text:
\section{Introduction}

Since the pioneering work of Kaluza-Klein, adding extra dimensions to the standard (4D) spacetime has shown to be a good strategy in the quest for unification. In modern particle physics, this has led to the brane-world models~\cite{Arkani, Randall-Sundrum, Maartens_living}, where the basic physics scenario is a higher-dimensional 'bulk' spacetime, in which gravity acts, although ordinary matter and fields are supposed to be confined in 4-dimensional 'branes' (see ref.~\cite{Carter} for a purely classical description). This approach evokes Plato's Cavern allegory, because the observed physical fields are seen just as projections (shadows) on the branes (the cavern walls), whereas the real objects are out of sight, living in some higher-dimensional reality (the bulk). The unifying power comes mainly from the fact that a single object can project different shadows in different walls. That is, different physics in the brane can be obtained just by considering different projections of a single bulk object.

In our case, this object is the 5D manifold geometry and the shadows depict the matter-energy content of the 4D spacetime. This has been termed as spacetime-matter (STM) approach (see~\cite{Overduin} for a review). It has also been implemented in Cosmology, after the pioneering work of Ponce de Leon~\cite{JPL88} (see~\cite{Wesson_book} for a review). In some of these works, different projections of the same bulk metric are considered~\cite{JPL, Camera}, so that different FRW metrics are obtained just by projecting onto different branes. A further step in that direction has been taken recently~\cite{3+2 paper}: when embedding spatially flat FRW metrics in a bulk with 3+2 signature (timelike extra coordinate), a single bulk metric was obtained, termed as 'mother metric' or rather M-metric. The aim of this paper is to generalize this unifying result to all types of spatial curvature ($k=0,\pm 1$) and bulk signature (either spacelike or timelike extra coordinate).

We will adopt a top-down approach, starting from the natural generalization of the Cosmological Principle to the five-dimensional bulk manifold. We will assume both isotropy and homogeneity with respect to three space coordinates (the ones that can be observed on the brane). Moreover, we will assume that the cosmological scale factor $R$ is a valid time coordinate. In the 3+2 case, this just amounts to a suitable coordinate choice in the time plane. In the 4+1 case, this amounts to require that the constant $R$ hypersurfaces be space-like. The cosmological expansion will affect then to all physical (timelike) observers.

With this only hypothesis, we write down in section~2 the general form of the 5D line element and the corresponding field equations in the evolution formalism. The general solution is obtained in section~3; it happens to be a single metric, which we call 'M-metric' because it is the generalization of the one previously obtained~\cite{3+2 paper} in the 3+2 case for $k=0$. Our result actually applies to all curvature cases ($k=0,\pm 1$) and for both spacelike and timelike extra dimensions. We show that this metric has a Killing vector, whose integral lines are orthogonal to the $R$ coordinate (time) lines. This means that the coordinates in which we explicitly write down the M-metric have a clear geometrical and physical meaning.

We study in section~4 different brane projections of the M-metric, leading to different FRW models. Apart from the more conventional models (open universes starting from a Big Bang), we can generate in this way some other (more exotic) cases. In the 3+2 case, we can get regular universe models, where the Big Bang lies in the infinite past, or even emergent models, starting from a quasi-stationary state~\cite{Ellis_Maartens, Ellis}. In the 4+1 case, we can generate smooth signature transitions from Euclidean to Lorentzian metrics in the brane~\cite{Ellis_signature,Mars}, which can be considered as the classical counterpart of the Hartel-Hawking 'no boundary' proposal~\cite{Hartle_Hawking}. A simple example model is presented, in the spatially flat case, in order to visualize all the details in a explicit way.

Finally, in section~5, we point out that using the expansion factor as a time coordinate provides a direct control of the matter-energy content in the brane, allowing to impose suitable equations of state. We study the case of an equilibrium combination of matter, radiation and cosmological constant. The explicit expression of the bulk metric embedding is provided, modulo a quadrature. In the process, we identify some signature restrictions: in the 3+2 case, one can get this generic mixture only in the closed universe case ($k=+1$). This confirms some previous results~\cite{3+2 paper}, in the sense that Campbell's theorem~\cite{Campbell} depends on some assumptions that can not be overlooked.

\section{5D Cosmological framework: evolution formalism}

We will consider here 5-dimensional (5D) vacuum metrics, where the extra coordinate is labeled by $\psi$. In our case, where we assume homogeneity and isotropy of the physical 3-space, this 'bulk' metric would read
\begin{equation}\label{bulk metric}
    ds^2 = \epsilon\, A^2(\psi,t)\, d\psi^2 - N^2(\psi,t)\, dt^2 + R^2(t)\;\gamma_{ij}\; dx^i\,dx^j,
\end{equation}
where the three-dimensional metric $\gamma_{ij}$ is of constant curvature, that is
\begin{equation}
    ^{(3)}\!R_{ij} = 2k\;\gamma_{ij}\;\;\;\;\;(k\,=\,0,\pm 1),
\end{equation}
and $\epsilon=\pm 1$, so that the $\psi$ coordinate can be either space-like (4+1 case, $\epsilon = 1$) or time-like (3+2 case, $\epsilon = -1$).

Note that we have chosen the $t$-coordinate lines orthogonal to the constant $R$ hypersurfaces. This can always be done in the 3+2 case, where it would be just a coordinate choice in the $(\psi,t)$ time plane. But the 4+1 case requires assuming that the resulting coordinate lines are actually timelike. This amounts to discard the possibility of having a system of physical observers moving along constant $R$ hypersurfaces.

We will consider a slicing of the 5D manifold by the family of constant $\psi$ hypersurfaces (evolution formalism). On every slice we will recover a FRW line element, namely
\begin{equation}\label{FRW}
    - N^2(\psi,t) \,dt^2 + R^2(t)\;\gamma_{ij}\; dx^i\,dx^j \equiv g_{ab}\; dx^a\,dx^b\,,
\end{equation}
where $a,b\,=\, 1,2,3,4$.
The corresponding extrinsic curvature $K_{ab}$  can be easily calculated in our case:
\begin{equation}\label{extrinsic curvature}
    K_{ab}\equiv - \frac{1}{2A} \partial_\psi ~ g_{ab} = -\frac{N'}{AN}\, u_a\,u_b\,,
\end{equation}
where the primes stand for $\psi$ derivatives and $u^a$ is the future-pointing time unit vector (the FRW metric four-velocity)
\begin{equation}\label{fourvelocity}
    u^a\,=\, \frac{1}{N}\; \delta^a_{(t)}\,,
\end{equation}
which of course verifies
\begin{equation}\label{uderivatives}
    \nabla_a\,u_b\,=\frac{\dot{R}}{NR}\, (g_{ab} + u_a u_b)\,,
\end{equation}
where the dots stand for $t$ derivatives and $\nabla$ is the covariant derivative operator in the constant $\psi$ slices.
The energy density $\rho$ can be obtained directly from the Friedmann equation:
\begin{equation}\label{Friedmann_general}
   \left( \frac{\dot{R}}{NR}\right)^{2} = \frac{\rho}{3}-\frac{k}{R^{2}}\,.
\end{equation}

In the evolution formalism, the vacuum field equations can be written as~\cite{4+1}:
\begin{itemize}
  \item The \textit{scalar constraint}:
  \begin{equation}\label{scalar constraint}
    {K_a}^b{K_b}^a - (trK)^2 =\, ^{(4)}\!R\,.
  \end{equation}
  \item The \textit{vector constraint}:
  \begin{equation}\label{vector constraint}
    \nabla_b\,[\,{K_a}^b - trK \,{\delta_a}^b\,] = 0\,.
  \end{equation}
  \item The \textit{evolution equations}:
  \begin{equation}\label{evolution eqs.}
    \partial_\psi~{K_a}^b = \epsilon\,\nabla_a\,\partial{\,^b}\,A
    + A\;[\,-\epsilon\,^{(4)}\!{R_a}^b + trK \,{K_a}^b\,]\,,
  \end{equation}
  \end{itemize}
where $^{(4)}\!R_{ab}$ is the Ricci tensor of the FRW metric.

Allowing for the degenerate algebraic structure of the extrinsic curvature (\ref{extrinsic curvature}), the scalar constraint amounts to:
\begin{equation}\label{4D scalar curvature}
    ^{(4)}R = \rho-3p = 0\,,
\end{equation}
which implies that the FRW metric obtained in every constant $\psi$ slice is a pure radiation metric.

\section{General solution: The M-metric}

Let us now consider the vector constraint (\ref{vector constraint}). Allowing for (\ref{extrinsic curvature}) and (\ref{uderivatives}), one gets
\begin{equation}\label{Nderiv}
    \dot{R} \; N' = 0\,.
\end{equation}
We will not consider here the trivial case ($R=const$), for which every projection of the bulk metric would lead to Minkowsky space on the brane. We will rather conclude that $N=N(t)$ so that the extrinsic curvature (\ref{extrinsic curvature}) actually vanishes, namely
\begin{equation}\label{Kzero}
    K_{ab} = 0\,.
\end{equation}
The factor $N(t)$ can be eliminated by a suitable redefinition of the $t$ parameter in the 5D metric (\ref{bulk metric}). We get then:
\begin{equation}\label{bulk metric2}
    ds^2 = \epsilon\, A^2(\psi,t)\, d\psi^2 - dt^2 + R^2(t)\;\gamma_{ij}\; dx^i\,dx^j\,.
\end{equation}
The evolution equation (\ref{evolution eqs.}) reads now
\begin{equation}\label{evolution consistency}
    \frac{1}{A}\,\nabla_a\,\partial{\,^b}\,A = ^{(4)}\!{R_a}^b\,,
\end{equation}
where the A derivatives are computed on the constant $\psi$ slices, that is
\begin{equation}\label{Aderivs}
    \partial_a\,A = - \dot{A}\, u_a\,.
\end{equation}

Allowing for (\ref{4D scalar curvature}), the Ricci tensor in the FRW slice corresponds to the pure radiation case:
\begin{equation}\label{4D Ricci}
    ^{(4)}\!{R_a}^b = \frac{C}{R^4}\,({\delta_a}^b+4\,u_au^b)\,,
\end{equation}
where $C$ is an arbitrary constant. According to the Friedmann equation (\ref{Friedmann_general}), the expansion factor verifies
\begin{equation}\label{Friedmann}
    \dot{R}^2 = \frac{C}{R^2} - k\,.
\end{equation}
The space components of (\ref{evolution consistency}) can now be written in a simple form:
\begin{equation}\label{evol space}
    \frac{\dot{A}}{A}\,\dot{R}= -\frac{C}{R^3} = \ddot{R}\,,
\end{equation}
which can be explicitly solved:
\begin{equation}\label{A solution}
    A(\psi,t) = \lambda(\psi)\,\dot{R}.
\end{equation}
The integration factor $\lambda$ can be easily removed by a suitable definition of the variable $\psi$. The remaining components in (\ref{evolution consistency}) provide no additional restriction. As a result, the general vacuum solution for the cosmological case (\ref{bulk metric}) can be written, in explicit form, as:
\begin{equation}\label{M metric}
    ds^2 = \epsilon \left( \frac{C}{R^2} - k\right) d\psi^2 - \left( \frac{C}{R^2} - k\right)^{-1}\!dR^2 + R^2\,\gamma_{ij}\, dx^i\,dx^j.
\end{equation}
We have chosen here the $(\psi,R)$ coordinate pair, because in this way all metric coefficients are fully specified. This shows that the general solution (\ref{M metric}) is actually a single vacuum metric, which we will call 'M-metric' in what follows. A single 'mother' metric in the bulk for the full set of embedded FRW metrics, which can be recovered by projecting (\ref{M metric}) onto different, infinitely-many, 4D hypersurfaces (branes). The particular solution for the $\epsilon = -1$, $k=0$ parameter choice has been recently published~\cite{3+2 paper}.

Let us note that the M-metric (\ref{M metric}) has a Killing vector
\begin{equation}\label{Killing}
    \xi \equiv \partial_\psi\,.
\end{equation}
This implies that the $\psi$-coordinate lines have an intrinsic geometrical meaning. On the other hand, from the physical point of view, the time coordinate is precisely the cosmological expansion factor $R$. This intrinsic meaning, both from the geometrical and the physical point of view, allows an straightforward comparison with other forms of the same metric, like the ones proposed in the pioneering work of Ponce de Leon~\cite{JPL88}.

\section{Non-trivial projections: Regular, Emergent and Signature-changing Universes}

We have seen that the trivial projection on $\psi= const$ hypersurfaces leads to pure radiation FRW universe. Another option is to select instead a nontrivial hypersurface in order to get completely different FRW models.
In order to visualize the behaviour of the resulting 4D projections, we will switch to a new time coordinate, namely
\begin{equation}\label{u coord}
    u = \int_0^R \frac{L^2dL}{C-k\,L^2}\,,
\end{equation}
so that the $(\psi,u)$ sector in the M-metric (\ref{M metric}) gets a explicit conformally-flat form:
\begin{equation}\label{M metric conformal}
    ds^2 = \left( \frac{C}{R^2} - k\right )(\epsilon\,d\psi^2 - du^2) + R^2(u)\,\gamma_{ij}\, dx^i\,dx^j.
\end{equation}

We can consider now projections defined by different choices of
\begin{equation}\label{Phi projection}
    \phi(\psi,u) = constant\,,
\end{equation}
which can be visualized as curves in the $(u,\psi)$ plane (see figure~\ref{timelines}).
Note that in the 4+1 case, we must fulfill the additional causality condition
\begin{equation}\label{causality}
|du/d\psi| > 1\;\;\;\;\;\;(\epsilon = +1)\,.
\end{equation}
Otherwise, the projected (brane) metric would be of Euclidean type, instead of the Lorentzian one.

We show in figure~\ref{timelines} some qualitatively different projections. The green line in the right-hand-side corresponds to a quite standard model, defined by
\begin{equation}\label{hyperbola}
u = \sqrt{\psi^2-\phi^2}
\end{equation}
on the constant $\phi$ hypersurfaces. The resulting FRW universe shows a Big Bang singularity ($u=0$) and verifies everywhere the causality condition (\ref{causality}): it will work the for both choices of the signature parameter
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=7.8cm,height=5.0cm]{parametric_2}
\caption{ Timelines in the $(\psi,u)$ plane of the bulk M-metric, each one leading to a different FRW brane projection. The big-bang singularity is here the $u=0$ line. The dotted line marks the unit slope, as required from the causality condition arising in the $\epsilon = +1$ case. The green line on the right corresponds to a standard, open big bang model. The blue line in the center corresponds to an emergent universe ($\epsilon = -1$ case). The red line on the left corresponds either to a regular FRW model, without big bang ($\epsilon = -1$) or to a 4D metric showing a smooth transition, at the point marked with a dot, from Euclidean to Lorentzian signature ($\epsilon = +1$).}
\label{timelines}
\end{figure}

A very different model is obtained by taking instead
\begin{equation}\label{hyperbolic}
    u = \phi + 2\,\tanh{\psi} \,,\;\;\;\;\phi > 2
\end{equation}
(blue line in the center). Note that this choice violates the causality condition everywhere, so it can only work for the $\epsilon=-1$ signature choice. This case corresponds to a regular universe, with no Big Bang singularity. It can be thought as an approximation to some 'Emergent Universe', as defined by Ellis and Maartens~\cite{Ellis_Maartens, Ellis}. The universe expansion starts here from a quasi-stationary state and makes a smooth transition to another quasi-stationary state with a higher value of the expansion factor.

Finally, the red line in the left-hand-side, given by
\begin{equation}\label{regular}
    u = -\phi^2/\psi
\end{equation}
corresponds also to a regular universe, but it verifies the causality condition only in the upper part of the plot ($u>\phi $). This is not a problem in the $\epsilon=-1$ case ($\psi$ timelike): there is no beginning, as the big bang singularity is just in the infinite past limit. Although the singularity is not actually reached, the physical conditions near there can be very close to those just after the big bang in standard models.

In the $\epsilon=+1$ case ($\psi$ spacelike), however, we get a completely different description. There is a dynamical signature change: a smooth transition from an Euclidian to a Lorentzian 4D metric in the brane. This change of signature can be considered~\cite{Ellis_signature,Mars} a classical counterpart of the Hartle-Hawking 'no-boundary' proposal~\cite{Hartle_Hawking}, without resorting to the 'imaginary time' idea. The resulting Lorentzian (FRW)  model will then show an initial singularity (both density and the Hubble factor blow-up) at a finite value of the expansion parameter ($u=\phi$).

\section{Matter-Energy content on the brane: realistic equations of state}

Let us consider now the general FRW line element. Using the scale factor $R$ as the time coordinate, and allowing for the general Friedmann equation (\ref{Friedmann_general}), we get
\begin{equation}\label{FRW metric}
    ds^2 = -\left( \frac{\rho}{3}\,R^2 - k\right)^{-1}\; dR^2 + R^2\;\gamma_{ij}\; dx^i\,dx^j\,,
\end{equation}
where $\rho(R)$ is the density, and the pressure $p$ is given by
\begin{equation}\label{pressure}
    \frac{d\rho}{dR} + 3\,\frac{\rho + p}{R}= 0\,.
\end{equation}
We can see that the explicit form of the FRW metric is provided just by specifying the total density on the brane in terms of the scale factor. Allowing for (\ref{pressure}), this can be done by imposing any suitable equation of state. In the barotropic case $(p=w\rho)$ we get then:
\begin{equation}\label{barotropic}
    \rho \propto R^{-3(1+w)}\,,
\end{equation}
where $w$ is the barotropic index.

We can compare this form of FRW metrics with the projection of the bulk metric (\ref{M metric}) onto an arbitrary (brane) hypersurface, given by (\ref{Phi projection}). We get:
\begin{equation}\label{M metric projection}
    ds^2 = \left[ \epsilon (\frac{C}{R^2} - k)(\frac{d\psi}{dR})^2 - (\frac{C}{R^2} - k)^{-1}\right] dR^2 + R^2\,\gamma_{ij}\, dx^i\,dx^j.
\end{equation}
A simple calculation shows that the two metrics, (\ref{FRW metric}) and (\ref{M metric projection}), match if and only if $d\psi/dR$ verifies
\begin{equation}\label{matching condition}
    \epsilon\left[ (\frac{C}{R^2} - k)\, (\frac{d\psi}{dR})\right]^2 = \frac{\rho\,R^4-3\,C}{\rho\,R^4-3\,k R^2}\,.
\end{equation}

At first sight, it seems that (\ref{matching condition}) guarantees that any FRW metric can be embedded in the cosmological 5D bulk (\ref{M metric}). But one must pay attention to the signature restrictions contained in (\ref{matching condition}), namely
\begin{equation}\label{signature restriction}
    \epsilon = \operatorname{sgn}(\,\rho\,R^4-3\,C\,)\,.
\end{equation}

\begin{table}[]
\begin{tabular}{||c||c|c|}
\hline
Signature                                                          & $\epsilon=1$                   & $\epsilon=-1$                 \\ \hline
\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}\quad$R\to 0$\\(Big Bang)\end{tabular}      & $\omega_{\max}\geq \frac{1}{3}$ & $\omega_{\max}\leq\frac{1}{3}$ \\ \hline
\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}l@{}}\qquad$R\to\infty$\\(Open Universe)\end{tabular} & $\omega_{\min}\leq \frac{1}{3}$ & $\omega_{\min}\geq \frac{1}{3}$                              \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Restrictions on the adiabatic index range from different asymptotic regimes, for every signature choice.}
\end{table}

The consequences of this restriction for a generic mixture of adiabatic fluid components with adiabatic indexes in the range $\omega_{min} \leq \omega \leq \omega_{max}$ are displayed in Table I. In the 4+1 case ($\epsilon = -1$), there is no problem for a generic equilibrium combination of matter, radiation and cosmological constant terms (with positive density values), namely
\begin{equation}\label{density}
    \rho = \rho_{matter} + \rho_{rad} + \Lambda\,.
\end{equation}
But note that the restriction on $\omega_{max}$ implies that the presence of a radiation component (or something stiffer) is actually required. For the mixture (\ref{density}) this means
\begin{equation}\label{C choice}
    3\,C < \rho_{rad}\,R^4\,.
\end{equation}
The specific expression for $\psi(R)$ can be obtained then from (\ref{matching condition}), modulo a quadrature.

In the $\epsilon=-1$ signature case (\,3+2 bulk manifold), we find just the opposite situation, as the restrictions coming from the two asymptotic regimes are incompatible (except in the pure radiation case). Reasonable physical models (with something more than radiation components) will require then a closed universe ($k=+1$). In this case the only restriction will be $\omega_{max}\leq\frac{1}{3}$, which
would forbid components stiffer than radiation in the Big Bang regime.

This limitations go against the common belief that the Campbell theorem~\cite{Campbell} (see ref.~\cite{Seahra} for its extension to the pseudo-Riemannian case) ensures the embedding of any four-dimensional metric into a five-dimensional Ricci-flat manifold, where the extra dimension can be either space-like or time-like. Let us stress here that what the theorem really says is that any 4D metric can be embedded in a 5D Ricci-flat manifold \textit{provided that} the embedding equations (\ref{scalar constraint}-\ref{evolution eqs.}) hold at least on a single 4D hypersurface. Our results show that this assumption is actually not fulfilled for the density choice (\ref{density}) with the signature combination $\epsilon=-1$, $k=0,-1$.

\subsection*{A 'Big unfreeze' simple model}
We will here provide a simple example of a FRW model showing a dynamical signature change. It can be obtained from the projected metric (\ref{M metric projection}), although we will consider here for simplicity just the spatially flat ($k=0$) case, namely:
\begin{equation}\label{Friedmann projection}
    ds^2 = -C\left[\frac{R^4}{C^2} -(\frac{d\psi}{dR})^2 \right]\frac{dR^2}{R^2}  + R^2\,\gamma_{ij}\, dx^i\,dx^j\,,
\end{equation}
where the energy density can be obtained by direct comparison with the standard FRW expression (\ref{FRW metric}), that is
\begin{equation}\label{model density}
    \frac{3}{\rho} = C\left[\frac{R^4}{C^2} -(\frac{d\psi}{dR})^2 \right]\,.
\end{equation}

The trivial $\psi=constant$ choice leads to a standard pure-radiation model, that is
\begin{equation}\label{radiation}
    \rho = \frac{3C}{R^4}\,.
\end{equation}
A related 'Big unfreeze' model could be for instance
\begin{equation}\label{radiation unfreeze}
    \rho = \frac{3C}{R^4-R^4_0}\,,
\end{equation}
which can be obtained from the simple linear relation
\begin{equation}\label{linear recipe}
    \frac{d\psi}{dR} = \pm \frac{R_0^2}{C}\,.
\end{equation}

It is clear here that a signature change will occur when $R=R_0$. At this point, the energy density becomes infinite, but it just marks the transition from the Riemannian to the pseudo-Riemannian signature in the FRW projected metric (\ref{Friedmann projection}): the beginning of time. Of course, more sophisticated models can be obtained from different generalizations of the linear prescription (\ref{linear recipe}). For instance, one could get easily
\begin{equation}\label{simple density}
    \rho = \frac{3C + \Omega R + \Lambda\,R^4}{R^4-R^4_0}\,.
\end{equation}
Note that in this case the asymptotic expansion regime $R \gg R_0$ is
\begin{equation}\label{Cosmological constant}
    \rho \simeq \frac{3C + \Lambda\,R_0^4}{R^4}+\frac{\Omega}{R^3}+\Lambda+ O(R^{-7})\,,
\end{equation}
so it can fit the present values of the density parameters.

\section{Conclusions and outlook}

We have found the general solution for metrics verifying the natural extension of the Cosmological Principle to a five-dimensional (bulk) manifold. Apart from the trivial case, there is a unique solution for every curvature sign ($k=0,\pm 1$) and every signature of the extra  coordinate ($\epsilon = \pm 1$): the M-metric (\ref{M metric}). This metric has a Killing vector (\ref{Killing}), and we have used adapted orthogonal coordinates $(\psi,R)$, where $\psi$ is the corresponding cyclic coordinate and $R$ is the cosmological expansion factor. In this way, our coordinates have a sound geometrical and physical meaning.

We have considered the projections of the M-metric onto space-homogeneous four-dimensional hypersurfaces (branes) in order to recover FRW metrics. The use of $R$ as the time coordinate in the brane allows one to express the generic FRW metric directly in terms of the matter-energy density (\ref{FRW metric}). This is crucial for controlling the equation of state of the resulting projection. We have studied the case of a generic (equilibrium) mixture of matter, radiation and cosmological constant. We have provided, modulo a quadrature, the transformation $\psi(R)$ allowing to recover the corresponding metric for both signature combinations ($\epsilon=\pm 1$) in the closed universe case ($k=+1$). In the open case ($k=0,-1$), we have shown that, apart from the pure radiation case, the generic combination can be obtained only when the extra coordinate $\psi$ is space-like.

The $(\psi,R)$ plane in the bulk happens to be a powerful tool for devising the evolution properties of the resulting projected spacetimes: one only has to select a suitable time curve, which will be kept as the physical time coordinate in the brane. We shown how to obtain by this method some FRW regular solutions, evolving from the infinite past (no Big Bang), that could be useful to deal with the Cosmological Horizon problem. These are regular FRW models in standard General Relativity: there is no need to recur to alternative theories in order to get these appealing cosmological models. We have also seen how to obtain in this way models that approach some instances of the well-known 'Emergent Universe' inflationary models~\cite{Ellis_Maartens, Ellis}.

In the 4+1 case, where the extra coordinate is spacelike, we have identified the causality condition (\ref{causality}) which ensures that the projected (brane) hypersurface is of Lorentzian type. When violated, the projection leads to an Euclidean 4D manifold, with no time dimension. We can take advantage of this in order to get universe models showing a dynamical signature change: a smooth transition from an Euclidian to a Lorentzian 4D metric. This change of signature was proposed by Hartle and Hawking in the quantum Cosmology context in order to avoid imposing any initial boundary condition: the wave function could then oscillate in the Lorentzian domain and get exponentially damped in the Euclidean one. In the purely classical context, it has been suggested that the bulk-brane paradigm could lead to this signature change in a natural way: a perfectly smooth solution in the bulk leading to a 4D signature-changing metric in the brane projection~\cite{Ellis_signature,Mars}. The bulk solution, however, was not clearly identified: a bottom-up approach was used, assuming the compatibility of the Euclidean and the Lorentzian parts embedding. We have rather used a top-down approach, starting from the bulk M-metric (\ref{M metric}), and providing explicit expressions for the projection process. The resulting FRW model shows an initial singularity (density blowing-up) at a finite value of the scale factor $R$. This has been termed as 'Big freeze' singularity type~\cite{Jambrina sing} because it has been associated with the final stage of cosmological evolution, as an alternative to the 'Big rip'~\cite{Bouhmadi}. This term is misleading in our case, where we could rather use the term 'Big unfreeze' for this singularity, as it is produced just by the beginning of time, without affecting space geometry. We have shown an explicit example, in the spatially flat case, arising from a simple linear prescription for $\psi(R)$, which can be easily altered in order to get more sophisticated models, that can fit the present values of the density parameters.

As a final remark, let us point out that having the cosmological bulk metric (\ref{M metric}) in fully explicit form can open the door to new advances in some related fields. For instance, a semiclassical Kaluza-Klein approach to Cosmology would clearly benefit from the uniqueness of the spacetime background: any result obtained from the vacuum line element (\ref{M metric}) would allow to draw general conclusions, valid beyond any particular case. This can be important in the study of perturbations that can lead to structure formation. In a 4+1 context, the inhomogeneous perturbation could in principle propagate through the extra space dimension, affecting to the power spectrum, which will depart from the one derived from the standard 3+1 calculations. The usual recipe to deal with that problem is to consider the extra space direction to be compact. A simple look to Fig.~1 shows, however, that the time lines are not periodic, so one can not assume that the $\Psi$ coordinate is compact. But note that the coordinate freedom in the bulk allows one to move from the $(\Psi,R)$ coordinates (R defining the 'expansion time') to some other $(\Phi,t)$ coordinates, where t will be the coordinate adapted to the selected 'physical' timeline, defined then by $\Phi(\Psi,R)= constant$. The natural choice will be to compactify precisely this $\Phi$ space coordinate, orthogonal in the bulk to the physical timelines. In this way, the choice of the special (compact) space coordinate amounts to the choice of the corresponding (orthogonal) timeline in the bulk which will lead to a specific FRW model in the brane. For more potential applications, see for instance ref.~\cite{Wesson_book}.

\acknowledgments
We acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness grants AYA2016-80289-P and AYA2017-82089-ERC (AEI/FEDER, EU). MB would like to thank CONICYT Becas Chile (Concurso Becas de Doctorado en el Extranjero) for financial support.

\bibliographystyle{prsty}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


This is the third in a series of "How To" sessions designed to provide practical strategies to handle tough environment issues, including advice and solutions for real-life compliance. This session will tackle common issues that employers face in administering leaves of absence and request for reasonable accommodation.
Leaves of absence under the ADA: When is enough, enough?


text:
Sources of Business Finance Class 11 Business Studies Important Questions
June 2, 2022 June 2, 2022 contentwriter
Please refer to Sources of Business Finance Class 11 Business Studies Important Questions with solutions provided below. These questions and answers have been provided for Class 11 Business Studies based on the latest syllabus and examination guidelines issued by CBSE, NCERT, and KVS. Students should learn these problem solutions as it will help them to gain more marks in examinations. We have provided Important Questions for Class 11 Business Studies for all chapters in your book. These Board exam questions have been designed by expert teachers of Standard 11.
Class 11 Business Studies Important Questions Sources of Business Finance
Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question. What do you mean by ploughing back of profits?
Answer : A portion of the net earnings may be retained in the business for use in the future is known as retained earnings. It is a source of internal financing or selffinancing or 'ploughing back of profits
Question. State the difference between lessor and lessee with the help of an example
Answer : The owner of the assets is called the 'lessor' while the party that uses the assets is known as the 'lessee'. For example: Amul Diary Ltd purchased machinery from Jindal and Co. on hire purchase basis for which he paid lease rentals of Rs 200000. Here Amul Diary Ltd is lessee and Jindal and Co. is Lesor
Question. Name the return given to debenture holders for using their funds?
Answer : Fixed rate of Interest is given to debenture holders for using their funds.
Question. What is the similarity between ADR and Public Deposits?
Answer : In both ADR and Public deposit, Depositor do not have voting rights, the control of the company is not diluted.
Question. Name the organization which have been set up by the central as well as State governments to provide medium term and long term loans to business sector
Answer : Developmental Banks provides medium term and long term loans to business sector
Question 11. Write the names of 2 Indian companies that offer Factoring services.
Answer : Two names of Indian Companies offering factoring services are SBI Factors and Commercial Services Ltd., Canbank Factors Ltd.,
Short Answer Type Questions
Question. What prefential rights are enjoyed by preference shareholders?
Answer : The preference shareholders enjoy a preferential position over equity shareholders in two ways:
1. receiving a fixed rate of dividend, out of the net profits of the company, before any dividend is declared for equity shareholders;
2. receiving their capital after the claims of the company's creditors have been settled, at the time of liquidation
Question. Define Share and write any two advantages of it.
Answer : Equity shares represent the ownership of a company and thus the capital raised by issue of such shares is known as ownership capital or owner's funds. They are referred to as 'residual owners'. They enjoy the reward as well as bear the risk of ownership. Their liability is limited to capital contributed. They have right to participate in the management
• Equity capital serves as permanent capital as it is to be repaid only at the time of liquidation of a company
• Equity capital provides credit worthiness to the company and confidence to prospective loan providers
Question. Write any three limitations of equity share capital.
• Investors who want steady income may not prefer equity shares as equity shares get fluctuating returns
• The cost of equity shares is generally more as compared to the cost of raising funds through other sources
• Issue of additional equity shares dilutes the voting power, and earnings of existing equity shareholders
Long Answer Type Questions
Question. Discuss the various international sources from where the funds can be generated.
Answer : There are various avenues for organisations to raise funds internationally. Various international sources from where funds may be generated include
• Commercial Banks:
Commercial banks all over the world extend foreign currency loans for business purposes. The types of loans and services provided by banks vary from country to country.
• International Agencies and Development Banks:
A number of international agencies and development banks have emerged over the years to finance international trade and business. These bodies provide long and medium-term loans and grants to promote the development of economically backward areas in the world.
• International Capital Markets:
o Global Depository Receipts (GDR's):
The local currency shares of a company are delivered to the depository bank. The depository bank issues depository receipts against these shares. Such depository receipts denominated in US dollars are known as Global Depository Receipts (GDR). The holders of GDRs do not carry any voting rights but only dividends and capital appreciation.
o American Depository Receipts (ADRs):
The depository receipts issued by a company in the USA are known as American Depository Receipts. It is similar to a GDR except that it can be issued only to American citizens and can be listed and traded on a stock exchange.
o Indian Depository Receipt (IDRs):
An Indian Depository Receipt is a financial instrument denominated in Indian Rupees in the form of a Depository Receipt. It is created by an Indian Depository to enable a foreign company to raise funds from the Indian securities market. According to SEBI guidelines, IDRs are issued to Indian residents in the same way as domestic shares are issued. The issuer company makes a public offer in India, and residents can bid in exactly the same format and method as they bid for Indian shares.
o Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCBs):
Foreign currency convertible bonds are equity linked debt securities that are to be converted into equity or depository receipts after a specific period. Thus, a holder of FCCB has the option of either converting them into equity shares at a predetermined price or exchange rate, or retaining the bonds. They carry a fixed interest rate which is lower than the rate of any other similar nonconvertible debt instrument. FCCB's are listed and traded in foreign stock exchanges.
Question. What do you mean by owners fund? When it is not suitable?
Answer : Owner's funds means funds that are provided by the owners of an enterprise, which may be a sole trader or partners or shareholders of a company. Issue of equity shares and retained earnings are the two important sources from where owner's funds can be obtained.
When it is not suitable depends on the following factors:
1. Cost:
There are two types of cost viz., the cost of procurement of funds and cost of utilising the funds. Both these costs should be taken into account while deciding about the source of funds.
2. Financial strength and stability of operations:
In the choice of source of funds business should be in a sound financial position so as to be
able to repay the principal amount and interest on the borrowed amount. When the earnings of the organisation are not stable, fixed charged funds should be carefully selected as these add to the financial burden
3. Form of organisation and legal status:
A partnership firm, for example, cannot raise money by issue of equity shares as these can
be issued only by a joint stock company
4. Purpose and time period:
Business should plan according to the time period for which the funds are required. A short-term need for example can be met through borrowing funds at low rate of interest through trade credit, commercial paper, etc. For long term finance, sources such as issue of shares and debentures are more appropriate. Similarly, the purpose for which funds are required need to be considered so that the source is matched with the use
5. Risk profile:
Business should evaluate each of the source of finance in terms of the risk involved For example, there is a least risk in equity as the share capital has to be repaid only at the time of winding up A loan on the other hand, has a repayment schedule for both the principal and the interest which is to be paid irrespective of the firm earning a profit or incurring a loss.
6. Control:
Issue of equity shares may mean dilution of the control. Thus, business firm should choose a source keeping in mind the extent to which they are willing to share their control over business.
7. Effect on credit worthiness:
Issue of secured debentures may affect the interest of unsecured creditors of the company and may adversely affect their willingness to extend further loans as credit to the company.
8. Flexibility and ease:
Restrictive provisions, detailed investigation and documentation may be the reason that a business organisations may not prefer it, if other options are readily available.
9. Tax benefits:
Non taxable instrument will be preferred over tax deductible. For example, while the dividend on preference shares is not tax deductible interest paid on debentures and loan is tax deductible and may, therefore, be preferred by organisations seeking tax advantage
So, it is not suitable in case of partnership form of organization, short term need , business wants to take challenge risk, no dilution of control etc.
Question. Comment on the following sources of International finance
(i) I.D.R.
(ii) F.C.C.B
(i) IDR: Indian Depository Receipt (IDRs):
An Indian Depository Receipt is a financial instrument denominated in Indian Rupees in the form of a Depository Receipt. It is created by an Indian Depository to enable a foreign company to raise funds
from the Indian securities market. According to SEBI guidelines, IDRs are issued to Indian residents in the same way as domestic shares are issued. The issuer company makes a public offer in India, and residents can bid in exactly the same format and method as they bid for Indian shares.
(ii)FCCB: Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCBs):
Question. ''Avika Ltd.'' company, an IT giant company registered in India want to top the huge amount of resources for its growth and expansion from U.S.A.for long term needs. IT also needs money for a period of less then 3 years to meet its medium cum short term needs. The company is following the practice of educating and giving employment to under privileged youth.50% of its office electricity is generated through solar power.
(a) Which two sources of finance should be used by the company to meet its requirement. Write any two characteristics of each source.
(b) What values does the company exhibit in above case?
[Hints- ADR and Public Deposits, Employment Generation, Concern for environment]
(a)The company can meet its requirement through ADR and Public Deposits.
• Public Deposits: The deposits that are raised by organisations directly from the public are known as public deposits. While the depositors get higher interest rate than that offered by banks, the cost of deposits to the company is less than the cost of borrowings from banks. It is Regulated by RBI. Companies generally invite public deposits for a period upto three years
• ADR: The local currency shares of a company are delivered to the depository bank. The depository bank issues depository receipts against these shares. The depository receipts issued by a company in the USA are known as American Depository Receipts. The holders of ADRs do not carry any voting rights
(b) The company exhibits the following values:
• Social Responsibility towards the environment: The company is generating 50% of its office electricity through solar power. Hereby conserving resources.
• Generation of Employment: The company is following the practice of educating and giving employment to under privileged youth and thereby generating employment opportunities for youth
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Tag "fintech startups"
Top 10 Fintech Startups In Japan
In 2018 and early 2019, the Japanese fintech market witnessed significant developments. Japan's Financial Services Agency (FSA) published a report in December 2018 which proposed new regulatory requirements for virtual currency exchange service providers and a new regulatory framework for
Top 10 Hottest Fintech Startups in South Korea
Though relatively small when compared with the likes of China and Singapore, South Korea's fintech industry has witnessed significant growth in the past years with now some 400 fintech companies present in the country. The ecosystem's rapid development has been
Top 10 Fintech Startups in Taiwan to Keep an Eye on in 2019
Taiwan has been trying to gain a foothold for itself as a fintech hub, but despite their best response from the industry is still mixed But Taiwan if anything, is at least earnest in its efforts, it recently approved EMQ
China's Top 10 Fintech Startups and Companies
China continues to be the world's undisputed fintech leader, with about 600 deals completed in 2018 and a fintech adoption rate of 69%, the highest in the world, according to EY's 2017 Financial Technology Adoption Index. Out of the world's
A Snapshot of Fintech Unicorns in Asia
In 2018, Asia made a run at the US as the top market for fintech deals with a surge in early-stage and mega-round investments. The region recorded the biggest boost in fintech deals, raising US$22.65 billion across 516 deals, including
10 Best-Funded Fintech Startups in Japan
Japan has seen strong growth in the fintech ecosystem in these past several years as fintech startups, industry players, regulars and government have collaborated to build a sustainable and scalable environment for innovation. Fintech has been considered one of the
7 Fintech Startups to Watch 2019 in Hong Kong
Hong Kong is investing heavily to become Asia's top fintech hub. Among the key policies put in place this year to help it achieve its ambitions is a HK$500 million fund to develop financial services over the next half-decade, including
Blockchain/Bitcoin Taiwan
Top 6 Upcoming Fintech and Blockchain Events in Taiwan
Over the years, Taiwan has remained rather open to blockchain and cryptocurrency, at least compared to its fellow Northeast Asia countries such as China and Korea. While they were originally criticized for lacking any regulation in the Fintech markets, and
11 Accelerators and Incubators in Hong Kong, Fintech Startups Should Know
Hong Kong, a global financial hub, has seen strong growth of its fintech industry. The city now hosts 48 of the top-100 fintech companies in the world, according to IDC Financial Insight 2015. Hong Kong has also seen a vast
Top 16 Fintech Investors in Hong Kong and Mainland China
China's Internet finance industry has boomed in recent years. The country leads the world when it comes to total users and market size, and fintech startups are mushrooming. China contributes to some of the world's largest investments in the fintech


We introduce 3 recommended cafes with good coffee in the Shibuya area in this article.
If you're a coffee lover, you would definitely want to drink tasty coffee during your trip.
Japan is famous for green tea and maccha, but we have great coffee too.
In this article, I Rika, will talk about three amazing cafes that specializes in great quality coffee.
Cafe Mamehico is a very famous cafe, known to almost every coffee/cafe lover. Currently there are two in Shibuya and one in Sangenjyaya, but the place with the most convenient location is the Mamehico in Koendori.
It doesn't seem like it's in the middle of Shibuya, very quiet and stylish.
Rays of sun come in from the large windows, antique shelves and seats are lined up, and it has a very comfortable atmosphere. They even have outlets and wi-fi, so it's suitable for spending long hours here.
You need to order at least one drink per person. They have drink menus from deep roasted blends to café au lait, but the iced coffee named Aiko Reiko has a rich flavor and delicious.
The picture above is Aiko and pancakes. So fluffy and tasty.
Many drinks are over 800 yen and pretty expensive. The prices of food and dessert change depending on the time of the day, but they are overall expensive. The picture below is a seasonal menu, baked apple. They are very particular about the way they serve too.
Although it's expensive, they have an amazing atmosphere. I am wishing that Mamehico will always be an oasis in Shibuya.
It's a 20 minute walk from Shibuya near Yoyogi Park to get to Fuglen Tokyo.
Oslo in Norway has one of the world's best coffee, and FUGLEN is a coffee bar that came to Tokyo from Oslo.
The inside has a stylish Northern Europe taste, and is very comfortable and attractive.
A kind staff who is just like what you would imagine as a barista, will teach you lots of knowledge about coffee.
After hearing their recommendations, I chose AeroPress. It is clear, mellow and smells a bit like apples. So luxurious and delicious!
Fuglen is popular among foreigners along with local people, and their great taste of coffee is guarenteed.
If you're here to take a walk aroung Yoyogi Park, you should definitely stop by.
Lastly, it's not a cafe but a coffee stand that is up on the Dogenzaka. It is easy to find this stylish coffee stand in the middle of the messy roads of Shibuya.
The friendly staff can speak English, and they explain neatly what they recommend. You can drink coffee that are made from AMAMERIA and ONIBUS coffee beans.
They have great rich taste. You'll know that they have studied a lot to make this coffee.
How was the article? There are other articles that are about cafes with great coffee other than ones in Shibuya like "Harajuku, Omotesando, and Ikebukuro! 3 cafes in the city with great coffee and free wi-fi" and "5 Recommended cafes in Shibuya where you can stay for long hours and use free wi-fi ". Check them out too!
5 things to do in Jinbocho book town! Here are Japan's reservoir of knowldge and information!
Found the greatest steak at CARNEYA SANOMAN'S in Nishi Azabu/Hiroo!


Finally available the debut album of the Spanish act BALMOG. Black Metal created under the pillars of Fundamentalism & Devotion. Timeless testimony of an abominable cult from the abysses of the Inframundi! Recommended!!


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Word to search:
Judaica Alpe Adria
Traces of Jewish Memories. Synagogues and Judaica in the Julian March during the 20th Century
Synagogues and Judaica in the Julian March
The Jewish Community of Gorizia: the Ghetto and the Synagogue
The Synagogue of Gorizia and its Judaica (1940-1943)
The Pillaging of the Gorizia Judaica
The Allied Forces in Gorizia
Damage Assessments in the Synagogue of Gorizia
Rediscovering two Lost Torah Scrolls of Gorizia
Continuity and Memory in Gorizia
Notes and Image Rights
The TransCultAA Research Project
Synagogues and Judaica in the Julian March »
Gorizia »
The exterior of the synagogue of Gorizia in 2012
Source: https://it.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sinagoga_di_Gorizia_02.jpg
Jews have maintained a presence in Gorizia since at least the 14th century. In 1698 the modern Ghetto, illustrated here through 20th century photographs, was established. The present-day synagogue was built in 1756, renovated in 1894 and rebuilt after the First World War. The photographs show the location of the Ghetto within the town, the street (today via Ascoli) hosting the main entrance of the synagogue and the inner courtyard with its side entrance (as indicated by two arrows). The two last photographs show an inner courtyard of the Ghetto and the home of one the Gorizia's most eminent scholars, the Jewish linguist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli (1829-1907).
Since the beginning of the 20th century, Gorizia served as a site of transit and refuge for many Jewish emigrants escaping pogroms in Eastern Europe. The city continued to play this role during the interwar period, when the Jewish community comprised 323 members (1931). In 1930, it also included the smaller communities of Udine, the main centre of Friuli, and San Daniele del Friuli, a town north-west of Udine.
The synagogue of Gorizia was damaged by bombing during the First World War, when the city suffered large-scale destructions. This damage was documented in post-war publications on the devastations of war such as Kunstschutz im Kriege, edited by Paul Clemen and published in 1919.
"Square in Gorizia after bombing"
Source: Kunstschutz im Kriege, ed. by P. Clemen, Leipzig, 1919, p. 11
Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici e del Patrimonio Culturale - Università di Udine
© 2021 Laboratorio Informatico per la Documentazione Storico Artistica (LIDA)
Page created 2020-08-21 01:24:42 AM, last change 2021-07-13 05:53:07 AM


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Q: Cannot convert value of type 'Foo!' to expected argument type 'Foo!' I'm baffled by something I've run into a couple of times. I sometimes get errors similar to the following

Cannot convert value of type 'Foo!' to expected argument type 'Foo!

'
I've searched SO, but haven't really found anything that explains why Foo! isn't the same as Foo!.
Here's an example:
// FooViewModel.swift
class FooViewModel: BaseViewModel {
    fileprivate var foo: Foo!
    fileprivate var bar: Bar = Bar()

    init!(model: Foo!) {
        super.init()
        foo = model
    }

    override init() {
        super.init()
    }

    func setFooModel(_ model: Foo!) {
        self.foo = model
    }

    func getFooModel() -> Foo! {
        return self.foo
    }

    func getBar() -> Bar {
        return bar
    }

    func getBlah() -> String {
        return "Blah"
    }
}

Here is the unit test that generates the error:
import XCTest
@testable import WooHoo

class FooViewModelTests: XCTestCase {

    override func setUp() {
        super.setUp()
    }

    override func tearDown() {
        super.tearDown()
    }

    func testGetBar() {
        var foo = Foo()
        let vm = FooViewModel()

        // The following line generates the error
        vm.setFooModel(foo)

        XCTAssertEqual("Tell us your Foo for the Bar program.", vm.getBlah())
    }
}

I've tried a number of variations for vm.setFooModel(foo) to no avail, e.g. vm.setFooModel(foo!) or declaring foo as var foo: Foo! = Foo().
edit:
Note that the code above is for illustrating the issue I'm running into and is not the operational code.

A: I figured this out. My view model was part of the tests target. After I set it to the run target only, the issue resolved. FYI.

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Q: Show the best / MAX unit count over a 15 minute rolling interval - Tableau I'm trying to show the best unit count over a 15 minute rolling interval at a specific level of detail (PLC & Point) that will act as a KPI. I think I'm on the right path but I'm currently getting the "an aggregate function is already an aggregation" error and I can't find either a better solution to do the calculation or a work around for the error.
I have created a calculated field to work out the rolling 15 min sum of the counts called 'Rolling 15 mins' and display that alongside each minute of the test window (see screenshot and 'sheet 1' of the Google drive doc) using
WINDOW_SUM(SUM([Unit Count]),-15,0)

Rolling 15 min screenshot / sheet 1
With the calculation 'Rolling 15 Mins' I've tried to show the best or Max rolling 15mins count at the PLC & Point level so that each points best 15 minute count over a test period is clearly visable using an LOD but this is where I'm getting the error, which I now know is due to the heiracrhy of Tableau calculations, but I can't figure another work around.
{ FIXED [PLC New],[PLC & Point (Test Windows)],DATEPART('hour', [Time]),DATEPART('minute', [Time]) : MAX([Rolling 15 Mins]) }

The screenshot from 'sheet 2' below the 'Rolling 15 Mins' is currently displaying the sum of the unit counts of the last 15 PLC points, but this is the level that I would like to display the best / MAX 15mins unit count over the test period.
The level I'd like to display the MAX 15 mins at / sheet 2
Any assistance with this would be much apperciated. Thanks in advance.
Link to Example File (.twbx)


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Families press CIA to release Sept. 11 report
dz Fri, 06/24/2005 - 7:34am
Relatives of Sept. 11 victims on Thursday called on the CIA to release an internal report that scrutinizes the U.S. spy agency's counterterrorism efforts prior to the 2001 attacks.
The report by the Central Intelligence Agency's inspector general, which is said to be in its final stages, is expected to be sent in classified form to CIA Director Porter Goss and then to the intelligence oversight committees in Congress later this summer, officials said.
But victims' relatives, whose lobbying overcame President Bush's initial resistance to the creation of the Sept. 11 commission, say they intend to step up public pressure on the CIA to release the report publicly.
"There's information in there that's supposed to really name some names and finally go for some accountability," said widow Lorie Van Auken of the group known as the Sept. 11 Advocates, a driving force behind creation of the bipartisan commission that investigated the attacks. "Accountability would be fabulous because right now nobody's being held accountable for anything anywhere in this entire government," she said in an interview.


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Home Entertainment World Bank suggests that Global Economy is experiencing a sharp slowdown
World Bank suggests that Global Economy is experiencing a sharp slowdown
Global Economy on a steep Slowdown: According to the most recent World Bank study, the global economy is experiencing a sharp decline after almost a year of uncertainty in 2022. The World Bank report noted that the COVID-19 pandemic's repercussions are still being felt today in the form of education losses, worldwide inflation, supply chain disruptions, and other issues on a global scale.
Global Economy on a steep Slowdown: Key Points
The global economy is currently experiencing its steepest slowdown after a post-recession recovery since 1970, according to the report 2022 in Nine Charts, which also discussed growth.
Global consumer confidence has already fallen significantly more sharply than it did in the years leading up to previous global recessions.
The economy of the three biggest economies in the world—the United States, China, and the euro zone—have been rapidly slowing.
It went on to say that given the situation, even a slight blow to the world economy over the course of the ensuing year may send it into a recession.
In its study, the World Bank also noted that the escalating intensity of natural disasters continues to shed light on the social and economic effects of climate change.
India's GDP Growth Rate: Economic Growth & Its Future Forecasts
Findings of the Report by World Bank
The Ukraine war, high inflation, supply chain disruptions, and the global economic downturn all worked together to drive significant price increases for many agricultural products and inputs, such as fertilisers, according to the report, which claimed that 2022 was marked by a marked increase in food insecurity around the world.
According to the research, the Covid-19 pandemic caused the biggest setback to attempts to reduce global poverty in decades, and the recovery has been incredibly uneven.
Additionally, it noted that the debt crisis affecting developing nations has worsened over the previous year, with almost 60 percent of the world's poorest nations either in debt distress or at risk of it.
ADB Keeps India's GDP Growth Unchanged at 7%
7,600 fake diplomas purchased by aspiring nurses — multiple schools involved in employment shortcut scheme, DOJ alleges
The epidemic and vulnerabilities in the real estate market had caused the World Bank to lower its China growth prediction for the year. The World Bank announced that it had reduced its projection from the 4.3% expected in June to 2.7% in an official statement. Additionally, it decreased the prediction for the next year from 8.1% to 4.3%.
Find More News on Economy Here
Subhash Chandra Bose Aapda Prabandhan Puraskar-2023 announced
economic slowdown
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Since 2007 FEDECRAIL organizes in cooperation with one of its local members an international youth exchange called "FEDECRAIL Youth Camp" to enable young people from museum railays and railway museums in Europe to come together and learn how in other countries the railway heritage is preserved and to foster intercultural understanding and networking between heritage railways throughout Europe. Each year a different country host the Youth Camp.
All young people who are member of a heritage railway society and who aged between 16 and 25 years are invited to attend (participants under 18 will need a Parental Permission). The duration of the Youth Camp is about ten days and the camp takes place during August when in most of the countries are summer holidays. Typically there are about 25 places available, which are inteded to be split evenly between the contries paritcipating if the number of places is exceeded (which never happened so far). The main language at the Youth Camp is English. Therefore at least one English speaking person shall be in the praticipating group from a country.
Young members of Europe's Heritage and Tourist Railways and Museums are invited to participate in the Youth Exchange from 9th to 18th August 2019.
The Exchange is organized by the Railway Museum at Móra la Nova (Catalonia - Spain) in co-operation with FEDECRAIL and it will take place in Móra la Nova. As in previous years the participants can expect a varied programme which will include visits (Zaragoza, Rubí and Vilanova i la Geltrú), work, fun and making friends from other countries.
Are you between 16 and 25 years of age and interested in the Youth Exchange? Send an email to youthexchange@fedecrail.org for more information or to register.


This anti bandit gate provides an effective barrier allowing you to be safe when you open your front door. It is secured with high security Banham Key Registered M5000 mortice deadlock and can be used with any other Banham registered key locks. It is available in all RAL colours.


NEW YORK -- Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos announced that he and his wife MacKenzie would be getting a divorce.
MacKenzie was one of Bezos' first Amazon employees.
Jeff Bezos is now worth over $141 billion, making him the richest man in the world.
There's no word if the couple had a pre-nuptial agreement. If not, the divorce could be one of the most expensive ever.
The Bezos' have four children and have been together for 25 years.


This material is formed with .020 plastic and can be bonded directly to your models control surface frame.The panels measure 10 1/2 inch X 22 Inches with the corrugations running the 10.5 inch direction.Distance between the 3/32" peaks is 5/8 inch making the panels fit 1/4 scale models.
Contact cement from a can and applied with a brush was tested with wood products and the panels have held up very well.
Do not bond the sheeting with CA adhesive.
Use plastic model cement for plastic to plastic bonds.
The panels will accept most paint coating systems however light coats and proper drying times are necessary due to the thickness of the material.
The sheet comes rolled in a box but will flatten out when unpacked.
Spitfire 9" x 5" x 3 3/4"


"Karl's here!" Someone yelled from the girls' room. At once everyone started running around like the house was on fire, throwing dishes in the sink, grabbing bags, and running outside. We piled in his van with some other volunteers he had already picked up from the other volunteer houses, and set off for the first school were our orientation was. I was a little shocked, but extremely happy about the raging music video mixes he had playing on a screen at the front of his van.
We were taken to what would be my favorite place to be for the remainder of the week – Christian David Moravian Primary School. There wasn't much to it, just an old building with about five or six classrooms, a couple of detached portable rooms and a grungy-looking dirt play area. I was enrolled in the teaching program, so I was taken to the tutoring room where the volunteers tutor students on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, and a special needs person works with children the rest of the time. I'll admit that I was a little nervous at first, wondering, what if the kids don't like me? What if I'm bad at teaching? But all of my worries dissipated when the bell rang for interval (recess) the second we walked in, and my arms, hands, and waist were suddenly engulfed in little arms and hands, pulling and pushing me outside. "What's your name?" They would ask in their adorably tiny voices. "I'm Alyssa, what's your name?" I would reply slowly, watching their wide eyes fill with wonder and excitement. "Ah-liss-Ah", they would repeat, sounding out my name before resuming the hugging and handholding. There was so much love that I could hardly contain myself from smiling and laughing as they jumped, tugged, hugged and pulled. Many of them had American names like Susan, John, and Ashley, while others had to teach me how to say and spell their names so I could pronounce them correctly like Sinsile and Khotah.
They all spoke English as well as Afrikaans, and I could tell what grade they were in by how good their English was. They were like most elementary school kids with their curious questions, and the way they played and fought, except for one very big difference. They didn't have most of the things that other kids do. There were no balls or toys for them to play with, and there was no playground, although they seemed perfectly content running around on the dusty dirt. When the bell rang again all of the kids scattered to their classrooms, but not without taking my hands, legs, and waist first and pulling me along with them saying, "Come to class with us!" and "Can you bring me to class?" But we were stationed in the tutor room to teach the students whose teacher was out sick.
We helped them with worksheets and math and spelling games, which I never would have imagined I'd be teaching to a second grader, but seeing them not only pay attention but actually trying and then looking to me for help and approval was beyond incredible. I wanted to add and subtract little pictures of ships and bananas all day! I should have been exhausted from playing with, carrying, and being swung from all day, but their surplus of energy transferred to me in the form of inspiration, making me eager to come back to school the next morning.
Tuesday morning in Muizenberg, was even colder than Monday since the icy rain drizzle was still lingering from the downpour the night before. They really weren't joking when they said bring things to layer. I put on a pair of leggings, skinny jeans, fuzzy socks, my new gangsta boots, a knitted head warming thing, a tank top, a long sleeved shirt, zip-up hoodie, and a loose black wool sweater – both for warmth and because I learned the day before that if the kids can see the outline of your phone in your pocket, they will beg you to take pictures, and they are pretty much impossible to say no to.
We went to the first grade classroom first where the tiniest humans I've ever seen were practicing their ABC's and spelling. I felt like Alice in Wonderland when she eats the wrong mushroom and gets stuck in the house sitting in their mini chairs at their mini tables, but they absolutely love when you sit with them. I gave the three at my table their assignment – a connect the ABC-dots puzzle that made a frog on one side and a cat on the other. I learned so much from those little guys, just by guiding them through the alphabet, and praising them for their coloring skills. I learned that all of them have very different personalities, but one common trait – they all love to feel loved and encouraged.
"One day, one day!" He chanted. "One day, one day!" They all chanted back in their tiny voices.
"Sooooozie," they chirped, accentuating the high pitch at the end after the long 'o's.
"By uuuuuusing!" Again with the adorable noises.
After repeating the song's instructions, they all starting pretending to stir an invisible pot of porridge with their right hands. This continued on to adding in their left hand, right foot, left foot, head, and bum until finally concluding with "by uuuuuusing, a spoon." That song is known to spring up out of nowhere at any given time and will have other volunteers chime in out of nowhere as well without fail. We continued to sing and wiggle around to more extremely catchy songs like "Baby Shark", and "Hi, My Name is Joe", until they were all warmed up for the first activity – capture the flag. Except the first round was us against them.
They all patiently waited in line for their flags, then tucked them securely into the front of their pants and lined up against the fence. After Charles explained the objective, I crouched down in a ready stance as if I were prepared to catch all of them on the first try. Pfft. I caught none. They're not just teeny and agile, but they're wicked fast too! Luckily after some of them got caught they had to switch sides and catch the others who still had a flag. I was too scared I was going to break one of them anyway so would just swoop them up in the air then let them go as they giggled hysterically to the other side of the "safe zone".
Wednesday was my fourth day in Muizenberg, and the day that the unthinkable happened. I was somehow convinced to go surfing in the freezing cold and rainy weather. I was about as thrilled as a cat doing the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge, but how could I possibly say no to surfing in South Africa? I had about five seconds to grab my laptop, GoPro, phone charger, and change of clothes before I was rushed out the door of the Albertyn House and on my way to the local surf shop.
"It's OK, the wetsuit will keep you warm!" I was promised, as I was being waved into the water. "It's too cold!" I yelled, avoiding being blasted in the face by another icy wave. I was shivering spastically as I hovered over the board, trying my best to "help" push it with him. "You know, it's best if you just dive in". But apparently I somehow managed to "catch all of the waves" (meaning I went forward, stood up for 1 second, then fell) that I had attempted surfing…Which was only about four before I was too cold to even swim.
I also had this grand idea to make an awesome GoPro video by shoving my GoPro in the front strap of his wetsuit so he could film me, but that failed miserably. As did all of my "these are going to look so cool" GoPro shots of me on the board that just look like I'm terrified and about to drown.
Once you start packing for your adventure, be sure to check out Alyssa's South Africa volunteer packing tips!


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Factor Essay
2014 words - 9 pages
Credit crisis can be simply defined as a situation where there is a lack of funds available in the credit market due to default on loans of the borrower to the financial institution. This situation happened as more borrowers default on their loans and the financial institutions simultaneously will stop receiving a large amount of payments. Then, the financial institutions will reduce the lending or increases the cost of borrowing to a higher rate to recover their loss. When there are limited funds available in the market along with interest rates that is unaffordable to most, it will affect the chances of borrowers to obtain financing and lead to a higher risk to most of the corporate and individual's exposure to bankruptcy. Finally, credit available in the market had become lesser and lead to the boom of the credit crisis (Investopedia, 2013). The financial crisis of 2007-2008 with the failure of Lehman Brothers is a great illustration of the credit crisis. A sudden change of the financial circumstance in the credit market had started a global financial crisis which has left a significant effect almost every part across the financial world (YaleGlobal Online, 2013). After that, many researchers started to investigate the causes that lead to this credit crisis. Particularly, some of them argue that bank chief executive officer (CEO) incentives are the major factor that causes credit crisis.
Bank CEOs Incentives
Initially, bank CEO incentives are a kind of performance based bonus aligns with shareholder interest (John and Qian, 2003). Whereby, shareholders gain and falls will affect the incentives of the CEOs. Generally, bank CEO incentives structure has been blamed for leading to the happened of credit crisis because people assume that CEO with high incentives based take excessive risk which resulted poor return that affect the performance of the bank. However, different version of assumption does appear based on different researches. Some finds that there is evidence that showed inappropriate alignment in incentives played a role in encouraging excessive risks taking which contributed to crisis. Banks that have great alignment in incentives pay out large amount of reward to the executives for the project that seemed profit but at the end proved harmful to the banks (Turner, 2009). Meanwhile, according to Bebchuk, Cohen and Spamann (2009) investigation on the executive compensation of Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers during the period of 2000-2008, they also support that managerial incentives generated by executive compensation programs by banks leading to the credit crisis. Along the results and data gather in each sections, they find out that the CEO and other top executive of these two firms as well cashed out large amounts of performance-based compensation along the year and the pay arrangements have led to the credit crisis because it encourage excessive risk taking. There are many of the decisions made by CEOs ultimately led...
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Make 2 gorgeous peel-and-sparkle scenes! Our patented technology lets kids get the look and feel of real glitter without the mess. One simple process creates amazing results: Just peel away a section of white paper from the flower and butterfly scenes to reveal the sticky surface, then press on one of the glitter sheets for instant sparkling art.


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Gun Collecting: A Beginner's Guide to Building a Gun Collection
Gun collecting is a popular hobby that involves acquiring, displaying, and preserving firearms of historical, artistic, or other value. Gun collectors may focus on a particular type of firearm, such as antique firearms or modern firearms, or they may collect guns from a specific time period or geographic region. Building a gun collection can be a rewarding and educational pursuit, but it also requires careful planning and research.
What Are the Different Types of Collectible Firearms?
There are two main categories of collectible firearms: antique guns and modern guns.
Antique Firearms
Antique firearms are defined as guns that were made at least 100 years ago. Examples of antique firearms include muskets, flintlock rifles, and percussion revolvers. Antique firearms are often sought after by collectors due to their historical significance and rarity. Factors that can affect the value of an antique firearm include condition, rarity, desirability, historical significance, and age.
Popular Antique Firearms
Flintlock pistols: Flintlock pistols were some of the first types of handguns and were used in the 18th and 19th centuries. They are highly sought after by collectors due to their historical significance and rarity.
Percussion cap rifles: Percussion cap rifles were a type of long gun that were used in the mid-19th century and are considered to be a piece of American history. They are highly sought after by collectors for their craftsmanship and beauty.
Black powder muzzleloaders: Black powder muzzleloaders were the most common type of firearm used in the 18th and 19th centuries. They are highly sought after by collectors due to their historical significance and rarity.
Winchester Model 1873: The Winchester Model 1873 is a lever-action rifle that was produced by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company in the late 19th century, and is considered by many to be a piece of American history.
Colt Single Action Army: The Colt Single Action Army revolver is also known as the "Peacemaker" and was produced by the Colt's Manufacturing Company in the late 19th century, and is highly sought after by collectors.
M1 Garand*: The M1 Garand is a semi-automatic rifle that was used by the US military during World War II, and is now highly sought after by collectors. *Technically the M1 Garand was first made in 1932, so it isn't quite 100 years old yet, but the M1 Garand is considered as antique firearms by some collectors. Others consider it as a modern firearm, and the classification is a matter of perspective and the definition of the era that is considered as antique. But in 10 years that debate goes away when it reaches full antique status at 100 years old in 2032.
Modern Firearms
Modern firearms, on the other hand, are guns that were made within the past 100 years. Examples of modern firearms include semi-automatic rifles, shotguns, and handguns. Modern firearms may be collectible due to their rarity, historical significance, or other factors such as design or craftsmanship.
Popular Modern Firearms
AR-15: AR-15's are semi-automatic rifles that have become popular among collectors due to their versatility and customization options.
Glock: Gocks are a type of handgun that is known for its reliability and simplicity. It is popular among collectors due to its widespread use by law enforcement and military.
Sig Sauer: Sig Sauer is a brand of handgun that is known for its craftsmanship and accuracy. It is popular among collectors due to its widespread use by law enforcement and military.
Remington Model 700: The Remington Model 700 is a type of bolt-action rifle that is known for its accuracy and reliability. It is popular among collectors due to its widespread use by hunters and marksmen.
AK-47: The AK-47 is a iconic rifle that was designed by the Soviet Union and is now widely used around the world. It's also a popular gun among collectors.
M1911: The M1911 is a classic American handgun that was widely used during the 20th century, and is still popular today among collectors.
Smith & Wesson Model 29: The Smith & Wesson Model 29 revolver is famous for being the gun that Dirty Harry used in the movies.
How Do You Grade and Value Collectible Firearms?
Grading and valuing collectible firearms is an important aspect of gun collecting. There are several factors that can affect the value of a collectible firearm, including condition, rarity, desirability, historical significance, and age. To accurately grade and value a collectible firearm, collectors may use professional appraisal services, online pricing guides, books, and other reference materials.
What Should You Consider When Choosing a Focus for Your Gun Collection?
When choosing a focus for a gun collection, collectors have many options to consider. Some collectors may choose to specialize in a particular type of firearm, such as antique revolvers or modern rifles. Others may collect firearms from a specific time period or geographic region, or they may focus on a particular maker or brand. Some collectors may build a collection of firearms with a specific purpose, such as hunting, self-defense, or competition. When selecting a focus for a gun collection, it's important to consider your personal interests and preferences, as well as the market value and availability of different types of firearms.
How Do You Build and Maintain a Gun Collection?
Building and maintaining a gun collection requires careful planning and research. To acquire new items for a collection, collectors may attend gun shows and auctions, network with other collectors and dealers, and educate themselves about the types of firearms they are interested in. To preserve and care for a collection, it's important to follow proper storage and handling techniques, as well as regularly clean and maintain firearms. Collectors should also consider insuring and documenting their collection to protect against loss or damage.
What Are the Ethical Considerations of Gun Collecting?
Ethical considerations are also an important aspect of gun collecting. Collectors should follow all laws and regulations related to the acquisition, ownership, and transfer of firearms. They should also ensure that the firearms they acquire are sourced ethically, without contributing to illegal activity or violence. As gun owners, collectors have a responsibility to handle and use firearms safely and responsibly.
Final Thoughts on Collecting Guns
Gun collecting is a fascinating and rewarding hobby that involves acquiring, displaying, and preserving firearms of historical, artistic, or other value. By understanding the different types of collectible firearms, grading and valuing collectible firearms, and choosing a focus for a gun collection, collectors can build and maintain a collection that is both meaningful and valuable. Ethical considerations, such as following laws and regulations and sourcing firearms ethically, are also important in gun collecting. With careful planning and research, collectors can enjoy the rich history and diversity of firearms as they build and maintain their collections.


The answer is the word "wrong". When it's pronounced "wrong" (rhyming with song) that's the correct pronunciation. However, if you were to pronounce the word as "right" (rhyming with night) that would be an incorrect pronunciation and be wrong.
9 Comments on "Pronounced Right or Wrong"
@Ryan I've been noodling on this one and haven't come up with anything. It could be that the answer "wrong" is clouding my thinking. Would you care to share the answer, or provide a hint?
What has two right but is still wrong?


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The Town of Indian Trail has partnered with the Union West Rotary to bring the world-famous Harlem Wizards to Indian Trail on Friday, Feb. 3, at Sun Valley High School (5211 Old Charlotte Highway). Doors open at 6 p.m., and the game begins at 7 p.m. Those interested in attending can purchase tickets at pretix.eu/harlemwizards/indiantrail.
The Harlem Wizards are similar to the Harlem Globetrotters, but they play against local celebrities in the community to raise money for a good cause. All proceeds will go toward Union West Rotary's scholarships for high school students looking to further their education by attending college, a trade school, or another organization. The scholarships are available to students at Porter Ridge High School, Sun Valley High School, and Metrolina Christian Academy.
According to their website, the Harlem Wizards are like a Broadway show on a basketball court. The team of six players will perform tricks, alley-oops, dunks, comedy, and dancing along to themed music provided by the team's MC. The Wizards will play against a team of local celebrities, including representation from 10 local elementary schools, non-profits, business owners, and Coach Mayor David Cohn.
"Get ready for a high-energy, entertaining, and fun-filled basketball game with the Harlem Wizards – all for a good cause," said Hayden Kramer, Indian Trail's Parks and Recreation director. "Collaborations with organizations like the Union West Rotary and events like this help bring the community together. I want to thank our local celebrities who are willing to get out on the basketball court and play against professionals so everyone can have some fun while supporting local students."
⇐Previous NCDOT to Hold Public Meeting Regarding Old Monroe Road Widening in Indian TrailNext⇒ Indian Trail Road Railroad Crossing Replacement to Begin Jan. 24


The Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco is a cooperative, wholesale bank that helps meet community credit needs by providing readily available, competitively priced credit products and services to member financial institutions through all phases of the economic cycle. Our members include commercial banks, credit unions, industrial loan companies, savings institutions, insurance companies, and community development financial institutions headquartered in Arizona, California, and Nevada.
For most financial institutions, especially small community lenders, direct borrowing from the global capital markets is not an option. As part of a network of 11 regional Federal Home Loan Banks across the country, we are able to raise funds in the global capital markets at favorable rates and terms. This allows us to provide our members with prompt, reliable access to low-cost loans (we call them "advances") and financial risk management tools that help them meet the housing finance and economic development needs of the regions they serve.
Members use our products and services to help them lower their funding costs, reduce interest rate risk, manage liquidity, offer a wider range of credit products to their customers, and access lower-cost funding for affordable housing and economic development.
The credit we make available enables community lenders to make home mortgage, commercial real estate, small business, and other loans. Working with our members, community nonprofits, and cities and towns across our region, we also support affordable housing and economic development through targeted grant and loan programs. As part of this effort, we set aside 10% of our income each year to fund Affordable Housing Program grants for lower-income households.
Congress established the Federal Home Loan Bank System in 1932 to promote residential housing finance nationwide. There are 11 district banks in the Federal Home Loan Bank System, located in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Dallas, Des Moines, Indianapolis, New York, Pittsburgh, San Francisco, and Topeka.
Each Federal Home Loan Bank operates as an independent corporation, is governed by a Board of Directors that is elected by its member institutions, and is capitalized through stock purchased by its member institutions and through its retained earnings. The Federal Home Loan Banks raise funds in the capital markets by issuing debt instruments, for which they are jointly and severally liable, through the FHLBanks Office of Finance. They are regulated by the Federal Housing Finance Agency, an independent federal agency in the executive branch of the U.S. government, and they do not receive any taxpayer assistance to operate.


ST. PAUL, Minn.—Gov. Tim Pawlenty tapped a former lawmaker to be his legislative liaison after a rocky session.
The governor's office announced the hire of former state Rep. Chris DeLaForest on Friday. He will replace Laura Bordelon as director of legislative and cabinet affairs starting June 22.
Pawlenty also promoted his director of boards and commissions, Annie Paruccini, to director of the state's federal office in Washington, replacing Jason Rohloff. A deputy director position will be cut in Washington so that office will have one employee instead of two starting July 1.
Spokesman Brian McClung said the moves fit into state hiring restrictions Pawlenty ordered in February 2008 and his calls for local governments to streamline and freeze employee pay.
"Filling three positions with two people, as the Governor's Office announced today, is an example of the type of streamlining that the Governor has suggested other units of government undertake," McClung said in an email.
McClung said the governor's staff is also subject to a pay freeze.
DeLaForest is a Republican who represented Andover and Ham Lake in the Minnesota House from 2003 until this year's Legislature was sworn in. Bordelon's current salary is $87,196 a year but McClung couldn't immediately say whether DeLaForest would be paid the same amount.
DeLaForest disagrees with his new boss about one high-profile issue: medical marijuana. The ex-lawmaker worked behind the scenes this session pushing legislation allowing the use of the drug for seriously ill patients. Pawlenty vetoed the bill Friday.


Well that was fast. Seems like just yesterday we were recalling our favorite movie moments from 2014. It's hard to believe but we're already halfway into 2015! So it's time for us to reflect back on all the releases since January. Sure, the year has given us a fair amount of flops, like Tomorrowland, Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2, Hot Pursuit, The Cobbler, Aloha, and Entourage to name a few, but luckily in the deluge of releases we've come to expect these days, 2015 has delivered a few films worth flocking to theaters for.
There's something for everyone on our list of the Best Films of 2015 So Far. Eclectic even for us, our diverse inventory includes some of last year's Cannes Film Festival standouts, a must-see horror film, a Wes Anderson-esque western, several low-budget indies, and to round things out, a big studio action film who's inclusion among our favorites is one of the more intriguing and pleasant surprises 2015 has thrown at us.
There's plenty to look forward to later on in the year—we're looking at you Knight of Cups—but in the meantime rest assured you already have some watching to keep you busy as Summer begins.
It Follows carves fresh terrain for horror movies, turning the sound of approaching footsteps into a signal of terror. David Robert Mitchell's stylistic second feature film is a creepy, fun experience wholly unique in its approach. When a new boyfriend passes a sexually transmitted demon onto Jay (Maika Monroe), she and her friends work together to dispose of the monster and rid Jay of her curse. With striking cinematography and nods to John Carpenter classics (notably its ominous, synth-heavy score), the unsettlingly tense terror created in this film is surely among the greatest scary movies in recent memory.
Love as the bond between mother and son is the subject for Xavier Dolan's latest and perhaps best release so far Mommy. Following a widowed single mother struggling to make ends meet, Diane (Anne Dorval) raises her violent, ADHD son Steve (Antoine-Olivier Pilon), with the help of Kyla (Suzanne Clement), a mysterious neighbor who has a curious verbal tick. Together, the three lost souls function as a patchwork family unit, accomplishing more together than they would be capable of apart. Although the movie concerns itself with characters managing in difficult circumstances, the energy with which Dolan allows the story to unfold gives the film surges of stylistic adrenaline.
WTI Reacts: 'Game of Thrones' - "Mother's Mercy"


"Down from 5 to 4 star"
Cons: 1) Added social icons. Open CCleaner Options/About & you are treated to social icons for liking them on facebook, twitter, google plus, and youtube. 2) Monitoring. Added feature to check when you need to clean the system. Yet another background service to check for updates, etc. And enabled by default?
Other Thoughts: Please do not add more bloat to this. I would hate to have to switch to another program, such as glarysoft, or wise disk cleaner.
And, don't add more services running in background.
If you do have the option, let them be disabled by default, because it is annoying to always have to untick them when I set my machine up.


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Latest Chelsea Injury News: Updates On Chalobah, James, Kante, Kovacic And Chilwell
Content Editor Dec 2nd 2021
Chelsea manager Thomas Tuchel says he is concerned about the injury that Trevoh Chalobah picked up in the 2-1 win over Watford last night.
The centre-back had to be substituted on the hour mark due to a hamstring strain and he is now likely to be out for Saturday's game versus West Ham.
Reece James was not in the matchday squad for the trip to Vicarage Road after sustaining a knock to his ankle but it is hoped that he will be available for the match at the London Stadium.
N'Golo Kante has still not returned to training due to a knee issue and he remains a major doubt for the London derby against the Hammers this weekend.
Mateo Kovacic remains sidelined with a hamstring injury, which has kept him out for over a month, while Ben Chilwell will be on the treatment table for at least another five weeks after suffering knee ligament damage in the 4-0 victory against Juventus.