text:
Robert Sarmast
Bates, Robert Stanley
Robert Stanley Bates is a retired US naval officer. He is a supporter of Robert Sarmast's theories that Atlantis and a/the Garden of Eden had been situated in the Eastern Mediterranean in the region of Cyprus. In 2004, Bates was the expedition leader to the suspected site of the First Garden of Eden/Atlantis. In 2006 he was the consultant to the History Channel for the second expedition in their lead story for its "Digging for the Truth" series.
Although very little has been heard from Sarmast in recent years, in two papers in 2014(a) and 2017(b) Bates attempted to breathe new life into Sarmast's ideas(a) with a claim of fresh evidence. This new support is the 1978 claim of Ya'akov Petrovitch Malovitskiy (1932-2002) that the Levantine Basin was a sunken continent. In my opinion, Malovitskiy's claim along with Bates' rehashing of much of Sarmast's arguments fail to locate Atlantis and/or the Garden of Eden.
(a) https://squarecircles.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FirstEdenAnalysis.pdf
(b) EAP-Essay-FINAL.pdf (evolving-souls.org)
Tagged Cyprus, Garden of Eden, Levantine Basin, R.S. Bates, Robert Sarmast, Ya'akov Petrovitch Malovitskiy
Gielow, Robert L.
Robert L. Gielow is a retired American aeronautical engineer and a fundamentalist Christian. In his latter capacity, he has written Noah's Flood[808], which is an attempt to offer a technical justification for accepting the literal reality of the biblical seven days of creation and>Noah's Ark. He dates the Deluge to 2300 BC(a).<
Not content with advocating one lost cause he devotes a chapter to Atlantis in which he jumps on the slowing bandwagon of Robert Sarmast's* 'Atlantis off the coast Cyprus' theory. He fails to apply any critical thinking to Sarmast's ideas and accepts them in the same unquestioning manner with which he embraces a literal interpretation of Genesis.
(a) (20+) Robert L. Gielow | Facebook<
Tagged Cyprus, Genesis, Noah's Flood, Robert Gielow, Robert Sarmast
Sarmast, (Robert) Behzad *
(Robert) Behzad Sarmast is an Iranian-American and an architect by profession. He abandoned his career to pursue his lifelong passion for ancient history. He is the author of a book[535], in which he controversially places Atlantis near Cyprus. His website(a) has an interesting collection of maps and diagrams. Coincidentally, the Urantia Book had previously identified a site in the Eastern Mediterranean as the location of Atlantis. Their description matches closely the underwater topography of Sarmast's site and the
However, a 2016 sermon by Sarmast on the Urantia religion was published online
Urantians have not been slow to exploit this coincidence(b). However, the link between Sarmast and the Urantians has not been actively admitted, although Sarmast's publisher, Byron Belitsos, revealed that Urantian funding had been used to obtain the 3D computer modelling of the underwater topography of the seafloor off Cyprus where Sarmast claims Atlantis was located. In October and November 2008 several blogs appeared under the name of Robert Sarmast(c). The content of these is religious in tone, although they make some references to Atlantis. However, a 2016 sermon by Sarmast on the Urantia religion was published online.
In 2003 Sarmast compiled a list of similarities between Plato's description of Atlantis and the Urantia Book's 'Garden of Eden'(d).
Sarmast organised an expedition in late 2004 that produced 'evidence' of manmade structures, including two 'walls' over 3 km long. The site is about seventy miles east of Cyprus towards Syria. At a press conference to announce his discoveries Sarmast was challenged by, Michel Morrisseau, a French geologist who lives on Cyprus, to prove that the Mediterranean had been inundated more recently than the conventionally accepted five million years. Sarmast had no convincing response. However, after that he attempted to bolster his views with the unsupported assertion that earliest geographers knew of the breaching of the Gibraltar Dam and that ancient traditions had it that Hercules used his giant mace to smash open the Dam and allow the Atlantic to flood the Mediterranean and so led to the association of Hercules with Gibraltar.
Much more work must be done before Sarmast can rightfully claim that he has discovered Atlantis. In the meanwhile, raise funds for the next expedition, his website sought to charge a monthly fee to provide interested 'members' with additional information on the preparations for the second expedition. This took place in 2006 with inconclusive results.
Sarmast returned to Cyprus in June 2011 to film a documentary in support of his theory. He had support from the Cyprus Tourism Organisation as well as the History Channel together with some private investors. Filming took place during the Kataklysmos Festival which interestingly celebrates the Deluge and/or Flood of Deucalion.
Since 2013, almost nothing further has been heard from Sarmast, his blogspot(c) is empty and there are no updates on the Discovery of Atlantis website(a)! It is informative to contrast today's silence with the rhetoric of the initial 2003 press release(e).
However, in 2014, Sarmast had the more than dubious honour of being included in the online Encyclopedia of American Loons(h).
The Arysio dos Santos website offers a critical review of Sarmast's book(g). Benny Peiser was even more disparaging, describing Sarmast's claim as The Great Atlantis Hoax(i) on his CCNT network in 2004.
Although very little has been heard from Sarmast in recent years two papers in 2014(k) and 2017(j) by Robert S. Bates attempted to breathe new life into Sarmast's idea that the Mediterranean region around Cyprus had been home to both Atlantis and a/the Garden of Eden.
(a) See: https://web.archive.org/web/20180417053508/https://discoveryofatlantis.com/
(b) The theory of evolution What scientists believe it is and isn`t (archive.org) *
(c)https://robertsarmast.blogspot.com/2008_10_01_archive.html
(d) https://web.archive.org/web/20180710105515/https://www.squarecircles.com/articles/atlantiseden.htm
(e) https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/09/30/1064819881656.html
(f) https://urantiareligion.com/transcript-for-urantia-religion-video/ {link broken May 2020}
(g) Archive 3327
(h) https://americanloons.blogspot.ie/2014/07/1109-robert-sarmast.html
(i) https://www.livescience.com/amp/91-claimed-discovery-atlantis-called-completely-bogus.html
(j) EAP-Essay-FINAL.pdf (evolving-souls.org) *
(k) https://squarecircles.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FirstEdenAnalysis.pdf *
Tagged Arysio dos Santos, Benny Peiser, Byron Belitsos, Cyprus, Flood of Deucalion, Garden of Eden, Gibraltar Dam, Kataklysmos Festival, Michel Morrisseau, Robert S. Bates, Robert Sarmast, Urantia Book
From Atlantis to the Sphinx (L)
From Atlantis to the Sphinx: Recovering the Lost Wisdom of the Ancient World [335] by Colin Wilson, presents the idea that the inhabitants of Atlantis were the precursors of the ancient Egyptians as well as the Maya and Aztecs. He perceives Atlantis as a seafaring nation with worldwide reach. He contends that Atlantis was originally located in Antarctica and was destroyed in a worldwide catastrophe. This theme is developed further in a second book[063] that Wilson co-authored with Rand Flem-Ath. More recently Wilson has altered his views and supported Robert Sarmast's claim for Atlantis being located off Cyprus.
To support an extended antiquity for Egypt, he outlines evidence for a 10500 BC construction date for the legendary Sphinx. Unfortunately, most of the material is a re-working of information to be found elsewhere.
Tagged Antarctica, Aztecs, Colin Wilson, Egypt, Maya, Rand Flem-Ath, Robert Sarmast, Sphinx
Flem-Ath, Rand & Rose
Rand and Rose Flem-Ath live in British Columbia, Canada. Both are librarians and have spent several years in the British Museum assembling evidence that they believe supports their contention that Antarctica was the home of Plato's Atlantis. Together they wrote a highly controversial book, When the Sky Fell [0062], promoting the Antarctic location, which included an Introduction by the late Colin Wilson.
In 2000, Rand published his second book[063], co-authored with Colin Wilson on the subject of ancient civilisations including Atlantis. However, Wilson subsequently changed his views and switched his support to Robert Sarmast's theory of Atlantis being located off Cyprus. Wilson revealed later, in a 2007 edition of From Atlantis to the Sphinx [p381], that he was unhappy with the final content of The Atlantis Blueprint stating that "it did not represent his views" and wrote an account in Fortean Times(f) of how that book evolved.
In 2014, the Flem-Aths published Killing Moses[1090], which is a speculative account of the life and particularly the death of Moses, even identifying his killer(e)(g). Their narrative builds on ideas originally expressed by Sigmund Freud [1091]. In 2017, they published From Atlantis to the Promised Land 1594], which is a recycling of a variety of material already published by them over the past forty years. Rose Flem-Ath is also a thriller writer[297].
The Flem-Aths used to maintain an interesting and well-illustrated website(a). It recently included a paper on their theory of crustal displacement written over twenty years ago(d).
Professor Steven Earle at the Geology Department of Malaspina University in British Columbia uses the Flem-Ath's Crustal Displacement hypothesis as the basis for his students to write an essay on its inconsistency with our current understanding of crustal and mantle processes(b).>Geologist Paul Heinrich offers a number of flaws in the claims of the Flem-Aths, particularly relating to glacial evidence that they have used to justify their Pole Shift contentions.(h)<Further criticism of the Flem-Aths work is offered by David L. Mohn(c), a Christian writer.
A new revised and expanded hardcopy edition of When the Sky Fell, entitled Atlantis Beneath the Ice, was published in 2012[981].
To put the Flem-Ath theory in its historical context see my Antarctica entry, where I show that they were not the first to suggest the southern pole as the location of Atlantis, a distinction that belongs to Roberto Rengifo, nearly a century ago.
(a) See: https://web.archive.org/web/20170720023341/https://www.flem-ath.com/
(b) Wayback Machine (archive.org)
(c) https://web.archive.org/web/20141005025030/http:/www.ccs-hk.org:80/DM/pyramids/Atlantis.html or See Archive 2858
(d) See Archive 2893
(e) https://www.ancient-origins.net/opinion-guest-authors/fatal-secret-jesus-took-jerusalem-002820?utm_source=Ancient-Origins+Newsletter&utm_campaign=b13875770a-Top_Trending_Stories_June_No1_REAL_6_7_2015&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_2dcd13de15-b13875770a-85158329
(f) See: https://web.archive.org/web/20190107190740/https://subscribe.forteantimes.com/
(g) Atlantis Rising magazine #110 At – PDF Archive *
(h) https://www.hallofmaat.com/earth-crustal-displacement/paleoclimatic-reconstructions-and-scandinavian-and-scottish-ice-sheets/ *
Tagged Antarctica, Atlantis Beneath the Ice, Colin Wilson, Cyprus, David l.Mohn, Earth Crustal Displacement, Flem Ath, Fortean Times, Moses, Paul Heinrich, Pole Shift, Robert Sarmast, Roberto Rengifo, Sigmund Freud, Steven Earle, When the Sky Fell
Discovery of Atlantis
Discovery of Atlantis [535] by Robert Sarmast presents a determined argument for locating Atlantis close to the island of Cyprus in the eastern Mediterranean. The author claims to have used nearly fifty clues from the works of Plato to pinpoint an area south of Cyprus in waters a mile deep.
However, there is one fundamental weakness with his theory, namely, that the depth at which his proposed site is located (1,650 metres) would have required a Gibraltar Dam and desiccation of the Mediterranean within human memory, which is more recent than conventional wisdom currently allows. It would seem more cost-effective to invest in an in-depth review of the evidence for an inundation of the Mediterranean within historical times before engaging in an expensive underwater expedition.
Using new scientific data, Sarmast has offered a number of 3-D bathymetric maps of this underwater site that can be matched to the topographical descriptions offered by Plato. The author presents his hypothesis as superior to any previously proposed location.
Sarmast is convinced that a fully equipped diving expedition will confirm his belief with clear images of buildings and artefacts. An expedition in late 2004 produced further images that Sarmast claims to indicate structures matching Plato's description. There was an immediate claim by a German physicist, Christian Huebscher that the features in question were underwater volcanoes that he had previously surveyed [the text should have read as 'mud volcanoes' rather than 'underwater volcanoes']. Sarmast responded with a demand that Huebscher proves that the particular mound that he identified as the acropolis of Atlantis was a mud volcano.
The book and the associated website(a) are well illustrated and a new theory for students of the Atlantis mystery to consider. Recently, Sarmast has received support from Colin Wilson who previously supported an Antarctic location for Atlantis.
The believers in the Urantia Book have received unexpected support from Sarmast's claims as their 'holy book' had identified Cyprus as the location of one of its two 'Gardens of Eden' in the eastern Mediterranean.
(a) https://web.archive.org/web/20190511040418/http:/www.discoveryofatlantis.com:80/
Tagged Christian Huebscher, Colin Wilson, Cyprus, Garden of Eden, Gibraltar Dam, Robert Sarmast, Urantia Book
Diaz-Montexano, Georgeos
Georgeos Diaz–Montexano (1966- ) is the nom de plume of Cuban-born Jorge Diaz Sanchez. He has been exploring off the coast of southern Spain and Gibraltar for evidence of Atlantis. He is the founder of the Civilisations Origins Scientific Society and is a leading advocate for the Afro-Iberian location theory. He contends that Atlantis was only partially submerged and that parts of it, which remained above water, are now to be found in southwest Spain and northern Morocco.
Jacques Collina-Girard who, the following year also opted for the Strait of Gibraltar and more specifically Spartel Island mirrored Montexano's theory on the location of Atlantis, first expressed publicly in April 2000. Intense rivalry exists between the two men as is evident from the content of Diaz-Montexano's websites.
More recently Diaz-Montexano has also accused Dr. Rainer W. Kühne of plagiarism(a) and for good measure threw in a few unkind words about Robert Sarmast and his identification of Cyprus as the location of Atlantis. His online debates in various forums with other writers have been frequently marred by acrimony.
Diaz-Montexano has studied the earliest versions of the Atlantis story and published a considerable amount of controversial material on the Internet relating to the accuracy of the Platonic texts that we use today. Unfortunately, the English version of this work has been poorly translated from Spanish leaving a monolingual such as myself unable to clearly understand what has been written. One of the most interesting comments(b) from Diaz-Montexano relates to his study of a 16th-century translation of Critias that in his view indicates that 9,000 was NOT the number of years recorded by Solon. His firm conclusion is that Atlantis was destroyed between 1500BC and 1300BC.
Diaz-Montexano has also unearthed a number of ancient Spanish works including a Chronicle of Zaragoza that he maintains includes a number of obvious references to a Spanish connection with Atlantis(c). Unfortunately, once again, the quality of his English makes any clear reading very difficult. The only 'Chronicle of Zaragoza' that I could locate was a two-page document covering the period 450–568 AD that is totally unrelated to the Atlantis question. Nevertheless, it does appear that he has discovered information that may have an important bearing on the resolution of the Atlantis mystery.
Without wishing to detract from any work that Diaz-Montexano has done, it may be no harm to point out that while he has been free with his accusations of plagiarism, he himself has been accused of fraudulently misleading the public regarding his academic qualifications(d).
In August 2012 he published the first volume of a large six-volume work, ATLANTIS <> TARTESSOS. AEGYPTIUS CODEX. Epítome de la Atlántida Histórico-Científica, devoted to arguing the case for a Iberian Atlantis. Unfortunately, this huge undertaking is only available, at least initially, in Castilian Spanish. This promises to be an important addition to Atlantean literature and Diaz-Montexano is to be congratulated for his efforts.
The first volume begins with a critical overview of recent Atlantis theories such as those of Robert Sarmast (Cyprus) and Ulf Erlingsson (Ireland) and then proceeds to analyse the texts of ancient writers wherever they refer directly or indirectly to Atlantis. He cites the original Greek texts together with a modern (Spanish) translation. This first volume is also available as an inexpensive (€1.95) Kindle ebook. July 2015 saw the publication of another Kindle book by Diaz-Montexano entitled ATLÁNTIDA Historia y Ciencia (Atlantis: History and Science)[1105] together with a synopsis online(e).
Late in 2016 will see the broadcasting of a new documentary by National Geographic concerning Atlantis in the Mediterranean. Diaz-Montexano has already been interviewed in connection with this production as has Robert Ishoy. The exact focus of the show, if there is one, is still unclear, but the involvement of James Cameron and Simcha Jacobovici as co-producers has been widely publicised.
In conjunction with the filming of the new NG documentary, Diaz-Montexano has decided to publish, in English, the details of his Atlantis studies over the past decades. Available is the introduction and outline of the new book(f), NG National Geographic and the scientific search for Atlantis[1394] published in January 2017, in both English and Spanish, to coincide with the airing of the documentary at the end of that month.
(a) eListas.net – Mis eListas: odiseo: Mensajes (archive.org) *
(b) https://web.archive.org/web/20100118052529/https://www.campusanuncios.com/detcom-57723517X-New-Paleographical-Madrid.html
(c) https://web.archive.org/web/20170607195216/https://www.pressbox.co.uk/detailed/Science/The_Atlantis_Chronicles_Forgotten._The_Hispano-Romans_authors._35096.html*
(d) https://www.samizdata.net/mt/93uhdy736.cgi?entry_id=4856
(e) See: Archive 2579 (English & Spanish)
(f) https://web.archive.org/web/20190517172152/https://atlantisng.com/en/
Tagged Cyprus, Georgeos Diaz Montexano, Jacques Collina-Girard, James Cameron, Jorge Diaz Sanchez, Kindle, Morocco, National Geographic, plagiarism, Rainer W. Kühne, Robert Ishoy, Robert Sarmast, Simcha Jacobovici, Spain, Strait of Gibraltar, Ulf Erlingsson
Cyprus has now been shown to have had an agricultural settlement as early as 9000 BC(c). In 2005, it was claimed that flints found on Cyprus and dated to a possible 10,000 BC, offered evidence of the earliest long-distance sea travel in contrast to earlier shore-hugging(g). I would question this, since twelve thousand years ago sea levels were much lower and landmasses in the eastern Mediterranean were more extensive removing the need for lengthy sea travel. Cyprus would have been much more easily accessible and what is now the Aegean consisted of more land than water.
Cyprus was also added to the list of possible Atlantis sites with the publication of Discovery of Atlantis[535] in 2003, which offered a radical new theory by Robert Sarmast. This theory is based principally on 3-D images of a section of the present seafloor near Cyprus. Sarmast has compiled an impressive list of similarities between Plato's description of Atlantis and the underwater topography. He also claims to have identified a wall 3km long wall that intersects with another. A YouTube clip centred on Sarmast's 2004 expedition is available online(i).
Although it is true to say that this is a radical theory, it is not a completely new idea as the Urantia Book(a) had already suggested an Atlantis/ Eden off the coast of Cyprus. The Urantia Book specifically claims that this Eden was a long narrow peninsula almost an island projecting westward from the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea (Paper 73). This detail coincides remarkably with Sarmast's claim.
I must point out, that in order to uncover this putative site, the sea level would have to be dropped 5,250 feet. Now, the only explanation for this would be the existence of at least one archaeoastronomer in the Mediterranean, probably at Gibraltar within the memory of man, a suggestion advocated by Sarmast but, crucially, without any supporting evidence. This is quite feasible, as it has been shown that the Mediterranean has dried out on a number of occasions in the past. Current orthodoxy places the last inundation of the Mediterranean by the Atlantic around five million years ago. However, Paulino Zamarro, among others, has postulated the existence of the Gibraltar Dam within human prehistory, which, if true, would add to the credibility of Sarmast's theory. However, if the Mediterranean had dried out the result would have left Sarmast's location with a thick salty deposit, a far cry from the fertile land described by Plato.
Supporters of Sarmast's theory have drawn attention to the annual Festival of the Flood, an event unique to Cyprus when people in coastal towns sprinkle each other with water to commemorate the salvation of Noah.
In 2005, Philip Coppens published a review of Sarmast's theory commenting "And some of the maps he and his team of researchers have been able to get from the area in question do seem to indicate that Atlantis may indeed be located there. Though much more work is required, at least, this possibility is more hopeful than so many of the alternatives…"(h)
Nevertheless, Sarmast's mile-deep location contradicts Plato's description of the sunken capital of Atlantis that even in Solon's or Plato's time was described as existing in unnavigable shallows.
Since Plato, sea levels have only risen a few feet, not by a mile. Sarmast should have focused on demonstrating the existence of a landbridge or dam at Gibraltar or Sicily and witnessed by man. No landbridge – No Atlantis at Cyprus!
Professor Arysio dos Santos who wrote Atlantis: The Lost Continent Finally Found[320] in which he proclaimed his idea that Atlantis was located on the huge swathes of territory around Indonesia that were inundated at the end of the last Ice Age, has also written(b) a paper denouncing the claims of Robert Sarmast as "an obvious hoax and a possible scam"[0320.189]
However, Colin Wilson, who previously supported the idea of Atlantis in Antarctica[063] switched his support to the Cyprus location, which led to him writing the foreword to the 2006 expanded edition of Sarmast's book. In 2009, Robert L. Gielow, a fundamentalist creationist, also added his endorsement to Sarmast's theory in another book[808]. In two papers, in 2014(k) & 2017(l), Robert S. Bates offered further support to Sarmast's location theories.
A further claim placing Atlantis south of Cyprus on a scarab-shaped underwater feature (33°N-33°E), has been made by blogger Nicolas Fenning. He has also suggested that Freemasonry, Macedonia and the Pharos Lighthouse, all have links with Atlantis. He also maintains that clues to its location were contained in DaVinci's Last Supper(d)!
Although little has been heard from Sarmast in recent years, the idea of Atlantis near Cyprus was apparently given a boost in early 2018 when it was reported that Atlantis had been discovered off Paphos. However, any euphoria was quickly dissipated when the last lines of the report(j) were reached. "*This news article was compiled from a press release issued by the CTO on April 1, which celebrates April Fool's Day – a day where practical jokes and hoaxes are spread."
In April 2022 it appeared that Sarmast is once again trying to resurrect interest in his Cypriot Atlantis location(m). I have not had this report confirmed.>However, I now see that Robert S. Bates, mentioned above, is due to have a short book [1961] published in February 2023 entitled The Eden-Atlantis Project which puts forward the case for a third expedition to find Eden/Atlantis near Cyprus. This proposed expedition seems to be led by Bates, now promoted to commodore, with minimal reference to Sarmast(n).<
(a) https://urantiabook.org/
(b) Statement on the Alleged Discovery of Atlantis Off Cyprus | Atlantis (archive.org)
(c)https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2012/05/15/Oldest-Mediterranean-island-farm-uncovered/UPI-66221337120492/
(d) https://atlantisrediscovered.weebly.com/atlantis-re-discovered.html
(e) https://atlantisrediscovered.weebly.com/atlantis-re-discovered-part-ii.html
(f) Archive 2775 | (atlantipedia.ie)
(g) https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Dp8xBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT33&lpg=PT33&dq=flints+on+cyprus+10,000bc&source=bl&ots=EowAYLhDa1&sig=pMQMogJeph_aR93mcXeREPBXy6A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT7aHHwurJAhWDMhoKHceDDmcQ6AEIMDAC#v=onepage&q=flints%20on%20cyprus%2010%2C000bc&f=false
(h) See: Archive 2934)
(i) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcI7Zg0lxzA
(j) https://cyprustraveller.com/atlantis-paphos-6828-2/ (link broken)
(k) https://squarecircles.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FirstEdenAnalysis.pdf
(l) EAP-Essay-FINAL.pdf (evolving-souls.org)
(m) https://www.travelmole.com/news/atlantis-discovered-near-cyprus/
(n) http://edenatlantisproject.org/ *
Tagged Aegean, Antarctica, Arysio dos Santos, Atlantis, Colin Wilson, Cyprus, Freemasonry, Gibraltar Dam, Grden of Eden, Landbridge, Leonardo da Vinci, Macedonia, Nicolas Fenning, Noah, Paphos, Paulino Zamarro, Pharos, Philip Coppens, Plato, Robert Gielow, Robert S. Bates, Robert Sarmast, Urantia Book
Gibraltar Landbridge or Dam
A Gibraltar Landbridge or Dam is generally accepted to have existed on several occasions during the earth's history. There is a broad consensus among geologists that the last time an enclosed and desiccated Mediterranean had its barrier to the Atlantic breached was around 5.3 million years ago. One well-illustrated website(h) attributes this rupture to a meteor impact!
Today, we generally think of the Strait of Gibraltar as the only gateway between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, while in fact there is evidence that millions of years ago the Strait was closed but that there were earlier access routes between the two bodies of water(n). The Betic Corridor in the north, which later became part of the Spanish Guadalquivir Basin and the Rifian Corridor in the south, in what is now Morocco.
However, a number of experts in different fields (noted by Van Sertima) have opted to suggest a more recent landbridge, perhaps 120,000 years ago, in order to explain some of the faunal migrations from Africa to the Iberian Peninsula[322].
When the last opening of the Mediterranean was demonstrated by Kenneth Hsu to have taken place 5.5 million years ago, the idea of a landbridge at Gibraltar being destroyed within the memory of man seemed rather unlikely. However, when I saw the bathymetric maps of the Mediterranean produced by Brosolo, Mascle & Loubrie, relating to the Younger Dryas Period, it raised new questions for me.
However, Hsu's date for the last flooding of the Mediterranean has, understandably, found little support from young-Earth creationists, such as Lambert Dolphin(o). and Barry Setterfield, who have striven to reconcile the irreconcilable with obscure ideas, such as changes in the speed of light!
The 18th-century writer Georges-Louis Buffon speculated as early as 1749 on the existence of a Gibraltar Dam. Alexander Braghine refers[156.21] to Bishop Tollerat, a contemporary of Bory de Saint Vincent, claiming that a Gibraltar landbridge was breached by an earthquake and led to the submergence of Atlantis. Unfortunately, I have been unable to track down Tollerat.
Even popular fiction featured the idea of a Gibraltar landbridge. In 1869, Mark Twain in chapter 7 of Innocents Abroad[1123] voiced a then current theory that there had been dry land between Gibraltar and North Africa allowing the passage northward of the so-called 'Barbary apes' that live on the 'Rock' today.
In 1921, H.G.Wells, in The Outline of History, offered a graphic, although speculative, description of the breaching of the Gibraltar Dam(g). He wrote that "This refilling of the Mediterranean, which by the rough chronology we are employing in this book may have happened somewhen between 30,000 and 10,000 B.C., must have been one of the greatest single events in the pre-history of our race."
Manuel Sánchez de Ocaña was the Spanish Lieuenant General during the 1909 war in Africa. In a rare 1935 book, Accion de España en Africa(a) (Spanish Action in Africa) he refers to the ancient isthmus that linked Spain and North Africa as well as landbridges linking Europe and America on which he believed Atlantis had been situated.
François de Sarre (1947- ) a noted French evolutionary zoologist who has proposed that a landbridge had existed at Gibraltar, which was only destroyed in relatively recent times, possibly in the second millennium BC. In support of his view, he quotes Pomponius Mela, Diodorus Siculus and Pliny. He has also published a paper, in English, supporting his opinion with a spectrum of faunal evidence(k).
Others have ventured further and proposed that a dam existed within the experience of man and that its last destruction led to the sinking of Atlantis which many claim was located in the Mediterranean. H. S. Bellamy refers to Strato quoted by Strabo, declaring that originally the strait did not exist but that the barrier was broken through in a cataclysm. Bellamy also quotes Seneca describing how Spain was separated from Africa by earthquakes. Neither of these references could have originated without human witnesses.
Alexander Braghine also added to the idea of a relatively recent landbridge when he wrote[156.139] "We possess a whole series of records of the width of these Straits, left by ancient and medieval writers of various centuries. At the beginning of the fifth century B.C. the width was only half a mile, but the writer Euton in 400 B.C., estimated it at 4 miles; Turiano Greslio, in 300 B.C., at 5 miles; and Titus Livius, at the beginning of the Christian Era, at 7 miles. Victor Vitensa, in A.D. 400, gives the width of the Straits as equal to 12 miles, and at present it is 15 miles wide."
C. M. Hardy subscribed to the view that there had been a dam at Gibraltar that was breached around 4500 BC with such a force that it also led to the destruction of a landbridge between Tunisia and Italy. He believed that remnants of Atlantis will be found in the seas around Greece.
C. S. Rafinesque, the famous naturalist, claimed that there was a Gibraltar landbridge that was destroyed 654 years after Noah's Flood. These claims are to be found in chapter 14 of Vol II of The American Nations published in 1836. This volume can now be downloaded for free(e). A creationist website(i) links the breaching of the landbridge with Noah's Deluge, which the author claims not only flooded the Mediterranean but also spilled into the Black Sea, the Red Sea and also the Persian Gulf. (see below)
The standard argument against the landbridge theory is that although the Atlantic was dramatically lower during the last Ice Age it was not sufficient to expose a land bridge between Spain and Africa at Gibraltar. However, it should be noted that the underwater sill between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean would have been much higher than now. When we consider that the breaching of a landbridge at Gibraltar would have caused an incredible flow of water through the breach (hundreds of times the flow of Niagara Falls), scouring its bottom, so that by the time the levels in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean had equalised, the erosion of the sill between them would have been considerable and when viewed today would misleadingly suggest that the Mediterranean had not have been completely cut off from the Atlantic during the last Ice Age. In the future, the consequence of this is that when (not if) the next Ice Age begins the ocean levels will have to drop even lower if the Mediterranean is to be isolated from the Atlantic once again. An example of what a sudden release of large bodies of water can do is visible in the scablands of North America, created by the breaching of the glacial dam retaining Lake Missoula.
The Spanish researcher Paulino Zamarro contends, in his 2000 book, Del Estrecho de Gibraltar a la Atlantida that a Gibraltar dam was created by silting when the Atlantic was very much lower during the last Ice Age and that it lasted until 7,500 years ago when it was breached and destroyed Atlantis, which he locates in the Cyclades, with the island of Melos containing its capital city. Details of his theory can be found on the Internet(d). A larger version of Zamarro's map is shown on the right.
Other researchers such as Constantin Benetatos maintain that this idea is supported by comments of ancient writers who suggest that at one time the Mediterranean had no existence. The philosopher Strato supported by Seneca refers to the sundering of such a dam linking Europe and Africa. The same idea was expressed by Diodorus Siculus, who said that Africa and Europe were joined and separated by Heracles. Such ideas could only have arisen if there had been a Gibraltar Dam far more recently than the conventionally accepted 5.3 million years ago. The lowering of the ocean levels at the beginning of the last Ice Age and the exposure of a landbridge or dam between Spain and Morocco would have had the effect of drying out the Mediterranean due to the fact that loss of water through evaporation in the region is greater than the amount of water from rivers that feed into it.
It is worth considering that although the catastrophic breaching of the Bosporus and consequent expansion of the Black Sea is generally accepted as fact, there are no specific legends to support it apart from a reappraisal of the Flood of Noah. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to point out that a lack of local myth or legend relating to a breaching of a Gibraltar Dam is not proof that such an event did not occur. Furthermore, the area around the mouth of the Mediterranean is geologically unstable and could have been subjected to seismic activity that could have breached or even blocked the strait.
Alberto Arecchi agrees(a) with the concept of an historical land bridge at Gibraltar, but places its breach to around 2300 BC. As already intimated, Constantin Benetatos also believes(b) in the existence of the Gibraltar Dam. Joseph S. Ellul the Maltese writer was probably the first modern author to link the breaching of a Gibraltar landbridge with the destruction of Atlantis, which he claims to have been located adjacent to Malta. He identifies this submergence of Atlantis by the waters of the Atlantic with Noah's Flood. Ellul interprets Genesis 7:11, 8:2, which refers to the "fountains of the great deep" bursting forth, as a reference to the collapse of the Gibraltar Dam. David Hatcher Childress also supports the idea of such a landbridge and has ventured a date of around 9000 BC for its collapse[620.261] and the consequent flooding of a desiccated Mediterranean.
Georgeos Diaz-Montexano, who has been searching for Atlantis off the coast of Spain and Gibraltar, has favourably referred to Zamarro's silting theory and included the illustration, shown above, from Zamarro's book on his websites. A further reference to silting can be read on another website(f).
When the Mediterranean eventually filled up, it is highly probable that it was then that the pressure of its waters led to the flooding of the Black Sea. It is reported that there are scouring marks at the entrance to the Black Sea that are very similar to those at Gibraltar. The date of the putative collapse of the Gibraltar Dam would therefore be marginally earlier, while the Mediterranean basins filled, than the accepted date for the breaching of the Bosporus currently calculated to have been around 5600 BC.
Robert Sarmast's apparently dormant theory of Atlantis submerged off the coast of Cyprus under what is now a mile of water is totally dependent on the existence of a Gibraltar Dam during the last Ice Age and it being subsequently breached when the level of the Atlantic rose or the even more improbable lowering of the seafloor by a mile, as a consequence of seismic/tectonic activity in the region.
On the basis of evidence(c) offered by the quoted classical writers, the fact that sea levels rose hundreds of feet after the last Ice Age and examples of water damage to temples on elevated ground in Malta and nuraghi in Sardinia it is not unreasonable to conclude that a rupturing of a landbridge at Gibraltar within the last ten thousand year was possible if not probable.
The most dramatic suggestion regarding the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar has been offered by Terry Westerman(l), who proposed that the rupturing of the landbridge was caused by two meteor impacts.
Finally, it is worth considering the comments of a number of respected Arabic scholars such as Al-Biruni, Al-Idrisi and Al-Mas'udi who lent support to the idea of a Gibraltar landbridge.
However, all that must be reconciled with the scientific findings of Kenneth Hsu who dated the last opening of the Gibraltar Strait to 5.5 million years ago(m). This date has been unchallenged as far as I'm aware.
>A paper published online in May 2022 would appear to contradict the idea that a landbridge blocking the Gibraltar Strait had collapsed, flooding the Mediterranean and contributing to the destruction of Atlantis.
This paper(a) includes a map showing the gradual encroachment inland by the Mediterranean at Spain's Pego-Olvia (opposite Ibiza), between 9000 BC and 8100 BC. This was the result of post-glacial melting of the glaciers gradually raised sea levels allowing water to slowly move inland over the flat coastal plain at a rate of about a kilometre every century. Little has changed since then, indicating that any suggested landbridge could not have been breached after 8100 BC without a more significant expansion inland by the Mediterranean. It also suggests that in a scenario where a Mediterranean Atlantis was flooded during that period and particularly during the second millennium BC, it should still be in relatively shallow waters!<
(a) https://www.liutprand.it/articoliMondo.asp?id=111
(b) See: Archive 2365
(c) https://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/601935/posts
(d) See: https://web.archive.org/web/20180820052424/https://www.atlantidaegeo.com/autor.html
(e) https://books.google.com.mt/books?id=8GMFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
(f) https://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_the_depth_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea_during_the_last_Ice_Age
(g) https://archive.org/details/OutlineOfHistory
(h) https://www.geoledgers.com/Europe/Gibraltar/Gibraltar.html
(i) https://www.makesyouthinkblog.com/?m=201204 (link broken) See Archive 2536
(k) https://www.migra(o)tion-diffusion.info/article.php?year=2015&id=477
(l) https://www.geoledgers.com/Europe/Gibraltar/Gibraltar.html
(m) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messinian_salinity_crisis
(n) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014PA002719/full
(o) http://www.ldolphin.org/meddead.html
(p) Full article: Impacts of sea-level rise on prehistoric coastal communities: land use and risk perception during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in central Mediterranean Spain (tandfonline.com) *
Tagged Al, Al-Biruni, Al-Idrisi, Al-Mas'udi, Alberto Arecchi, Alexander Braghine, America, Barry Setterfield, Betic Corridor, Black Sea, Bory de Saint Vincent, Brosolo Mascle & Loubrie, C.C.M. Hardy, C.S. Rafinesque, Constantin Benetatos, Cyclades, Cyprus, David Hatcher Childress, Diodorus Siculus, Euton, François de Sarre, Georges Diaz-Montexano, Georges-Louis Buffon, Gibraltar Dam, Guadalquivir Basin, H.G.Wells, H.S. Bellamy, Ice Age, Italy, Joseph S. Ellul, Kenneth Hsu, Lake Missoula, Lambert Dolphin, Malta, Manuel Sánchez de Ocaña, MarkTwain, Mediterranean, Melos, Noah, North Africa, nuraghi, Paulino Zamarro, Pego-Olvia, Persian Gulf, Pliny, Pomponius Mela, Red Sea, Rifian Corridor, Robert Sarmast, Seneca, Spain, Strabo, Strato, Terry Westerman, Tunisia, Younger Dryas
Wilson, Colin
Colin Wilson (1931-2013) was born in Leicester, England. He has been a most prolific author with around a hundred titles to his credit. The range of subjects that he has covered is breathtaking; from Jack the Ripper to Sex to Atlantis. A 2004 article in The Observer described him as a self-declared genius and knicker fetishist!
Initially, he was a supporter of the Minoan Hypothesis, then in 1996 he linked the controversial redating of the Sphinx by Robert Schoch, with the influence of earlier sophisticated Atlanteans. It is revealing to note that the original title of Wilson's book was Before the Sphinx but this was altered at the insistence of his publishers(d) in order to include 'Atlantis' on the cover!
A few years later he was co-author with Rand Flem-Ath, the promoter of the Atlantis in Antarctica theory, of The Atlantis Blueprint[063] again promoting the idea of the Atlantean civilisation having spread to other parts of the world that is now visible in the remains of so many megalithic cultures around our planet. Wilson revealed later, in a 2007 edition of From Atlantis to the Sphinx [335]+, that he was unhappy with the final content of The Atlantis Blueprint stating that "it did not represent his views"[p381] and wrote an account in the Fortean Times(b), of how that book evolved.
Wilson joined the Sarmast expedition in October 2004, as he had then shifted his preference(d) to the Cyprus region as the location of Atlantis. He eventually found the idea of Atlantis in the Antarctic waging war against Athens, a distance of many thousands of miles, untenable. Unfortunately, this brief display of critical thinking was short-lived as he shifted his support to Cyprus as Atlantis' location. I believe that he might have revised his position again if he had just given some consideration to Plato's report of how the flooded Atlantis was still a hazard to shipping centuries later. Sarmast's Cyprus site is in water over a mile deep and could never have been a shipping hazard!
In 2006 Wilson continued[336] his support for Sarmast but added a new dimension with the claim on the cover notes that 'the Neanderthals had been the civilising force behind Atlantis'. However, in his earlier book [335.390], he stated clearly that he was "not suggesting there was some connection between Atlantis and Neanderthal man". Perhaps the cover notes were just a concoction of Wilson's publisher.
At best, Wilson's book, Atlantis and the Kingdom of the Neanderthals can be described as disappointing. Laura Knight-Jadczyk goes further, classifying it as 'embarrassing'(c).
[335]+ Available online: https://archive.org/details/FromAtlantisToTheSphinx.ColinWilson *
(b) https://www.forteantimes.com/features/articles/5167/a_100000yearold_civilisation.html (offline November 2015)
(c) https://www.amazon.co.uk/review/RZWH2PZ425PJW
Tagged Antarctica, Cyprus, Flem Ath, Laura Knight-Jadczyk, Minoan Hypothesis, Neanderthals, Robert Sarmast, Robert Schoch, Sphinx


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Spelunky 2 Doesn't Mess With A Good Thing
In the original Spelunky, every run is different, but it's also always the same. Your objective never changes; enemy behaviour is always predictable. In the 100 hours I've spent with the first game, my skills, mistakes, and choices are what make every run unique and exciting. Spelunky 2 keeps the original's winning combination of change and constants, but adds new enemies, traps, and secrets.
Spelunky 2 releases tomorrow for PlayStation 4, with a Steam release coming September 29. Structurally, it's similar to its predecessor: you choose a character and guide them deeper through a series of themed underground levels whose layouts change each run, getting as far as you can before permadeath sends you back to the start. There are enemies to face and environmental hazards to dodge, ropes and bombs to help you navigate, gold and gems to collect and spend at the occasional shop, and pets to rescue for extra health. Spelunky 2 is set on the moon, according to the opening narration, but I haven't seen much of the effects of that in my playthroughs of the game's first two areas, which are an area called "dwelling" that looks similar to Spelunky's starting mines, and a jungle area reminiscent of the first game's second level. There are a few tweaks to the basic formula, such as online multiplayer and a hub area where the characters you've unlocked hang out, but from what I've seen so far, Spelunky 2 is, at its core, basically more Spelunky. This is excellent news: More Spelunky is exactly what I hoped Spelunky 2 would be.
Screenshot: Mossmouth / Kotaku
One of the great pleasures of Spelunky is that, once you've seen something once, you always know how it works. Arrow traps will always trigger when you drop in front of them; bats will always move in their bizarrely terrifying diagonal; shopkeepers will always get pissed if you steal their stuff. The delight comes from how these things work together, how your actions will set off a chain reaction or how a new layout will make an enemy or hazard you usually breeze past a thrilling challenge. Spelunky 2 felt instantly familiar to me, while still making me curious how each run would go and what strange adventures I'd have in its levels.
Instead of changing what makes Spelunky so great, Spelunky 2 adds more to it. Spelunky's first level was relatively sparsely populated, but here it's full of enemies old and new. There are still spiders, and bats, and cavemen, but there are also horned lizards who'll roll over you and burrowing moles whose paths you have to keep track of lest they spring up and damage you. I've seen the game's ghost way more this time around, for reasons I won't spoil. There are rideable animals, which have their own combat abilities: I bought a dog that belches fireballs in one run, and in another run I tried to tame a wild turkey only to have it run me straight into some spikes as I struggled to control it. The game's world feels more full of life; all these variables make things more difficult, but also expand the stories you'll come away with.
After two straight days of playing, I have not risen to Spelunky 2's challenges. I've failed over and over, sometimes within seconds of starting. Every failure is my own fault: some consequence I didn't think through, some careless mistake I made at the wrong moment, some risky move I couldn't pull off. In one run, a horned lizard rolled at me; I jumped over him, but he smashed into the shopkeeper and killed him. This was bad — all future shopkeepers would try to kill me — but also good, because I could snag the pickaxe that lets you chop through the game's geometry. I blithely set about pickaxing my way through everything, feeling pretty good about myself, until I destroyed a clod of dirt without thinking about the stone block above it. I smushed myself, inches from the exit to the jungle level. I stared at the death screen in a combination of horror and delight. My death was so stupid, but so fair, that there was nothing to do but laugh it off and try again.
Fucking up in Spelunky 2 teaches you what not to do, but it can also uncover exciting new strategies. Happy accidents are just as common as mistakes: Once, I accidentally blew up a turkey I was trying to rescue, only to find that this was in fact a good thing. In another run, I threw a rock at a caveman, only for him to catch it, making me wonder what else I could make him catch. The game's combination of known patterns in new configurations means that even though I want to see the game's later levels, my lack of progress never frustrates me. No matter how many times I play level 1-1 (a lot), it never gets old.
There are more hidden areas to explore in Spelunky 2, doorways that lead to caves full of treasure or rooms I haven't figured out how or why I should access. There are bigger secrets at work too: I've unlocked a shortcut in the hub with branching paths, one to the jungles and one to a volcanic level that taunts me with how quickly it shuts me down. I've gotten several skull keys but never lived long enough to find out what they unlock. There are a ton of hidden passages, as well as occasional challenge rooms I've yet to master. The Udjat Eye is back, but I have no idea if it leads to the same outcome as in the first game. As with the first game, some levels have mysterious sayings: a warning of beating drums, for instance, means a level contains a giant porcupine who rolls through the level like the first game's boulder. Another warning keeps telling me of "echoes," but I've yet to figure out what it means. The first Spelunky was famously full of complicated side tasks and rituals to unlock its secret levels. I can see the hints of those here, but I can't unravel them on my own.
Sometimes it's cool to be a games journalist because you get to play games early, but playing Spelunky 2 before everyone else makes me feel like it's missing something. The first game's secrets were uncovered by the community working together; there was more inside it than any one player could master. By the time I came to that game, most of it had been mapped out in forums and YouTube videos, but now I get to get in on the ground floor for Spelunky 2, discovering alongside everyone else. The game feels huge and uncharted, and it's not just because I keep making dumb mistakes and dying in the early levels. I'm excited for other players to start finding its eggplants and figuring out its paths to Hell, uncovering and connecting its secrets into a narrative that's so much more than simply platforming through levels whipping bats. I didn't need more Spelunky — I have plenty of the first game still to play — but I'm so excited to have it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


When assessing the effectiveness of a website's design, we often look at the numbers.
After all, numbers don't lie. We track bounce rates, engagement rates, or spikes or dips in organic traffic, and then derive conclusions based on observable trends. However, designers tend to overlook one crucial element in favour of logic and statistics.
Lately, I have been thinking a lot about the relationship between psychology and User Experience Design (UX design). UX determines how well website users can navigate your website. That user experience makes a lot of difference whether a customer will return to your website or not. My Wife is studying Psychology at University, I studied it as well as part of my undergraduate degree. I am aware of the connection between how my website design looks and how it makes you feel when you are navigating within it. Emotional design can provide that intangible thing that spurs your customer into action.
As a 'designer' I understand and deploy some design methods to encourage an emotional connection with my designs. I select colours, typography that pleases the eye and invokes certain feelings.


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What Has Angela Bassett Been In
Amongst Hollywood's most well-known and renowned actresses, Angela Bassett is one of the most sought after for her capability to represent complex and nuanced characters. She began her profession in the 1970s with a series of functions on television, and has actually gone on to make movies such as "Saving Grace" and "The Last Tune." Her career has also included philanthropic work, and she serves as president of the board of directors at the Museum of Modern Art. She is also a member of the Movie Critics Association and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
During her youth, Angela Bassett spent much of her time in the Harlem community of New York City. She matured in a working class family. As a child, Angela Bassett was involved in many extracurricular activities and was a member of her school's argument group. She likewise made her own tunes and performed for relative when she was young.
Angela Evelyn Bassett was born in New york city City on August 16, 1958. She is the child of Daniel Bassett and Betty Jane Gilbert. Her parents separated when she was young and she was raised by her aunts. Angela Bassett studied at the Yale School of Drama. She finished with a Bachelor of Arts in African-American research studies and a Master of Arts. She later on moved to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career She has actually won several awards and nominations.
As a starlet, Angela Bassett has played the functions of a number of well-known African-American women throughout the 20th century. She has actually been awarded many accolades for her performances, including a Golden World for her function in What's Love Got to Do with It. She has actually also been nominated for a Primetime Emmy award. She is an activist who supports several charities. She likewise acts as a UNICEF Ambassador. Angela Bassett has appeared in numerous movies and tv series throughout her profession, and she continues to work as an actress. She has also had roles in movies such as Boyz n the Hood and The Jacksons: An American Dream. She has likewise played Rosa Parks, Voletta Wallace, and Betty Shabazz.
Angela Bassett is an active fan of kids with diabetes. She likewise acts as an ambassador for the Royal Theater Boys & & the Girls Club in St. Petersburg. She also supports the Barrack Obama project. She has received the honor of 2,358 stars on the Hollywood Walk of Popularity. She has actually likewise produced 2 made-for-television films. In 2011, she appeared in DC's Green Lantern.
Angela Bassett has also starred in films such as The Jacksons: An American Dream, Malcolm X, and The Rosa Parks Story. She also won the Image Award for her efficiency in Malcolm X.
During her movie profession, Angela Bassett has played a variety of functions. She has represented renowned Black females such as Betty Shabazz in Malcolm X, Rieta Cole in Of Kids and Men, and Tina Turner in What's Love Got to Finish With It. Her roles have actually made her elections for the Primetime Emmy Award and the NAACP Image Award. She has actually also belonged of the American Horror Story troupe for a number of seasons. In addition to her performing, Bassett has actually likewise directed several movies.
Bassett graduated from Yale University with a Bachelor of Arts in African-American Research Studies. She also received a Master of Fine Arts in drama from the school. Throughout her time at the Yale School of Drama, Bassett worked with stars such as Lloyd Richards, John Singleton, and Robert Townsend.
Bassett's film career began after she finished from Yale. She starred in a number of films, consisting of The Jacksons: An American Dream (1992 ), What's Love Got to Make With It (1993 ), and Malcolm X (1992 ). Her performance in What's Love Got to Finish with it made Bassett an Academy Award nomination for Best Starlet. She also made a Golden World Award for her function.
Angela Bassett has actually also appeared in numerous films in 2011. Her newest appearances include the film Green Lantern, which starred Samuel L. Jackson. She has also appeared in Dive the Broom, The Mountaintop, Meet the Browns, and Langston Hughes' Black Nativity. She has actually likewise voiced Decepticon bad guy 'Shatter' in the Transformers live-action film Bumblebee.
Angela Bassett is a contemporary design of a clever, powerful, successful Black lady. Her performances in various films have actually made her a a great deal of nominations and awards, consisting of the Golden Globe Award for Finest Actress and the NAACP Image Award for Best Supporting Starlet. Known for her ferocious self-belief, Bassett has actually continued to deal with diverse jobs. She has actually also been a frequent guest star on tv. She has appeared on A Black Woman Sketch Show and has actually narrated "The Imagineering Story – The Happiest Place on Earth."
Bassett has actually likewise been a routine presence on the television program, American Scary Story. She starred in Freak Program, Coven, and Coven 2. She received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for her role in American Scary Story: Freak Show. She likewise appeared in the final season of ER.
Throughout her career, Angela Bassett has actually handled many functions. She has appeared in television series, stage plays and movies. She has actually gained honor from audiences and peers and has made a track record for being one of the best starlets of her generation. In fact, Bassett has actually been recognized for her efficiency in numerous movies, including Vampire in Brooklyn, Waiting to Exhale and Unusual Days. In addition, she won an NAACP Image Award for her role in a motion picture. She has been chosen for an Academy Award and Primetime Emmy Award, and she was also awarded a Golden Globe.
Angela Bassett's acting career started in the mid-1980s, when she made her first appearance on The Cosby Show. She later appeared in a number of television series, consisting of Spenser: For Employ and Kindergarten Police. She starred in a romantic dramedy titled Waiting to Breathe out and a drama called How Stella Got Her Groove Back. She likewise made a guest appearance on the television program Alias.
Bassett acquired prominence in 1990 when she appeared in a variety of high-profile films. She appeared in movies such as The Cosby Program, Langston Hughes' Black Nativity and Contact. She later on appeared on Broadway in Ma Rainey's Black Bottom and The Mountaintop. She has also appeared in movies such as SUPERNOVA and Mr. 3000. She continues to provide her voice to the animated series "Bojack Horseman".
In 1994, Bassett made an Academy Award election for her performance as Tina Turner. She likewise won a Golden Globe award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. In addition, Bassett earned an NAACP Image Award for her function as the heiress to a Washington D.C. household fortune. She was likewise nominated for an Emmy Award and a Primetime Emmy Award for her efficiency in The Rosa Parks Story.
Angela Bassett has also starred in films based upon books by Terry McMillan. She co-starred with Whitney Houston in Waiting to Breathe out and starred with Ralph Fiennes in Strange Days. She likewise starred in Of Kids and Male, in which she played Rieta Cole. She played the mom of Christopher Wallace in the 2009 biopic Notorious.
Besides her effective movie profession, Angela Bassett has been an active philanthropist for many years. She has actually been a guest speaker at a number of yearly occasions, and has actually teamed up with two organizations to enhance the health of kids.
She is understood for her function as Tina Turner in the movie What's Love Got to Make With It, which earned her 2 Oscar nominations. She also starred in the cult classic Vampire in Brooklyn. She has actually likewise depicted real life icons like Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, and Betty Shabazz. She is a good example for lots of young Black ladies. She has actually also teamed up with the American Heart Association to promote awareness about diabetes.
She has actually received two Daytime Emmy nominations. She is an active ambassador for UNICEF. She has dealt with a number of youth arts programs, and has actually given cash to a range of charitable companies. She has also co-written a book about her relationship with Courtney B. Vance.
Angela Bassett has also starred in the motion picture The Rosa Parks Story. She also depicted T'Challa's mom, Queen Ramonda, in Marvel's Black Panther. She was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for her function in What's Love Got to Finish With It, and is presently starring in the Fox first responder drama series 9-1-1. She likewise appears in Marvel's Avengers: Endgame.
Angela Bassett is a modern model for a clever, powerful, and effective Black woman. She is frequently feted for her ageless beauty, and has been called the "queen" of Black Hollywood. She has played a large range of roles, and has actually gotten numerous Emmy and Golden Globe nominations. She has a prolific film profession, and is typically seen on the red carpet. She has likewise been a strong supporter for Black ladies in the entertainment industry. She has actually been a role model for young Black ladies, and has actually been instrumental in motivating them to pursue a profession in the arts.
She has actually appeared in a number of movies, including the motion picture Mr. and Mrs. Smith, which starred Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie. She also co-starred in the musical biopic What's Love Got to Finish With It, which concentrated on the rise of Tina Turner to stardom. She likewise appeared in the break-in movie Ball game.
Angela Bassett Twin
Where Does Angela Bassett Live


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Fall TV Season
Friday, October 14th, 2005 at 12:50 am
So far this season, TV has been both disappointing and better than expected. There aren't any new standout shows so far, and it's not looking like any will develop into standouts. There are a few that I like more than others, but their long term prospects are very questionable.
Prison Break has been going the longest, and it is interesting enough to have me waiting to watch it every week. The main problem is that sooner or later they have to actually break out of the prison, and then what? You can't very well call a show prison break if nobody has to break out any more. The whole thing is so focused on the prison, that I don't know if it will be able to stand as the fugitive conspiracy show it looks like they are aiming for. So far the out of prison stuff has been the real weak point of the series, so I don't know that expanding that would be a good idea. The only way I can see it continuing with anything near the current mood and drive is if some of the escapees don't escape, and have to work on a new plan Time will tell.
There are three new shows that focus on alien invasion, and so far it's almost like everyone went to a "How to make an alien conspiracy show in 30 days" lecture or something. All three of the shows, Surface, Invasion, and Threshold, share a lot of themes and gimmicks, and I don't think they will all make it to the mid season break. Surface seems to be going for the disaster movie feel, and they pulled it off really well in the pilot. The next few episodes have narrowed the focus quite a bit and I don't know if it will hold up in the long run. David Greenwalt (Angel) did join the production team for this last episode though, and it picked back up a lot of the momentum that the other post pilot episodes had lost. Invasion is the show I least like, because they are holding everything too close to their chest. We don't know anything about their aliens other than they like water and may be body snatching or infecting people. They keep purposefully misdirecting, and pretty soon they will have to put up or shut up. I like Threshold best out of the three, it has the best cast, and so far the best writing. You can't beat having Carla Gugino, Brent Spinner, and midget on a secret government anti-alien team. I am wary because it is basically a good portion of the freshly out of work Star Trek production guys, but we haven't seen any ridges or tachyon pulses yet and Berman isn't involved, so there may be hope. At least nobody has a forward deflector array they can rewire.
Criminal Minds is a procedural that picks up right where the short lived The Inside left off a few weeks ago. It's about an FBI team that tracks down serial killers and other difficult cases, and has a much darker feel than standard CSI or Law and Order cop procedurals. Hopefully it lasts longer than The Inside did.
As average as the new shows have been, the returning shows have been full of surprises. LOST is now officially dead to me, since they don't seem to want to do anything but drag things out as far as they can. When you have "Season Premiere" then "Season Premiere: Deleted Scenes", then "Season Premiere: More Deleted Scenes (with Bonus Ridiculous Arguments!)" as your first three episodes, something is very wrong. Alias didn't drag things out, but it is in the process of re-inventing itself, and not doing very well at it so far. Cast changes and medical conditions required some tricky writing, but it was done very poorly, and lost all of the great Alias feel the last few episodes of last season had found again. It's possible that once everything settles into the new places it will return, but I'm not holding out much hope. When you can't even remember who is dead, who is alive, who is in prison, and why then something is very wrong. J.J. Abrams is 0 for 2 this season on shows, he needs to get back in the game.
On the other hand, we have Smallville, which seems to have totally shed all the weirdness that infested last season and is finally for the first time in it's life firing on all cylinders. Smallville has always teetered on the edge of greatness, with a few misguided detours to Dawson's Creek land, and Charmedville, but so far this season I have been extremely impressed. Superman is so close now, you are almost expecting Clark to rip off his shirt and have the costume on underneath. They seem to be focusing on arc, and I really hope they keep it up, the show is about Superman, and the farther they move from that the worse it gets. It looks like they may kill off a main character, and done correctly that will be awesome, done poorly it will piss off the fans and lose all their momentum. I still wish my theory that Chloe was actually Lois, and she changed her name and hair color at some point would have panned out, but they don't consult me on these things.
Veronica Mars is Without A Doubt the best thing on TV right now. It was great last year, and had the best season finale I have seen in a long time, but this season is just amazing. The season premiere is definitely in the top five best hours of TV I have ever seen. It was a perfect resolution to the mini-cliffhanger from last season and then twists and turns and when you finally think you have everything figured out, it says "yeah, well watch this", and takes a flying leap off the damn cliff and opens a new season's worth of cans of worms. Shows focused on mysteries historically die a slow death once the mysteries are resolved, but VM preformed a perfect transition into a new set of mysteries without once feeling like they were stretching or uncertain. They know where they are going, and I for one am happy to be along for the ride. Every episode so far this season has been a perfect mix of old story, new story, arc, and side plots. If they keep this up, this season will easily be on par with Buffy seasons two and three, possibly even better.
Hopefully some of the new shows will step up and find their stride, or at least get canceled and make room for better shows.
Listening To: Broken Social Scene
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The product was developed by more than 40 developers. The primary decision that the team had to contend with was to choose between Angular and React for the website platform. Considering the popularity of both, we started analyzing which will be the preferred programming platform that can help us create better apps and websites.
The increasing amount of web development network frameworks & libraries continues to grow. The most common among them are Angular and react. It almost seems like a tiebreaker when you come down to weighting the merits of both. React gained popularity since its inception from Facebook, and on the other hand, an Angular framework made its mark when Google updated its system on the Angular network. The choice is yours alone to make.
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HomeAll Posts...From 'inadequate' to 'outstanding'...
From 'inadequate' to 'outstanding': leaders bid farewell after taking authority from bottom to top
Posted November 8, 2019 76Views 0Likes by Alex Turner
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The architects of Cornwall children's services' journey from 'inadequate' to 'outstanding' have said the county's social work model is robust and can continue to progress, as they prepare to leave their roles.
Almost exactly eight years on from the last time they judged Cornwall 'inadequate', Ofsted inspectors this week awarded the county the highest possible grade overall, with services for children in care, and the impact of leaders both scoring top marks.
At its last full inspection, in 2016, the council achieved a 'good' rating, cementing a turnaround based on nurturing an environment where social workers have had time and space to do their jobs and to learn and develop.
But in its latest visit – one of the inspectorate's new short inspections, carried out in October – Ofsted found Cornwall had continued to innovate in a number of areas. These included its implementation of a multi-agency edge-of-care service for adolescents, the integration of clinicians into teams and a "significantly improved" focus on participation from children in care.
Three critical factors
For Trevor Doughty, the director of children's services, and Jack Cordery, the head of service for children's social care – both of whom are moving on in December – Ofsted's verdict marks the culmination of almost a decade's work. "[Senior leaders] have worked purposefully since the last inspection and have continued to strengthen services for children and young people – they are passionate about raising standards and strive for excellence," inspectors noted.
"We have developed, over many years, a grow-your-own system – our social workers know the model, which is based on social justice, and are steeped in it – and it works here," says Doughty, who is leaving to take up a post at the Local Government Association (LGA). "There were many pleasing things in the report, but one was the morale of social workers and the commitment of the workforce on a day-to-day basis – and that has obviously to be coupled with commitment from partners and the corporate and political setup."
How a council put social work at the heart of its fight back from 'inadequate'
PSWs cannot fulfil Munro's vision within closed leadership systems
Unlike many of its neighbours in the South West, Cornwall has a stable social work workforce, many members of whom have risen through the ranks, with only just above 3% agency staff. It has managed to keep its numbers of children entering care down – to a little above 40 per 10,000, against national averages of 60 or more – despite high levels of deprivation.
Cordery puts its achievements down to the enduring influence of Eileen Munro's 2011 review of child protection, to which he contributed, in implementing a "virtuous triangle" that underpins social work practice in Cornwall.
"There are three factors," he says. "First, that we shifted our culture from a process-driven bureaucracy to relationship-based social work.
"Second, we have a core [development] curriculum, not just for social workers but for all practitioners [who work with children within the local safeguarding partnership]," Cordery adds (see box). The council also offers a career and qualification pathway that means all social workers can progress to a consultant grade equivalent to a frontline manager.
Finally, Cordery says, "evidence-based, trauma-informed approaches we are taking have had a massive impact."
Therapeutic input
As with the bi-borough councils of Westminster and Kensington and Chelsea, which were also recently judged 'outstanding', a key development of those practice approaches has been the insertion of therapeutic staff into social care teams.
'Mainstreaming' learning
While Cornwall children's services' two most senior leaders are leaving, the council's principal children's and families' social worker, Marion Russell, who has been in post since 2011, will provide crucial continuity.
Russell has responsibility for policy and quality assurance, among a growing range of duties as children's social care in Cornwall pursues greater integration with health services. She heads up the team that delivers the core training curriculum within children's services, which includes learning around supervision, motivational interviewing and Signs of Safety and can also be accessed by other agencies in Cornwall.
"We have always taken view that if you are professional working with children you can do our training – all of it," Russell says.
"That has made a big difference, in terms of [wider] culture change, challenging ways of thinking, doing things differently. It has a knock-on effect – when have case conferences, child in need meetings and so on, everyone is coming with same knowledge and skills, and speaking the same language."
Commenting on this week's Ofsted report, Russell adds that what pleased her most was that fact that the council's learning culture "shone through" many practice elements rather than being an add-on consideration.
"Inspectors didn't have to come to talk to me, or to practice educators, or people who run the core curriculum, because everyone talked about training, the career and qualification pathway, progression, the use of research, models of practice – and in practice [Ofsted] saw that," she says. "It wasn't a separate thing but embedded and for me that is the difference, what I see as mainstreaming of what we do."
The creation of an edge-of-care service providing individualised support packages to the families of adolescents, Gweres tus Yowynk, was singled out by Ofsted as an example of this.
"It fits with our approach about social justice and pro-social learning," says Cordery. "To have an edge-of-care team doing intensive therapeutic work with families around how they function, relationships within them, breakdowns between parents and adolescents – that has been a phenomenal success."
The service brings together social workers, psychologists, family workers, junior youth workers and functional family therapy child welfare practitioners. Based on its results, Cornwall has now invested in three new similarly constituted teams designed to work with younger children on the edge of care, which will begin work shortly.
"[The model for the new teams] is related to functional family therapy (FFT), but called functional family therapy child welfare, which is an adapted approach for working with five- to 10-year-olds," says Cordery.
But while the teams are new, the multi-disciplinary approach is well-established. As Ofsted noted, psychologists are now employed throughout children's services in Cornwall, providing advice to social workers as well as to parents and carers.
"When you have a psychologist's perspective in assessment of children's needs, you then start thinking, 'what's the right treatment or approach to help them recover?'" Cordery says. "We have invested in FFT, theraplay, video interaction guidance – a whole range of therapeutic approaches, which are embedded in our social care teams."
Amplifying young people's voices
Besides Cornwall's multi-disciplinary approach to delivering children's social care, Ofsted commended the council for continually improving participation from care-experienced young people, which is led by a partner organisation, Carefree.
"Highly committed care-experienced apprentices undertake group work with children in care," the inspection report said. "They deliver training to social workers and foster carers, as well as representing the local authority at national benchmarking events."
Cordery cites several examples of how young people's voices have had a direct impact on practice and policy. These include exploring how to support young people around reconnecting with their families in more "managed" ways, to investing in counselling services all care-experienced individuals can access in order to deal with ongoing emotional issues.
"Carefree has created a participation programme that is virtually led by young people themselves – we've got not just apprentices in that organisation, but employed care leavers, and they have come and applied to us to be social workers as well," Cordery adds.
Ofsted also noted that young people's perspectives had been amplified via the work of independent reviewing officers – a role that has come under national scrutiny in recent times. In Cornwall the job is fulfilled by so-called children's rights advocates, who also handle child protection conference chairing duties.
"In many local authorities these are very transactional roles – facilitating and meeting, getting people together, reviewing and adjusting plans and the goodbye," says Cordery. "We feel they are well placed to do so much more… I have given them permission to be advocates for young people."
'Meeting demand won't be straightforward'
Yet despite noting improvements in all departments, Ofsted's inspection of services in Cornwall identified a number of areas where further progress could be made, with services for children in need of help and protection rated 'good'. Most notably, inspectors said the consistency of plans – especially for children in need – could be better, as could life-story work and accommodation provision for 16- and 17-year-olds.
While inspectors said Cornwall had significantly improved its responses to children at risk of exploitation, Cordery adds that the county will also "need to get tighter" on its understanding of child criminal exploitation relating to county lines drug dealing.
Unlike for most children's services that obtain an 'outstanding' judgment, the road ahead, through the difficult landscape all children's services face, will be travelled under new leadership.
Cordery warned in council meetings last year that any cuts to budgets could undermine the directorate's progress – and Doughty acknowledges that Cornwall must make "maximum use" of the social care grant announced in the recent spending round in order to stay on track. Recent documents suggest the council could be in line for an extra £11m, from the £1bn announced nationally.
"I'm not pretending that meeting demand is going to be straightforward – the effectiveness of early help will be crucial in order to reduce acute costs and have fewer children in care," he says. But Doughty, who has just begun handing over to his successor, Meredith Teasdale, recently of Wolverhampton council, adds that he is "confident of the potential for services to get even better".
While there have also been reports of tensions between the outgoing children's services bosses and Cornwall chief executive Kate Kennally, Cordery says the new younger children's edge-of-care teams are a sign the council has been persuaded to keep investing in a system that is built on solid foundations.
"They recognise failure is awful for children and young people, and also political suicide," he says. "[But] our culture – the building blocks of putting children at the centre of things, with a skilled workforce, with strong values about how we work with children and families – that will be hard to unravel."
Source: Community Care
Tags: socialcare
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