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Few countries could surpass Lithuania in size and lavishness of its churches if you take local population numbers into account. Furthermore, Lithuanian art of making elaborate crosses is inscribed in the UNESCO list of immaterial world heritage.
Nowhere this is felt more than in the Hill of Crosses (a unique-in-the-world site where millions of pilgrims have erected hundreds of thousands of crosses over more than a century). Arguably it is the most famous sight in Lithuania. A symbol of religion, anti-Soviet resistance and a powerful work of art all at once the Hill of Crosses impresses Christians and non-Christians alike.
View from one of the 'summits' of the Hill of Crosses. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
Religiously however the center of Catholic life in Lithuania is in Šiluva. In this Samogitian village the Europe's first church-recognised apparition of Virgin Mary took place in 1608. The yearly celebrations (September 8th-16th) attract many thousands.
Almost every Lithuanian town and larger village have a Catholic church that feels far too massive for the settlement's population. This is because Catholicism always dominated the religious landscape (80%+ follows it) and there was no serious religious fragmentation for centuries. The older town and village churches (pre-1860) are typically smaller and wooden while the early 20th-century revivalist ones easily dwarf their surroundings in size. There is even a separate Lithuanian word meaning "Village with a Catholic church" (bažnytkaimis).
Rokiškis town church (1877) is considered among the best examples of Gothic Revival in Lithuania. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
The most impressive collection of churches is in Vilnius Old Town where there are almost 30 such pearls of Gothic and Baroque. Most famous are St. Anne (for its exterior), Divine Mercy and the Gate of Dawn (both for miraculous paintings with worldwide following). Other boroughs of Vilnius also have a fair share of imposing churches (St. Peter and Paul being the most famous). So does the city of Kaunas.
In cities and towns one may also find Russian Orthodox churches. The largest and most important ones are once again in Vilnius where Holy Spirit church includes bodies of three Orthodox saints. Old Believer, Lutheran, Reformed Christian, Eastern Rite Catholic, Jewish, Muslim and Karaite religious buildings also exist, many of them predating the 20th century.
There is a long tradition in Lithuania of erecting crosses, chapels and chapel-posts (miniature chapels) at roadsides, cemeteries and courtyards. Countless of them were destroyed by the Soviet occupational power but many still remain. Some locations known as the holy places (šventvietė) became minor replicas of the Hill of Crosses.
See also: Religions in Lithuania, Christian holidays in Lithuania.
Map of main religious places and churches in Lithuania. Note: Lithuania has hundreds of beautiful churches and it is impossible to mark them all. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
Click to learn more about Lithuania: Religious sites, Sights No Comments
Hill of Crosses
The most important place of interest in the area is the Hill of Crosses north of Šiauliai. Visited both by pilgrims and irreligious tourists this place is a remarkable symbol of Lithuanian peaceful resistance to the Soviet occupation. People used to bring crosses to a hill once crowned by a medieval castle. The atheist Soviet government used to tear all the crosses down and persecute the pilgrims, but very soon the crosses would spring up again, restoring the number to hundreds and thousands.
This Virgin Mary statue (erected by a visitor in 1994) became popular for pilgrimage as evident by many small crosses hanging on the large crosses that surround it. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
In 1990 when Lithuanian independence was restored 14 387 large crosses and 40 944 small crosses were counted, covering an area of 4602 square meters. By 2007 the number surpassed 200 000. In 1997 a Franciscan monastery was built next to the hill. The monastery chapel (open for visiting) has a large window with the hill visible in the background instead of altar paintings.
The atmosphere in the Hill of Crosses may be surreal. Thousands of large wooden crosses are used as platforms for many times that number of small ones, all of which beautifully chime in the wind. Most of them bear inscriptions with names of the people and their reasons for erecting the cross. There are crosses built by biker clubs, political parties, ordinary families, pilgrims from far away lands, priests and every other category of people you may imagine. They thank God or ask for his guidance, remember life-changing events, seek help for some particular groups of the population. The inscriptions are largely Lithuanian, but you may find those in countless other languages representing different Christian denominations. The crosses are eagerly erected up to this day as you can see in the recent dates inscribed on some of the crosses.
A part of the Hill of the Crosses in winter. In this season you may have the place all to yourself, meditate or pray with hundreds of thousands of little crosses chiming in the cold wind. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
The tradition of erecting crosses here might have started under Imperial Russian rule in the mid-19th century. A legend tells that one person from Jurgaičiai promised God that he would build a cross on this hill in case his disease would pass. The disease passed and the man kept his promise - later to be followed by others. There are other stories, such as the one about a person whose daughter was ill and who received a vision that he should build a cross there. Whatever the reasons for its inception the place became an important pilgrimage site and erecting a cross here became a popular way to thank God.
The Lithuanian art of cross-crafting (kryždirbystė) is inscribed into the UNESCO list of immaterial world heritage. Not long ago most of Lithuania's roads were adorned by many large wooden crosses. Today there are few roadside crosses left but the Hill of Crosses is an important monument to this art. 50 of its crosses are regarded to be of major cultural significance.
Pope John Paul II visited the Hill of Crosses in 1993.
Click to learn more about Lithuania: Religious sites, Samogitia (Northwest), Šiauliai 12 Comments
Šiluva Virgin Mary Shrine and Tytuvėnai Monastery
World's second earliest Church-recognised apparition of Mary (after the Virgin of Guadalupe) took place in Lithuania, in the Samogitian village of Šiluva. In 1608 the Virgin appeared to various local people protesting the destruction of a local church.
The church has been more than rebuilt: a long rectangular Christian-themed plaza now dominates the village. At its northern end stands the 1786 Baroque minor basilica of Our Lady of Šiluva with its miraculous altar painting. At the opposite end, the 1924 chapel by Antoni Wiwulski (a genius of monolith architecture) marks the exact place of the apparition. It is surrounded by graves of notable Samogitians. 40 m tall and much less wide the obelisk-like square chapel is unusual in Christian architecture. The centerpoint of its interior is appropriately left for a statue of the Virgin (surrounded by the faithful from every side during the daily Holy Mass).
Main plaza of Šiluva with the chapel in the background. Statues of Virgin Mary and Pope John Paul II (who visited Šiluva in 1993), stone crosses and wooden figures surround it. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
Each September 8th-16th the square itself becomes a large open-air church as tens of thousands of pilgrims arrive here from all over the world. Prior to the World War 2, massive processions used to depart from every Lithuanian town for a tiresome walk to Šiluva. Soviets persecuted this tradition, arrested local priests and blocked roads, yet Šiluva remained the religious heart of Lithuania to this day.
Tytuvėnai town, 8 km north of Šiluva, is home to a 17th-18th century Bernardine monastery. Closed in 1863 by the Russian Empire it has been long abandoned, retaining the original atmosphere. In the cloister, you may easily imagine monks praying at the centuries-old murals and reliefs that adorn massive arcaded walls which hide the modern-era life outside. The monastery also includes a still-used lavish church, a partly repaired former monk dormitory, and the Holy Stairs chapel (1775) with stairs that should be both ascended and descended kneeling.
The cloister of Tytuvėnai monastery. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
Šiluva and Tytuvėnai may be explored as a detour while traversing the Vilnius/Kaunas-Klapėda highway. It may also be easily combined with a visit to the former centers of Samogitia Kražiai, Varniai and Rietavas, with Kražiai being some 30 km west of Tytuvėnai and others further on.
Click to learn more about Lithuania: Religious sites, Samogitia (Northwest) 4 Comments
Historical Heartland of Samogitia: Kražiai, Varniai, Rietavas
In three small towns of central Samogitia, several out-of-scale buildings divulge their past importance. These are Kražiai, Varniai, and Rietavas, the political, religious, cultural and educational centers of western Lithuania in the 15th-19th centuries.
Kražiai, the original capital of Samogitia (1416-1464). The 1762 Late Baroque church here became notable again in 1893 when a mass of people protested the Russian Imperial decision to close it down. This led to a Cossack massacre of the unarmed Lithuanian peasants (9 killed, 53 injured, 150 arrested) which triggered an outrage in the religious 19th century Christian world that in turn saved the church from demolition (but not closure). Only a belfry remains from a much older wooden church (established in 1416). Kražiai's third church was at the former Jesuit college. Today's sleepy village hardly reminds an education center but it attracted many students from afar in 1614-1844. Recently restored former dormitory (bursa) is a witness of this era.
Church of Kražiai. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
In 1464 the center of Samogitian diocese was moved 28 kilometers west to Varniai. Two churches (one brick, one wooden) remind of that town former importance, as does the recently rebuilt 53 m tall tower of former priest seminary (1770), now home to the diocesan museum.
Baroque St. Peter and Paul church with 11 altars (left) and the priest seminary tower (right) in Varniai. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
Rietavas, 33 km further west, is centered around a large neo-Romanesque church built in 1873. This was the golden age of the Oginskis family. Technology-loving dukes of Rietavas also constructed Lithuania's first telephone line (1882) and power station (1892), established a famous music school in what were the last years when manors rather than cities were the source of progress and culture in Lithuania. The towered Oginskis Palace did not survive the trials of history, but other buildings of the manor did. Today Rietavas is also known for its bustling bazaar-like market which occupies a disused airfield every Sunday morning, attracting buyers and sellers from all over Samogitia and beyond.
Kražiai-Varniai-Rietavas route may be explored as a detour while traversing the Vilnius/Kaunas-Klapėda highway. It may also be easily combined with a visit to Šiluva Virgin Mary Shrine and Tytuvėnai Monastery, both some 30 km east of Kražiai.
Click to learn more about Lithuania: Religious sites, Samogitia (Northwest), Towns 19 Comments
Pažaislis Monastery and Kaunas Reservoir Area
The Pažaislis monastery dating to the 17th-18th centuries is a wonderful example of late baroque. The central domed church is surrounded by additional buildings forming several courtyards. Pažaislis monastery grand courtyard is the place for closing concerts of the annual Pažaislis festival of classical music.
The monastery may be visited for a fee every day except for the "Days of silence" that are declared by local nuns. It is to the east of Kaunas city center.
A part of Pažaislis monastery. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
The monastery now stands next to the Kaunas Reservoir (Kauno marios) made after the Kaunas Hydroelectric Plant dammed the Nemunas river in the 1960s. The reservoir submerged many villages yet it created a popular place for recreation. North of the monastery Kaunas yacht club stands with many affluent people of Kaunas owning yachts in the Kauno marios. Others may be sunbathing or swimming in its beaches available on all shores of the Reservoir, including near Pažaislis Monastery.
Petrašiūnai cemetery (2 km walk from Pažaislis monastery) is the burial place for the famous people of Kaunas (previously of whole Lithuania). The pantheon is in northeast divided into sections by occupation (scientists, priests, sportsmen, artists, Soviet political prisoners...). Alpinist section styled as a hill is interesting. World-famous burials include archeologist Marija Gimbutienė (Gimbutas) and semiotic Algirdas Greimas.
Petrašiūnai cemetery. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
Pažaislis may be reached by trolleybuses (Kauno marios stop).
Click to learn more about Lithuania: Kaunas, Kaunas by borough (district), Religious sites No Comments
Churches of the Vilnius Old Town
Some of the more impressive or important churches of Vilnius Old Town are described here. Unfortunately only several among them survived the Soviet occupation without getting closed (Saint Nicholas, Saint Theresa, Holy Spirit and Saint Ann Roman Catholic churches and all the Russian Orthodox churches except for Paraskeviya). The closures meant not only a cease on celebrating the Holy Mass, but also massive desecrations, ransackings, and remodeling as the buildings were put to other uses (sports halls, warehouses, museums). As such the interiors of these once closed churches were heavily hit and many are not yet completely restored. That said, the exteriors are now largely restored.
In total, there are 28 churches in Vilnius Old Town elderate (one church per every 700 inhabitants). Of them, 21 are Roman Catholic and 4 are Russian Orthodox. Lutheran, Reformed and Eastern Rite Catholic communities have one church each. All non-catholic churches are working, but 6 of the Catholic churches have not yet reopened after the Soviet occupation.
Part of the Vilnius Old Town skyline with its houses of worship marked by denominations. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
Katedros Square and the Castle hill area
*Vilnius Cathedral is the seat of the Vilnius archdiocese. The cathedral's orderly white Neo-Classical interior dating to 1801 makes it hard to believe that this is the earliest established church in Vilnius. The earlier centuries are visible in side chapels that come in every architectural style that was once popular in Lithuania. The bottom half of Cathedral belfry is, in fact, a former defensive tower of the Vilnius lower castle. Tiles of different color mark the places in the square where the defensive wall used to stand. Additionally, you may visit the Cathedral cellar with its crypts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania luminaries.
*Saint Ann church (1500) is a gothic masterpiece. Its extremely elaborate facade is small by medieval church standards and is out-flanked by nearby gothic Saint Francis Church (1516) that is larger but lacking interesting facade and with its interior damaged by the Soviet desecration. Saint Francis church includes a monastery notable for owning an internet news website. It also celebrates Roman Catholic mass in English every Sunday.
Flamboyant facade of the Saint Ann church. The belfry on the right was constructed later (1802). The Saint Francis of Assisi church is in the background. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
*Saint Michael church (1594) is a late Renaissance church that once served the local nunnery. Soviets turned the church into a museum of architecture. While not reopened the church now houses a more appropriate museum of religious art.
*Russian Orthodox Cathedral of Ascension is the most important Russian Orthodox religious building in Lithuania. Originally built in 1348 under Grand Duke Algirdas, it saw mixed fortunes, including abandonment and non-religious usage after the 1748 fire of Vilnius. It was returned to the Church by Russian Imperial government in 1868 (which also commissioned a major reconstruction work).
Rotušės Square and the Gate of Dawn area
*Saint Nicholas Russian Orthodox church once looked much more western until Russian Empire rebuilt it in its showcase neo-Byzantine style (mid-19th century). Today it is probably the most beautiful among Russian Orthodox churches of Vilnius.
*Saint Casimir Jesuit church completed in 1616 is early baroque. Its large dome is well visible from the City Hall (Rotušės) square.
Baroque Saint Casimir church (1616) in the Rotušės square.
*Graceful Virgin Mary church is the only single-towered Baroque church in Lithuania. Constructed in 1768 it is now abandoned as the Soviets completely destroyed the interior which makes any possible renovation extremely costly.
*Following Rūdninkų street south from Rotušės square will lead you to the Church of All Saints and a former Carmelite monastery (1630, early baroque).
*The Gate of Dawn is the only remaining historical gate to Vilnius city. It is also a chapel notable for its miraculous painting of Virgin Mary that is visible to everybody passing the gate. Some people makes the sign of the cross when passing the gate. Back to the years before the Soviet occupation, it was common to kneel a pray here right in the street. Religious goods are still sold in the surrounding areas. Many Lithuanian emigrant churches have been dedicated to Our Lady of Vilnius (Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn) as this is one of Lithuania's most important religious places.
*A monumental gate to the right when you come towards the Gate of Dawn from the Old Town side leads to the Eastern Rite Catholic church of Holy Trinity (1516, Baroque). The gate is perhaps the most impressive part of its edifices that once housed a large monastery. The church itself is still used but quite derelict.
*A small gate to the left when you come to the Gate of Dawn from the Old Town side leads to the Russian Orthodox church of Holy Spirit. Here is the only Russian Orthodox monastery in Lithuania. Three saints are interred in front of the iconostasis.
*In the Aušros vartų (Gate of Dawn) street itself a Baroque (1650) Roman Catholic Saint Theresa church proudly stands.
*Following the Subačiaus street that branches east from the Aušros Vartų street you will reach the crumbling beauty of two Baroque churches in the former monasteries, both closed and not reopened: the Lord Ascension church (1730) as well as the Jesus Heart church (1765).
Lord Ascension (towered) and Jesus Heart (domed) churches as they are visible from Saint John church tower.
Pilies, Šv. Jono, Dominikonų, and Trakų streets
*Church of Saints Johns (1426 - 1610, Pilies Street) belongs to Vilnius University rather than the Roman Catholic archdiocese. Mass is celebrated here but it is also the place where students eventually receive their diplomas. The front rows are reserved to the academia. The tower of the Church of Saints Johns is the tallest spire in Vilnius at 68 meters. You can ascend in a newly installed elevator and see the best views of Vilnius Old Town.
*Shrine of the Divine Mercy (Dominikonų street) is dedicated to a single miraculous painting that adorns its altar. This work of art represents Divine Mercy and it was inspired by visions received by nun Faustina Kowalska in 1931. This is a bit of Vilnius history that has spread to all Catholic nations of the world and beyond as copies of the Divine Mercy painting be found in churches as far as the Marshall Islands in Polynesia. The Vatican dedicated the year 2011 to Divine Mercy (the veneration of which started in Vilnius).
*Holy Spirit church is the home of the Polish community. While Polish mass is celebrated in many churches of Vilnius only in this church there is no mass celebrated in any other language than Polish. Its interior is very elaborate Baroque one and dates to 1776. The church survived without major closures or desecrations. The nearby monastery is, unfortunately, derelict and closed. In the crypts bellow the church mummified bodies lay buried giving rise to many legends (closed to visiting).
Interior of the Holy Spirit church. A copy of the Divine Mercy painting in the center. The original used to hang here before it was transferred to a devoted shrine nearby. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
*Lutheran church is hidden in a courtyard of Vokiečių (German) street. Originally serving German traders it took centuries to establish a Lithuanian congregation. Today the church also serve tourist and expatriate protestants with English mass.
*Standing in a narrow Mikalojaus street Saint Nicholas Roman Catholic church is the oldest church in Vilnius. Built for a community of German Hanseatic merchants in 1320 this Gothic church is so small because Lithuanians were still Pagan at the time. The interior vault decor showing human-faced Sun and Moon reminds that the artists who painted it were most likely Pagan. This church always had Lithuanian language mass celebrated even under the Polish rule (1922 - 1939) when only several percents of Vilnius inhabitants spoke Lithuanian as their native language. It was among the few churches not closed down by the Soviets. Hence its interior includes patriotic motives such as a statue of Grand Duke Vytautas the Great.
*Saint Catherine church (1743) is a Baroque pearl in Vilniaus street. Closed and desecrated by the Soviets it was never reopened and currently serves as a concert hall. Damaged sculptures of the saints provide a unique atmosphere for what are mostly alternative music concerts (ethnic, religious, sung poetry, a capella, and other genres).
*Gothic Church of Virgin Mary Ascension (1421) in Trakų street is slowly coming up from Soviet desecration; its massive interior still quite plain. The extensive nearby building once housed a Franciscan monastery but is now painstakingly restored as offices.
Church of Virgin Mary Ascension interior. The Soviet-looted churches such as Virgin Mary Ascension still have a lot of scars in their interiors as massive costs slow down their rejuvenation. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
*In Pylimo street beyond the former (demolished) city gate at Trakų street stands the neoclassical Reformed Christian church of Vilnius (1835). Having lost its roof statues to Soviet atheist fervor the church still boasts a grand ceiling.
See article on the Old Town for a map of all the church locations.
Click to learn more about Lithuania: Religious sites, Vilnius, Vilnius by topic 12 Comments
Vilnius Churches Outside Old Town
The following are several of the most iconic Christian churches outside the Vilnius Old Town.
*Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul (Antakalnis borough, 1675) has the prettiest interior in Vilnius. It includes over 2000 white statues and bas-reliefs made to reflect the idea that life is a theater. Many Biblical scenes are depicted here in this uniform way.
*Church of the Finding of the Holy Cross(Verkiai borough, 1772, Baroque) was once built outside the city limits. It is famous for its Via Dolorosa, an 18th-century system of forest paths with chapels reminding of various events during the passion of the Christ. Unfortunately, Soviets destroyed 31 out of 35 stations in 1962. However, now the chapels are rebuilt and the several kilometers long route through local woods makes a good hike.
*Church of Blessed Jurgis Matulaitis (Karoliniškės borough, see "Soviet districts") was started in 1991 and frankly never completed. It is consecrated now and the Holy Mass is celebrated, but without the envisioned tower this brutalist building looks blunt. It is a good reminder of the early independence era when the Roman Catholic church used the newly gained religious freedom to build new churches in formerly "atheist" Soviet boroughs and towns. Construction and real estate was unbelievably cheap at the time, but not for long. Therefore many early 1990s church designs had to be simplified or canceled altogether. Other 1990s Catholic churches in Vilnius (St. John Bosco in Lazdynai and St. Joseph in Pilaitė) are smaller. Contemporary LDS (Mormon) ward in Baltupiai, New Apostle Church in Rasos, and Tikėjimo žodis in Pilaitė signifies that 1990s religious freedom also brought in new denominations.
Church of Blessed Jurgis Matulaitis in Karoliniškės. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
*The Russian Orthodox churches were built in every new borough of Vilnius in the 19th century under the rule of the Russian Empire. The Constantine and Michael Church (commonly known as Romanov church as it was constructed for the 300 years jubilee of the Romanov dynasty in 1909) is in Naujamiestis, the Znamenskaya Church (1903) in Žvėrynas and the beautiful Saint Alexander Nevsky church (1865) in Naujininkai . Šnipiškės has the Saint Michael Russian Orthodox church (1895) at the main Kalvarijų street, surrounded by single floored buildings once meant for teaching purposes. All these are built on Neobyzanthic style. There are more Orthodox churches and chapels dating to this era but the aforementioned four are the largest.
Znamenskaya Russian Orthodox church in Žvėrynas on the other side of the contemporary Žvėrynas bridge (1906). ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
For the locations of the churches see the maps of particular districts.
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Zwischendeich ist ein Ortsteil der amtsfreien Stadt Wittenberge im Landkreis Prignitz in Brandenburg.

Geographie
Der Ort liegt einen Kilometer nordöstlich der Elbe, vier Kilometer südöstlich von Wittenberge und neun Kilometer nordnordöstlich von der Hansestadt Seehausen (Altmark). Er ist umgeben vom FFH-Gebiet Elbdeichvorland, dem Vogelschutzgebiet Unteres Elbtal, dem Naturschutzgebiet Wittenberge-Rühstädter Elbniederung, dem Biosphärenreservat Flusslandschaft Elbe und dem Landschaftsschutzgebiet Brandenburgische Elbtalaue.

Nachbarorte sind im Norden Garsedow, einschließlich des dortigen Wohnplatzes Wallhöfe und Lütjenheide mit dem dazugehörigen Wohnplatz Berghöfe, Hinzdorf im Osten, Schadebeuster im Süden, sowie Losenrade jenseits von Elbe und Landesgrenze im Westen.

Geschichte
1375 wurde Zwischendeich erstmals in den Schreibweisen Duschendiche und Tuschendiche schriftlich erwähnt. 1506 finden sich Belege mit der Ortsbezeichnung tuschen Dykes. Für 1640 ist belegt, das der Ort nach "Groß Beuster" eingekircht war. 1720 wurden hier 5 Kossäten, 1 Hüfner, 1 Hirt ohne Vieh und 1 Hufe à 23 Groschen verzeichnet. 1734 waren es 5 Kossäten, 1 Bauer, 1 Einlieger und Altsitzer, 1 Hirte und 138 Scheffel Saat. 1745 hatte das Dorf 6 Kossäten und 1746 verfügte es neben 5 Kossäten über 1 Hüfner, 1 Hirt ohne Vieh und 1 Hufe. 1789 gab es hier 6 Kossäten und 7 Feuerstellen.

Im Jahr 1800 war Zwischendeich (teilweise als Zwischendiek verzeichnet) ein Teil der Wische, gehörte zum Seehausenschen Kreis in der Provinz Altmark der Mark Brandenburg und seine Einwohner waren zu dieser Zeit in die Kirche von "Großen Beuster" der Inspektion Seehausen eingepfarrt. Für 1801 wurden hier 1 Bauer, 5 Ganzkossäten, 7 Feuerstellen und  138 Scheffel Aussaat verzeichnet. 1804 gehörte das auf der Ostseite der Elbe gelegene Dorf der "verwitweten Deichhaupmännin von Jeetze zu Losenrade" und hatte insgesamt 138 Scheffel Aussaat, sieben Feuerstellen und 55 Einwohner; davon ein Bauer und fünf "Ganzkossäten". Der Adressort war damals Wittenberge. 1806 endete die Zugehörigkeit zur St. Nikolaikirche in Beuster und ebenso die Bestattung der Toten des Ortes auf dem zugehörigen Kirchhof.

1816 kam der Ort zum Kreis Westprignitz. Für 1817 ist belegt, dass Zwischendeich nach Wittenberge eingekircht war und für 1819 werden 1 Hüfner, 5 Kossäten, 1 Kuhhirt sowie 1 Hufe genannt. 1846 gab es hier insgesamt 11 Wohnhäuser. In einer Beschreibung aus dem Jahr 1852 wird Zwischendeich als ein Dorf in der Niederung mit gutem Boden für Wiese beschrieben und als Hauptnahrung der Ackerbau genannt. Darüber hinaus wird festgestellt, dass hier keine Mineralprodukte, keine Nebenbeschäftigungen und kein Wald, eine Einfelderwirtschaft, zwei- und einschürige Wiesen, Fischerei auf der Elbe durch das Gut Eickhof sowie eine Hütung im Sommer für und Viehzucht mit Rindvieh und Pferden zum eigenen Wirtschaftsbedarf vorhanden sind. 1860 waren hier ein öffentliches, 11 Wohn- und 9 Wirtschaftsgebäude vorhanden.

1900 war das Dorf ein Gemeindebezirk und umfasste 5 Häuser. 1931 zu einer selbständigen Gemeinde geworden, die zu diesem Zeitpunkt nach Klein Lüben eingekircht war, gab es hier 7 Wohnhäuser. Ab 1939 zum Landkreis Westprignitz gehörend, gab es hier in diesem Jahr insgesamt 7 Land- und forstwirtschaftliche Betriebe. Darunter 3 mit 20 bis 100 Hektar, 3 mit 5 bis 10 Hektar und 1 mit 0,5 bis 5 Hektar sowie insgesamt 18 Berufszugehörige. Die Gemeinde Zwischendeich kam 1952 zum Kreis Perleberg im Bezirk Schwerin und wurde 1957 in die Gemeinde Hinzdorf eingegliedert. 1960 existierte im Ort eine LPG vom Typ I mit dem Namen "Wiesental", zu der 8 Mitglieder gehörten und 102,74 Hektar landwirtschaftliche Nutzfläche. Auch 1964 war Zwischendeich noch ein Ortsteil von Hinzdorf. 1969 wurde die LPG in Zwischendeich an die LPG "Einigkeit" in Gulow angeschlossen. 1971 wurde Zwischendeich zusammen mit der damaligen Gemeinde Hinzdorf nach Wittenberge eingemeindet. Seit 1993 zählt der Ort zum Landkreis Prignitz.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Kultur und Sehenswürdigkeiten
Die drei an der Dorfstraße gelegenen Wohnhäuser Dorfstraße 2, 3 und 4 stehen unter Denkmalschutz.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Infos zum Ort auf wittenberge.de

Einzelnachweise

Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Prignitz)
Ersterwähnung 1375
Gemeindeauflösung 1957
Geographie (Wittenberge)
Ort im Landkreis Prignitz

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Edward V – 1483
Edward V was the eldest son of Edward IV, and his queen Elizabeth, was born in the Sanctuary at Westminster, November 4th, 1470. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Ludlow and succeeded his father, April 9th, 1483. He was at the time at Ludlow, and while on his way to London, under the care of his uncle Anthony Woodville, Earl Rivers, fell into the hands of Richard, Duke of Gloucester, who placed him in the Tower. There he was joined by his brother the Duke of York. Meanwhile Richard was named Protector and fixed the day for the coronation of Edward, which however never took place. Richard assumed the crown on June 26th and the two young princes were seen no more. According to the account given very minutely and confidently by Sir Thomas More, they were murdered in the Tower by order of Richard III, who employed Sir James Tyrrel to do the foul deed, and were buried under a heap of stones at the stair-foot. Tyrrel and his agents are said to have subsequently confessed the deed. And the discovery, in 1674, of bones, every way answering to those of the princes, at the foot of a staircase in the White Tower gives strange confirmation to this account. The bones were removed by order of Charles II to Westminster Abbey, where they now rest.
NOTE: The coinage of Edward V is not readily distinguishable from that of his father Edward IV. It is believed that the mint mark of a halved sun and rose was most likely introduced during the last year of his father's reign. Given the brief time period of his reign, we cannot be certain as to the coinage struck during this time period.
AU Angel (6sh 8d)
AU Half-Angel (3sh 4d)
AR Groat (4d)
AR Penny
AR Half Penny
The Monetary History of the World
© Martin A. Armstrong
FDIC-Bank of England – Bail-In
Ancient and Premodern Weights and Measures, with Modern Equivalents
A Brief History of Paper Money
History of the Dow Jones Industrial Average
Listing of Roman Dictators
White Earth Effect
A Brief History of World Credit & Interest Rates
Monetary History of the World
Dow Jones Industrial Average All-Time Largest One Day Gains & Losses
The Euro Outlook 1996-1997
Giordano Bruno (1548–1600)
Tax Debate – Steve Forbes – Martin Armstrong – Governor Jim Florio of NJ – 1997
Transcripts of Testimony before Congress, Debates, & OpEds
The President Kennedy's Telstar News Conference of July 23, 1962
The History of Gold
History of Panics – The force of Creative Destruction
Financial Panics of the World
Cyprus Proposal
Economic Thought

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Categories: ArticleLatest NewsLeeds United
Leeds United are leading the Championship after eight games for the third straight season
Leeds United players celebrate after scoring. (Getty Images)
Leeds United missed out on promotion last season after losing to Derby in the playoffs.
Leeds United have been in excellent form in the Championship this season and are on top of the league.
The Whites have one of the best managers in the history of the game in Marcelo Bielsa, however, they just haven't been able to return to the Premier League.
Leeds have lost just one game from their opening eight and are tied at the top with Swansea on 17 points.
The aim has to be a return to the Premier League at the end of the season, however, being top doesn't always guarantee automatic promotion.
Bielsa's team have been great in the opening games for the last three seasons and have led the Championship at this point in each of the campaigns too.
Third time lucky for Leeds?
Leeds were one of the biggest clubs in the Premier League in the 90s and early 2000s, however, they were relegated to League One at the end of the 2006-07 season from the Championship.
The Whites were also Champions League semi-finalists during their Premier League stay and are one of the most supported clubs in England.
Marcelo-Bielsa-
Bielsa's team have been a mainstay in the Championship for close to nine years, however, their best finish came in the previous campaign where they reached the playoffs but couldn't reach the final.
That should provide them with a great base for this campaign and Bielsa needs to use all his experience to get them over the line.
More Leeds United News
Why Leeds United should reignite their interest in Matej Vydra
Why Leeds United have struck gold with a new deal for Liam Cooper
Leeds United should reignite their interest in teenage centre-back George Stanger
The Championship is notoriously tough on teams with games being played almost every 4 days, and it will be interesting to see how Leeds do for the remainder of the season.
Saiyed Adeem Karim @bonbonkayzee
Ditching a corporate job to follow a dream isn't easy, but when football comes calling, who can say no? Been following the beautiful game since 1998. FIFA addict, F1 fanatic. Follow me @bonbonkayzee
NextBrandon Barker rejected English clubs to join Rangers in the summer »
Previous « Sheffield United win their first Premier League away game after 13 years
Celtic eye January swoop for 21-year-old German defensive ace also chased by Leeds
Leeds submit offer for 26-year-old Chilean star to provide competition to Phillips
Leeds to battle PL biggies for the signature of £35m-rated young rising star


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Indian products to face tough competition in Iran: FIEO
Federation of Indian Export Organisations (FIEO) President S C Ralhan said that now all the major exporting countries including China, the US and Europe would rush to tap the Iranian market and in this scenario, Indian products would face tough competition.
NEW DELHI: With the lifting of nuclear- related sanctions against Iran, Indian products would face tough competition in the market, exporters body FIEO on Thursday said.
"The competition will intensify now after lifting of the sanctions. Indian exporters would have to price their products accordingly and also enhance standards to remain competitive in the Iranian market," Ralhan told .
However, he added, the prices of raw materials such as crude oil would come down further.
India should focus on exporting both goods and services in sectors such as IT, iron and steel, chemicals and machinery as investments would increase in Iran after lifting of the sanctions.
This would help in balancing the trade balance between India and Iran. While India's exports to Iran stood at USD 4.17 billion in 2014-15, imports were aggregated at USD 8.95 billion. The trade balance is in the favour of Iran.
He said India should now focus on exporting both goods and services in sectors such as IT, iron and steel, chemicals and machinery as investments would increase in Iran after lifting of the sanctions.
India mainly exports cereals, man-made fibres, plastics, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, steel and aluminum to Iran. The bilateral trade between the two countries may also get a boost with the two nations considering a free trade pact.
India and Iran have agreed to examine the scope and the feasibility of entering into a preferential trade agreement.
Commerce Secretary Rita Teaotia had recently said there has been a robust rupee trade between the countries and India would continue to build on that.
SC Ralhan
FIEO


The sight when you finally come out of the Homer Tunnel has to be seen to be believed. Sheer walls shoot up into the clouds on either side of you, with waterfalls cascading down all over the place, and tucked right down at the end of this huge glacial valley is Milford Sound, a beautiful body of water with huge peaks and rugged wilderness that seems to defy gravity. Unfortunately all this is too much of a lure for the tourists, and Milford township consists of very little except the usual tourist traps – hotels, restaurants, lots of parking space and very little else – and I hadn't seen so many tour buses lined up since Uluru. Add in the noisy and smoky ferries that cart crowds of sightseers up and down the sound and you end up with something that isn't exactly serene. That said, the short walk to Bowen Falls, a spectacular waterfall down the slopes, soon takes you away from the bustle of the car parks, and the magnificence of Mitre Peak, the 1695m mountain that rises right out of the sea in front of you, is well worth braving the madding crowd for.
Then there's the wildlife, which is mostly underwater. It's pretty unique because Milford's huge annual rainfall – between 7m and 9m a year – creates a 3-4m layer of fresh water that floats on top of the sound (as fresh water is lighter than salt water), and the peaty stain of the fresh water makes the top 40m of the fiord much darker than normal. This means that some very strange animals and plants live in Milford Sound, some that otherwise wouldn't live that near the surface, and despite the busy tourism and the 'been there, taken the photo' attitude of most visitors, Milford deserves its place in the guidebooks. Just don't expect to be alone.


WYRMWOOD is a horror comedy road zombie bloodbath movie I am dying to see. Due to multiple screenings on the same day Kernel Andrew got lucky with this one – cannot wait to see it. It is screening for ONE NIGHT ONLY, at cinemas around the country, see down the bottom near the trailer on all the cinemas screening it on the night of FEB 13th, 2015. Perfect pre Valentine's movie!! You can also see it at the premiere screenings at Moonlight Cinemas on 6th February in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Adelaide and Brisbane. Zombie dress up no less! #freakinghorrrorzombiewinning 🙂 This is a movie that demands a cinema viewing, get your friends, grab your popcorn and make this night a zombie event – what have you got to lose! It is being released by StudioCanal Australia, is rated MA15+ and runs for a bloody 98mins. Now get into Andrew's review and get yo zombie fix on! All the best……JK.
There must be something in the waters of Australia at the moment. We seem to be producing a lot of great indie horror movies. Last year we had the absolutely superb BABADOOK which ended up in my Top 20 for 2014. But there have been many more over the years that give a uniquely "Australian" perspective on this whole spooky genre.
What is interesting is that a lot of these indies have been helmed by siblings. Perhaps a mutual appreciation around the old VHS growing up? Michael and Peter Spierig made the excellent UNDEAD in 2003. Then Colin and Cameron Cairnes 100 BLOODY ACRES in 2012 which is flat-out brilliant. Now it is the turn of the Roache-Turners with WYRMWOOD. Sibling Kiah directs, Tristan produces, and both are credited with the screenplay.
What they have achieved, to use the vernacular, is "bloody brilliant". Even more impressive is that WYRMWOOD was as Kiah told us before the screening made on the smell of an oily rag with people donating a lot of their time gratis. Essentially this movie is a long DIY project which consumed cast and crews weekends over four years. That's a long time to keep a crew and actors together on a "love job". I am glad they did, as will horror fans be, the world over. This has cult gold written all over it.
How best to describe this movie. If EVIL DEAD and MAD MAX had a baby the glorious result would be this.
The story is pretty stock standard but that is part of the tradition of these kinds of horror movies. There are some new and intriguing possibilities inserted into this particular movie though. A fantastic idea, the notion that a human injected with "zombie" blood can become their master, a sort of "zombie whisperer". This simple notion is used with great relish and really elevates some of the proceedings beyond other zombie flicks.
The other novel element here is the wonderful sense of larrikin Aussie humour that is injected into most of the scenes and dialogue. Some of the moments had the audience laughing out loud on many an occasion. The humour makes even some of the goriest bloodbaths in WYRMWOOD genuinely amusing. A great homage to the schlockiness of the whole zombie thing. This seems at the moment to have gotten all serious and sombre.
I really want people to go out and support this movie. It deserves it not just because it is home-grown but because it is excellent. It has already had a long life at festivals around the world and whilst it may not screen for very long in large cinemas I hope that it lives a long life in horror fans collections the world over.
Barry (Jay Gallagher) is a young father living in the suburbs with his wife and child. He has a happy life with his wife Annie (Catherine Terracini) and their gorgeous young daughter Meganne (Meganne West). This life is interrupted one night when Barry receives a strange and terrifying phone call from his sister Brooke (Bianca Bradey). Whilst at a photo shoot (she is a photographer/designer) her two friends suddenly turned into blood crazed homicidal maniacs. It's not long before Barry's idyllic life is also interrupted by a crazed individual who Barry is forced to kill. Making a split second decision Barry takes his wife and daughter and goes to find his sister in the family car. Along the way Annie and Meganne suffer the same fate and Barry is forced in true zombie canon style to kill his family in order to keep living.
Brooke in the meantime is taken by sinister military types led by the Captain (Luke McKenzie). Rather than help her they hand her over to an unnamed lunatic mad scientist type, The Doctor, (Berynn Schwerdt). The scenes here are hilarious and Schewerdt disco dancing in a room with chained zombies and captured humans is simply wonderful. It seems that the scientist is testing the humans by injecting them with zombie blood and noting their reactions. Brooke will soon suffer the same fate if Barry can't save her.
Whilst the scenes with Brooke and the madman are intriguing and offer some new nuances to the zombie thing the real drama occurs with Barry's efforts to locate her. There is plenty of suspense and eye-popping gore filled action here. Along the way he picks up Benny (Leon Burchill), a happy-go-lucky Koori who has also had his mates "turn" on him.
With tough guy Barry and funny chatterbox Benny we get some great bits of comedy and dialogue. The story really shifts into top gear (literally) when we are introduced to Frank (Keith Agius). The pair stumbles onto his remote property whilst on the run from hordes of the undead. A garage they bunker down in is luckily filled with a fully operational metal workshop and a large assortment of protective clothing. Here the trio transform into outfits fit for this new post-apocalyptic future with a new zombie car to boot. Armed and ready they set out to look for Brooke. The name of the movie WYRMWOOD is also key but I will let you find it out for yourselves.
The movie is well crafted and well-acted with a solid ensemble cast. It is shot in a very unfussy style and first timer Tim Nagle who was responsible for the lensing duties should be given a big pat on the back. Michael Lira who is a staple of the indie music scene in Australia should also be given credit for his excellent score. The real stars are the zombie and visual effects though well done to all concerned.
This is an excellent contribution to the post 2000s Aussie horror canon. Can't wait to see the next instalment of this particular movie or something else from these talented fellas.
For a movie that's apparently only cost $20,000, it's definitely pretty "good". It certainly has that B-grade look and tone but it's so fun! Love the Aussie humours and the photoshoot scene definitely hooked me in. The zombies looks crazy good kudos to whoever does the make-up. The ending could've been better though and I just find the supernatural side of it to be a bit strange but it's still a very entertaining zombie flick. A good way to spend this coming Friday the 13th!
Thanks for the great review. This movie is awesomely good fun and it deserves a proper cinema release!


Habit: Shrub 5--15 dm, with many slender branches from base. Stem: branched below; young stem hairy; older stem with fissured bark. Leaf: scattered along stem; petiole 6--12 mm; blade 2.5--4 cm, ovate to deltate, acute, silvery green, canescent. Inflorescence: heads radiate, 1; peduncle canescent; involucre 8--14 mm; phyllaries ovate. Ray Flower: 14--25; ray 10--25 mm. Disk Flower: corolla 5--6 mm, yellow. Fruit: 5--7 mm; pappus generally 0. Chromosomes: 2n=36.
Citation for this treatment: David J. Keil & Curtis Clark 2012, Encelia actoni, in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=2562, accessed on April 24, 2019.
s SNF, s SnJV, n TR, e PR, W&I, s SNE, w D; Markers link to CCH specimen records. Yellow markers indicate records that may provide evidence for eFlora range revision or may have georeferencing or identification issues. Purple markers indicate specimens collected from a garden, greenhouse, or other non-wild location.


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Grace Funeral and Cremation Care
Plant a Tree for Mr. Paul
Mr. Paul Chadwick Martin Resident of Lubbock
June 6, 1968 ~ December 24, 2020 (age 52)
Life Story & Services
Chad Martin, age 52, was called home by the Lord on Thursday, December 24, 2020. Services are pending.
Chad was born on June 6, 1968 to Pauline and Richard Martin. Chad was raised in Chaparral Park outside of Macheca, TX. He attended Buda Elementary and graduated from Hays High School in 1986. Chad went on to join the United States Army. Afterwards, he earned his degree in Mortuary Science at the Institute of Funeral Services in 1990. Chad loved to bring joy to everyone. He enjoyed performing in plays, movies and through his work in the TGRA. Chad has a brick that is dedicated to him from his fundraising performances for the St. Christopher House in Austin, TX. He was such a Texas boy through and through that he had to have a tattoo of the Texas flag on his upper right arm.
Chad is preceded in death by his father, Richard Martin, and his nephew, Jacolby Martin. Survivors include: his mother, Pauline Daniel, two brothers; Bubba (Barbara) Martin and Kelly (Belinda) Martin, his sister; Mindy Michelle (Christian) Clark, his nieces/nephews; Tawny Chad (Abed) Monawar, Will Martin, Laci (Scotty) Teems, Madison (Kendal) Clark, Mandi (Carter) Bell, Jack (Catherine) Martin, Trey Martin and Bridgette Martin, and his great nieces/nephews. Chad considered all of his friends an extension of his family as well.
In lieu of sending flowers, the family is requesting that donations be made to St. Christopher House in Austin, TX in Chad Martin's name.
"Just be happy and love people" – Chad Martin
To send flowers to the family or plant a tree in memory of Mr. Paul Chadwick Martin Resident of Lubbock, please visit our floral store.
You can still show your support by sending flowers directly to the family, or by planting a memorial tree in the memory of Mr. Paul Chadwick Martin Resident of Lubbock
© 2021 Grace Funeral and Cremation Care. All Rights Reserved. Funeral Home website by CFS & TA | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy


I had a lot of cherry tomatoes here, a soup seemed like a good way to put these tomatoes into use. Found a recipe for Roasted cherry tomato and baby carrot on web and decided to make that. I made a few changes to the original recipe, including cutting it down to feed fewer people.
Wash, and towel-dry carrots, tomatoes and pepper.
Line a baking tray with foil, and spread 1/2 tsp olive oil. Place the tomatoes, carrots, garlic cloves and pepper. Sprinkle some olive oil, salt and pepper.
Bake in center rack, reducing the temperature to 220 degrees for 30 minutes, till the tomatoes break into juice.
Cool and blend in a mixer to smooth consistency. Remove in a saucepan, and add vegetable stock to thin. Adjust salt, and pepper.


"You already own a land parcel with this account"
So, I claimed a piece of land. Right after, every time I try to open the chat (with enter button) it refuses to open it and will print the message: "You already own a land parcel with this account". To open the chat to be able to type I have to click on it and then every time I type a letter in the chat I keep getting the same message (chat still works though). After relogging everything seems to have gone back to normal.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VaO1-RuI5cI As you can see in the video the chat shows the wrong item, but over my head it shows the correct item (0:15). The worst thing: I don't get any crafted item, neither the Roasted Wolf Meat nor the Sharpened Flintstone, but I lose my Wolf Meat.
So far, so good. Combat Issues Sometimes you have hard time tryng to use a spell that need to target when u are in close range. Visual Issues Floating Flint Texture Issues Stucked in this area, find a way in shifting trought the texture, but not a way out.
If you log out and come back to the char selecction screen, you get shown the male human standard instead of your chars and you can't delete existing chars. Only when start the game it works.
At the starting screen you can see some graphical issue which are also shown in character screen ingame (only smaller). the hair comes out of the hat and the hand is in the leg.


SEO Giant is a Creative Web Developement company at Tirupur . We Are the Leading Digital Innovative Creative Agency at Tirupur . We Make a Pleasant Fabulous Website for all kind of Business People . We are using Leading Latest Technology for Craeting website for business people . We Make the Business Online With Affordable Prices Also .


Are you a Swedish citizen living abroad? Do not forget to register on the Swedish list by providing details on where you stay and how to be reached during your stay.
The Consulate General is following the developments in Gaza closely and updates the travel advice on the webpage if necessary. For continuous updates, the Consulate General also refers to local media. As previously, and until further notice, the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs advises against all travels to Gaza. Swedish authorities have very limited possibilities to provide consular services to Swedes who regardless of these recommendations travel to or remain in Gaza.
Sida defines corruption as abuse of trust, power or position for improper gain. The abuse referred to includes receiving and offering bribes, blackmail, conflict of interest and nepotism.
Allegations of corruption or fraud with no impact on Sida funds.
This is how Sida processes personal data.
Sida cannot guarantee anonymity, but you can protect your identity by using an e-mail address that cannot be linked to the notifier and by removing any signature that is attached to your e-mail account.


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©2018 Roman Smirnov
Roman Smirnov
is an international artist who has performed in Russia, Estonia, Israel, Canada and much of Europe.
He has participated in international festivals and musical projects in various musical styles, ranging from early baroque to modern music and jazz. One such project is a baroque ensemble established by Michael Meltzer, Vice-president of Academic Affairs in the Jerusalem Academy of Music & Dance.
Roman was born in Tallinn, Estonia. He first studied classical guitar in the Tallinn Music Conservatory with Tiit Peterson and in Moscow, Russia with J. Judin and A. Frauchi. He later moved to Israel and completed his BA degree at the Rubin Jerusalem Academy of Music with Professor Joseph Urshalmi.
For his MA, Roman continued his studies in the Academy of Music in Kassel, Germany, with the renowned guitar virtuoso Wolfgang Lendle.
Since 1991 Roman has been a member of the Union of Composers in Estonia, where he has also performed recordings for TV and radio. While studying for his MA in Germany during the late 90s Roman was concertmaster for a chamber choir in Köln and performed in solo concerts. In 2000 he joined the Israeli ethnic jazz band "Shoom", performing in several prestigious concert halls throughout Israel, such as the Barby Club in Tel Aviv among others. In this project he actively studied several kinds of music, such as Armenian, Turkish, Jewish and Flamenco.
Roman has transcribed and arranged a number of works by Scarlatti, Bach, Soler, Piazzolla, Hancock, and other composers from different periods and genres. He composes music for solo guitar as well as for ensembles.
Roman has lived and performed in Toronto since 2008. During this time he participated in Jazz festival in Hamilton. He performed J. Rodrigo and F. Carulli concertos with Toronto Mandolin Orchestra in Trinity-St. Paul's Centre.
Roman created a duo with Chinese Pipa virtuoso Wendy-Wen Zhao where he arranged Chinese music for guitar. Roman also works with classical opera singers soprano Lorena Di Lisi and tenor Gwyndaf Jones.
He has released a CD with his original song arrangements for guitar and soprano in 2015.
In 2016 Roman was awarded the Independent Music Award (IMA) in the instrumental song category for his single "Reflection 1". In 2016 he was also the recipient of a grant from the Canada Council for the Arts for the recording of an upcoming CD 'Reflections' which was nominated by IMA in 2019. In 2017 single 'Ciento Viente' was nominated by Independent Music Award (IMA) in the Instrumental song category and won the Honorable Prize in the Nashville ISC. Song 'Kuwaka' was nominated in 2018 by ISC award.


For the first part of this post, and the first of the visita iglesia series, I am featuring the Augustinian built colonial era churches in Cebu where the oldest city in the country is found and is considered the cradle of Christianity in Southeast Asia. These churches stretches from the heart of the old district of Cebu City down the southeastern coast ending with the municipality of Oslob. In between are about thirteen of these structures that the order founded and built. Note that I'm not including the churches of San Nicolas, Alcoy, Mabolo and Opon as the originals were either long gone and replaced with new edifices or have been heavily remodeled. Cordova was not included also due to lack of photos.
1 The Convent and Basilica Minore del Sto. Niño in Cebu City is the sanctuary and center of the Sto. Niño de Cebu devotion in the country where the image of the Holy Child, brought during the Magellan Expedition that arrived in the country in 1521 and rediscovered in 1565 by one of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi's men is venerated under the custody of the Augustinians.
The first structures were made of light materials but were razed by a fire in 1566. It was only during the third attempt, that the structure was made of stone but was again destroyed by fire.
The present structure, made from coral stones hewn from Panay and its wood from Talisay and present day San Fernando is probably the fourth to be built, was started in 1735 and finished in 1739. The facade is said to be a blending of Muslim, Romanesque and neo-classical features.
In 1965, during the occasion of the quadricentennial of the christianization of the Philippines, heavy restoration work was undertaken.
2 The beautiful and imposing Church of Santo Tomas de Villanueva in Pardo, which is still part of Cebu City, just along the main road is such a sight. Originally a part of the matrix of San Nicolas, it became an independent parish in 1866.
The first church was made of light materials and was replaced by a second one but, unfortunately, it was destroyed in 1877 by a typhoon. It was made of stone and tabique pampango with nipa roofing and connected to the convento.
The current structure was started at about 1880. based on the plans of the Spanish engineer-architect, Domingo Escondrillas, adopted the Latin-Byzantine order for its facade noting that no other church in the district have this kind of architecture.
Its massive belfry is integrated into the center flanked by two smaller towers. When viewed from a distance, it looks like a fortress.
3 As early as 1589, the first recorded rebellion in Cebu happened here when a Spanish colonist acquired land and angered the natives of the area.
Talisay eventually became, like Banilad, an hacienda of the Augustinians. It was part of San Nicolas and was declared as an independent parish in 1836 under the advocacy of Sta. Teresa de Avila.
The second structure to be built on the site, the current stone church was constructed between 1836 – 1848 by Fray Juan Soriano. It is one of the unique churches in the country with its Graeco-Roman style of architecture which is shared with only a few churches in La Union, Pampanga and another church in Cebu, Carcar. It is marked with a recessed pediment and entrance covered by a porch and flanked with massive bell towers.
During World War II, it was one of very few structures left standing while the rest of the town was leveled. A good part of the church, including the convento, was destroyed but the facade survived unscathed.
This church has been dealt with in more detail starting with this post.
4 Just before reaching San Fernando is the town of Minglanilla with its Church of the Sacred Heart of Mary standing proudly at an elevated area overlooking the coast. The present structure was started in 1886. This was preceeded by a temporary church which might have been built in 1856.
This church is just one of five structures built by the Augustinians in Cebu that have hints of Gothic architecture. The rounded arches of the windows and portals are said to be Baroque and blends well with the former. The lateral low structures were added later.
5 The Parish Church of San Isidro Labrador rests at the center of a spacious ground. Ever since it became an independent parish in 1858, the only religious structure that existed was made of light materials.
It was in only in 1870 that the current church was started during the curacy of Fray Miguel del Burgo, however, probably due to lack of funds, it was only finished in 1886. The belltowers, incongruous in size and made of cement were only added later. A coat of paletada used to cover the the walls and facade but has been stripped. The interior has also been renovated and is now modern looking.
The style of the church is Gothic as one parish priest considered it to be serious and majestic for this type of building. It was designed by the same architect who did the church in Pardo.
The convento, made of stone in the lower level and upper parts of wood still exists but has been converted into a school.
6 The small but impressive Parish Church of San Francisco de Asis in Naga is a gem.
Naga became an independent parish in 1829 and the church was built in 1839 based on the plans of the Augustinian Bishop Santos Gomez Marañon. During World War II, the belltower located at the left side, if facing the facade, a portion of the triangular pediment as well as the convent were destroyed. The current belfry and convent were added in 1979 and mid 70's respectively.
Much of the interior has been renovated.
7 Built on a hill with a good view of the coast, the Parish Church of Santa Catalina de Alejandria in the newly declared City of Carcar is one of the beautiful churches in Cebu. It is probably the second or the third structure to be built in 1860 at the present location after it relocated from the original site in Barrio Valladolid when it was burned during one of the many Moro slave raids.
The facade is Graeco – Roman with a massive arch. Its twin belfries topped by a minaret-like design, no doubt Muslim inspired, is one of its distinguishing feature. The statues of the 12 apostles at the patio, with that of Judas located at a good distance were added later.
thank you for the background info. You mentioned that the Augustinians built churches in the southern side of Cebu.Who built the churches in the northern part?
john, thank you for the visit. I'm still doing further research on the North Cebu Churches but generally were built by the Seculars and a few of these by the Jesuits and Recollects.
The pictures of old churches are magnificent & awesome. I am very excited to go to Cebu & see them with my own eyes. Thanks for your pics & write-up. Good job!


The first BBC drama to be filmed entirely on location in Botswana, The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency is a charming story chronicling the adventures of Mma Ramotswe. Mma Ramotswe, a Motswana woman, starts up the country's first female-owned detective agency. Based on the novels by Alexander McCall Smith.
Mma Makutsi is asked to investigate the behaviour of some of the contestants at a local beauty pageant. Mma Ramotswe tries to find out what has happened to Nandira Patel's boyfriend who has disappeared. A new local agency goes head to head with the ladies.
Mma Pekwane suspects her husband has bought a stolen car, so Mma Ramotswe gets on the case.
Mma Ramotswe attempts to help Mrs Curtin discover what has happened to his son as he has been missing for 10 years. Mma Makutsi attempts to find out who is responsible for the Kgale hill break-ins.
Mma Ramotswe finds herself investigating a case of ivory smuggling when she is asked to investigate the behaviour of Rra Lisindi. Mma Makutsi takes a look at some mysterious deaths at Tlokweng Hospital.
The agency is broken into following a spate of robberies in Kgale Hill. Mma Ramotswe and JLB Matekoni's engagement isn't going as planned and she is forced to face her demons before she can move on.


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Narcotics ring found in New York with foreign drug called 'khat'
By: Allison Yang
NEW YORK (AP/PIX11) — Authorities say 17 members of an international drug ring flooded parts of New York, Massachusetts and Ohio with several tons of a narcotic obtained from Yemen, Kenya and Ethiopia.
They say the substance, known as khat (AKA gat, jaad, jimma), was shipped to the United States through the United Kingdom, China, Holland and Belgium.
Authorities say the ring laundered proceeds through operations in Minnesota and wired the money to various locations abroad, including Dubai and England.
The case was announced Friday by New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman and New York City Police Commissioner William Bratton.
A 215-count indictment was unsealed in Brooklyn's state Supreme Court.
In Yemen and Somali, the drug is popularly chewed socially at cafes.
Manual laborers including farmers chew the leaves to reduce fatigue and hunger, and students and drivers use the drug to improve attention.
The mild stimulant is grown by farmers in East Africa, and have a chemical structure similar to amphetamines.
The drug's stimulant effects are so minor, many users may not even register them, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Some compare the effects to that of strong coffee.
Not so innocent? Militiamen chew on khat, a narcotic leaf widely consumed in Somalia and which has stimulant qualities, as they relax on the roof of a compound used by a Galmadug Administration official as a temporary refuge in the town of Wisil on August 20, 2010. Wisil is a small town not far from the Somali coast and it is often used as a rear base by pirates. The fledging Galmadug administration in Central Somalia says it lacks the resources to confront the well organized and well equipped pirate gangs. Galmadug armed forces, militias and pirates tolerate each other and work together at times acting as security forces for the region. (ROBERTO SCHMIDT/AFP/Getty Images)
While chewing on the plant, a user will experience mild euphoria, increased heart rate and blood pressure.
However, after the good feelings subside, the user may feel depressed and irritable. Over time, they may experience tooth decay, gastrointestinal disorders, even heart attacks.
According to a Vice investigation , many are skeptical of the drug's innocence and suspect the drug's profits are going to Somali pirates and other terrorist organizations.
The drug has been illegal in the US for 20 years, and in most countries in Europe.


text:
Jerked Around
by The Prowler
STIFLE YOURSELF
Democratic Party chairman Howard Dean traveled to Capitol Hill on Thursday for what amounted to a visit to the political woodshed. Meeting with Senate Democrats, Dean was essentially told to hire a couple of speechwriters and stick to a script.
Dean had been invited to the meeting before his last public embarrassment, when he claimed the Republican Party was nothing more than a bunch of Christian, white males, and while he expected some kind of a tongue lashing from his Democratic colleagues, he also had come prepared to lecture them on party communication and coordination.
"He hasn't been happy with the support the DNC has been getting from the Hill," says a DNC adviser to Dean. "He feels he and the party are being given short shrift."
Dean never got the chance to unload.
Democrats privately have been happy with Dean's red-meat-but-no-brain comments, which have given the mainstream media plenty to report on, while allowing them publicly to disavow Dean's dementia.
"You have to understand the relationship between the Democrats and the mainstream media," says a Democratic political strategist. "Dean says outrageous things about Republicans, then the MSM reports on that crazy Howard Dean, then, being mainstream media, they report on Tom DeLay or something. On some level, there are a lot of Democrats who think that Howard Dean is helping us, if only because it disguises the fact that our House and Senate guys have nothing to say and no ideas."
That's not what House and Senate Democrats necessarily believe. Last week, when Senate Minority leader Harry Reid called a press conference to discuss the Dems' legislative agenda, he could barely get a word in on policy, and in the end deflected and disavowed Dean.
"It's getting to the point where Dean may be just a two-year, transitional party leader," says a senior Democratic Senate leadership aide. "He might stay in place, but there would be another, more ideologically centrist figure there to overshadow him. Dean thinks the party needs to talk tough, there are a lot of us who think the party just needs to talk sense."
BOXER GETS LOOSE
Sen. Barbara Boxer may be putting on a tolerant face for the Senate confirmation hearing for Rep. Christopher Cox, President Bush's nominee to head the Securities and Exchange Commission, but that doesn't mean that she isn't going to try to embarrass Cox or the Bush Administration.
Already, Capitol Hill reporters have been receiving material from sources connected to Boxer dealing with Cox's role as a securities lawyer in the 1980s for the law firm of Latham & Watkins. Cox did work for First Pension Corp. and the company's founder, William E. Cooper, who pleaded guilty to felony charges in connection with the First Pension scandal that saw investors lose more than $100 million.
Cox was never drawn into the scandal, and there has never been any evidence that he was ever involved or even aware of the company's illegal behavior.
But Boxer staffers are apparently trotting out pieces of an opposition research file the California junior senator's campaign has kept on Cox, and the First Pension story is part of it.


NEW YORK – DECEMBER 16, 2014 – Local television broadcasting companies FOX, Tribune Media, and Univision have joined forces with Timeline Labs to announce NewCoin LLC., a new data venture aimed at addressing deficiencies in local market television audience measurement. The mission of NewCoin is to harness the data gathering power of currently available and emerging technologies, in order to create a broader based measurement tool that will accurately measure audiences across the entire spectrum of linear and digital platforms.
Timeline Labs is a leading SaaS platform enabling media companies and brands to analyze billions of social media messages daily in real-time. Timeline will use technology provided by SeaChange International (NASDAQ: SEAC), which will strengthen NewCoin's ability to deliver a comprehensive audience management solution.


Local authority document scanning solutions from Cleardata, a UK scanning bureau, accredited to ISO27001 for Information Security and ISO9001/2008 for quality management systems. Cleardata provides document scanning, secure document storage services and document management solutions for more than 65 local authorities and other public sector organisations. Read our St Helens document scanning case study.
Cleardata has an onsite professional document scanning bureau, one of the largest in the UK, scanning more than 2 million documents per month. Documents can be scanned up to AO in size. Cleardata, uses Kodak document scanning equipment, with automatic colour detection, SurePath paper handling, perfect page scanning and ultrasonic multi-feed detection sensors.
Cleardata, is able to scan in a format which is acceptable for Anite, Hummingbird, Opentext, Comino and Idocs Document Management Systems. The company can easily manage your data, liaising with your software provider, so it can be batch imported directly into your system after scanning.
Cleardata archive has 16,000 sq ft premises with secure document storage facilities for your Local Authority Documentation. The company provides a full library archive and scan on demand service, providing fast digital retrieval for Legal Documents.
Cleardata archive's UK document storage facility has enhanced fire detection systems, the warehouse is temperature controlled and fitted with a VESDA (Very Early Smoke Detection Alert) System. This system uses tubes above the racking which continually tests the air quality for carbon monoxide. If anything is detected it sets of the alarm for the site.
Cleardata provides confidential disposal for documents. The company owns an industrial shredder which can dispose of your documents securely. Cleardata can also arrange for your unwanted documents to be recycled or pulped, depending on the confidentiality of your documents.
When scanned, documents can be found and retrieved quickly using a simple keyword search facility. Local authority clients report that document scanning saves time and money in searching for particular records or documents. It also helps to reduce costs for valuable office space. One of our customers reported that they fitted an additional 8 workstations into their office, once all their old documents had been scanned and confidentially disposed of by Cleardata.
All documents can be scanned to BIP0008, the British Standard's Code of Practice for Legal Admissability and Evidential Weight of Information Stored Electronically. This code states "Authorities should seek to conform to the provisions of BSI's BIP 0008 code of practice for Legal Admissibility and Evidential Weight of Information Stored Electronically – especially for those records likely to be required as evidence."


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CrossBrowser is another annoying virus that invades our computers through our online activities. It primarily prays on Chromium based browsers. Not surprisingly it is designed to deliver ads through the browser and it will alter your search results to promote advertisers.
Like many others, it bundles itself with other downloads. Typically it will sneak itself onto your computer through the installation of other applications and programs. It will come bundled with free software you get from cNet, Snapfiles and other free download sites.
You will notice banners embedded into the websites that you visit. It will also turn text in the page into hyperlinks. It will cause popups during your browsing that will further promote other fake updates and software. This can cause further installation of adware and malware.
If you would like to easily remove CrossBrowser, you can check out Spy Hunter. It will make the uninstallation and removal automated and easy.
It is important to pay careful attention when you are installing programs from free download sites. Always do the custom installation process. This will give you the opportunity to deny extra programs. If you run the default installer it will often skip the option to deny these extra programs.
While doing the custom installation, pay attention to extra installs and elect to skip them if possible.
Uninstall CrossBrowser Ads from Windows.
Once, you are in Control Panel, go to the link labeled "Uninstall a Program". If your computer does not look like the view below, you may have to sort by categories at the top right.
Once you have done this, you will need to go into your browser and set it to its default settings to remove the other changes it made. You will also want to scan your computer to make sure no new issues were introduced by the vulnerability. A good tool to use for this is MalwareBytes. If you already have a virus scanner, you should run this as well.


text:
As eleições estaduais em Alagoas em 1954 ocorreram em 3 de outubro como parte das eleições gerais no Distrito Federal, em 20 estados e nos territórios federais do Acre, Amapá, Rondônia e Roraima. Foram eleitos os senadores Freitas Cavalcanti e Rui Palmeira, além de nove deputados federais e trinta e cinco deputados estaduais.

Nascido em Penedo, o advogado Freitas Cavalcanti é formado pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco e possui especialização em Direito Penal e Direito Constitucional. Jornalista, escreveu para jornais na capital alagoana e em Belo Horizonte. Em Maceió dirigiu o Diário do Povo e depois a Imprensa Oficial. Inspetor de ensino, foi professor na atual Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Sua carreira política transcorreu sob a legenda da UDN e nela elegeu-se deputado federal em 1945 e 1950. Eleito senador quatro anos depois, renunciou ao mandato em 1961 quando o presidente Jânio Quadros o nomeou ministro do Tribunal de Contas da União.

Sua renúncia causou a efetivação de Afrânio Lages. Também advogado, formou-se pela Universidade Federal da Bahia. Presidente da seccional alagoana da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil e do Instituto dos Advogados daquele estado, integrou o Instituto Histórico e Geográfico de Alagoas e, na condição de jornalista, a Associação Alagoana de Imprensa. Eleito deputado estadual em 1935, cumpriu o mandato até a chegada do Estado Novo. Professor da Universidade Federal de Alagoas, dirigiu a respectiva Faculdade de Direito e ocupou cargos de diretoria no Banco do Brasil e na Caixa Econômica Federal, além de ter integrado o Tribunal de Contas de Alagoas. Filho de Maceió, sua volta à política ocorreu em 1954 via UDN como suplente se senador e em 1961 foi efetivado com a renúncia do titular.

Nascido em São Miguel dos Campos, o advogado Rui Palmeira foi oficial de gabinete e secretário da prefeitura de Maceió entre os anos 1930 e 1940. Formado pela Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, foi delegado auxiliar de polícia na capital alagoana, secretário da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil seção Alagoas e membro do Instituto dos Advogados de Alagoas, além de trabalhar no Departamento de Estatística. Jornalista, integrou a Associação Alagoana de Imprensa e trabalhou em jornais como Jornal de Alagoas e Gazeta de Alagoas, dentre outros. Eleito deputado federal pela UDN em 1945 e 1950, perdeu a eleição para governador em 1947, mas obteve um mandato de senador em 1954.

Resultado da eleição para senador
Em relação à disputa para senador os arquivos do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral informam o comparecimento de 243.010 eleitores, dos quais 216.363 foram votos nominais ou votos válidos. Foram apurados também 24.806 votos em branco (10,21%) 1.841 votos nulos (0,76%).

Deputados federais eleitos
São relacionados os candidatos eleitos com informações complementares da Câmara dos Deputados.

Deputados estaduais eleitos
Estavam em jogo as 35 cadeiras da Assembleia Legislativa de Alagoas.

Alagoas
1954
1954 em Alagoas


text:
It is the Family Court's claimed mission to determine child custody in "the best interest of the child" after considering the fitness of each parent. A parent that knowingly permits the sexual abuse of their own child could not be less fit. Therefore, the Family Court is just as negligent and consequently just as culpable as the mother in this case. It is their duty to protect the children of separated parents. Epic fail, just like they failed Vienna Parker of St. Johns, Hannah Warner of Onondaga, Julian Alexi of Lansing, and Aria Miller of Owosso, all just in the last few years. How many children must be abused or killed before Michigan Family Courts realize that gender alone does not a fit parent make? As a voter, I'd like to know what judges presided over the custody cases of these particular children.
The common denominator in all these cases is the absence of dad. Since mankind began, it has been a father's job to protect his children. The absence of a biological father increases a daughter's vulnerability to rape and sexual abuse by 900 percent. Is that "in the child's best interest"? Just like this case, often these assaults are committed by the custodial mother's revolving door of boyfriends. Who is better positioned to protect children — involved dads, or some Family Court bureaucrat after the systematic removal of dads to every-other-weekend 'visitors' or less?
Study after study compiling mountains of irrefutable evidence and statistical data prove that what is actually in a child's best interest most often is both parents, especially after family dissolution. Complimentary to that are copious statistics illustrating the detriment to fatherless children. Yet despite the data proving the benefits of shared parenting, it is pretty much a given that Michigan Family Courts perpetuate children's suffering by awarding joint custody in less than half of cases.
Finally, our state legislators are trying to do something about it. HB4691 would establish a presumption of substantially equal shared parenting as the starting point in custody evaluations unless there is a compelling reason to deviate. The concept restores the presumption of innocence that one is absolutely guaranteed in every other court of law.
Michigan's HB4691 is supported by child advocacy organizations including Leading Women for Shared Parenting, The National Parents Organization, and Americans for Equal Shared Parenting.
To help prevent more tragedies like these, I implore you to call your state legislators and tell them to support HB4691, The Shared Parenting Bill.
Karl Dersch is a Meridian Township resident and a volunteer with The National Parents Organization of Michigan.