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Classical Conversations (CC) provides support for parents wishing to homeschool their children through high school using a classical method and a Christian worldview. They meet once a week on Mondays at Colonial Baptist Church.
They have openings in some of their programs and are accepting applications and registration fees from new families for 2013-2014. Specifically, they have space in their Essentials program (4th-6th grade), Challenge B program (8th-9th grade), and Challenge I program (9th-10th grade).
If you would like to find out more about Classical Conversations, you can visit their website at www.classicalconversations.com. Their programs have reasonably priced registration, supplies, and tuition fees.
If you are interested in finding out more about their Cary programs, please contact Rebecca Carter at rebecca@3carters.com.
This entry was posted in Announcements on April 9, 2013 by Emma Smock.


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Quavo, Marginal Mediaworks & Imagine Kids Announce New Animated Series
Pictured (L-R): CEO of Quality Control Music Pierre "P" Thomas, CEO of Marginal Media Works Sanjay Sharma, COO of Quality Control Music Coach K Lee, President of Imagine Kids + Family Stephanie Sperber, Quavo, SVP of Capitol Music Group Brian Nolan, VP of Capitol Music Group Ryan Allingham and President of Motown Records Ethiopia Habtemariam
Marginal Mediaworks, Imagine Entertainment's recently launched independent content company, along with Imagine Kids+Family, jointly announced today with major recording artist Quavo, Quality Control Music and Motown, that they have partnered to develop a new animated franchise series for kids [age 8-12], rooted in the world of Atlanta's hip hop music and culture scene. The series will be executive produced by Imagine Entertainment chairman Brian Grazer, Marginal Mediaworks CEO & founder Sanjay Sharma, Imagine Kids+Family president Stephanie Sperber and Quavo. It will be produced by Quality Control Music's CEO Pierre "Pee" Thomas and COO Kevin "Coach K" Lee, Capitol Music Group's SVP Brian Nolan and VP Ryan Allingham, and Dan Altmann.
"I have long seen how hip hop as well as our music (Migos) really impacts kids" said Quavo. "I've loved animation my whole life whether on TV or in movies and I wanted my first jump into this premium content world to be a show just for kids. It will definitely reflect the creativity, love and families in and around the NAWF side of Atlanta where we grew up."
"We have always believed in the power of storytelling that not only entertains, but resonates culturally and has the power to effect change at a personal level," said Grazer. "Atlanta's music scene is dynamic and partnering with Quavo, one of the biggest breakout artists of our time, has the potential to create a transformative franchise in the kids space."
Quavo is a multi platinum selling artist with numerous hits topping the charts year-round, and has reached far beyond rap to collaborate and perform with pop culture icons like Madonna. His solo album Quavo Huncho released in 2018 came out to global buzz. He is a celebrated member of the Grammy-nominated multi-platinum trio Migos, who are considered one the most influential groups in modern music. Their seminal album, the RIAA Certified Platinum CULTURE, debuted at #1 on the Billboard Charts. Migos released their second consecutive #1 album on Billboard's Top 200 Chart, CULTURE II, in January of 2018. The RIAA Certified Platinum album amassed 225.6 million streams in its first week alone and debuted at #1 in 62 countries on Apple Music.
Arguably the most powerful rap label in the world as recognized by The New York Times, The New Yorker as well as Billboard's Executives of the Year in 2018, Quality Control Music has begun its expansion in film and television.
"What's important and inspiring to me is that all kids will be seeing themselves in the faces and situations of these episodes. When I was growing up there was very little media that had brown and black skinned kids feeling heard or seen and the ones that did stood out and served as a crucial roadmap through our childhoods," said Coach K. "I'm about inclusive stories that address all kinds of situations that kids of ALL ethnic and financial backgrounds experience and to give them a common tool to learn and grow. These episodes will impact because they are educational and positive but with the dopest visuals and sounds our iconic rap culture can provide!"
"We see such synergy and overlap between the transformative power of hip hop as a driver of modern global culture, and the dynamic and growing world of childrens' programming," said Sharma and Sperber, jointly. "This partnership with Quavo, Quality Control Music & Motown Records signifies exactly the type of mold-breaking we aim to do across Imagine."
Photo credit: Lester Cohen
In late 2018, Imagine Entertainment made a strategic investment in Marginal Media, a new content company that develops and produces content with an emphasis on popular storytelling genres from outsider and underrepresented voices across all platforms including indie film, scripted, unscripted, animated and interactive series, and podcasts.
Imagine Kids+Family was started in January of this year by Imagine Entertainment, and is run by Sperber. The division recently announced a partnerships with James Patterson's kids division JIMMY Books; with LIFE to develop LIFE for Kids, an animated series to bring history to life using images from the preeminent picture magazine; and with Breyer International to develop a live-action horse-themed television series. Imagine Kids+Family also recently announced taking an equity stake in The Tiny Chef Show to develop content, as well as a global consumer products program.
While details of the series are being kept under wraps, the project is envisioned to be part of a larger franchise, including consumer products, merchandise, and original music.
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#marginal mediaworks#Quavo
Ayana Rashed
a dedicated sneaker + sports + music writer who will keep you updated with the latest news. Email: Imajrashed@gmail.com
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Rob Hicks drops an eerie and funky single titled "Midnight Maraude." As the Wisconsin native raps rapidly over a very …

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
CINEMA ♥ The Paradise ♥
I adore period dramas. Really anything on BBC and Masterpiece Theater gets me super excited so when I saw one of my friends up on Facebook talking about this series I had never seen I was intrigued. That first photo below was enough to get me hooked I tell you!
I looked "The Paradise" up and saw that it was a series with two seasons that ran back in 2012-2013. I wish it had gone for a third season I loved it so much.
It's a love story set in England's first department store in the 1870s but I think it's so much more than that. It's the story of how a girl finds love but also finds her own path in a world driven by men and the games they play to get what they want. She becomes her own woman and gets the guy!
Official description:
Order the carriage, raise your credit limit, and hurry to town: The Paradise is open for business!
Denise Lovett (Joanna Vanderham) is the bright-eyed country girl who finds more than just shop-girl work when she brings her clever ideas and ambition to The Paradise, a glamorous, Victorian-era department store. John Moray (Emun Elliott) is the store's dashing and enigmatic owner, an entrepreneur with more than his share of passion -- and secrets.
I'm pretty sure this is not the most accurate historical drama but that doesn't really bother me.
I like a little fantasy mixed into my period dramas. This series was such eye candy from the cast to the gorgeous costumes everyone would wear and "The Paradise"! I wish we had a department store today that is like it. The way they would weave stories around the products to literally seduce the customers into buying them...so delicious!
Ah, the two main characters...true love. How gorgeous is that bustle dress?! As much as I love the Victorian Era I'm pretty sure I wouldn't want to live back then what with how women were treated and how long it must have took to get into a dress like that.
Whew! It's one thing to dress up in a period costume like this in today's time, but it must have been so uncomfortable to wear something like that all day long. I still wouldn't mind trying on one at least once in my life. Incredibly dreamy looking!!
If you're looking for something new to watch, I highly recommend this series. What do you think? Is this something you would watch? Let me know what you think about it in the comments below. Have a beautiful Friday gorgeous peeps!!
(pics via pinterest)
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Labels: bbc, cinema, lifestyle, masterpiece theater, series, the paradise


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David Aldridge
July 25, 2020 by Bikram Karki
Being a top journalist is not everyone's cup of tea, considering the pressure and responsibility that comes with it. Despite all the struggles and hardships, David Aldridge is someone rare who succeeds in making the task look like a cakewalk with his immense talents and charisma in front and behind the television. His introduction would be incomplete without mentioning the fact that he is a writer for The Athletic and a contributor for several networks like ESPN, NBA TV, and NBA.com. Stay with us to know more about the net worth, career, and personal life details about the sports journalist.
David Aldridge's Whopping Net Worth Details In Brief
When it comes to finances and income, David Aldridge has barely anything to worry about, thanks to her well-stable career as a writer and a reporter in the sports field. Specifically, he garners a whopping net worth of $500,000 as of 2020. Kudos to such a large bank balance, the 55-year-old enjoys a lavishing lifestyle around all sorts of modern-day amenities.
David Aldridge gathers a staggering net worth of $500,000.
According to estimates, the 55-year-old journalist earned around $47,522 per year from his career in ESPN. Over the years, he also contributed his skills to The Washington Post; he made about $111,891 per year, which is the average annual salary of a staff writer in The Washington Post. With age still by his favor, the day isn't far when his bank balance will touch the $1 million mark from his diverse career portfolio in journalism,
David Aldridge's Career In Journalism
Talking about the career of David Aldridge, he is best known as the editor-in-chief for The Athletic. Despite that, he managed to name himself from burning the midnight oil for years in several media houses like Turner Sports, ESPN, and NBA TV. You would be quite surprised to know that he spent nine long years at The Washington Post. During that time, he was a beat writer covering Georgetown University basketball, the Washington Bullets, and the Washington Redskins. Furthermore, Aldridge also covered the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, the Super Bowl, and the World Series.
David Aldridge previously wrote for The Philadelphia Inquirer. Source: Netsdaily
The Washington Post wasn't the only high-profile job for the sports journalist since he also served as a reporter for ESPN for eight years. Apart from writing, he appeared for SportsCenter, NBA Today, and NBA 2 Night. The 55-year-old also worked for The Philadelphia Inquirer from 2004 to 2008, covering the NFL and the NBA as a reporter and columnist. Not just that, he also contributed to Turner Sports, TNT, and The Tony Kornheiser Show.
David Aldridge's Lowkey Personal Life
While David Aldridge might be extremely vocal about his professional endeavors, he prefers to keep a low-profile of his love life. However, he did shed some light on his relationship status when he tweeted about his married life. Unfortunately, there isn't much information on when did he tied the knot with his wife, who hails from Wisconsin More into his family life, he has step-children with his partner.
David Aldridge is a married man and has step-children.
Talking about the ESPN reporter's background, he was born in Washington, D.C, on February 10, 1965. For his academics, he went to DeMatha Catholic High School before graduating from American University. He is an avid sports lover and is a big fan of American University men's basketball.
Also See: Know the net worth, career, and love life of Maria Taylor.
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How Much Does A Penny Weigh?
by Leave a Comment on How Much Does A Penny Weigh?
It's always fun to learn about odd weights and measures. What is the biggest or longest, smallest or shortest, and how much does it weigh? When you hold a penny, it seems to have no heft to it at all. It does have some weight, of course, and today we will discover just how much this least valuable of the common American coins weighs.
Of all the coins out there, it is the least significant of them. It is fitting, then, that perhaps our most humble president, Abraham Lincoln, is honored by having his image embossed upon it.
The dime is as small, but with its bright silver design and ridged edges, one would know by sight that it is most valuable of the two in spite of having no understanding of American coinage.
A Penniless Life
Yet, the penny is not to be underestimated. Without it, all prices would have to round up or down to the nearest nickel. That may not sound like a lot, but let's look at an item we buy almost every day: a cup of coffee (or, a soda).
If that cup of coffee (or soda) costs $1.19, and there is seven cents' sales tax on it, the total amount due the vendor is $1.26. That is an easy sum to pay with a dollar bill, a quarter, and a penny. Lacking that, we give two dollar bills and a penny, expecting back three quarters. Or, we give two dollars without the penny and receive two quarters, two dimes, and four pennies in return.
What if there is no penny? The price has to end up at either $1.25 or $1.30. If it rounds up, I pay an extra $10 per year. If it rounds down, the vendor loses $2.50 per year on me. That may not sound like a lot, but imagine the lack of a penny having that kind of effect on 100 items I buy regularly, or on 50 items the restaurant sells to 100 customers daily That brings annual costs of $1,000 and $12,500 to me and the proprietor, respectively. For a lot of individuals and small businesses, that's not junk change.
As you might guess, determining the weight of a penny depends on a number of variables. When was the penny made? Has it been in circulation or kept in a piggy bank? Is it clean or dirty?
When the penny was made is the biggest factor. Today we would only recognize a Lincoln cent, so we will look solely at the weight of the Lincoln penny. First struck in 1909 on the centennial of President Abraham Lincoln's birth, it was the first coin to bear the image of a historical figure. Previous versions of the penny had an eagle and a Native American head dress on the face.
From 1909 through 1942, the Lincoln cent's composition was 95% copper with the balance a mix of tin and zinc, and weighed in at 3.11 grams. After 1943, it weighed 3.11 grams again.
1943's steel cent.
In 1943, and for that year only, the Lincoln penny was made of zinc coated steel. Copper was too precious to put in pennies. It was needed for the war effort. The steel penny weighed 2.75 grams and caused all sorts of problems. First, it was often mistaken for a dime. Also, since it would stick to a magnet, the steel penny caused problems with vending machines using magnets to detect steel slugs. Since the zinc coating did not adhere well to the edges, they would rust in sweaty hands.
Due to public outcry over the 1943 experimental penny, 1944-46 pennies were made using copper from spent weapons casings, and the weight was back to 3.11 grams. After the war, production went back to its normal levels.
Beginning in 1982, the penny became lighter. This is because the price of copper was rising to the point that the value of the metal exceeded that of the coin. Pennies made since 1982 are 97.5% zinc with a copper plating that makes up 2.5% of its weight. A new brand new penny minted today weighs 2.5 grams, about 20% less than its more coppery predecessor.
In 2009, a special commemorative set of pennies was issued to honor the bicentennial of Abraham Lincoln's birth. Featuring four different designs on the back sides of the coins, the set draws inspiration for its scenes from the President's life: The log cabin of his birth, the rail splitting days of his youth, his tenure as an Illinois legislator, and his presidency. Along with having four special designs that year, these commemorative pennies were cast from the original 1909 composition of 95% copper and 5% zinc and tin. That means, if you find a 2009 bicentennial penny, it will weigh 3.11 grams.
Buying pennies by the pound? Paying face value, a pound of pre-1982 pennies will likely cost you $1.45. A one pound bag of brand new pennies at face value will cost about $1.82.
Penny Trivia
Want to know even more facts and folklore about pennies? I knew you would!
Lucky Pennies
Do you have a lucky penny? Plenty of people do. They keep it in their wallet or billfold, or might stick it in a pocket or shoe when they can't have those with them — brides sometimes do that.
The idea of a lucky penny may point back to the time when people believe that certain metals offered protection from evil spirits (and their influence upon other people).
Surely you've heard, "Find a penny, pick it up; all day long, you'll have good luck." Don't be so fast to grab it, though. Adherents to the myth believe that if the coin is tails up, you should turn it over but leave it for another person to find. Picking it up may bring worse luck than you would have had without it.
Come upon Lincoln's shining face, though, and it's a find to get but not necessarily to keep. Another variation on this superstition is that you will have even better luck when you quickly pass thta face-up penny on to someone else.
Have you ever come upon a penny on the coffee table and wondered how it got there? You know that you have not had any change around here. No one has been in the room since you last were, and you are certain the penny was not sitting there then.
Another common superstition about pennies is the belief that they can be left by a departed loved one to let us know they are near. It is thought to be there little way of saying, "hello." If you find a penny like that, be sure to check the year to see if it is a date that may be significant to you or a loved one that has passed.
Penny Power
Do you know of an energy source that can power the whole state of New York for two days at a cost of just $1? Sure you do! It's penny power!
Albert Einstein's relativity formula, commonly known as E=MC2, calculates the conversion of mass to energy. We do not have the knowledge or equipment yet to do it, but if we could, the mass of 100 pennies can be converted to enough energy to power all the entire Empire State for a weekend. That's every house, farm, factory, and store in all of its nearly 55,000 square miles and for nearly 20 million people.
Penny art.
A Measure of Mean
In their song, Taxman, there is a piece of tax preparation advice for when we are dead: "Declare the pennies on your eyes." When people died long ago, small coins (usually pennies) were placed on the eyelids to hold them in place (closed) until the body's natural processes set them that way. To have to declare the pennies on your eyes may make no sense to an accountant, but it helps us understand George Harrison's disdain for the high English taxes he was paying.
An old saying sprang from the practice of putting pennies on the eyes of the recently deceased. To say someone is, "so mean, he'd steal the pennies off a dead man's eyes," is to say he is the lowest of the low, the cruelest of the cruel, with ice water flowing in his veins if anything flows there at all.
The Mint Loses Money
We touched briefly on the cost of making a penny when we discussed the change from copper to zinc in 1982. Well, the cost of both copper and zinc continue to rise. Today, it costs the U. S. Mint 1.7 cents to make each and every penny. That's 70% more to make it than it is worth. That makes the penny the least cost efficient coin the mint produces. Not far behind is the nickel, costing 60% more to make than it is worth (8 cents).
On its face, that loss seems terrible and to continue making pennies and nickels sounds like a losing proposition. It's not, though. While the mint may absorb this initial deficit, without the penny millions of businesses would face a combined loss into the hundreds of millions of dollars from all of the adjustments they would have to make to account for its absence. Take away the nickel, too, and some types of businesses might temporarily come to a halt over it.
No, in spite of how much it weighs, the penny is an important piece in our monetary system. We would surely miss it if it was no longer made or accepted. What do you think about the penny? Do you have any lucky penny stories? Would you miss the penny if it were gone? Tell me about it in the comments, and thanks for reading!
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text:
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using KeySndr.Common;
using KeySndr.Common.Providers;

namespace KeySndr.Base.Providers
{
    public interface IInputConfigProvider : IProvider
    {
        void Add(InputConfiguration config);
        void AddOrUpdate(InputConfiguration config);
        void Remove(InputConfiguration config);
        IEnumerable<InputConfiguration> Configs { get; }
        InputConfiguration FindConfigForName(string name);
        void Clear();

        Task Prepare();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Vinnerstads kyrka är en kyrkobyggnad i Vinnerstad i Linköpings stift. Den är församlingskyrka i Motala församling.

Kyrkobyggnaden
Medeltidskyrkan har en stomme av kalksten och består av ett rektangulärt långhus med ett smalare rakt avslutat kor i öster och ett torn i väster. Vid långhusets södra sida finns ett tillbyggt sidoskepp. Vid korets norra sida finns en vidbyggd sakristia.

Tillkomst och ombyggnader
Kyrkans äldsta delar härrör från 1100-talets slut. Kyrktornet är nästan lika gammalt som övriga kyrkobyggnaden. Under medeltidens senare del byggdes koret ut åt öster då även sakristia och vapenhus tillkom. Under 1400-talets senare del försågs innertaket med valv och dekorerades med kalkmålningar. 1952 belades långhusets sadeltak och tornhuven med kopparplåt.

Inventarier
 En dekorerad dopfunt av vätternsandsten är troligen tillverkad runt mitten av 1200-talet. Funten har en sentida tillkommen fot och står vid sidoskeppets östra vägg. En andra dopfunt av röd kalksten är tillverkad 1660 av Johan Andersson Silfverling i Vadstena. Funten är placerad i sakristian.
 Predikstolen är tillverkad 1642 med målning och datering från 1700. En ny predikstol sattes in 1897, men ursprungliga predikstolen sattes tillbaka 1952.
 Altartavlan är målad 1857 av Gustaf Adolf Engman och har motivet "Jesus uppenbarar sig för Petrus".

Orgel
1757 flyttas en orgel hit från Sankt Lars kyrka, Linköping. Den är byggd 1700 av Johan Agerwall, Söderköping och har 6 stämmor. Det köptes för 1590 daler. 1870 såldes den till Folkströms kapell i Hällestads församling.
1869 bygger Åkerman & Lund, Stockholm, en orgel med 7 stämmor.
 Nuvarande orgel är byggd 1954 av Mårtenssons orgelfabrik i Lund. Tillhörande orgelfasad är ritad av arkitekt Kurt von Schmalensee i samband med renoveringen 1952. Fasaden är målad i grått med förgyllningar. Orgeln är elektrisk och har två fria kombinationer.

Källor

Bildgalleri

Externa länkar
 Vinnerstads kyrka, Östergötlands länsmuseum
 Om Vinnerstads kyrka, Motala

Kyrkobyggnader i Linköpings stift
Kyrkobyggnader i Motala kommun
Kyrkobyggnader invigda under 1100-talet
Medeltida kyrkobyggnader i Sverige
Orgeldispositioner

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Depository members (DMs) and direct account holders (DAHs) are requested to compare the securities holders' information in the List generated and sent in the form of Certificate of Authorization by VSD with the information managed by DMs and DAHs then send Confirmation (Form 03/THQ) in the form of Certificate of Authorization on the accuracy of the list of securities holders (For DMs and DAHs who have not completed the connection to VSD's terminal-based gateway/ISO-based gateway or where the connection has been disrupted, the Confirmation with Certificate of Authorization shall be sent tothongbaoxacnhan@vsd.vn). In case of rejection due to data errors, DMs and DAHs are requested to send written notice on details of errors for necessary correction.
If DMs and DAHs do not send confirmation document by the above deadline, VSD will consider the list provided to DMs and DAHs by VSD accurate and confirmed. In case of arising disputes and losses to securities holders, DMs and DAHs will have to bear all the related responsibilities.
DMs are requested to fully inform this notice to each investor who has deposited the above securities at DMs within 3 working days from the date on the notice.


After upgrading or reinstalling a Ubuntu or Its derivatives, you have to install all applications, add PPAs, apply Themes, and adjus/change settings of applications. It is definitely a painful and time consuming task. Wouldn't be better if it is possible to backup your favourite PPAs, themes/icons that you use now, and settings of Apps? So that, you can apply them later to your newly installed or upgraded system. Yes, It is a wise idea. This is where Aptik comes in handy.
Add the Aptik PPA, and install it as shown.
After installing Aptik, Launch it either from Menu or Dash. The Aptik default interface will look like below.
As you see in the Aptik interface, you can do the following things.
First of all, you have to create backup directory where you want to backup all of the above things. External or Usb drive might be the wise choice. Because, after doing clean installation, all files/folders will be gone, right? THat's why we need a external USB drive to store the backup files.
Or, you can simply use a local folder, and later you can transfer the local folder to your USB drive. The choice is yours. I will go with local folder to store the backups. Let us name the local folder as Backup, and this folder is created in the home directory.
Sp, select the backup directory now.
Now, let me explore the tasks one by one.
and select your desired PPAs that you want to backup, and hit the Backup button.
Now, copy the Backup folder to any safe location, ex. USB thumb drive.
To restore the PPAs to your newly installed system, Insert the USB drive. Install and launch Aptik tool. Click the Restorebutton next to Software Sources button. Select the path of the backup folder. Then, select the PPAs you want to restore, and hit the Restore button.
Now, the PPAs will be restored to your newly installed system.
This option lets you to backup your downloaded packages(APT Cache) in your existing system. As said above, click on theBackup button next to Downloaded Packages (APT Cache) option.
Be mindful that in case the system is upgraded to the next version, you may not be required to do this. Because, the new version will need latest applications.
This option will backup all of your installed softwares on your system. As said above, click on the Backup button next to the Software Selections option. Select the installed softwares that you want to backup. Finally, hit the Backup button.
In case the system is upgraded to the next version, you may not be required to do this. Because, the new version will need latest applications too.
You can backup/restore the application settings using this option. Click on the Backup button, select the application settings of your choice, and hit the Backup button.
Some of us are very fond of fancy themes and Icons. If you want to keep the same themes or Icons after re-installing or upgrading your system, then this option will help you.
Similarly, click on the Backup button, select the themes of your choice, and finally hit the backup button.
All packages, PPAs, settings will be stored in your backup folder.
You can safely move this folder to your external device, then re-install or upgrade the system. And, restore all backup things in minutes.
Aptik is a decent, simple tool to help you to make your life easier. While it won't eliminate all the work that needs to be done after a fresh installation, it will reduce it greatly. And, you can save plenty of time too.


text:
Systems and Signals Group
Imperial Group page link @sys_sig
Evolutionary competition within our cells: the maths of mitochondrial DNA
Women may carry mutated copies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) -- a molecule that describes how to build important cellular machinery relating to cellular energy supply. If this mutant mtDNA is passed on to that woman's child, the child may develop a mitochondrial disease, which are often degenerative, fatal, and incurable.
Joerg created mice that contained two types of mtDNA -- here illustrated as blue (lab mouse mtDNA) and yellow (mtDNA from a mouse from a wild population). We used several different wild mice from across Europe to represent the mtDNA diversity one may find in a human population. We found that throughout a mouse's lifetime, one mtDNA type often outcompetes another (here, yellow beats blue), with different patterns across different tissues.
Amazing new therapies potentially allow a carrier mother A and a father B to use another woman C's egg cells to conceive a baby without much of mother A's mtDNA being present. The approach involves taking nuclear DNA content from A and B (so that most of the child's features are inherited from the true mother and father), and placing it into C's egg cells, which contain a background of healthy mtDNA. You can read about, what are misleadingly called, three-parent babies here.
Something that is less discussed is that, in this process, a small amount of A's mutant mtDNA can be "carried over" into C's cell. If this small amount remains small through the child's life, there is no danger of disease, as the larger amount of healthy C mtDNA will allow the child's cell to function normally. We can think of the resulting situation as a competition between A and C -- if A and C are evenly matched, the small amount of A will remain small; if C beats A, the small amount of A will disappear with time; and if A beats C, the small amount of A will increase and may eventually come to dominate over C.
Until recently it has been fair to assume that A and C are always about evenly matched (unless something is drastically different between A or C). However, evidence for this idea was based on model organisms in laboratories, which do not have the same amount of genetic diversity as found in human populations. Our collaborator Joerg addressed this by capturing wild mice from across central Europe, selecting a set that showed a comparable degree of genetic diversity to that expected in a human population. He used these, with our modelling and mathematical analysis, to show that pronounced differences between A and C often exist, and are more likely in more diverse populations. The possibility that A beats C, and mutant mtDNA comes to dominate the child's cells, therefore cannot be immediately discounted in a diverse population. We propose "haplotype matching" -- ensuring that A and C are as similar as possible -- to ameliorate this potential risk. It's open as to whether one can generalize from observations in mice to people and it's also open as to whether our conclusions, which used lab-mice as parent A (which are not entirely typical creatures) of necessity generalize to other non-lab mouse types.
Our mathematical approach also allowed us to explore, in detail, the dynamics by which this competition within cells occurs. We were able to use our data rather effectively by having a statistical model that allowed us to reason jointly about a range of data sets. We found that the degree to which one population of mtDNA beat the other depended on how genetically different they were. We found that different tissues were like different environments: some favouring C over A and some vice-versa. This is perhaps surprising to some as this evolution in the proportions of different genetic species is not something we imagine occurring inside us, during our lives, and as something that might differ between our organs. We found several different regimes, where the strength of competition changes with time and as the organism develops: when our cells are multiplying faster they show a more marked preference for one of the species. We've shown our results to the UK HFEA in its ongoing assessment of these therapies, and you can read, for free, about our work called ``mtDNA Segregation in Heteroplasmic Tissues Is Common In Vivo and Modulated by Haplotype Differences and Developmental Stage'' in the journal Cell Reports here. Iain, Joerg, Nick.
We found that one mtDNA type beat another in different ways across many different tissue type. Here, the height (or depth) of a column represents how much the mtDNA from a wild mouse wins (or loses) against that from a lab mouse in different tissues. The bottom row corresponds to the smallest difference between wild and lab mtDNA; the top row corresponds to the greatest difference.
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text:
Ionic liquids and solids with paramagnetic anions
Brenna M. Krieger, Heather Y. Lee, Thomas J. Emge, James F. Wishart, Ed Castner
Four paramagnetic ionic compounds have been prepared and their magnetic, structural and thermal properties have been investigated. The four compounds are methylbutylpyrrolidinium tetrachloroferrate(iii) ([Pyrr14] +/[FeCl4]-), methyltributylammonium tetrachloroferrate(iii) ([N1444]+/[FeCl4] -), butylmethylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate(iii) ([bmim] +/[FeCl4]-) and tetrabutylammonium bromotrichloroferrate(iii) ([N4444]+/[FeBrCl 3]-). Temperature-dependent studies of their magnetic behaviors show that all four compounds are paramagnetic at ambient temperatures. Glass transitions are observed for only two of the four compounds, [Pyrr 14]+/[FeCl4]- and [bmim] +/[FeCl4]-. Crystal structures for [Pyrr 14]+/[FeCl4]- and [N 1444]+/[FeCl4]- are compared with the previously reported [N4444]+/[FeBrCl3] -.
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
https://doi.org/10.1039/b920652n
Anions
magnetic properties
Structural properties
tetrabutylammonium
Krieger, B. M., Lee, H. Y., Emge, T. J., Wishart, J. F., & Castner, E. (2010). Ionic liquids and solids with paramagnetic anions. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 12(31), 8919-8925. https://doi.org/10.1039/b920652n
Ionic liquids and solids with paramagnetic anions. / Krieger, Brenna M.; Lee, Heather Y.; Emge, Thomas J.; Wishart, James F.; Castner, Ed.
In: Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 12, No. 31, 21.08.2010, p. 8919-8925.
Krieger, BM, Lee, HY, Emge, TJ, Wishart, JF & Castner, E 2010, 'Ionic liquids and solids with paramagnetic anions', Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 12, no. 31, pp. 8919-8925. https://doi.org/10.1039/b920652n
Krieger BM, Lee HY, Emge TJ, Wishart JF, Castner E. Ionic liquids and solids with paramagnetic anions. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2010 Aug 21;12(31):8919-8925. https://doi.org/10.1039/b920652n
Krieger, Brenna M. ; Lee, Heather Y. ; Emge, Thomas J. ; Wishart, James F. ; Castner, Ed. / Ionic liquids and solids with paramagnetic anions. In: Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2010 ; Vol. 12, No. 31. pp. 8919-8925.
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title = "Ionic liquids and solids with paramagnetic anions",
abstract = "Four paramagnetic ionic compounds have been prepared and their magnetic, structural and thermal properties have been investigated. The four compounds are methylbutylpyrrolidinium tetrachloroferrate(iii) ([Pyrr14] +/[FeCl4]-), methyltributylammonium tetrachloroferrate(iii) ([N1444]+/[FeCl4] -), butylmethylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate(iii) ([bmim] +/[FeCl4]-) and tetrabutylammonium bromotrichloroferrate(iii) ([N4444]+/[FeBrCl 3]-). Temperature-dependent studies of their magnetic behaviors show that all four compounds are paramagnetic at ambient temperatures. Glass transitions are observed for only two of the four compounds, [Pyrr 14]+/[FeCl4]- and [bmim] +/[FeCl4]-. Crystal structures for [Pyrr 14]+/[FeCl4]- and [N 1444]+/[FeCl4]- are compared with the previously reported [N4444]+/[FeBrCl3] -.",
author = "Krieger, {Brenna M.} and Lee, {Heather Y.} and Emge, {Thomas J.} and Wishart, {James F.} and Ed Castner",
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T1 - Ionic liquids and solids with paramagnetic anions
AU - Krieger, Brenna M.
AU - Lee, Heather Y.
AU - Emge, Thomas J.
AU - Wishart, James F.
AU - Castner, Ed
N2 - Four paramagnetic ionic compounds have been prepared and their magnetic, structural and thermal properties have been investigated. The four compounds are methylbutylpyrrolidinium tetrachloroferrate(iii) ([Pyrr14] +/[FeCl4]-), methyltributylammonium tetrachloroferrate(iii) ([N1444]+/[FeCl4] -), butylmethylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate(iii) ([bmim] +/[FeCl4]-) and tetrabutylammonium bromotrichloroferrate(iii) ([N4444]+/[FeBrCl 3]-). Temperature-dependent studies of their magnetic behaviors show that all four compounds are paramagnetic at ambient temperatures. Glass transitions are observed for only two of the four compounds, [Pyrr 14]+/[FeCl4]- and [bmim] +/[FeCl4]-. Crystal structures for [Pyrr 14]+/[FeCl4]- and [N 1444]+/[FeCl4]- are compared with the previously reported [N4444]+/[FeBrCl3] -.
AB - Four paramagnetic ionic compounds have been prepared and their magnetic, structural and thermal properties have been investigated. The four compounds are methylbutylpyrrolidinium tetrachloroferrate(iii) ([Pyrr14] +/[FeCl4]-), methyltributylammonium tetrachloroferrate(iii) ([N1444]+/[FeCl4] -), butylmethylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate(iii) ([bmim] +/[FeCl4]-) and tetrabutylammonium bromotrichloroferrate(iii) ([N4444]+/[FeBrCl 3]-). Temperature-dependent studies of their magnetic behaviors show that all four compounds are paramagnetic at ambient temperatures. Glass transitions are observed for only two of the four compounds, [Pyrr 14]+/[FeCl4]- and [bmim] +/[FeCl4]-. Crystal structures for [Pyrr 14]+/[FeCl4]- and [N 1444]+/[FeCl4]- are compared with the previously reported [N4444]+/[FeBrCl3] -.
U2 - 10.1039/b920652n
DO - 10.1039/b920652n
JO - Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
JF - Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
10.1039/b920652n


text:
Tag Archives: Simon Leonard
Connect Until Connected: An Interview With Komputer (2011)
Posted on November 29, 2019 by 429harrowroad
Komputer – Simon Leonard & David Baker. Credit: Angela Hayward
The duo will perform a rare live date on Saturday 30 November at Electrowerkz in London as part of TEC006, curated by our friends at The Electricity Club and Cold War Night Life. Ahead of their return to the stage, we are reposting a 2011 Documentary Evidence interview with David Baker that's been offline for years, and which was originally published to coincide with the release of their compilation album, Konnecting.
Simon Leonard and David Baker have been associated with Daniel Miller and Mute Records since 1984, releasing their first two albums – My Translucent Hands and Fused – on the label under the name I Start Counting. They would then move in a more dancefloor-oriented direction for their next project, Fortran 5, before, as Komputer, releasing some of the most spine-tinglingly original retro electronica. Selections from the duo's various Mute releases have been compiled on Konnecting, released as part of Mute's new An Introduction To series. This interview was conducted by email with Baker, but all answers were received in the third person.
The duo met at Middlesex University when Leonard overheard Baker singing one of his own songs, 'Playboy Girl'. 'This led to chats about pop music,' recalls Baker, 'and soon the two were DJing at the college disco and doing the pogo occasionally.' On one occasion, a particular selection, 'Incendiary Device' by Johnny Moped, earned Leonard a bottle of Newcastle Brown ale in the mouth and several broken teeth. I'm not personally aware of any similar incidents on their own future tours, but I guess there's still time.
'The name I Start Counting came from a book by Audrey Erskine Lindop,' writes Baker. Lindop's novel would be turned into the 1969 film of the same name which starred a sixteen year old Jenny Agutter. Agutter's portrayal of a fourteen year old with sexual fantasies toward her far older stepbrother earned the film a moderate level of controversy. 'It also relates to the punk habit of introducing songs with "1, 2, 3,4",' Baker continues.
Despite their friendship, Baker and Leonard didn't form I Start Counting until the demise of Leonard's earlier music project, File Under Pop, who released a solitary single ('Heathrow') on the Rough Trade label in 1979. 'Daniel Miller had his address on the sleeve of The Normal's 'Warm Leatherette' single,' Baker remembers. 'File Under Pop contacted Daniel and met up with him in a pub in Hampstead. Simon and he became friends and Daniel recorded some songs with them which never saw the light of day. One was called 'Connect Until Connected'. Another was 'Small Hut'.'
The dissolution of File Under Pop led to Leonard and Baker working together and recording demos which they passed to Miller; I Start Counting signed to Mute in 1984, going on to produce a small but significant body of work starting with the subdued joy of 'Letters To A Friend' and concluding with 1989's 'Million Headed Monster'.
As they began to record demos for what may have become the third I Start Counting album, a growing dancefloor influence led to forming Fortran 5. Fortran was even then a defunct programming language, now more or less as lost as vestigial regional English dialects. Over their first two exceptionally diverse albums, 1991's Blues and 1993's Bad Head Park, Fortran 5 found themselves collaborating with all manner of unexpected contributors to produce quirky club-friendly fodder. 'Rod Slater was one of our collaborators on Bad Head Park,' Baker tells me when I ask him about Fortran 5's 'fun' dimension. 'He was originally a member of the Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band. He's related to a friend of David's.'
'We did some work with Neil Arthur on his solo material, and he did some vocals for us in return,' explains Baker of Arthur's contribution to the standout 'Persian Blues' from Bad Head Park. 'Thrash and Colin Faver were introduced to us through Mute. We wanted Derek Nimmo to do vocals on the Derek And The Dominos song 'Layla' [on Bad Head Park] as the follow up to Sid (James) singing Syd (Barrett) on our first LP, Blues, and he kindly obliged. Miranda Sex Garden were going to be our stage dancers but when the tour fell through we found out that they could also sing.'
I ask Baker about the leftfield move into electronica's nether regions with Fortran 5's third album, 1995's Avocado Suite. 'We were given permission to be as experimental as we liked, so we were,' is Baker's simple response. When I ask about the dreadful bathroom suite the pair are seen relaxing in, he tells me that it was Leonard's bathroom in Muswell Hill. 'It's now in the London Bathroom Museum,' he quips.
Reacting against the musical Emperor's New Clothes that was Britpop and its still blander entrails, Leonard and Baker went back in time to electronic music's pivotal point, namely a certain ground-breaking band from Düsseldorf for Komputer. 'We got as close as we could to doing Kraftwerk cover versions on The World Of Tomorrow,' says Baker, referring to the first of Komputer's three albums, release by Mute in 1997. I wax lyrical about 'Looking Down On London', its almost folksy wistfulness for the city balanced out by the more icy, clinical electronic backdrop. When asked about the origins of that track, the response is typically understated. 'We both lived on hills in London,' says Baker. It makes complete sense when you think about it.
The World Of Tomorrow was followed by 2002's Market Led and 2007's Synthetik, before the duo mostly disappeared from view, returning with a celebrated live set at Mute's Short Circuit festival in May 2011. Selections of their extensive tenure with the label were presented together in the August of that year as Konnecting, one of a brief series of artist compilations that saw the newly-independent Mute licensing tracks back from EMI.
I ask Baker what's next for the duo following the release of Konnecting. 'We have a live set ready to go,' Baker tells me. 'If someone will give us a gig,' he adds. The prospect of a career-spanning series of concerts similar to their set at Short Circuit is an exciting prospect to say the least, so if there are any promoters reading this please, please, please make this happen.
Tickets for TEC006 can be purchased here.
Originally published 2011; edited 2019.
Interview: Mat Smith
Posted in Interviews	| Tagged David Baker, Fortran 5, I Start Counting, Komputer, Mute, Mute Artists, Mute Records, Simon Leonard	| Leave a reply
AK-47 – Stop! Dance! (Output Records single, 1981)
Posted on January 17, 2015 by 429harrowroad
output records | opr202 | 1981
AK-47 was the work of Simon Leonard; 'Stop! Dance!' was released a year before Leonard met David Baker, his future musical accomplice in I Start Counting, Fortran 5 and Komputer, at Middlesex University, and two years after his solitary 7″ with File Under Pop on Rough Trade.
Unlike the industrial noise claustrophobia of FUP's 'Heathrow', 'Stop! Dance!' is a bouncy little synthpop track which is very 1981 (in a good way), albeit with a dark edge thanks to the vocodered vocals which seem to be lots of references to AK-47, which, in case a whole generation of computer games and action movies has passed you by, is a gun. Naming your musical alias after a weapon and then delivering fey pop music is just about as contradictory as anything else Leonard has done in his musical career I guess. 'Stop! Dance!' is all simple, persistent drum patterns, stalking single-key basslines and bubbling sounds and sweeps blended in over the top, while a chord change brings in a brief, wobbly and quite pleasant melody.
'Autobiography', the first of two tracks on the B-side, is a short instrumental featuring a sawing synth sound, tick-tock beat, some Kraftwerk-esque vocal loops, reedy melodies and Leonard intoning a brief couplet about waking up and getting on a freight train, as if the autobiographical element was some deep southern porch blues number. 'Hilversum AO', another instrumental, has a euphoric quality, even if there are a few dud notes in among its elegiac melodies.
There's nothing exceptionally polished about these three tracks, unlike the comparatively gleaming work Daniel Miller and Depeche Mode would put out the same year on Speak & Spell; like 'Heathrow' it retains a firmly experimental dimension, only here that edge is delivered through synths rather than grainy field recordings. Quite aside from its collector status among I Start Counting / Fortran 5 / Komputer fans, this is an example of an alternative electropop and bagging a copy on 7″ would have set you back near enough GBP50.00 at the time this was first uploaded.
First published 2011; re-edited 2015.
(c) 2015 Mat Smith / Documentary Evidence
Posted in Non-Mute / Related, Single reviews	| Tagged AK-47, David Baker, File Under Pop, Fortran 5, I Start Counting, Komputer, Output Records, Simon Leonard	| 1 Reply


Herr S, Condra C. Herr S, Condra C Herr, Sandra, and Cole Condra.GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS. In: Shah BR, Mahajan P, Amodio J, Lucchesi M. Shah B.R., Mahajan P, Amodio J, Lucchesi M Eds. Binita R. Shah, et al.eds. Atlas of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 3e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; . http://accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2616&sectionid=216057591. Accessed April 22, 2019.
Herr S, Condra C. Herr S, Condra C Herr, Sandra, and Cole Condra.. "GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS." Atlas of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 3e Shah BR, Mahajan P, Amodio J, Lucchesi M. Shah B.R., Mahajan P, Amodio J, Lucchesi M Eds. Binita R. Shah, et al. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, , http://accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2616&sectionid=216057591.
*The authors acknowledge the special contributions of Kanwal S. Chaudhry, MD, to prior edition.
One of the most common gastrointestinal (GI) emergencies are ingested foreign bodies (FBs). Fortunately, most FBs pass through the GI tract spontaneously and require minimal medical intervention. In young children, typical swallowed FBs include coins, beads, button batteries, and toys, typically anything within reach. Accidental FB ingestions in adolescents are typically a result of a partially digested food bolus that becomes lodged in the esophagus. Unfortunately, some FB ingestions are intentional for various psychiatric reasons, and these ingestions may include sharp and potentially harmful objects (eg, razors, glass). The pediatric patient with an FB ingestion may be asymptomatic; however, a patient with a lodged FB in the esophagus often presents with drooling, excessive salivation, voice changes, vomiting, or respiratory symptoms.


This smart and stylish E100 Square handrinse basin is suitable for use in domestic as well as commercial applications and is ideal for small sized bathrooms. Manufactured from high quality vitreous china, the basin features a single tap hole and integrated overflow.
Dimensions: (W)360 x (D)280 x (H)145mm approx.


After decades of neglecting our roads and bridges and putting NJ's infrastructure on a credit card, we finally have funding of the Transportation Trust Fund that is an investment in New Jersey's future.
Thanks to NJ's legislative leaders for having the political courage to make the tough decision to raise the gas tax and recognize that NJ's roads and bridges are the foundation of our economy and quality of life.
Infrastructure benefits all and it's time to make our bridges safer, make our roads smoother, and the largest statewide public transit system in the country more modern. Let's get back to work.


text:
Local News in a Digital Age
By Pew Research Center: Journalism & Media staff
The study involved five separate research methodologies in each city, each of which is detailed below.
City Selection Process
The three cities studied as a part of Local News in a Digital Age are not meant to be representative of the United States as a whole, but rather serve as detailed case studies of local news in three specific, unique areas in the U.S. The process for selecting the combination of these three cities followed precise and detailed steps outlined below.
The sampling frame consists of 210 designated market area (DMA) regions, as defined by Nielsen.43 First, the list of DMAs was divided into thirds:
1-70: Large cities
71-140: Medium cities
141-210: Small cities
The top 15 DMAs (1-15) were eliminated because the inventory and content collection would be too arduous, it would be extremely difficult to achieve a complete account and working explanation of the media environment, and many of these cities (Philadelphia, Chicago) have been the subjects of similar academic inquiries. Also eliminated were the following: DMAs that contained multiple cities (as that would conflate our unit of analysis); areas in which newspapers do not publish daily; Alaska and Hawaii due to cost constraints; Columbia, South Carolina, because it was announced at the time as the FCC pilot city; and Madison, Wisconsin, because the University of Wisconsin has conducted similar research there.
Following this logic, the first 10 cities in each DMA grouping were selected as potential candidates for inclusion in the study. The variables used to evaluate each city included:
Population size
Broadband penetration (by county)
Presence of TV affiliates
Newspaper circulation size
Alt-weeklies
Ethnic newspapers
Nonprofit news outlets
NPR stations (producing original content)
Presidential election results (by county) in 2004, 2008 and 2012
Presence of a community foundation
Median income/income distribution
John S. and James L. Knight Foundation "resident city"
With an interest in having diversity across the variables listed above, multiple city combinations were considered. The team of researchers settled on Denver, Colorado; Macon, Georgia; and Sioux City, Iowa, based on the following key attributes.
Consideration of population density.
As most of Americans live in urban areas, the inclusion of Denver enables an examination of how news diffuses through a metropolitan ecosystem. The addition of smaller cities—Macon and Sioux City—to the mix will help fill a gap in the scholarly literature. Prior studies have almost exclusively focused on large cities. Therefore, by expanding this study to include smaller localities, we can greatly broaden the understanding of how news is produced and consumed within local communities.
Stratification of geographic/demographic variables.
Denver, Macon and Sioux City target three distinct geographic segments of the country (West, South and Midwest). Furthermore, these cities are demographically diverse, adding another dimension to our analysis.
Inclusion of a "Knight resident city."
In light of the association with Knight Foundation, the project aimed to include at least one Knight resident city. Many of these Knight resident cities are large metropolitan regions that would be unwieldy for the current research. In addition, several of the Knight locations have previously been the subject of similar ecological research. Macon, then, is a manageable-sized Knight resident city that also meets the other criteria and provides city characteristics distinct from Denver and Sioux City.
Inquiry of emergent sectors/news nonprofit.
To reflect the fluid landscape of news production in the digital age, the project sought to include a city with considerable entrepreneurial energy—a region in which newsgatherers are experimenting with new business and delivery models. As news nonprofits gain ground, we purposely selected a location in which this type of activity would be present. As detailed below, Denver's media market is emblematic of such journalistic innovation.
Much of the analysis in this report is based on surveys conducted July 8 through August 18, 2014, in the metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) of Denver, Colorado (N=1,043); Macon, Georgia (N=1,387); and Sioux City, Iowa (N=1,191). An MSA is a Census-designated area consisting of the named city as well as towns and cities in the surrounding vicinity. The survey was conducted by hard-copy paper and pencil questionnaires mailed to respondents' homes. The questionnaire, which was developed by researchers at the Pew Research Center, primarily asked respondents about their attitudes and consumption of local news in their city. The survey was conducted by SSRS.
An addressed-based sample was used. The sample in each city was generated by Marketing Systems Group (MSG). A list of addresses within each MSA was drawn from the U.S. Postal Service's Computerized Delivery Sequence File (CDSF) and divided into strata. The stratification accommodated clustering of ethnic/racial groups and younger residents, specifically blacks, Hispanics, and those under 35 years of age. A random sample was then drawn from each strata with oversamples in strata whose populations are harder to reach (e.g. non-whites and younger respondents).
All respondents received an initial mailing containing a one-page cover letter, a $2 prepaid incentive, a questionnaire in English and a postage-paid return envelope. Respondents from high-density Hispanic strata in Denver and Sioux City were also provided with a questionnaire translated into Spanish. In addition to the eight-page questionnaire, respondents were provided with a card listing local news sources that were used to complete several of the questions. Reminder postcards were sent to non-respondents to the first mailing. Finally, a second full mailing was sent to any remaining non-respondents, which contained the same contents as the first mailing with the exception of the incentive. Mailings were addressed to "Recipient" rather than any individual member of the household. Respondents were instructed to have the adult (18 years or older) who has had the most recent birthday complete the survey. The results are representative of randomly selected adults living in households within each MSA.
The samples for each city were weighted separately through a multi-step process. Responses were weighted to account for their probability of selection and non-response by strata, including oversampling in certain strata, and the number of adult residents in the household. Following this, a post-stratified weight was calculated using an iterative technique that matches gender, age, education, race and Hispanic origin to parameters from Claritas from the first quarter of 2014. Claritas utilizes U.S. Census data with other sources to update Census counts each quarter from release of each Census to the next one. Sampling errors and statistical tests of significance take into account the effect of weighting.
The response rate for each city was as follows: Denver, 24%; Macon, 23%; and Sioux City, 28%.
The following table shows the unweighted sample sizes and the error attributable to sampling that would be expected at the 95% level of confidence for different groups in the survey:
Sample sizes and sampling errors for other subgroups are available upon request.
In addition to sampling error, one should bear in mind that question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of opinion polls. For detailed information about our survey methodology, see https://www.pewresearch.org/packages/about-our-research-methods/
One portion of Pew Research Center study Local News in a Digital Age was an analysis of news coverage produced over a snapshot period of five days in 2014. The specific dates for each city overlapped with the survey field time. They were: Macon, June 9-13; Denver, June 16-20; and Sioux City, June 23-27.
Human Coding of News Media
Sample Design
News providers were included in the five-day analysis if they published original local content at least once a week. There were two main exceptions.
Outlets dedicated solely to sports news coverage were accounted for as news providers but not included in the content sample.
In the Denver area, researchers discovered 28 weekly community papers, plus one daily community paper (the Aurora Sentinel). Many of the weekly papers share some content. Due to the large number, six of the papers were included in the sample to represent the content included in community papers in general.
Four of the weekly papers included were ones in the most populated suburban communities and are part of the Colorado Community Media company: Lakewood Sentinel, Westminster Window, Centennial Citizen and Highlands Ranch Herald. These four weekly papers share some, but not all, content. Also included were the one weekly based within the city limits, The Villager Newspaper, and the one suburban daily, the Aurora Sentinel. Each of the five weekly papers that were included averaged around 10 unique local stories during the week studied. Based on that average, the best estimate is that the inclusion of those other hyperlocal outlets would have added roughly 6% to the total number of stories studied in the Denver sample.
In addition, a few outlets could not be captured due to technical reasons.44
In total, 81 providers were included in this sample for content analysis: 52 from Denver, 17 from Sioux City and 12 from Macon. In all, 6,416 stories were captured and coded.
For outlets that had multiple platforms, such as a TV station with a website, researchers captured and coded stories from both platforms. The data in the report combine stories from all platforms captured. For example, the broadcast news programs on Denver station CBS Denver were included, along with stories appearing on the website denver.cbslocal.com. (In a few instances, only one platform was available. See list of providers below for details about which platforms were included.)
Content Capture
Every effort was made to collect the entirety of the content from each provider in its primary form.
For print publications such as magazines and newspapers, whenever possible, hard copies were delivered to the center's Washington, D.C., office. Some print publications had digital versions of their entire print version on their websites, and in those cases researchers used those versions. In a few cases, neither a hard copy nor a digital version of the hard copy was available. In those instances, stories posted on the outlet's website were used.
For web-only publications, researchers manually captured and saved digital versions of the websites each morning between 9 and 11 a.m. ET. Each site's home page was captured, along with all inside landing pages that included regular local news. For example, for the Aurora Sentinel, the home page was captured along with the following inside sections: News, Metro Aurora News, Aurora Business, Colorado News, Holmes Trial, Your News, Opinion, Sports, Aurora Preps, College Sports, Pro Sports, Guide, Colorado Table, Wellness, Music, Screen, Stage & Comedy, and Travel.
To view and analyze the local television broadcasts in each city, the center used the media monitoring service Critical Mention, which records and saves all original local content on stations around the country. The independent Macon television station WPGA was not available on Critical Mention. Therefore, web content only was included for this station.
Radio shows were captured through online feeds on the stations' websites when such feeds existed. Researchers captured programs that featured local content according to the information available on their websites. For news or talk shows that were two hours long, the first hour of the broadcast was captured. For shows that were three hours or longer, the first two hours were included.
For three Denver stations—KGNU, KHOW and Colorado Public Radio—no online feed was available. Instead, the available podcasts of their local programming were captured and studied as well as relevant website stories. In all three instances, the podcasts included the majority of each station's local news programming.
For the local affiliates of National Public Radio, local news inserts that appeared during the breaks of NPR's national programming were captured and studied.
The following are the providers included in this analysis along with the platforms that were captured:
The Denver Post (print and website)
KMGH ABC 7 (TV and website)
6-7 a.m., 5-5:30 p.m., 10-10:30 p.m.
KCNC CBS Denver (TV and website)
6-7 a.m., 6-7 p.m., 10-10:30 p.m.
KDVR Fox 31 (TV and website)
8-9 a.m., 5-6 p.m., 9:30-10 p.m.
KWGN CW (TV and website)
8-9 a.m., 7-8 p.m.
KUSA NBC 9 (TV and website)
6-7 a.m., 5-5:30 p.m., 6-6:30 p.m., 10-10:30 p.m.
Rocky Mountain PBS (website only)
Colorado Public Radio (radio and website)
Entirety of the local podcasts, usually 20-30 minutes each weekday
KGNU radio (radio)
KHOW (radio and website)
First 2 hours of the podcast version of the Mandy Connell show, which airs 5-10 a.m.
KOA radio (radio and website)
First 2 hours of the podcasts versions of Colorado Morning News, which airs 5-7 a.m.
5280Fire
Bigmedia.org
The Cannabist—Denver Post publication
Chalkbeat Colorado
The Colorado Independent
Confluence Denver
Denver Direct
Denver iJournal
Denver Infill
Health News Colorado
Huffington Post Denver
NewsCastic Denver
Ethnic publications
Asian Avenue Magazine (print)
El Hispano (print)
El Pueblo Catolico (print)
La Prensa de Colorado (print)
La Voz (website and print)
KDEN Telemundo (TV and website)
5:30-6 p.m., 10-10:30 p.m.
KCEC Univision Colorado (TV and website)
10-11 p.m.
Viva Colorado (website and print)
303 Magazine (print and website)
5280 [The Denver Magazine] (print and website)
The Colorado Statesman (print)
ColoradoBiz (print)
Denver Business Journal (print)
Archdiocese of Denver (Denver Catholic Register) (print and website)
Denver Voice (print)
Westword (print and website)
HerLife Magazine (print)
Law Week Colorado (print)
Out Front Colorado (print)
Yellow Scene Magazine (print)
Community papers
Aurora Sentinel (website)
Colorado Community Papers (websites only)
Lakewood Sentinel
Westminster Window
Centennial Citizen
Highlands Ranch Herald
The Villager Newspaper (online)
University news outlets
The Metropolitan (website for Metropolitan State University of Denver)
The Telegraph (print and website)
WGXA Fox/ABC (TV and website)
WMAZ CBS (TV and website)
WMGT (TV and website)
WPGA (website only)
WMUM FM 89.7 GA Public Broadcasting (radio and website)
6-8:30 a.m., 4-6:30 p.m.
The 11th Hour (print)
Macon Magazine (print)
The Georgia Post (print)
The Jones County News (print and website)
The Monroe County Reporter (print)
The Twiggs Times New Era (print)
Sioux City Journal (print and website)
KCAU ABC (TV and website)
KMEG CBS (TV and website)
KTIV NBC (TV and website)
KLEM AM Le Mars (radio and website)
6-8 a.m.
KSCJ (radio and website)
6-7 a.m., 8-9am, 10-11 a.m.
KWIT/KOJI FM – NPR affiliate (radio)
WNAX radio (website only)
Mundo Latino (print)
Sioux City Catholic Globe (print and website)
Siouxland Magazine (print)
Akron Hometowner (print)
Dakota County Star (print and website)
Le Mars Daily Sentinel (print and website)
Leader-Courier/Dakota Dunes Times (print and website)
Moville Record (print)
Remsen Bell-Enterprise (print)
Story Selection
The unit of analysis for this study was the story.
For all the providers collected, news stories that were focused on local events or broader issues with a local element were included in the study. If 50% or more of the time or space of a story was focused on events beyond the surrounding area, the story was excluded from the study. Also excluded were advertisements, calendars and other standard components of print publications such as weather forecasts.
Stories produced during the five-day period were examined. If content appeared on a website during the week but was originally produced prior to the start of our study, it was not included.
For print publications that also had websites, stories that appeared in both places were included in the study once, as long as the text of the article was identical in each location.
Four weekly community papers in Denver—the Lakewood Sentinel, Westminster Window, Centennial Citizen and Highlands Ranch Herald—are all part of the Colorado Community Media company and shared some, but not all, content. Stories that appeared in more than one of the papers were counted once in our sample.
For websites, every story that appeared on the home page of the site was coded, along with the top three stories located on the inside pages (as long as they were not duplicates of stories on the home page). Weather widgets or other automated elements such as sports scores or stock information were excluded.
For broadcast content, every local story that appeared during the time frame examined was coded. For television stations that offered more than one news program per day, the latest hour of local news broadcast in the mornings, the latest hour of early evening news if it existed (5-7 p.m.), and 30 minutes of the late night news (10 p.m. or later) were included.
For all Spanish-language content, both broadcast and print stories, a fluent Spanish speaker translated the articles into English so that a member of the coding team could analyze each story accordingly.
Note: All local stories that met the above criteria were captured and coded, regardless of topic. Due to the prevalence and commonality of sports, traffic and weather forecast stories, much of the data in the report are reported excluding those three topics. The report notes whether each data reference includes or excludes those categories of stories.
Story Codes
The data in this study were created by a team of six experienced coders under supervision by a senior researcher.
The method of coding was the same that had been used in many previous Pew Research studies and has been refined over years of research.
Word Counts
To determine the word counts for print and online stories, whenever text was available in a digital format, researchers copied the text into Microsoft Word and recorded the result. When text was available only in hard copy, researchers counted the number of lines in the story and estimated the total word count accordingly.
For online stories that had audio and/or video components, the word count value was determined by adding the number of words in text to a value derived from the length of the audio or video piece. To arrive at that value, the length of the story in seconds was multiplied by four. Therefore, a 30-second long video would be given a value of 120 words. Pew Research has tested this method before and found it is an effective way to weight online videos accurately. (Some websites included long videos that lasted 30 minutes or more. Any video that came to a value of more than 10,000 was changed to equal 10,000 so that no single page had a disproportionate impact on the overall totals.)
Intercoder Testing
Each coder trained with a senior researcher for approximately two weeks to learn the codebook for this project.
All "housekeeping" variables (such as source, date, byline, start time, end time and format) have been used in many previous Pew Research studies and tested on numerous occasions. Those variables each consistently reach a level of agreement of at least 80%, and usually much higher.
To demonstrate the validity of the coding rules that were specific for this project, intercoder testing was conducted on all the complex variables.
For the following codes, 33 randomly selected stories were coded by all members of the coding team. The percent of agreement on each variable was:
Dateline—85%
Word count—87%
Reported story vs. opinion/commentary: 92%
Geographic focus—81%
Broad story topic—83%
Story trigger—84%
Big story/major storyline—100%
Citizen engagement—91%
Embedded links (online only)—87%
Referral to other internal content—95%
Referral to external content—90%
Presence of the 30 different categories of sources cited (combined)—95%
One of the biggest challenges for coding broadcast content is how to break up stories during various news segments. Pew Research has perfected a method to do this over years of reports. However, it is important to conduct tests to for every project to ensure consistency. For this project, all coders were given three separate television shows to code, and 89% of the time they agreed on how to break up the stories.
Identification of News Providers and Website Audit
This report—a study of the local news ecosystem in three American cities—involved a number of different research components, including a survey of residents, content analysis, social media data-mining, site visits and direct interviews.
One of the initial steps involved the identification of news providers in each locale (Denver, Macon and Sioux City). After news providers were identified and cataloged, researchers conducted an audit of their websites.
Provider identification began in May 2014 and was largely concluded in July, though a handful of providers were discovered later and added to the study. The majority of audits were conducted in July 2014, with additional audits conducted between September 2014 and February 2015.
Identification of the Universe of Local News Providers
Researchers took several steps to identify the universe of local news providers in each of the three metropolitan areas. The goal was to identify not only the traditional providers that were a part of the mainstream legacy media (newspapers, magazines, local TV stations, commercial and public radio) but also digital-only news websites, blogs, and civic and political institutions that provide some original news amid their other offerings. The various steps, which overlapped some in timing, were as follows:
Database Aggregation: Analysts consulted existing lists and databases of news outlets compiled by external sources as well as those that had been produced for earlier Pew Research projects. Among the sources consulted were:
J-Lab Knight Community News Network
Michele McLellan's list of promising local news sites
Nieman Journalism Lab Encyclo
Columbia Journalism Review Guide to Online News Startups
Investigative News Network member list
Editor & Publisher Data Book
BIA/Kelsey
Local Leader Consultation: Researchers consulted with local leaders in the business, philanthropic and academic communities for information about key local news providers in each respective city.
Web Searches: Researchers conducted multipronged web searches with standardized search terms to identify any other possible of news providers in each city.
Mainstream news searches used "[city name] + news" and type of publication such as newspaper, television, radio or blog.
Lists of neighborhoods or local communities—often available from government sites—helped researchers identify both weekly community newspapers and potential providers of hyperlocal news such as neighborhood associations or listservs. Web searches were also conducted using the standardized terms of "[town] + news" and "[county] + news" in each town of 1000+ residents in the MSA, and each county in the MSA and cross-referenced with lists on each state's newspaper association website.
Searches to identify the universe of niche, nonprofit or digital-only news publications were conducted using the combination of topical terms (such as "health," "politics," "energy," "environment" and so on, with "[city name] + news." The full list of topical terms included in these searches is as follows:
African American/Hispanic
Homelessness/homeless
Researchers also searched for potential news providers among a range of civic and municipal organizations in each of the three metropolitan areas using the following standardized list:
Regional government
City/County government
Mayor/City council
Public schools/Board of Education
Emergency management/Weather
Public utilities (water, gas, electric)
Visitors and/or Convention Center
Public transportation (bus, rail)
Analysts conducted similar broad web searches to identify state-level news outlets that may have been producing news about the Denver, Macon or Sioux City metropolitan areas.
Blogger identification: In addition to these targeted web searches, researchers specifically queried two popular blogging platforms—blogspot.com and wordpress.com—for each city. Using Google's advanced search tool, we searched each platform using the city and state names. To prevent restaurant websites from clouding our searches, our results filtered out webpages that contained the word "menu." For each city, the top 200 results were reviewed. At that point, the decision to continue was based on whether any of the last 40 results had yielded a webpage that met criteria for inclusion. As a result, in Denver, the top 530 blogging websites on these platforms were reviewed. In addition, we then queried the local newspaper archives to examine whether they had cited a local blog in the past.
News Provider Classification
The assessment of whether or not to include an outlet as a news provider was based on the following predetermined set of guidelines.
A local news provider was included in the study if all of the following criteria were met:
It produced original content, including news reports, multimedia, commentary or analysis that was produced by the outlet being analyzed
It had published within the past 30 days
It provided timely content of interest to the local community—accounts of events and issues that matter to Denver, Macon, Sioux City and their surrounding suburbs
If a state-level provider, it had published news about the local community of interest within the previous seven days
Blogs or verticals within a legacy outlet that had a standalone website independent of the legacy parent
Researchers excluded outlets that were primarily listings of entertainment events or sports scores, public relations vehicles, advocacy organizations, local businesses or news aggregators.
In all, analysts identified a total of 198 outlets: 143 in Denver, 24 in Macon and 31 in Sioux City. Of these, the websites of 170 were analyzed further, in an audit.
Website Audit Protocol
Pew analysts audited the websites of all identified news providers—or a modified audit in cases where outlets had only a minimal web presence or none at all—using a codebook specifically designed for this phase of the study. The codebook had a total of 13 variables:
Source (name of outlet)
Date of audit
Link to website home page
Frequency of updates: How often was the website updated with local news content? For example, was it updated several times a day, at least daily, several times a week, etc.
Volume of original content: How much original content appears on the home page? Were there 1-5 stories, 6-10 stories, 11-20 stories or more than 20 stories?
Level of original content: What was the level of original content on the home page within the last week? Was it all original content, some original content, or none?
Type of news outlet or organization: Classifies the outlet as print, television, radio, digital only, multiplatform/other.
Geographic focus of outlet: Does the outlet typically focus on news that is single- neighborhood, multiple neighborhoods, city or county-wide, or statewide?
Focus of coverage: What is the primary focus of coverage of the outlet? Is it general interest news, politics and government, sports, lifestyle, public services, education, crime, business, religion or other?
Requests for user-generated content: Does the outlet provide a vehicle for community engagement, and if so, in what form? For example, options for community engagement included a comment section, a discussion section, a place to invite user tips or a place on the site for citizen-generated content.
Video/audio: Is video or audio available on the home page?
Open data: Are there any open data sets available on the home page, and if so, what kind?
Facebook/Twitter presence: Does the outlet have a presence on Facebook and/or Twitter? If so, has there been any activity within the past seven days?
As a part of the Local News in the Digital Age project, Pew Research Center examined two social networks—Facebook and Twitter—to better understand how local news is shared and discussed on social media. Both of these sites present different research challenges. The same procedures were followed for each of the three cities included in this project.
The social media landscape is complex and large, making it difficult to provide a completely exhaustive account even for an individual town or city. The steps detailed here were taken to reliably identify as many Twitter accounts, webpages, blogs and organizations that are active on social media. While there may be some omissions, they are few and far between and are unlikely to significantly alter the analysis.
The goal of this portion of the project was to analyze conversations on Twitter that occurred in the three geographic areas studied. However, location data from tweets is sparse and unreliable. Previous studies suggest about 2% or fewer of Twitter users have opted in to the feature that geotags their tweets.
Most studies that rely on this geotagging are able to map only a small portion of the activity on Twitter. For this study, researchers attempted to get as full a picture of all Twitter activity in the given areas. Researchers used a thorough strategy to gather as many tweets as possible, even if they had no geographic metadata available.
Researchers began the process by creating a list of Twitter handles gathered from the audit portion of the media ecosystems project. This list consists of all the Twitter handles we could find for news organizations, government entities, schools, neighborhood associations and any other organization connected to the community that was included in the audit and had a Twitter handle. For this initial list there were 109 handles in Denver, 19 in Sioux City and 22 in Macon. This list is referred to as the "audit list" below.
All Twitter data were pulled using the Twitter "firehose," which is Twitter's application programming interface (API) access to all tweets and associated metadata. Access to the firehose was provided to the Pew Research Center by GNIP.
From there researchers took the following steps:
Researchers pulled all of the tweets from the audit list. Researchers collected the tweets for the same five-day range for each city on which the content analysis took place in 2014 (Macon, June 9-13; Denver, June 16-20; Sioux City, June 23-27). There are restrictions on how much data can be pulled from the Twitter firehose at any given time. These time periods were chosen to limit the total amount of data pulled, as well as coincide with the content analysis portion of the study.
Researchers analyzed the resulting corpus of tweets for any Twitter handles that either @mentioned a handle in the audit list or retweeted a tweet from the audit list. This resulted in roughly 30,000 new Twitter handles across the three cities. All of the tweets were then pulled for these new handles for the same date range noted above. This method is sometimes referred to as "snowball sampling" or "chain sampling."
This process created a very large corpus of around 4.7 million tweets across the three cities.
Many of the tweets were not related to the geographic areas being studied. Researchers then applied several filters to the data set. The goal was to narrow the Twitter conversation as much as possible to "local" news and discussion of local topics or events. To further refine this process we eliminated Twitter handles and tweets using several criteria:
Tweets not in ASCII characters (this would include languages such as Arabic or Chinese).
Tweets sent from outside the United States (based on the small minority of tweets that were geotagged).
Twitter handles self-identified as living outside the United States.
Tweets in each city were analyzed using a tool designed by the analytics company Crimson Hexagon to determine the top hashtags and terms being used during the time frame. (For Macon, additional analysis was done in Excel with researchers reading each tweet and associated metadata. Sioux City and Denver had far too many tweets for this method.) From those results a list of terms was created to exclude tweets based on topics that were obviously national or international in nature and therefore not locally oriented. For example, the World Cup was happening during the time period so #worldcup tweets were removed.
Once these tweets were collected and culled, researchers used several tools to help analyze this large data set. Part of the analysis was done in Excel and part was done in the statistical package R, which was used to handle a much larger volume of tweets than is possible in Excel.
The study of Facebook provides different challenges than the study of Twitter. What content is accessible to the public, and therefore accessible for this study, is up to each Facebook user individually.
To analyze the diffusion of news stories across on Facebook in the three cities, researchers began with targeted news pages as a point of entry. Researchers collected our corpus of related Facebook pages through Facebook's API.
Researchers first conducted targeted searches on Google for each town and possible news topics (e.g. "Macon politics," "Macon health"). Researchers also searched blogspot.com and wordpress.com, two of the most popular blog domains, for "Macon Georgia," or the name of the respective town. After identifying whether the webpages within these search results contained local news, we identified whether any of the relevant websites had Facebook pages.
To supplement our initial list, researchers attempted to find additional pages through Facebook's search function. However, the results were difficult to navigate. Facebook's search is designed to give personalized results depending on the searcher. Therefore, researchers used Google's advanced search function to search Facebook's domain for "Macon Georgia news" and "Macon Georgia community." The identical search process was used for Sioux City and Denver. The results captured Facebook pages of organizations that likely had a large presence on Facebook in the correct geographic areas.
Lastly, researchers used the initial list of page's "likes" to create a snowball sample of Facebook pages for related politicians, journalists, news personalities and public figures whom we did not previously have. This is a similar tactic to what was done with Twitter. It was an attempt to find accounts connected to the audit list, in the case of Facebook using "likes." The analysis contains data collected from this corpus.
It is important to note that there will be a small number of comments that cannot be captured due to individual privacy settings or deletions. There are also a small number of posts that will have been deleted or changed between the captures of Facebook pages, creating minor differences between the post counts for the various levels of granularity of the data. Because the differences are so small, they will not significantly alter our analyses.
Using the public Facebook API, researchers gathered up to 250 of the most recent posts to the target Facebook pages within the time window. Researchers also limited collection to 5,000 comments per individual post. The data include posts from page administrators and, if the administrators allowed, individuals who may also post on the pages.
Researchers collected data for posts to targeted Facebook pages made June 4-18, 2014, a two-week window including a few days before and after the five-day target time of June 9-13, when the content analysis portion of the study was conducted.
The data were collected on July 28-29 using the public Facebook API.
The corpus includes 65 pages, with 17 of those pages having zero posts within our time frame, resulting in 48 pages for further analyses.
The 48 pages include 1,829 posts, 4,475 commenters, and 7,608 comments. A total of 259 comments could not be captured due to privacy settings or deletion, resulting in the content of 7,349 comments.
Researchers collected data for posts to targeted Facebook pages made June 11-25, 2014, a two-week window including a few days before and after the five-day target time of June 16-20, when the content analysis portion of the study was conducted.
The data were collected July 25-27 using the public Facebook API.
The corpus includes 186 pages, with 46 of those pages having zero posts within the time frame, leaving us with 140 pages for further analyses.
The 186 pages include 4,785 posts, 20,693 commenters and 40,989 comments. A total of 11 posts and 4,448 comments could not be captured due to privacy settings or deletion, resulting in the content of 4,774 posts and 36,541 comments.
Researchers collected data for posts to targeted Facebook pages made June 18-July 2, 2014, a two-week window including a few days before and after the five-day target time of June 23-27, when the content analysis portion of the study was conducted.
The data were collected August 25-27.
The corpus includes 50 pages, with three of those pages having zero posts within the time frame, resulting in 47 pages for further analyses.
The 50 pages include 1,737 posts, 1,915 commenters and 3,371 comments. A total of 99 comments could not be captured due to privacy settings or deletion, resulting in the content of 3,272 comments.
According to Nielsen, a DMA region is a group of counties that form an exclusive geographic area in which the home market television stations hold a dominance of total hours viewed. There are 210 DMA regions, covering the entire continental United States, Hawaii, and parts of Alaska. For the purposes of this report, researchers used the 2013-14 local television market ranks, provided by Nielsen on January 1, 2014. ↩
In Macon, the independent TV station WPGA was not available on Critical Mention, the service used to access TV news. There were also technical problems in capturing news from the radio station WMAC. In Sioux City, the website for The Alcester Union & Hudsonite was not accessible (the paper has since closed). In Denver, there were three sites in languages other than English or Spanish that researchers were unable to accurately translate and analyze (Chinese American Post, Colorado Chinese News and Gorizont). ↩
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How Demographics Play Into Local News Habits: A Visual Display
2015 Local News in a Digital Age Dataset
The News Environment in Denver, Colorado
The News Environment in Macon, Georgia
The News Environment in Sioux City, Iowa
Local News Interest High Across the Board; Specific Habits Vary
Race and Ethnicity in the Local News Ecosystem
Digital Differences Across Local Communities
Engagement in and Satisfaction with One's City Connect to Stronger News Habits
Facebook and Twitter—New but Limited Parts of the Local News System
Legacy Outlets Drive the News Agenda, but Specialty Providers Diversify the Ecosystem
Appendix: Descriptions of the Week's Major Storylines for Each City
PublicationsDec 3, 2015
InteractivesMar 5, 2015
Journalism Partnerships
ReportMar 26, 2014
A Boom in Acquisitions and Content Sharing Shapes Local TV News in 2013