Werner Herzog´s principal Cinematographer since 1995.
Peter Zeitlinger is an Austrian cinematographer with an illustrious career in film and TV features. He has shot 13 films with legendary director Werner Herzog, including 'Grizzly Man', 'Encounters at the End of the World', 'The Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans', 'Cave of Forgotten Dreams' and 'Into the Abyss', which won the British Film Institute's Best Documentary in 2011. ˝Most recently, he was Director of Photography on Herzog's 'Queen of the Desert'. He has shot six features with Gotz Spielmann and three with Ulrich Seidl. He has won five Best Cinematography accolades, including two Romy TV awards and one German Cinematography Award, and 'Encounters at the End of the World' was nominated for an Academy Award for Documentary Feature in 2009.
Cinematographer Peter Zeitlinger is an accomplished filmmaker whose career encompasses camera work, directing, writing and editing. Zeitlinger is collaborating with Werner Herzog since 1995 when he was director of photography on the director's documentary Death For Five Voices. That film began an intensive teamwork that has yielded such documentaries as Little Dieter Needs To Fly, My Best Fiend, Wheel of Time, and Grizzly Man as well as the dramas Queen of the Desert, Invincible and Rescue Dawn.
Zeitlingers work has garnered a lot of awards and nominations. Encounters at the End of the World was nominated for the Oscar, and won the Cinema Eye Award for Outstanding Achievment in Cinematography. At Nightfall was awarded with the German Cinematographer Award. Dreamhotel Africa won the Austrian Romy Award for best Cinematography.
Peter Zeitlinger was born in Prague. Due to the turbulences during the Soviet occupation in 68 and the political instability of Czechoslovakia he left the country with his mother and moved to the neighboring and neutral country of Austria. Not even 10 years old young Zeitlinger had to learn a new mother tongue. Being forced to express himself in a new way, he started painting and sketching a lot.
Aged thirteen Peter Zeitlinger discovered the possibility of making images move. A friend's father had an 8mm camera and kept it in his gynecologist's practice. When during the heights of puberty Peter Zeitlinger and his friend secretly observed the gynecologist at work, they discovered the camera. During the night Peter Zeitlinger would sneak into the doctor´s office and borrow the camera. For many nights he used the operating light in the practice and worked on his own animated films before he sneaked out of the practice at the crack of dawn. One night he was discovered by his friend's father but strangely enough he was not told off! Instead, the wealthy doctor was so deeply moved by the animated films that he gave his camera to the "poor refugees' child". Now it became possible for Zeitlinger to work in the outside world during the daytime.
For one of his first films We Walked he was awarded a youth film festival prize and was given a camera with zoom and audio recording features. That was when filming really lifted off. Until he was accepted at the Academy for Film he had produced a good 70 short or animated films. His first animated film Der Geburtstag (The Birthday) was his ticket to university.
Zeitlingers most admired and influencial teachers at University became Michael Snow and Peter Kubelka. He had met Kubelka in Linz and had been impressed by the latter's all-encompassing concept of art. Kubelka introduced him to the interrelations between music, cooking and film making. All of these three forms of expressing life obey the same rules: composing (i.e. montage, composition) and perceptions in the course of time (dramatic plot). In addition to the courses at the academy Zeitlinger also attended lectures by Herbert Lachmayer and Johann Mader who read at the Vienna philosophical institute. He also studied Management of Arts under Jungblut and Dieter Ronte. The theoretical essays by Zeitlinger, first published in the University newsletter brought about a remarkable uproar amongst his teachers, because in Abschaffung der Montage (Abolishing Montage), which was based on profound philosophical knowledge, Zeitlinger meticulously managed to proof that a "Filmgrammatik" (Grammar of Films) does not exist. Although he was not enrolled in directing it was the lecturers from the directing department (Alfons Stummer and Axel Corti) who strongly spoke out in favor of him being admitted to the exams, which were quite threatened at the time. Zeitlinger graduated with excellency.
During his university years he had already written a number of scripts. One of the scripts co-written with Erhard Riedlsperger was Tunnelkind (Tunnel Child). The film is set at the Czech-Austrian border where the Iron Curtain was erected during the late 60s. Borders and marginalization are recurring topics in his work. Although many of the films he had produced during his university years were awarded several prizes it was due to the highly bureaucratic structures in Austria that it first seemed impossible for a young graduate from university to work as a Director of Photography (DOP). Normally, years of assistance and begging were to be endured first. After a debate sparked off by Zeitlinger the directorate of the film institute decided to allow an exception to the rule: for the first time a first-time director was allowed to select the DOP of his choice, for his first full-length film. The media, as well as the film business and the fellow students were keen to observe the making of this film at the Czech-Austrian border. On a daily basis the latest shots were assessed by a committee even before the director or the DOP had seen them, and the committee then had to grant permission to continue with the project. An experienced replacement crew was kept on call to take over, in case the project would fail. After one week at work the replacement crew was sent home. A little later the film was invited to the Berlin International Film Festival.
The film tells the story of a little girl who manages to convince the chief builder at a construction site for the electric fence to build the fence above a secret tunnel in order to leave an escape into freedom. During the production of Tunnelkind the Iron Curtain for Czechoslovakia was abolished. Reality seemed to catch up with fiction. The Berlin International Film Festival was also dominated by the liberalization of the communist countries and the film was applauded as dealing marvelously with current affairs.
Outstanding hand held camera work in Ulrich Seidls film "Prepared for Losses" aroused Werner Herzogs attention. Herzog hired him for the documentary "Death for Five Voices" which immediately won the Prix d Italia. Zeitlinger has been Herzogs favorite DP since that time. They worked together on the Hollywood Production "Rescue Dawn" which is released by MGM. His meticulous attention to detail and the whole context, his unique visual style of the camera movements added immeasurably to the quality of the film. In 2006 he and Werner Herzog were selected for the US-Antarctic Programm by the US National Science Foundation as writer and artist. "Encounters at the End of the World" was nominated for the Oscar 2009. "Bad Lieutenant" with Nicolas Cage, Val Kilmer and Eva Mendes and "My Son, my Son what have Ye done" were together in competition at the 66th Venice International Film Festival 2009. "Queen of the Desert" with Nicole Kidman and James Franco and "Salt and Fire" with Micheal Shannon and Gael Garcia Bernal are the current films which Peter Zeitlinger has shot with Werner Herzog. Currently working on "Future World" and "Pretenders" with the director and also starring James Franco.


text:
Benjamin Gaw
Drew & Napier
Pharma Legal Handbook Singapore
Regulatory, Pricing and Reimbursement: Singapore
All about regulation, pricing and reimbursement in Singaporean pharma. Prepared in association with Drew & Napier LLC, this is an extract from The Pharma Legal Handbook: Singapore, available to purchase here for USD 99.
1. What are the regulatory authorities with jurisdiction over drugs, biologicals, and medical devices in your country?
The key regulatory authority with jurisdiction over drugs, biological and medical devices in Singapore is the Health Sciences Authority (HSA). It was established on 1 April 2001 as a statutory board of the Ministry of Health under the Health Sciences Authority Act (Chapter 122C).
2. What is the regulatory framework for the authorization, pricing, and reimbursement of drugs, biologicals, and medical devices?
Therapeutic products (including biological therapeutic products)
Subject to certain prescribed statutory exceptions, all therapeutic products including biological therapeutic products that are imported or sold in Singapore must be registered with the HSA.
The HSA will generally register a therapeutic product if it is satisfied that:
the overall intended benefits to a user of the therapeutic product outweigh the overall risks associated with the use of the therapeutic product; and
the therapeutic product is suitable for its intended purpose and that any risk associated with its use is minimised, based on its formulation, manufacturing process controls, specifications and shelf life, as well as its stability under the recommended storage conditions.
The company seeking to market the therapeutic product in Singapore is responsible for obtaining product registration. This must be a locally registered company that will be responsible for the quality, safety and efficacy of the product. Therapeutic products must be marketed in accordance with the Health Products Act and the applicable subsidiary legislation.
For instance, the advertising of therapeutic products is subject to statutory and regulatory requirements and restrictions, such as:
matters that must be excluded from advertisements of therapeutic products;
restrictions on promoting therapeutic products for certain specified diseases and conditions;
the general prohibition against advertising prescription-only medicines; and
restrictions on the advertising of pharmacy-only medicines.
Biological therapeutic products are generally regulated in the same manner as other therapeutic products.
Dealers such as importers and wholesalers will need to obtain the relevant licence(s) from the HSA in order to import or supply by wholesale therapeutic products in Singapore.
In general, all medical devices (including in vitro medical devices) must be registered with the HSA by a locally registered company, before they can be supplied in the Singapore market. This is subject to certain exceptions, such as for the following types of medical devices:
custom-made medical devices;
medical devices which have underwent maintenance or repair;
medical devices for patients' use;
Class A medical devices; and
medical devices to be used in clinical research.
The HSA classifies medical devices into four risk level classifications, namely:
Class A, for low risk devices, such as wheelchairs and tongue depressors;
Class B, for low to moderate risk devices, such as hypodermic needles and suction equipment;
Class C, for moderate to high risk devices, such as lung ventilators and bone fixation plates; and
Class D, for high risk devices, such as heart valves and implantable defibrillators.
The risk classification for a medical device is based on several factors, including the duration of medical device contact with the body, the degree of invasiveness, whether the medical device delivers medicinal products or energy to the patient, whether the device is intended to have a biological effect on the patient, and its local versus systemic effects.
Similarly, in vitro medical devices are classified under one of the four different risk level classifications:
Class A, for devices with low individual risk and low public health risk, such as specimen receptacles;
Class B, for devices with moderate individual risk and/or low public health risk, such as Vitamin B-12, pregnancy self-testing, anti-nuclear antibody, and urine test strips; and
Class C, for devices with high individual risk and/or moderate public health risk, such as blood glucose.
The classification of an in vitro medical device is determined based on a set of rules derived from those features that create risk, such as the intended purpose and indications for use as specified by the product owner; the technical, scientific or medical expertise of the intended user; the importance of the information to the diagnosis, taking into consideration the natural history of the disease or disorder including presenting signs and symptoms which may guide a physician; and the impact of the result to the individual and/or public health.
PRICING AND REIMBURSEMENT
The prices of therapeutic products (including biological therapeutic products) and medical devices are generally not regulated by the Singapore government. However, public sector hospitals in Singapore generally purchase medicinal products through centralised Group Procurement Offices (GPOs) by way of tender contracts, and this operates in some way to regulate the prices of therapeutic products and medical devices.
The national healthcare system in Singapore operates on mixed financing system that provides multiple tiers of financing for its citizens and residents. Apart from direct subsidies for services and drugs at public healthcare institutions, the Singapore government also administers a number of drug subsidy schemes. These include the Medication Assistance Fund (see Chapter 1, Question 10) and the Standard Drug List, to ensure that eligible patients have access to effective medications for medical conditions that are common in Singapore.
3. What are the steps to obtain authorization to develop, test, and market a product?
Registering a new therapeutic product generally involves the following steps (see the HSA's Guidance on Therapeutic Product Registration in Singapore):
pre-submission preparation/consultation;
application submission;
application screening;
application evaluation;
regulatory decision; and
post-approval changes.
Pre-submission Preparation
An application for new product registration can either be in respect of a new drug application (NDA) or a generic drug application (GDA). The GDA is generally available for a therapeutic product that contains one or more chemical entities that is essentially the same as a current registered product, in terms of its qualitative and quantitative composition of active ingredients, pharmaceutical dosage form and clinical indication. Follow-on biologic products, or biosimilar products, are not eligible for a GDA and are required to be submitted via a NDA.
The registration must undergo one of the following evaluation routes:
Full route: applies to any new product that has not been approved by any drug regulatory agency at the time of submission.
Abridged route: applies to any new or generic product that has been evaluated by at least one drug regulatory agency.
Verification route: applies to any new or generic product that has been evaluated and approved by one of the HSA's reference drug regulatory agencies, including Australia's Therapeutic Goods Administration, the European Medicines Agency, Health Canada, the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency and the US Food and Drug Administration.
Verification-CECA route: applies to any generic product manufactured in India that has been evaluated and approved by one of the HSA's reference drug regulatory agencies, including Australia's Therapeutic Goods Administration, the European Medicines Agency, Health Canada, the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency and the US Food and Drug Administration.
Application Submission
Application submission involves: (i) an online submission of the relevant application form through the HSA's PRISM web portal; and (ii) the submission of the technical dossier.
Application Screening
The application will be screened to ensure that the correct application type has been selected and that the submitted dossier is complete. Where the HSA identifies deficiencies in the dossier, it will send a query stating the same to the applicant and put in place a stop-clock, which ends when the HSA receives a complete and satisfactory response.
Upon acceptance of the application, the HSA will begin its evaluation. Similarly, a stop-clock starts when the HSA issues a query to the applicant and ends when the HSA receives a complete and satisfactory response.
Where necessary, the HSA may involve external evaluators (whose identities will be kept confidential), experts (such as scientists and clinicians from both local and overseas institutions) and advisory committees. The external evaluators and experts will be contractually bound to protect information provided to them.
Regulatory Decision
The HSA will make a regulatory decision following the conclusion of its benefit-risk assessment, based on the data submitted in support of the application.
The regulatory decision issued by the HSA will be one of the following:
Approval, e., the application satisfies the registration requirements for quality, safety and efficacy. This is a final decision issued by the HSA.
Approvable, e., the application can be approved subject to adequate response to minor deficiencies. The HSA will inform the applicant of the approval conditions, and the applicant will need to satisfy these conditions within a specified time period.
Non-approvable, e., the application has major deficiencies. The HSA will inform the applicant of the deficiencies. Should the applicant wish to proceed with the application, it should respond within the specified time period based on the original data set submitted to the HSA.
Rejection, e., the response provided by the applicant fails to address the major deficiencies specified in the HSA's non-approvable decision. This is a final decision issued by the HSA.
Further, the HSA may register the product subject to post-approval commitments, in which case the applicant will have to furnish a letter of commitment setting out the undertakings concerned.
Post-Approval Changes
Following product registration, product registrants are responsible for ensuring the product's quality, efficacy and safety throughout its life cycle, and must notify the HSA of any changes to the same.
The risk classification of a medical device (see Chapter 1, Question 2) will affect its registration requirements and the evaluation route that applies to such registration. The relevant product evaluation route will also depend on whether the medical device has received reference agency approvals (if any) and the prior safe marketing history of the medical device (if applicable).
Class A medical devices are generally exempt from product registration requirements.
Class B, C and D medical devices may have a complex registration process, especially if the abridged, expedited, or immediate route is not available for the device. Any medical device which has not obtained prior approval from any of the HSA's reference agencies at the point of application is subject to a full evaluation.
Class B medical devices may qualify for immediate registration if the device has obtained prior approval from any two of the HSA's independent reference agencies for an intended use identical to that being submitted for registration in Singapore and has been marketed for at least three years in two of the independent reference regulatory agencies' jurisdictions without quality, performance, efficacy or safety concerns.
Class C standalone medical mobile applications which are medical devices may qualify for immediate registration if it has obtained prior approval from at least one of the HSA's independent reference agencies at the point of application and has been marketed for at least three years in the independent reference regulatory agency's jurisdiction without quality, performance, efficacy or safety concerns.
The medical device registration applications must be made as online submissions through the HSA's MEDICS web portal. All information and documents submitted in support of the registration of Class B, C and D medical devices must be compiled in the ASEAN Common Submission Dossier Template format.
The processing of the application differs depending on the product evaluation route. For instance, Class B medical devices that qualify for immediate registration can be registered immediately and listed on the Singapore Medical Device Register within an hour.
4. What are the approximate fees for each authorization?
The product registration fees for therapeutic products and medical devices vary, depending on the type or risk classification of the product and the evaluation route.
For therapeutic products, the product registration fees comprise a screening fee of between S$500 and S$2,750, and an evaluation fee of between S$3,850 and S$82,500, depending on whether the application is an NDA or GDA, and the evaluation route used.
For medical devices, the application fee is S$500, and the evaluation fees (depending on the evaluation route) range from S$900 to S$75,000. Additional fees apply where the application is submitted for a full evaluation under the priority review scheme.
5. For how long are marketing authorizations/registrations valid? How are marketing authorizations/registrations renewed?
For both therapeutic products and medical devices, registration is generally valid for one year, and may be renewed upon paying an annual retention fee, unless the registration is suspended by the HSA, or cancelled by the HSA or the product registrant.
6.A. How does the authorization process differ between brand-name products and generic products? Are there differences for local manufacturers versus foreign-owned manufacturers?
A generic product is a therapeutic product that has the same qualitative and quantitative composition in active substances and is of the same pharmaceutical form and dosage as a currently registered product in Singapore. Such product must demonstrate bioequivalence to the Singapore reference product via appropriate bioequivalence studies.
A generic drug application (GDA) can apply for the registration of generic products (see Question 3 above). The fees for a GDA are generally lower compared to that for a new drug application (NDA), and the evaluation processing time is generally also shorter.
The application for therapeutic product or medical device registration can only be submitted by a locally registered entity.
Overseas manufacturers that intend to register their therapeutic products in Singapore are subject to a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Conformity Assessment by the HSA. Overseas manufacturers must comply with Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S) GMP standard and can submit a valid GMP certificate or other evidence of GMP compliance from a PIC/S member authority. If such evidence is found to be acceptable, an audit by the HSA would not be necessary. Otherwise, the HSA will conduct an on-site GMP compliance audit of the applicant manufacturer.
7. How are combination products (drug + drug, drug + biologic, drug + device, biologic + device, drug + biologic + device) regulated?
Biological therapeutic products are subject to the same regulations as other therapeutic products. These regulations would similarly apply to combination products consisting of multiple biological and/or other therapeutic products.
Where a combination product comprises a medical device as well as a medicinal product, whether it will be regulated as a medical device or a therapeutic product is determined based on its primary mode of action (PMOA), i.e., the mode of action that makes the greatest contribution to the overall intended therapeutic purpose of the combination product.
The combination product will be regulated as a medical device under the Health Products Act where it does not achieve its PMOA in or on the human body by pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means. Examples of such products include drug eluting stents and dermal filler incorporating analgesic.
Medical devices incorporating registrable medicinal products are Class D medical devices. The Medical Devices Branch and the Therapeutic Products Branch of the HSA will jointly evaluate the product registration applications for such devices. Medical devices incorporating non-registrable medicinal products will be classified according to the risk class applicable to the medical devices.
8. How is compliance with regulation monitored and evaluated? Is the regulatory regime comparable with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency expectations and requirements?
The HSA has broad powers of investigation and enforcement under Part X of the Health Products Act, including the right to enter, inspect and search premises, as well as take samples for testing, examination or analysis without payment.
A person who furnishes to the HSA false or misleading information in a product registration application shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both.
The US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency are reference agencies of the HSA. Prior approval for a therapeutic product or medical device by the HSA's reference drug regulatory agencies does not oblige the HSA to approve the application for product registration in Singapore, but such prior approval may allow an applicant to submit its application via a more simplified evaluation route for the Singapore registration.
9. What is the potential range of penalties for noncompliance?
Penalties for non-compliance with the regulatory requirements under the Health Products Act, which includes requirements on the manufacture, import, supply and advertisement of therapeutic products and medical devices in Singapore and the licensing of dealers of such products, include fines and/or imprisonment.
For instance, the failure to keep proper records relating to the manufacture, import, supply, use or administration of a therapeutic product (where applicable) is an offence which can attract a fine of up to S$10,000 and/or imprisonment for a term of up to 6 months. The supply of an unregistered therapeutic product or medical device is an offence which can attract a fine of up to S$50,000 and/or to imprisonment for a term of up to two years. A person who manufactures a counterfeit therapeutic product can be liable upon conviction to a fine of up to S$100,000 and/or imprisonment for a term of up to 3 years.
10. Is there a national healthcare system? If so, how is it administered and funded?
Yes. Singapore's national healthcare system is funded by a mixed financing system, comprising multiple tiers of financing for Singaporeans' healthcare expenditure.
There are broadly four tiers of healthcare funding, namely:
Direct subsidies from the Singapore government for all Singaporeans, of up to eighty per cent (80%) of the total bill in acute public hospital wards;
Medisave, which is a compulsory individual medical savings account scheme under which every working Singaporean as well as his employer must contribute a portion of his monthly wages into the account to save for his future medical needs;
Insurance plans such as MediShield Life, which is a basic, low-cost medical insurance scheme for all Singaporeans and permanent residents, which helps to pay for large hospital bills and specified costly outpatient treatments, including dialysis and chemotherapy; and
MediFund, which is a medical endowment fund established by the Singapore government to further aid needy Singaporean patients who are unable to pay for their remaining medical bills even after using other means of payment (including the abovementioned tiers of financing).
In addition, the Singapore government also administers several other subsidy schemes, such as:
Community Health Assist Scheme: Common outpatient medical treatment and basic dental services are provided at subsidised rates to needy elderly or disabled patients by general practitioners and dental clinics that have agreed to partner with the MOH.
Interim Disability Assistance Programme for the Elderly: Financial help is provided to certain disabled elderly Singapore citizens.
Medication Assistance Fund: Subsidies are provided for certain drugs at public hospitals, specialist outpatient clinics and polyclinics.
11. How does the government (or public) healthcare system function with private sector healthcare?
Singapore adopts a mixed delivery healthcare model, with primary healthcare services, acute hospital services and step-down care services being offered by healthcare providers in both the public and private sectors. Briefly, the distribution of services provided by the public and private sectors is as follows:
Primary care sector: Private sector providers account for around 80% of the market.
Acute care sector: Public sector providers account for around 80% of the market.
Step-down care sector: Voluntary welfare organisations, most of which are funded by the government for services provided, account for a majority of the market.
12. Are prices of drugs and devices regulated and, if so, how?
The prices of therapeutic products (including biological therapeutic products) and medical devices are generally not regulated by the Singapore government, though prices in the public sector may be indirectly regulated through the purchasing of drugs and devices through centralised Group Procurement Offices (GPOs) by way of tender contracts.
13. How are drugs and devices used by patients paid for? What roles do public and private payers play?
The national healthcare system in Singapore operates on mixed financing system that provides multiple tiers of financing for its citizens and residents (see Question 10 above). Government subsidies are available for certain drugs at public sector healthcare institutions, for instance, drugs under the Standard Drug List. Private insurers may provide reimbursement for the cost of drugs and medical devices, depending on the specific terms of the relevant policies.
14. Who dispenses drugs and devices to patients and how are those dispensers compensated?
The persons who can dispense drugs and sell medical devices to patients depends on the relevant classification of the drug or device.
For therapeutic products:
prescription-only medicines (POMs) can only be supplied by a doctor or dentist, or by a pharmacist at a retail pharmacy according to a prescription by a doctor or a dentist;
pharmacy-only medicines (P-Medicines) can be supplied by or under the supervision of a pharmacist without a prescription; and
general sales list (GSL) medicines can be purchased from any retailer;
For medical devices:
"professional use only" medical devices can only be supplied to a licensed wholesaler of medical devices or a qualified medical or dental practitioner; and
"trained user only" medical devices can only be supplied to a person who has been provided with training on the safe and efficacious use of the medical device as the manufacturer of the medical device determines is necessary.
The Singapore Government provides subsidies for certain drugs, such as those on the Standard Drug List, dispensed through the public sector hospitals.
15. What are the professional and legal responsibilities of those who dispense drugs and devices? What role do they play in providing patient care, information, and safety?
Under regulation 17 of the Health Products (Therapeutic Products) Regulations 2016, a qualified practitioner or collaborative prescribing practitioner (or a person acting under the supervision of the same) or a qualified pharmacist (or a person acting under the supervision of the same) may dispense a therapeutic product only if the package or container of the therapeutic product is labelled with all of the following information in English:
the name of the person to whom the therapeutic product is to be administered;
the name, address and any identification number or logo of the licensed healthcare institution or licensed retail pharmacy where the therapeutic product is supplied or dispensed;
the date that the therapeutic product is dispensed;
the directions for use of the therapeutic product;
the name of the therapeutic product, being either the proprietary name or the appropriate non-proprietary name; and
where the appropriate non-proprietary name is included on the label, the appropriate quantitative particulars of any active ingredient of the therapeutic product.
Under regulation 15 of the Health Products (Medical Devices) Regulations 2010, any person supplying a medical device must ensure that it is accompanied with the following information:
the trade or brand name of the medical device;
where the medical device is supplied for use in any investigational testing, the statement "For Clinical Trial Use" or any other statement in English that conveys the same meaning;
where the medical device is contained in a package and the contents of the package are not readily apparent, an indication of what the package contains, expressed in terms appropriate to the medical device, such as the size, net weight, length, volume or number of units;
the expiry date of the medical device, if the medical device has one, as determined by the product owner of the medical device on the basis of the component of the medical device that has the shortest projected useful life;
the product owner's name or trading name, address, telephone number and electronic mail address; and
an appropriate control number, such as a batch code, lot number or serial number.
Click the following links to read more legal articles from Singapore
Regulatory Pricing and Reimbursement Overview
Preclinical and Clinical Trial Requirements
Marketing, Manufacturing, Packaging & Labeling, Advertising
Traditional Medicines and OTC Products
Marketing, Manufacturing & Labelling
Preclinical & Clinical Trial Requirements
Regulatory Reforms
Regulatory, Pricing and Reimbursement
Traditional & OTC Products

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Univ. of Tokyo startups are targets of new $220m tech fund
A venture capital firm affiliated with the University of Tokyo has established a fund that ranks among Japan's biggest in targeting startups with roots in higher education, eyeing ambitious candidates offering cutting-edge technologies developed at the school.
University of Tokyo Edge Capital plans to assemble about 25 billion yen ($226 million) for the fund by April. It has received 15.6 billion yen from domestic financial institutions and will seek contributions from foreign sources as well.
The new fund will target startups that aim to expand on the world stage in fields such as automated driving, artificial intelligence and health care. UTEC will link with partners including U.S. venture capital firms and the National University of Singapore to help its targets gain a foothold overseas.
UTEC manages a portfolio of about 30 billion yen across three previously established funds. Nine recipients have gone public. Peptidream, a biotech company UTEC has supported from the ground level, held a market capitalization topping 500 billion yen as of Tuesday.
A recent UTEC fund focused on nascent startups, infusing each with an average of about 500 million yen at the so-called seed stage, or early in their growth. The new fund, which may dole out as much as 1 billion yen per company, will expand its scope to include middle- and later-stage companies.
Four Japanese national universities — the University of Tokyo, Osaka University, Kyoto University and Tohoku University in Sendai — have received money from the central government's budget to launch their own venture capital firms. UTEC receives the bulk of its funding from private sources but intends to pursue a partnership with the university's UTokyo Innovation Platform subsidiary as well.
Source: Univ. of Tokyo startups are targets of new $220m tech fund- Nikkei Asian Review
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As soon as Nanami released the 2nd edition of their Crossfield, this time with grid lining, I jumped and made the purchase. I've been using the notebook for just shy of six months now as my commonplace book, and it's high time I give it a review. Let's get to it!
Like many fountain pen users, I am a huge fan of Tomoe River paper. As soon as I first heard about Nanami and their line of Seven Seas notebooks, I knew I needed one. Soon I had a beautiful, brand new Writer in my hands, which has served me well over the 11 months I've been using it. However – to buck the trend in the writing community – I'm not a fan of dot grid notebooks. They get the job done, but I find them a bit of a chore to write in. So I'd passed on the Crossfield (which at the time had a reticule grid page layout) when making my purchase, opting for the lined notebook.
First, the pros – which are many. The notebook itself is as dense, solid, and well-crafted as the Writer, but for one bauble (which I'll discuss later). The pages are uniformly cut, the grid lines even, light but expertly printed, and the binding flawless. The Tomoe River paper performs just as superbly as usual, pulling sheen even from Lamy Petrol, a notoriously stubborn ink.
The elusive Lamy Petrol sheen.
The lines are also as light and unobtrusive as they are in the Writer, mostly. I really have a strong preference for lines that don't interfere with the readback, and it's one of my favorite features of the Writer model. This is still the case in the Crossfield, mostly, and I can't overstate how important this is to me. Bravo, Nanami.
Lies open nice and flat.
Other hallmark features of high quality notebooks are present in the Crossfield, as well. No matter the page, the notebook immediately opens to lie flat on its own. Also, while I put mine in a cover, the notebook's own cover is plenty sturdy on its own. It's also a nice, deep red that's professional without being boring.
That Tomoe River paper, though. Yum!
Now for the cons. Most of these are either minor or simply personal preference, but one is large enough that it prevents me from purchasing another notebook of this same edition. Dun dun dunnnnnn.
First, a minor quality control issue. I put all of my Nanami notebooks in my A5 Midori goat leather notebook cover. I do this to gain some pockets, as well as to satisfy the part of my soul that misses handling my leather travelers notebooks daily. This notebook is too fat, however, so I simply trim down the cover a bit to make it fit (which you can see in the header image of this post). This worked perfectly fine with my Writer, but upon completing the surgery with my Crossfield the cover began to pull away from the end papers. It seems like my notebook, at least, has less glue throughout the cover to adhere it, and trimming a quarter inch off each cover exposed bare segments. Not a huge deal for me, however, as I just popped it in my cover and off I went. I could see this being problematic, however, for those who carry their notebook in its birthday suit.
Thickness of the Crossfield compared to other notebooks. From top to bottom: Hobonichi Weeks, SS Writer, SS Crossfield, Quo Vadis Habana. Also, say hello to Mr. Chubs, the adipose in the back.
My second qualm is short and 100% personal preference. I just want bookmarks in my notebooks – especially ones that are almost 500 pages.
Third and lastly, however, is both the reason I bought the notebook in the first place as well as the reason why I won't by another (funny, eh?) – and that reason is the ruling. One of the reason I love my Writer is the ruling. The lines are faint and made up of teeny little dots. This gives the line a thinner appearance, while also having less line ink per page. The lines in the Crossfield, however, are dashed. While still less than a full line, they are a bit thicker, and actually show through the ink when I write over it. The ink seems to slide off, as if it cannot sit on top of the dashes. I don't really have this issue with my Writer, so I think a shift to making the lines out of dots might help.
While this isn't enough of a deal-breaker for me to stop using the notebook, it does detract from the writing and affect readback enough that I most likely won't buy another of this particular model. The odd boxes on the page don't help, either. The one in the top left at least works as a header, but the ones on the bottom of the page are perplexing to me and honestly just get in the way. I'm sort of using them to write the ink colors I've used on the page, but I'd rather just have more grid boxes.
Overall, I really like this notebook. It's solidly built, the Tomoe River paper is wonderful, and it has enough pages that I never feel bad for flipping to a new spread to write something new. It does have a few cons – notably, grid lines that show through the ink and weird boxes that take up page space – that will prevent me from buying another 2nd Edition Crossfield. But if you can look past those, it truly makes for a great notebook at an even greater price.


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The Career Trial (previously known as Work Trial) Programme is part of the suite of career services offered by Workforce Singapore (WSG) and e2i to strengthen the employability of locals, through a short-term stint with an employer. This programme will help to address the concern most have, regarding whether job applicants and company are the 'right fit' for each other. The Career Trial Programme will thus help job seekers and employers get to know each other better before both parties sign on the dotted line.
As part of the Adapt and Grow initiative to help Singapore Citizens adapt to changing job demands and enhance their employability, Career Trial has been enhanced to allow employers and individuals, as well as Persons with Disabilities (PWD) to better assess job fit.
To apply for Career Trial positions, please click here.
For new applications to be a Career Trial host company and Career Trial positions, employers will need to submit via the new application portal.
Salary Support (SS)
Employers to submit SS claims for jobseekers who were approved to commence Career Trial prior to 1 May 2021, via WSG's Feedback Portal.
Training Allowance (TA), Retention Incentive (RI) and Additional Retention Incentive (ARI)
Employers to login to Career Trial Portal to submit all TA, RI and ARI claims. Please refer to factsheet for detailed information of documentations required.
For jobseekers who have submitted at least 1 TA claim prior to 19 July 2021, please complete the remaining claims via the manual claim form (Form B1) and submit to followup@e2i.com.sg.
For jobseekers:
Form A1: Jobseeker's Details
Form B1: Career Trial Allowance Claim
For employers:
Find out how e2i can help your company attain higher productivity at:
https://e2i.com.sg/businesses/
A Driver's Long Road Towards Career Reinvention
Who Says Mature PMETs Can't Learn New Tricks?
3 Questions to Ask Before Making a Career Switch
My Career Journey: From Lawyer to Nanny
Mid-Career Switch… Unemployed In My 50s


Civic Park along with a playground, BBQ and picnic areas has Riskit Park featuring skate, bike and basketball activities.
'Risk-It Park' is located within Civic Park. It features a skate park, dirt-bike jump track, and skate bowl. Infrastructure includes a 'fun boy', 'pyramid' and 'grind rails'. Half and full-courts basketball facilities are also available.


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Senior Faculty Satisfaction: Perceptions of Associate and Full Professors at Seven Public Research Universities
Trower, C. (2011). Senior Faculty Satisfaction: Perceptions of Associate and Full Professors at Seven Public Research Universities.
This TIAA-CREF paper presents data from a survey of 1,775 tenured associate and full professors at seven public universities, showing that many are frustrated about leadership turnover and the corresponding shifts in mission, focus, and priorities, and also about salary. In addition, associate professors are less satisfied than full professors on critical factors such as support for research, collaboration, and clarity of promotion, and women are less satisfied than men on numerous dimensions including mentoring support for research and interdisciplinary work, and clarity of promotion.
See also: Cathy Trower, Faculty Development and Support, Whitepapers, Tenured
Career Stage Differences in Pre-Tenure Track Faculty Perceptions of Professional and Personal Relationships with Colleagues
Ponjuan, L., Conley, V. M., & Trower, C. (2011). Career Stage Differences in Pre-Tenure Track Faculty Perceptions of Professional and Personal Relationships with Colleagues. The Journal of Higher Education , 82 (3), 319-346.
Despite a steady decline in available faculty tenure-track positions, future vacancies in tenure-track positions provide opportunities to diversify faculty ranks with new female faculty and faculty of color. This impending employment shift in faculty demographics may change departmental climates, pre-tenure faculty socialization processes, and professional and personal relationships between pre-tenure female faculty and faculty of color and their colleagues.
This study examines pre-tenure faculty members' perception of collegial relationships with colleagues. We primarily focus on the organizational socialization of female faculty and faculty of color, and faculty in different pre-tenure career stages. We found differences in satisfaction with collegial relationships between faculty by gender, race, and pre-tenure career stages.
See also: Faculty Development and Support, Recruitment and Retention, Publications Using COACHE Data, Faculty of Color, Pre-Tenure, Women
A New Generation of Faculty: Similar Core Values in a Different World
Trower, C. (2010). A New Generation of Faculty: Similar Core Values in a Different World. Peer Review , 12 (3), 27-30.
While tenure-track faculty may want the same things as their predecessors, younger Boomers (born 1956-1963) and Gen X faculty live and work in a very different world than older Boomers (born 1946-1955) and Traditionalists (born before 1946). Because of this, Gen Xers, in particular, have been vocal about wanting increased flexibility, greater integration of their work and home lives, more transparency of tenure and promotion processes, a more welcoming, diverse, and supportive workplace/department, and more frequent and helpful feedback about progress.
See also: Cathy Trower, Higher Education Leadership, Recruitment and Retention, Publications Using COACHE Data
Perspectives on What Pre-Tenure Faculty Want and What Six Research Universities Provide
Gallagher, A., & Trower, C. (2008). Perspectives on What Pre-Tenure Faculty Want and What Six Research Universities Provide . Cambridge, Collaborative on Academic Careers in Higher Education.
COACHE released this report in conjunction with the Harvard University Office for Faculty Diversity & Development. It is the result of many months of mining and synthesizing the information collected from nearly 80 interviews with pre-tenure and tenured faculty, department chairs, and senior administrators at six COACHE member campuses. Much of what is contained in this report may be all too familiar to an experienced academic administrator, but it is the first time the experiences of early-career faculty and the faculty development policies of top-tier research universities have been assembled in one place.
See also: Cathy Trower, Higher Education Leadership, Recruitment and Retention, Work Life Balance, Pre-Tenure
The role of citizenship status in intent to leave for pre-tenure faculty
Kim, D., Wolf-Wendel, L., & Twombly, S. B. (2013). The role of citizenship status in intent to leave for pre-tenure faculty. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education , 6 (4), 245-260.
Using a national database, this study uses discriminant analysis to explore the role of citizenship status in determining intent to leave for pre-tenure faculty members at 4-year research universities. Of the three possible responses (intend to stay, intend to leave, and undecided), two functions emerged. The first function differentiates those who intend to stay from those who intend to leave and those who are undecided. The second function differentiates between those who intend to leave and those who are undecided.
Measures of satisfaction with workplace serve as the primary indicators of function one. Race and citizenship status are the only variables significant for function two. Demographic variables, discipline, salary, and institutional variables are not significant in either function. The variables that are significant for the entire sample are similar to those significant just for non-U.S. citizen faculty. Implications of this study for institutions include attending to departmental and institutional fit, recognition of diversity among non-U.S. citizen faculty, and working toward improving various components of satisfaction.
See also: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Recruitment and Retention, Publications Using COACHE Data, Pre-Tenure
Examining faculty satisfaction, productivity, and collegiality in higher education: Contemporary contexts and modern methods
Victorino, C. A. (2012). Examining faculty satisfaction, productivity, and collegiality in higher education: Contemporary contexts and modern methods. University of California, Santa Barbara.
In response to discourse surrounding faculty accountability and diversity, this dissertation describes three studies of faculty satisfaction, productivity, and collegiality in higher education. The studies employed advanced quantitative methods to analyze and interpret faculty data at four-year colleges and universities.
The first study revealed a strong, positive, and highly significant relationship between campus racial climate and faculty satisfaction at the individual level, regardless of gender, race/ethnicity, and tenure status. The second study identified five classes of faculty productivity with respect to gender, race, institutional type, and levels of faculty satisfaction.
The third study examined the relationships among faculty collegiality, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. Significant findings indicated that faculty collegiality was strongly and positively related to job satisfaction and negatively related to turnover intentions, regardless of gender and race/ethnicity. Women faculty and faculty of color indicated lower levels of collegiality, and faculty of color reported lower job satisfaction and higher turnover intentions.
See also: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Recruitment and Retention, Publications Using COACHE Data, Faculty of Color, Women
Senior Faculty Vitality
Trower, C. (2011). Senior Faculty Vitality. TIAA Institute . TIAA CREF.
Academic institutions and faculty are pressured today from multiple directions as the federal government demands greater accountability, states cut budgets, tuition payers demand more, granting agencies become more selective and trustees apply more pressure and scrutinize more closely. In this context, this report examines the workplace satisfaction of senior faculty members at seven public research universities.
The vitality, productivity and satisfaction of senior faculty is extremely important to colleges and universities in fulfilling their missions and achieving their goals. One-quarter of senior faculty surveyed feel that the single most important thing colleges and universities can do to improve the workplace revolves around leadership stability and consistency of mission, focus, and priorities. Sixteen percent feel that increased salaries are most important and 14 percent would like more research support.
See also: Cathy Trower, Work Life Balance, Publications Using COACHE Data, Tenured
New Challenges, New Priorities: The Experience of Generation X Faculty
Helms, R. (2010). New Challenges, New Priorities: The Experience of Generation X Faculty . Cambridge, Collaborative on Academic Careers in Higher Education.
This study explores how Generation X (born 1964-1980) faculty are approaching their jobs, long-term careers, and work-life balance, and examines if and how the generational "clashes" reportedly arising in the workforce are being manifested in the academic environment. The study was designed to complement and build upon the coache Tenure-Track Faculty Job Satisfaction Survey by using qualitative interviews to explore many of the same themes in greater depth with a limited number of participants, and provide insights into how those themes play out in the day-to-day lives of individual faculty members. While the survey provides a snapshot of how tenure-track faculty are feeling about their current job situation, this study examines the broader context of faculty members' long-term careers, and the interplay between their work and non-work lives.
See also: Faculty Development and Support, Recruitment and Retention, Work Life Balance, Whitepapers, Pre-Tenure
International Faculty Perceptions of Departmental Climate and Workplace Satisfaction
Mamiseishvili, K., & Lee, D. (2018). International Faculty Perceptions of Departmental Climate and Workplace Satisfaction. Innovative Higher Education , 43 (5), 323–338.
Although the variability in the definitions and immigration status of international academics makes it challenging to provide the exact number of foreign-born faculty members teaching and conducting research in U.S. postsecondary institutions, all data accounts have pointed to a steady growth in this segment of the professoriate. This study used data from the 2011-2014 Faculty Job Satisfaction Survey to examine international faculty members' satisfaction with autonomy, interactions with colleagues, departmental climate, and recognition and the effect of these elements upon the overall workplace satisfaction of international faculty members relative to their U.S. citizen peers.
This study helps identify factors that can enhance international faculty members' satisfaction in order to aid institutions in their efforts not only to recruit the best talent but also to support and retain such talent.
See also: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Publications Using COACHE Data
Climate Change: Creating Space for Interdepartmental Problem Solving at Skidmore College
(2018). Climate Change: Creating Space for Interdepartmental Problem Solving at Skidmore College.
Historically, academic departments at Skidmore College operated with large degrees of autonomy from one another. Groups rarely collaborated, which made it difficult for faculty and administrators to address climate and leadership challenges across divisions. In the absence of a centralized group equipped with the tools and resources needed to address these issues, Skidmore partnered with the Collaborative on Academic Careers in Higher Education (COACHE) and conducted the Faculty Job Satisfaction Survey to identify ways to improve departmental climates.
Using Skidmore's survey results as a baseline for their first meeting, the team, which Skidmore leaders dubbed the 'COACHE Collaborators', worked together to identify three areas of departmental climate in need of attention: collegiality, diversity and inclusion, and work-life balance.
See also: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Higher Education Leadership, Partner Case Studies
Engineering a place for women: A study of how departmental climate influences the career satisfaction of female mechanical engineering faculty members
Young, M. J. (2012). Engineering a place for women: A study of how departmental climate influences the career satisfaction of female mechanical engineering faculty members. Syracuse University.
The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to better understand how female mechanical engineering faculty members' career experiences in academia affect their satisfaction. The research considered differences in satisfaction reported by female and male mechanical engineering faculty members in terms of departmental climate, nature of work, resource allocations, departmental policies/practices, and overall satisfaction.
The study compared the levels of satisfaction reported in survey data collected through the Faculty Job Satisfaction Survey from 2005-2010. A subset of the survey participants was interviewed to gain nuanced descriptions of faculty member worklife.
This study identified the role of gendered divisions of labor, gendered divisions of allowed behavior, gendered symbols, and gendered interactions as reasons why female mechanical engineering faculty members are less satisfied with employment in academia than their male colleagues. Recommendations for how mechanical engineering leadership can improve the climate in the department include transparency in decision-making and encouraging senior faculty members to engage in constructive, collaborative research conversations with junior faculty members.
See also: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Publications Using COACHE Data, By Discipline, Women
The Experience of Tenure-Track Faculty at Research Universities: Analysis of COACHE Survey Results by Academic Area and Gender
(2010). The Experience of Tenure-Track Faculty at Research Universities: Analysis of COACHE Survey Results by Academic Area and Gender.
The COACHE Faculty Job Satisfaction Survey is organized around five themes: tenure, nature of the work, policies and practices, climate, culture, and collegiality, and global satisfaction. This analysis looks at survey data for pre-tenure faculty at research universities. In particular, the analysis examined gender differences across twelve academic areas. Mean scores for each of the 83 survey dimension were ranked across all 12 academic areas.
See also: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Statistical Reports, By Discipline, Pre-Tenure, Women
Reasonableness and clarity of tenure expectations: Gender and race differences in faculty perceptions.
Lisnic, R. (2016). Reasonableness and clarity of tenure expectations: Gender and race differences in faculty perceptions. University of Arkansas.
This dissertation studies how higher education policies and practices can affect faculty retention and proposes changes that higher education institutions need to make to retain their faculty. The first manuscript investigates the reasonableness of tenure expectations as it relates to work-life balance, the second explores whether women's and men's assessments of tenure-related departmental practices influence their perceptions of clarity of tenure expectations, and the third looks at how the intersection of gender and race influences faculty perceptions of clarity of tenure expectations. The dissertation uses Faculty Job Satisfaction Survey data from a sample of 2,438 tenure-track assistant professors at research universities.
Beyond Teaching and Research: Faculty Perceptions of Service Roles at Research Universities
Mamiseishvili, K., Miller, M. T., & Lee, D. (2016). Beyond Teaching and Research: Faculty Perceptions of Service Roles at Research Universities. Innovative Higher Education , 41 (4), 273-285.
Faculty members in higher education institutions frequently have the responsibility of providing service activities to their institutions, professional societies, and external communities. This responsibility, however, generally carries little reward in the workplace and does not play a major role in promotion criteria. This study drew upon a sample of 4,400 research university faculty members surveyed through the Faculty Job Satisfaction Survey to explore their satisfaction with service roles by academic rank. Findings showed that mid-career faculty members at the associate professor rank were significantly less satisfied with their service functions, including workload, equity, work balance, recognition, and institutional support, when compared with both assistant and full professors.
See also: Faculty Development and Support, Publications Using COACHE Data, Pre-Tenure, Tenured
Understanding the changing faculty workforce in higher education: A comparison of non-tenure track and tenure line experiences
Ott, M., & Cisneros, J. (2015). Understanding the changing faculty workforce in higher education: A comparison of non-tenure track and tenure line experiences. Education Policy Analysis Archives , 23 (90).
Non-tenure track faculty are a growing majority in American higher education, but research examining their work lives is limited. Moreover, the theoretical frameworks commonly used by scholars have been critiqued for reliance on ideologically charged assumptions. Using a conceptual model developed from Hackman and Oldham's (1980) Job Characteristics Model (JCM) and prior research on faculty workplace experiences, this study considers the extent to which full-time non-tenure track and tenure line faculty share a professionalized approach to their jobs, working conditions, and how this is associated with their organizational commitment.
Satisfaction with resources, rewards, autonomy and feedback had a significant positive relationship with odds of organizational commitment for all faculty groups. Overall, the results suggest being removed from the tenure track is not associated with faculty viewing their jobs in a substantially different way than those in tenure line positions, which underscores the importance of conceptualizing full-time faculty work as an integrated whole.
See also: Work Life Balance, Publications Using COACHE Data, Non Tenure Track, Pre-Tenure, Tenured
Is the Tenure Process Fair? What Faculty Think
Lawrence, J. H., Celis, S., & Ott, M. (2014). Is the Tenure Process Fair? What Faculty Think. The Journal of Higher Education , 85 (2), 155-188.
A conceptual framework grounded on procedural justice theory was created to explain how judgments about the fairness of tenure decision-making evolved among faculty who had not yet undergone the review. The framework posits that faculty beliefs about fairness are influenced directly by their workplace experiences and both directly and indirectly by their socio-demographic characteristics.
Structural equation modeling was used to assess the proposed effects with data from 2,247 pre-tenure assistant professors at 21 research universities. The results substantiate the importance of perceived campus and department conditions.
Equitable treatment of junior faculty at the department level and effectiveness of feedback have the strongest relationships with beliefs about the equity of tenure decision-making. An individual's sense of control during the process of constructing the tenure dossier predicts his or her judgments about the fairness of tenure reviews. Practical suggestions for campus leaders and implications for future research are discussed.
See also: Career Path, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Publications Using COACHE Data, Pre-Tenure
The Situational Context of Tenured Female Faculty in the Academy and the Impact of Critical Mass of Tenured Female Faculty on Pre-tenure Faculty Job Satisfaction: A Four Discipline Study
Bouvier, D. L. (2013). The Situational Context of Tenured Female Faculty in the Academy and the Impact of Critical Mass of Tenured Female Faculty on Pre-tenure Faculty Job Satisfaction: A Four Discipline Study. Ohio University.
This research studies the convergence between critical mass, discipline and gender in the academy. Critical mass theory is based on the concept that when a "nonmajority" group reaches a minimal threshold they can generate lasting change within an organization. While women receive doctoral degrees in higher percentages than their male colleagues, they do not ascend the ranks in the same proportions (Touchton, McTighe Musil, & Peltier Campbell, 2008). A critical mass of tenured female faculty has the ability to positively impact the environment for pre-tenure faculty at the departmental level.
The study used data from the 2011-12 COACHE survey of faculty in finance/accounting, management, English and history. A critical mass of tenured female faculty positively impacted environments for pre-tenure females and males in history and females in management. In management departments without a critical mass of tenured female faculty, females were significantly less satisfied while their male colleagues were significantly more satisfied. Further qualitative research is needed to better understand environments using the lenses of critical mass, discipline and gender.
See also: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, Publications Using COACHE Data, Pre-Tenure, Women
Faculty Departure and Retention at Small Liberal Arts Colleges
Reynolds, P. D. (2021). Faculty Departure and Retention at Small Liberal Arts Colleges.
Voluntary faculty departures can often be prevented, but a lack of common exit procedures have hindered institutions' ability to create proactive practices of faculty retention and instead harbor reactive tendencies with little positive outcome. Through interviews with 22 CAOs at liberal arts colleges, Patrick D. Reynolds, former Visiting Practitioner to COACHE, discovered partner employment and career choice were the two most prominent reasons for departures. Outliers also revealed that work and social environments, especially for faculty members of minority groups, often played a role in dissatisfaction.
See also: Recruitment and Retention, Whitepapers
Benchmark Best Practices: Tenure and Promotion
(2014). Benchmark Best Practices: Tenure and Promotion.
The COACHE surveys of college faculty produce data that are both salient to full-time college faculty and actionable by academic leaders. The survey items are aggregated into 20 benchmarks representing the general thrust of faculty satisfaction along key themes. This white paper discusses the themes of tenure policies, tenure clarity, and promotion.
Administrators and faculty alike acknowledge that, at most institutions, the bar to achieve tenure has risen over time. While it is impossible to eliminate anxiety from the minds of all pre-tenure faculty members, or the pressures exerted on their lives en route to tenure, academic leaders can improve the clarity of tenure policies and expectations without sacrificing rigor. And while the academy has recently improved many policies for assistant professors (e.g., research leave; stop-the-tenure-clock; part-time tenure-track options), it has done far less for associate professors. Ideas have emerged from COACHE research on tenured faculty.
See also: Career Path, Whitepapers


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December 7, 2022 Business News
NASA to Utilize Commercially Available TerraPoiNT Network in SF Bay Area to Further Urban Air Mobility Development
NextNav, a leader in next generation GPS, announced that it has been selected by NASA's Ames Research Center in Silicon Valley to deliver PNT services for its urban drone program. Utilizing NextNav's commercially deployed TerraPoiNT network in the San Francisco Bay area, NASA Ames will capture in-flight horizontal and vertical location data to validate drone flight safety at its Mountain View, California, facility.
The agreement builds on an existing collaboration between NextNav and NASA, in which NASA leverages the TerraPoiNT network to support its CERTAIN facilities at its Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. NextNav's commercial grade TerraPoiNT network in the San Francisco Bay Area will be leveraged by NASA Ames to conduct tests on drone flights within their Urban Air Mobility program.
Specifically, NASA will utilize TerraPoiNT beacons to capture in-flight data on drone navigation, detection, and collision avoidance, and support a stronger understanding of positioning, navigation, and timing in GPS-denied environments. Initial tests in the Bay Area will leverage TerraPoiNT's existing network in the region, which will allow for Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) testing for drones operating outside the visible range of a pilot.
"We are excited to see NASA expand its footprint from the initial use of our TerraPoiNT network in Virginia to its Ames facility in Mountain View, California, leveraging our Bay Area deployment. This further validates the applicability of our TerraPoiNT system for urban drone markets, particularly in GPS-denied environments," said Ganesh Pattabiraman, CEO of NextNav.
NextNav's TerraPoiNT delivers precise geolocation services where satellite-based GPS signals may not be available. Through a network of terrestrial beacons, the system is able to deliver signals 100,000 times stronger than satellite-based GPS, providing robust resilience and security from disruptions. In an evaluation conducted by the Department of Transportation, NextNav TerraPoiNT was found to be a top performing alternative PNT solution in delivering PNT performance across all applicable use case scenarios.


TSA Pre-Check expands to 47 airlines at over 200 airports nationwide.
The Transportation Security Administration's Pre-Check program (TSA Pre✓®) continues to make travel easier for airline passengers. Just this week, the program added five new eligible airlines for which passengers can use TSA Pre✓. This comes on the heels of the addition of 12 new airlines in 2017. Now, it's possible to cut lines and breeze through airport security (read: no shoes, belt, laptop, or toiletry removal) on a total of 47 airlines at over 200 airports nationwide. And, best of all, applying for TSA Pre✓ is simple, straightforward, and even free—if you have the right credit card. Here's what you need to know about the program and how to apply without paying a dime.
The Transportation Security Administration's TSA Pre✓ program gives travelers access to expedited security departure lines, where you do not need to remove shoes, belts, laptops, or liquids. According to TSA statistics, in January 2018, 94 percent of TSA Pre✓® passengers waited less than five minutes to go through airport security.
How can I get TSA Pre-Check?
There are two ways to get TSA Pre✓. One is to apply directly through the TSA website, enter all the necessary personal background information, submit a completed application, and pay the nonrefundable $85 fee (which may be eligible for reimbursement through your credit card benefits—see below).
Once your application is conditionally approved, you'll receive a message to schedule an in-person appointment at a TSA Pre✓ center, typically located at or near major US airports. You'll need to bring a valid form of identification (e.g., a valid driver's license), have your photo taken, and have your fingerprints scanned. If your background check turns up clean and the interviewer identifies you as a legal, low-security-risk traveler, you'll receive a nine-digit "Known Traveler Number" on the spot (valid for five years) and be able to utilize the benefits immediately.
Which are the new—and old—airlines offering expedited screening through TSA Pre-Check?
Wow, that's a long list! Are there any airlines that still do no participate in TSA Pre-Check?
How do I get TSA Pre-Check for free?
Use the right credit card with the right benefits to pay the nonrefundable application fee, and TSA Pre✓ or Global Entry (with TSA Pre✓ bonus) won't cost you a cent. The charge will automatically come off within days of it clearing your account.


Used as a starter block during the pulling in of heavy duty cable up to 6 in. (152mm) diameter as it is pulled from a stationary or moving cable reel.
Has three rollers that guide the cable with minimal friction.
Cable pulled through the block has a minimum bending radius of 17 in. (432mm).
Designed for use with larger cables up to 6 in. (152mm) in diameter, i.e. 750 MCM Tri-Plex Conductors.
Has a heavy duty aluminum frame with stainless hardware.
Can be used on strand sizes 3/8 to 9/16 in. (10 -14 mm).
Capacity for up to 6 in. (152mm) diameter cable and a safe working load of up 2000 lbs (900kg).
After cable and support rings are in place, the block has hinges that open at one side for easy removal.


text:
class Population : public IPopulation {
 public:
    Population(int ID, std::vector<Individual> *individuals, IMap *map);
    virtual void nextGeneration();
    virtual void updatePopulation();
    virtual void updateMap() const;
    virtual Individual& getIndividual(int index);

    virtual int getIndividualsCount() const;
    virtual void addIndividual(Individual individual);
    virtual void deleteIndividual(int individualNumber);
    virtual ~Population();
 private:
};

#endif  // MODEL_INCLUDE_POPULATION_H_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Subcategory for articles that are useful in understanding and examining the Bible. Technical Note - These articles populate the "Analysis" section of the Bible template template:biblenav.
Pages in category "Bible analysis"
This page was last modified on 4 October 2015, at 18:44.


It would seem to be an ideal solution for cash-strapped drivers: Just as auto insurance premiums are poised to rise, the state is requiring insurance companies to offer a low-cost alternative.
Starting July 1, 2000, good drivers with low incomes can qualify for the new bare-bones policies, which will initially cost $450 a year in Los Angeles and $410 in San Francisco, the only two cities where the experimental coverage will be available.
Applicants can have no more than one ticket or "point" for a moving violation on their records in the past three years, and their incomes cannot exceed 150% of the federal poverty level, which means a four-member household could not make more than about $26,000 a year. Men ages 19 to 24, who are considered the highest-risk drivers, will pay an extra 25% for the policies; the coverage is not available to those under 19.
The policies will be available through insurance agents and will be administered by the California Automobile Assigned Risk Plan, the nonprofit organization that provides coverage for high-risk drivers.
The Legislature mandated the policies to try to combat the problem of uninsured drivers. The Insurance Information Network of California, a trade group, estimates that 1 out of 3 Los Angeles drivers has no insurance despite a state law that requires coverage. Statewide, the proportion of uninsured drivers is about 1 in 5.
The insurance industry, however, doubts that many uninsured drivers will sign up. That means the program may be of greatest interest to the working poor who have insurance.
To make the low premiums feasible, the Legislature lowered the amounts of liability coverage the policies offer. Instead of the current minimum required by law--$15,000 in coverage for bodily injury per person, $30,000 of total bodily injury coverage per accident and $5,000 for property damage--the low-cost policy limits are $10,000, $20,000 and $3,000.
Liability coverage essentially pays for any harm a driver inflicts on other people; bodily injury liability, for example, pays for the medical costs, lost wages and pain suffered by the other driver and any passengers, while property damage basically covers the dings and dents to the other car.
Because most accidents are fender benders that cause less than $1,000 in property damage and don't result in injury, it would seem that the new low-cost policies would provide enough coverage for most situations.
And that's true, as long as you don't have much to lose. If you have a home, a decent job or any savings, however, the bare-bones policy--and the state's regular minimum policy, for that matter--could be the most expensive choice in the long run.
Kenneth Brownlee, a sales and service center manager for Nationwide Insurance Cos., which recently opened three new offices in urban Los Angeles, said he frequently encounters consumers with far more at stake than they realize.
Brownlee, who manages Nationwide's Crenshaw office, estimates at least one-third of the people he contacts have too little liability insurance. Some own homes free and clear, yet carry the minimum insurance required by state law, Brownlee said.
One bad accident could rob these drivers of everything they own if the victims, or their insurance companies, decide to sue for more than the policy limits.
Those who don't have home equity or savings to lose could find their paychecks garnisheed to pay the cost of a lawsuit judgment.
Although premiums vary wildly by company and area, a woman in Compton with 10 years of driving experience and a clean driving record could pay $466 to $2,312 a year for basic liability insurance, according to the state Department of Insurance's 1999 premium survey.
Most major insurers would charge her $600 to $1,200 for coverage.
So if the woman worked a low-wage job, had little savings and rented rather than owned a home, the new low-cost policy probably would make more sense for her than most coverage currently available.
Financial advisors and insurance experts recommend that most people carry liability coverage of $100,000 per person and $300,000 per accident, with at least $50,000 of property damage. Once your income or net worth surpasses six figures, even higher limits are usually recommended. Most auto insurance liability tops out at $500,000 per person or accident, but personal liability or "umbrella" coverage is available to stretch that limit to $10 million.
Interestingly, it doesn't cost all that much more to dramatically increase coverage. Boosting liability coverage from the state's minimums to $100,000 per person for bodily injury, $300,000 per accident and $50,000 property damage--or about 10 times the state minimum--would add about $200 to the average annual premium, according to State Farm actuaries.
That may be money a low-income driver doesn't have, of course, and if it's a choice between groceries and added coverage, there's no choice at all.
For those who do have the option, however, it makes sense to do a little comparison shopping and understand the risks before deciding to opt for the cheapest policy.


Mobiletech Corporation (hereafter "Mobiletech") decided its dividend of surplus on March 18, 2013. Expected impact caused by this dividend to the financial results of SoftBank Corp., (hereafter "the Company"), on a stand-alone basis are as follows.
Mobiletech is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. The Company expects to record JPY 50,002 million in dividends received as non-operating income on a stand-alone basis, for the fiscal year ending March 2013.
On a consolidated basis, dividends received from a consolidated subsidiary will be eliminated as inter-company transaction.
Mobiletech holds 100% of SoftBank Mobile Corp.'s shares through BB Mobile Corp.


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The Story of CCIP: How Our Industry Grew From Simple Dreams
The Chamber of Cosmetics Industry of the Philippines started with a dream 45 years ago. Three individuals, all engaged in the business of cosmetics gathered together and shared common dream. Mr. Tony Gonzales of Mondragon, Mr. Guillermo Pe of Guilcon and Mr. Harry Uy of Harisson Industrial Corporation envisioned a strong cosmetics industry that contributed significantly to the economy of the country. But they realized that that dream can come true only if all industry players banded together and in a connected action, worked for a collective goal.
From 3 members, the Chamber immediately recruited 21 members, all of whom were passionate in their desire to promote the common interests of businesses in the cosmetics industry. The number of members increased each year and now reaches a total of more than one hundred ninety five (195) active members who are committed to the vision of the Chamber.
CCIP is committed to serve as a clearinghouse for regulatory compliance, commerce linkage, information and technology and international affiliation while developing and promoting cooperative relations with government agencies, local and foreign professional associations and related organizations, while providing a venue for fellowship, community services and protection for the common interest of the members.


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While Serena Williams is undoubtedly one of the most sought after athletes in the world today, her success and fame did not come easy. In fact, the tennis star shares in an interview with Huffington Post that she has struggled to come into terms with her body image all throughout her adolescence and early years in the sport.
Serena reveals that part of her struggle with body image concerns stemmed from the fact that she has a very different physical appearance compared with her sister, Venus. Describing her sister as someone who looks like a "model," the French Open champion admits that she had to hurdle obstacles to reach her confidence today. "It wasn't very easy -- growing up," she says in the interview. She adds, "Venus was like a model. I was thicker."
Apart from comparing herself with her sister, Serena also saw how different she looks in contrast to the other athletes. She says, "Most women athletes are pretty thin. I didn't really know how to deal with it." While the tennis star struggled with accepting her self and her body, Serena gladly shares that she eventually got over her insecurities. She reveals, "I had to come to terms -- as every teen and young adult does -- with loving myself. I had to find different role models. But my body type is in style now, so I'm loving it!"
Serena also learned to appreciate her body and the things she could accomplish with it. Citing a particularly traumatic experience of having stepped on broken glass and getting her tendons sliced in 2010, the athlete shares that the entire situation presented a silver lining in the end as she eventually discovered that she should value her body and take care of it, according to Inquistr.
"You worry about it. You worry every second about it. It's like a heartbreak -- the first couple of months, it's really painful and then eventually it goes away," Serena says, referring to the recuperation period following her injury due to the broken glass. She adds, "But every day I got a little bit stronger, every day I worked harder and eventually I didn't even remember it anymore."
She goes on to say about the realization following the bleak period, "It gave me a new perspective on my life. I realized there are so many things that are so important. I don't know if I needed that -- but I feel like maybe I did. And because of it, I'm able to have a better career and appreciate my wins more."


I am reviewing Tree Naturals products in this video. I used the Green Tea & Coconut Conditioner Bar, Whipped Curl Creme, and Citrus and Vanilla Whipped Hair & Body Butter.
Have you tried this line? Visit http://www.treenaturals.com for more info!


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(solution) Humperdinck Inc, an organisation that investigates opportunities
Humperdinck Inc, an organisation that investigates opportunities for potential investment has recently promoted you out of the mailroom. You have some experience in valuation having spent a summer internship at an investment bank. Your boss, easing you into the role, expects you provide an analysis of Hillock & Hummock Ltd, an Australian owned company.
Hillock and Hummock produced 2,500 marmot pelts in the past financial year which had an average selling price of $2,000. Variable costs are estimated at 70% of revenue, with an additional warehouse rent, wages and licences fixed at $750,000 for the year.
Hillock and Hummock have only one depreciable asset, initially purchased at $1,500,000 which they depreciate in a straight line to $0 over 10 years. They are currently still depreciating this asset.
Hillock and Hummock have an interest expense from the debt they hold of $50,000, and the applicable corporate tax rate is 20%
Provide an income statement for Hillock and Hummock for the past financial year.
(7 marks)
There are currently 1 million ordinary shares outstanding for Hillock and Hummock and they pay out 90% of their after tax earnings to investors.
Identify Hillock and Hummock?s earnings per share, the dividend per share and the total amount, dollar amount, of dividends paid to shareholders.
The founder of the company, Mr. Glass, who is now retired, has no other income other than the revenue from his 300,000 Hillock and Hummock shares and is a resident of Australia. The dividends are expected to be fully franked.
Determine the taxable income for Mr. Glass.
Based on the tax rates provided below, determine the size of the refund or tax payable for Mr. Glass. Note: do not include the Medicare Levy or any other levies, offsets or rebates in your calculations.


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Piazza C.L.N. (acronimo di Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale) è una piazzetta situata nel centro storico di Torino e si trova appena dietro le due chiese "gemelle" di piazza San Carlo (Santa Cristina e San Carlo), lungo l'asse di via Roma, in direzione di piazza Carlo Felice e dei giardini Sambuy. Prima del 1935 era nota come "piazza delle Due Chiese".

Storia e descrizione
L'odierno aspetto razionalista lo si deve alla ristrutturazione del 1935 prevista dal progetto di Marcello Piacentini, in pieno periodo fascista, riguardante il secondo tratto di via Roma e della zona circostante. Inizialmente furono progettate le statue di Benito Mussolini e di Vittorio Emanuele III di Savoia, più due fontane poste sul retro delle due chiese, con le allegorie antropomorfe dei fiumi Po e Dora Riparia; tuttavia solo queste ultime due sculture furono realizzate. La piazzetta fu quindi rinominata "piazza delle Due Fontane", che furono realizzate dallo scultore Umberto Baglioni nel 1937.

Durante l'occupazione tedesca nella seconda guerra mondiale, la piazza fu tristemente nota perché ospitava il comando della Gestapo, ubicato presso l'Albergo Nazionale. Il nome della piazzetta fu poi dedicato al Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale, costituitosi in Italia alla caduta del fascismo.

Le fontane gemelle
Le due fontane, che nel 1975 erano assurte a notorietà internazionale poiché scelte da Dario Argento per girare alcune scene del suo film di culto Profondo rosso, nel 1987 furono svuotate e messe fuori servizio a causa dell'usura della copertura della vasca e dell'impianto idrico. Solo nel 2005, dopo quasi venti anni di abbandono e incuria, un significativo restauro, durato alcuni mesi, riportò le due fontane in funzione. Nell'aprile 2013, la fontana dedicata al fiume Po fu svuotata e messa temporaneamente fuori servizio, dopo che da una fessurazione della vasca si originò un danno al parcheggio sottostante a causa di una massiccia infiltrazione.

Nel 2014, anche la fontana della Dora fu svuotata e restaurata. Le fontane furono entrambe reinaugurate il 23 dicembre dello stesso anno, con una cerimonia in cui fu presente l'allora sindaco del capoluogo piemontese, Piero Fassino.

Nel 2017, un pezzo di cornicione di marmo del retro della chiesa di Santa Cristina precipitò sulla fontana dedicata alla Dora Riparia, fortunatamente senza danni al monumento o alle persone.

Note

Voci correlate
 Albergo Nazionale
 Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale
 Museo diffuso della Resistenza, della deportazione, della guerra, dei diritti e della libertà
 Luoghi d'interesse a Torino

Altri progetti

CLN

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


At the time I was there the shop was quiet. Not much decor but then who cares?
Marijuana menu: Small menu.Did not get a chance to peruse the menu.Got the dolphin hash and took off.
Summary : I didn't find the dolphin hash to be exceptional.A light headed high.


Q. Our friends have a third-grader who struggles with reading. They say they wish they had paid more attention to building the foundational skills for reading with him when he was in preschool and kindergarten. What are these foundational skills?
1. Phonemic awareness - the ability to hear and remember the order of the sounds that the letters make in words.
2. Phonics - the ability to match the sounds the letters make to the written symbols on a page, and to decode them as words, quickly and accurately.
3. Comprehension - the ability to understand and remember the concepts read.
4. Vocabulary - the English language has more than 750,000 words, yet many people have a working vocabulary of just a couple of thousand words. The bigger your vocabulary, the easier it is for you to read and understand, and the farther you'll go in life, because a big vocabulary is the No. 1 correlate of success in life - more tied to success than having rich parents, a big-spending school, experienced teachers, etc.
5. Fluency - the quick, efficient and accurate decoding of words, read rapidly and with expression with little conscious attention to the task, and high automaticity.
����������� These five skills work together. If you want to have good reading comprehension, you need to have a good vocabulary so that you can understand the words you are reading right off the bat. If you have good phonics skills, you can take on unfamiliar words more readily and that will increase your fluency in reading, without having to think about all the steps it takes to attack a new word.
����������� Probably the most deficient skill among American schoolchildren is, sadly, the first and most important one, phonemic awareness. It's adorable when a 2-year-old asks for "pasketti" for dinner. But when that child is 8 and still can't hear, say or read the syllables right, it's a big problem.
The reason for this is that most schools today try to teach reading with a number of strategies, instead of sticking with the most effective one, which is phonics-only reading instruction. After a few years in a school system that ignores or minimizes phonics, kids simply can't "hear" the sounds the letters make in words any more, and their spelling, pronuniciation and reading comprehension suffer as a result.
About a third of the students in this country will not become fluent readers unless they receive direct, systematic instruction in all the letter-sound combinations and how we put them together or pull them apart in order to read and write.
1. Limit the TV/video games/computer time of any child under age 12 to one hour a day. They are too passive and fail to build the necessary prereading and reading skills your child needs.
2. Read aloud to your child a half-hour per day from the earliest the child can sit in your lap, until about age 12.
3. Spend as much time as you possibly can each day talking with your child, preferably face to face, so that your child's experience with listening, responding and interacting can build phonemic awareness and all the other basic skills of reading.


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PS Plus: Vazaram os jogos gratuitos de fevereiro e assinantes devem receber um título a mais Os jogos mensais gratuitos do PlayStation Plus para fevereiro…
Bayonetta Origins is coming to Nintendo Switch soon
During this year's Game Awards ceremony, Nintendo debuted two world premiere trailers for games coming to the Nintendo Switch system. The first was the reveal of Bayonetta Origins: Cereza and the Lost Demon, a new take on the Bayonetta series starring Cereza, a young apprentice witch before she would come to be called Bayonetta. The game launches for Nintendo Switch on March 17, 2023. The second trailer focused on the Fire Emblem Engage Expansion Pass, the upcoming paid DLC for the latest entry in the strategy-RPG series. Fire Emblem Engage launches for Nintendo Switch on Jan. 20, 2023, with the first wave of the Expansion Pass* releasing at launch, followed by three additional waves to be released by the end of 2023.
In addition to these new trailers, Nintendo also won a few awards during the annual Game Awards event. It was a celebration of Bayonetta in many ways, as Bayonetta 3 took home the award for Best Action Game, while Kirby and the Forgotten Land won Best Family Game, Splatoon 3 won Best Multiplayer and The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom won the award for Most Anticipated Game.
In Bayonetta Origins: Cereza and the Lost Demon, players take on the role of Cereza, a young apprentice witch, and start a fateful journey into a forbidden forest to gain the power to save her mother. In addition to sporting a striking and distinct storybook-inspired art style of its own, this new title also features gameplay never before seen in the Bayonetta series. Controlling both Cereza and her infernal demon partner, Cheshire, players will focus on exploration, combat and puzzle solving to help Cereza go deeper into the forest.
Players who want a sneak peek of the game won't have to wait long at all! In fact, a brief playable teaser for Bayonetta Origins: Cereza and the Lost Demon can be accessed within the Bayonetta 3 game! Players who purchased the Old Picture Book at Rodin's shop, The Gates of Hell, using in-game currency and unlocked it with three keys will be able to access the teaser.
In another trailer that debuted during The Game Awards, the paid Fire Emblem Engage Expansion Pass DLC was introduced for the upcoming Fire Emblem Engage game. The first of four waves of DLC will release when the game launches for Nintendo Switch on Jan. 20, 2023, and will add a variety of content, including Edelgard, Dimitri and Claude from Fire Emblem: Three Houses as one in-game Emblem, as well as Tiki from Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon & the Blade of Light as another Emblem. Emblems can be summoned in Fire Emblem Engage to fight alongside the main heroes, helping boost their stats and assisting them in combat.
More information about the additional three DLC waves in the Fire Emblem Engage Expansion Pass will be revealed in the future, including details about the new story scenario in Wave 4.
The Game Award 2022 nominees Splatoon 3, Nintendo Switch Sports, Kirby and the Forgotten Land, Pokémon Legends: Arceus, TRIANGLE STRATEGY, LIVE A LIVE, Mario + Rabbids Sparks of Hope, TUNIC, Xenoblade Chronicles 3 and Bayonetta 3, as well as recently launched Pokémon Scarlet and Pokémon Violet, are also now available for anyone looking for something fun to play over the holiday season. See all the Nintendo Switch games that received TGA nominations by visiting https://www.nintendo.com/pt-br/store/games/tga/.
Additionally, this weekend starting Dec. 9 at 4 p.m. PT and running until Dec. 11 at 4 p.m. PT, Splatoon 3 is hosting its first Big Run virtual event! During this Big Run event, players are tasked with working together in co-op play to battle waves of Salmonid enemies in the Wahoo World stage. Plus, everyone who participates in the Big Run event even once will be given an in-game decoration as a token of gratitude.
* Full version of game required to use DLC. Sold separately.
sáb, 10 dez 2022 20:31:51 -0300
PS Plus: Vazaram os jogos gratuitos de fevereiro e assinantes devem receber um título a mais