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home > news > screens > Bethesda Releases Screenshots of Oblivion's Level Editor
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Bethesda Releases Screenshots of Oblivion's Level Editor
game: Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion
posted by: Aaron Stanton
publisher: Bethesda/2K Games
developer: Bethesda Softworks
platform: PC XB360
date posted: 11:49 AM Mon Sep 12th, 2005
last revision: 11:50 AM Mon Sep 12th, 2005
2K Games and Bethesda, publishers and makers of Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, have released a number of screenshots of the Oblivion level editor.
One of the most exciting features of the upcoming Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion is the possibility of being able to create your own stories. Elder Scrolls III allowed PC owners to make and share adventures separate from the main storyline of the title, and some of the resulting mods were nearly as good as the original game. There were hundreds of hours of extra content created by fans of the series.
Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, looks to be setting itself up for the same experience by shipping the level editor included in the box when Oblivion is purchased on the PC. Probably one of the most exciting potential features of the game on the Xbox 360 is be the possibility of users being allowed to download and play authorized game mods created by the fan base on the PC. During an interview about two months ago, the makers of Oblivion reported that they were currently investigating such possibilities. While there are a lot of security and technical issues that have to be overcome, the possibility that it might happen should still make a great deal of people very, very happy.
The ability to use player created content, such as maps and levels, is one of the greatest aspects of Xbox Live. So far, the map maker in Timesplitters: Future Perfect, which allows users to create maps and upload them from the Xbox for other players as long as they are connected to Xbox Live during its design, is really the only system to touch the surface of this potential. If there\'s any company capable of pushing the limits, though, it\'s Bethesda.
Hands down, Oblivion is one of the most exciting announced titles on the market.
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GT Legends Review (review) (03/17/06)


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A SLOTH NAMED VELCRO
BelugaSmile Productions, LLC & THIRTEEN Productions LLC for the PBS Nature series
Available for FREE Events Only
In 2000, Ana Salceda, a young journalist, moved from her native Spain to explore the wilds of Panama, where she became the caregiver for a tiny orphaned baby sloth named Velcro. For two years, the two became inseparable as Ana learned how to become a successful adoptive mother to Velcro, until finally the day came for Ana to reintroduce Velcro back to the wild. This is the story of Ana's return to the Central and South Americas to see how much has changed since Velcro came into her life. Sloths, once largely ignored, have become a hot topic of scientific researchers.
For more information about Velcro and her story here is an interview with Ana Salceda, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/sloth-named-velcro-interview-filmmaker/11131/
Volunteer or donate to the Jaguar Rescue Center in Puerto Rico http://www.jaguarrescue.foundation/
Visit, volunteer, or donate to Tinka Plese's AIUNAV Foundation here: http://www.aiunau.org/en/
Read up on the pigmy sloth here http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=1396
Do not support the illegal pet trade of sloths, and do not support the idea of sloths as pets
Donate and support organizations that are fighting to conserve sloth habitats http://treefoundation.org/category/research/sloths/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home Apple News Rumours Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Hired For Sony's Steve Jobs Biopic
Steve Wozniak Hired For Sony's Steve Jobs Biopic
Apple, News, Rumours, Steve Jobs
Intensively rumored and yet confirmed biopic of Steve Jobs has become probably the most discussed topic this week. With Aaron Sorkin, confirmed to be in charge of writing the move Sony has spent $1 million to purchase the rights of, Steve Wozniak is now reported to also be contributing as Apple co-founder (who strangely has turned into a Lumia fanboy recently).
The fact that Woz is going to provide the accurate and credible information that has not been unveiled for so long makes the upcoming movie quite intriguing and unbearably interesting. The report claiming Woz to seem as apt a figure as any to offer guidance to Sorkin, comes straight form Reuters , so it's unlikely to be another senseless rumor… One more thing to note is that the report also features another motion picture in the making set to star Ashton Kutcher!
"I know so little about what I am going to write. I know what I am not going to write. It can't be a straight ahead biography because it's very difficult to shake the cradle-to-grave structure of a biography, "Sorkin told reporters at a news conference for his upcoming drama "The Newsroom." Despite the inner knowledge of Steve Woz has gained since working along with Jobs in a garage some 35 years ago, he has been hired for his knowledge of "technical aspects of computers", which will presumably equate to authentic information when it comes to mentioning early Macintosh PCs in the movie.
Regardless Woz being hired for assistance, his insight will be a critical element to the direction of the move. Despite the fact that it may seem to be too early to make conclusions, the upcoming Steve's biopic will definitely be the moving, intriguing story according to the Walter Isaacson's bestseller biography.
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Labels: Apple, News, Rumours, Steve Jobs


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Moreover, Beeketing grants online sellers The ability to sell effectively like Amazon. It helps them monitors and analyzes customer behaviors on websites to discover the client personal interest. In the like manner, it also analyzes sales history and determines products and category that are often matched together. It then from acquired data run sale campaigns mechanically for online sellers.
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What's holding back HIT? Institution-centric systems
A lack of progress on health information exchange is preventing the United States from fully realizing the benefits of health information technology (HIT), leaving HIT's promise "largely unfulfilled," according to an editorial published in JAMA.
Attempts at health information exchange have thus far been "discouraging" and have been plagued by privacy concerns, lack of stakeholder cooperation, and minimal financial stability, according to authors William Yasnoff, MD, of Johns Hopkins University; Latanya Sweeney, PhD, of Harvard University; and Edward Shortliffe, MD, of Columbia University.
Health information exchange is important because it represents health providers' means of sharing patients' electronic health records (EHRs), ideally allowing for patient data to be accessed, integrated, and understood by providers.
The problem with health information exchange as it stands today is that little progress has been made on the "exchange" part. For example, the authors cite a statistic from the federal government that in 32 states more than 90% of hospitals have yet to electronically exchange even a single patient record.
Most EHR systems as currently organized are centered on a single hospital or clinic, an approach that fails to deliver what would create the most value to the health system: a single unified record for each patient.
"Institution-centric systems are being built, often leaving patient information where created and then retrieving and integrating it in real-time only when needed," the authors write."This approach is seriously flawed."
The consequence of this health information exchange failure is that HIT hasn't fulfilled its promise of improving the quality of care while reducing cost. In fact, HIT actually is increasing costs as EHRs allow for improved documentation, or upcoding, which increases reimbursement to physicians.
So what's to be done about creating a single, lifetime patient record? The authors propose a solution that they say is simple, scalable, secure, and less expensive than other alternatives: "patient-centric community health record banks."
Health record banks are community organizations that put patients in charge of a comprehensive copy of all their health information, including medical records and other data of their choosing. Patients may control who is able to access their health information, allowing providers access when care is sought. When care is complete, the new record from the visit is deposited into the record bank and made available for the future, the authors say.
This approach would solve the problems of privacy, stakeholder cooperation, and financial stability and also could coexist with hospitals and provider groups keeping their own copies of records, they write.
The authors draw a distinction between this more localized approach to patient-centric records versus the nationwide focus of failed personal health records projects by Google and Microsoft. In the latter, patients had to manually authorize each link from their records to a medical information source. In contrast, the community-centric approach of health record banks would allow for electronic connections to medical information sources to be created automatically, according to the authors.
"It is time for physicians to insist that HIT be pursued with realistic, achievable, and measurable goals that will produce readily available, comprehensive electronic records that can actually improve patient care," the authors conclude.
Be sure to read the cover story on meaningful use 2 and interoperability in the March 25, 2013, issue of Medical Economics when it becomes available.
Follow Medical Economics on Twitter and like us on Facebook!
Interoperability is goal of EHR vendor alliance
The disconnect between EHRs and health information exchange
Multi-provider patient portals get big boost with ONC ruling
5 tips for getting involved in health information exchanges


If you are not a California resident, you must apply to be one before the beginning of your second year to avoid paying nonresident tuition. To become a resident, you must show that you have been in the state for at least a year and that you plan on making California your permanent home.
If you open a California bank account, save your opening statement and the closing statement of your old account. Otherwise save the first statement that shows your new California address.
In June you will need to submit these documents to the registrar's office (along with tax forms and documents confirming your employment with the department). Failing to qualify for residency can create quite a mess, so take care of this.


As parents, we often shy away from teaching our kids to fear God. Even if we do teach the word, we often are quick to explain it as something completely different than being afraid of something terrible. Perhaps it is because we, like our children, "have not been in Narnia" ourselves and struggle to understand how something can indeed "be good and terrible at the same time." But God's Word clearly commands us to fear the Lord and instructs us that the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 1:7) and the source of life (Proverbs 14:27).
This month, through four especially challenging moments in the life of King David, we will look at the godly character trait of FEAR, and how having a right view of the character of God leads us to a life of courageous worship that demonstrates that He, like Aslan, is not safe, but He is good.
FEAR: Having the right view of God's perfect justice, grace, and authority.
We are excited to partner together once again this year with our friends at Samaritan's Purse for Operation Christmas Child. This is a church-wide initiative that Watermark has taken part in the last couple of years and one that is especially fun for families to do together to serve kids literally all over the world. The first two Sundays of this month we will distribute information on how your family can participate. We will be collecting your stuffed shoeboxes on November 17th and 24th. Be sure to take advantage of this great opportunity to teach your kids about how God can use us to meet the needs of others and be on the lookout for information about the "Fear the Beard" challenge we're giving the kids for this month!
Crossroads 45 parents, mark your calendars and make your plans for Friday, November 15th! Collision is an outreach opportunity for your 4th and 5th grader to bring their friends from school and/or your neighborhood to hear the gospel message. Our theme is "Bootcamp" so make sure to encourage your kids to dress up in their best military outfit (there will be a prize for the best dressed) and come ready to have a blast. We will have games, prizes, videos and most importantly the Gospel of Jesus Christ will be lifted up. No need to register. Just drop off your kids with us at 7:00 on November 15th for a night full of fun surprises.
This November is going to be a great one in Watermark Kids and we can't decide what we're most excited about! We hope you and your kids will be a part of this exciting month with us.
What is your family most looking forward to this November?
The post November Elementary Parent News appeared first on Watermark Community Church Blog.


A twice-yearly injection of denosumab could improve spinal bone mineral density of patients with osteoporosis caused by transfusion-dependent thalassaemia (TDT), according to a new study.
Current standard therapy for people with TDT and osteoporosis is to treat with intravenous bisphosphonate agents such as pamidronate or zoledronic acid. However, researchers in Greece believe denosumab may be a better option, in terms of both efficacy and tolerability for patients.
The team undertook a single-site, randomised, placebo-controlled, double blind phase IIb trial with 63 patients to evaluate the efficacy and safety of denosumab in patients with TDT and osteoporosis.
Of those, 32 were randomly assigned to receive 60mg of denosumab every 6 months, while the remaining 31 were given a placebo. Each patient was also given daily supplements of calcium and vitamin D throughout the year-long study.
The participants' bone mineral density was measured in the L1-L4 lumbar spine, the wrist, and the femoral neck.
Writing in the journal Blood Advances, the research team report that those receiving denosumab had a 5.92% increase in lumbar bone density, compared to a 2.92% increase in the placebo group.
The people who had denosumab also lost less bone mineral density in their wrist compared to placebo. The denosumab group also reported a significant reduction in pain compared to those in the placebo group.
A study directly comparing denosumab with the standard-of-care bisphosphonate zoledronic acid is ongoing.


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The Saw Doctors offbeat Christmas single - 1960s hit 'Downtown'
Mike Farragher
The Saw Doctors, those lovable offbeat lads from Tuam, Co. Galway, have announced an offbeat Christmas single that promises to be their biggest single yet. They've teamed up with legendary singer Petula Clark on a cover of her massive 1960s hit "Downtown."
Fans of the band know that their version of the song has made it into their live act over the years, and they decided to record it as a single last month. According to Leo Moran, they were amazed when Clark, 79, agreed to join them in the studio for the recording session in London.
"How it happened was incredible," said guitarist Moran. "Petula lives in Switzerland, but by chance the producer we were working with, Philip Tennant, is a good friend of her manager, John Williams.
Irish Arts Center launches Christmas CD
Anti-Catholic insults rife in 'A Very Harold and Kumar 3 D Christmas'----lesbian nuns, topless angels, playboy Jesus all add insult to injury
"There were a few phone calls made, and the next thing we were told was that Petula would be joining us in the studio. She didn't seem fazed meeting us, as she's worked with Muppets before on The Muppet Show!"
Clarke has also agreed to appear in the video for the new single -- shot on the streets of Paris -- which is released in Ireland on December 9.


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Ruditapes philippinarum
Mollusks-Bivalves
Japanese Littleneck; Manila Clam
Venerupis philippinarum is commonly known as the Japanese Littleneck and the Manila Clam. It has a wide native range from the southern Kurile and Sakhalin Islands, Russia to India, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines. It has been introduced to Hawaii, the West Coast of North America, Europe, the Mediterranean, Tahiti and Fiji. It is one of the most widely cultivated clam species in the world, being intensively farmed and recreationally harvested in both its native and introduced range. It is a burrowing bivalve, most abundant in shallow, subtropical to cool-temperate areas, in coarse sand and gravel. This species can develop very high densities and biomass in introduced locations, having important impacts on benthic communities. For instance, it may alter food webs through increased filter-feeding of phytoplankton and by being a prey item for larger benthic species.
Image Credit: Melissa Frey, Royal BC Museum
Invasion History
First Non-native North American Tidal Record: 1924
First Non-native West Coast Tidal Record: 1924
First Non-native East/Gulf Coast Tidal Record:
General Invasion History:
Venerupis philippinarum has a wide native range, from the southern Kuril and Sakhalin Islands, Russia (Golikov et al. 1976) to India, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines (Huang 2001; Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2006; Mao et al. 2011). It was introduced to Hawaii as a food animal in 1918 (Carlton and Eldredge 2009), but reached the West Coast of North America (Samish Bay, Washington) with plantings of Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) (Carlton 1979), and was then widely introduced from British Columbia to California as a popular seafood item (Carl and Giguet 1972; Cohen and Carlton 1995). It was introduced to northern France in 1974, and is established from Ireland and the Netherlands, to Spain, Greece, and Turkey (Cigarria et al. 1997; Goulletquer et al. 2002; Zenetos et al. 2002; Drummond et al. 2006). It is now widely and often intensively farmed, as well as being recreationally harvested, in its native and introduced range (Food and Agricultural Organization 2013).
North American Invasion History:
Invasion History on the West Coast:
Venerupis philippinarum was first reported in the Northeastern Pacific in Samish Bay, Washington (WA) in 1924, in areas where Pacific Oysters had been planted (Kincaid 1947, cited by Carlton 1979). It began to spread along the coast to the north and south, reaching Ladysmith, on the east coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia by 1936, and spreading up the Strait of Georgia in the 1940s and 1950s. The Japanese Littleneck also spread up the west coast of Vancouver Island, colonizing Barkley Sound and Esperanza Inlet in the 1950s, reaching Quatsino Island near the north end of the island before 1971 (Carl and Guiguet 1972; Carlton 1979). In 1972, it was found on Spider Island, in southern Queen Charlotte Sound (Carlton 1979, 50°50'N). In a 2006 survey, it was found at Princess Royal Island, further north in Queen Charlotte Sound (53°N, Gillespie et al. 2007), its current northern limit. This spread appears to be mostly due to the movement of planktonic larvae by currents, but aided also by oyster plantings.
To the south, V. philippinarum was reported in Puget Sound in 1943 (Eyerdam 1943, cited by Carlton 1979; Cohen et al. 1998), Willapa Bay in 1947, and San Francisco Bay in 1947 (Carlton 1979; Cohen and Carlton 1995). It was discovered later at several intermediate sites, including the San Juan Islands in 1950, Grays Harbor in 1964, and Humboldt Bay in 1964. These records may not represent dispersal, but instead recognition of clams introduced with earlier plantings of Pacific Oysters (Carlton 1979). Venerupis philippinarum may have been easily overlooked, owing to its similarity to the native Pacific Littleneck (Leukoma staminea) (Abbott 1974; Cohen 2005; Coan and Valentich-Scott, in Carlton 2007). Once this clam was recognized as a desirable shellfish, state fish and game agencies, and probably private individuals, as well, began stocking it in West Coast estuaries. Stocking attempts occurred in Oregon at Netarts, Tillamook, Yaquina, and Coos Bays, but established populations occur only in Netarts Bay (Carlton 1979; Carlton 1989; Wonham and Carlton 2005). In smaller estuaries in California, including Bodega Harbor, Estero Americano, and Elkhorn Slough, V. philippinarum was discovered between 1949 and 1977, probably spreading with oyster transplants, natural dispersal, and possibly unofficial plantings. Deliberate plantings were made by the California Fish and Game Department in Morro Bay, Newport Bay, and the Salton Sea (a desert salt lake) from 1953 to 1967, but these were all unsuccessful (Carlton 1979). However, in 1998 and 2000 surveys, V. philippinarum was found in several southern California estuaries, including Port Hueneme, Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbors, and Newport Bay (Fairey et al. 2002; Ranasinghe et al. 2005). In 2009, it was the dominant bivalve in Colorado Lagoon, a small estuary in Long Beach, CA (Burnaford et al. 2011). By 2013, it was abundant in Mission Bay, San Diego (Talley et al. 2015). The Japanese Littleneck was reported in Bahía de San Quintín, Baja California, Mexico in 1987 (Cohen 2005).
Invasion History in Hawaii:
Venerupis philippinarum may have been introduced in Pearl Harbor by a Japanese immigrant in the 1880s or 1890s, but the first documented collections were made in 1918 (Carlton and Eldredge 2009). In 1920 it was introduced to Kaneohe Bay and Kahili Basin (Yap 1977; Coles et al. 2002; Carlton and Eldredge 2009). It was later introduced to Molokai, Kauai; Maui; Lanai; and Hawaii (Brock 1960; Carlton and Eldredge 2009). Some of these populations have been eliminated, reduced, or restricted by heavy human harvesting and native predators (Carlton and Eldredge 2009).
Invasion History Elsewhere in the World:
In Europe, several batches of 400 to 500,000 V. philippinarum from Puget Sound were imported into France under supervision by the Institute Scientifique des Peches Maritimes in 1972. They were raised, bred, and released in 1973-1974 to waters in Normandy, along the English Channel (Flaasch and Leborgne 1992; Goulletquer et al. 2002). The success of these introductions, led to culture and planting of these 'Manila Clams' in British waters, beginning in 1980. Initially, it was believed that there would be no recruitment in UK waters, due to low water temperatures (Utting and Spencer 1992). However, a population introduced in Poole Harbour, off the English Channel, in 1988, became established (Jensen et al. 2004; Humphreys et al. 2007; Herbert et al. 2012). On the west coast of Ireland and southern Norway, the clam is cultured, but successful recruitment has not been observed (Mortensen et al. 2000; Drummond et al. 2006). As a result of successful cultivation and establishment of V. philippinarum in northern France, by the 1980s, it was introduced in Atlantic Spain (Cigarria et al. 1997), and in the Thau Lagoon, on the Mediterranean coast of France (Zenetos et al. 2003). In 1983, cultivation began in the Lagoon of Venice and soon the lagoons of the northern Adriatic became the dominant region for commercial production of the bivalve (Breber 2002; Crocetta 2012; Sladonja et al. 2011). It is also established in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey, the adjacent Aegean Sea (Cinar et al. 2005; Albayrak 2011), and lagoons on the Tyrrhenian and Ionian coasts of Italy (Crocetta 2012).
Venerupis philippinarum has been introduced to Tahiti and Fiji (Eldredge 1994; US National Museum of Natural History 2007), but the success of these introductions is not known.
Ruditapes philippinarum ias been known, especially in North America, as Venerupis philippinarum, and frequently by the older names Tapes philippinarum, or Tapes japonica. This clam's shape is roughly oval, with a moderate beak located anterior of the midline. The exterior of the shell is sculptured with concentric lines and radial ribs, with beadlike nodes at their intersections. The ribs are somewhat stronger in the center of the shell. The inner ventral margin is smooth. The hinges of the two valves are very similar. The ligament is elevated above the dorsal margin. The lunule is heart-shaped. The two siphons are separate at the tips. The color of the shell is highly variable, but the shell is often predominantly cream-colored or gray. It is often variegated, with concentric brown lines, or angular patches. Specimens from anoxic mud are sometimes completely black. The interior margins are deep purple, while the center of the shell is pearly white, and smooth. The pallial sinus is often stained with yellow. The clam reaches 40 to 57 mm in length and in rare instances to 79 mm. Description from: Abbott 1974; Cohen 2005; Coan et al. 2000; Coan and Valentich-Scott, in Carlton 2007; Gillespie et al. 2012.
Class: Bivalvia
Subclass: Heterodonta
Order: Veneroida
Superfamily: Veneroidea
Family: Veneridae
Species: philippinarum
Paphia bifurcata (Quayle, 1938)
Ruditapes philipinarum ((dams and Reeve), 1850)
Tapes denticuata (Sowerby, 1852)
Tapes ducalis (Römer, 1870)
Tapes indica (Sowerby, 1852)
Tapes japonica (Deshayes, 1853)
Tapes philipinarum (Adams and Reeve, 1850)
Tapes semidecussatata (Reeve, 1864)
Tapes violascens (Deshayes, 1854)
Venerupis philippinarum ((Adams and Reeve), 1850)
Potentially Misidentified Species
Leukoma staminea
Pacific Littleneck, NE Pacific native, frequently known as Protothaca staminea
Venerupis decussata
Grooved Carpet Shell, European native, also known as Ruditapes decussatus and Tapes decussatus
Ruditapes philippinarum is a burrowing bivalve, most abundant in shallow, subtropical to cool-temperate areas, in coarse sand and gravel. The sexes are separate. The clams can mature at sizes as small as 15 mm, especially in warmer climates (southern Japan, Hawaii) where they can spawn in their first year, but in cooler locations (northern Japan, Pacific Russia, Puget Sound) they begin spawning at 2 to 3 years of age at 22-35 mm (Yap 1977; Ponurovsky and Yakolev 1992). Spawning occurred year-round in Hawaii (Yap 1977), but was limited to 1 or 2 summer months in northern locations (Ponurovsky and Yakolev 1992). The minimum spawning temperature is around 12°C, but the optimal range is 20-22°C, although larval development can take place at 27-30°C (Toba et al. 1992, cited by Inoue et al. 2012). Fecundity of this bivalve increases with size, with 40 mm-long females producing about 1.5 - 2.4 million eggs (Yap 1977; Ponurovsky and Yakolev 1992). The eggs hatch into trochophore larvae, and within 2 days of hatching, develop a D-shaped shell. By 12-24 days, the larvae settle and attach to a shell or other hard surface with byssus threads, and soon move into the sediment (Toba et al. 1992, cited by Inoue et al. 2012).
Ruditapes philippinarum is most abundant in lower intertidal and shallow subtidal waters, often in estuaries and lagoons. Adult animals tolerate a wide range of salinities and temperatures from 12-50 PSU and 0-37°C, surviving under ice cover at the northern edge of their range (Breber 2002; Elston et al. 2003; Komorita et al. 2009; Kamenev and Nekrasov 2012). The range of salinity and temperature for reproduction is narrower, 24-35 PSU and 18-30°C (Toba et al. 1992, cited by Inoue et al. 2012; Food and Agricultural Organization 2013). In estuaries on the Pacific coast of Russia, the maximum longevity, estimated from shell rings, varied from 2 to 13 years (Ponurovsky and Yakolev 1992).
The Japanese Littleneck is a filter-feeder, taking in suspended particles through its incurrent siphon and trapping them on its gills. While larvae and juveniles feed mostly on phytoplankton, the adults in some locations may feed more heavily on benthic microalgae, primarily pennate diatoms, in the bottom surface film (Breber 2002). In the Fraser River Delta, isotopic measurements of V. philippinarum showed that they appear to be getting most of their nutrition from particulate organic matter (Sakamaki and Richardson 2008; Dias et al. 2019). At a site in Japan, terrestrial organic matter apparently makes only a minor contribution to their nutrition (Kasai et al. 2004). These somewhat contradictory results are suggestive of opportunistic feeding, varying with environmental conditions.
As a relatively large, but shallowly burrowing bivalve, R. philippinarum is a major prey item for native predators, such as moon snails, starfish, crabs, fishes, diving ducks, shorebirds, sea otters, and raccoons (Cohen 2005; Dudas et al. 2006; Cloern et al. 2007; Lewis et al. 2007; Gillespie et al. 2012). The introduced Green Crab (Carcinus maenas) is also a significant predator (Grosholz et al. 2001). This bivalve also supports numerous parasites, including a variety of bacteria, protozoans, trematodes, and the introduced parasitic copepod Mytilicola orientalis (Boweret al. 1992; Marshall et al. 2003; Gillespie et al. 2012). In Asian and European populations, protozoans of the genus Perkinsus cause significant mortality of R. philippinarum. These parasites have not yet been found on the Pacific coast of North America (Cigarria et al. 1997; Elston et al. 2003; Dungan and Reece 2006).
Trophic Status:
SusFed
General Habitat Unstructured Bottom None
Salinity Range Mesohaline 5-18 PSU
Salinity Range Polyhaline 18-30 PSU
Salinity Range Euhaline 30-40 PSU
Tidal Range Subtidal None
Tidal Range Low Intertidal None
Vertical Habitat Endobenthic None
Tolerances and Life History Parameters
Minimum Temperature (ºC) 0 Survives under ice cover in the Amur estuary (Kamenev, and Nekrasov 2012)
Maximum Temperature (ºC) 37 Experimental, acclimated at 25 C (Shin et al. 2000)
Minimum Salinity (‰) 12.5 Experimental (Elston et al. 2003). But survival decreases below 19.2 PSU at 18 and 24.5 C (Shin et al. 2000; Carregosa et al. 2014)
Maximum Salinity (‰) 50 In Italian lagoons (Breber 2002; Carregosa et al. 2014)
Minimum Reproductive Temperature 18 Lowest temperature for larval development (Toba et al. 1992, cited by Inoue et al. 2012)
Maximum Reproductive Temperature 30 Highest temperature for spawning (Toba et al. 1992, cited by Inoue et al. 2012)
Minimum Reproductive Salinity 24 Experimental, Food and Agricultural Organization 2013
Maximum Reproductive Salinity 35 Experimental, Food and Agricultural Organization 2013
Minimum Duration 12 At 27-30 C, (Toba et al. 1992, cited by Inoue et al. 2012)
Maximum Duration 24 At 18 C, (Toba et al. 1992, cited by Inoue et al. 2012)
Minimum Length (mm) 15 Minimum size at spawning (Ponurovsky and Yakolev 1992)
Maximum Length (mm) 79 Gillespie et al. 2012, but a more usual maximum is ~50 mm (Abbott 1974).
Broad Temperature Range None Cold temperature-Tropical
Broad Salinity Range None Mesohaline-Euhaline
General Impacts
Venerupis philippinarum is one of the most widely cultivated clam species in the world, both in its native Asian range, and in its introduced range in North America and Europe. It is a popular seafood species, and can be reared in dense populations in shallow waters (Breber 2002; Gillespie et al. 2102; Food and Agricultural Organization 2013). As a major new filter-feeder in its invaded regions, it has had important impacts on benthic communities, some resulting from the clams themselves, but larger impacts may have resulted from human disturbance due to harvesting and aquaculture (Breber 2002; Streftaris and Zenetos 2006; Ruesink et al. 2006; Pranovi et al. 2008; Bendell et al. 2010; Queiros et al. 2011; Sladonja et al. 2011).
Economic Impacts
Fisheries - Venerupis philippinarum is now one of the most widely harvested and consumed clams in the world. In 2010, worldwide production was 3.6 million metric tons. The 2nd highest production in the world in 2002 was in Italy with 41,000 metric tons, while the United States and France produced more than 1,000 tonnes each (Food and Agricultural Organization 2013). In 2004, Canada (British Columbia) harvested 1,500 tonnes (Whiteley and Bendell-Young 2007). Japanese Littlenecks are easily harvested, because they are shallow burrowers (California Department of Fish and Game 2001). In the US, they are frequently steamed, and eaten on the hard-shell. They are highly regarded for their flavor, according to cooking websites.
'Manila Clams' or 'Japanese Littlenecks' are often farmed by planting hatchery-raised seed, about 10-15 mm in size. They are planted in intertidal beach areas, or in shallow oyster ponds, at high density (Breber 2002; Carswell et al. 2006; Whiteley and Bendell-Young 2007; Sladonja et al. 2011; Food and Agriculture Organization 2013). The planted areas in British Columbia are often covered with plastic netting to prevent predation (Carswell et al. 2006; Munroe and McKinley 2007). In addition to aquaculture and commercial harvesting of 'wild' clams, recreational harvesting of these clams is popular in Europe and on the West Coast of the US (California Department of Fish and Game 2001; Fisheries and Oceans Canada 2009; Sladonja et al. 2011; Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 2013). Both commercial and recreational fisheries are subject to closures because of industrial and agricultural pollution, and because of the occurrence of toxic algal blooms (California Department of Fish and Game 2001; Fisheries and Oceans Canada 2009; Sladonja et al. 2011; Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 2013).
Ecological Impacts
Competition - The extent to which V. philippinarum displaces native bivalves by competition for food or space is unclear. On British Columbia intertidal shores, the density of other bivalves was not affected in beds of farmed Manila Clams, compared with reference sites (Whiteley and Bendell-Young 2007). However, a later survey in British Columbia indicates that V. philippinarum is replacing the native Pacific Littleneck (Leukona staminea) in farmed and non-farmed areas, despite the introduced clam's greater vulnerability to predation (Bendell 2014). In lagoons of the northern Adriatic, where V. philippinarum is intensively farmed, the native V. decussata (Grooved Carpet Shell) has become rare, but is still present. However, the sites where V. philippinarum is now most abundant, had relatively low densities of native species (Breber 2002).
Hybridization - A few hybrids between V. philippinarum and the native V. decussata (9 of 222 putative V. decussata - 4%) have been found in the Ria de Vigo, Spain. However, the extent and significance of genetic exchange between the two species is not known (Hurtado et al. 2011).
Habitat Change - As a relatively large and active, but shallow burrower, V. philippinarum is an important contributor to bioturbation in estuaries, but the importance of this effect in different areas (Poole Harbour, Bay of Arcachon, and Venice Lagoon) depended on sediment qualities, the presence of vegetation, and the other bioturbators in the community (Queiros et al. 2011). However, the largest effect of this species on habitats is due to the human development of aquaculture, which includes intensive planting of seed clams, increased deposition of organic matter, use of nets to exclude predators, and disturbance of sediments during commercial and recreational harvesting (Breber 2002; Carswell et al. 2006; Munroe and McKinley 2007; Bendell et al. 2010; Sladonja et al. 2011; Gillespie et al. 2012).
Food/Prey - As a large bivalve which frequently develops very high densities and biomasses, V. philippinarum is a potentially important prey item for a wide variety of predators in shallow subtidal and intertidal waters (Cohen et al. 2005; Gillespie et al. 2012). Its comparatively short siphon means that it is a relatively shallow burrower, and so more vulnerable. Buried clams with their extended siphons are often subject to sublethal predation, where the siphon is cropped by crabs and fishes. The siphon regrows, but V. philippinarum is forced to feed closer to the surface, making it more vulnerable to lethal predators, while the Pacific Littleneck (Leukoma staminea) with a longer siphon can remain at a safer depth (Meyer and Byers 2005). Major underwater predators include moon snails, crabs (Cancer productus, Metacarcinus magister, Carcinus maenas), starfish and a variety of fishes (Palacios and Ferraro 2003; Cohen 2005; Dudas et al. 2006; Cloern et al. 2007; Gillespie et al. 2012). Air-breathing predators include sea ducks, such as Scoters (Melanitta sp.); shorebirds, such as Oystercatchers (Haematopus spp.); otters; and raccoons (Cohen 2005; Caldow et al. 2007; Gillespie et al. 2012). In the case of the Eurasian Oystercatcher, the presence of populations of V. philippinarum appears to decrease winter mortality (Caldow et al. 2007).
Parasite/Predator Vector - In Atlantic and Mediterranean Spain, V. philippinarum and the native V. decussata suffered mortality due to protozoan parasites of the genus Perkinsus (Sagrista et al. 1996; Cigarria et al. 1997). The parasites appear to be native to the Northwest Pacific, and introduced to European waters with V. philippinarum. At least two species P. olseni and P. honshuesis are known from Asian V. philippinarum. The presence of these parasites has resulted in restrictions of importations to or transfers within European waters (Elston et al. 2003; Dungan and Reece 2006).
Trophic Cascade - Pranovi et al. (2008) argued that filter-feeding by V. philippinarum and other opportunistic species, and the disturbance due to clam harvesting, have altered the Lagoon of Venice's food web (Pranovi et al. 2008), reducing phytoplankton biomass and shifting the food web to one dominated by benthic filter-feeders (Pranovi et al. 2008). The extent to which this occurs in other systems is difficult to assess. The impacts of V. philippinarum may be limited by it short siphon, and tendency to filter benthic microalgae in the bottom surface films (Breber 2002).
MED-VII None Ecological Impact Competition
Ruditapes philippinarum is now the dominant filter-feeder in the lagoons of the northern Adriatic (Pranovi et al. 2008). The native Venerupis decussata has become rare, but has not been eliminated. The native clam is now sold separately, at a higher price, due to 'snob appeal' (Breber 2002).
MED-VII None Ecological Impact Herbivory
Ruidtapes philippinarum is now the dominant filter-feeder in the Lagoon of Venice (Breber 2002; Pranovi et al. 2008).
MED-VII None Ecological Impact Trophic Cascade
Filter-feeding by Ruditapes philippinarum and other opportunistic species now dominates the Lagoon of Venice's food web (Pranovi et al. 2008), reducing phytoplankton biomass, and shifting the food web to one dominated by benthic filter-feeders (Pranovi et al. 2008).
MED-VII None Economic Impact Fisheries
Aquaculture and harvesting of 'wild' Ruditapes philippinarum is now the primary fishery of the lagoons of the northern Adriatic, and the source of 95% of Italian clam production and 90% of the European R. philippinarum harvest (Sladonja et al. 2011). Mechanical harvesting of clams is now the dominant fishery in the Lagoon of Venice (Pranovi et al. 2008). Vibrating rakes have resulted in disturbance and resuspension of sediments, and have adversely affected habitats and other fisheries in the lagoon of Venice. A return to manual harvesting is desirable, but not economically feasible, unless encouraged by government incentives (Nunes and Markandya 2008).
NEA-II None Ecological Impact Habitat Change
In Poole Harbour, England, R. philippinarum, was the second most important species contributing to bioturbation of sediments (Queiros et al. 2011).
NEA-V None Ecological Impact Habitat Change
In the Basin of Arcachon, France, R. philippinarum, was the third most important species contributing to bioturbation of sediments (Queiros et al. 2011).
MED-VII None Ecological Impact Habitat Change
In the Lagoon of Venice, Italy, R. philippinarum, was the second most important species contributing to bioturbation of sediments (Queiros et al. 2011). However, a much larger factor in bioturbation is probably the effects of mechanical harvesting of the clams with vibrating rakes, which has led to extensive resuspension of sediments and siltation, with negative effects on habitat quality (Pranovi et al. 2008, Nunes and Markandya 2008).
NEP-III Alaskan panhandle to N. of Puget Sound Economic Impact Fisheries
Ruditapes philippinarum is intensively farmed on the southern coast of British Columbia. These farms are planted with a high density of clam seed in leased sections of beaches, and often covered by netting to restrict predators (Carswell et al. 2006; Munroe et al. 2007; Whiteley and Bendell-Young 2007; Bendell et al. 2010). In Baynes Sound, these farms occupied about 20% of the shoreline, with 3% covered by netting (Carswell et al. 2006). Japanese littlenecks are also frequently harvested by recreational shellfishers in British Columbia and Washington (Fisheries and Oceans Canada 2009; Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 2013)
NEP-III Alaskan panhandle to N. of Puget Sound Ecological Impact Habitat Change
Sites in which farming of R. philippinarum took place had 'significantly greater amounts of ammonium, phosphorus and manganese in bulk and organic matter, and ammonium, iron, manganese and silt in surficial sediments' (Bendell et al. 2010). Antipredator nets at these sites may increase the deposition of silt and sediments (Bendell et al. 2010). However, farming activity did not affect the abundance of other bivalve species at the sites (Whiteley and Bendell-Young 2007).
NEA-V None Ecological Impact Hybridization
Of 328 'Venerupis' spp. sampled in the Ria de Vigo, Spain, nine were apparent hybrids, based on DNA sequences and chromosome studies. The spawning seasons of these two bivalves partially overlap and the chromosomes of hybrids appear to pair normally (Hurtado et al. 2011). However, the frequency and significance of genetic exchange between the species is not known.
NEP-III Alaskan panhandle to N. of Puget Sound Ecological Impact Food/Prey
Ruditapes philippinarum may be more vulnerable to predators than the native Leukoma staminea (Pacific Littleneck) because of its shorter siphon. Simulated sublethal predation (cropping the siphon) caused R. philippinarum to bury at shallower Repths, making it more vulnerable to predators, while L. staminea, even after losing 40% of its siphon, remained at the same depth (Meyer and Byers 2005). Sea ducks (Surf Scoter- Melanitta perspicillata; White-Winged Scoter- M. fusca) fed primarily on R. philippinarum and Nuttallia obscurata (Purple Varnish Clam) in Britsh Columbia waters. Scoter predation appeared to be the primary cause for winter decline in these bivalves (Lewis et al. 2007).
SP-XXI None Economic Impact Fisheries
Ruditapes philippinarum was stocked, several times in Oahu, possibly in the 1880-90s, and then before 1918, and in 1920, and then transplanted to other islands. Harvesting at several locations has been intense enough to reduce, or eliminate local populations (Yap 1977; Carlton and Eldredge 2009).
NEP-IV Puget Sound to Northern California Ecological Impact Food/Prey
Palacios and Ferraro (2003) found that Carcinus maenas (Green Crabs) fed at high rates on R. philippinarum and other bivalves at high rates, though O. lurida (Olympic Oysters) were the preferred prey.
P290 Puget Sound Economic Impact Fisheries
Ruditapes philippinarum (Manila Clam, Japanese Littleneck) is reared in shellfish farms and fished recreationally in Puget Sound (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 2013).
P280 Grays Harbor Economic Impact Fisheries
Japanese littlenecks are frequently harvested by recreational shellfishers in Washington. Copalis Beach, in Grays Harbor, is a popular site (Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 2013).
P270 Willapa Bay Economic Impact Fisheries
Ruditapes philippinarum (Manila Clam, Japanese Littleneck) is reared in shellfish farms and fished recreationally in Willapa Bay (Ruesink et al. 2006; Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 2013).
NEP-IV Puget Sound to Northern California Economic Impact Fisheries
Ruidtapes philippinarum (Manila Clam, Japanese Littleneck) is reared in shellfish farms in Willapa Bay and Humboldt Bay, and fished recreationally in Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay and Humboldt Bays (Ruesink et al. 2006; California Department of Health Services 2007; Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 2013, http://wdfw.wa.gov/fishing/shellfish/clams/).
P130 Humboldt Bay Economic Impact Fisheries
Ruditapes philippinarum (Manila Clam, Japanese Littleneck) is reared in shellfish farms in Humboldt Bay in small quantities (California Department of Health Services 2007). Recreational shellfishing for these clams is also popular (California Department of Fish and Game 2001).
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands Economic Impact Fisheries
San Francisco Bay supports dense populations of Ruditapes philippinarum, which have attracted recreational clammers. However, water quality issues have limited harvests (California Department of Fish and Game 2001). In Tomales Bay, they are cultured as 'Manila Clams' in several shellfish farms, according to local websites.
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands Ecological Impact Food/Prey
Ruditapes philippinarum is a common food item for moon snails, sturgeon, gulls, shorebirds, ducks, and raccoons (Cohen and Carlton 1995).
P110 Tomales Bay Economic Impact Fisheries
In Tomales Bay, Ruditapes philippinarum are cultured as 'Manila Clams' in several shellfish farms, according to local websites.
P090 San Francisco Bay Economic Impact Fisheries
San Francisco Bay supports dense populations of Ruditapes philippinarum, which have attracted recreational clammers. However, water quality issues have limited harvests (California Department of Fish and Game 2001).
P050 San Pedro Bay Ecological Impact Competition
In Colorado Lagoon, Long Beach CA, Ruditapes philippinarum became the biomass dominant in the benthic community by 2004, as the previous dominant, the introduced Hard Clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, disappeared. Competition is possible, but when R. philippinarum appeared, M. mercenaria had already become rare (Burnaford et al. 2011).
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California Ecological Impact Competition
In Colorado Lagoon, Long Beach, CA Ruditapes philippinarum became the biomass dominant in the benthic community by 2004, as the previous dominant, the introduced Hard Clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, disappeared. Competition is possible, but when R. philippinarum appeared, M. mercenaria had already become rare (Burnaford et al. 2011).
NEA-III None Economic Impact Fisheries
Although Ruditapes philippinarum does not breed in Irish waters, Ireland supports successful hatchery-based culture operations in Drumcliff Bay, Cork Harbour, and other locations (Drummond et al. 2006).
NEA-II None Economic Impact Fisheries
In French waters, hatchery stocks were established in 1972, and a commercial fishery was established by 1984. By 1992, it was sustained by natural breeding, although adversely affected by Vibrio infections. The harvested clams were mostly exported to Spain (Flaasch and LeBorgne 1992). A winter fishery has developed in Poole Harbour, England, for R. philippinarum. The fishery depresses clam abundance, but appears to be sustainable (Humphreys et al. 2007).
NEA-IV None Economic Impact Fisheries
In French waters, hatchery stocks were established in 1972, and a commercial fishery was established by 1984. By 1992, it was sustained by natural breeding, although adversely affected by Vibrio infections. The harvested clams were mostly exported to Spain (Flaasch and LeBorgne 1992).
NEA-V None Economic Impact Fisheries
In French waters, hatchery stocks of R. philippinarum were established in 1972, and a commercial fishery was established by 1984. By 1992, it was sustained by natural breeding, although adversely affected by Vibrio infections. The harvested clams were mostly exported to Spain (Flaasch and LeBorgne 1992). In Spain, culture of this clam began in 1980 (Cigarria et al. 1997). A fishery for R. philippinarum in the Ria Arousa, Spain, has been proposed to be certified as environmentally sustainable by the Marine Stewardship Council, Spain, a designation which is disputed by Galil et al. (2013).
NEA-II None Ecological Impact Food/Prey
In Poole Harbour, England, R. philippinarum may be an important food for Eurasian Oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus), a bird considered to be an indicator of ecosystem health (Jensen et al. 2004). Modeling suggests that the high density of R. philippinarum has reduced winter mortality of the Eurasian Oystercatcher at Poole Harbour. The spread of this clam is considered a potential benefit to European shorebirds (Caldow et al. 2007). Excretion of inorganic carbon and nutrients by R. philippinarum stimulates microbial activity in intertidal sandflats, both when submerged at high tides, and energed at low tides (Mign et al. 2018). However, it is unclear whether these effects are different feom those of natïve bivalves.
NEA-V None Ecological Impact Parasite/Predator Vector
In the Eo estuary, Spain, R. philippinarum has suffered mortality due to protozoan parasites of the genus Perkinsus (Cigarria et al. 1997). The parasites appear to be native to the Northwest Pacific, and introduced to European waters. At least two species, P. olseni and P. honshuesis, are known from Asian R. philippinarum (Elston et al. 2003; Dungan and Reece 2006).
MED-II None Ecological Impact Parasite/Predator Vector
Perkinsus olseni (as P. atlanticus) was reported to cause serious mortality of R. philippinarum and Venerupis decussata on clam farms in the Ebro Delta, Spain.
NEP-III Alaskan panhandle to N. of Puget Sound Ecological Impact Competition
Ruditapes philippinarum appears to be replacing the native Leukoma staminea (Pacific Littleneck) in farmed areas and reference sites, despite its greater vulnerablity to predators, partly because of the intensity of seeding in farmed areas (Bendell 2014).
NEA-V None Ecological Impact Competition
Ruditapes philippinarum is considered a potential competitor of the native Venerupis decussatus, but the two species differ somewhat in their ecological preferences, with R. philippinarum being more abundant in regions of less sand, slower current, ande higher organic content (Bidegain et al. 2015). In the Tagus estuary, Portugal, the growth performance of R. philippinarum was much higher than that of V. decussatus, whise population is delining (Moura et al. 2017).
NEA-V None Ecological Impact Herbivory
Brito et al. (2015) have attributed a decrease in phytoplankton abundance and average size, in the Tagus estuary, Portugal, to development of a large biomass of R. philippinarum. They estimate that R. philippinarum could clear the water column in 10 days (Brito et al. 2015).
Regional Distribution Map
SP-XXI None 1918 Def Estab
NWP-4a None 0 Native Estab
NWP-2 None 0 Native Estab
EAS-IV None 0 Native Estab
EAS-III None 0 Native Estab
NEP-III Alaskan panhandle to N. of Puget Sound 1924 Def Estab
NEP-IV Puget Sound to Northern California 1947 Def Estab
NEP-V Northern California to Mid Channel Islands 1946 Def Estab
MED-II None 1980 Def Estab
MED-III None 1985 Def Estab
MED-VII None 1983 Def Estab
NEA-V None 1980 Def Estab
AR-V None 1988 Def Unk
NEA-IV None 1974 Def Estab
SP-VII None 1965 Def Unk
NEA-II None 1974 Def Estab
EAS-I None 0 Native Estab
EAS-II None 0 Native Estab
CIO-V None 0 Native Estab
CIO-II None 0 Native Estab
SP-XVI None 1980 Def Unk
NWP-3b None 0 Native Estab
MED-VI None 2001 Def Estab
MED-VIII None 2005 Def Estab
P130 Humboldt Bay 1964 Def Estab
P050 San Pedro Bay 1998 Def Estab
P170 Coos Bay 1986 Def Failed
NEP-VI Pt. Conception to Southern Baja California 1998 Def Estab
P040 Newport Bay 1998 Def Estab
P062 _CDA_P062 (Calleguas) 2000 Def Estab
P070 Morro Bay 1953 Def Failed
P080 Monterey Bay 1949 Def Estab
P090 San Francisco Bay 1946 Def Estab
P095 _CDA_P095 (Tomales-Drakes Bay) 1966 Def Estab
P110 Tomales Bay 1954 Def Estab
P112 _CDA_P112 (Bodega Bay) 1949 Def Estab
P230 Netarts Bay 1965 Def Estab
P240 Tillamook Bay 1965 Def Failed
P210 Yaquina Bay 1965 Def Failed
P270 Willapa Bay 1946 Def Estab
P280 Grays Harbor 1964 Def Estab
P286 _CDA_P286 (Crescent-Hoko) 2002 Def Estab
P284 _CDA_P284 (Hoh-Quillayute) 2002 Def Estab
P290 Puget Sound 1943 Def Estab
P293 _CDA_P293 (Strait of Georgia) 1924 Def Estab
P292 _CDA_P292 (San Juan Islands) 1950 Def Estab
EAS-VI None 0 Native Estab
NEA-III None 1984 Def Estab
P093 _CDA_P093 (San Pablo Bay) 1949 Def Estab
MED-IV None 2006 Def Estab
P030 Mission Bay 2012 Def Estab
P065 _CDA_P065 (Santa Barbara Channel) 2011 Def Unk
P023 _CDA_P023 (San Louis Rey-Escondido) 2011 Def Unk
P061 _CDA_P061 (Los Angeles) 2016 Def Estab
Occurrence Map
OCC_ID
26583 Quayle 1964, cited by Carlton 1979 1964 1964-01-01 Humboldt Bay General Location Def 40.7864 -124.1922
26829 Foss 2009 2005 2005-11-14 California Maritime Academy, Vallejo Def 38.0661 -122.2299
27530 Cohen, et al. 2005 (SF Bay Area RAS) 2004 2004-05-24 Fruitvale Bridge, San Francisco Bay Def 37.7690 -122.2296
27610 Foss 2009 2005 2005-09-09 San Mateo Bridge Def 37.5806 -122.2543
27704 Nichols and Thompson 1985a 1985 1985-01-01 Chipps Island, Suisun Bay Def 38.0713 -122.0581
28023 Foss 2009 2005 2005-10-21 Romberg Tiburon Center Def 37.8906 -122.4458
28232 California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2014 2011 2011-04-07 Private Dock, Channel Islands Harbor Def 34.1798 -119.2297
28892 Foss 2009 2005 2005-07-06 Coyote Point Def 37.5920 -122.3210
28976 Fairey et al. 2002 2000 2000-09-13 Port Hueneme Infaunal 02 Def 34.1531 -119.2101
29328 Foss 2009 2005 2005-06-09 Paradise Area Def 37.9062 -122.4768
29477 Foss 2011 2010 2010-06-12 McNears Beach Def 37.9962 -122.4556
29510 Foss 2011 2010 2010-07-12 Cruise Ship Pier Def 37.8085 -122.4060
29586 California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2014 2011 2011-05-05 Middle Harbor Yacht Slip Def 33.2106 -117.3960
29760 Carlton 1979 1949 1949-01-01 Bodega Bay Def 38.3262 -123.0495
29915 Wasson et al, 2001 (Elkhorn Slough Survey) 1998 1998-03-01 Highway I Bridge, Moss Landin, Elkhorn Slough Def 36.8090 -121.7841
29975 Foss 2009 2005 2005-06-08 Sea Plane Lagoon Def 37.7761 -122.2998
30076 Los Angeles/Long Beach Baseline Study (2000) 2000 2000-01-01 Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Complex Def 33.7632 -118.2526
30334 Nichols and Thompson 1985a 1985 1985-01-01 South San Francisco Bay Def 37.5457 -122.1645
30398 Carlton 1979 1949 1949-01-01 Elkhorn Slough General Location Def 36.8086 -121.7856
30599 Carlton 1979 1946 1946-01-01 San Francisco Bay Def 37.8494 -122.3681
30876 Foss 2009 2005 2005-10-19 Hercules Wharf, San Pablo Bay Def 38.0231 -122.2928
31229 Carlton 1979 1966 1966-01-01 Bolinas Lagoon Def 37.9189 -122.6816
31711 Foss 2009 2005 2005-08-19 Ayala Cove Def 37.8680 -122.4350
31816 California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2011 2011 2011-04-06 Radon Corner Def 34.4047 -119.6937
31966 Foss 2009 2005 2005-07-08 Richmond Marina Def 37.9137 -122.3504
32571 Foss 2009 2005 2005-06-09 Point Cavallo Def 37.8319 -122.4737
32632 Foss 2011 2005 2005-11-15 China Camp Def 38.0025 -122.4617
32889 California Department of Fish and Wildlife 2011 2011 2011-04-19 Balboa Coves Def 33.6213 -117.9364
33110 Foss 2009 2005 2005-06-08 Crown Beach Def 37.7603 -122.2737
33239 Foss 2011 2010 2010-06-30 Rodeo Marina Def 38.0394 -122.2717
33596 Cohen, et al. 2005 2004 2004-05-23 Brisbane Lagoon, San Francisco Bay Def 37.6862 -122.3906
33712 Burch 1955, cited by Carlton 1979 1955 1955-01-01 Tomales Bay Def 38.2100 -122.9400
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Home Milton News Daily More Than Two Tons of Food Collected!
More Than Two Tons of Food Collected!
The cans of corn and boxes of macaroni and cheese have been tallied, and the results are amazing! In honor of Martin Luther King, Jr., Day, HandsOn West Central Ohio partnered with Hits 105.5 to collect more than 4,800 pounds of food for four food pantries and soup kitchens in Darke, Logan, Miami and Shelby Counties.
A program of Council on Rural Services, HandsOn West Central Ohio brought together 136 volunteers to organize, staff and publicize the event. Twenty-six of these volunteers are members of HandsOn's Retired and Senior Volunteer Program (RSVP), of which event co-chairs Mary Williston and Nancy Sharp are both members. More than 350 hours of time and talent were devoted to the event by volunteers, with the service alone valued at nearly $7,300. Sixteen collection points were sponsored throughout the region, and all counties received at least 900 pounds of food as a result of this second annual food drive. Proceeds will benefit Bethany Center, Darke County FISH, Holy Angels Soup Kitchen and Our Daily Bread. All items stay in the county they were collected in, with 1,820 pounds of food directly benefitting Bethany Center in Piqua.
HandsOn West Central Ohio Director Nicolette Winner agrees. "The idea behind this event and the King day of service nationally is to inspire members of our community to volunteer not only during Martin Luther King, Jr., Day, but also to give back year-round. We have so many opportunities for area residents to share their hobbies and expertise with friends and neighbors in need, and we're thrilled to help people get connected with an organization that can best utilize each volunteer's own personal talents," she says.
A national day of volunteer service, the Martin Luther King Day of Service is a way to transform Dr. King's life and teachings into community service that helps empower and strengthen local communities. The aim is to make the holiday a day ON, where people of all ages and backgrounds come together to improve lives, bridge social barriers, and move our nation closer to the "Beloved Community" that Dr. King envisioned. A record number of Americans honored Dr. King and answered President Obama's call to service by volunteering this year. Americans made it "a day on, not a day off" by delivering meals, refurbishing schools, reading to children, signing up mentors, and much, much more.
HandsOn West Central Ohio, a program of Council on Rural Services, is proud to be a part of this national effort. To learn more about HandsOn West Central Ohio or opportunities to volunteer throughout the year, visit www.handsonwestcentralohio.org or call (937) 778-5220, ext. 461. View event photos and videos on the program's Facebook page by visiting www.facebook.com/handsonwestcentralohio.