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Home SPN Blog Protecting learning pods: A 50-state guide to regulations threatening the latest education innovation
Jonathan Butcher
Protecting learning pods: A 50-state guide to regulations threatening the latest education innovation
During the coronavirus pandemic, parents around the country formed learning pods to continue their child's education while traditional, charter, or private schools were closed. This guide breaks down the state regulations threatening this parent-driven solution.
By Jonathan Butcher, senior fellow at the Goldwater Institute and senior policy analyst in the Heritage Foundation's Center for Education Policy.
During the coronavirus pandemic, parents around the country formed "learning pods" to continue their child's education while traditional, charter, or private schools were closed. Polling from Heart+Mind Strategies shows parents strongly favor this education solution: 72 percent say pods enhance our public education system, and 76 percent believe learning pods should be allowed as part of schools' online teaching plans.
As of this writing, traditional schools in some of the nation's largest districts remain closed to in-person instruction. These circumstances—and increasing support for learnings pods among parents—means pods will be part of K-12 policy discussions for the foreseeable future.
In this report
About learning pods | Overview of state regulations | Public opinion polling | Policy recommendations for states | State-by-state guide | Download this report
What are learning pods?
For this report, "learning pods" refers to small, in-person groups of students assembled by parents. They meet either in a parent's home or at another location, such as a school building or community center, to continue a student's K-12 experience using district distance learning platforms or a separate curriculum chosen by the participating families (when a public school is hosting a pod, school officials sometimes call it a "learning hub"). Some families are using public school virtual materials while others are using content chosen independently from a school. This distinction is noted in the state analyses below as necessary to distinguish between the activities cited in regulatory guidance.
During the pandemic, some parents have chosen to use learning pods as defined above for the short term, until schools open, or indefinitely.
Microschools versus learning pods
"Microschool" refers to private organizations that offer teachers or classroom facilitators for hire to small groups of students, again, meeting either in a home setting or in a community center. In some microschools, a parent of a participating student can serve as a facilitator. The distinguishing feature of microschools is that parents pay tuition or a fee to participate, which for the purposes of state law, means these students are now private school students. With pods, sometimes these parents are homeschooling, while others are temporarily teaching children at home with or without the aid of a teacher or tutor. To define the terms in this report, no microschool is facilitating the instruction in the settings that the author calls "learning pods."
Acton Academies, based in Austin, Texas, and Prenda, in Arizona, are examples of microschools, but as Prenda microschool founder Kelly Smith said in an interview for this report, microschools are often "variations on a theme" from each other. For example, while Acton students are private school students, Prenda students satisfy state compulsory attendance requirements through education savings account enrollment or are enrolled in district or charter schools that collaborate with Prenda.
News about pods, microschools, and the accompanying state or local bureaucratic activity is changing regularly. In assembling the material below, the author uses the definitions for microschools and pods that describe these two education options in terms commonly found in the work of school choice advocates, news media, and state agencies. These definitions are meant as a guide for those working to protect a parent's rights to choose how and where their children learn and for policymakers as they propose or develop policies that confirm microschools and pods as legitimate learning options for families of K-12 students.
Learning pods and state regulations
The ongoing media attention given to pods, along with district reports of declining enrollment at the beginning of the school year, cannot help but attract policymakers' attention. Officials in some states and even localities have begun to issue new regulations for pod operations or release statements reminding pod participants that certain education or at-home-daycare-related rules may apply to parent-led learning pods. Additional rules may also apply to conventional child care centers that choose to offer instruction or enroll school-aged children. Some of these statements waive certain requirements for operating child care services, though even these notices still include limitations on pod formation, such as adult-student ratio restrictions.
Proposed rules would impact not only parents who are trying to operate pods out of a home, but also parents who need to form pods to continue their child's education in a privately-operated setting or community center so that they can return to work. If rules or regulations limit the size of pods or otherwise slow pod growth, this has educational, as well as economic implications, for families, communities, and businesses.
This report includes a list of such announcements by state or local officials and offers information on new or existing education or child care-related rules being used to limit or jeopardize the creation or growth of learning pods.
Likewise, this review finds that state and local officials in most cases are not reviewing pods if an assigned school is closed and parents are educating their child at home using the district online learning platform during the closure. Here again, though, exceptions are noted in the state listings below.
As explained by National School Choice Week, parents, policymakers, and research and advocacy organizations should consider a state's existing homeschool and private school laws as parents form pods. Generally, state policymakers are likely to consider a single family educating their children at home each year as homeschoolers. These policymakers may also consider multiple families educating several children in a group as a private school or an at-home daycare (the problems stemming from this latter designation are described below).
Regulations found in the state analysis below include:
Treating multi-family learning pods like at-home daycare operations, such as requiring participating families to obtain a license.
Limiting the size of a learning pod.
Zoning laws.
If agencies are not requiring families to obtain a license, families may be required to register. While homeschooling families are often required to file an affidavit of intent to homeschool, with learning pods, some of the regulations included in the notices and official statements are day-care related.
The overlap between learning pods and in-home daycare requirements—as opposed to homeschool—is significant because daycare rules are more stringent, and numerous, than homeschool rules. Writing for the Heritage Foundation earlier this year, Carrie Lucas and Charlotte Whelan explain: "While regulations are onerous for both center and family-care providers," centers that are part of a larger network "have more support to help with compliance. Smaller centers, or those with fewer resources, both financial and administrative, are more likely to have difficulty complying with regulations."
Rachel Greszler, a Heritage Research Fellow in Economics, Budgets, and Entitlements, says, "State-based government regulations are a huge driver for the cost of early childhood care and education. For instance, 44 states require a license for home-based day care—typically even if this day care consists of watching the children of a few friends" (emphasis in the original).
While Lucas and Whelan explain that fewer rules apply to in-home daycares than center-provided care, "in practice, many of the regulations imposed on childcare centers and family-care providers go far beyond ensuring safety and well-being; they are prescriptive and limiting for facilities."
A litany of research supports the contention that additional regulations result in fewer individuals starting new child care centers or existing centers having to close and thereby limiting the supply. Learning pods are a new phenomenon, but parents and advocates should be concerned that if burdensome at-home daycare regulations are applied to pods, these rules would have the same stifling effect.
Polling: What Americans think about pods or microschools
Polling conducted by Heart+Mind Strategies on October 28-29, 2020, shows growing support for these education options. Furthermore, there is increasing favor for minimal regulations to avoid burdening families.
50% agree that policymakers should consider proposals that align learning pod arrangements with existing homeschool and private school laws so that pod families do not bear heavier regulatory burdens compared to families already exercising their right to choose how and where their children learn. (15% disagree)
41% agree that state officials should not impose new pupil-staff ratios specific to learning pods. Waivers to existing childcare requirements should be made permanent for pod families. (20% disagree)
49% agree that state officials should allow multi-family learning pods to operate as multi-family homeschool arrangements. (16% disagree)
47% agree that if there are deadlines by which homeschool families must register to educate their children at home, state lawmakers should waive such deadlines when public schools are only offering virtual or hybrid instruction. (19% disagree)
35% agree that state lawmakers should not allow agencies such as the Department of Education or department of health to conduct at-home visits of families participating in learning pods. (31% disagree)
39% agree that policymakers should not apply at-home daycare regulations such as pupil-staff ratios, zoning requirements, emergency plan requirements, or similar rules to learning pods. (24% disagree)
Five ways states can protect learning pods
To protect learning pods and allow parents to create quality options for their children in a setting where parents can limit health risks by having their children meet with others in small groups, here are five policy recommendations:
State officials should not impose new pupil-staff ratios specific to learning pods. Waivers to existing child care requirements should be made permanent for pod families.
State officials should allow multi-family learning pods to operate as multi-family homeschool arrangements.
If there are deadlines by which homeschool families must register to educate their children at home, state lawmakers should waive such deadlines when public schools are only offering virtual or hybrid instruction.
State lawmakers should not allow agencies such as the department of education or department of health to conduct at-home visits of families participating in learning pods.
Policymakers should not apply at-home daycare regulations such as pupil-staff ratios, zoning requirements, emergency plan requirements, or similar rules to learning pods.
In general, policymakers should consider proposals that align pod arrangements with existing homeschool and private school laws so that pod families do not bear heavier regulatory burdens compared to families already exercising their right to choose how and where their children learn.
The states with the most concerning regulations or statements made by public officials during the pandemic on learning pods are:
Florida (district regulations)
Texas (district regulations)
Learning Pod Regulations: A State-by-State Guide
Click on the map or choose a state from the list below to see information about a specific state's existing laws and new regulations related to learning pods.
Alabama | Alaska | Arizona | Arkansas | California | Colorado | Connecticut | District of Columbia | Delaware | Florida | Georgia | Hawaii | Idaho | Illinois | Indiana | Iowa | Kansas | Kentucky | Louisiana | Maine | Maryland | Massachusetts | Michigan | Minnesota | Mississippi | Missouri | Nebraska | Nevada | New Hampshire | New Jersey | New Mexico | New York | North Carolina | North Dakota | Ohio | Oklahoma | Oregon | Pennsylvania | Rhode Island | South Carolina | South Dakota | Tennessee | Texas | Utah | Vermont | Virginia | Washington | West Virginia | Wisconsin | Wyoming
Existing Laws and Regulations: In Alabama, homeschools are not required to register with the state.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: No additional regulations at this time.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Existing laws do not interfere with pod creation.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: As part of Alaska Smart Start 2020, the state's Department of Health and Social Services released a document explaining what a pod is and how to form one but did not issue new rules.
The agency says, "If you decide to share learning time with another family or families, make sure they also consistently follow safe health practices and keep the cohort of children small and stable. Wear masks where possible and place children six feet apart. Encourage frequent hand washing – especially immediately upon entering the class area and before leaving, and before and after meals or snacks. When the weather is good, consider having classes outside, but always strive to maintain six feet of distance between students and encourage mask use. If children are inside, select a location that is well-ventilated with windows open, weather permitting." More information from the agency can be found on the DHSS Insights Blog.
No additional regulations at this time.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Homeschooling families must file an affidavit of intent to homeschool with their district. Families and students using education savings accounts can use their accounts to pay for microschool services or buy textbooks and equipment under the state's existing education savings account law such as curricular materials and textbooks to participate in a learning pod (students cannot be enrolled full-time at a public school and also use an education savings account).
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: Arizona Gov. Doug Ducey has waived certain regulations for child care facilities (not for families), including schools offering care, including pupil-staff ratios.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Homeschooling families must file a Notice of Intent to Home School (NOI) by August 15 or must wait 14 calendar days before beginning homeschooling.
Existing Laws and Regulations: California law treats homeschool and private school families largely the same. Homeschooling families must file an affidavit of intent.
Colorado—Regulation Alert
Existing Laws and Regulations: In Colorado, the relevant activity has centered around child care services, not schools (see below). Homeschool families must complete an affidavit of intent to homeschool.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: On September 10, Gov. Jared Polis issued an executive order that slightly expanded the pupil-staff ratios allowed at licensed child care centers to aid those forming pods. The expansion was modest, however:
"State child care licensing law generally requires licensing for anyone regularly caring for or supervising more than four (4) unrelated children. To allow for more school-age children to be served in licensed child care, I encourage the Colorado Department of Human Services (CDHS) to grant waivers…to allow licensed family child care homes to care for one (1) additional school-age child, and to allow child care centers and school-age child care centers to care for two (2) additional school-age children. I also encourage CDHS to grant waivers…to allow licensed family child care homes of all license types to exclude their own school-age children from counting toward the maximum number of children allowed by their license type." (Source)
Critical for families hosting pods, the wavier also suspended the need to obtain a license for those providing less than 24-hour care for no more than eight children aged 10 or older or six children aged nine or younger. The licensing waiver is helpful to families forming pods in their home, though the order still includes pupil-staff ratios that would limit the size of a learning pod.
Connecticut—Regulation Alert
Existing Laws and Regulations: Connecticut families are "suggested" to complete an "Intent to Homeschool."
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: The Connecticut Department of Education issued a memo on July 27, 2020, that says families can form pods, according to a department spokesperson, but the memo also says "families continue to have a legal obligation to engage in public school education unless the children are receiving equivalent instruction elsewhere (such as through home-schooling or in non-public schools)."
This guidance specifically pertains to families using district e-learning platforms.
Notably, at least one private group that is helping with the formation of several pods (similar to the activities of a microschool) is conducting home visits "for health and safety compliance," but the memo from the department on learning pods does not include specific health and safety rules.
Policymakers should not require at-home visits for families assembled in learning pods and should make such information clear to state families.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Delaware homeschool laws include rules for single-family and multi-family homeschools. As with many of the states listed above, registration is required with the state department of education, but the provision recognizing multi-family homeschool arrangements is conducive to potential learning pod families.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: No additional regulations at this time, likely due to the state's homeschool law allowing multi-family homeschool arrangements.
Existing Laws and Regulations: A notification of intent to homeschool is required for homeschooling families.
Florida—Regulation Alert
Existing Laws and Regulations: Homeschool families must notify their assigned school district superintendent.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: In Broward County, the nation's sixth-largest school district, officials released a statement saying licenses are required for pod families: "Programs that provide care and supervision to elementary school aged children must be licensed as child care unless they are registered as a private school with the Florida Department of Education or qualify for an exemption with our office. If you are looking at a Learning Pod for your child, we recommend that you ask if they are registered as a private school, hold a child care license, or have an exemption letter from Child Care Licensing and Enforcement. If they do not have any of these, they may be operating illegally." The document then advises families to register as homeschoolers.
Broward County and the City of Orlando are creating learning pods in community centers and with organizations such as the United Way, but pod enrollment is limited. Read more about this trend here.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Homeschool families must submit a declaration of intent to homeschool.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: No additional guidance was found.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Homeschooling families must submit a notice of intent to homeschool.
Existing Laws and Regulations: No registration is required for homeschool families, though parents should contact their child's public school about unenrollment.
Recently, researchers and advocates have cited the state's "Advanced Opportunities" program, which provides students with $4,125 in taxpayer spending to take additional courses, pay for college entrance tests or AP exams, or participate in workforce training programs. While this option is distinct from a learning pod, it does allow students in grades 7-12 to customize their learning experience.
Illinois—Regulation Alert
Existing Laws and Regulations: Illinois homeschool families are not required to register to homeschool.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: The Illinois Department of Children and Family Services issued a memo on August 17, 2020, encouraging pod families to get a child care license: "By definition, under the Child Care Act, a day care home includes 'family homes which receive more than 3 up to a maximum of 12 children for less than 24 hours per day.' 225 ILCS 10/2.18. The limitation of 3 children in the home includes one's own children. DCFS encourages anyone who plans to provide care covered by the Child Care Act to become licensed through the Department." Additionally, "DCFS strongly encourages learning pods/groups to follow the important health and safety guidance outlined in the document."
The list of licensing requirements is long and includes:
A medical examination, including TB, DPT, and MMR.
Proof of high school diploma, GED, or other degree from an accredited university or vocational school.
Affidavit that they are current with any child support owed.
Proof of at least 15 hours of required pre-service training on specific topics.
Illinois Gateways Registry membership.
Proof of liability insurance (group day care homes only).
Proof of six hours of college coursework in early childhood or child development (group day care homes only).
State policymakers should not treat pod families like at-home daycare centers but rather consider these families to be homeschooling families.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Homeschool families do not need to register in Indiana, though the state department of education encourages families to notify their child's assigned school district.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: No additional guidance was found. Note that this report from Carrie Lucas and Charlotte Whelan finds that Indiana has especially strict childcare regulations.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Homeschool families may or may not have to register with the state or district depending on the type of homeschooling they choose. Iowa homeschool families can hire a teacher or tutor to help with homeschool instruction.
Kansas—Regulation Alert
Existing Laws and Regulations: Kansas homeschool families are treated the same as families with students attending private schools. Families must register with the State Board of Education.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: Kansas was another state where, like Florida, at least one district was addressing the creation of learning pods, particularly pods meeting in private businesses such as dance studios. The city of Shawnee is considering new requirements on these businesses to comply with codes involving child care, including:
Drop-off and pick-up zones.
Review by the city and fire marshal.
Business license with the city.
Potential licensing requirements with the state.
Meetings will be held in October to confirm the changes. Again, these new requirements will not apply to individual residences. Policymakers should not apply these requirements to individual homes. For private businesses, as long as assigned schools are closed, state and local officials should not apply new regulations to businesses hosting pods. Policymakers should use this opportunity to review existing health and safety regulations (fire codes, background check requirements, etc.) and apply only the rules necessary for student and teacher safety, removing the regulations that would interfere with pod formation.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Kentucky homeschool parents must notify the superintendent of their child's assigned school of their intent.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: Kentucky's Cabinet for Health and Family Services waived some day care center regulations in August 2020, such as class size limits. The agency increased the size of a child care center class from 10 to 15 students. The agency spokesperson says that by waiving the guidelines, officials want "those considering opening a small center [including in-home centers], possibly to help with remote learning for school-age children, to operate legally." The agency is also offering a $2,500 stipend to cover licensing costs for new in-home centers.
The agency spokesperson says existing guidelines, the new waivers, and the stipend do not apply to learning pod families, as long as participating families do not pay each other or operate as a business.
So while the waivers and stipend are welcome changes for child care centers or those seeking to create a new in-home child care operation, this regulatory move blurs the definition of a learning pod, treating a learning pod more like an at-home daycare than a group homeschool setting. Again, the regulations for operating an in-home daycare are more stringent than for homeschooling, so by classifying learning pods as at-home daycares instead of group homeschool settings, the litany of daycare regulations will likely apply. Kentucky's stipend could help families with forming a learning pod, but the spending is simply assisting families with the process of complying with state regulations for daycare centers while assigned schools are closed instead of removing regulations.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Louisiana homeschool families must register annually with the state board of education.
Maine—Regulation Alert
Existing Laws and Regulations: Parents must "provide a written notice of intent to provide home instruction" to their child's assigned school district.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: Maine has issued strict requirements for learning pods. In a memo to learning pod providers on September 3, 2020, the Office of Child and Family services said, "Families who elect to provide home instruction completely themselves or through private arrangements with another adult—without involvement in their local school administrative unit (SAU)—need to formally submit a notice of intent to provide home instruction to the local superintendent and the Maine Department of Education (DOE)."
Thus learning pod families must register as homeschoolers, and while homeschool instruction "does not require child care licensure from DHHS," a "Learning Pod organized by parents and/or guardians may be subject to licensure by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), regardless of whether a certified teacher, parent, or other adult is leading the Learning Pod or similar arrangement."
Families may be subject to licensure if "instruction and supervision are compensated"; the "Learning Pod or similar arrangement consists of more than 3 (three) students in addition to any children living in the home"; and "As noted above, students remain formally enrolled in the local school."
The agency provides more details and says a child care license is required if:
Children are "engaged in remote learning which is connected to a local school";
Children's learning is "being led and evaluated by a local school";
Children's attendance is "being tracked by a local school";
"The space provided is intended for when children are not in school and their parent(s)/guardian(s) is/are working";
More than three children who do not live in the home are in attendance; and
"Compensation is being provided for the care/supervision of the children in attendance."
The requirements for procuring a temporary child care license are relatively light, though the process does include a home inspection by the fire marshal and a Child Care Licensing Specialist (CCLS), along with background checks. However, even these steps could be delayed by state officials during the pandemic.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Maryland homeschool families must register and notify local school systems annually of their intent to homeschool.
Massachusetts—Regulation Alert
Existing Laws and Regulations: Homeschool families in Massachusetts must register annually with their local school district.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: Massachusetts Gov. Charles Baker issued a memo on pods in August 2020 with both restrictions for some and waivers for other pod or pod-like operations. For example, existing child care providers can expand their hours of operation to allow students to complete school work at their location.
Further, "remote learning enrichment programs" are defined as a "program or facility operated on a regular or drop-in basis which provides supervised group care" for children aged 14 years or below. A facility can only provide this option during the hours of a school day. These programs must still adhere to the "minimum operating standards" of child care centers such as background checks, facilities checks, and health and safety standards—reasonable precautions for center-based care. After-school programs applauded the move because it gave them more flexibility to provide learning pod services.
The memo also defines "remote learning parent cooperatives," which are "an organized plan among a group of families in which children who are enrolled in school are supervised by one of their parents or guardians during the hours of a school day while attending remote learning instruction." These learning pods using a district e-learning platform can operate without a license, but the memo outlines limitations, including:
The pod cannot have more than five families;
A parent of one of the children must be present at all times even if a teacher or tutor is hired for the pod; and
Parents cannot pay each other for the use of a home, materials, food or any other expense.
Individuals participating in any "arrangement" that does not meet these criteria will be required to obtain a license.
Michigan—Regulation Alert
Existing Laws and Regulations: Michigan homeschool families do not have to register to homeschool.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: The Michigan Department of Licensing and Instruction released a memo in August 2020 defining the activities and rules that apply to stand-alone/private centers, centers operated on school property or by a school, child care homes, license-exempt providers, and potential new licensed providers.
A dizzying array of rules pertain to centers in these different categories, including rules that apply to the use of rooms in after-school centers in a "non-school building,"; for a preschool center to obtain another license to operate as a pod during the school day; adult-staff ratios that still apply to centers operating in a public school building, to name a few rules.
This document makes a clear distinction between homeschool families and public school families using a pod outside the home with a reminder to report homeschool students being instructed by someone in a child care center: "The child care center can enroll children during the school day if the parent indicates he or she is home schooling the child. There is minimal regulation of home schooling by the Michigan Department of Education. If a parent states a child is home schooled, the child is not considered truant from school. The child care center must not be providing the child's school instruction; home schooling must be done by a parent in the child's home. When becoming aware of a situation such as this, staff may report it to the local Intermediate School District/Educational Service District/Area."
Existing Laws and Regulations: Minnesota homeschool families must register with their local school district.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Mississippi families intending to homeschool must register with a local "School Attendance Officer."
Existing Laws and Regulations: Missouri homeschool families may register, but according to the US Department of Education, registration is not required for families in all school districts.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: No additional guidance was found. A list of businesses or organizations that have started pods in Missouri is available from the Show-Me Institute.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Homeschooling families in Montana must register with their county superintendent annually.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Homeschooling families in Nebraska must register (file for "exempt status") in order to homeschool.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Nevada homeschooling parents must file a notice of intent to homeschool with their assigned school district.
New Hampshire—Regulation Alert
Existing Laws and Regulations: New Hampshire homeschool families must register with their child's assigned school district.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: In September, the Granite State Home Educators interviewed the state commissioner of education, who said learning pods are allowed under state law and it is "consistent with existing home ed law for families to have family members, friends, or someone else supervise children in the parent's absence." Recordings of the interviews are available on the Granite State Home Educators' website.
New Jersey—Regulation Alert
Existing Laws and Regulations: Homeschool registration is only required for students meeting certain criteria, such as receiving a homeschool education in high school.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: No additional state guidance was found, though Senate President Pro Tempore M. Teressa Ruiz (D-29) introduced legislation to create "state-sponsored learning pods" exclusively for school staff and administrators. The proposal also would require public schools that offer learning pods and have limited space to give priority to low income students and the children of teachers, administrators and staff.
Existing Laws and Regulations: New Mexico homeschool families must notify the New Mexico Department of Education of their intent to homeschool.
New York—Regulation Alert
Existing Laws and Regulations: New York families do not have to register in order to homeschool.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: According to the state department of education, pod families may be considered private schools and have to register accordingly: "Parents providing home instruction to their children may arrange to have their children instructed in a group situation for particular subjects but not for a majority of the home instruction program. Where groups of parents organize to provide group instruction by a tutor for a majority of the instructional program, they are operating a nonpublic school and are no longer providing home instruction."
North Carolina—Regulation Alert
Existing Laws and Regulations: North Carolina homeschool families must register annually.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: Under existing law, a homeschool arrangement cannot be larger than two families before being considered a private school. The North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services is requiring that organizations, such as the YMCA, obtain a license to provide child care to school-age children unless they are contracting with a public school.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Homeschooling families in North Dakota must complete a statement of intent to homeschool.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: No additional guidance was found. Note, however, that "licensed family child care" providers are family providers who care for no more than 7 children with up to 3 children under the age of 24 months, along with two additional school-age children. No mention is made in these regulations of providers that also offer educational instruction.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Homeschool families in Ohio must register.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Homeschooling parents are not required to register in Oklahoma.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: No additional guidance was found. Private companies have published material to help families forming learning pods. See Pod Learning in Oklahoma, and Edupreneur Academy's "Guide for Parents Forming a Community Learning Pod in Oklahoma."
Oregon—Regulation Alert
Existing Laws and Regulations: Oregon homeschool families must notify their local school district if they intend to homeschool.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: As recently as September 2020, the Oregon Department of Education discouraged parents from forming learning pods, with the agency's director saying, "Multi-family learning groups may slow the process of returning to school by creating more opportunities for spread among students and families."
This news release goes on to say, "As families choose to come together either informally or through community organizations, COVID-19 is more likely to spread and could lengthen the time before schools can return to in-person instruction. Even a small group of people can lead to a large number of cases."
In terms of regulations, this release suggests again, as seen in other states, that at-home daycare regulations may be enforced: "If multiple families decide to form a learning group and a parent isn't present, ELD has advised on what constitutes regulated child care to protect the safety of children and families. This includes performing a background check on caregivers, ensuring they are CPR and First Aid trained, along with other protocols such as daily health checks, increasing cleaning, and wearing face coverings."
The Early Learning Division (ELD) of Oregon's Department of Education also discourages pod formation involving existing child care providers and points to existing regulations: "Any care arrangement that meets the following criteria must follow the state's COVID-19 safety and health practices and may also be regulated by the ELD:
Programs serving children from infancy through age 12; and
Programs serving school-age children that take the place of a parent's care; and
Programs providing services to more than three children who are not related to the caregiver."
For families, the agency says, "Families who chose to hire a caregiver using an informal care arrangement that brings together children from multiple households on a regular basis should also keep in mind COVID-19 safety and health practices. ELD recommends that families confirm all caregivers have passed a background check for criminal or child abuse history and that caregivers complete safety training such as CPR, First Aid, Safe Sleep for infants, etc."
While the agency does not say it will enforce regulations yet, this reminder to parents and recognition of private center-based learning pods and parent-based pods and existing at-home daycare regulations is similar to the statements that state officials in other areas have issued during the pandemic that link day care regulations and learning pods.
Pennsylvania—Regulation Alert
Existing Laws and Regulations: Families that want to homeschool in Pennsylvania must register and have their affidavit of intent to homeschool notarized.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: Parent-led learning pods are considered "non-licensed part-day school-aged child care." Families must notify the agency before creating a pod for more than six school-age children, though licensing is not required. The notification form is available from the Pennsylvania Office of Child Development and Early Learning. The guidance also says that the "primary purpose of 'Podding' is to provide non-instructional educational support. Parent/Guardian oversight is key to a Pod; if a parents are not responsible for oversight and leave the children in the group under the supervision of a non-parent, then this grouping, when serving more than six children, is a non-licensed part-day SACC program."
This designation is significant because, while Pennsylvania officials suspended the 90-day limitation on non-licensed part-day SACC programs, this waiver is only for the learning pods that develop a health and safety plan, emergency plan, adhere to a 12:1 child-staff ratio for children in fourth grade or younger or 15:1 ratio for older children, and "agree to allow DHS to enter and inspect without notice."
Existing Laws and Regulations: Rhode Island homeschool families must register with their local school district.
South Carolina—Regulation Alert
Existing Laws and Regulations: South Carolina homeschool families must register to homeschool and have three options to consider when doing so, including affiliation with a homeschool association that has been approved by the state.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: According to comments from a representative of the South Carolina Department of Social Services reported by local media, "…pod operators need a family child care home license because they are considered in-home daycare centers."
The agency spokesperson said, "If we realize there is a family home operating that does not have the proper paperwork on file whether it's a registered or licensed home, they will receive a letter, first and foremost, from the department to cease operating because they will be operating without a proper registration or a license," and, "If the operation continues without the registration or license, an injunction could move forward from the department."
Local media reports that "pod operators can only care for up to six children, including their own. However, local zoning regulations could limit that number further."
South Carolina's Department of Child Care says that to obtain a license to operate as an in-home child care center, operators must attend an orientation; submit a zoning approval form for your county; complete an application to operate; be inspected by the fire marshal; provide a list of all the members of the household; have state and federal fingerprint checks; submit to an in-home inspection; and have proper health and safety certifications such as CPR and First Aid.
Existing Laws and Regulations: South Dakota homeschool families must complete a Notification for Public School Exemption Certificate annually.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Tennessee homeschool families have two homeschool options, along with the option to enroll their child in a full-time virtual school. Parents must register to homeschool with either their assigned school district or through a "church-related umbrella school."
Texas—Regulation Alert
Existing Laws and Regulations: Texas homeschool families are not required to register.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: While no state guidance was found, the city of Austin issued a memo for learning pod operators that said "anyone hosting a pod [must] have a detailed health and safety plan." The city lists recommended protocols including at-home symptom screening, face covering requirements, physical distancing, cleaning and disinfection procedures, and a plan for "meals and snacks," to name a few.
According to city health regulations (originally set to expire November 12), "no more than 10 individuals may gather together."
Furthermore, and related to at-home daycare rules, a "family home that provides regular care in their home for compensation for three or fewer children, excluding children who are related to the caretaker, must become a registered child care home with CCR."
The memo also says that "care arrangements for more than six persons in a residential structure, or at a property other than a residence, may require approval from Development Services."
Existing Laws and Regulations: Utah homeschool families must complete an affidavit of intent to homeschool and return it to their local school district.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Homeschool families in Vermont are not required to register for homeschooling.
Virginia—Regulation Alert
Existing Laws and Regulations: Homeschooling families in Virginia must register with their local school district.
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: In Fairfax County, public school officials issued a notice to district teachers saying they "cannot tutor children for private compensation if the same children are receiving instruction from them in FCPS schools (i.e., the children cannot be in their classes). That's true for private tutoring or group instruction in any location." The district also said pods raise equity concerns and is not allowing district-sponsored pods, saying, "We have received some requests from parents who would like to cluster groups or pods of students together with a specific teacher. From both a logistical perspective, and in the interest of educational equity, FCPS cannot accommodate such requests."
While the district did not try to prevent parents from independently forming pods, the limitations on teacher activity is restrictive and should not be replicated elsewhere.
Washington—Regulation Alert
Existing Laws and Regulations: Washington homeschooling families must register annually with their local school district, using a declaration of intent filed on or before September 15 or "within two weeks of the beginning of any public school quarter, trimester, or semester."
New Regulatory Activity and Recommendations: Washington State's Department of Health released a memo in October saying children in child care "can participate in small groups of children learning and studying together," though no specifics were provided.
According to local media, parent-led learning pods "wouldn't qualify as home schooling, since the parents aren't all staying on site. With the kids being dropped off, it would be considered an unapproved private school until the pod gets state approval."
Existing Laws and Regulations: West Virginia homeschool families must register with either their local school board or district superintendent. See also Home School Legal Defense Association's "How to Comply with West Virginia's Homeschool Law."
Existing Laws and Regulations: Homeschool families in Wisconsin must register with their child's assigned school district.
Existing Laws and Regulations: Wyoming families must register with their local school board. Relevant to learning pods, the Wyoming Department of Education specifies that a homeschool with more than one family would be considered a private school.
Download a PDF version of this report
Categories: Policy Solutions
Policy Issues: Education
Organization: Goldwater Institute
Authored by: Jonathan Butcher
Senior Fellow · Goldwater Institute
Week in Review: January 15, 2021
Communications case study: Caesar Rodney Institute saves Delaware's beach view
Week in Review: January 8, 2021
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text:
package com.sedmelluq.discord.lavaplayer.natives;

import com.sedmelluq.lava.common.natives.NativeLibraryLoader;
import com.sedmelluq.lava.common.natives.architecture.DefaultOperatingSystemTypes;

/**
 * Methods for loading the connector library.
 */
public class ConnectorNativeLibLoader {
  private static final NativeLibraryLoader[] loaders = new NativeLibraryLoader[] {
      NativeLibraryLoader.createFiltered(ConnectorNativeLibLoader.class, "libmpg123-0",
          it -> it.osType == DefaultOperatingSystemTypes.WINDOWS),
      NativeLibraryLoader.create(ConnectorNativeLibLoader.class, "connector")
  };

  /**
   * Loads the connector library with its dependencies for the current system
   */
  public static void loadConnectorLibrary() {
    for (NativeLibraryLoader loader : loaders) {
      loader.load();
    }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


What Happens if Your Employer Files for Bankruptcy?
In today's economy, it's no longer enough just to watch after your own finances. For many people, one of the most alarming moments isn't managing their own budget, but discovering that their employer has filed for Business Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Unlike Chapter 11, Business Chapter 7 means that your employer is shutting down and terminating payments and benefits. Indeed, your employer's bankruptcy has the potential to be a logistical nightmare in more ways than one, so it's important to understand exactly how your rights and assets are protected.
Will the plan continue or will it terminate?
How will a pension plan be paid in the event of a termination?
Who will be the administrator of my pension plan?
I have outstanding health claims – how will these be paid if the health plan is terminated?
To learn the answers to these questions about your employer's bankruptcy, seek the advice from your plan's administrator or your union representative. Also, documents such as a Summary Plan Description or Summary Annual Report should detail in writing what happens to your pension and health plans in the event of an employer bankruptcy. Even if your employer files for Business Chapter 7, it's vital to keep your individual benefit statements, as these show the value of your saved pensions.
Your 401(k). Since these assets are held in separate trusts that are protected from creditors, you won't have to worry about losing what you've saved. However, an employer filing for Business Chapter 7 may discontinue their matches. Also, any loss in company stock is not protected.
Your pension plan. The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation protects employees from an employer bankruptcy by guaranteeing $51,000 per person in the event of an employer that can no longer pay its obligations.
Health insurance. While this isn't set in stone for a Business Chapter 7 Bankruptcy, employers who file for Chapter 11 may still offer health insurance. Furthermore, COBRA provides protection and coverage for up to 18 months.


The St. Louis Cardinals 2016 Hall of Fame induction class will be revealed on FOX Sports Midwest in a 30-minute special on Friday, April 29, at 6 p.m. CT.
FOX Sports Midwest play-by-play announcer Dan McLaughlin, joined by Cardinals President Bill DeWitt III, hosts the special from the Cardinals Hall of Fame and Museum inside Ballpark Village. FOX Sports Midwest's Al Hrabosky and Tim McCarver also contribute to the show.
Fans selected two players for induction from a ballot that included Chris Carpenter, Scott Rolen, Jason Isringhausen, Keith Hernandez, Edgar Renteria, Mark McGwire, Matt Morris and Joe Torre. In addition, the Red Ribbon committee elected a veteran player for induction. Independent of this process, the Cardinals organization may also opt to induct an individual who was an important figure in Cardinals history.
The 2016 Cardinals Hall of Fame enshrinement ceremony will take place Saturday, Aug. 27, during the 2016 Cardinals Hall of Fame Induction Weekend. Each member of the Cardinals Hall of Fame is permanently enshrined in the Cardinals Hall of Fame Gallery presented by Edward Jones located on the second floor of Cardinals Nation in Ballpark Village.


The first part of this article addresses integration policies in France and may be read in full here.
Sweden has struggled with sub-replacement fertility since millions of Swedes fled poverty and religious persecution during the great emigration, a wave of migration which endured between 1850 and 1939. The process of accepting and integrating refugee and immigrant populations in Sweden has therefore been a mutually-beneficial one. In exchange for asylum, refugees augment Sweden's dwindling population of young laborers. As highlighted in a 2015 article about a hospital in Gävleborg where around 10% of doctors are refugees, their contribution has been significant.
Sweden is developing a reputation abroad for being particularly hospitable to immigrants and received over 160,000 individuals in 2015 alone. In many ways, Sweden's response to the refugee crisis has been exemplary. The country has instituted a number of integration programs aimed at easing immigrants' transitions into Swedish society by teaching them about Swedish culture and instructing them in the language. The government extends a multitude of benefits to refugees including welfare and housing. Progressive legislation demonstrates Sweden's commitment to "diversity, multiculturalism, and international cooperation" and communicates to immigrant populations that their cultural traditions are welcome and valued by the Swedish population.
Despite these victories, Sweden too has experienced social turmoil as a result of immigration. According to an annual survey conducted by Gothenburg University this year, 53% of Swedes identify immigration and integration as the most pressing social issue facing their country, marking a nearly twofold increase from last year's result of 27%. This rising concern is likely correlated to the dramatic increase in the volume of immigrants entering the country, many of whom Sweden is struggling to acommodate.
Like France, Sweden is home to a number of densely populated, urban, and largely immigrant-inhabited cities riddled with poverty and violence. For example, Malmö, Sweden's third largest city—where 32% of the population is foreign-born (the national average hovers around 14%)—made international headlines last year for its sudden spike in violent crime, and the community remains unstable. Sverigedemokraterna, Sweden's right-wing conservative party, is responding in full force with xenophobic rhetoric and anti-immigration policy.
However, contrary to what critics of immigration in Sweden are suggesting, the rise of violence in major metropolitan areas like Malmö is not evidence of the failure of multicultural integration programs. The fact that violence and crime perpetrated by immigrants occurs almost exclusively in isolated urban communities instead speaks to the success of integration programs operating in small villages. The meaningful, one-on-one interactions taking place in rural communities are simply less feasible in rapid-pace city environments where etiquette demands less from people to begin with.
Sweden would do well to implement the sort of one-on-one, community-led mentorship efforts which have been successful in smaller towns and cities in urban areas. In order to prevent the formation of socially isolated immigrant communities, genuine channels of communication between native and immigrant populations must be open from the start, and they must remain so throughout the integration process.
When the EU begins—as it must—to design European guidelines for integration, it should consider the strengths and weaknesses of existing models. Like Sweden, it should encourage mentorship programs that allow native and non-native individuals to get to know one another. However, it also should improve the efficacy and reach of these programs by ensuring that they are successfully implemented in urban environments as well as villages. In the French vein, the EU must ensure that its legal systems are prepared to serve individuals of all ethnic and cultural backgrounds equally. However, it must also be wary of assimilationist policy and prepared to accept that the process of integration will involve reciprocal cultural exchange. If Europe fails to take these steps, poorly-integrated immigrant communities will continue to grow in size and scope and social isolation will increase accordingly.
Europe's plan to redistribute refugees and asylum seekers proportionally across Europe is a good one. As the success of small-scale programs in Sweden has demonstrated, integration is most successful where the ratio of immigrants to native population is low enough to allow for meaningful interaction between the two groups. However, if, like in France, enough is not done to facilitate this sort of cross-cultural exchange in the first place, the EU's redistribution plan will do little to resolve the social turmoil unleashed by the inundation of refugees into Europe and will further deteriorate inter-cultural relations moving forward.
The urgency of the refugee crisis demands an immediate response from Europe. However, it also presents an excellent opportunity for countries like France and Sweden to reconsider their models of integration, identify their weaknesses, and construct the foundation for societies richer in empathy and culture.


NY Digital Solution is the right place where you can get the best sticker printing services in NYC. Stickers are the simple and easy method of marketing that disturbs the people in the least and attracts them at the most. Just place a sticker anywhere you think it is apt – windows, mirrors, car bumpers, doors, packages, anywhere.
It is no matter whether you have ordered just as little as 50 or a large as 50,000, you can get your stickers within a day. Technology is so fast that professional sticker printing companies that have advanced machineries can easily deliver quality stickers in no time at all.
NY Digital Solution offers all types of number one quality sticker printing; sheet stickers, window decals, car decals, vinyl stickers, product labels, address labels, bumper stickers and more are available in plain and in glossy papers with UV coating.
Separate stickers suitable for outdoor and indoor purpose with waterproof quality along with customizing option of designs are the highlights of sticker printing in NY Digital Solution.


text:
Transfer round-up: Man United want to sign 29-year-old striker, Arsenal face Dembele competition
Read today's top transfer news and rumours on The Grapevine - The Sport Review's football transfer gossip column
By Transfer Agent Thursday 2 August 2018, 13:58 UK @thesportreview
The Sport Review's football transfer gossip column will published throughout the summer Photo: The Sport Review
The latest football transfer gossip column from The Sport Review, featuring all of the latest Premier League transfer news and rumours.
Here, we look at some of the top football transfer stories from the British and world media in The Sport Review's Grapevine, published twice a day during the whole of the summer transfer window.
It was a busy January transfer window in the Premier League as most of the top teams brought in significant reinforcements for the second half of the season.
Now the attention turns towards the summer, and the players who could be moving clubs ahead of the 2018-19 season.
We'll keep you up to date with the very latest transfer news concerning your club in our daily gossip and rumours column.
With the summer transfer window now in full swing, The Grapevine has the very latest football transfer news from the Premier League's top clubs in the round-up below.
Football transfer news:
Chelsea FC will risk losing Thibaut Courtois, 26, on a free transfer if they are unable to recruit a replacement for the wantaway goalkeeper before the transfer deadline.
Full story: The Daily Mail
Arsenal could face competition from Manchester United in their bid to sign Ousmane Dembele from FC Barcelona this summer.
Full story: Don Balon via The Daily Star
Maurizio has revealed he is not happy with Willian and will seek crunch talks with the Chelsea FC star following his training no-show and amid reports linking him with a move away from Stamford Bridge.
Full story: The Daily Star
Arsenal manager Unai Emery has urged the club's board to come to a resolution with Aaron Ramsey over the midfielder's future at the club.
Full story: Metro
Manchester United are to be lining up Poland striker Robert Lewandowski, 29, in a swap deal with Bayern Munich for Anthony Martial.
Full story: The Sun via The Daily Mirror
MORE: Raphael Honigstein gives Liverpool FC transfer update on Christian Pulisic

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Abbey double gourd table lamp in navy. Worlds away julia table lamp navy candelabra, inc. Barbara cosgrove plank navy table lamp trellis home. Navy blue textured ceramic accent table lamp with printed shade.


text:
Topic: Salvador Perez
Salvador Perez News
MLB // 1 year ago
Tampa Bay Rays, Kansas City Royals look to bounce back from blowouts
For the Tampa Bay Rays and Kansas City Royals, their visits to Baltimore and Cleveland had one good moment but ended with unpleasant outcomes.
Indians hoping Miller returns against Royals
CLEVELAND -- The Cleveland Indians' battered bullpen might be getting some much-needed good news Friday, when the Indians will host the Kansas City Royals in the opener of a three-game series.
Orioles' Dylan Bundy has horrid start, allows four HRs before first out
Baltimore Orioles starter Dylan Bundy allowed four home runs and seven runs total before getting an out against the Kansas City Royals.
Royals seek first series win of season vs. Tigers
KANSAS CITY, Mo. -- The Kansas City Royals have yet to win a series this year, but they could change that Sunday with a victory over the Detroit Tigers.
New-look Royals open versus White Sox
The Kansas City Royals lost a couple key contributors during the offseason when Eric Hosmer signed with the San Diego Padres and Lorenzo Cain joined the Milwaukee Brewers.
Kansas City Royals need two wins vs. Arizona Diamondbacks to get to .500
KANSAS CITY, Mo. -- The Arizona Diamondbacks are preparing for the postseason, while the Kansas City Royals can play the what-if game if not for the injuries.
Aaron Judge breaks rookie HR record as New York Yankees rout Kansas City Royals
Six months ago, the New York Yankees thought if Aaron Judge could consistently get the barrel of the bat on pitches, many of those swings would result in home runs and other big hits.
Kansas City Royals' Jason Vargas silences Toronto Blue Jays for 17th win
TORONTO -- Jason Vargas pitched 6 1/3 scoreless innings, Melky Cabrera had three hits and an RBI, and the Kansas City Royals defeated the Toronto Blue Jays 1-0 on Thursday night.
Cleveland Indians' record streak halted by Kansas City Royals
CLEVELAND -- Lorenzo Cain had three hits and Alcides Escobar and Brandon Moss homered as the Kansas City Royals halted the Cleveland Indians' American League-record 22-game winning streak with a 4-3 victory Friday night at Progressive Field.
Cleveland Indians: Late-inning heroics push winning streak to 22
CLEVELAND -- Jay Bruce's RBI double in the bottom of the 10th inning gave the Cleveland Indians a 3-2 victory over the Kansas City Royals, extending the Indians' American League-record winning streak to 22 games.
Kansas City Royals: Brandon Moss slams Chicago White Sox
KANSAS CITY, Mo. -- Sam Gaviglio worked five solid innings and Brandon Moss clubbed a first-inning grand slam as the Kansas City Royals beat the Chicago White Sox 4-3 on Tuesday afternoon.
Cleveland Indians shut out Kansas City Royals for second straight night
CLEVELAND -- Roberto Perez, Edwin Encarnacion and Carlos Santana hit home runs, and Cleveland Indians pitchers tossed their second consecutive shutout as the Indians beat the Kansas City Royals 4-0 on Saturday night at Progressive Field.
Danny Duffy, Kansas City Royals shut down Colorado Rockies in thriller
The Kansas City Royals went from a one-hitter to clinging to a one-run lead with the bases loaded in the ninth and closer Kelvin Herrera exiting with an injury.
Cleveland Indians blank skidding Kansas City Royals
KANSAS CITY, Mo. -- Trevor Bauer, Bryan Shaw and Cody Allen combined on a seven-hit shutout as the Cleveland Indians beat the skidding Kansas City Royals 5-0 on Saturday night.
Cleveland Indians overcome Corey Kluber injury to wallop Kansas City Royals
KANSAS CITY, Mo. -- Jay Bruce homered twice and drove in five runs as the Cleveland Indians battered the Kansas City Royals 10-1 Friday night.


Music Catfish And The Bottlemen - '2all' music video.
Music Listen: Catfish and The Bottlemen's new song 'Fluctuate'.
Music Catfish And The Bottlemen return with new song 'Longshot'.
Music Watch: Catfish And The Bottlemen's Van McCann & The Killers perform 'Read My Mind' together live.
Music Catfish And The Bottlemen debut new song 'Fluctuate' live.
Music Interview: Catfish And The Bottlemen on touring, success, and 'The Ride'.
Music Review: Catfish And The Bottlemen - Hordern Pavilion, July 2017.
Music Catfish And The Bottlemen announce SITG 2017 sideshows for Sydney & Melbourne.
Music Watch: Catfish And The Bottlemen's Lollapalooza Brasil 2017 set.
Music Catfish And The Bottlemen say they're going back to Australia soon.
Music Watch: behind-the-scenes of Catfish And The Bottlemen's Vevo Presents show.
Music Watch: Catfish And The Bottlemen perform 'Business', 'Cocoon', and '7' for Vevo Presents.
Music Watch: Catfish And The Bottlemen perform 'Anything' live at T In The Park.
Music Catfish And The Bottlemen - 'Twice' music video.
Music Watch: Catfish And The Bottlemen x Glastonbury 2016.
Music Watch: Catfish And The Bottlemen perform '7' live.
Music Listen: Catfish And The Bottlemen perform their Maida Vale session.
Music Review: Catfish And The Bottlemen's album, 'The Ride'.
Music Listen: Catfish and The Bottlemen's new song, 'Twice'.
Music Catfish And The Bottlemen - '7' music video.
Music Watch: Catfish And The Bottlemen perform 'Soundcheck' live on The Late Show.
Music Must-watch: Catfish And The Bottlemen perform an acoustic version of '7'.


The San Francisco office of a respected international law firm is seeking an experienced Attorney Recruiting Manager to set the pace for the hiring of top-notch attorneys for 3 California offices. Based near the beautiful Embarcadero Center and Ferry Plaza, this manager will be responsible for establishing the strategies and activities related to Lateral Partner recruiting. The ideal candidate will outgoing and energetic, with a passion for the role of competitive selective sourcing and acquisition of qualified attorneys. 4+ years of recruiting management experience, ***with an emphasis on Partner recruiting**, is necessary.
A complete job description will be provided to suitable interested candidates, as well as additional information regarding the firm and the position. Mid-range salary is to $115K.
NOTE: Only qualified attorney recruiting managers can be considered for this position. JDs and attorneys without such experience can not be considered for this role.


Once a template has been created, you can create a machine image from it. You can build as many machine images as you like for different platforms and environments. The result will be near identical machine images every time you build from the template. There will be minor differences depending upon the target platform. For example, building an Amazon EC2 image will automatically include the mandatory Amazon libraries required by EC2 to correctly provision an instance, while for OpenStack or VMware vCloud Director, these libraries are not required.
To build a machine image, you need to add the builders section to your file. The builder section provides mandatory parameters to build (and for some environments register) the machine image. Each target environment requires different builders parameters. Refer to the documentation for more information.
To create the cloud account, use the command account create, where --file is the YAML or JSON file you created.
You will notice that the new builders section includes the account name created earlier as well as the region and bucket where you will register the machine image.
To build the machine image, use the command template build.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Strongly correlated systems present one of the major theoretical
challenges in last decades and are stimulating the intensive search
for adequate numerical methods to evaluate their properties. Within
the low-dimensional systems, in particular one-dimensional (1D)
systems the breakthrough has been achieved with the introduction of
the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) method \cite{white92}
allowing accurate calculation of the ground-state wavefunction and its
static properties on large systems far beyond those available with the
exact-diagonalization methods.  Among various DMRG extensions
\cite{schollwock05} we concentrate here on the goal to study the
dynamical response of such systems at finite temperatures $T>0$. It
should be observed that in spite of the satisfactory description and
an understanding of static properties of generic 1D systems at
$T>0$ the corresponding dynamics, in particular the low-frequency one
as manifested in the transport quantities, NMR relaxation, is far
less understood and approachable via numerical methods.

For dynamical response within the ground-state the targeting within
the DMRG has been extended to contain also excited
states.\cite{hallberg95,kuhner99} Transfer-matrix DMRG
\cite{nishino95,bursill96,naef99} is very efficient to evaluate
thermodynamic properties of models with short-range interactions, as
well as some dynamical correlations of very limited range. Time
dependent DMRG \cite{cazalilla02,zwolak04} developed recently enables
studies of short-time evolution of general many-body systems, hence
also of $T>0$ behavior, but is rather limited in reaching the
low-$\omega$ response. Recently, a DMRG method extended with the
polynomial expansion has been proposed to treat low-$T$
dynamics.\cite{sota08} On the other hand, methods emerging from the
exact diagonalization approach as the $T>0$ Lanczos method (FTLM)
\cite{jaklic94} and the low-$T$ version \cite{aichhorn03} have
high-$\omega$ resolution and provide the information on the nontrivial
dynamics of correlated models, but are still restricted to small
systems reachable with exact diagonalization.

The paper is organized as follows.  In the next section
(\ref{sec:method}) we first present our new method, with which we
calculate some static and dynamical properties of the model described
in section \ref{sec:model}. In section \ref{sec:model} we also show
our results, first the test of our method on the $XY$ model and then
our main results for the isotropic Heisenberg model. In the last
section \ref{sec:conclusions} we present our conclusions.

\section{Method}
\label{sec:method}
In this paper we propose a new method for the calculation of the
$T>0$ dynamics which is a combination of the FTLM and the DMRG, namely
the finite-temperature dynamical DMRG (FTD-DMRG) method.  It is
constructed to calculate dynamical response functions in 1D systems at
$T>0$, with the emphasis on the low-$\omega$ regime. As a test we
consider highly nontrivial spin correlations within the anisotropic
Heisenberg model on a chain.

In the standard $T=0$ DMRG the ground-state is used to
construct the basis. In our case we use the full $T>0$ density matrix,
which can in general be expressed with
eigenstates $|n\rangle$ and corresponding eigenvalues $E_n$,
\begin{equation}
\hat \rho =\frac{1}{Z} e^{-\beta \hat H}=
\frac{1}{Z} \sum_{n=1}^{N_{st}} |n\rangle e^{-\beta E_n} \langle n| ,
\label{rho}
\end{equation}
where $\beta=1/T$ and $Z$ is the (grand)canonical sum.
We proceed by extending the density matrix, Eq.(\ref{rho}), with the sampling over
the random vectors $|r\rangle = \sum_n \beta_{rn} |n\rangle$ where
$\beta_{rn}$ denote random amplitudes,
\begin{equation}
\hat \rho \sim \frac{N_{st}}{Z R} \sum_{r=1}^R e^{-\beta \hat H/2}|r\rangle
  \langle r|  e^{-\beta  \hat H/2}.
\label{rho2}
\end{equation}
It is easy to show that Eq.(\ref{rho2}) reduces to Eq.(\ref{rho})
expressed in diagonal basis $|n\rangle\langle n|$ since
offdiagonal terms vanish assuming normalized and random $|r\rangle$.
\cite{jaklic94}

In Eq. (\ref{rho2}) we evaluate the operator $e^{-\beta \hat H/2}$ on
$|r\rangle$ by starting the Lanczos procedure from $|r\rangle$.  After
diagonalization of the Lanczos tridiagonal $\hat H$, we obtain the first
series of Lanczos eigenvectors $|\psi_i^r\rangle$ with corresponding
eigenenergies $\epsilon_i^r$,
\begin{eqnarray}
|\tilde \psi_r\rangle &=&\sum_{i=1}^Me^{-\beta \epsilon^r_i/2}|\psi_i^r
\rangle \langle \psi_i^r |r\rangle, \nonumber \\
\hat \rho &\sim& \frac{N_{st}}{Z R} \sum_{r=1}^R |\tilde \psi_r \rangle
\langle \tilde \psi_r |.
\label{rho3}
\end{eqnarray}
It is evident that for $M$ approaching $N_{st}$ Eq.~(\ref{rho3})
reproduces fully Eq.~(\ref{rho}), while for $M \ll N_{st}$ as used in
practice represents an efficient way of evaluation of density matrix.
The sum $Z$ may be evaluated in the same manner as within the FTLM
\cite{jaklic94}
\begin{equation}
Z \sim \frac{N_{st}}{R}\sum_{r=1}^R\sum_{i=1}^M e^{-\beta
  \epsilon_i^r}|\langle\psi_i^r|r\rangle|^2 .
\end{equation}
In the original $T=0$ DMRG procedure one targets the
ground-state. \cite{white92,schollwock05} Instead, at $T>0$ we target states
$|\tilde \psi_r\rangle$ and construct the density matrix according to
Eq.~(\ref{rho3}).

Since our aim is to calculate dynamical response
functions, expressed as autocorrelation functions, we also require a
good representation of the operator density matrix,
\begin{equation}
\hat \rho_A =\frac{1}{Z} \sum_{n=1}^{N_{st}} |\hat A n\rangle
e^{-\beta E_n}  \langle \hat A n|.
\label{rhoa}
\end{equation}
It replaces the operator on the ground-state in original $T=0$ DMRG \cite{schollwock05,hallberg95}
and is evaluated by extending Eq. (\ref{rho3}),
\begin{eqnarray}
|\tilde \psi_r^A\rangle& = &\sum_{i=1}^Me^{-\beta \epsilon^r_i/2}\hat
A|\psi_i^r \rangle \langle \psi_i^r |r\rangle =\hat A|\tilde
\psi_r\rangle,\nonumber \\
\hat \rho_A &\sim &\frac{N_{st}}{R} \sum_{r=1}^R |\tilde \psi_r^A\rangle
\langle \tilde \psi_r^A |.
 \label{eq:psira}
\end{eqnarray}
In the proposed targeting we sum up above contributions with weighting
factors,
\begin{equation}
\hat \rho_{tot} = p_1 \frac{\hat \rho}{\textrm{ Tr} \hat \rho} +
p_2  \frac{\hat \rho_A}{\textrm{ Tr} \hat \rho_A},
\end{equation}
with the restriction $p_1+p_2=1$.  From $\hat \rho_{tot}$ we prepare
the reduced density matrix by integrating out the environment, which
is then used to construct the basis within the infinite and finite
algorithms of the DMRG. \cite{schollwock05} Our way of targeting is in
fact very similar to the one in  Ref. \onlinecite{sota08}, with an additional
random sampling suppressing the non-diagonal terms of $\hat \rho$.  In
such a way we prepare the basis for any $T>0$, whereby limitations are
emerging from the truncation of the basis being more under control for
low $T$. It should also be mentioned that for dynamical response at
particular $\omega$ there is an improvement to target also excited
states corresponding to so called correction
vectors. \cite{kuhner99,sota08} Still, the latter does not affect
quality of the most interesting and challenging regime $\omega \sim 0$
as well as it increases the computational demand, hence we do not
employ it here.

Physical quantities are calculated in the measurement part of the FTD-DMRG
procedure in the same manner as within the FTLM. \cite{jaklic94} A
dynamical autocorrelation function
\begin{equation}
A(\omega)=\frac{1}{Z}\sum_n e^{-\beta E_n} \langle n |\hat A ^\dagger
\frac{1}{\omega -(\hat H -E_n)+i\eta}\hat A|n\rangle, \label{aom}
\end{equation}
is evaluated with the use of two Lanczos series of eigenstates and
eigenenergies,
\begin{eqnarray}
A(\omega)&\approx& \frac{N_{st}}{Z R}\sum_{r=1}^R \sum_{i,j=1}^M
e^{-\beta \epsilon^r_i} \frac{1}{\omega -(\epsilon^{Ar}_j -\epsilon^r_i)+i\eta}
\times \nonumber \\
&&\langle r|\psi_i^r\rangle \langle \psi_i^r |\hat A ^\dagger
|\psi_j^{Ar}\rangle\langle \psi_j^{Ar}|\hat A|r\rangle. \label{aomlm}
\end{eqnarray}
The second Lanczos series of eigenstates $|\psi_j^{Ar}\rangle$ and
eigenenergies $\epsilon_j^{Ar}$ is obtained from second Lanczos
procedure starting from the initial vector $\hat A |r\rangle$.

\section{Model and results}
\label{sec:model}

As a nontrivial test of the method we analyse the dynamics of the 1D
anisotropic Heisenberg model,
\begin{equation}
\hat H=J\sum_{i=1}^L \bigl[\frac{1}{2}( S^+_i S^-_{i+1}+ S^-_i S^+_{i+1} ) +
     \Delta  S^z_i S^z_{i+1} \bigr], \label{ham}
\end{equation}
where $S^\pm_i, S^z_i$ are local spin $S=1/2$ operators, $L$ is the
chain length, $J$ is the exchange coupling (in the following we use
$J=1$) and $\Delta$ the anisotropy parameter. In our calculations we
focus on systems in the absence of the magnetic field, hence on the
subspace $S^z_{tot}= 0$.  As the quantity of interest we choose the
dynamical spin structure factor $S(q,\omega)$ and the corresponding
susceptibility $\chi(q,\omega)$,
\begin{eqnarray}
S(q,\omega)&=&\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} dt
e^{i\omega t} \langle S^z(q,t) S^z(q,0) \rangle, \nonumber \\
\chi''(q,\omega)&=&\pi(1-e^{-\beta\omega})S(q,\omega). \label{chi}
\end{eqnarray}
As usual within the DMRG technique more accurate results are obtained
with open
boundary conditions,  \cite{schollwock05} hence one defines
$S^z(q)=\sqrt{2/(L+1)} \sum \sin(qi) S^z_i$ whereby $q=\pi j/(L+1)$
with $j=1, \ldots L$. In our calculations we concentrate on most challenging
$q=Q=\pi$, i.e. $j=L$.

The relaxation function $\Phi(q,\omega)=\chi''(q,\omega)/\omega$ should
be an even function of $\omega$. This represents another nontrivial
test for the FTD-DMRG method.  In addition to considering complete
spectra $\chi''(q,\omega)$ better defined criteria are frequency
moments,
\begin{equation}
 M^{(n)}(q)=\frac{1}{\pi} \int \Phi(q,\omega) \omega^n d\omega.
\end{equation}
Due to symmetry only even $M^n(q)$ are finite while the static
susceptibility corresponds to $\chi^0(q)=M^0(q)$.

In the following we employ the FTD-DMRG method to evaluate
$\Phi(Q,\omega)$ for $\Delta=0,1$ and various $T$.  In the actual
implementation we use the infinite and finite-size DMRG basis
preparation and the calculation of $S(Q,\omega)$ via Eq.(\ref{aomlm})
($A=S_z(Q)$) performed on the system divided into two subblocks of
size $(L-2)/2$ and two coupling sites in between. \cite{schollwock05}
 In the preparatory sweeping typically 1 or 2
sweeps are sufficient for the convergence of the basis.  Important
parameters for the final quality of results are the (subblock) DMRG
truncation number $m$ and the number of Lanczos steps $M$. We are
typically restricted to $m \sim 1000$ and $M\sim 100$. We have two
kinds of sampling. One in the determination of the density matrix
Eq.~(\ref{rho2}), $R=R_1$ for the basis preparation, and the other in
the evaluation of the final Eq.~(\ref{aomlm}), $R=R_2$. While only
modest $R_1 \sim 50$ is adequate, $R_2 \gg 1$ is needed in particular
at low $T$ \cite{jaklic94} to get accurate matrix elements. At higher
$T$ $R_2$ can be reduced effectively to $R_2 \sim 1$. \cite{jaklic94}
 Furtheron we mainly consider $T<0.5$ with $R_2\sim
100$. When evaluating the feasibility of various methods we should
keep in mind that the full exact diagonalization evaluation of
$S(q,\omega)$ at $T>0$ for the model at hand can be performed up to
$L=14-16$, with the FTLM technique up to $L=24$, while in the
following we present the FTD-DMRG results up to $L=40$.

\subsection{XY model}

The $\Delta=0$ case maps onto noninteracting spinless fermions via the
Jordan-Wigner transformation and $S(Q,\omega)$ can be expressed for
any $T>0$ in a Lindhard form. For finite $L$ the only caveat is that
the FTD-DMRG is performed within a canonical systems with fixed
$S^z_{tot}=0$, i.e., with fixed number of fermions $N_e=L/2$ while the
usual (easier) evaluation is within the grandcanonical ensemble.  In
Fig.~\ref{fig1} we present the FTD-DMRG result for (unsymmetrized)
relaxation function $\Phi(Q,\omega)$ at low $T=0.25$. Results are for
$L=36$ where the basis is heavily reduced, i.e., only $5\times10^{-4}$
of all states are retained within the final evaluation. For comparison
we show the exact (grandcanonical) fermionic result for the same
system with open boundary condition and for all presented spectra we
use the damping $\eta=0.05$.  Oscillations are a clear sign of
finite-size system and slowly disappear with increasing $T$ and
$L$. The finite-size effect can be avoided by smoothing with a
Gaussian filter with the width adapted to the frequency $\propto
1/L$. From Fig.~\ref{fig1} it is evident that at low $|\omega|<1$ the
agreement between the FTD-DMRG and the exact result is very
satisfactory. At high $\omega \sim 2$ the FTD-DMRG does not fully
reproduce the sharp spectral edge which could be improved by the
introduction of the correction-vector targeting for $\omega \ne 0$
within the method. \cite{kuhner99,schollwock05,sota08}

\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\epsfig{file=hi_l36_t0.25_smp56_a.eps,angle=-90,width=86mm}
\caption{(color online) Relaxation function $\Phi(Q,\omega)$ within
  the XY model for $T=0.25$ and a system of $L=36$ sites.  For
  comparison the exact grandcanonical result for spinless fermions is
  shown and the corresponding smoothed curve relevant for $L \to
  \infty$.}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}

Fig.~\ref{fig2} shows the corresponding results for the frequency moments
$M_n(Q)$ displayed vs. $1/L$ obtained with the full basis for $L\le
22$ and with the FTD-DMRG method for $L\le 40$. For comparison also
corresponding exact results are shown within the canonical calculation at
$N_e=L/2$. It is evident that $T=0.25$ is already high enough so that
moments are essentially size independent. Also up to $L=40$ FTD-DMRG
results are well stable, at least for lowest $M_0, M_2$, while for
$M_4$ some deviations originate from high-$\omega$ regime and are also
visible
in Fig.~\ref{fig1}. At the same time, $M_1,M_3 \approx 0$ is
well reproduced as required by the symmetry of $\Phi(Q,\omega)$.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\epsfig{file=himom_scale_a.eps,angle=-90,width=86mm}
\caption{(color online) Lowest frequency moments $M_n(Q)$ vs. $1/L$
  for $T=0.25$. For comparison exact moments are shown up to $L=22$.}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Isotropic Heisenberg model}

The isotropic $\Delta=1$ case (at $S^z_{tot}=0$) representing
marginally gapless system is by far more challenging. For $T>0$ there
are no exact results for dynamical quantities. The bosonization
approach provides a form for $S(q,\omega)$ within the low $\omega - T$
regime. \cite{giamarchi89,bocquet01} Relative to the $\Delta=0$ case
the divergence for $\Delta=1$ is stronger and nontrivial. The
isotropic model has been an obvious target for numerical
methods. Static quantities, as the structure factor $S(q)$ and
$\chi^0(q)$ have been evaluated using the quantum Monte Carlo (QMC)
method and the high-$T$ expansion, \cite{starykh97,grossjohann09}
recently also with the time-dependent DMRG, \cite{barthel09} but only
for $q \ne Q$ so far. An obvious deficiency is in results for dynamic
quantities at $\omega \sim 0$ since the QMC approach (due to the
Maximum Entropy procedure) seems to have considerable uncertainty in this
regime. \cite{grossjohann09} On the other hand, the latter regime is
frequently just the most interesting, e.g., in connection with the NMR
relaxation rate $1/T_1 \propto \sum_q A_q S(q,\omega \to 0)$, with
transport quantities etc.

In Fig. \ref{fig3} we present results for $\Phi(Q,\omega)$ obtained
for $L=40$ sites and different $T$. Since spectra are peaked at
$\omega =0$ (in contrast to Fig. \ref{fig1}) finite-size oscillations
are more pronounced. Hence, also smoothed curves (Gaussian width
$\sigma = 4\cos (\pi L/2(L+1))/\sqrt{2}$) are presented as relevant for
$L \to \infty$. We note that such spectra are nearly $L$-independent
($L=16-40$) for $\omega>0.5$ whereas for $\omega \sim 0$ still scale
as $a+b/L$.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\epsfig{file=hi_d1_l40_a.eps,angle=-90,width=86mm}
\caption{(color online) Symmetrized $\Phi(Q,\omega)$ for the isotropic Heisenberg
  model shown for $L=40$ and $T=0.15, 0.25, 0.35$. Presented
  are also finite-size smoothed spectra (dotted line).}
\label{fig3}
\end{figure}

On the other hand, static $\chi^0(Q)$ can be extracted directly
without invoking any smoothing and FTD-DMRG results combined with the
FTLM results for $L=12-20$ are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig4} scaled
vs. $1/L$. Deviations from the linear scaling mostly emerge from the
random sampling in the basis preparation and the dynamical quantity
evaluation, and for the latter are indicated with error bars.  Final
scaled FTD-DMRG results for $\chi^0(Q)$ vs. $T$ are shown in
Fig.~\ref{fig5}, together with the result of the QMC analysis
\cite{starykh97} of the analytical expression
\begin{equation}
\chi^0(Q)=\frac{a}{T}[\ln(b/T)]^{1/2}.
\end{equation}
Our FTD-DMRG result is quite
consistent with QMC results at higher $T>0.3$. Still it is indicative
that we get higher values (beyond error bars) for $T<0.3$.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\epsfig{file=himom_scale_d1_ftlm.eps,angle=-90,width=86mm}
\caption{(color online) $\chi^0(Q)$ for the isotropic model vs.  $1/L$
for different $T$  as calculated via the FTD-DMRG method for $L=22 - 40$ and via
FTLM for $L=12 - 20$.}
\label{fig4}
\end{figure}

Finally, we present in the same Fig.~\ref{fig5} also scaled values of
$S(Q,\omega=0)$ vs. $T$. Bosonization theory gives \cite{bocquet01}
\begin{equation}
S(Q,0)= \frac{A}{T}[\ln(\Lambda/T)]^{1/2}
\end{equation}
 also fitted to our results with
$\Lambda=24.27$ taken from Ref. \onlinecite{barzykin01} and adjusted
$A\sim0.205$.  The agreement with the analytical fit is very good
although there seems to be substantial difference in the prefactor
$A$. \cite{bocquet01} On the other hand, it should be reminded that
for this quantity there are no reliable larger-system alternative
results since the QMC analysis \cite{starykh97,grossjohann09} appears
to have some difficulties in the regime $\omega \sim 0$.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\epsfig{file=himom0_hiom0_vs_t_scale.eps,angle=-90,width=86mm}
\caption{(color online) Scaled values for $\chi^0(Q)$ and
  $S(Q,\omega=0)$ vs. $T$ for the isotropic model. The dashed curve
  represents $\chi^0(Q)$ using the analytical form as extracted from
  the QMC results Ref. \onlinecite{starykh97}. Dotted $S(Q, \omega=0)$ curve
  is the fit as deduced from the analytical
  approximation. \cite{bocquet01}}
\label{fig5}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:conclusions}

In conclusion, we have introduced the FTD-DMRG method, which is the
extension of the density matrix-based optimization of target states
and the FTLM method for the evaluation of dynamical quantities at
$T>0$.  It is so far well founded and tested for relatively low T and
not too large systems, e.g., $L < 40$, while the feasibility or
possible breakdown at larger $T$ should still be understood.
Presented results are obtained for systems with $\tilde Z <200$
(normalized so that $\tilde Z(T=0)=1$) although the method is not in
principle limited to low $T$ since it is not essential that all
relevant many-body states are well represented, in analogy to the
FTLM. \cite{jaklic94} The emphasis so far is on the most challenging
$\omega \sim 0$ dynamical response while higher $\omega$ could be
improved by extending the density matrix by optimizing the correction
vector at particular $\omega$. \cite{kuhner99,sota08} As the test we
use the $\Delta=0$ case which is nontrivial for the FTD-DMRG method
while exact results are available via the spinless-fermion
representation. On the other hand, results for the isotropic
$\Delta=1$ case where we concentrate on the low $\omega - T$ regime of
dynamical spin correlations $S(Q,\omega)$ show that the presented
method goes beyond the capabilities of up-to-date numerical methods,
e.g., in the case of $S(Q,\omega=0)$. Clearly, more effort is needed
to examine in more detail the feasibility of the new method.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We authors acknowledge helpful discussions with T. Tohyama and S. Sota
as well as the support of the Slovenia-Japan Research Cooperative
grant and the Slovenian Agency grant No. P1-0044.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


PODIM Marketplace is a special daylong post-conference event that will take place on 17 May 2018 within the PODIM Conference. The goal of the event is doing business and exchanging best practices between up to 30 best hardware startups & scaleups from the Alps-Adriatic region, the area of Western Balkans and the wider region, and most propulsive regional and global distributors & retailers.
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WATCH: Video goes viral of allegedly drunk cop inspecting crash damage
By IOL Reporter Nov 30, 2020
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text: export { LogoGithub20 as default } from "../../";