=\rho {\mathfrak {v}}}
and I put for the total current
S = C + d ˙ = ρ v + d ˙ . {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}={\mathfrak {C}}+{\mathfrak {\dot {d}}}=\rho {\mathfrak {v}}+{\dot {\mathfrak {d}}}.} (4)
In charged matter, v {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {v}}} shall continuously vary from point to point[2]. Additionally the charge of every mass element shall stay unchanged during the motion. Thus ρ ω {\displaystyle \rho \omega } must be constant, when ω {\displaystyle \omega } is the — maybe variable — volume of the element.
From this assumption we derive the property of solenoid distribution for the total current, which will be expressed by
D i v S = 0. {\displaystyle Div\ {\mathfrak {S}}=0.} (5)
§ 7. The second deviation of the equilibrium state of the aether will be determined by the magnetic force H {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}} . It depends on the instantaneous current distribution, and satisfies the requirements
D i v H = 0 , {\displaystyle Div\ {\mathfrak {H}}=0{,}} (II)
R o t H = 4 π S , {\displaystyle Rot\ {\mathfrak {H}}=4\pi {\mathfrak {S}},} (III)
whose applicability we also presuppose for the interior of ponderable matter[3].
Eventually we also assume the relation, for the interior of the ions[4] as well as for the interspaces, by which in Maxwell's theory the dielectric displacement is connected with the temporal variation of the magnetic force. The relation reads
− 4 π V 2 R o t d = H ˙ , {\displaystyle -4\pi V^{2}Rot\ {\mathfrak {d}}={\dot {\mathfrak {H}}}{,}} (IV)
if we denote by V the ratio of the electromagnetic and electrostatic units of electricity, or the velocity of light in the aether.
Now we have written down all equations for the aether. If d {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}} and H {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}} for t = 0 {\displaystyle t=0} are given everywhere, we know for all subsequent instants the motion of charged bodies, and if we also add the requirement, that d {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}} and H {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}} vanish in infinite distance, then these vectors are definitely specified.
Where ρ = 0 {\displaystyle \rho =0} , the equations go over into the formulas for pure aether, from which it is knowingly given, that the variations represented by d {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}} and H {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}} propagate with the velocity of light.
Since the equations are linear, various solutions can be composed to a more general one by addition. For example, the motion of n ions shall be given, and n value systems of d {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}} and H {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}} shall be found that determine the state of the aether for the case in which only one ion exists, and the others were neglected. Then we obtain by superposition the state of the aether, being in agreement with the motions of all n ions. In this sense we may say, that any ion influences the state of aether in exactly such way, as if the others wouldn't exist.
§ 8. If the ponderable matter is at rest and d {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}} is independent of time, then S {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}} and H {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}} vanish, while d {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}} will be determined by
R o t d = 0. {\displaystyle Rot\ {\mathfrak {d}}=0.}
This last equation says, that d x , d y , d z {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}_{x},\ {\mathfrak {d}}_{y},\ {\mathfrak {d}}_{z}} can be considered as partial derivatives of a single function, which we want to call − ω 4 π {\displaystyle -{\tfrac {\omega }{4\pi }}} . We thus put
d x = − 1 4 π ∂ ω ∂ x , etc. {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}_{x}=-{\frac {1}{4\pi }}{\frac {\partial \omega }{\partial x}}{\text{, etc.}}} (6)
and derive from (I)
△ ω = − 4 π ρ . {\displaystyle \triangle \omega =-4\pi \rho .} (7)
After we determined ω {\displaystyle \omega } from that, d x , d y , d z {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}_{x},\ {\mathfrak {d}}_{y},\ {\mathfrak {d}}_{z}} can be calculated from (6).
The first part of the force acting on ponderable matter.[edit]
§ 9. According to the older electrostatics, whose conclusions are in agreement with experience, we obtain the force components that act on the volume element in the case previously considered, when we at first determine the "potential function" by means of Poisson's equation, and then multiply its derivatives by − V 2 ρ d τ {\displaystyle -V^{2}\rho \ d\ \tau } [5]. Since our formula (7) is in agreement with Poisson's equations, the potential function must coincide with ω {\displaystyle \omega } ; therefore we have to assume as values of the force components
− V 2 ρ ∂ ω ∂ x d τ , etc. {\displaystyle -V^{2}\rho {\frac {\partial \omega }{\partial x}}\ d\ \tau {\text{, etc.}}} (8)
If the forces, as it is claimed by Maxwell's theory, shall be caused by the state of the aether, then it is probable that it depends on the dielectric displacement in the considered volume element. Indeed, when we consider (6), we can write for (8)
4 π V 2 d x ρ d τ , etc. {\displaystyle 4\pi V^{2}{\mathfrak {d}}_{x}\rho \ d\ \tau {\text{, etc.}}}
Therefore I will assume, that in all cases in which a dielectric displacement exists in element d τ {\displaystyle d\tau } , the aether exerts a force with the mentioned components on ponderable matter located at this place, i.e. a force[6] which can be represented for the unit of charge by
E 1 = 4 π V 2 d . {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {E}}_{1}=4\pi V^{2}{\mathfrak {d}}.}
§ 10. Let two stationary ions with charges e and e ′ {\displaystyle e'} be given, whose dimensions are small in relation to distance r. To find the force that acts on the first one, we have to decompose it into space elements, to apply on any of them the previous theorem, and then to integrate. Thereby d {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}} may be considered as composed of the dielectric displacements, that stem from the first and the second particle. We easily find that the first part of d {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}} doesn't contribute anything to the total force. The second part has (within the first ion) everywhere the direction of r and the magnitude e ′ / 4 π r 2 {\displaystyle e'/4\pi r^{2}} ; so e will be repulsed by e ′ {\displaystyle e'} by the force
V 2 e e ′ r 2 . {\displaystyle V^{2}{\frac {ee'}{r^{2}}}.}
As this is in agreement with Coulomb's laws, it is clear that the theory of ions, as regards the ordinary problems, leads back to the older way of treatment.
Electric currents in ponderable conductors.[edit]
§ 11. In a ponderable conductor, in which a current flows through, and in which innumerable ions are in motion according to our view, d {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}} , S {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}} and H {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}} are changing in an irregular way from point to point. Yet from equations (II) and (III) it follows
D i v H ¯ = 0 , R o t H ¯ = 4 π S ¯ ; {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}Div\ {\bar {\mathfrak {H}}}=0{,}\\Rot\ {\bar {\mathfrak {H}}}=4\pi {\bar {\mathfrak {S}}}{;}\\\end{array}}}
since H ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {\mathfrak {H}}}} coincides with H {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}} in measurable distance from the conductor, and the action into the outside will only be determined by the average current S ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {\mathfrak {S}}}} . It is this current, with which the ordinary theory (which neglects molecular processes) is dealing.
By equation (4) we have
S ¯ = ρ v ¯ + d ¯ ˙ . {\displaystyle {\bar {\mathfrak {S}}}={\overline {\rho {\mathfrak {v}}}}+{\dot {\bar {\mathfrak {d}}}}.}
If the state of flow is stationary, then the observable magnitudes and also the averages are independent of time. Thus it will be
S ¯ = ρ v ¯ , {\displaystyle {\bar {\mathfrak {S}}}={\overline {\rho {\mathfrak {v}}}}{,}}
i.e. only the convection currents cause the action into the outside.
By the definition given in § 4, the components of ρ v ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {\rho {\mathfrak {v}}}}} are
1 I ∫ ρ v x d ρ , u. s. w., {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{I}}\int \rho {\mathfrak {v}}_{x}\ d\ \rho {\text{, u. s. w.,}}}
or, when ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is different from zero only within the ions, and any ion is displaced without rotation
1 I ∑ e v , etc., {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{I}}\sum e{\mathfrak {v}}{\text{, etc.,}}}
where e is the charge of an ion, and the sum is related to all charged particles contained in sphere I. We can easily see, that the result can be summarized in the formula
S ¯ = 1 I ∑ e v {\displaystyle {\bar {\mathfrak {S}}}={\frac {1}{I}}\sum e{\mathfrak {v}}}
and this remains valid, when we don't interpret I just as a sphere, but as an arbitrary space, whose dimensions (albeit very small) are nevertheless much greater than the average distance of the ions. Of course, then the sum must be extended over the chosen space as well.
If there is a current within a lead wire with cross-section ω {\displaystyle \omega } , then we can take for I the part, that lies between two cross-sections which are mutually distant by ds[7]. Since the magnitude of current will be determined by:
i = ω S ¯ , {\displaystyle i=\omega {\bar {\mathfrak {S}}}{,}}
and I = ω d s {\displaystyle I=\omega \ d\ s} , thus we obtain
∑ e v = i d s , {\displaystyle \sum e{\mathfrak {v}}=i\ d\ s{,}}
where i d s {\displaystyle i\ d\ s} is to be considered as a vector in the direction of the current.
The second part of the force acting on ponderable matter[edit]
§ 12. A current element as the one previously considered, may be located in a magnetic field generated by external causes. According to a known law it suffers an electrodynamic force
[ i d s . H ] , {\displaystyle [i\ d\ s.{\mathfrak {H}}]{,}}
for which we also can write now
[ ∑ e v . H ] , {\displaystyle \left[\sum e{\mathfrak {v}}.{\mathfrak {H}}\right]{,}}
∑ { e [ v . H ] } . {\displaystyle \sum \{e[{\mathfrak {v}}.{\mathfrak {H}}]\}.}
This action results (according to our view) from the forces, which will be exerted by the aether upon the ions of the current element. It is thus near at hand, to assume for the force acting on a single ion
e [ v . H ] , {\displaystyle e[{\mathfrak {v.H}}]{,}}
a hypothesis, which we still want to extend in a way, so that we generally assume a force acting on ponderable matter of the volume element d τ {\displaystyle d\tau }
ρ d τ [ v . H ] {\displaystyle \rho d\ \tau [{\mathfrak {v.H}}]}
In unit charge this would be
E 2 = [ v . H ] {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {E}}_{2}=[{\mathfrak {v.H}}]} [8].
By putting this vector together with E 1 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {E}}_{1}} that was considered earlier (§ 9), we obtain for the total force exerted on the unit of charge, i.e. for the electric force,
E = 4 π V 2 d + [ v . H ] . {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {E}}=4\pi V^{2}{\mathfrak {d}}+[{\mathfrak {v.H}}].} (V)
We refuse to express the thus stated law by words. By elevating it to a general fundamental-law, we have completed the system of equations of motion (I)—(V), since the electric force, in connection with possible other forces, determines the motion of ions.
Concerning the latter, we still want to introduce the assumption, that the ions never rotate.[9]
The conservation of energy.[edit]
§ 13. To justify our hypotheses, it is necessary to show its agreement with the energy law. We consider an arbitrary system of ponderable bodies that contain ions, around which only the aether exists up to an infinite distance, and around it we put an arbitrarily closed surface σ {\displaystyle \sigma } . During an element of time d t {\displaystyle dt} , the work that affects ponderable matter and which stems from E {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {E}}} , is
4 π V 2 d t ∫ ρ ( d x v x + d y v y + d z v z ) d τ , {\displaystyle 4\pi V^{2}d\ t\int \rho \left({\mathfrak {d}}_{x}{\mathfrak {v}}_{x}+{\mathfrak {d}}_{y}{\mathfrak {v}}_{y}+{\mathfrak {d}}_{z}{\mathfrak {v}}_{z}\right)d\ \tau {,}}
where it is to be noted, that no work is done by the forces (which are derived from E 2 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {E}}_{2}} ), because they are always perpendicular to the direction of motion. Furthermore, if dA is the work of all other forces acting on matter, and L is the ordinary mechanical energy of that matter, then
d A = d L − 4 π V 2 d t ∫ ρ ( d x v x + d y v y + d z v z ) d τ . {\displaystyle d\ A=d\ L-4\pi V^{2}d\ t\int \rho \left({\mathfrak {d}}_{x}{\mathfrak {v}}_{x}+{\mathfrak {d}}_{y}{\mathfrak {v}}_{y}+{\mathfrak {d}}_{z}{\mathfrak {v}}_{z}\right)d\ \tau .} (9)
The integral is related to the space filled with ponderable matter; but we can also extend it over the entire space enclosed by σ {\displaystyle \sigma } . All other space integrals in this § are to be understood in the latter sense.
We replace in (9), by (4) and (III)
4 π ρ v x . u. s. w. {\displaystyle 4\pi \rho {\mathfrak {v}}_{x}{\text{. u. s. w.}}}
∂ H z ∂ y − ∂ H y ∂ z − 4 π ∂ d x ∂ t , u. s. w., {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {H}}_{z}}{\partial y}}-{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {H}}_{y}}{\partial z}}-4\pi {\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {d}}_{x}}{\partial t}}{\text{, u. s. w.,}}} (10)
and transform the parts of the integral, that contain derivatives of H x , H y , H z {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}_{x},{\mathfrak {H}}_{y},{\mathfrak {H}}_{z}} , by partial integration.
By consideration of equation (IV) we will find
d A = d ( L + U ) + V 2 d t ∫ [ d . H ] n d σ , {\displaystyle d\ A=d(L+U)+V^{2}d\ t\int \ [{\mathfrak {d.H}}]_{n}d\ \sigma {,}} (11)
U = 2 π V 2 ∫ d 2 d τ + 1 8 π ∫ H 2 d τ {\displaystyle U=2\pi V^{2}\int \ {\mathfrak {d}}^{2}d\ \tau +{\frac {1}{8\pi }}\int {\mathfrak {H}}^{2}d\ \tau } (12)
At first is should be assumed, that the electric motions are restricted to a certain finite space, and that surface σ {\displaystyle \sigma } is entirely outside of that space. Then at the surfaces it will be d = 0 , H = 0 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}=0,{\mathfrak {H}}=0} , and
d A = d ( L + U ) . {\displaystyle d\ A=d(L+U).}
Therefore the magnitude L + U really applies, whose increase is equal to the work of the external forces, and which therefore is denoted by the expression "energy". It is composed of the ordinary mechanical energy L and the "electrical" energy U, and as regards the latter we find again the value given by Maxwell.
The theorem of Pointing.[edit]
§ 14. Even if we abandon the previously made assumption about σ {\displaystyle \sigma } , formula (11) allows of a simple interpretation. With Maxwell we not only assume that the electric force would have the value (12), but also, that it is really distributed over the space as it is expressed by the formula, i.e. that it amounts for unit volume
2 π V 2 d 2 + 1 8 π H 2 {\displaystyle 2\pi V^{2}{\mathfrak {d}}^{2}+{\frac {1}{8\pi }}{\mathfrak {H}}^{2}}
In equations (11), L + U thus means the whole energy within surface σ {\displaystyle \sigma } , and therefore the view is near at hand, that a quantity of energy
V 2 d t ∫ [ d . H ] n d σ {\displaystyle V^{2}d\ t\int \ [{\mathfrak {d.H}}]_{n}d\ \sigma }
has traveled through the surface into the outside. It is most simple, if we put for the "energy flow" related to unit time and area
V 2 [ d . H ] n . {\displaystyle V^{2}[{\mathfrak {d.H}}]_{n}.} (13)
By that we come to the known theorem formulated by Poynting. Here, we don't discuss the subtle, related question concerning the localization of the energy. We can restrict ourselves with the fact, that the entire energy located in an arbitrary space — the "electric" portion calculated by formula (12) — always varies, as if the energy would travel according to the way determined by (13).
Tensions in the aether.[edit]
§ 15. The forces determined by our formula (V), not only require the motion of ions in ponderable bodies, but also in some circumstances can unify themselves to an action, that tends to set the body into motion. In this way all "ponderomotive" forces emerge, as for example the ordinary electrostatic and electrodynamic ones, as well as the pressure that is exerted by light rays on a body.
We want to consider the body as rigid, and calculate (by simple addition) all the forces that were exerted by the aether in the direction of the x-axis, i.e. the total force Ξ {\displaystyle \Xi } in this direction. The investigation should be based on the things said at the beginning of § 13.
We immediately obtain
Ξ = 4 π V 2 ∫ d x ρ d τ + ∫ ρ [ v . H ] x d τ = = 4 π V 2 ∫ d x ρ d τ + ∫ ρ ( v y H z − v z H y ) d τ , {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{cl}\Xi &=4\pi V^{2}\int {\mathfrak {d}}_{x}\rho \ d\ \tau +\int \rho [{\mathfrak {v.H}}]_{x}\ d\ \tau =\\&=4\pi V^{2}\int {\mathfrak {d}}_{x}\rho \ d\ \tau +\int \rho \left({\mathfrak {v}}_{y}{\mathfrak {H}}_{z}-{\mathfrak {v}}_{z}{\mathfrak {H}}_{y}\right)\ d\ \tau {,}\end{array}}}
where the integrals only have to be extended over the ponderable body, but like in § 13, it should taken for the entire space enclosed by σ {\displaystyle \sigma } .
At first, we replace 4 π ρ v x {\displaystyle 4\pi \rho {\mathfrak {v}}_{x}} , etc. by the expressions (10), and, because of (I), ρ {\displaystyle \rho } by
∂ d x ∂ x + ∂ d y ∂ y + ∂ d z ∂ z {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {d}}_{x}}{\partial x}}+{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {d}}_{y}}{\partial y}}+{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {d}}_{z}}{\partial z}}}
Ξ = 4 π V 2 ∫ d x ( ∂ d x ∂ x + ∂ d y ∂ y + ∂ d z ∂ z ) d τ + + 1 4 π ∫ { H z ( ∂ H x ∂ z − ∂ H z ∂ x ) − H y ( ∂ H y ∂ x − ∂ H x ∂ y ) } d τ + + ∫ ( H y ∂ d z ∂ t − H z ∂ d y ∂ t ) d τ . {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{c}\Xi =4\pi V^{2}\int {\mathfrak {d}}_{x}\left({\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {d}}_{x}}{\partial x}}+{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {d}}_{y}}{\partial y}}+{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {d}}_{z}}{\partial z}}\right)\ d\ \tau +\\+{\frac {1}{4\pi }}\int \left\{{\mathfrak {H}}_{z}\left({\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {H}}_{x}}{\partial z}}-{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {H}}_{z}}{\partial x}}\right)-{\mathfrak {H}}_{y}\left({\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {H}}_{y}}{\partial x}}-{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {H}}_{x}}{\partial y}}\right)\right\}\ d\ \tau +\\+\int \left({\mathfrak {H}}_{y}{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {d}}_{z}}{\partial t}}-{\mathfrak {H}}_{z}{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {d}}_{y}}{\partial t}}\right)\ d\ \tau .\end{array}}} (14)
Furthermore, a partial integration and application of (IV) and (II) gives (when we denote the direction constants of the perpendicular to σ {\displaystyle \sigma } by χ , β , γ {\displaystyle \chi ,\beta ,\gamma } )
∫ d x ∂ d y ∂ y d τ = ∫ β d x d y d σ − ∫ d y ∂ d x ∂ y d τ = = ∫ β d x d y d σ − ∫ d y ∂ d y ∂ x d τ − 1 4 π V 2 ∫ d y ∂ H z ∂ t d τ , ∫ d x ∂ d z ∂ z d τ = ∫ γ d x d z d σ − ∫ d z ∂ d x ∂ z d τ = = ∫ γ d x d z d σ − ∫ d z ∂ d z ∂ x d τ + 1 4 π V 2 ∫ d z ∂ H y ∂ t d τ , {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{cl}\int {\mathfrak {d}}_{x}{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {d}}_{y}}{\partial y}}\ d\ \tau &=\int \beta {\mathfrak {d}}_{x}{\mathfrak {d}}_{y}\ d\ \sigma -\int {\mathfrak {d}}_{y}{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {d}}_{x}}{\partial y}}\ d\ \tau =\\&=\int \beta {\mathfrak {d}}_{x}{\mathfrak {d}}_{y}\ d\ \sigma -\int {\mathfrak {d}}_{y}{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {d}}_{y}}{\partial x}}\ d\ \tau -{\frac {1}{4\pi V^{2}}}\int {\mathfrak {d}}_{y}{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {H}}_{z}}{\partial t}}\ d\ \tau {,}\\\int {\mathfrak {d}}_{x}{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {d}}_{z}}{\partial z}}\ d\ \tau &=\int \gamma {\mathfrak {d}}_{x}{\mathfrak {d}}_{z}\ d\ \sigma -\int {\mathfrak {d}}_{z}{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {d}}_{x}}{\partial z}}\ d\ \tau =\\&=\int \gamma {\mathfrak {d}}_{x}{\mathfrak {d}}_{z}\ d\ \sigma -\int {\mathfrak {d}}_{z}{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {d}}_{z}}{\partial x}}\ d\ \tau +{\frac {1}{4\pi V^{2}}}\int {\mathfrak {d}}_{z}{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {H}}_{y}}{\partial t}}\ d\ \tau {,}\end{array}}}
∫ ( H y ∂ H x ∂ y + H z ∂ H x ∂ z ) d τ = ∫ ( β H x H y + γ H x H z ) d σ − {\displaystyle \int \left({\mathfrak {H}}_{y}{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {H}}_{x}}{\partial y}}+{\mathfrak {H}}_{z}{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {H}}_{x}}{\partial z}}\right)\ d\ \tau =\int \left(\beta {\mathfrak {H}}_{x}{\mathfrak {H}}_{y}+\gamma {\mathfrak {H}}_{x}{\mathfrak {H}}_{z}\right)\ d\ \sigma -}
− ∫ H x ( ∂ H y ∂ y + ∂ H z ∂ z ) d τ = ∫ ( β H x H y + γ H x H z ) d σ + {\displaystyle -\int {\mathfrak {H}}_{x}\left({\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {H}}_{y}}{\partial y}}+{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {H}}_{z}}{\partial z}}\right)\ d\ \tau =\int \left(\beta {\mathfrak {H}}_{x}{\mathfrak {H}}_{y}+\gamma {\mathfrak {H}}_{x}{\mathfrak {H}}_{z}\right)\ d\ \sigma +}
+ ∫ H x ∂ H x ∂ x d τ . {\displaystyle +\int {\mathfrak {H}}_{x}{\frac {\partial {\mathfrak {H}}_{x}}{\partial x}}\ d\ \tau .}
If we substitute this value into (14), then several terms occur, that can be completely integrated, and eventually by a simple transformation we have
Ξ = 2 π V 2 ∫ ( 2 d x d n − α d 2 ) d σ + 1 8 π ∫ ( 2 H x H n − α H 2 ) d σ + {\displaystyle \Xi =2\pi V^{2}\int \left(2{\mathfrak {d}}_{x}{\mathfrak {d}}_{n}-\alpha {\mathfrak {d}}^{2}\right)\ d\ \sigma +{\frac {1}{8\pi }}\int \left(2{\mathfrak {H}}_{x}{\mathfrak {H}}_{n}-\alpha {\mathfrak {H}}^{2}\right)\ d\ \sigma +}
+ d d t ∫ ( H y d z − H z d y ) d τ , {\displaystyle +{\frac {d}{d\ t}}\int \left({\mathfrak {H}}_{y}{\mathfrak {d}}_{z}-{\mathfrak {H}}_{z}{\mathfrak {d}}_{y}\right)\ d\ \tau {,}}
Two similar equations serve for the determination of the other components H {\displaystyle \mathrm {H} } and Z {\displaystyle \mathrm {Z} } of the ponderomotive action.
Besides it is to be noticed, that Ξ {\displaystyle \Xi } , H {\displaystyle \mathrm {H} } and Z {\displaystyle \mathrm {Z} } must vanish, as soon space τ {\displaystyle \tau } doesn't contain ponderable matter. Then it would be
2 π V 2 ∫ ( 2 d x d n − α d 2 ) d σ + 1 8 π ∫ ( 2 H x H n − α H 2 ) d σ = {\displaystyle 2\pi V^{2}\int \left(2{\mathfrak {d}}_{x}{\mathfrak {d}}_{n}-\alpha {\mathfrak {d}}^{2}\right)\ d\ \sigma +{\frac {1}{8\pi }}\int \left(2{\mathfrak {H}}_{x}{\mathfrak {H}}_{n}-\alpha {\mathfrak {H}}^{2}\right)\ d\ \sigma =}
= − d d t ∫ ( H y d z − H z d y ) d τ , u. s. w. {\displaystyle =-{\frac {d}{d\ t}}\int \left({\mathfrak {H}}_{y}{\mathfrak {d}}_{z}-{\mathfrak {H}}_{z}{\mathfrak {d}}_{y}\right)\ d\ \tau {\text{, u. s. w.}}}
§ 16. In some cases the space integral the remained in (15), will become independent of t, and if the last member vanishes, namely as soon as we have to deal with a stationary state, may it be with an electric charge, or may it be with a system of constant currents. Then, at least concerning the resultant force, the ponderomotive action can be calculated by integration over an arbitrary surface that encloses the body, and it is near at hand, to view them in a way, so that we (like Maxwell did) attribute to the aether a certain state of tension, and consider the tensions as the cause of the ponderomotive actions.[10] If we as usual understand by ( X n , Y n , Z n ) {\displaystyle \left(X_{n},Y_{n},Z_{n}\right)} the force related to unit area, that the aether exerts at the side (given by n) of an element d σ {\displaystyle d\sigma } upon the opposite aether, then by (15) we would have to put
X n = 2 π V 2 ( 2 d x d n − α d 2 ) + 1 8 π ( 2 H x H n − α H 2 ) , etc. {\displaystyle X_{n}=2\pi V^{2}\left(2{\mathfrak {d}}_{x}{\mathfrak {d}}_{n}-\alpha {\mathfrak {d}}^{2}\right)+{\frac {1}{8\pi }}\left(2{\mathfrak {H}}_{x}{\mathfrak {H}}_{n}-\alpha {\mathfrak {H}}^{2}\right){\text{, etc.}}} (17)
From that, it is easy to derive the values of X x {\displaystyle X_{x}} , X y {\displaystyle X_{y}} , X z {\displaystyle X_{z}} , Y x {\displaystyle Y_{x}} ; then we exactly obtain the system of tensions that was given by Maxwell.
§ 17. Since in (15) the space integral doesn't vanish, the assumption of tensions (17) doesn't generally lead to the action stated by us. If we would reject equation (V) as the basis of the calculation of the ponderomotive forces, and employ the tensions, then the case would in no way be finished by formulas (I)—(IV) and (17). One wouldn't even obtain the same values for Ξ {\displaystyle \Xi } , when we would apply the equation
Ξ = 2 π V 2 ∫ ( 2 d x d n − α d 2 ) d σ + 1 8 π ∫ ( 2 H x H n − α H 2 ) d σ {\displaystyle \Xi =2\pi V^{2}\int \left(2{\mathfrak {d}}_{x}{\mathfrak {d}}_{n}-\alpha {\mathfrak {d}}^{2}\right)\ d\ \sigma +{\frac {1}{8\pi }}\int \left(2{\mathfrak {H}}_{x}{\mathfrak {H}}_{n}-\alpha {\mathfrak {H}}^{2}\right)\ d\ \sigma }
on one area and then on the other area, that encloses the considered body. It is connected with the fact, that the tensions (17) wouldn't let the aether to be at rest.
Above we have found formulas (16) for a space which is free of ponderable matter. That it's correct, as long as the aether is at rest, can hardly be doubted, since for the derivation only generally taken equations come into play. From the formulas
D i v d = 0 {\displaystyle Div\ {\mathfrak {d}}=0}
R o t H = 4 π d ˙ {\displaystyle Rot\ {\mathfrak {H}}=4\pi {\dot {\mathfrak {d}}}}
it is given, namely, that the right-hand side of equation (14) is zero for the free aether; the application of (IV) and (II) then leads to the first of formulas (16).
Now, in those formulas, the forces (that follow from the tensions at surface σ {\displaystyle \sigma } ) are on the left side, and thus the formulas say that the considered part of the aether cannot remain at rest under the influence of these forces. All who consider equations (17) as generally valid, must conclude that in all cases, where Poynting's energy flow is variable with time[11], the aether as a whole will be set into motion. Thus it would be necessary to study the from of the emerging aether flows, and under consideration of them to again tackle the question after the ponderomotive actions.
The basics of a theory of the mentioned aether flows was already sketched by the masterhand of Hermann von Helmholtz in one[12] of his last papers, which he was able to complete.
We cannot discuss the considered questions, because the fundamental assumption by which we started, gives another view. Indeed, why should we, since we assumed that the aether is not in motion, ever speak about a force acting on that medium? The most simple would by, to assume that on a volume element of the aether, considered as a whole, never acts a force, or even refuse to apply the concept of force on such an element that of course never moves from its place. Of course this view violates the equality of action and reaction —, since we have reason to say that the aether exerts forces on ponderable matter —; but, as far I can see, nothing forces us to elevate this theorem to an unrestricted fundamental law.
Once we have decided ourselves in favor of the previously discusses view, then we must refuse from the outset, to reduce the ponderomotive forces (that follow from (V)) to tensions of the aether.
Nevertheless we may apply equation (15) to simplify the calculation, and it won't cause a misunderstanding, when we express ourselves for brevities sake, as if the elements of the two first integrals would mean real tensions in the aether.
From these merely fictitious "tensions" we can, as we saw, directly derive the interaction between charged bodies and electrodynamic actions. It is also to be recommended, to operate with them, when the phenomena are periodic and when we only wish to know the averages of the ponderomotive forces during a full period; the last member of (15) namely doesn't contribute anything to these values.
In this way we come to Maxwell's theorem on the pressure generated by motion of light.
The reversibility of motions and the mirror image of motion.[edit]
§ 18. For subsequent applications we include the following considerations at this place.
Let a system of moving ions be given, and ρ 1 {\displaystyle \rho _{1}} , v 1 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {v}}_{1}} , d 1 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}_{1}} and H 1 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}_{1}} are the various relevant magnitudes within. We may denote the corresponding magnitudes for a second system by ρ 2 {\displaystyle \rho _{2}} , v 2 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {v}}_{2}} , d 2 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}_{2}} and H 2 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}_{2}} , and we want to imagine that in an arbitrary point, these magnitudes are at time +t in agreement with the magnitudes ρ 1 {\displaystyle \rho _{1}} , − v 1 {\displaystyle -{\mathfrak {v}}_{1}} , d 1 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}_{1}} and − H 1 {\displaystyle -{\mathfrak {H}}_{1}} at time -t.
We can easily see that, as regards ρ 2 {\displaystyle \rho _{2}} and v 2 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {v}}_{2}} , those conditions can be satisfied by a real motion of the ions, and namely the system of these ions must completely be in agreement with the first system; the same configurations with the same interval must occur one after the other, as in that first system, but in opposite order; in other words, we obtain the motions of the ions in the second system, when we reverse the motions given at first.
Furthermore, since d 2 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}_{2}} and H 2 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}_{2}} satisfy the conditions (I), (II), (III) and (IV), thus the condition of the aether as determined by these vectors, is in agreement with the motion of the ions.
Eventually it follows from equation (V), that in the second system at time +t, the forces exerted upon the ions have the same direction and magnitude, as the corresponding forces in the first system at time -t. Now, if also the remaining forces that act on the ions in both cases — and in the same instances — are the same, then we can conclude, that the second state of motion is realizable in any way.
By means of similar considerations the possibility of motion can be demonstrated, which is the "mirror image" of a given motion with respect to a fixed plane.
We call P 2 {\displaystyle P_{2}} the mirror image of a point P 1 {\displaystyle P_{1}} and denote the magnitudes that are valid for two system — namely for the first in P 1 {\displaystyle P_{1}} and for the second in P 2 {\displaystyle P_{2}} — by ρ 1 {\displaystyle \rho _{1}} , v 1 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {v}}_{1}} , d 1 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}_{1}} , H 1 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}_{1}} and ρ 2 {\displaystyle \rho _{2}} , v 2 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {v}}_{2}} , d 2 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}_{2}} , H 2 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}_{2}} . There it should constantly be ρ 2 = ρ 1 {\displaystyle \rho _{2}=\rho _{1}} , and the vectors v 2 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {v}}_{2}} , d 2 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}_{2}} , H 2 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {H}}_{2}} should be the mirror images of the vectors v 1 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {v}}_{1}} , d 1 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {d}}_{1}} and − H 1 {\displaystyle -{\mathfrak {H}}_{1}} .
That the second state of motion can now conveniently be called "mirror image", requires no explanation. If the forces of non-electric origin are of such a manner, so that the vectors by which they can be represented in both cases behave like objects and their mirror images, then the second motion will be possible as soon as the first one is possible.
↑ A prove of the designations employed can be found at the end of the treatise.
↑ By that it is of course not excluded, that mutually separated ions can often have very different velocities.
↑ The justification of this lies in equation (5)
↑ We neglect special magnetic properties of ponderable matter — which by the way would be explained by the motion of ions. Consequently we don't have to distinguish between the magnetic force and the magnetic induction.
↑ The factor V 2 {\displaystyle V^{2}} must be added, because we use the electromagnetic system of units.
↑ Since this force is the only one, which exists in relation to electrostatic phenomena, it can well be called electrostatic force, although in general it also depends on the motion of ions.
↑ Here, this letter doesn't mean something infinitely small in the strict sense of the word, but a distance that is of course very small compared to the dimensions of the conductor, but nevertheless much greater than the distance of the molecules.
↑ If we don't want to consider an ordinary electric current as a convection current, then we must substantiate this formula by the assumption, that a body in which a convection takes place, experiences the same electrodynamic actions as a corresponding current conductor.
↑ In an earlier published derivation of the equations of motion (La théorie électromagnétique de Maxwell et son application aux corps mouvants), I have discussed the necessary conditions.
↑ Also with respect to the resultant force couple, the ponderomotive action on a rigid body is equivalent to the system of tensions (17) on an arbitrary surface σ {\displaystyle \sigma } that encloses the body. If we also want to consider the ponderomotive actions on flexible or fluid bodies, then we would have to come back to volume elements. But this would lead too far.
↑ Except the factor − V 2 {\displaystyle -V^{2}} , the components of the energy flow are located on the right-hand side of equations (16) under the integral sign.
↑ v. Helmholtz. Folgerungen aus Maxwell's Theorie über die Bewegungen des reinen Aethers. Berl. Sitz.-Ber., 5. Juli 1893; Wied. Ann., Bd. 53, p. 135, 1894.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Translation:Attempt_of_a_Theory_of_Electrical_and_Optical_Phenomena_in_Moving_Bodies/Section_I&oldid=4687992"
Translation subpages


text:
package io.datarouter.auth.storage.userhistory;

import java.time.Instant;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.function.Supplier;

import io.datarouter.auth.storage.permissionrequest.DatarouterPermissionRequest;
import io.datarouter.enums.StringMappedEnum;
import io.datarouter.model.databean.BaseDatabean;
import io.datarouter.model.field.Field;
import io.datarouter.model.field.codec.StringMappedEnumFieldCodec;
import io.datarouter.model.field.imp.StringEncodedField;
import io.datarouter.model.field.imp.StringEncodedFieldKey;
import io.datarouter.model.field.imp.StringField;
import io.datarouter.model.field.imp.StringFieldKey;
import io.datarouter.model.field.imp.comparable.LongField;
import io.datarouter.model.field.imp.comparable.LongFieldKey;
import io.datarouter.model.serialize.fielder.BaseDatabeanFielder;
import io.datarouter.model.util.CommonFieldSizes;

public class DatarouterUserHistory extends BaseDatabean<DatarouterUserHistoryKey,DatarouterUserHistory>{

	private Long editor;
	private DatarouterUserChangeType changeType;
	private String changes;

	public DatarouterUserHistory(){
		super(new DatarouterUserHistoryKey());
	}

	public DatarouterUserHistory(
			Long userId,
			Instant time,
			Long editor,
			DatarouterUserChangeType changeType,
			String changes){
		super(new DatarouterUserHistoryKey(userId, time));
		this.editor = editor;
		this.changeType = changeType;
		this.changes = changes;
	}

	public static class FieldKeys{
		public static final LongFieldKey editor = new LongFieldKey("editor");
		public static final StringEncodedFieldKey<DatarouterUserChangeType> changeType = new StringEncodedFieldKey<>(
				"changeType",
				new StringMappedEnumFieldCodec<>(DatarouterUserChangeType.BY_PERSISTENT_STRING));
		public static final StringFieldKey changes = new StringFieldKey("changes")
				.withSize(CommonFieldSizes.MAX_LENGTH_TEXT);
	}

	public static class DatarouterUserHistoryFielder
	extends BaseDatabeanFielder<DatarouterUserHistoryKey,DatarouterUserHistory>{

		public DatarouterUserHistoryFielder(){
			super(DatarouterUserHistoryKey::new);
		}

		@Override
		public List<Field<?>> getNonKeyFields(DatarouterUserHistory databean){
			return List.of(
					new LongField(FieldKeys.editor, databean.editor),
					new StringEncodedField<>(FieldKeys.changeType, databean.changeType),
					new StringField(FieldKeys.changes, databean.changes));
		}
	}

	@Override
	public Supplier<DatarouterUserHistoryKey> getKeySupplier(){
		return DatarouterUserHistoryKey::new;
	}

	public Long getEditor(){
		return editor;
	}

	public DatarouterUserChangeType getChangeType(){
		return changeType;
	}

	public String getChanges(){
		return changes;
	}

	public void setChanges(String changes){
		this.changes = changes;
	}

	public DatarouterPermissionRequest resolvePermissionRequest(DatarouterPermissionRequest permissionRequest){
		permissionRequest.changeUser(this);
		return permissionRequest;
	}

	public enum DatarouterUserChangeType{
		CREATE("create"),//user created
		EDIT("edit"),//changes to roles or flags
		RESET("reset"),//any kind of password/key reset
		DEPROVISION("deprovision"),//user deprovisioned
		RESTORE("restore"),//user restored after being deprovisioned
		INFO("info");//no change to this user

		public static final StringMappedEnum<DatarouterUserChangeType> BY_PERSISTENT_STRING
				= new StringMappedEnum<>(values(), value -> value.persistentString);

		public final String persistentString;

		DatarouterUserChangeType(String persistentString){
			this.persistentString = persistentString;
		}
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


God's creation is endlessly beautiful.
And God said, "Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth across the expanse of the heavens." So God created the great sea creatures and every living creature that moves, with which the waters swarm, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. And God blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful and multiply and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth." And there was evening and there was morning, the fifth day.
And God saw that it was good. And God blessed them.
When God blesses the creatures, He affirms their goodness. But He also affirms their subservience to Him. They're not a threat to God; He owns them.
This is setting up the great theme of the Bible. The creatures are just fine – the problem is us.
The Bible keeps saying that it was good. This could mean any number of things, but one obvious candidate is that it was beautiful.
Take a moment to ponder how majestic this world is. There are whole networks devoted to displaying its wonders (Animal Planet, National Geographic). Telescopes produce images of astonishing beauty.
We tend to underappreciate the great work God did in creating this universe. More specifically, we underappreciate the Earth. We take our world for granted, and thus we often don't take great care of it.
Just think of the amazing variety of things that are buried in the ground. We built our civilization from the minerals, metals, and fuels we dig up. They are treasures.
We need to improve our perspective. Ask the Lord to give you a greater appreciation for this gift to us. Ask Him to call you to do something for His creation.
This doesn't need to be some grand project. A birdfeeder counts.


text:
How a new skyscraper for Plymouth will create nearly 400 jobs
Jobs will be lost at the Moneycentre - but new ones will be created
Charlotte TurnerSenior reporter
A project to bring student accommodation, retail space and a 105-bed hotel to Plymouth in the shape of a 21-story redevelopment will create almost 400 jobs.
Planning permission has been secured for an "exciting" mix use development at the Moneycentre, bringing with it jobs, student accommodation, office space and a new hotel.
Plymouth City Council passed plans to demolish the existing building at Drake Circus and create the giant modern building in keeping with the city scape.
It's said the new £38million development will create hundreds of jobs.
Amazing fly-through shows huge scale of new Moneycentre building
The tower will have 554 student bed spaces, a 105-room hotel, as well as offices and some shops (Image: TP Bennett / Pegasus Group)
National consultancy Pegasus Group, on behalf of a London based property development company, put forward the plans comprising 554 student bedrooms, 1,858 sq metres of Grade 'A' office space, a 105-bedroom hotel and 149 sq metres of flexible retail accommodation.
Jim Tarzey, executive director for Pegasus Group, said: "This is an exciting mixed-use development proposal that will result in a new 'tall building' of high quality design on a prime gateway site that will be a welcome addition to the Plymouth skyline.
Jim added: "The site forms part of the designated 'tall building zone' and the design has been created to blend in with both existing and proposed developments.
"Plymouth has set out its ambitions to have a tall building zone for over a decade, and while there has been some progress, this development should provide a welcome addition to the city skyline, with a modern, attractive and high-quality build.
A38 tragedy: Remembering the three friends who never made it home from work
The site of the proposed 21-storey flats
"The scheme delivers a package of overall benefits to the local economy, including replacement Grade A office accommodation and a new hotel on site, as well as indirect benefits such as financial contributions to the area and a new office development on the regeneration scheme adjacent to Plymouth Railway Station."
The economic benefits of the scheme to the region are likely to be substantial, with the plans supporting 374 full time jobs, construction investment over the two and half year build programme estimated at £38m, and £8.4m predicted to be spent annually by the new students.
Moneycentre 'should become shelter for the homeless'
The massive new building planned for Drake Circus' Moneycentre (Image: City & Provincial)
"The public realm immediately around the site will be extensively remodelled with the planting of 18 native trees to compensate for the loss of the existing five trees.
"As well as tree planting and public realm improvements at ground level, landscaping for the site includes the provision of five green spaces on the roofscape, where the seed mix will encourage butterflies, bees and ecological diversity."
Work is anticipated to start on the redevelopment in 2019/2020.
How the Moneycentre was built - and why it's being torn down
Through the ages: Moneycentre in Plymouth
Drake Circus
The University of Plymouth
Plymouth ArgyleChelsea vs Plymouth Argyle: Photos of fans who bought their tickets for FA Cup tieHome Park's ticket office was open from 9.00am this morning and fans reportedly arrived at 4.45am this morning eager to get their tickets.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Agriculture and health
Human health and modern agriculture are inextricably linked. As a result, the field of agricultural health emerged over the past decades to understand the impact of agricultural management on human beings. Agricultural health is the study of environmental, occupational, dietary, and genetic factors on the health of farmers, farm families, pesticide applicators, and others who work with and are exposed to agricultural chemicals. Especially recent seed and fertilizer innovations may lead to negative effects on the physical and mental well-being of farmers, farm workers etc. (NIH 2013). Agriculture in developing countries is specifically subject to problems related to food safety, which emerges from diseases spread by animals to farmers or by poor use of pesticided. The International Livestock Research Institute has pointed out the risks for human health derived from food safety concerns (ILRI 2013).
Zoonoses - Diseases that animals pass to humans
Zoonoses are diseases that animals pass to humans. Micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses can cause illness by infecting the body when they are breathed in, swallowed, or when they penetrate the skin through small cuts or grazes.
Common zoonoses include:
orf from sheep or goats, which produces painful pustules on hands, arms and the face;
leptospirosis from rats (Weil's disease) and cattle urine, which causes a feverish illness with headache and can result in meningitis. Early treatment is vital;
ringworm, which is a fungal disease from many types of livestock;
enzootic abortion (chlamydia psittaci) from sheep. Pregnant women should not associate or work with ewes during lambing, nor be exposed to soiled clothing contaminated with afterbirths etc as severe illness and miscarriage may result;
cryptosporidiosis, from a parasite picked up by touching livestock, animal housing, or feed, which can cause diarrhoea in humans, and be particularly severe in young children;
Lyme disease, from the bite of an infected tick in woodland or grassland. Starts with a rash around the site of the bite and intermittent flu-like symptoms. More serious symptoms affecting the nervous system may develop later. Early diagnosis is essential;
Q fever from cattle and sheep can also be carried by other mammals, including deer. Leads to acute illness with feverish symptoms but occasionally pneumonia and other complications. There is also a more serious chronic form of Q fever;
ornithosis (another form of chlamydia psittaci) from birds, which can cause flu-like symptoms in humans, followed by pneumonia (HSE 2013).
Fertilizer use impacts on human health
Another issue of concern is the potential negative impact of fertilizer use on human health. For example, For decades, nitrate in drinking water has been a concern. While new evidence shows a positive role for nitrate in cardiovascular health, and the occurrence of methemoglobinemia has been rare in developed countries, questions remain regarding its potential relation to carcinogenic nitrosamines. More recent questions have arisen as to whether ammonia emissions from fertilizer could contribute to the formation of unhealthy levels of smog.Eutrophication leading to harmful algal blooms has been attributed in many places to losses of agricultural nutrients (IPNI 2011).
HSE. 2013. Zoonoses. Available online: http://www.hse.gov.uk/biosafety/diseases/zoonoses.htm (accessed 14-11-13).
ILRI. 2013. Food safety and zoonoses programme. Available online: http://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/33798/foodsafety_zoonoses_profile.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed 14-11-13).
IPNI. 2011. Fertilizer use and human health. Available online: http://www.ipni.net/ipniweb/pnt.nsf/5a4b8be72a35cd46852568d9001a18da/55b4ba60b0e1b00d85257846005b5fd6!OpenDocument (accessed 14-11-13).
NIH. 2013. Agriculture and health. Available online: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/population/agricultural/ (accessed 14-11-13).
Retrieved from "https://wocatpedia.net/index.php?title=Agriculture_and_health&oldid=7366"


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text:
Philip Mercer Books In Order
Publication Order of Philip Mercer Books
Vulcan's Forge (1998) Hardcover Paperback Kindle
Charon's Landing (1999) Hardcover Paperback Kindle
The Medusa Stone (2000) Hardcover Paperback Kindle
Pandora's Curse (2001) Hardcover Paperback Kindle
River Of Ruin (2002) Hardcover Paperback Kindle
Deep Fire Rising (2003) Hardcover Paperback Kindle
Havoc (2006) Hardcover Paperback Kindle
The Lightning Stones (2015) Hardcover Paperback Kindle
The Philip Mercer series is a series of adventure novels written by the famous American novelist Jack Du Brul. The novels of the series feature a fictional character named Dr. Philip Mercer, who is depicted as a geologist and a mining engineer. The plots of all the novels of the series show a techno-thriller setting and show the helpful nature of Dr. Philip Mercer. Author Jack Du Brul has done the characterization of Dr. Mercer in the form of a down-to-earth mining engineer and geologist who strives to protect the world from a number of threats. There is a total of 8 novels published in the series so far, which were done between the years 1998 and 2015. Currently, the series is ongoing as author Jack Du Brul is working on the plot of the latest novel of the series, which he is going to publish very soon in the coming days. The novels of the series went on to become huge hits right from its first novel and helped author Jack Du Brul to establish is prominent writing career. As it was the first novel series written by him, it has a special place in his heart. The first novel of the Philip Mercer series was called as Vulcan's Forge, which introduced Dr. Philip Mercer as the primary protagonist of the series. The plot of the novel shows a setting of the time of the Cold War, when the Soviet Union and the Unites States were at war against each other.
The two powerhouses of the world are depicted in the series as fighting to overcome each other as the lone powerful nation of the world. In order to achieve this feat, both the nations try to use nuclear weapons against each other, with the intention of causing a mass destruction to the other. Later, their war proceeds into a fight for gaining control of an island near Hawaii, which was considered to be a powerhouse with enormous wealth. The novel very effectively shows the dedicated efforts of Dr. Philip Mercer to protect the world from turning into a nuclear war field and causing great destruction. The second novel of the series also continues to show an adventurous plot where America tries to become an oil-independent nation endangering the oil export business of the Middle-East countries. In this novel too, Dr. Philip seems to be determined not to let any such to happen which can cause a major destruction to the world. Another character named Aggie Johnston joins Dr. Philip Mercer in his attempts to save the world from destruction. Aggie is introduced as an environmentalist by the author Jack Du Brul. The success of these initial novels of the Philip Mercer series allowed author Jack Du Brul to complete a few more novels, which also became very successful. The readers as well as the critics praised him for his efforts and gave very good reviews of the novels. This motivated Jack Du Brul to write a few other novel series' as well and add more colors to his successful writing career. He gives the credit of his prosperous career as an author to the Philip Mercer series of novels as they allowed him to taste success for the first time at the start of his career.
The first novel of the Philip Mercer series was published by the NAL publishing house in the year 1998. It was titled 'Vulcan's Forge' and introduced the main character of the series, Dr. Philip Mercer as a mining engineer and a professional geologist. In the opening sequence of the plot of the novel, a nuclear bomb is launched at a place which was considered as the heart of the earth and this caused a volcano to rise speedily in the hot spots of the world like Washington DC and Hawaii in America and some other places in the Far East. Later, it is revealed that the nuclear strike was done by the Russian forces as part of a secret operation against America. However, nuclear strike has caused the formation of an island near Hawaii after a few years. The island becomes famous as the source of a new mineral with clean and limitless nuclear power, derived from the volcanic eruptions and the churning and boiling lava caused by the nuclear strike of Russia. Soon, the major nations of the world begin to claim the island as their own in order to become a self-sufficient nuclear power. In Hawaii, a secessionist movement is about to take place, which was believed to turn violent as the American army was given the order of firing at the agitating citizens. Meanwhile, in Washington, DC, the subway system is about to turn into a site of a deadly gun battle. In the Far East, the world peace is about to get jeopardized because of the disrupted negotiations of the diplomats. The Russian forces also deploy a rogue submarine in the waters around the mineral rich island in order to claim it as its own. In the middle of all this mess, Dr. Philip Mercer is stuck as a geologist, who is supposed to have shady contacts in all the important places. He learns about the kidnapping of the daughter of one of his old friends, who is kept a local hospital under an armed guard. Philip vows to rescue her from the kidnappers, but does not know that it is going to be the first step that will help to unravel the fantastic secrets about the Vulcan's Forge.
The second novel of the series was published under the title 'Charon's Landing'. It was published in the year 1999 by the NAL publishing house. At the start of the novel, the author has described a secret plan of the Soviet Union for destroying the oil pipeline in Alaska, which they had planned many years ago. Now, the plan has been stolen by Ivan Kerikov, who is a treacherous and a brilliant ex-agent of the KGB. He thinks of joining hands with a powerful oil minister of Arab and unleash the Charon's Landing. However, Dr. Philip Mercer is determined to stop their evil intentions in order to protect the world from turning into a war site. The plan of destroying the Alaskan pipeline was made after the president of America had announced to become independent of foreign oil and rather use the Alaskan oil deposits to meet their needs along with other alternate energy sources. This decision of America threatened the business interest of the Middle-East countries, who were in no mood to tolerate this course of action of America. Therefore, they joined hands with Ivan Kerikov and planned to attack the oil pipeline in Alaska.
Book Series In Order » Characters » Philip Mercer
After graduating from Leesville Road High School in Raleigh in 1999, Andrew Britton joined the U.S. Army as a combat engineer. He stayed in the Army for three years and served in Korea.


text:
Claire Ku`ulelani Hughes
Claire Ku`uleilani Hughes, DrPH, RD, served the Hawai`i State Department of Health for over 33 years as a public health administrator, nutritionist, and registered dietician. She writes a monthly article on Hawaiian heal and culture for the Office of Hawaiian Affairs. In 2011, she was named a Living Treasure by the Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawai`i in recognition of her advocacy of health programs for the Hawaiian community.
Arnaldo Oliveira
Arnaldo Oliveira, Ph.D., is a facial-trauma surgeon trained in Brazil. He holds a doctorate in acupuncture and oriental medicine from the Oregon College of Oriental Medicine in Portland, Ore. Dr. Oliveira is a currently in private practice at the Lam Clinic in Honolulu, specializing in electro-dermal screening and therapy and electro-acupuncture according to Voll.
Norman Oshiro
Norman Oshiro received his Bachelor of Science in Human Development from UH Manoa. For the past seven years, he as served as the executive director of MOA Wellness Center in Kaka`ako, which offers a range of integrative services for physical and spiritual enrichment and improvement. He is a MOA purification therapist and teacher, organic farming specialist, and licensed massage therapist.
Ruey Ryburn
Ruey Ryburn holds a doctorate in public health and a master's degree in nursing. She is also a graduate of the four-year program at the Barbara Brennan School of Healing. She started her own Sacred Path Healing School in 2001. It offers a three-year program of study leading to a diploma in spiritual energy healing. Dr. Ryburn is also a certified teacher of Sacred Health Yoga.
David Laeha, president and founder of CFO Hawaii LLC, has over 30 years of financial 'healing" experience. He earned his BA with honors at UH, his MBA at USC, and became a licensed CPA in 1997. After working as a CFO for various mainland and local firms, he began his private consulting firm, CFO Hawaii, in 2002, as a "healer" of small businesses and non-profits. He is a founding board member of Sunrise Foundation.
Tommy Amina
Tommy Amina was born in Hilo in a community comprised of multi-ethnic immigrants. He graduated from Hilo High School and later served in the U.S. Air Force in Japan. Following years of practicing tai chi from various master teachers, he started his own class. Currently, he teaches classes at Nuuanu YMCA and the Community Church of Honolulu.
His workshop will focus on tai chi that will "strengthen the lower limbs to keep us walking as we age and peaceful meditative movement that one can do for hours and not tire." He vows that his classes "promote friendship and fun."
Corey Wong
Five Elements Healing Sounds
Corey Wong is an acupuncturist for over 30 years who teaches and prac- tices qigong, taijiquan and gongfu
for Asian horizons. He is a former instructor at an acupuncture school where he directed the medical qigong program and founder of a non-profit qigong organization in California. He also lived and studied in China for three years.
"The workshop will explore the sounds of the Five Elements and how they are used for healing. While the Five Elements theory has long been an important element of traditional Chinese medicine, the use of their sounds for healing is not widely know. Come and feel the energy of sounds resonate in your body."
John and Inessa Love
Laughter, Yoga & Meditation
John and Inessa Love are certified Laughter Yoga Leaders and founders of the Honolulu Laughter Club. John is also a long-term meditation practitioner in the tradition of Thich Nhat Hanh and an ordained interfaith minister. Inessa is a long-term tai-chi practitioner.
"Laughter Yoga is an interactive activity that combines improvisational and easy-to-do "laughter exercises" with yogic breathing and relaxation techniques. There are no yoga postures, so anyone can do it regardless of their fitness level. It is easy, playful, and fun. Laughter is the best medicine!"
Christopher Golding
The Christian Healing Ministry: Grounded and Experiential Experience of the Divine
Christopher Golding, a vegan priest, husband and father of two, serves as the Associate Rector of the Parish of St. Clement in Makiki. He has been involved in healing ministry for the past nine years and currently leads the weekly Healing Eucharist at St. Clement. He is a member of the local chapter of the Order of St. Luke, an ecumenical ministry dedicated to the teaching and practice of the Christian healing ministry.
"The Christian healing ministry finds its roots in the deep wells of biblical and monastic spirituality. This workshop will outline the theological basis for the ministry of healing and discuss its practice within the Episcopal Church. Rev. Golding will also share his won personal experiences of the ministry and encourage others to explore this path of wellness."
Jeffrey Tangonan Acido
Nakem Pedagogy and Popular Education Healing
Jeffrey was born in the Philippines of working class farming parents and grew up in Kalihi. He attended public schools, UH-Manoa (B.A.), Pacific School of Religion (M.Theol.), and earned his Ph.D. in Education as UH-Manoa. He is currently on the staff of Kokua Kalihi Valley Comprehensive Family Services. His work focuses on the intersection of working class experiences and social movements of liberation. He hopes someday to establish a center to promote his vision and work. At Journeys to Wellness V on Oct. 22, 2016, he led a workshop on the development of Nakem pedagogy as a praxis for healing.
"This works will center on the development of Nakem Pedagogy as a praxis for healing. It will be led by students and nakem practitioners who will share their findings in dealing with trauma both personal and historical in addressing the collective healing of our communities. Participants will be invited to share their story. The workshop will explore historical trauma as a starting point of healing."


Let Sherri Williams Be YOUR Austin Real Estate Agent!
Realtor® Sherri Williams knows Austin and listens to you!
Ask yourself what is most important to you in a Realtor®? Is it someone who really listens and has outstanding references?
Sherri Williams, Realtor® wants to represent your best interests! Whether you are selling or buying, Sherri, an established Realtor® and one of the top Real Estate Agents in Austin, TX, will be there to help with this large change in your life and make it as smooth as possible.
Sherri takes pride in the fact that many of her clients consider her "the family Realtor." She is ready to help you sell your home and/or relocate in a neighborhood of your choice whether that is horse-friendly, a lake lot, or whatever your dream home may look like to you and your family.
Thank you so much for all your hard work associated with the sale of our house. You made all the steps so easy and understandable. We know that we selected the right Realtor for the job!
– Steve & Rexanne M.


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Natural Bridge - Encyclopedia
NATURAL BRIDGE, a small village of Rockbridge county, Virginia, in the western part of the state, 179 m. by rail W. of Richmond, and about 16 m. S.E. of Lexington, the county-seat. It is served by the Chesapeake & Ohio and the Norfolk & Western railways. In the vicinity of the village, which is about 1500 ft.
above sea-level, is the great natural curiosity from which it derives its name - a bridge of natural rock 90 ft. long and from 5 o to 150 ft. wide, which spans Cedar Creek at a height of 15 ft. above that stream. It consists of horizontal limestone strata, and is the remains of the roof of a cave or underground tunnel through which the creek once flowed. It is crossed by a public road. In the village are magnesia and lithia springs and a saltpetre cave, which was worked during the War of 1812 and the Civil War. A royal grant dated the 5th of July 1774 conveyed to Thomas Jefferson a tract of 157 acres, "including the Natural Bridge on Cedar Creek," and it did not pass from his estate until 1833.
https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/n/natural_bridge.html


Yesterday, I made the painful decision of not going to Italy to see Cartcart in June. This is to save some money for the both of us for the wedding at the end of the year.
I love the way he smiles and looks at me. It warms me.
But its just that I'm feeling so emooooooo!
Hey, in the vid I see you talking most of the time and Cart was mostly just smiling. Haha.
All the best in your wedding preparation! We're so looking forward to it!
7 years is a long time! I am not sure if Cart and I would wait for *that* long. But yes, you do have a point there, that the time apart makes one reflect on the reasons why a couple is in a relationship.
And cartcart doesnt really like to be filmed … I had to persuade him .. kekekeke!
And i got a feeling cartcart definitely plays better than me. All I manage are crappy tunes and now my guitar is covered with dust.
But you should undust your guitar and pick it up again … guitars are a chick magnet .. hehehehe!
He is sweet, and I do love how he looks at me … *melts* Hehehehe!
Betul, jikalau ada jodoh akan bertemu lagi, tetapi jikalau ada lebih wang, apa sahaja yang susah akan menjadi mudah 😛 Hehehehe!
Is it really a tear jerker? But all are happy moments though!
And thank you for the well wishes 🙂 I hope for all the best too!
You're a strong woman, Rina. Insya'Allah you'll see your beloved in the flesh really soon. Before you know it, it's time for the kepak-bing-bing. Take care!
i gotta say… well done ma'am ! heartfelt !
i'm a random hopper, big fan of mr malique's site.
Cute video and a lovely song. I can relate to the emotions. Who's the artist who sings it?


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Local grads adapting to find jobs in the workforce
Posted by Lagniappe | Jul 16, 2014 | Style Feature | 0 |
Another academic year has ended and Mobile has produced a fresh crop of thousands of college graduates. They may join millions of twenty-somethings nationwide looking to land even a part-time job in their area of study, but many of Mobile's grads haven't found it as difficult as may be portrayed.
Mobile native J.T. Crabtree accepted a part-time job with the University of South Alabama Athletics Department upon graduating in May.
"I was still in school and Pat Greenwood of (South's) athletic department emailed me and asked me to call him. We started talking and he offered me the job two days later," Crabtree said.
Crabtree completed his bachelor's degree at USA majoring in communication and will begin working in the fall. "Right now I am hired on for football and I'm hoping that after football season I'll be hired to work all the other sports," he said. "I am totally comfortable staying here in Mobile. For years I have always said I wanted to work with USA's Athletics Department and it just worked out really well that when I graduated they started their own broadcasting division…"
Not everyone is being offered a job as quickly as Crabtree, though. Dothan native Amanda Haynes moved to Mobile in order to complete her dream of a nurse's degree and begin working in the pediatric floor of a local Mobile hospital.
"I completed my clinicals at USA Medical Center in the children's hospital in December of 2012, but when I got done there wasn't a job for me."
Haynes spent the next five months applying to every hospital in Mobile, only to be told she didn't have enough experience or to hear no response at all.
"Even though they knew I was a brand new graduate they still wanted the experience that I didn't have. I had to move back home to get the required experience.
"I never wanted to leave Mobile in the first place so I had been applying for jobs in Mobile the entire year and a half in Dothan," Haynes said. "I actually applied for my job at Springhill Medical in October, but they didn't have an opening until April … I was in Dothan that whole time until they (Springhill) had a position available for me."
Haynes now works on the pediatric floor at Springhill Medical Center and thanks her nearly two years of work experience in her hometown for the opportunity. She plans to stay in Mobile for many more years and continue working at Springhill.
Local teacher Andy Ryan was placed in Mobile by the University of Notre Dame two years ago.
"I received my bachelors at St. Edward's University in Austin, Texas. I graduated with a bachelor's degree in English writing and rhetoric. My senior year I applied to the Master's of Education program at the University of Notre Dame," he said. "The master's program is what actually brought me to Mobile. You sign up for the program and you have to agree at the same time to teach at the school they assign you."
After completing his required two years at Little Flower Catholic School this past May, Ryan accepted a teaching job back in his hometown of Austin.
"I had already decided to go back to Austin, but it didn't necessarily seem like the right fit the more I thought about it," Ryan said. "I ended up having to call back and regrettably tell them that I wouldn't be able to accept their teaching job this year."
Despite the pay difference in Austin and Mobile that brought Ryan to laughter, he simply explains that he stayed in Mobile because of the small town feel and connections made.
"I feel like there's just a lot that Little Flower has to offer and so does this town. Especially coming from big cities, I really just like the feel of Mobile," Ryan said. "This is a real family-friendly kind of place and I like that about it."
Ryan is currently the Director of Communication at Little Flower Catholic School and is working on the new Spanish curriculum. He hopes to stay in Mobile for at least a couple more years while working on his doctorate degree.
While Alabama has an alarmingly high unemployment rate of 6.8 percent according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Mobile County seems to have a grasp on the eager college grads looking for employment.
Mississippi resident Hannah Adkins, also graduated from USA in December 2013 with a bachelors degree in Fine Arts.
"One question people asked toward the end of college was, 'Well, what are you going to do with an art degree?' They usually followed that with a smirk," Adkins said. "I chose this degree because I wanted to do something different with my life."
Adkins' goal upon graduation was not to necessarily stay in Mobile, but to definitely continue her passion for art somewhere by working in an art museum or teaching.
"But the closer I got to graduation those jobs started to seem like they would be a boring nine-to-five job," she said. "I wanted a job where I would have a little freedom and would do something different everyday."
Due to the lack of variety art seemed to offer in careers, Adkins decided to look elsewhere.
"I believe because of my faithfulness to God he set plans into motion that gave me my first job as a personal assistant to two real estate agents in Mississippi just one month after I graduated," Adkins said. "That assistant job lead me to pursue a career in real estate, which is my dream job," Adkins said. "Its a job where I will do something different everyday."
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The Kilimanjaro Declaration
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Africans Rising Calls for Kenya's President & Judiciary to Act on Graft Cases
Nairobi, November 11th 2018: Africans Rising is now calling for the President and the Judiciary to act decisively on all state officials implicated in corruption cases. The movement that champions people's rights to peace, social inclusion, justice and shared prosperity says that the current fight against corruption is not real and must be supported by
By Imen Haddad | November 11, 2018 | About Us, Actions, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Documents, Elections, Events, External, Kenya, Media Release, Nigeria, Reading List, Senegal, Tanzania, The Gambia, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Uncategorized, Work, Zimbabwe
Africans Rising to Launch A National Engagement Platform and A Workshop on Illicit Financial Flows in Maputo, Mozambique
Throughout the month of November 2018, Africans Rising for Justice, Peace and Dignity will hold a series of programmes that will be focused on uniting African citizens and establishing immense awareness on Illicit Financial Flows (IFFs) across the African continent starting in Maputo, Mozambique. The Mozambique National Engagement Platform (NEP) will be launched on November 7th, 2018. The
By Imen Haddad | November 1, 2018 | About Us, Actions, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Documents, Elections, Events, External, Kenya, Media Release, Nigeria, Reading List, Senegal, Tanzania, The Gambia, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Uncategorized, Work, Zimbabwe
After a consultative engagement and a purposive Nominees' engagement, Africans Rising has endeavoured to open voting for the Coordinating Collective Election to all the Africans Rising's registered members. Every one of you has an opportunity to vote and share Africans Rising's leadership and we are more than excited to have you join this process. You will
Joining Forces, Sharing Power: Civil Society Collaborations for the Future
Without the support of external funding, the life expectancy of many - if not most - organizations is dramatically low. To avoid these near-choking levels of dependency, CSOs are developing creative strategies to be more self-reliant. Increasingly, we are working together with actors that are more grounded in the communities they serve rather than with traditional governments and multilateral institutions and devising collaborative methods that differ significantly from donor-recipient constructions. ...
By Imen Haddad | October 21, 2018 | 25May, About Us, Actions, AntiCorruption & Accountability, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Documents, Events, External, Freedom of Expression, General Activist Support, Kenya, Media Release, Migration, News, Nigeria, Reading List, Senegal, Tanzania, The Gambia, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Uncategorized, Work, Work With Us, Zimbabwe
Building Effective Pan-African Solidarity between Africa and the Caribbean
Africans Rising for peace, justice, and dignity demands the immediate release and acquittal of comrade Dr. Amadou Scattred Janneh. We have been blessed to count Dr. Janneh amongst our ranks, he is a decent fellow African who continues to support worthy causes across borders. ...
By BUEA ADMIN | October 6, 2018 | Actions, AntiCorruption & Accountability, Documents, Events, External, Freedom of Expression, General Activist Support, Media Release, News, Reading List, Senegal, The Gambia, Uncategorized
Africans Rising Constitution
PREAMBLE Africans Rising has its roots in the Kilimanjaro Declaration which states: Africa is a rich continent. That wealth belongs to all our People, not to a narrow political and economic elite. We need to fight for economic development that is just and embraces social inclusion and environmental care. We have a right to the
By Imen Haddad | October 4, 2018 | 25May, About Us, Actions, Activist-in-Residence 2017, AntiCorruption & Accountability, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Documents, Elections, Events, External, Freedom of Expression, General Activist Support, Kenya, News, Nigeria, Reading List, The Gambia, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Uncategorized, Work, Zimbabwe
Africans Rising Demands Justice for Dr. Amadou Scattred Janneh
By Imen Haddad | October 3, 2018 | AntiCorruption & Accountability, Documents, Events, External, Freedom of Expression, General Activist Support, Media Release, News, Reading List, Senegal, The Gambia, Uncategorized
#25May2018 Report
On 25th May 2018, millions of Africans all over the world reaffirmed their constant love for the continent and their commitment to realising a pan-African unity. For the second year in a row, the Africans Rising movement fulfilled one of the pledges of the Kilimanjaro Declaration, that is to organise decentralized events/actions thanks to the
By webmin | May 17, 2018 | 25May, About Us, Actions, Activist-in-Residence 2017, AntiCorruption & Accountability, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Events, External, Freedom of Expression, General Activist Support, Kenya, Mauritanie, Media Release, News, Nigeria, Reading List, Senegal, Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, The Gambia, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Uncategorized, Work, Zimbabwe
Fight Inequality Week of Action – The Gambia
A video created by Activista and AfricansRising, for Fight Inequality Week of action 19th to 26th January 2018....
By webmin | March 6, 2018 | Actions, General Activist Support, The Gambia
#NewGambia: Reflections On A Transition To Democracy
The transition from dictatorship to democratic freedom in The Gambia would not have been possible without the courage and determination of the Gambian people. And leading the Gambian people in that struggle to remove longtime dictator Yahya Jammeh, were young people. Africans Rising coordinator and youth human rights activist Muhammed Lamin Saidykhan was among the
By Imen Haddad | May 15, 2017 | AntiCorruption & Accountability, The Gambia, Uncategorized
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Africans Rising, Movement for Black lives and other movements across the continent and the Diaspora stand with the People of Sudan
COMBAT DE TEMEDT EN MATIERE DE LUTTE CONTRE L'ESCLAVAGE PAR ASCENDANCE AU MALI
Call for applications to join the West Africa Creative Action Team (WACAT)
Africans Rising Statment on the Terrorist Attack in Mali
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EHD2021 Awards – Call for entries launched
The European Healthcare Design Awards 2021 have been launched – celebrating and recognising professional and research excellence in the design of healthcare environments both in Europe and around the world.
Organised by Architects for Health and SALUS Global Knowledge Exchange, the awards are an integral feature of the 7th European Healthcare Design 2021 Congress and the COVID-19 Global Summit, contributing towards the development of knowledge and standards in the design of healthcare environments globally.
Comprising ten categories across primary, community, secondary and tertiary levels of international healthcare provision and delivery, the awards will be presented at a prestigious ceremony on 15 June 2021 during the final session of the 7th European Healthcare Design 2021 Congress, held at the Royal College of Physicians, in London, on 14-16 June.
View the Awards Call for Entries and the Awards Criteria Guidelines to learn more about the ten categories, the evaluation committee and the submission criteria.
Entries should be submitted using the online form on the Congress website by no later than 11 March 2021.
The European Healthcare Design Awards 2021 are kindly supported by lead sponsor Integrated Health Projects (IHP), and category sponsor Medical Architecture.
Influence and inspiration
The European Healthcare Design Awards aim to have a significant influence on the creation of healthcare environments that promote health and wellness, embed quality improvement, and support the delivery of treatment and care in an accessible, sustainable and equitable way.
In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the healthcare design and planning community has demonstrated its capacity for innovation, through the rapid development of field hospitals, and conversions and adaptations to existing facilities to manage surge capacity. This year we encourage Covid-19-driven projects to be entered into the Design for Adaptation and Transformation category.
The pandemic also led to rapid innovation in medical technology and its application, from PPE to the use of digital technology. We also encourage innovations in medical equipment and technology to be entered into the Design Innovation for Quality Improvement category. Meanwhile, future hospital designs are rapidly being adapted to respond to the twin challenges of the climate change emergency and the impact of the pandemic, and are encouraged to enter into the Future Healthcare Design category.
Recipients of the awards will be multidisciplinary project teams that have demonstrated outstanding vision, leadership and knowledge in the design, development and implementation of projects that have positively transformed the delivery and experience of healthcare for the patients and community they serve.
We look forward to receiving your submissions by 11 March for the EHD2021 Awards.


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Coronavirus: US may lose 4.5 million jobs with only half likely to be recovered, say experts
Per the forecasters, unemployment rate could peak to 12% in the second quarter of 2020 compared with 4.4% in March
By R. Ghosh
April 10, 2020 22:55 +08
Doctor shares simple technique to help COVID-19 patients breathe more easily
The United States could lose as many as 4.5 million jobs due to coronavirus from April through June, according to a new survey. Moreover, less than half of these jobs will be recovered by the end of 2021, according to economists polled in the survey. The US economy is expected to decline sharply over the next few months, as the country continues to struggle to contain the spread of coronavirus.
Unemployment claims topped 6 million in the week ended April 4, according to reports filed by the Labor Department on Thursday. The United States has emerged as the new epicenter for coronavirus, with more than 466,500 cases and deaths nearing 17,000.
Job loss could hit record high
Job application YouTube Grab
Job losses could hit an all-time high if the coronavirus crisis continues for a few more months. According to the median estimate of 45 economists surveyed by the National Association for Business Economics, job losses could hit 4.5 million from April through June, as the US economy has come to an almost standstill.
What is scarier is that of these only around 1.9 million jobs will be added back through 2021. Per the forecasters, unemployment rate could peak to 12% in the second quarter of 2020 compared with 4.4% in March. The rate will fall only as low as 6% by the end of 2021. Conditions are likely to improve slightly with aggressive support in the form of fiscal and monetary stimulus.
However, that will follow a massive contraction in the second quarter of 2020, with the median forecast of the economists polled expecting the GDP to fall at an annualized rate of 26.5% in the April to June quarter. The predictions are in line with the recent forecasts made by other experts and some Fed officials.
Crisis looms large on US economy
A man walks past a closed pub in Covent Garden in central London Xinhua/IANS
According to the most pessimistic predictions, the US economy will slash more than 10.4 million jobs in the second quarter, with losses continuing into early next year. However, the brightest prognosis is that of around 1 million job losses over the next three months followed by a gain of 4.5 million jobs in the next quarter.
Experts say that the US economy is already in recession and will remain in contraction through the first half of 2020 as Covid-19 continues to halt all economic and business activities. The survey report comes just a day after the Department of Labor reported that more than 6.6 million Americans have applied for unemployment benefits for the week ended April 4, bringing the three week total to almost 17 million.
Federal Reserve to pump in another $2.3 trillion to help local governments, stabilize economy
US weekly jobless claims hit 6.6 million; loses 10% workforce in three weeks
Unemployed Americans to start getting extra payments from this week
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Former Canadian prime minister, ex-president of Mexico to talk trade in El Paso on Feb. 24
Topics in Vicente Fox-Stephen Harper panel include how border businesses can profit from growing U.S.-China tensions amid supply issues and semi-conductor chip shortages
EL PASO, Texas (Border Report) – Two former North American leaders will be in El Paso next month to discuss how the region can benefit from rising U.S.-China tensions.
Former Mexican President Vicente Fox and former Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper are the featured guests at the 2022 U.S.-Mexico Border Summit sponsored by the Borderplex Alliance.
The summit is on Feb. 24 at the Plaza Hotel Pioneer Park, 106 W. Mills Ave., with a luncheon at the Autograph Collection of the Hotel Paso del Norte. The panelists will discuss why bringing direct investment from across the Pacific could be a game changer for border businesses and plan to get into the nuts and bolts of how Fortune 500 companies chose which cities they want to expand operations to.
The summit takes place as supply issues and the semi-conductor chip shortage hound businesses from Detroit's gigantic automakers to Main Street retail stores. The Borderplex Alliance and other trade organizations on both sides of the border are promoting the region's capability to become the home of new chip makers and a place where off-shore manufacturers can relocate to avoid political and logistical upheaval.
Harper was Canada's prime minister from 2006 to 2015 and was the driving force behind expanded commercial relations with Europe and India, free trade agreements with Colombia and South Korea, and was a staunch ally of the International Monetary Fund, which promotes stability and economic growth in developing countries.
Former Mexican President Vicente Fox (AP file photo)
Fox in 2000 became the first candidate from an opposition party to be elected President of Mexico since 1929. The former Coca-Cola executive promoted stability in Mexico's institution and favored trade. His legacy north of the border was to improve relations with expatriates, creating the Institute for Mexicans Abroad. IME has become a sounding board for Mexican communities to influence Mexican policy toward the United States.
The Borderplex Alliance says it will announce further panels and panelists as February 24 comes closer. Tickets for the event can be purchased through Eventbrite.
Blog: Snow is on the way, Hampton Roads could see significant amounts


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Woman Shares Her Relief To Finding Out Her Obsessive Stalker Has Died
This is a terrifying story that could've ended very differently. And it's sad that it took her stalker's death for it to stop, and the only way she was able to experience relief and gain control of her life once more.
Twitter user, @johnniejae, shared her terrifying experience as a teenager, having an a stalker. The encounter started innocently enough, at the library and just escalated from there.
Did you know that an estimated 15.2% of women (18.3 million women) have experienced a form of stalking during their lifetime that made them feel in fear for their lives?
Additionally, an estimated 5.7% of men (or nearly 6.5 million men) have experienced stalking victimization during their lifetimes. And among female stalking victims, an estimated 60.8% were stalked by a former partner.
Pretty scary, wouldn't you say?


ISO-21063 | Prosthetics and orthotics - Soft orthoses - Uses, functions, classification and description | Document Center, Inc.
ISO 21063:2017 specifies the uses and functions of soft orthoses. It also classifies and describes the devices and their components. It does not describe the materials or manufacturing methods used for their fabrication.


Whilst this product is made under strict hygienic conditions, it is not sterile.
1. Wash hands well. Sterilise all utensils according to manufacturer's instructions.
2. Boil 1 litre of fresh tap water. Allow boiled water to cool for no more than 30 minutes. Measure the required amount of water (see feeding guide) into a sterilised bottle, carefully - the water is hot. Do not use artificially softened or repeatedly boiled water.
3. Using the scoop provided, add the correct number of scoops of powder (see feeding guide), levelling off each scoop with the back of a can dry knife. Replace plastic lid on can.
This table is a guide only; your baby may need more or less than the volumes stated. If you require more advice, consult your healthcare professional. Remember to feed your baby on demand. Mix 1 scoop of powder to 30 ml (approx. 1 fl. oz) of water.
For hygienic reasons, discard unfinished feed in the bottle as soon as possible and always within 2 hours.
Scoops may become submerged in the powder during transit.


The best place to develop your soccer skills!
We strive to develop soccer players who are technically skilled, comfortable, and confident with the ball. We want our players to express their personality and creativity on the field; to make intelligent decisions but to play without fear. The WISS is a fun, positive, and exciting place to be. For players of all ages and skill levels.
It was the best camp!
I liked all of the goalie activities (because I am one). The WISS Cup is fun I was France. The best part about the WISS Cup is the trophy arrives by helicopter. My favorite FIFA players are Bouffon and my coaches. WISS is the Best!
I liked all the fun activities and learning new tricks with the soccer ball everyday. I learned a lot about passing, shooting, dribbleling, and defensing. My favorite was The WISS Cup. It was the best summer ever.
What I like about this camp is that I learned a lot. Everyone on my soccer team tell me that I became a better player. I really like the wiss. I wish the lunch break was shorter. This camp is the best!
Be a star like Billy!


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> Measles
What are the side effects of the combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine?
About 10 per cent of children who receive the MMR vaccine experience local swelling, redness or pain at the injection site. These symptoms usually resolve with one or two days.
Between 5 and 15 per cent develop a high fever and tiredness or lack of energy (malaise) between 5 and 12 days after their first dose of the vaccine.
About 5 per cent get a rash which cannot spread to anyone else.
Side effects are more common after the first dose, recommended at 12 months.
Rare side effects
Up tp 1.6 per cent get swollen glands, a stiff neck or joint pains.
About 0.03 per cent of children who get a first dose of MMR vaccine experience febrile convulsions (fits). These happen when a baby or child's temperature (fever) goes up suddenly.
Very rare side effects
Between 0.003 and 0.005 per cent develop a blood disorder called thrombocytopaenia after their first dose of the MMR vaccine. Thrombocytopaenia causes children to bruise or bleed very easily. It usually lasts for between one and six months and then gets better.
About 0.0001 per cent of people who get any of the vaccines have an allergic reaction that affects their whole body, called anaphylaxis. This reaction usually happens within 15 minutes of getting the vaccination and can be treated with an injection (epinephrine). People who have this reaction usually recover quickly and don't experience any long-term effects.
What are the symptoms of measles?
Usual symptoms
Measles usually starts with a fever and severe tiredness or lack of energy (malaise) followed by a cough, runny nose and conjunctivitis (eye infection or pink eye).
Children with measles get a rash that looks like lace and usually starts on their faces or necks and then spreads to their whole bodies.
Less common symptoms
About 9 per cent of children with measles get otitis media (middle-ear infection or ear ache).
About 8 per cent get diarrhoea.
About 6 per cent get pneumonia (lung infection).
Rare symptoms
Measles infection during pregnancy can cause miscarriages, premature labour and premature birth.
Very rare symptoms
About 0.1 per cent of children with measles develop encephalitis (brain infection).
Between 0.01 per cent and 0.015 per cent of people who get measles die from measles encephalitis, and many of the children who survive it have permanent brain damage.
About 0.001 per cent of people who catch measles develop a brain disease called sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). SSPE usually develops about seven years after measles infection and people who get it always die.
REFERENCES / How vaccination has impacted the prevalence of measles
Chiu C, Dey A, Wang H, et al. Vaccine Preventable Diseases in Australia, 2005 to 2007, Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 34 Supplement December 2010: S1-167.
Updated with data from NNDSS Annual Report Writing Group. Australia's Notifiable Disease Status, 2010: Annual Report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 36 March 2012: 36:1-69.


Mura Masa (Alex Crossan) and Charli XCX have released single "1 Night," today. "1 Night" is Mura Masa's first single from his full-length debut album due this summer. The 20-year-old multi-instrumentalist and producer will make his first-ever Coachella appearance this year alongside a host of major European festival dates, and US headlining shows (with more to be announced).
"1 Night" is an instantly-infectious return from Mura Masa, colliding steel drums, marimba and off-kilter electronics into an anthem for friends who've crossed a line (but may yet be able to go back to how things were). Written with Charli XCX, "1 Night" brings together two of the most exciting innovators in modern pop.
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text:
<?php

namespace Larafolio\Http\ImageFilters;

use Intervention\Image\Image;
use Intervention\Image\Constraint;
use Intervention\Image\Filters\FilterInterface;

class Small implements FilterInterface
{
    /**
     * Apply small filter to image.
     *
     * @param \Intervention\Image\Image $image
     *
     * @return \Intervention\Image\Image
     */
    public function applyFilter(Image $image)
    {
        return $image->resize(null, 150, function (Constraint $constraint) {
            $constraint->aspectRatio();
        });
    }
}