text:
Basic Electrical
Electrical Laws
Engineering Material
Electrical Drives
Ohm's Law Calculator
MCQs on Electrical Machines
Page 57 of 114. Go to page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114
01․ If the armature electric current is increased to double its previous value, and the time of commutation is halved, how will the reactance voltage vary?
It will be halved.
It will remain the same.
It will be doubled.
It will becomes four times.
02․ To have sparkless commutation, the armature reaction effect in a DC machine is neutralized by
increasing field excitation.
compensating winding and commutating poles.
shifting the brush axis from GNA to MNA.
fixing the brush axis inline with the pole axis.
03․ Armature reaction of an unsaturated DC machine is
crossmagnetising.
demagnetising.
magnetising.
none of above.
04․ Iron losses in a DC machine are independent of variation in
voltage.
speed and voltage.
05․ In a DC generator in case the brushes are moved so as to bring them in magnetic neutral axis, then, there will be
cross-magnetisation.
demagnetisation.
cross-magnetization as well as demagnetization.
06․ In a DC generator, the armature reaction results in
magnetization of inter poles.
demagnetization of centers of poles.
magnetization of leading and demagnetization of trailing pole tip.
demagnetization of leading & magnetization of trailing pole tip.
07․ In a DC generator the actual flux distribution depends upon
shape of the pole shoe.
size of air gap.
clearance between tips of the adjacent pole shoes.
all of above.
08․ The demagnetising component of armature reaction in a DC generator
reduces inter poles flux density.
reduces generator emf.
results in sparking trouble.
increases armature speed.
09․ Armature coil is short circuited by brushes when it lies
along field axis.
along neutral axis.
in any of above positions.
in none of above positions.
10․ Compensating windings are used in DC generators
to provide path for the circulation of cooling air.
to neutralize the cross magnetizing effect of the armature reaction.
mainly to reduce the eddy currents by providing local short circuit.
<<<5556575859>>>
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Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs): Basics, Types & Applications
Diode: Definition, Symbol, and Types of Diodes
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Half Wave Rectifier Circuit Diagram & Working Principle
Lenz's Law of Electromagnetic Induction: Definition & Formula
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Tag Archives: quotations
Time Between
Stiltsville by Susanna Daniel (Harper; $24.99; 320 pages)
"It was so easy, I understood now, to take a wrong turn…"
"All the days have turned to years…" Chris Hillman ("Time Between," The Byrds)
This is a novel that finishes well. This being said, the first half of the novel is a muddy bog. I often felt as if I was reading the diary of an obsessive person who notices every detail but has no idea as to what meaning to attach to the aggregation. Here is a sampling:
Paul stopped walking and I almost bumped into him. I could see the pink of his skin through the translucent white of his T-shirt, the short hairs on the back of his neck. "Look," he said, pointing at the water. By his foot, a blue crab skittered across the sand, then slipped underneath a rock. …He offered me his hand and I took it, but only until I'd stepped over a wide stretch of coral. We walked for an hour. Paul spoke only to point out a creature or plant, and I spoke only to acknowledge him. The flats surrounded our stilt home on three sides, and I'd never before walked to their far edges.
This is not quite scintillating reading, and there are 150 or so pages like this before the plotline begins to come together. This is the story of a Miami couple and the events that happen to them and their daughter between the years of 1969 and 1993. It seems to take forever to get to the 90s.
The future married couple at the center of this tale initially meet as young college students playing in a community of homes built on pilings in the waters of Biscayne Bay, Florida. The collection of homes is known as Stiltsville. It's a community that will not last, one of the many things revealed to the reader before he/she actually needs to know it. Susanna Daniel has the frustrating habit of setting a scene, the events involving the main characters, in current time before skipping forward to tell you what will happen later. For example, her female protagonist's first impressions of Miami are that, "…the city (Miami) seemed large to me… though it would double in breadth and height and population during the time I lived there."
This needless plot device is used far too many times. In one odd instance, the lead character is telling us about today before she jumps to "nearly a year later." Contra, another time we suddenly shift from today to the events of the preceding day. Later on, we're reading about what's happening to the family one evening before we're abruptly shifted back to the supposedly related events that occurred eight months earlier. All of this is far too clever to be interesting.
There's also the problem of stilted language in Stiltsville. Early on our female lead tells us that, "…after meeting Dennis, I saw in my own future bright, unknowable, possibilities. I'm a bit ashamed to have been a person without much agency in life…" Agency? What reader knows a person who would use that word today… and in Miami? Her future husband Dennis, by the way, works for a successful law firm in Miami but seems to know little about law. In one scene, he worries that he'll be arrested by the Coast Guard (and quite possibly disbarred) for buying a boat from a person who may not have had clear title to it. Any first year law student would tell him not to worry, but then this is fiction.
Stiltsville also includes some paths that lead nowhere. At one point Daniel includes a thinly disguised take-off on the Rodney King case, except that it's set in Miami rather than Los Angeles. The reader is meant to get somewhat worked up about riots and the prospect of better communities being invaded before this side-story disappears. It has nothing to do with the main story, so why was it included?
In the latter part of the novel, Daniel does create some quotable statements such as, "The cement of a marriage never dries." She also displays her cleverness in dropping a near tragedy into our laps before sidestepping it. And, finally, there's the point at which someone is affected by a devastating illness. If Daniel had begun at this point she might have crafted a tight, compelling and fascinating debut. Instead, Stiltsville exposes us to a writer of some potential who failed to put much of it down on the written page this time around.
This review was written by Joseph Arellano. A review copy was received from the publisher.
Tagged as a novel, agency, American Pie, bayou, Biscayne Bay, book review, books, Chris Hillman, clever writing, college life, debut novel, family history, family novel, female protagonist, fiction, first novel, Florida, Frances Ellerby, hardbound book, Harper, Joseph Arellano, Joseph's Reviews, Kindle Edition, law, lawyers, Los Angeles, marriage, married life, Miami, music, new author, plot device, quotations, race riots, Rodney King, stilted language, Stiltsville, Susanna Daniel, the Byrds, Time Between, time shifting, U. S. Coast Guard, writing potential, Younger Than Yesterday
When I Paint My Masterpiece
When That Rough God Goes Riding: Listening to Van Morrison by Greil Marcus (PublicAffairs, $22.95, 208 pages)
"Music can take us beyond literate sequence and consequence." Wilfred Mellers
"If you didn't hear from him, that just means he didn't call." Van Morrison
Sometimes a complete portrait of a person, or an artist, requires that one explain and explore both their positives and their negatives. Although rock-critic-writer Greil Marcus is clearly infatuated with Van Morrison and his music, he decided to write this profile – in a sense, a collection of essays about the subject – in an honest fashion. On the one hand, we see Morrison as a musical genius who can sing songs without a musical arrangement, leading and requiring his backing musicians to follow him. He's been a musician who can recruit a record producer by simply singing a new song to him one-on-one, like an actor seducing a director by reading from a promising script.
Then there's the difficult Morrison, the singer who often avoids looking at his audience; a performer who can storm off of the stage when he's angry; a singer who sometimes hates being bothered by the joyful participation of those in his audience. As noted in this account, one night Van was performing for a San Francisco audience when he got tired of their clapping and yelling. He yelled out, "Just shut up. Just shut up! We do the work here on stage, not you."
And so we see that Van Morrison is a musician-artist of both sequence and consequence. As Marcus writes, "What defines great singing in the rock and soul era is some underlying tension in the space between singer and song."
Van Morrison did not start out great. With the band known as Them he released the notable single "Gloria" (first released as a 45 in a rather weak 2 minute and 35 second cover version by Shadows of Knight of Seattle) and also "Here Comes the Night," and the much lesser known "Mystic Eyes." But the band members did not click as a group, and the newly-freed artist went on to write and record what is today his most played song, "Brown Eyed Girl." Yet, there was something about his rock and soul voice that was not totally distinct; he tended to be confused in people's minds with Eric Burdon of The Animals (it didn't help that both Morrison and Burdon covered Sam Cooke's classic "Bring It On Home to Me.")
Morrison's solo career went on to be a steadily successful one, but Marcus elects to place the focus here on Van's masterpiece, Astral Weeks. Greil, who owns thousands of recordings, confesses to us that, "I've played Astral Weeks more than I've played any other record I own." The tale of how the album came to be created is worth the price of admission, for this was not a tightly structured creation. Instead, it was the product of near-magical jazz-like improvisation. The record's producer, Lewis Merenstein of Chicago (who didn't know who Morrison was before the recording began) was to say: "I don't want to sound existential, but there was Van and that was it; there was no band, there were no arrangements. The direction was him singing and playing – that was where I followed. That's why it came out the way it did… There obviously was a direction from somewhere in the sky."
Marcus makes clear in Rough God that Morrison himself does not know the intended meanings of many of the songs he writes, one such song being "Madame George." That's alright, such is the nature of genius. Vincent Van Gogh would likely not be able to produce a scholarly treatise on each of his paintings. But Morrison – like his female counterpart Joni Mitchell, is one of those artists who has demonstrated for us lesser mortals that, "There's more to life than you thought. Life can be lived more deeply."
Thank you, both Van and Greil. Highly recommended.
A review copy was provided by the publisher. Greil Marcus is also the author of Like a Rolling Stone: Bob Dylan at the Crossroads (Public Affairs, 304 pages, 2006).
Tagged as a book review by Joseph Arellano: When That Rough God Goes Riding, A book review site, artist, Astral Weeks, biography, Blake, Bob Dylan, Bob Dylan at the Crossroads, book review, book review site wordpress, book reviews, books, Bring It On Home to Me, Brown Eyed Girl, Chicago, composers, Domino, entertainment, Eric Burdon, essays, essential albums, genius, Gloria, Greil Marcus, hardcover release, improvisation, jazz, Joni Mitchell, Joseph Arellano, Joseph's Reviews, joyful noise, Lewis Merenstein, Like a Rolling Stone, Listening to Van Morrison, Madame George, music, musicians, Mystery Train, Mystic Eyes, paintings, poetry, PublicAffairs books, quotations, recommended books, rock, rock and soul, rock bands, rock criticism, rock music, rock music history, Sam Cooke, San Francisco, Seattle, Shadows of Knight, singer and song, solo career, subjective pleasures, The Animals, The Band, The Shape of Things to Come, Them, Vincent van Gogh, When I Paint My Masterpiece, When That Rough God Goes Riding, Wilfred Mellers, Wordpress book review site
A Painful Read
"Though it makes no sense, I'd like to get on the court again. I want the pain that only tennis can provide." – Andre Agassi
Pain is God's megaphone to rouse a deaf world. – C. S. Lewis
"(Brooke's) concerned. She hates I was so upset… that I'm in pain." – Andre Agassi
"This is why we're here. To fight through the pain…" – Andre Agassi
"…seek the pain, woo the pain, recognize that pain is life." – Gil Reyes
'Cause feeling pain's a hard way/To know you're still alive – Barry Manilow
"…let's go put some pain on your opponents." – Brad Gilbert
This one is about pain, as reflected in the selected quotes – all taken from Open: An Autobiography – listed above. One would think that the autobiography of a glamorous tennis star, one who ranked at the top of his profession, who owned his own jet, and dated and married famous actresses and tennis stars, would be a fun read. Open is anything but, it's a morose slog though a life of torture and misery. It seems like Agassi tells us a million times in the book that he hates tennis: "I hate tennis more than ever – but I hate myself more." And the point of this is?
Of course, this book was not actually written by Mr. Agassi. It was dictated to a ghostwriter whose name won't be used here to protect his ghostly status. This is an "as told to…" tale in which the Agassi-ghost pair appear to emphasize every painful moment in their character's life, while minimizing the positive. But then Agassi, clearly, loves his stays in the state of misery: "Rock bottom can be very cozy, because at least you're at rest. You know you're not going anywhere for a while."
It's not as if Agassi is unaware that he's a lucky man, "I tell myself you can't be unhappy when you have money in the bank and own your own plane. But… I feel listless, hopeless, trapped in a life I didn't choose…" Yes, all of this misery comes from playing a sport of the leisured class. "I've played this game for a lot of reasons… and it seems like none of them has ever been my own." Perhaps he thinks that we've all been in complete control of our lives from the moment of birth on, ignoring the comment of John Lennon, "Life is what happens when you're making other plans."
Lennon also wrote about pain: "God is a concept by which we measure our pain." But it never seemed like his music was overtaken by the need to paint his life as a prison of pain. Agassi's book does so, over and over again. Because Agassi does not like himself much, he can hardly be expected to have nice things to say about his former competitors in the sport. After he said some not-so-nice things about Wimbledon champion Jim Courier, Courier responded, "I'm insecure?" Indeed.
Of course, by the time the reader finally reaches page 384 there's the to-be-expected happy ending, with marriage and beautiful children and the founding of the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy charter school. But what an exhausting march to get there… filled with too much pain and too little hope. Tiring.
This work is the opposite of a life affirming one.
Note: A review copy was provided by the publisher.
Tagged as a painful read, Andre Agassi, autobiography, Barry Manilow, book review, books, Brad Gilbert, Brooke Shields, C. S. Lewis, charter school, depression, Gil Reyes, God, Jim Courier, John Lennon, Joseph Arellano, Joseph's Reviews, Las Vegas, memoir, Open, Open: An Autobiography, pain, quotations, sports, Stefi Graf, tennis, Wimbledon

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Red flags that a dating relationship could be turning abusive
On behalf of Winegar, Wilhelm, Glynn & Roemersma, P.C. | Oct 26, 2018 | Family Law
Dating relationships can take many twists and turns. Unfortunately, some relationships can become abusive. While a lot of the public focus on dating abuse is on younger couples, people of all ages can be victims of dating violence.Whatever a person's age, if he or she...
Pennsylvania changes its laws regarding guns and domestic abuse
On behalf of Winegar, Wilhelm, Glynn & Roemersma, P.C. | Oct 19, 2018 | Domestic Violence, Family Law
One thing that has very big ramifications for domestic violence survivors is what protections they can receive under the laws of their state, including the laws on protecting domestic abuse victims from gun violence. Last week, a bill was signed by Pennsylvania's...
The reality of cyberstalking
On behalf of Winegar, Wilhelm, Glynn & Roemersma, P.C. | Oct 12, 2018 | Domestic Violence, Sexual Harassment
Domestic violence can take many forms outside of physical abuse. Sexual harassment, assault, stalking and criminal mischief are just a few ways victims experience domestic violence. However, domestic violence can also occur in the cyber world.What is cyberstalking?The...
How common is domestic violence?
On behalf of Winegar, Wilhelm, Glynn & Roemersma, P.C. | Oct 12, 2018 | Domestic Violence, Family Law, Sexual Harassment
Domestic violence can happen to anyone, but how often does it happen? Unfortunately, statistics prove that this type of abuse is very common.According to estimates from the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence: One in three women have experienced physical...
On behalf of Winegar, Wilhelm, Glynn & Roemersma, P.C. | Oct 8, 2018 | Sexual Harassment
October is National Domestic Violence Awareness Month. Every October, the nation is reminded of the pervasiveness of domestic violence as well as other forms of sexual assault and harassment. Together, we remember the victims and honor the survivors.When it comes to...
Recognizing when you are a victim of domestic violence
On behalf of Winegar, Wilhelm, Glynn & Roemersma, P.C. | Oct 7, 2018 | Domestic Violence, Family Law
Domestic violence leaves victims and their families distraught and concerned. For some, domestic abuse may present itself clearly in physical altercations; but for others, abuse may occur in subtle put-downs. No matter the abuse or its severity, all victims have the...
Domestic violence can impact anyone
On behalf of Winegar, Wilhelm, Glynn & Roemersma, P.C. | Oct 5, 2018 | Domestic Violence
October is National Domestic Violence Awareness Month. This national campaign works to shine a light on the violation of the basic human right to be free from violence and abuse. While it is a hard topic to discuss, it is important because it is a serious...
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College students have enough to worry about between attending classes daily, doing homework and studying for exams. However, they also need to worry about their finances while in school. While many students are quite good at managing their money, others are not. Saving money is a skill that needs to be learned while in college, for it will become even more important in the years ahead when it's time to buy homes, cars and other big-ticket items. For those students having difficulty paying the bills, here are a few tips that might help.
The best way for college students to save money is to create a budget and stick to it. While it's always tempting to spend a few dollars here and there on eating out, going out with friends or buying a new outfit, doing these things will bust a budget in a hurry. It's important to prioritize your spending to make sure you have the basics covered first such as food, living expenses and textbooks. After that, anything left over can go for having fun.
When creating a budget, make sure to distinguish between what you need and what you want. For example, if you need textbooks decide if it's important to have brand new books or whether used ones would work just as well. Finding areas where a few dollars can be saved can allow you to have money left over for other things such as trips or treating yourself to a nice meal once in awhile.
Being creative when planning activities can help in saving money. There are usually plenty of low-cost or free activities on campus such as movies, plays and concerts. Instead of trying to join a gym, make use of the campus fitness facilities for a free workout. Joining campus clubs can also lead to fun activities that don't cost a dime, letting you save money while making new friends along the way.
Obtaining a credit card with a credit limit of no more than $1000 will help with paying for small, necessary purchases each month while helping you build a credit history. Paying off the balance monthly is key to staying within budget, but doing so will definitely pay off in the long run.
By learning how to manage money now, college students will be better prepared to make major financial decisions after graduation to ensure a healthy financial future.


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Are Giant Bikes Better Than Trek
What Is A Power Bike
All the electric bikes need to have the best braking system to keep them safe for all users. With this quality E-bike, you are assured of a safe ride thanks to the front and rear disk brakes. This makes it easier to stop the bike even when at a higher speed. Besides this, the bike also lasts for years due to the high-strength carbon steel used in the construction. This makes it a great investment for anyone looking for the best electric bike.
Are Kick Scooters Legal On Sidewalks
In our head to head range test, the Rocky Mountain took the win by traveling 20 miles and 4,297 vertical feet. It is worth mentioning that our tester felt that he worked a little harder while range testing the Rocky Mountain than the other bikes we tested. The Giant wasn't far behind at 19.02 miles and 4,000 vertical feet, and the Specialized was nipping at its heels with 18.71 miles and 3,949 feet. The Ghost Hybride SL AMR was the least impressive with a range of just 16.75 miles and 3,559 vertical feet. The outlier in this comparison is the Bulls E-Stream with a 650Wh battery. We were not able to test the Bulls directly against these other competitors, but we did notice that you can ride it significantly farther than any of these other contenders. During one of our test rides, we rode the Bulls 24 miles and 4,500 vertical feet, and the battery still wasn't depleted. More battery storage equals longer rides; it's just that simple.
When Should I Charge My Electric Bike
Using that same meticulousness, he built a mountain bike out of titanium in 1995, and it is the lightest in the world. It weighs only 5.855 kg (12.9 lbs), and it became his second "Guinness Book" entry. His latest entry into the record-books came in 1998: only 9.74 kg (21.4 lbs) for the lightest electric bike, of course using his custom titanium frame. The power was from an electric friction-drive similar to the Solex moped, powering the rear tire, but…that drive system would prove to be unacceptable for an off-road mountain bike.
How Far Can You Ride On An Electric Bike
Pros	versatile, fits water bottle, least e-bike looking, good battery life, low center of gravity	Good controls, huge distance range, confidence inspiring at speed, good component spec	Reasonably priced, good distance range, well rounded performance, solid component spec	Smooth and consistent power output, modern geometry,	Cushy suspension, digital display, meaty tires
How Far Can You Travel On A Electric Bike
There are two working modes to choose from. You can either leave it to run completely on electric power or select a pedal assistance mode. The 21-speed transmission system is excellent for experimenting with various speed levels on different trails. However, don't select the e-power mode or a high-speed level when bombing down descents. The high-speed won't let the bike to stay stable.
Are Electric Scooters Legal In London
The Goplus electric mountain bike is a perfect bike for all kind of outdoors. It has an eye-catching 26" x 4.0" fat tires, which helps you to ride on every surface, even snow or sand easily. The Goplus electric mountain bike has a 36V 10AH lithium battery. After recharging the battery for 4-5 hours, you can comfortably ride a bike for 20 miles at 12.5 km/h speed. This stylish bike provides powerful riding. Also, The Goplus electric bike has three modes to choose from: pure electric mode, assist and throttle – riding without pedaling. If you are looking for a style and power at the same time – this bike is for you.
How Do You Pump Up A Bike Tire With A Needle
What Type Of Valve Is On My Bike
The e-bike is driven by a large capacity lithium-ion battery. This makes it suitable for long hours of the ride. It also has two working modes. The assisted bike and e-bike mode; hence when it runs out of battery, you can pedal to complete the journey. It has been built from the best quality of aluminum alloy frames to ensure that it provides years of service. The wheels are also large and provide excellent movement on all surfaces.
Are Electric Bikes Motor Vehicles
How Fast Can A 48v Ebike Go
Power delivery is smooth and easy to predict, once you get the hang of it. We're not sure if integration is better on the Turbo road bike, or if the slow, technical nature of trail riding just highlights some quirks. The motor shuts off less than a second after you stop pedaling, and the onset of power delivery is momentarily delayed once you begin pedaling. And this did mean we had to adapt our riding style a little bit to deal with that slight lag.
Are Electric Bikes Safe
You've gotta get up to get down, and one of the purposes of e-bikes is to make it much easier to do so. Since we spend significantly more time climbing than descending, we felt it was important to rate how well these bikes perform when pointed uphill. Climbing on an e-MTB with pedal assist support is somewhat different than climbing on a bike without a motor. These bikes are capable of carrying some serious speed uphill, changing the climbing dynamic with a much faster pace, often tossing finesse out the window in favor of power and momentum. The heavy weight of these bikes and plus-sized tires gives them incredible traction, keeping them planted on the ground, and dampening switches can be left wide open to enjoy the added traction benefits of active rear suspension. Each bike's geometry, handling, and power output all played a role in how well these bikes performed on the ascents, and we had plenty of time to test them while rallying back uphill for more downhill laps.
What use is a 'lightest' bike if you don't get any performance advantage out of it? No long range? No top speed? No rid comfort and other 'niceties'. Basically nothing and an added price tag to boot so what's the f*ckin point then? At least with all other transportation vehicles be it cars, motorcycles, regular bikes, electric cars, being lightweight has a point usually it's speed and/or range. This however is just idiocy.
What Does Gt Stand For
324-WH Panasonic LiPo. The bargain ebike of this bunch. This lightweight electric bike will cost you $1,650, including shipping from Australia. This ebike builder bought 50 of these fixie bikes from China, and does the motor conversions himself. Why is it so light? For one it is a fixie bike which means no gears and limited braking in order to make it simpler and lighter. Visit the Solar Bike Website
As with all these bikes, the assisted speed is capped at 15mph, but unlike some of them, the Gtech eBike City or its identical (spec-wise) sibling the eBike Sport (this just has a standard frame rather than a step-through one) is light and agile enough for you to be able pedal harder without feeling like the weight is fighting you back down to 15mph. You can even, at a push, use it without the motor on flatter roads.
Are Throttle Electric Bikes Legal
Many retailers suggest charging the battery at least once a month if the bike is not ridden much, and say that the more the bike is ridden, the stronger the battery will be. All batteries, though, will deteriorate in time and they will need to be replaced and disposed. When that time comes, it's best to ask your local retailer how to dispose of the battery, but bear in mind that local authorities should provide recycling and disposal facilities.
How Fast Does The Average Electric Golf Cart Go
Who Owns Yakima Racks
There are various kinds and classifications of electric bikes on the market, but the most common type is the Class 1, or pedal assist, bikes which have motor units that are activated by pedaling and are limited to lower speeds. In the US, Class 1 electric bikes, the type tested and reviewed here, are limited to a top speed of 20 mph, and their motors are designed with a speed governor to regulate this. These types of e-bikes resemble modern mountain bikes, but they have significant battery packs, and small motor units integrated onto and into the frame design. The e-MTB pedal-assist motor is typically built around the bottom bracket and provides varying levels of pedaling "support" directly into the drivetrain while the cranks are turning. Most drive unit systems offer several support settings that provide pedal assistance between 25% and 100% of the user's pedaling input.
What Is The Best Electric Bike On The Market Uk
Are E Bikes Allowed In Moab
Hi @Sharonerd , Lifespan is relative to the quality of kit you buy, type of battery, how you're using it and consistent regular maintenance (like checking tire pressure, lube the chain, etc.) What's your goal for the kit? I'm a fan of conversions when you're wanting to upgrade a bike that you really like, that fits you & your lifestyle just right. For instance, one of the EBikes that I ride is a hand built folding bike, the Airnimal, with smaller 24" wheels which better fits my 5'4" height and shorter leg length. This bike has a BionX kit on it, so the final product is lighter than any ebike on the market.
With mountain bikes already sporting hefty price tags, the cost of adding an electric pedal assist motor might be enough to send the value-conscious rider's head spinning. Fear not! We created a chart to help you sort through which bike has the best performance to price ratio. Bikes that fall lower and further to the right, such as the Best Buy winning Giant Trance E+ 2 Pro, represent the best value.
Are Mountain Bikes Slower Than Road Bikes
To enjoy a great ride for long hours, this durable E-bike is one to try out. This is because the electric bike is powered by the 250W high-speed motor that aids in boosting the speed. Besides this, it has the 21-speed transmission system; hence you can easily shift the speeds to attain a higher speed. In addition to this, has the ideal brakes system that makes it very safe.
Do You Need A Licence For A Motorised Push Bike
All the models we tested are full suspension all mountain/trail bike models with relatively similar amounts of suspension travel, geometry, and wheel/tire size. The addition of a large battery and a small motor adds significant weight to an e-bike, and they generally weigh in the neighborhood of 50 lbs, approximately 20 pounds heavier than non-e-bikes, and the heavy weight of these bikes makes them more difficult to ride without the support of the pedal assist motor.
Electric bikes in the UK tend to come with either Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) or Lithium Polymer (LiPo) batteries. In China, on the other hand, lead acid batteries are still the most common ones used. In 2014 – according to the China Bicycle Association / IdTechEx  – 35 million eBikes were sold on the Chinese market, and just 2.8 million of them had lithium battery.
The electric mountain bikes are excellent bikes that deliver great speed and longer rides. This is due to the powerful battery that will assure you of longer runtime. The bikes also use the Shimano speeds, which allow you to easily shift the speeds. In addition to this, the electric mountain bike is also very safe due to the perfect braking system. This makes them safe for all riders. With the LED headlights, you will find them appropriate for night rides.
E-enduro bikes aren't as different to regular bikes as one might imagine. All of the fundamentals are the same and by nailing the geometry and sizing Vitus has produced an amazing e-bike with the E-Sommet VR.Sure there are a couple of little things we'd probably change, like the STEPS Di2 mode shifter and rear tyre, but that's about it. And given how much cheaper the Vitus is compared to the competition, you can easily afford to make these changes and even buy a spare battery. The E-Sommet VR is no golf buggy, but Vitus has it's certainly hit a hole in one with this bike.
The unit system is likely to have several options to choose various levels of pedal assistance, which is between 25% and 100% of the pedaling input of the rider. The drive system is most likely to have a smartphone app with features to control various settings including setting up the engine's support settings, modifying the controls according to the rider's preference, monitoring the health and charge status of the battery, and more functions.
How Do You Charge Electric Bike
Having a motor bolted to the bottom of a mountain bike that provides pedal assistance is an amazing leveller. The constant torque it applies to the chain rounds out the squarest of pedalling actions, which in turn helps stabilizes the rear suspension and counter pedal induced bob, seamlessly shifting your focus from pedalling efficiency to battery life.
What Are The Four Types Of Sentences
In fact, the manufacturers have already proven that what makes an e-MTB outstanding is not that much different to a regular MTB. Sure, there are slight differences in performance due to e-MTB's heavier frame but both types share almost similar basics covering geometry, sizing, and balance. Also, the power-supplying motor comes into the forefront instead of the suspension in these bikes.
The SwagCycle EB-5 Pro comes in at just under $500, making it an affordable choice for an e-bike. This bike comes pre-assembled, which means you can get on your way faster. It's height adjustable and generally fits most adults as well as teens. Both the seat and handlebars can be adjusted to find the optimal riding position. Air-filled rubber tires help cushion the ride while providing. The range is up to 15.5 miles per charge, alternating between pedaling and power assist.
Is Rain Bad For Your Bike
Descents on such a heavy bike are less fun. Getting the rear wheel off the ground on short notice, or whipping it around turns is very hard. I like to use my rear tire and brakes to steer—locking the brakes in tight corners at speed, then letting off and pedaling out. On very loose and exposed trails, using that approach on the Turbo Levo doesn't work, once the rear starts to loose traction, it's just all over. Perhaps this could be combated with lower rear tire pressures; we were running 20 PSI.
His early hobby was designing and building model aircraft, while paying careful attention to every gram of weight. His own custom design of electrically-powered motor-glider won four electric flight world championships in Europe (1986-1992), and six titles in the United States. In 1991, he designed and built an 800-gram solar-powered model aircraft with a wingspan of almost 2-meters…and it set a world record flight of 10 hours, 43 minutes, and 51 seconds, which was officially recorded in the Guinness Book of World records.
Can You Ride Electric Bikes On The Sidewalk
The RideControl Evo display features a button control on the grip and a readout on the stem, giving you control over ride time, distance and cadence. Best of all, it gives you as very accurate percentage readout of how much battery is remaining, so no excuses for running out of juice! The five rides mode are Eco, Basic, Active, Sport and Power and there's also a walk assist button.
X-Treme Scooters Folding Electric Mountain E-Bike offers a comfortable ride with front and rear suspension. It is an ideal bike for the college students, campers, and anyone who wants a portable and lightweight mode of transportation. This E-bike works on a motor of 300 watts. The best thing about this bike is it allows you to fold it after reaching the destination. It gives you a speed of about 20 mph with a 7-speed Shimano tourney gears. You can adjust the seat according to your ease.
In theory, an electric bicycle battery can undergo several hundred charge cycles. How much exactly? That depends on the battery type concerned. The way you take care of your battery will also affect its life. For example, if you store your battery somewhere dry and protected from temperature fluctuations, you will keep it longer. In general, with regular use, an electric bike battery becomes less efficient after 3 to 5 years.
Even with cheaper or heavier bikes, once you accept that you are really meant to pedal gently and let the motor do the work, non-speed freaks will get into it. E-bikes are great for commuting and for places that aren't pancake flat. They'll pull you away from the lights quickly, iron out hills and stop you getting sweaty, so you can bin the Lycra and ride in jeans, a suit, or a winter coat.
What Is The Best Electric Bicycle On The Market
What Is The Fastest Electric Bicycle


text:
Hockey logos
Nashville Predators Logo
hockey | Nashville
Nashville Predators Logo PNG
The Nashville Predators logo features a side view of the saber-toothed tiger in blue and gold against the white background.
In 1995, rumors spread among sports fans in Nashville that the New Jersey Devils would move there, to the Nashville Arena, which was being constructed at the time. However, the attempt to bring the Devils to Nashville failed, while the arena opened the following years.
Shortly after, the city made one more attempt, this time they tried to get the NBA's Sacramento Kings. When it turned out that the club wouldn't move, either, Nashville went after a hockey team.
In the summer of 1997, the National Hockey League granted a conditional franchise to Nashville, following the request from a group headed by businessman Craig Leipold.
The most interesting thing in the Nashville Predators logo history is probably that the logo actually appeared before the team.
Shortly after the city got an expansion franchise in 1997, the owners unveiled an emblem, which looked rather unusual for a hockey logo. It was a six-color emblem depicting an animal with sharp teeth, which turned out to be a saber-toothed tiger. The name for the club was to be chosen by fans themselves. The club owners received around 75 names and chose three of them: Ice Tigers, Fury, and Attack.
However, none of the names seemed to satisfy the majority of the fans, as well as the team owners. Eventually, Craig Leipold suggested his own version, "Predators." This very version won during the final vote.
In 2012, the Preds logo was revisited. The modification may be not that obvious from the first glance, yet if you take a closer look, you may notice that the color scheme has become simpler (three colors instead of six). There have also been a couple of minor alterations in the shape of the elements. For instance, the pupil in the creature's eye has become more distinct. This emblem is featured on the Nashville Predators uniforms.
Secondary emblem
There are at least two additional logotypes. One of them features a navy blue badge with three blue stars in a yellow circle and the letters "N" and "P" below. The blue stars apparently come from the flag of the team's home state, Tennessee.
The other alternate logo represents two 3D letters, "N" and "P," in white with blue and yellow frames. The team also used the skull of the saber-toothed tiger as its secondary logo.
Why is a saber-toothed tiger the symbol?
The answer is rooted in the history of Nashville. Back in 1971, construction works started on UBS Tower, one of the city's most impressive buildings. While working, crews discovered a skeleton of the species of saber-toothed tiger that is known under the name of Smilodon Floridius. The species inhabited the continent until the Early Anthropocene Epoch (around 11,500 years ago).
When the Predators were looking for a mascot, they opted for the tiger as it was connected with the local history and looked aggressive and memorable enough.
While the earlier versions of the wordmark featured the Interdiction font created by Daniel Zadorozny, in 2011, the team adopted a different wordmark, where the letters seemed a bit more legible. The combination of sharp decorative elements and curves creates a harmony with the bold shape of the main logo.
The current Nashville Predators logo comprises three colors: blue (#011840), white (#ffffff), and yellow (#ffb915).The original emblem consisted of six colors, including red and two shades of grey.
Nashville Predators Colors
PANTONE: PMS 1235 C
HEX COLOR: #FFB81C;
RGB: (255,184,28)
CMYK: (0,31,98,0)
PANTONE: 282
HEX COLOR: #041E42;
RGB: (4,30,66)
CMYK: (100,90,13,68)
HEX COLOR: #FFFFFF;
RGB: (255,255,255)
HSB: (42,0,100)
CMYK: (0,0,0,0)
Florida Panthers Logo
Quad City Mallards Logo
Winnipeg Jets Logo
Boston Bruins Logo
Minnesota Wild Logo
Pittsburgh Penguins Logo
New Jersey Devils Logo
Seattle Kraken Logo
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text:
Genetic associations with obstructive sleep apnea traits in Hispanic/Latino Americans
Brian E. Cade, Han Chen, Adrienne M. Stilp, Kevin J. Gleason, Tamar Sofer, Sonia Ancoli-Israel, Raanan Arens, Graeme I. Bell, Jennifer E. Below, Andrew C. Bjonnes, Sung Chun, Matthew P. Conomos, Daniel S. Evans, W. Craig Johnson, Alexis C. Frazier-Wood, Jacqueline M. Lane, Emma K. Larkin, Jose S. Loredo, Wendy S. Post, Alberto R. RamosKen Rice, Jerome I. Rotter, Neomi A. Shah, Katie L. Stone, Kent D. Taylor, Timothy A. Thornton, Gregory J. Tranah, Chaolong Wang, Phyllis C. Zee, Craig L. Hanis, Shamil R. Sunyaev, Sanjay R. Patel, Cathy C. Laurie, Xiaofeng Zhu, Richa Saxena, Xihong Lin, Susan Redline
Rationale: Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and premature mortality. Although there is strong clinical and epidemiologic evidence supporting the importance of genetic factors in influencing obstructive sleep apnea, its genetic basis is still largely unknown. Prior genetic studies focused on traits defined using the apnea-hypopnea index, which contains limited information on potentially important genetically determined physiologic factors, such as propensity for hypoxemia and respiratory arousability. Objectives: To define novel obstructive sleep apnea genetic risk loci for obstructive sleep apnea, we conducted genome-wide association studies of quantitative traits in Hispanic/Latino Americans from three cohorts. Methods: Genome-wide data from as many as 12,558 participants in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, and Starr County Health Studies population-based cohorts were metaanalyzed for association with the apnea-hypopnea index, average oxygen saturation during sleep, and average respiratory event duration. Measurements and Main Results: Two novel loci were identified at genome-level significance (rs11691765, GPR83, P = 1.90×10-8 for the apnea-hypopnea index, and rs35424364; C6ORF183/CCDC162P, P = 4.88×10-8 for respiratory event duration) and seven additional loci were identified with suggestive significance (P<5×10-7). Secondary sex-stratified analyses also identified one significant and several suggestive associations. Multiple loci overlapped genes with biologic plausibility. Conclusions: These are the first genome-level significant findings reported for obstructive sleep apnea-related physiologic traits in any population. These findings identify novel associations in inflammatory, hypoxia signaling, and sleep pathways.
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201512-2431OC
Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine
Dive into the research topics of 'Genetic associations with obstructive sleep apnea traits in Hispanic/Latino Americans'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Apnea Medicine & Life Sciences 61%
Hypoxia Medicine & Life Sciences 30%
Sleep Medicine & Life Sciences 30%
Genetic Loci Medicine & Life Sciences 23%
Premature Mortality Medicine & Life Sciences 22%
Cade, B. E., Chen, H., Stilp, A. M., Gleason, K. J., Sofer, T., Ancoli-Israel, S., Arens, R., Bell, G. I., Below, J. E., Bjonnes, A. C., Chun, S., Conomos, M. P., Evans, D. S., Johnson, W. C., Frazier-Wood, A. C., Lane, J. M., Larkin, E. K., Loredo, J. S., Post, W. S., ... Redline, S. (2016). Genetic associations with obstructive sleep apnea traits in Hispanic/Latino Americans. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 194(7), 886-897. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201512-2431OC
Genetic associations with obstructive sleep apnea traits in Hispanic/Latino Americans. / Cade, Brian E.; Chen, Han; Stilp, Adrienne M. et al.
In: American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, Vol. 194, No. 7, 01.10.2016, p. 886-897.
Cade, BE, Chen, H, Stilp, AM, Gleason, KJ, Sofer, T, Ancoli-Israel, S, Arens, R, Bell, GI, Below, JE, Bjonnes, AC, Chun, S, Conomos, MP, Evans, DS, Johnson, WC, Frazier-Wood, AC, Lane, JM, Larkin, EK, Loredo, JS, Post, WS, Ramos, AR, Rice, K, Rotter, JI, Shah, NA, Stone, KL, Taylor, KD, Thornton, TA, Tranah, GJ, Wang, C, Zee, PC, Hanis, CL, Sunyaev, SR, Patel, SR, Laurie, CC, Zhu, X, Saxena, R, Lin, X & Redline, S 2016, 'Genetic associations with obstructive sleep apnea traits in Hispanic/Latino Americans', American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, vol. 194, no. 7, pp. 886-897. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201512-2431OC
Cade BE, Chen H, Stilp AM, Gleason KJ, Sofer T, Ancoli-Israel S et al. Genetic associations with obstructive sleep apnea traits in Hispanic/Latino Americans. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2016 Oct 1;194(7):886-897. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201512-2431OC
Cade, Brian E. ; Chen, Han ; Stilp, Adrienne M. et al. / Genetic associations with obstructive sleep apnea traits in Hispanic/Latino Americans. In: American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2016 ; Vol. 194, No. 7. pp. 886-897.
@article{87f8f1fa48c34fcf885697a54ec7148c,
title = "Genetic associations with obstructive sleep apnea traits in Hispanic/Latino Americans",
abstract = "Rationale: Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and premature mortality. Although there is strong clinical and epidemiologic evidence supporting the importance of genetic factors in influencing obstructive sleep apnea, its genetic basis is still largely unknown. Prior genetic studies focused on traits defined using the apnea-hypopnea index, which contains limited information on potentially important genetically determined physiologic factors, such as propensity for hypoxemia and respiratory arousability. Objectives: To define novel obstructive sleep apnea genetic risk loci for obstructive sleep apnea, we conducted genome-wide association studies of quantitative traits in Hispanic/Latino Americans from three cohorts. Methods: Genome-wide data from as many as 12,558 participants in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, and Starr County Health Studies population-based cohorts were metaanalyzed for association with the apnea-hypopnea index, average oxygen saturation during sleep, and average respiratory event duration. Measurements and Main Results: Two novel loci were identified at genome-level significance (rs11691765, GPR83, P = 1.90×10-8 for the apnea-hypopnea index, and rs35424364; C6ORF183/CCDC162P, P = 4.88×10-8 for respiratory event duration) and seven additional loci were identified with suggestive significance (P<5×10-7). Secondary sex-stratified analyses also identified one significant and several suggestive associations. Multiple loci overlapped genes with biologic plausibility. Conclusions: These are the first genome-level significant findings reported for obstructive sleep apnea-related physiologic traits in any population. These findings identify novel associations in inflammatory, hypoxia signaling, and sleep pathways.",
keywords = "GWAS, Genetics, Hypoxia, Prader-Willi syndrome, Sleep apnea",
author = "Cade, {Brian E.} and Han Chen and Stilp, {Adrienne M.} and Gleason, {Kevin J.} and Tamar Sofer and Sonia Ancoli-Israel and Raanan Arens and Bell, {Graeme I.} and Below, {Jennifer E.} and Bjonnes, {Andrew C.} and Sung Chun and Conomos, {Matthew P.} and Evans, {Daniel S.} and Johnson, {W. Craig} and Frazier-Wood, {Alexis C.} and Lane, {Jacqueline M.} and Larkin, {Emma K.} and Loredo, {Jose S.} and Post, {Wendy S.} and Ramos, {Alberto R.} and Ken Rice and Rotter, {Jerome I.} and Shah, {Neomi A.} and Stone, {Katie L.} and Taylor, {Kent D.} and Thornton, {Timothy A.} and Tranah, {Gregory J.} and Chaolong Wang and Zee, {Phyllis C.} and Hanis, {Craig L.} and Sunyaev, {Shamil R.} and Patel, {Sanjay R.} and Laurie, {Cathy C.} and Xiaofeng Zhu and Richa Saxena and Xihong Lin and Susan Redline",
note = "Funding Information: Supported by National Institutes of Health grants T32-HL007901-16 and R01-HL113338-04 (B.E.C.). The Sleep Reading Center of Brigham and Women's Hospital has been supported by National Institutes of Health grants 5-R01-HL046380-15 and 5-KL2-RR024990-05. Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL): baseline examination of HCHS/SOL was performed as a collaborative study supported by contracts from the NHLBI to the University of North Carolina (N01-HC65233), University of Miami (N01-HC65234), Albert Einstein College of Medicine (N01-HC65235), Northwestern University (N01-HC65236), and San Diego State University (N01-HC65237). The following institutes/centers/offices contributed to the first phase of HCHS/SOL through a transfer of funds to the NHLBI: National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and National Institutes of Health Institution-Office of Dietary Supplements. The Genetic Analysis Center at the University of Washington was supported by NHLBI and National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research contracts (HHSN268201300005C AM03 and MOD03). Provision of genotyping services supported in part by National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) CTSI grant UL1TR000124 and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) DRC grant DK063491. Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA): MESA is conducted and supported by the NHLBI in collaboration with MESA investigators. Support for MESA is provided by contracts N01-HC-95159, N01-HC-95160, N01-HC-95161, N01-HC-95162, N01-HC-95163, N01-HC-95164, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC- 95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168, N01-HC-95169, UL1-TR-001079, UL1-TR-000040, and DK063491. Funding for SHARe genotyping was provided by NHLBI contract N02-HL-64278. Genotyping was performed at Affymetrix (Santa Clara, CA) and the Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Boston, MA). Funding support for the Sleep Polysomnography dataset was provided by grant HL56984. Provision of genotyping services supported in part by NCATS CTSI grant UL1TR000124 and NIDDK DRC grant DK063491. Starr County Health Studies (Starr): Starr is supported in part by grants R01 DK073541, U01 DK085501, R01 AI085014, and R01 HL102830 from the National Institutes of Health, and funds from the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. G.I.B. supported in part by grant P30 DK020595 and a gift from the Kovler Family Foundation. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study is conducted and supported by the NHLBI in collaboration with the University of North Carolina (N01-HC-55015, N01-HC-55018), Baylor College of Medicine (N01-HC-55016), University of Minnesota (N01-HC-55019), Johns Hopkins University (N01-HC-55020), and University of Mississippi Medical Center (N01-HC-55021) Publisher Copyright: Copyright {\textcopyright} 2016 by the American Thoracic Society.",
doi = "10.1164/rccm.201512-2431OC",
journal = "American Review of Respiratory Disease",
publisher = "American Thoracic Society",
T1 - Genetic associations with obstructive sleep apnea traits in Hispanic/Latino Americans
AU - Cade, Brian E.
AU - Chen, Han
AU - Stilp, Adrienne M.
AU - Gleason, Kevin J.
AU - Sofer, Tamar
AU - Ancoli-Israel, Sonia
AU - Arens, Raanan
AU - Bell, Graeme I.
AU - Below, Jennifer E.
AU - Bjonnes, Andrew C.
AU - Chun, Sung
AU - Conomos, Matthew P.
AU - Evans, Daniel S.
AU - Johnson, W. Craig
AU - Frazier-Wood, Alexis C.
AU - Lane, Jacqueline M.
AU - Larkin, Emma K.
AU - Loredo, Jose S.
AU - Post, Wendy S.
AU - Ramos, Alberto R.
AU - Rice, Ken
AU - Rotter, Jerome I.
AU - Shah, Neomi A.
AU - Stone, Katie L.
AU - Taylor, Kent D.
AU - Thornton, Timothy A.
AU - Tranah, Gregory J.
AU - Wang, Chaolong
AU - Zee, Phyllis C.
AU - Hanis, Craig L.
AU - Sunyaev, Shamil R.
AU - Patel, Sanjay R.
AU - Laurie, Cathy C.
AU - Zhu, Xiaofeng
AU - Saxena, Richa
AU - Lin, Xihong
AU - Redline, Susan
N1 - Funding Information: Supported by National Institutes of Health grants T32-HL007901-16 and R01-HL113338-04 (B.E.C.). The Sleep Reading Center of Brigham and Women's Hospital has been supported by National Institutes of Health grants 5-R01-HL046380-15 and 5-KL2-RR024990-05. Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL): baseline examination of HCHS/SOL was performed as a collaborative study supported by contracts from the NHLBI to the University of North Carolina (N01-HC65233), University of Miami (N01-HC65234), Albert Einstein College of Medicine (N01-HC65235), Northwestern University (N01-HC65236), and San Diego State University (N01-HC65237). The following institutes/centers/offices contributed to the first phase of HCHS/SOL through a transfer of funds to the NHLBI: National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and National Institutes of Health Institution-Office of Dietary Supplements. The Genetic Analysis Center at the University of Washington was supported by NHLBI and National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research contracts (HHSN268201300005C AM03 and MOD03). Provision of genotyping services supported in part by National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) CTSI grant UL1TR000124 and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) DRC grant DK063491. Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA): MESA is conducted and supported by the NHLBI in collaboration with MESA investigators. Support for MESA is provided by contracts N01-HC-95159, N01-HC-95160, N01-HC-95161, N01-HC-95162, N01-HC-95163, N01-HC-95164, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC- 95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168, N01-HC-95169, UL1-TR-001079, UL1-TR-000040, and DK063491. Funding for SHARe genotyping was provided by NHLBI contract N02-HL-64278. Genotyping was performed at Affymetrix (Santa Clara, CA) and the Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Boston, MA). Funding support for the Sleep Polysomnography dataset was provided by grant HL56984. Provision of genotyping services supported in part by NCATS CTSI grant UL1TR000124 and NIDDK DRC grant DK063491. Starr County Health Studies (Starr): Starr is supported in part by grants R01 DK073541, U01 DK085501, R01 AI085014, and R01 HL102830 from the National Institutes of Health, and funds from the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. G.I.B. supported in part by grant P30 DK020595 and a gift from the Kovler Family Foundation. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study is conducted and supported by the NHLBI in collaboration with the University of North Carolina (N01-HC-55015, N01-HC-55018), Baylor College of Medicine (N01-HC-55016), University of Minnesota (N01-HC-55019), Johns Hopkins University (N01-HC-55020), and University of Mississippi Medical Center (N01-HC-55021) Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2016 by the American Thoracic Society.
N2 - Rationale: Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and premature mortality. Although there is strong clinical and epidemiologic evidence supporting the importance of genetic factors in influencing obstructive sleep apnea, its genetic basis is still largely unknown. Prior genetic studies focused on traits defined using the apnea-hypopnea index, which contains limited information on potentially important genetically determined physiologic factors, such as propensity for hypoxemia and respiratory arousability. Objectives: To define novel obstructive sleep apnea genetic risk loci for obstructive sleep apnea, we conducted genome-wide association studies of quantitative traits in Hispanic/Latino Americans from three cohorts. Methods: Genome-wide data from as many as 12,558 participants in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, and Starr County Health Studies population-based cohorts were metaanalyzed for association with the apnea-hypopnea index, average oxygen saturation during sleep, and average respiratory event duration. Measurements and Main Results: Two novel loci were identified at genome-level significance (rs11691765, GPR83, P = 1.90×10-8 for the apnea-hypopnea index, and rs35424364; C6ORF183/CCDC162P, P = 4.88×10-8 for respiratory event duration) and seven additional loci were identified with suggestive significance (P<5×10-7). Secondary sex-stratified analyses also identified one significant and several suggestive associations. Multiple loci overlapped genes with biologic plausibility. Conclusions: These are the first genome-level significant findings reported for obstructive sleep apnea-related physiologic traits in any population. These findings identify novel associations in inflammatory, hypoxia signaling, and sleep pathways.
AB - Rationale: Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and premature mortality. Although there is strong clinical and epidemiologic evidence supporting the importance of genetic factors in influencing obstructive sleep apnea, its genetic basis is still largely unknown. Prior genetic studies focused on traits defined using the apnea-hypopnea index, which contains limited information on potentially important genetically determined physiologic factors, such as propensity for hypoxemia and respiratory arousability. Objectives: To define novel obstructive sleep apnea genetic risk loci for obstructive sleep apnea, we conducted genome-wide association studies of quantitative traits in Hispanic/Latino Americans from three cohorts. Methods: Genome-wide data from as many as 12,558 participants in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, and Starr County Health Studies population-based cohorts were metaanalyzed for association with the apnea-hypopnea index, average oxygen saturation during sleep, and average respiratory event duration. Measurements and Main Results: Two novel loci were identified at genome-level significance (rs11691765, GPR83, P = 1.90×10-8 for the apnea-hypopnea index, and rs35424364; C6ORF183/CCDC162P, P = 4.88×10-8 for respiratory event duration) and seven additional loci were identified with suggestive significance (P<5×10-7). Secondary sex-stratified analyses also identified one significant and several suggestive associations. Multiple loci overlapped genes with biologic plausibility. Conclusions: These are the first genome-level significant findings reported for obstructive sleep apnea-related physiologic traits in any population. These findings identify novel associations in inflammatory, hypoxia signaling, and sleep pathways.
KW - GWAS
KW - Genetics
KW - Hypoxia
KW - Prader-Willi syndrome
KW - Sleep apnea
U2 - 10.1164/rccm.201512-2431OC
DO - 10.1164/rccm.201512-2431OC
JO - American Review of Respiratory Disease
JF - American Review of Respiratory Disease


text:
How notion of "uchi" or Japanese unity as
How has TV in Japan attempted to provide the foundations for an inclusive society? How have the controversial issues been dealt with? At first glance, Japanese television seems something of a paradox. If not direct conflict to, it seems to reflect little of the dignified nature of Japanese culture and society, yet it is vital to contemporary Japanese life. The average household in Japan watches between seven and a half to eight hours of television per day, and has more than one set1.
Japanese viewers have been captured by a medium that has been designed to hold their attention through culture, ideology and a quasi-intimate interaction between the TV presenters and their audience. Such relationships are formed by a depiction of uniformity, solidarity, spontaneity or; combinations of the three. Though not an assurance of success, the most popular programs will follow such a recipe. 2 A prime example is the Japanese news program. With a focus on domestic issues, with weather reports and/or human-interest segments from the various regions of Japan with a brief description of world events following.
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Such actions seemingly portray the Japanese nation as one, whilst emphasizing the distance of that which is foreign. Regional segments as in the case of the Nihon News Network's 'Zoom-in Morning'; will have field reporters stationed in the majority of the more substantial cities of Japan. Each is given less than thirty seconds to wish the audience and presumptuously, the rest of Japan, a good morning, and perhaps describe the weather or surroundings where they are pictured. This is meritorious only from an entertainment perspective as the viewer, other than perhaps a notion of national unity gains little of any informative value3.
Such broadcasts, when juxtaposed next to those, all be it rare ones from major foreign cities, further illustrate the idea of "sotu" or outside. 4 The reporter will most likely be flanked by Japanese ex-patriots holding placards printed with messages for their relatives back home in Japan. This implies that al Japanese people are organically linked to the archipelago and thus, the viewer. The appeal here is the notion of "uchi" or Japanese unity as a nationality. Such unity can also be created by the Japanese wide shows.
A loose western equivalent would be the pre-noon breakfast shows, where two or more presenters introduce a range of guests who show case their talents for the audiences entertainment. Except the Japanese equivalent, for the most part seems more malicious; often pitting guest against guest in return for the chance to win mundane prizes. The most prominent example is 'London Boots' which has two friends; often local celebrities, singers or models, talk about each other behind the other back and then films the reactions as each learns what the other has said.
The option is given to each individual if they wish to remain together or separate. If their decision matches the opinion of the studio audience, they can win the prize of the day5. Perhaps one of the least obvious domestic augmentary influences of Japan's inclusive society, is the Japanese food talk show. Broadcast in every time slot, in every season, by every channel; food shows are seemingly more affable than other commercial fodder such as dramas or music shows6. Arguably more popular and advocate a more substantial mix of Japanese social history, ordinary life and cultural values.
7 Many of the shows focus on traditional Japanese cuisine and cultural morality, giving their audience an new sense of customs and history from a particular Japanese region. Often these may be juxtaposed against food and practices of a overseas country, ostensibly for the purpose of introducing some notion of a lifestyle and a people previously unfamiliar. Yet, on the whole, any discussion of Japanese food, or nihonjinron, verges on a form of "cultural nationalism" with a focus on the inherent superiority and uniqueness of the Japanese culture. 8.
Such discussion is often accompanied with the atmosphere of competition, where two or more teams battle and impart notions of aesthetics, planning, class values and a consumption ethic, with their actions on screen. A prevalent example is SMAP bistro. SMAP is the most popular and longest running Japanese equivalent of a western 'boy band' – but tending comparisons more to the 1960's sitcom, 'The Monkees', rather than present day idols. At least one of the members of SMAP can be found on one of the channels in Japan every day, performing hilarious mischief, being interviewed or doing a cameo performance.
They also have their own show, 'Bistro SMAP'; where by Nakai-kun, the leader invites a beautiful female to be a guest on their show, and asks what her favorite food is. The other four members of the group pair off and begin preparing her meal in the background, while Nakai-kun engages the guest in small talk about her career, home life and future plans, until each side has finished. Close attention is paid, as she tastes each of the meals, with her reaction to the food and the subsequent emotional response of the cooks being filmed.
This contrasts sharply with when each team eats the others food with little decorum, giving the impression that they are not as important as the guest. They are more like the everyday 'boy next door' rather than the immensely popular pop idols with recording and product endorsement contracts. 9 After a strategic commercial break, the judge's decision is given, whereby the winners are elated and the losers are inconsolable. The victors each receive a kiss in the cheek or hand from the guest, and a iconic pair of red lips which they add to the side of their chefs hat, like war medals.
After a season, the number of lips each member has are tallied and a prize given to the one with the most 'kisses'. The show uses food to promote planning, aesthetics and most notably a consumption ethic, by implying that food sires sexuality and in turn, material success. 10 Other cooking shows, still framed by notions of challenge, offer different messages, although with the same theme. 'Douchi no ryori shiou' (Which one? Cooking show) is a competition between rivals to win the favor of a external judge or judges; but speaks of procedure and tries to validate Japanese culinary instincts and traditional ideas.
This is done by pitting a foreign dish against a domestic favorite; the outcome of which reflects the Japanese notion of 'sticking with familiarity', despite the best efforts of Globalisation. 11 Japanese food si pronounced as distinct, special, irreplaceable and unbeatable, which sets the scene for Japanese advertisers. On all but two public stations, commercials are used to heighten tension or highlight the major theme of the show, even more than stations in other nations. They are timed to usually be just before a crucial decision, climax of a story or final points tally.
As a large percentage of the commercials are for foodstuffs, their relationship with the cooking shows enables the cultural industry and national economy to continue to grow. 12 Thus, the vast majority of Japanese television shows are designed to appeal to the greatest number of viewers. It has done its best to unify the Japanese people. Most everyone likes to know the domestic news, laugh, eat, watch their heroes on TV, and be reassured that they are part of a Japanese nation that is familiar and superior to that which is foreign and outside.
Thus, the screening of 'Dosokai' or 'Reunion'; would seem like a strange idea. 'Dosokai' was a soap opera, which showed in fairly graphic detail the sordid details of the gay subculture of the nation, which would in theory, alienate many viewers not comfortable or familiar with homosexuality and was seemingly not in keeping with existing Japanese practices or advertising economics. 13 Yet, as there is no active legal discrimination against homosexuality in Japan, one could argue that the social view prior to the 1993 season of "Dosokai", seemed to be very much "out of sight, out of mind.
" Public discussion of gay life in Japan was non-existent; homosexual rights movements were invisible and ineffectual and men were expected to and still do marry women whether hetro or homosexual. 14 Yet, Japan has a long literary tradition of tacit acceptance of homosexuality; stretching well back past the Tokugawa period to the time of the Empress Jingu (201-269AD), and a highly visible and active gay subculture furnished with bars, cinemas specifically catering for gay clientele. It was this gay subculture that "Reunion" sought to bring to the forefront of Japanese mainstream television.
The gay subculture and its vibrancy and vitality was presented in an evening soap drama, that had story lines of men engaging in simulated same sex practices and full length shots of naked men showering, as well as touching upon the complexities and traditions of the gay lifestyle. It showed the importance of the Japanese gay bar and bar 'Master', the later who would not only fulfill the accepted western notion of a 'sympathetic ear' for the patron, but would also be obligated to instigate conversation between any of his clients. 15.
It was this presentation as legitimizing a tradition that may have helped quell any inimical response from the viewing public. Whilst there was no huge public outcry, there was no unified positive response either. "Dosokai" and others like it have only brought ancient Japanese controversies to the attention of the mainstream. Acceptance of any homosexual culture will depend on the social conditions of when it was viewed, and in this case economic instability and social uncertainties led many Japanese to re-examine loyalties to families, employers and customs.
As in the American Civil Rights scenario of the early 1960's, changing loyalties, beliefs and increased willingness to understand differences allowed the marginalized to emerge with a greater confidence. It is this introspection that may be the greatest catalyst for change. 16 Thus, Japanese television seeks to create an association between the Japanese people as a whole, attempting to exclude only those that the population would find most obviously foreign – those who live in a different country, eat different food sound and look different.
By portraying the Japanese nation as a whole with a superior culture and customs to which her people are organically linked, they unify the nation and therefore their audience. 1 Andrew Painter 'Japanese Daytime Television, Popular Culture, and Ideology in Treat (ed) Contemporary Japan and Popular Culture, Uni Hawaii Press, 1996, p. 198. 2 ibid. ,p. 197. 3 ibid. ,p. 200. 4 ibid. ,p. 203. 5.
Todd Holden, 'Resignification and Cultural Re/Production in Japaese Television Commercials', M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 04/02/01, available at: http://moby. curtin. edu.au/~ausstud/mc/0104/japtele1. html 6 Todd Holden, 'And now for the main (Dis)course… : Or, Food as Entri?? e in Contemporary Japanese Television', 02/02/99, available at:http://www. media-culture. org. au/9910/entri?? e. html, p. 1. 7 Holden, And now for, p. 1. 8 Holden, And now for, p. 1. 9 Holden, And now for, p. 1. 10 Holden, And now for, p. 2. 11 Holden, And now for, p. 3. 12 Holden, Resignification and Cultural, p. 5. 13 Stephen Miller 'The Reunion of History and Popular Culture: Japan "Comes Out" on TV', Journal of Popular Culture, vol 31. 2 Fall 1997, p. 162.
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