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School Library Research
School Library Research (ISSN: 2165-1019) is the scholarly refereed research journal of the American Association of School Librarians. It is the successor to School Library Media Research (ISSN: 1523-4320) and School Library Media Quarterly Online.
The purpose of School Library Research is to promote and publish high quality original research concerning the management, implementation, and evaluation of school library programs. The journal will also emphasize research on instructional theory, teaching methods, and critical issues relevant to school libraries and school librarians.
SLR seeks to distribute major research findings worldwide through both electronic publication and linkages to substantive documents on the Internet. The primary audience for SLR includes academic scholars, school librarians, instructional specialists and other educators who strive to provide a constructive learning environment for all students and teachers.
SLR is indexed by The Education Full Text Database by EBSCO/Wilson and by the The Education Resources Information Center (ERIC).
All material in SLR is subject to copyright by ALA and may be reproduced only for the noncommercial purpose of educational or scientific advancement.
Displaying 20 - 30 of 46
A Proposed Theory of School Librarian Leadership: A Meta-Ethnographic Approach
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This paper uses a meta-ethnographic approach to examine a core body of research conducted primarily by one iSchool research center that has bolstered its curriculum in support of school librarian leadership in the past decade. Substantive studies, conducted by faculty and doctoral students, have focused on various phases of leadership from pre-service to mastery with emphases on technology integration. The goal of this paper is to go beyond the traditional summarizing of the research in the area to synthesizing and reinterpreting published findings for the purpose of building a foundation on which to investigate a theoretical framework for leadership by school librarians.
Nancy Everhart, Professor, Florida State University
Melissa P. Johnston, Assistant Professor, University of West Georgia
Tags: Free SLR
A Practice-Centered Approach to Professional Development: TeacherLibrarian Collaboration in Capstone Projects
This paper reports on a professional development initiative that targeted teams of teachers and librarians working with high school students on strengthening an inquiry approach to capstone projects. While much has been written about student-focused models for information search and use, little has been reported on how training for the instructional teams might be structured to embody a constructivist inquiry approach with the adults who are facilitating this type of learning for students. This article describes the design and implementation of a statewide training program "Pathways to Excellence and Achievement in Research and Learning" (PEARL) that was implemented in Hawaii. The author reports on the theoretical framework for the training, interventions used, data collected, and the influence of the training on teaching practices focusing on information literacy instruction.
Violet Harada, Professor Emerita, University of Hawaii
The Peritext Book Club: Reading to Foster Critical Thinking about STEAM Texts
An after-school book club, led by the school librarian, was held to test the efficacy of the
peritextual literacy framework (PLF) in teaching skills related to critical thinking, problem solving, information literacy, and media literacy. The PLF is an extension of paratext theory developed by Gérard Genette, which provides a typology of the functions of peritext; this extension results in a framework that can be used for research or as a scaffold for teaching. Twelve middle school students met once a month for five months to apply the PLF to an analysis of science, technology, engineering, art, and math (STEAM) texts. The participants enjoyed the club and were able to demonstrate their ability to use peritextual elements to think critically about STEAM-related nonfiction books. Students were able to discuss how the functions of peritext affected their motivation to read a text and their ability to retrieve information from a text, and how peritext functions might affect their opinion of the credibility of information presented in a book.
Melissa Gross, Florida State University
Don Latham, Florida State University
Jennifer Underhill, Florida State University
Hyerin Bak, Florida State University
A Study of How We Study: Methodologies of School Library Research 2007 through July 2015
Dr. Rebecca J. Morris, Adjunct Professor, University of North Carolina Greensboro
Maria Cahill, Assistant Professor, University of Kentucky
The Lilead Survey: A National Study of District-Level Library Supervisors: Roles, Responsibilities, Challenges, and Professional Development Needs
The school district library supervisor plays a pivotal role in supporting, advising, and providing professional development to building-level librarians; advocating for the program; providing leadership; and representing school library programs to stakeholders in the school system and the larger community. To gain a better understanding of supervisors' roles, responsibilities, demographics, and challenges, and to establish baseline data upon which further research can be built, the Lilead Project was initiated in 2011 at the University of Maryland with funding from the Institute of Museum and Library Services. In 2012 the project team conducted the Lilead Survey, a survey of supervisors nationwide. In this paper, the second of two reports on the results of the survey, we present findings related to the responsibilities and tasks assigned to the position, professional development needs of supervisors and staff, and the range of stakeholder groups with which supervisors work.
Ann C. Weeks, Professor, University of Maryland
Jeffrey DiScala, Assistant Professor, Old Dominion University
Diane L. Barlow, Special Assistant to the Dean, University of Maryland
Sheri A. Massey, School Librarian, Cabin John Middle School
Christie Kodama, Doctoral Candidate, University of Maryland
Rosemary Hall, Student, University of Maryland
Kelsey Jarrell, Public Librarian, Baltimore County Public Library
Leah Jacobs, Student, University of Maryland
Alexandra Moses, Research Assistant, The Lilead Project
Rebecca Follman, Doctoral Candidate, University of Maryland
School Librarians Fully Online: Preparing the Twenty-First Century Professional
Online learning, already an essential component of the higher-education and professional landscape, has now developed a more ubiquitous presence in K–12 learning due to educational trends such as flipped education and use of tools such as Google Classroom. Despite the increasingly important role of online learning in K–12 education, little evidence indicates that graduates of school library preparation programs enter the profession with the knowledge, skills, and dispositions required to design and deliver online learning experiences for K–12 students, experiences that take advantage of available resources and platforms. A mixed-method national survey of programs in the United States was conducted to examine the ways that school library preparation programs prepare candidates to design digital learning spaces that include fully online courses for K–12 students. Results indicate that preparation of future school librarians for the design and delivery of online instruction to K–12 students is not yet seen as an integral component of these graduate programs.
Lucy S. Green, Associate Professor of LIS, University of South Carolina
Stephanie Jones, Assistant Professor
Panne A. Burke, Georgia Southern University
UK Preparatory School Librarians' and Teachers' Design and Use of Reading Lists: A Qualitative Study of Approaches, Perceptions, and Content
This paper reports the findings of a small-scale qualitative study that explored the perceptions of and approaches used by UK school librarians and teachers in the design and use of reading lists. The research question was: "What is the best way to construct reading lists to maximize their benefit in the school library or classroom?" The research strategy adopted for the study was thematic analysis. The data collected from five semi-structured interviews was analyzed and a thematic map produced. The analysis identified four key themes that shape construction of reading lists: content, user, purpose, and format. The content was selected using a range of methods, including patron-driven, literary merit, exclusion, textual variety, and curriculum. The user was central to the design with reading lists being parent-driven and pupil-centered. The purpose was situated within a wider reader-development curriculum. However, the participants perceived that the reading list was a less-effective method of reader development than face-to-face interaction with pupils. Four recommendations to improve practice in similar contexts are suggested. The conclusion reached was that UK preparatory school librarians' and teachers' construction of reading lists is a complex practice that attempts to balance pupils' reading for pleasure with their needs for literacy attainment.
Rebecca Scott, Clinical Librarian, Hertfordshire Partnership University
Dr. Charles Inskip, Lecturer, University College London
Assimilation or Humiliation? An Analysis of Professional Identities after Critical Events in the Workplace
Many studies have analyzed the occupational socialization of public school educators, including principals and school teachers; however, very few studies have documented or synthesized the experience of novice school librarians. This study contributes to the understanding of novice school librarians' professional identities by analyzing their critical events in the workplace. Participants' critical events were identified using a modified version of the narrative inquiry tool Mystory. After an examination of three novice school librarians' critical event narratives, this paper explores the significance of those critical events on participants' professional identity formation. Common findings relate to professional impact, professional respect, and professional confidence.
Board approved: July 2017
Julie M. Frye, Doctoral Program Graduate, Indiana University
Becoming a Reader: Significant Social Influences on Avid Book Readers
Understanding how social influences can foster avid book reader identification is a key research goal that warrants further investigation beyond a limited early-years lens. The author's 2015 International Study of Avid Book Readers (ISABR) explored, as one of its key research questions, the influence positive social agents can have on avid book readers, relying on the retrospective reflections of respondents from a range of countries and supporting quantitative data to explore this research focus. Early influences were examined, with data suggesting that maternal instruction is the most prevalent source of early reading teaching. Most respondents (64.3 percent) were the recipients of positive influence from a social agent. Indirect avid reader influence, author influence, fostering access, shared social habit, reading for approval, recommendations and supporting choice, and exposure to reading aloud were recurring mechanisms of influence. The multiple mechanisms of influence identified constitute opportunities for engagement and subsequent intervention by literacy advocates, including librarians.
Dr. Margaret K. Merga, Murdoch University
Still Polishing the Diamond: School Library Research over the Last Decade
In 2003 Delia Neuman wrote "Research in School Library Media for the Next Decade: Polishing the Diamond." One of the most influential pieces on school library research written in the last twenty years, the article provided a map for school library research by defining areas of concern and importance. Neuman developed questions grounded in the research and scholarship of the field at that time. These questions served as a charge for researchers to address in the next ten years. Neuman called on researchers to "polish the diamond and make it shine more brightly in its own right and sparkle more valuably in the larger field of education" (2003, 504). This study uses Neuman's model of the diamond to examine school library research and scholarship from 2004 through 2014. Following Neuman's guiding questions through a systematic review of the literature from the past ten years, this study finds that there is still much "polishing" to be done by school library researchers, and like Neuman, defines new "facets" that provide future direction to "move forward both the field's research agenda and its effective practice" (Neuman 2003, 505).
Board approved: January 2018
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GT's Synergy Teams Up With Chopra Global To Share The Gift Of Meditation In First-Ever National Partnership
#1 Best-Selling Kombucha Brand in the World Promotes Wellness for Body and Mind with Complimentary 1-Year Subscriptions to Chopra Global's New Meditation and Well-Being App
GT's to Release Special Co-Produced Meditation Series on IGTV this November
GT's Living Foods
GT's Synergy Raw Kombucha (PRNewsfoto/GT's Living Foods)
Chopra Global (PRNewsfoto/GT's Living Foods)
LOS ANGELES, Oct. 27, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- GT's Synergy the beloved and world-renowned Kombucha brand, today announced a partnership with Chopra Global, a leading whole health platform founded by Dr. Deepak Chopra. GT's Synergy is the first-ever branded content partner of Chopra Global; the two brands are joining forces in support of GT's recently launched Rooted In Nature campaign to reinforce the message that holistic health for mind, body, and soul are all rooted in the natural world.
GT's Synergy and Chopra Global aim to provide the world with tools and resources for mental health and wellness maintenance. Starting today, new GT's email subscribers can receive free GT's Synergy Kombucha and a complimentary 1-year membership to Chopra Global's new Meditation and Well-Being App, while supplies last. The Chopra App features a comprehensive library of simple self-care guidance and meditations for mind, body and spirit to help create and sustain a healthier life. Chopra Global launched its app offering in September and is currently available on iOS.
"At GT's, everything we do is rooted in our mission to be a guide and helping hand for people's health & wellness journeys. With Chopra Global by our side as part of our Rooted In Nature campaign, together we can reach even more people to share a message that a healthy mind is just as important as a healthy body," says GT Dave, Founder and CEO of GT's Living Foods. "For 25 years, Chopra Global and GT's alike have pioneered our respective industries with approaches inspired by Eastern philosophies and the natural world. Now more than ever, in our increasingly modern lives, so many people are losing that connection to nature and self-care. We are honored and grateful to partner with Chopra Global to emphasize the importance of Mother Nature and meditation as part of a healthier, more holistic way of living."
"Many brands market their commitment to the consumer's well-being, yet few actually invest in that mission," says Tonia O'Connor, CEO of Chopra Global. "GT's, like Chopra Global, was founded on the platform of advancing well-being and promoting healthy lifestyles. Offering their subscribers free access to our new well-being and meditation subscription app further demonstrates GT's dedication to serving its customers. We are thrilled to partner with a company that values Chopra Global's self-care guidance and the opportunity to share a co-produced content series with new audiences in different formats."
For more than two decades, Chopra Global has been at the forefront of health and wellness, empowering personal transformation for millions of people worldwide to expand our collective well-being. Anchored by the life's practice and research of Dr. Deepak Chopra, a pioneer in the fields of integrative medicine, consciousness, and meditation, Chopra Global's signature programs have been proven to improve overall well-being through a focus on physical, mental, and spiritual health.
Additionally, GT's will present a special Chopra Global co-produced digital meditation series in November that will offer bite-sized guided meditations focused on gratitude and the importance of being in nature. The series will feature Chopra Global's trained and certified instructors along with special appearances from Chopra Global CEO Tonia O'Connor, and the health and wellness pioneer himself, GT Dave.
GT's Meditation Series will be completely free and available via GT's and Chopra Global's social channels.
For more information on GT's Living Foods and the Chopra Global partnership, please visit: www.GTsLivingFoods.com/rooted and follow along on social media: @GTsKombucha.
About GT's Living Foods:
We believe that Mother Nature is the World's greatest healer. Since 1995, GT's Living Foods has revolutionized how people think and feel about Kombucha and fermented foods in the Western World. From the womb, founder GT Dave was raised vegetarian and taught that food can be medicine. He continues to uphold that philosophy with always pure, potent, and plant-derived fermented offerings produced in their most authentic form, never compromised. The fiercely independent, family-owned, and operated company is available in over 55,000 retailers across North America and Europe. Today and beyond, GT's Living Foods' driving purpose is to spread a global message that food can be medicine and through proper nutrition, one can heal thyself. For more information, please visit www.gtslivingfoods.com. For more information, interact with the team on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.
About Chopra Global:
Chopra Global is a leading whole health company that is empowering personal transformation for millions of people globally to expand our collective well-being. Anchored by the life's practice and research of Dr. Deepak Chopra, a pioneer in integrative medicine, Chopra Global's signature programs have been proven to improve overall well-being through a focus on physical, mental and spiritual health. Chopra Global has been at the forefront of health and wellness for more than two decades with a portfolio that includes an editorial archive of more than 2000 health articles, expansive self-care practices and meditations, a comprehensive mobile app, masterclasses, teacher certifications, immersive live events and personalized retreats. By providing tools, guidance and community, Chopra aims to advance a culture of well-being and make a healthy, peaceful and joyful life accessible to all. For more information, interact with the team on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.
About Deepak Chopra:
Dr. Deepak Chopra is a world-renowned pioneer in integrative medicine and personal transformation. He is the founder of Chopra Global and The Chopra Foundation, a non-profit entity for research on well-being and humanitarianism. Chopra is a Clinical Professor of Family Medicine and Public Health at the University of California, San Diego and serves as a senior scientist with Gallup Organization. For the last thirty years, Chopra has been at the forefront of the meditation revolution and has authored over 90 books translated into over forty-three languages, including numerous New York Times bestsellers. His newest book, Total Meditation (Harmony Book, September 2020) helps to achieve new dimensions of stress-free and joyful living. TIME magazine has described Dr. Chopra as "one of the top 100 heroes and icons of the century."
SOURCE GT's Living Foods
https://gtslivingfoods.com/
GT's Living Foods Named In Fast Company's First Annual List Of...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Position Summary: The Food Safety department is looking for a self-driven, energetic individual who is interested in learning how to apply their scientific knowledge in both retail foodservice and food manufacturing environments. This individual will work in both the corporate Food Safety department and as part of the Quality Control department at the Cumberland Farms onsite commissary. He or she will work closely with different departments on projects that are based on several company-wide initiatives.
1. Assist in making research based recommendations to the Foodservice Coordinator, Retail Operations teams and other internal customers.
2. Support the implementation and set-up of various corporate Food Safety programs.
3. Work closely with the Quality Control team at the company commissary; taking part in daily food safety and quality related tasks.
4. Assist in the investigation and documentation of customer and consumer complaints; work with supply partners and internal business partners to come up with robust corrective action plans.
5. Examine current and newer food safety regulations, identify gaps in compliance. Propose different methods for compliance.
Working Relationships: Strong interpersonal skills, willingness to actively collaborate with both internal and external customers.


Clarksville, TN – The Governors Club, the Austin Peay State University (APSU) athletics booster club, has announced that Joe and Cathi Maynard and Ron Morton will be inducted into the Governors Club Red Coat Society.
Joe and Cathi Maynard will be recognized at halftime of the men's basketball game against UT Martin that evening. Ron Morton will be recognized at a later date.
Joe and Cathi Maynard are recent members of the Austin Peay family, but they have quickly become two of the Governors biggest supporters.
CMCSS Teachers of the Year to be honored Thursday, February 22nd.
Montgomery County, TN – The Clarksville-Montgomery County School System Director of Schools, Millard House, CMCSS Chief Academic Officer, Sean Impeartrice, Abby Binkley of the CMC Education Foundation, and James Corlew of James Corlew Chevrolet made surprise visits to the teachers selected to represent CMCSS at the state level in the Tennessee Department of Education Teacher of the Year Program.
Clarksville, TN – Three prominent Clarksville automobile dealers, who have been strong supporters of Austin Peay State University athletics for decades, will be inducted into the Red Coat Society, Saturday.


RUTH WILHELMINE MEYER PROJECT indicates the multi vocal voice-expression of the Norwegian singer Ruth Wilhelmine Meyer.
Inspired by ethnic sounds, Norwegian folk music, classical vocal tradition and extended voice techniques from the avant-garde tradition, Meyer has developed a non-verbal vocal expression within a voice range of more than 6 octaves.
In her Project, she often interacts with instrumentalists and vocalists of different expressions from different musical origins in concerts and scenic performances, films and sound installations throughout the world.
Through these multi-expressive vocal sounds she creates soundscapes between the realistic/unrealistic and the expected/unexpected, letting t he sound itself be the storyteller.
A project with the famous Norwegian organ player and composer Nils Henrik Asheim and the multi vocalist Ruth Wilhelmine Meyer. New CD released October 2018.
On the basis of sacral tunes from different origins, they are here searching for a related sonic world between organ and voice.
Together with the jazz musicians Grzech Piotrowski – saxophones/PL, Lars Andreas Haug – tuba/NO and Terje Isungset – percussion/NO she has made a music ecological sonic project where the music is like an expedition of a camera eye zooming in on details and separate species in the nature, then out into larger lands capes and biotypes and finally into new species. In this project she also cooperates with other jazz musicians, like: Trygve Seim/ NO, Per Odvar Johannesen /NO, Anders Banke /DK, Knut Aalefjær /NO.
A program around the poets of Jon Fosse together with the great actress Anne Marit Jacobsen and the pianist Helge Lien. Jon Fosse celebrates his 60th birthday in 2019.
With the jazz pianist Helge Lien she created non verbal sound portraits of some of the most important of Henrik Ibsen's characters. The project was released in 2013 and became excellent critics. They have been touring in Norway, Sweden, Germany and India since then.
Among many collaborators she has an ongoing duo with the acc ordionist and composer Espen Leite. Together they have a wide range of expressions and programs.
She also works with the famous folk musicians like: Knut Buen, Anders Buen Garnås and Anders Erik Røine.


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Surface effects in nanoscale mechanical systems such as nanoporous solids or small-scale structures can have a significant impact on the effective material response which deviates from the material behavior of bulk solids. Understanding such phenomena requires modeling techniques that locally retain atomistic information while transitioning to the relevant macroscopic length scales. We recently introduced a fully-nonlocal energy based quasicontinuum (QC) method equipped with new summation rules. This technique accurately bridges across scales from atomistics to the continuum through a thermodynamically-consistent coarse-graining scheme. Beyond minimizing energy approximation errors and spurious force artifacts, the new method also qualifies to describe free surfaces, which is reported here. Surfaces present a major challenge to coarse-grained atomistics, which has oftentimes been circumvented by costly ad hoc extensions of the traditional QC method. We show that our new coarse-graining scheme successfully and automatically reduces spurious force artifacts near free surfaces. After discussing the computational model, we demonstrate its benefits in the presence of free surfaces by several nanomechanical examples including surface energy calculations, elastic size effects in nano-rods and in plates with nano-sized holes. Overall, we demonstrate the importance of surface effects as well as a new strategy to accurately capture those computationally via coarse-grained atomistics.


A conservatism that is hopeful about what tomorrow might bring.
"The Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger. Suddenly they saw a traveller coming down the road, and the Sun said: "I see a way to decide our dispute. Whichever of us can cause that traveller to take off his cloak shall be regarded as the stronger. You begin."
One of the greatest differences between the American Republican and British Tory parties has been dispositional. Under Margaret Thatcher British Tories handbagged a failing Britain back to life. President Ronald Reagan's approach was different. He encouraged America back to vigour and his 'Morning in America' commercials encapsulated his optimism.
Whilst George W Bush inherited Reagan's optimism the Conservative Party has often appeared to prefer the nannying style of Margaret Thatcher to sunny uplands optimism. The red-teared lions and devil imagery of the 1997 campaign were the least attractive manifestation of this inheritance.
The same pattern is true in the commentariat. Doom-mongery sometimes has its place but the brilliant analysis of Peter Hitchens isn't balanced by the kind of optimism that the likes of Peggy Noonan give to American conservatism.
This stuff drives the Democrats wild and into the hands of Howard Dean and other webroot manifestations of the MooreOn tendency.
The Reagan-Bush positivity seems to have two principal origins. One source of American conservatism's optimism is the Bible Belt. George W Bush's conversion story is one that millions of Americans can identify with. Now teetotal, George W Bush was a heavy-drinker until his fortieth birthday. "I was a drinker. I quit drinking because I changed my heart. I guess I was a one-man faith-based programme," he told a gathering of religious leaders in New Orleans. In his campaign autobiography he wrote: "Faith changes lives. I know, because faith has changed mine".
The other source has been the prominence of a number of liberals-turned-neoconservatives in the highest echelons of the Republican Party. They may have abandoned the methods of the left but they have not ditched its idealism.


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Q: EWS: Retrieving attachments from signed emails I have a C# program that manages a resource mailbox by retrieving attachments and categorizing emails into sub-folders. An issue came up recently where the client wishes to send us signed emails, so when the program retrieves their attachments a file named "smime.p7m" is saved instead of the file attachments. This file is not present when reviewing the email in Outlook, only the attachments we want. However, when stepping through the code, the attachments listed in the Email object only contains this .p7m file.
I have retrieved the mime content from the email, but it's just bytes. When I look at the .p7m file in a text editor, I see the contents of the file(s) I want at the bottom file (the ultimate tease)!  How do I get the original attachments without having to parse the .p7m file for the content of interest?
The exchange server is 2010 SP2, and this is all happening via a C# program utilizing the EWS Managed API.

A: You can use the EnvelopedCMS class to get the MIME from the encrypted attachment. Assuming your security context has access to the key.
byte[] content = ...The byte[] from the smime.p7m attachment ...
var encrypted = new EnvelopedCms();
encrypted.Decode(content);
encrypted.Decrypt();
byte[] unencryptedButRawMimeEntity = encrypted.ContentInfo.Content;

This will allow you to get the unencrypted MIME Entity (the original email without transport headers).
Note if the message is signed, the decrypted MIME entity will be another single attachment with an SMIME Type Header equal to signed-data. You can repeat the process above using the SignedCMS class, to expose its content. The Decrypt call should be omitted.
You then have to parse/decode the MIME to extract its body and attachments.
The code to do this obviously resides the System.Net.Mime namespace but Microsoft, for whatever reason, offer no public entry point to it. I have read elsewhere than you can use reflection to access it. This disadvantages of this is, its not supported and the non-public interface is subject to change in later versions of the framework. The code in this question shows you how to deal with a quoted-printable Transfer Encoding.
Alternatively, you can write or borrow your own MIME parser, as I did. Unfortunately, I can't give you the code because of IP.
At the time I was unable to find a simple alternative. Now I'd be tempted to try out the NuGet packages linked below and save myself some pain. Starting with OpenPOP.Net.

You could use the code in this project for inspiration, look at the third-party options in this question, or try these packages on NuGet.

A: You should check out MimeKit (MIME parser + S/MIME and PGP support) and MailKit (if you need SMTP, POP3, and/or IMAP).
I've written some examples on how to use MimeKit's decryption and signature verification APIs in the documentation on the main page of the GitHub project.

A: I spent last 3 days trying extract attachments from signed but unencrypted email. Our project is in vb.net but it should be easy to rewrite it to c#. Here are steps which worked for me:

*

*Install Mimekit Nuget Package

*Correctly identify the S/Mime signed email by looking at its content type and attachment name (S/Mime signed emails always have smime.p7m file attached to it)

If String.Equals(origMessage.Attachments.First.ContentType, "multipart/signed",
StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) AndAlso
String.Equals(origMessage.Attachments.First.Name, "smime.p7m", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) Then

*Load smime file as EWS FileAttachment and create new memoryStream out of it. Then create MimeKit.MimeEntity of this stream. Now you're using MimeKit library which is great for this stuff

Dim smimeFile As FileAttachment = origMessage.Attachments.First
smimeFile.Load()
Dim memoryStreamSigned As MemoryStream = New MemoryStream(smimeFile.Content)
Dim entity = MimeEntity.Load(memoryStreamSigned)

*Iterate over your MimeEntity instance for all attachments

If TypeOf entity Is Cryptography.MultipartSigned Then
    Dim mltipart As Multipart = entity
    Dim attachments As MimeEntity = mltipart(0)
    If TypeOf attachments Is Multipart Then
        Dim mltipartAttachments As Multipart = attachments
        For i As Integer = 0 To mltipartAttachments.Count - 1
            If mltipartAttachments(i).IsAttachment Then
                **'BOOM, now you're looping your attachment files one by one**
                **'Call your decode function to read your attachment as array of Bytes**
            End If
        Next
    End If
End If

*Read your attachment as array of Bytes. Do this inside the for of previous step.

'Read and decode content stream
Dim fileStrm = New MemoryStream()
mltipartAttachments(i).Content.DecodeTo(fileStrm)

Dim decodedBytes(0 To fileStrm.Length - 1) As Byte
fileStrm.Position = 0  'This is important because .DecodeTo set the position to the end!!
fileStrm.Read(decodedBytes, 0, Convert.ToInt32(fileStrm.Length))

Now you have your attachment file decoded as an array of Bytes and you can just save it or do whatever you want :) Hope this helped!

A: Using OpenPOP.NET, which is accessible through NuGet, and EWS Managed API I was able to retrieve the attachments embedded within the mime content of a certain email of interest.  I used
System.Exchange.WebServices.Data.Item email = new System.Exchange.WebServices.Data.Item(myEmail);
OpenPop.Mime.Message message = new OpenPop.Mime.Message(email.MimeContent.Content);
List<OpenPop.Mime.MessagePart> validMessageParts = message.FindAllAttachments().Where(x => x.FileName.Contains(".csv") == true || x.FileName.Contains(".xlsx") == true || x.FileName.Contains(".xml") == true || x.FileName.Contains(".xls") == true).ToList<MessagePart>();

foreach (MessagePart messagePart in validMessageParts)
{
  if (messagePart != null)
  {
    using (FileStream fileStream = new FileStream(savingPath + messagePart.ContentDisposition.FileName, FileMode.Create, FileAccess.ReadWrite))
    {
        messagePart.Save(fileStream);
    }
  }
}

to save all csv, xlsx, and xls in a particular email into a directory of my choice.

A: MimeKit.
I get an error with this :
mltipartAttachments(i).Content.DecodeTo(fileStrm)

'Content' is not a member of 'MimeEntity'

I solved it with this :
Dim mp As MimePart = mltipartAttachments(i)
mp.Content.DecodeTo(fileStrm)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
A Soviet Ace Shot Down Nazi Pilots With Great Skill, But Her Feats Are Mostly Forgotten Today
Yekaterina Budanova, who died in combat 75 years ago today, reveals a larger story about the complicated history of women soldiers in the Red Army
Lorraine Boissoneault
Pictured at center, Yekaterina Budanova was one of the only women fighter pilots of World War II, and remains one of the most successful in history. Wikimedia Commons
"I am now devoting my entire life to the struggle against the vile Nazi creatures," Yekaterina Budanova wrote to her sister in the early years of World War II. "If I am fated to perish, my death will cost the enemy dearly. My dear winged 'Yak' is a good machine and our lives are inseparably bound up together; if the need arises, we both shall die like heroes."
It was a prescient letter. On July 19, 1943, just two years after enlisting in military aviation for the Soviet Red Army, Budanova was shot down by German Messerschmitt planes. Killed at age 26, she was one of the world's first female fighter aces (a pilot who shoots down enemy aircraft) and remains one of the most successful, along with fellow Soviet pilot Lydia Litvyak. That Budanova was able to achieve so much is a testament to the willingness of the Soviet military to allow women into their ranks at all levels, at a time when no other Western nations did. But Budanova and her fellow women soldiers faced plenty of challenges along the way, including disapproval from their superiors and a lack of recognition from the government. The war was won with the help of women—but that's not how Soviet leadership wanted history to be remembered.
Although thousands of women fought for the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War (which began with the Russian Revolution of 1917 and ended with the formation of the Soviet Union in 1922), it wasn't until a law on "universal military duty" was passed in 1939 that women could formally be accepted into the military. But even that law proved more theoretical than practical: at the time of Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Operation Barbarossa, very few women served in the Soviet military.
"Initially, Red Army recruiters were very reluctant to accept women into the military, although thousands volunteered in the belief that they had the right and obligation to take up arms in defense of the Soviet Motherland," said Roger D. Marwick, professor of modern European history at the University of Newcastle, Australia, by email. The co-author of Soviet Women on the Frontline in the Second World War, along with Euridice Charon Cardona, Marwick added that once women proved their ability to accomplish any number of tasks—from working as snipers to anti-aircraft gunners—they earned the respect of their commanders.
This was true of women in aviation as well. Budanova, like other women, belonged to a civilian aeroclub before the war, where she earned her pilot's license and eventually became a flight instructor. The enthrallment with women pilots occurred across the country, as more women began working in factories in the pre-war years. In 1938, a state-sponsored all-women crew piloted the plane Rodina across Russia, setting a new record for nonstop flight by women and surviving a crash-landing in Siberia. One member of this expedition, Marina Raskova, would go on to found three women's air regiments, including the one that Budanova flew in. While those regiments were meant to be reserve troops, the high casualties inflicted on the Red Army meant women aviators went on more and more actual missions and were increasingly integrated with men's units.
Eventually, Budanova was assigned to a regiment that included men, and she "earned the right to conduct 'lone wolf' or freelance operations just like the best male pilots," which involved going on patrol without any backup, writes Kristal Alfonso in Femme Fatale: An Examination of the Role of Women in Combat and the Policy Implications for Future American Military Operations.
But even at that level, the men could be dismissive of women pilots. "They met us with distrust in the division," remembered squadron navigator Galina Ol'khovskaia. "The male pilots could not accept the idea that, just like men, some girls had mastered complicated equipment and would be able to complete any sort of combat mission." At times, the male pilots even swooped in on formations by the women pilots, forcing them to scatter.
Despite facing harassment and disdain, thousands of women continued enlisting in the military. By the end of the war, estimates for women participants go as high as 800,000. While many acted in traditionally feminine roles—nurses, secretaries, cooks—plenty of others fought on the frontlines. The Soviet Union, desperate for manpower, sent more women into combat than any other nation before or since, writes Lyuba Vinogradova in Avenging Angels: Young Women of the Soviet Union's WWII Sniper Corps. But apart from highlighting the stories of a limited number of women soldiers for propaganda purposes, the Soviet government mostly hid the work women were doing.
Yekaterina Budanova, left, with fellow ace Lydia Litvyak, posing together in 1943. Wikimedia Commons
"In good part this was because they did not want the Red Army to appear weak because it was recruiting women," Marwick said. "More fundamentally, Soviet authorities did not want to raise the expectations of women that they would have permanent or frontline roles in the military."
The concern about appearing weak seems to have been at least somewhat ill-founded, if German opinions are anything to go by. They "looked upon armed Soviet women as 'unnatural' and consequently had no compunction about shooting such 'vermin' as soon as they were captured," writes D'Ann Campbell. And although the United States refused to allow women soldiers to fight, an experiment conducted by Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall found that mixed-gender units performed better than all-male units. While American and British women played roles in their respective militaries, they weren't allowed to actually fire weapons.
"What stopped the British, Americans, and Germans from allowing the [anti-aircraft] to pull the trigger was their sense of gender roles—a sensibility that had not yet adjusted to necessity," Campbell writes. "Young men furthermore saw military service as a validation of their own virility and as a certificate of manhood. If women could do it, then it was not very manly."
Yet Soviet women did do it, often putting themselves in extreme danger. Marwick notes that women in night-bomber crews were "really breaking new and very dangerous ground when they took to the skies in tiny, vulnerable bi-planes," and that women soldiers were almost certainly tortured and killed if they were captured by Nazi fighters "who regarded them as monstrous Amazons."
Budanova would die at the hands of German pilots, but only after she took down several herself. On July 19, 1943, she and several other pilots were on an escort mission, protecting bomber planes over Ukraine. While the bombing run was successful, the team came under attack by three Luftwaffe fighters on their return flight. Budanova engaged them, shooting down one and hitting a second, but her own aircraft suffered serious damage. She crashed in the countryside of Novokrasnovka and was found alive by some farm workers, but died before any doctors could arrive. Although her exact number of hits remains uncertain, it's believed that Budanova took down six enemy aircraft on her own and shared in four group victories at the time of her death.
Although Budanova's accomplishments were celebrated, most of the work done by women was quietly dismissed at the end of the war. Even before the Allied troops won, Soviet paper Pravda wrote that the women soldiers should not "forget about their primary duty to nation and state—that of motherhood." Women who served in the military were forced to turn in their uniforms and take up more traditional roles, though they also continued in the workforce due to the enormous death toll—27 million—at the end of the war.
"Wartime saw a temporary challenge to traditional gender roles, but once victory was in sight women were needed to reproduce and rebuild the country," Marwick said. "In the long run, meaning the 1960s onward, women took on workforce roles that Western feminism had to agitate for, in engineering and medicine particularly. Soviet men, however, continued to dominate supervisory and leadership roles."
As for the Russian military today, women are allowed to serve, but still confront various forms of sexism, including being encouraged to participate in state-sponsored military beauty pageants.
The women of the past and present may be allowed to act as "Amazons," but they're also expected to be feminine mothers as well. While Budanova was posthumously awarded the prestigious Hero of the Russian Federation award in 1993, her legacy remains little-remembered in the annals of World War II history.
Lorraine Boissoneault | | READ MORE
Lorraine Boissoneault is a contributing writer to SmithsonianMag.com covering history and archaeology. She has previously written for The Atlantic, Salon, Nautilus and others. She is also the author of The Last Voyageurs: Retracing La Salle's Journey Across America. Website: http://www.lboissoneault.com/
Flight Military Soviet History Women's History World War II


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Shopping town USA
Victor Gruen, the Cold War, and the shopping mall
Anette Baldauf
In the course of his life, Victor Gruen completed major urban interventions in the US and western Europe that fundamentally altered the course of western urban development. Anette Baldauf describes how Gruen's fame rests mostly on the insertion of commercial machines into the decentred US suburbs. These so-called "shopping towns" were supposed to strengthen civic life and structure the amorphous, mono-functional agglomerations of suburban sprawl. Yet within a decade, Gruen's designs had become the architectural extension of the policies of racial and gender segregation underlying the US postwar consumer utopia.
In 1943, the US American magazine Architectural Forum invited Victor Gruen and his wife Elsie Krummeck to take part in an exchange of visions for the architechtonic shaping of the postwar period. The editors of the issue, entitled Architecture 194x, appealed to recognised modernists such as Mies van der Rohe and Charles Eames to design parts of a model town for the year "194x", in other words for an unspecified year, by which time the Second World War would have ended.1 The architects Gruen & Krummeck partnership were to design a prototype for a "regional shopping centre". The editors specified that the shopping centre was to be situated on the outskirts of the city, on traffic island between two highways and would supplement the pedestrian zone down town. "How can shopping be made more inviting?", the editors asked Gruen & Krummeck, who, at the time of the competition, were famous for their spectacular glass designs for boutiques on Fifth Avenue and for national department store chains on the outskirts of US cities.2
The two architects responded to the commission to build a "small neighbourhood shopping centre" with a design that far exceeded the specified size and function of the centre. Gruen later explained that the project reflected the couple's dissatisfaction with Los Angeles, where long distances between shops, regular traffic jams, and an absence of pedestrian zones made shopping tiresome work. Gruen and Krummeck saw in Los Angeles the blueprint of an "an automotive-rich postwar America". Their counter-design was oriented towards the traditional main squares of European cities. Hence, they suggested two central structural interventions: first, the automobile and the shopper were to be assigned two distinct spatial units, and second, space for consumption and civic space were to be merged. Working to this premise, Gruen and Krummeck designed a centre that was organised around a spacious green square – with garden restaurants, milk bars, and music stands. The design integrated 28 shops and 13 public facilities; among the latter were a library, a post office, a theatre, a lecture hall, a night club, a nursery, a play room, and a pony stable.3
The editors of Architectural Forum rejected Gruen's and Krummeck's design. They insisted upon a reduced "regional shopping centre" and urged the architects to rework their submission along these lines. Gruen and Krummeck responded with an adjustment that would later prove crucial: they abandoned the idea of a green square in the centre of the complex and suggested building a closed, round building made of glass. They surrounded the inwardly directed shopping complex with two rings. The first ring was to serve as a pedestrian zone, the second as a car park. This design also failed to please. George Nelson, the editor-in-chief, was scandalised and argued that by removing the central square, the space for sitting around and strolling was lost.4 For him, the shopping centre as closed space was inconceivable. Eventually, Gruen and Krummeck submitted a design for a conventional shopping centre with shops arranged in a "U" shape around a courtyard. Clearly, those that would celebrate the closed shopping centre a few years later were not yet active. It was only a decade later that Gruen was able to convince two leading department-store owners of the profitability of a self-enclosed shopping centre. Excluding cars, street traders, animals, and other potential disturbances, and supported by surveillance technology, the shopping mall would embody the ideal, typical values of suburban lifestyles – order, cleanliness, and safety.5 Public judgement of Gruen's "architecture of introversion" fundamentally changed, then, in the course of the 1950s. What was it, exactly, that led to this revised evaluation of a closed, inwardly directed space of consumption?
Consumerism and the policy of containment
The transformation of shopping spaces designed by Gruen and Krummeck – in formal terms, from the principle of openness to that of enclosure, in material terms, the move from glass to concrete – can today be interpreted as a manifestation of the tectonic shift that gripped the political and cultural landscape of postwar America. Gruen's second wife and partner of many years, Elsie Krummeck, who until the birth of their second child and their divorce shortly thereafter was involved in the development of this new type of design, hardly features in the official Gruen historiography. Today, Victor Gruen is considered to have been the inventor of the shopping mall.
Between the mid-1940s and 1957, in the course of the emergence of a radically bi-polar world, the collective morale of the American nation turned from self-affirming celebration of the end of the Second World War into anxious expectation of total war. The common fear of the Third World War was often compared with a "low-grade fever that the nation could not shake".6 In a context so much saturated by fear, the "philosophy of containment" offered an instrument for empowering control. The hermetically sealed shopping centre delivered this philosophy with a concrete symbol that combined these two functions: inwardly, in other words to the shoppers, the centre signalled safety, shelter, and retreat. It provided the "uprooted" resident of the rapidly growing suburban landscape with a sense of meaning and an affective anchor. Outwardly, to the rival Soviet Union and to communist sympathisers, the shopping centre signalled the superiority of capitalism; it stood as material proof of the principles of social egalitarianism and for the freedom of choice inherent in consumerism.
The shopping centre, with its iconography of the bunker, offered a spatial translation of the foreign political strategy of "containment" and thereby established the material prerequisites for further, more subtle forms of social and cultural "containment". For example, the shopping centre underpinned the "containment" of women, who after the return of male soldiers after the Second World War had withdrawn from the employment market and invested their labour energy in raising children, housework, and consumption. It also offered the white residents of the suburbs a supervised safety zone that, while simulating urbanity, simultaneously guaranteed homogeneity. Because of this constellation, the history of the shopping centre is inevitably linked to the history of racist politics.
Victor Gruen, born in 1903 as Victor David Gr�nbaum, grew up in Vienna; in 1938, four months after the German annexation of Austria, he managed to escape to the USA. When the Jewish immigrant began to promote his concept of the "regional shopping centre", he argued that all big European cities were built upon a stable combination of commercial and social space. In contrast, the American suburbs, Gruen insisted, represented mono-functional sprawls consisting of agglomerations of individual private homes. In order to boost civic and social life in this barren sprawl, Gruen suggested introducing so-called "shopping towns". A man of vision, the self-appointed "people's architect" propounded the construction of gigantic projects that combined commercial and civic activities and offered isolated housewives, lonely pensioners, and roaming teenagers a place to pass the time.7
It wasn't easy to find sponsors for projects of this scale. Gruen had to sell his ideas. He exploited Cold War fear and marketed the shopping mall as a bunker and evacuation zone in the event of attack, despite the fact that in pre-war Vienna, as an engaged socialist, he had been active in political cabaret; he promised the materialisation of consumer dreams, even though he personally hated shopping.8 Later, when Gruen was able to realise his architectonic visions, the shopping mall stood for something much more than what he had anticipated. Between Gruen's first design from the year 1943 and the boom in shopping centres a decade and a half later, the role of consumerism in the USA altered fundamentally: consumerism was not longer a driving force but the driving force in postwar America. For that reason, Gruen's biography is closely linked with the tragedy of capitalism: within fifteen years, all the civic and social spaces that Gruen had originally included in the design of the shopping mall were absorbed by commerce and the property speculator's greed for profit. The poly-functional "shopping towns" gave rise to gigantic retail machines that served the two axioms that defined the age: consumerism and the "policy of containment".
Fear and suburbanisation
In the period after the Second World War, the US ambassador to Moscow, George Kenan, recommended counteracting the apparently alarming spread of communism with a so-called "policy of containment". Consequently, US foreign policy attempted to restrict communism by means of political diplomacy, military intervention, and the seductive power of consumerism. While foreign policy was oriented around the principle of "containment", civil defence on the home front concentrated on the principle of "dispersal". This domestic policy tied in with the existing process of urban development already initiated in 1944 with the passing of the "GI law", or Serviceman's Readjustment Act (SRA). The SRA was intended to stand as a special recognition of the service performed by the 16 million or so GIs during the Second World War; moreover, the law was an attempt to counteract the threat of a housing crisis and stimulate the postwar economy. The SRA offered former servicemen a state credit guarantee that enabled them to buy their own homes without cash payment. Five million veterans came into home-ownership via this channel. In practice, however, this "democratisation" was subject to clear restrictions: until the late 1950s, the exclusory practices of property firms and house owners, which were very often sanctioned by the state, hindered the expansion of Afro-American residents of inner cities into the suburbs. Public subsidisation such as the SRA was ultimately deployed in order to consolidate racist segregation.
According to urban historians, aside from the aforementioned racism and state funding, the flight from the inner cities into the suburbs was driven by low property prices and growth in the economy and in the population. It is often argued that while the SRA provided the financial basis for the "conquering of the suburban front" by the veterans, the mental and psychological conditions that drove middle class families out of the city were manufactured via a political climate in which talk of urban vulnerability and the risk of nuclear attack was incessant.9
The extent to which urban life was problematised in the public sphere is illustrated by an article published in Life magazine on 18 December 1950, entitled How US Cities Can Prepare for Atomic War. US American cities were the most vulnerable targets in the world, it warned: first would come the immediate and total destruction of a wide area, with hundreds of thousands of victims; then transport would be paralysed, electricity and water cut off, and food supplies interrupted. People would flee the cities in panic.
The magazine printed an interview with Norbert Wiener, the inventor of cybernetics, who advocated setting up "life belts" on the edges of cities. In peacetime, these belts would support suburbanisation; during war they would aid civilian defence. The maps that served as illustrations of Wiener's argumentation showed the "life belt" of an anonymous city; it joined up numerous hospitals, warehouses, factories, oil depositories, a train station, and a shopping centre.10 The shopping centre thereby became a component of the civil defence programme.
While Life magazine busied itself with the question of how cities should be reorganised in order to minimise the number of casualties after a nuclear attack, public schools in areas considered to be at risk reached for more drastic measures: between August 1950 and April 1951, schools in New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Detroit, Milwaukee, Fort Worth, San Francisco, and Philadelphia carried out regular aerial bombardment drills. These "duck and cover" drills were intended to sharpen the awareness of danger and to naturalise the children's reactions. In New York, teachers in public schools handed out neck tags to pupils in order to facilitate identification after an attack.11 A politics of fear was ubiquitous: anxiety was inherent in the routines of urban everyday life.
In 1951, duck and cover climaxed with the introduction of the Federal Civil Defence Administration (FCDA). Its chairman, Millard Caldwell, called for a programme that would coordinate on a national level the construction of public bunker installations and encouraged the "shoring up" of existing buildings on a private basis. Equipped with a ludicrously small budget, the programme eventually had to reduce its mission to publicity work. In order to spread the philosophy of duck and cover, travelling exhibitions, ten million comic books, and 55 million pocket-sized cards were produced, carrying information about steps to take following a nuclear attack. The/ FCDA also produced Bert the Turtle, an animated film intended to show viewers how to protect themselves from a nuclear explosion.12
While duck and cover continued to dominate the popular imagination of the civil defence, the economically conscious Eisenhower government had long since moved from bunker to evacuation procedures. Around the same time, Victor Gruen and his new partner Karl Van Leuven found themselves standing on huge field ten kilometres outside Detroit city centre: "There are all those monstrous earth moving machines pushing and shoving and changing the face of some 200 acres", remembered Van Leuven, who before joining the firm Gruen & Krummeck Partnership had worked at the Disney Corporation. As they watched the bulldozers flatten the site, Gruen turned to Van Leuven and said, "My God but we've got a lot of nerve".13
Northland Center, Detroit
According to Gruen, he first established contact with the leading department store firm J. L. Hudson Company in 1948. After paying a visit to the Hudson department store in downtown Detroit, Gruen wrote an urgent letter to the company president Oscar Webber pressing upon him the need to take the migration to the outskirts seriously and urging him to open outlets in the expanding suburbs of Detroit.14
Three years later, Victor Gruen's architectural practice presented the company with a 20 year programme.15 In order to be able to hold on to the leading position that Hudson department stores had until then had in city centres, Gruen and Van Leuven had designed a concept that coordinated four regional shopping centres. The Eastland, Northland, Southland, and Westland Centres would, they ventured, be much more than a collection of shops; the regional shopping centres were conceived as "crystallisation points for suburbia's community life … located at the fringe of now built up suburban development". They were situated approximately ten kilometres outside the inner city, in the centre of the booming suburbs.16
A few months later, Gruen explained in an edition of the magazine Progressive Architecture the background to this geography he was advocating. "Does safety lie in dispersal?" asked the editors and invited Gruen to present his plans for Hudson. His design, Gruen emphasised, "like four massive shopping centres, localised far away from industrial targets, satisfies general needs during peace, and in times of war can, if necessary, be deployed as defence centres for rehabilitation, relocation, and first aid."17
The shopping centre and, subsequently, the shopping mall were conceived on the point of intersection between Cold War politics and postwar capitalism. They are offspring of postwar fears and consumerist dreams and, as such, illustrate the tension between the fear of total annihilation and the euphoria of the consumer utopia.18 It is no coincidence that the first shopping centre in the USA was built at the moment the nation had reached its economic climax and while citizens were discussing passionately the pros and cons of bunkers versus evacuation zones. In 1953, 145 thousand Americans had a new telephone installed, 600 thousand Americans purchased a new television set, and half a million bought a new car.19
Already during the Second World War, president Roosevelt had repeatedly mobilised consumerism on the home front for military ends. In Europe, US American soldiers were not only fighting against the National Socialist regime, but also for the "American way of life", in other words for television sets, washing machines, and automobiles. After the war, the ideology of consumerism formed the central ingredient of the American way of life. The postwar ideal of the US citizen, or better said, that of female citizens, was born in this context: consumption came to be defined as private pleasure and civil duty.20
This specific nexus of forces visibly inspired Gruen to think big. The Northland Centre was the first of the four centres to be realised on the outskirts of Detroit. The thirty million dollar complex, in which a department store and up to one hundred shops were housed, was based on a so-called cluster scheme. The complex consisted of five buildings arranged in a U-shape around a courtyard, which was fitted with fountains, benches, sculptures, and colonnades. The arcade, placed at the intersection between the courtyard and the shop windows, created, Gruen explained, an "essential urban environment".21 In the Northland Center, he realised a number of architectonic elements that he had designed with Elsie Krummeck for the shopping centre in the context of the project Architecture 194x. A huge car park and private highway were located in front of the complex; the centre itself housed, alongside commercial outlets, numerous civic facilities including a nursery, conference rooms, and a zoo. It was, Gruen enthused at the opening on the 22 March 1954, the "first shopping centre of the future".22
It was no coincidence that Detroit was the city in which Gruen was able to realise his vision of a shopping town: the two million-strong city was home to the three biggest US automobile manufacturers – Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors. Throughout the 1950s, these had created an affluent middle class with significant spending power. Detroit was known as an economic paradise; but at the same time, because of its concentration of industry, was considered to be a potential target for a nuclear attack. The Ford company had its own bunker, while the local civil defence offered regular courses and training units for preparation in case of emergency. And the city pursued an aggressive decentralisation plan.23
The combined result of these efforts was that Detroit was regarded as a prototype of suburbanisation. Prosperous, white, inner city residents moved to the suburbs, settling in "safe" districts, in other words districts segregated along "racially specific" lines. The streets necessary to create access to the suburban projects were often built straight through Afro-American working class districts – city planning aimed to create new living spaces and at the same time to wipe out long standing problem zones. In 1953, President Eisenhower nominated Charles Erwin Wilson, the president of GM, as his defence secretary. In 1955, GM was the first US American company whose turnover exceeded the one billion dollar mark; in the same year, GM proudly announced the destruction of the public tram network, thereby making a decisive step towards the privatisation of the transport industry.24 During the celebrations of the 50th anniversary of the Northland Centre in 2004, the Detroit Free Press recalled the mayor and estate agents that had obstructed Afro-Americans and other ethnic minorities from settling in the new suburban districts. If black residents did attempt to move to Detroit's suburbs, their houses were often attacked by neighbours.25
Situated in these anxiously protected communities, the first regional shopping centres provided the white suburban dwellers a safe and clean microcosm that permitted them to withdraw completely from the inner-city shopping streets. The shopping centre as hermetically sealed town, encircled by a wall, clearly marked the limits of the concept of an urban node in the suburbs that Gruen had for so long been advocating.26 In his preliminary designs, Gruen had always postulated the productivity of a competitive relationship between suburban and inner city shopping zones. His diagnosis of an acute need for sociability in the suburbs had been correct, however he had completely underestimated the "racially specific" implications of this need. While the shopping centres were indeed designed against the backdrop of Cold War fears and the euphoria of the consumer utopia, their expansion was fuelled by the dual needs for geographic insulation and the strategic "containment" of Afro-Americans in the inner cities.
Public subsidies blatantly supported these trends. When in 1954 the nationwide abolition of racial segregation in schools precipitated a massive exodus – the "white flight" – and a corresponding building boom in the suburbs, the Eisenhower government rewarded the owners of shopping centres with a bonus: the federal "accelerated depreciation" programme enabled owners of commercial buildings to deduct building costs from tax and thus cover completely unrelated costs. The opportunity to take advantage of state support for new buildings provoked an unprecedented increase in shopping centres. Immediately after this programme was approved, 25 new regional shopping centres were built in the USA.27
Little Mrs Shopper
This extension of consumer space had a distinct effect upon the spatial economy of the sexes. In connection with his plans for a shopping town, Gruen had from the start resolved to build for women. The new centres were supposed to alleviate women's everyday lives. "[B]esides spending a lot of time in the kitchen, the housewife spends an awful lot of time shopping", Gruen commented in a radio programme in 1953. Equipped with building blocks and model trees, he illustrated for the studio presenter how "our little Mrs Shopper" could find tranquility and comfort in a shopping centre, which was removed from the "dirty main road" and repositioned in a "peaceful park".28 According to Gruen's definition, shopping was based on a combination of work and leisure.29 The shopping centre was intended to provide women with a place for social and cultural life and to counteract the isolation of the suburbs. It was to relieve the lives of those women who had no access to public transport or childcare facilities – women who had the feeling, said Gruen, "that their lives were empty and boring", because "there was nothing to do in the suburbs".30
Today, it is practically a commonplace that gender policy in the 1950s was based on polarised differentiations. Historical documents suggest that, faced with the threat of war, women sought shelter in private space. While they apparently withdrew into their own homes, another form of self-protection was available to men: when the men's magazine Playboy first appeared in 1953, editor-in-chief Hugh Heffner opined that the erotic photographs of Marilyn Monroe offered men "a little diversion from the anxieties of the Atomic Age".31
Empirical data tend to confirm the thesis that the 1950s were the golden age of the American family: in the postwar years, young American women and men married more often and younger than Europeans. They started big families and were divorced far more rarely than the generations before and after them. "The current of the mainstream was so strong that you only had to step off the bank and float downstream into marriage and motherhood", remembered Brett Harvey in the book, The Fifties: A Woman's Oral History.32 Embedded in the bliss of the nuclear family, housework was seen not as work but as personal fulfilment. The obligation to expressive housework went hand in hand with a battery of consumer goods that promised to make housework a satisfying labour of love.33
There exists a common assumption that women during this decade were exclusively occupied as housewives and mothers, however women's participation in the labour market increased successively throughout this period. By the end of the 1950s, women made up just over 35% of the national workforce.34 Lizabeth Cohen and other feminists argue that the image of the subservient woman that is widely associated with the 1950s is primarily the result of the depression, in other words the 1920s and 1930s, when unemployed husbands and fathers longed for gender-specific empowerment; their daughters and wives, wishing to encourage them, in turn confirmed this image of a strong, male breadwinner.35 Concurrently, the inferiority of women in the 1950s in the US was legally underpinned: women themselves could not take out loans or insurance, could not buy a house, and could not sign contracts.
Southdale Center, Minnesota
In 1952, while Gruen was still working on the total reconstruction of the city of Detroit, he was commissioned by the owners of Dayton's in Minnesota to develop a type of department store that complied with the suburban lifestyle. Gruen subsequently presented an even more adventurous concept than that which he had developed for Detroit. He suggested building "a completely new community", a whole town in other words. Despite warnings, the Dayton family purchased a large plot ten kilometres outside the centre of Minneapolis. Gruen designed a project for the site consisting of apartment blocks, private houses, a park, a medical centre, a lake, a street plan, and a unique shopping centre.36 Modelled on the "Galeria" in Milan, Gruen developed what would go down in history as the first completely hermetic and artificially air-conditioned shopping mall. The complex was organised around a covered, brightly illuminated, two-storey atrium, which housed two department stores and 72 shops.
When the Southdale Center opened in 1956, the press celebrated the 20 million dollar project as a world success. The local newspapers welcomed the "complete living environment"; Architectural Record praised the attractive way exterior had been "Better Outdoors Indoors".37 A year after it opened, however, the Minneapolis Minn. Tribune ran an article that drew attention to a contradiction in Gruen's conceptual triad of women, commerce, and communal life. Entitled Suburb or Loop? Which direction is Mrs. Shopper going?, the article noted that, with the introduction of the shopping centre, "Mrs Minneapolis Housewife" was presented with several shopping options. The housewife could dress up and go into the city centre or "pile the children in the car and go shopping – with her hair still in curlers." Because the shopping centre was both "conventional and casual", concluded the paper, "the future belongs to the shopping centre".38
The article, with its emphasis on the pragmatic functionality of the shopping centre, indicated the limits of Gruen's vision of a collectively shared agora. The shopping centre made everyday life easier for the residents of the suburbs; yet for neither owner nor shopper was the collective investment in a communal public sphere a priority. "[A]ll dressed up and no place to go" was how Gruen described the mis�re of the suburban lifestyle a few years later.39
With his concept of the shopping centre, Gruen finally succeeded in creating a place for housewives to socialise. Housewives and others positioned outside working life – pensioners, children, and teenagers – found an escape in the shopping centre and later in the shopping mall: according to empirical research by Jerry Jacobs, shopping malls represented a place to pass the time, to meet friends, and to experience continuity ("nothing unusual happens").40 However, the shopping centre, embedded in the link between gender policy and the fear driven agenda of the Cold War, ultimately provided women as much with "containment" as with shelter. It offered literal shelter to those afraid of a bomb attack; and it promised emotional shelter to those suffering from suburban loneliness, uprootedness, and boredom. There is no doubt that the shopping centre alleviated the lives of women occupied as national reproductive labourers, but it also strengthened the traditional definition of women as housewives and carers and confirmed their location in the space of consumption. Gruen was correct in pointing out the growing isolation and frustration of women, but once again he had massively underestimated the political force that powered gender-specific spatial polarisation. "Suburbia had become an arid land inhabited during the day almost entirely by women and children and strictly compartmentalised by family income, social, religious, and racial background": that was Gruen's diagnosis in 1960, in his book Shopping Towns USA. The Planning of Shopping Centres.41
Kitchen etc.
The specific link between shelter and spatial delimitation in the field of women's policy becomes particularly clear when analysed in the context of Cold War politics. On 23 July 1953, Vice President Richard M. Nixon visited Russian leader Nikita Krushchev in Moscow. It was Nixon's job to guide Soviet politicians through the American National Exhibit – the latest models of single family homes, tools, cars, fashion articles, and freely distributed Pepsi were supposed to illustrate "what […] freedom means". Standing in front of a model of a fitted kitchen, Nixon philosophised about the semiotics of household appliances: "To us, diversity, the right to choose, […] is the most important thing […] We don't have one decision made at the top by one government official. […]We have many different manufacturers and many different kinds of washing machines so that the housewives have a choice."42
Two years before Nixon's visit to Moscow, the Soviet Union had sent the first satellite, Sputnik, into space. Since then, relations between the USSR and the USA had been strained. "Would it not be better to compete in the relative merits of washing machines than in the strength of rockets?" asked Nixon. Krushchev countered: "You are a lawyer for capitalism and I am a lawyer for communism. Let's compare." Nixon boasted that two thirds of the 44 million American families owned their own homes, as well as 56 million cars, 50 million television sets, and 143 million radios. "The United States comes closest to the ideal of prosperity for all in a classless society", Nixon concluded. The "model house", he explained, was not a villa but a simple ranch-style house, thoroughly affordable for an average worker. The home, he said, was fitted with modern appliances that "make the life of the suburban wives easier".
While the two statesmen differed heatedly over the definition of freedom, they were able to agree when it came to the position of women. As Nixon was assessing with admiring gaze the young Russian women modelling swimming costumes and sporting attire, Krushchev commented, "You are for the girls too." And as Nixon inspected a machine that cleaned the floor by itself, he quipped, "You don't need a wife."43 Nixon's postulate of consumption promised the elimination of class differences: the utopian aspect of consumerism offered men the prospect of equal access to the suburban dream home. This dream guaranteed to save women time in doing the housework. Nixon's comment implied that consumerism aimed at eradicating class differences while simultaneously strengthening sexual differences.44 Nixon's class policy strived for equality, however his gender policy aimed for the spatial delimitation, in other words the "containment", of women.
The world as shopping mall
In 1957, a year after the opening of the Southdale Centre, 940 shopping centres opened across the USA. By 1960, the number had doubled and continued to do so annually until 1963. By then, many critics of suburbanisation, including Gruen, had long since recognised that the ideal typical mall-matrix had failed in two of its aims: rather than supplementing, as predicted, the economy of the inner city, it siphoned off valuable resources; moreover, its contribution to the range of social activities in the suburbs was limited. Over the years, social facilities were axed from the profile of the shopping centres and replaced by commercial facilities that often only simulated public life. As the new consumer typology spread, the concept of the world in the shopping mall gave rise to that of the world as shopping mall. Principles developed in the context of the shopping mall – for example "adjacent attractions", "hyperconsumption" – increasingly determined apparently non-commercial facilities such as cultural centres, leisure zones, or museums.45
The dissemination of the shopping mall passes as material proof of the hegemonic assertion of the consumerist ideology: the shopping mall, argued William Kowinski, was the culmination of the American dream, "both decent and dement; the fulfillment, the mode of the postwar paradise."46 In the shopping mall, housewives of families who had fled the inner cities found the props to fit out the home with. Ever since, Lynn Spigel hypothesises, the latter has functioned as a form of theatre – "a stage on which to play out a set of bourgeois social conventions". Postwar advertisements, magazines, and manuals provide the scripts of these dramas and comedies. They suggest the perception of the family home as showcase and recommend forms of staging that encouraged spectacular scenes.47
In such a context, the shopping mall offered a kind of mega-stage upon which the drama of the "American Way of Life" could be played out. As enthusiastic master of ceremonies in Viennese political cabaret from 1926 to 1934, Gruen had gained experience with the tricks of staging; working in anti-Semitic Vienna had taught him the art of the poetic metaphor, refined symbolic language, and subtle suggestion. By day, the trained bricklayer and master-builder was busy modernising the flats and shops of Jewish friends; by night, he devoted himself to the art of the pun. On one occasion, Gruen "weighed" words on a set of market scales, after a policeman had warned him that in the future he should "weigh his words more carefully".48 Gruen wrote poems, popular plays, and pamphlets, and comp�red evening performances. After fleeing to the USA, he first tried translating the cabaret of the Refugee Artists Group for Broadway; despite success, he then opted for a return to architecture. He became interested in designing spectacular stages that, by means of an abstract modernism on the one hand and a groundbreaking degree of spatial manipulation on the other, offered an ideal projection surface for an "imaginary elsewhere", promising unimagined opportunities for performative self-staging.49
In the late 1950s, while the shopping mall was still considered a symbol of American postwar posterity, social movements increasingly began drawing attention to the "containment" of women and blacks that was necessary in order to maintain this dream. Like during other times of marked oppression, oppositional forces suddenly emerged from a situation of apparent compliance. The description of the 1950s as a decade of hyper-conformity and successful spatial delimitation makes little sense in view of the fact that it was precisely during this decade that a civil rights movement managed to force a far-reaching abolition of institutionalised "racial segregation". A series of white, male authors criticised the isolated lifestyle of the suburbs and articulated their frustration with the conditions of a normalised mass-society.50
The end of the 1950s saw criticism from feminist authors who tried to turn the "orgy of domesticity" on its head. The Feminine Mystique (1963), Betty Friedan's expos� of restrictive domesticity, was a bestseller. Friedan defined domesticity and consumerism as the two central instruments for the limitation of women – they kept housewives busy while hiding a "growing emptiness". To keep women focused on collective duties, wrote Friedan, "makes sense (and dollars) when one realises that women are the chief customers of American business. … [T]he really important role that women serve as housewives is to buy more things for the house."51 A whole generation of feminists, in their insistence that the private is the political, laid bare the misogyny inherent in the policy of spatial "containment".
It is difficult to establish exactly when Gruen recognised his own misjudgement. In 1964 he criticised the USA for destroying the essential virtues of urban life – intimacy, diversity, and variety.52 In 1968, as US American cities went up in flames, as Afro-Americans demanded integration, as anti-war activists demonstrated against Vietnam, and as feminists publicly attacked patriarchal institutions, Gruen decided to return to Vienna. For the rest of his life Gruen claimed that the real estate business had hijacked his concept of the shopping town and reduced them to "machines for selling". He "disclaimed paternity once and for all" and refused to "pay alimony to those bastard developments."53 He became interested in ecology, concentrated his attention on the concept of the "self-sustained city" and the "cellular metropolis" and was active in the anti-nuclear movement. Building for women no longer concerned him.
A slightly altered version of this article appears in German in Anette Baldauf, Entertainment Cities, SpringerWienNewYork: 2008, ISBN 978-3-211-71572-7
M. Jeffrey Hardwick, Mall Maker. Victor Gruen, Architect of the American Dream, Philadephia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p.125
Victor Gruen, Centers of the Urban Environment. Survival of the Cities, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1973, p.15.
Victor Gruen and Larry Smith, Shopping Towns USA. The Planning of Shopping Centers, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1960.
Hardwick, Mall Maker, p.82.
Richard Longstreth, City Center to Regional Mall. Architecture, the Automobile, and Retailing in Los Angeles, 1920-1950, Cambridge 1997, 308.
Philip Taubman, Secret Empire: Eisenhower, the CIA, and the Hidden Story of America's Space Espionage, New York 2003. This quotation and all subsequent quotations from English language sources have been translated back into English from German -- trans.
Otto Kapfinger, Victor Gruen and Rudi Baumfeld. "Traumkarriere einer Partnerschaft", in: Matthias Boeckl ed, Vision�re & Vertriebene. �sterreichische Spuren in der modernen amerikanischen Architektur, Berlin: Ernst & Sohn, 1995, p.255.
Walter Guzzardi, Jr., "An Architect of Environments", in: Fortune, January (1962), 134; Library of Congress, Papers of Victor Gruen (LoCPVG) 1886-1991, ID No. MSS81474, box 21.
Kathleen Tobin, "The Reduction of Urban Vulnerability: Revisiting 1950s American Suburbanization as Civil Defense", in: Cold War History, 2, 2 (2002), 1-32.
"How U. S. Cities Can Prepare for Atomic War", in: Life Magazine, 25 (1950), 77-82, p.85
Jo Anne Brown, "A is for Atom, B is for Bomb", in: The Journal of American History, 75, 1, 1988, p.80.
"Duck and Cover" (1951), Prelinger Archive: www.archive.org, accessed: 18. 7. 2005.
Hardwick, Mall Maker, p.125.
Victor Gruen, LoCPVG, box p.79.
Gruen/Smith, Shopping Towns.
"The Architect and Civil Defense", in: Progressive Architecture, September., 1951.
Timothy Mennel, "Victor Gruen and the Construction of Cold War Utopias", in: Journal of Planning History, 3, 2, 2004, pp.116-150.
Tom Lewis, Divided Highways. Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life, New York: Viking, 1997.
Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumer's Republic. The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003, p.119.
ibid, p.119.
Northland Center, VG's Speech at press preview, Speech Nr. 9, Northland, March 15, 1954, LoCVGC, box 81, Vol. A, 1943-1956.
The Detroit News, April 17, 1951.
Shrinking Cities, www.shrinkingcities.com, accessed: 28. 7. 2005.
Sheryl James, "Frenzy of Change. How Northland, now 50, jumpstarted suburbs' growth", in: Detroit Free Press, March 18, 2004.
Thomas W. Hanchett, "U. S. Tax Policy and the Shopping-Center Boom of the 1950s and 1960s", in: American Historical Review, 101 (1996), 1082-1110.
Radio Reports, Inc., Victor Gruen Shows Model Shopping Center of the Future, January 25, 1953; LoCPVG, box 71, Folder 2.
Victor Gruen, Centers of the Urban Environment. Survival of the Cities, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973, p.70.
ibid, p.70.
Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight from Commitment, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1983.
Harvey Brett, The Fifties: A Woman's Oral History, New York 1993; cf. Steven Mintz and Susan Kellogg, Domestic Revolutions. A Social History of American Family Life, New York: The Free Press, 1988.
Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound. American Families in the Cold War Era, New York: Basic Books, 1988.
Chafe William, Chafe, The American Woman: Her Changing Social, Economic and Political Roles 1920-1970, New York: Oxford University Press, 1972.
Cohen, Consumer's Republic, New York: Knopf, 2003.
Hardwick, op cit.
Minneapolis Morning Tribune, 18 June 1952; "Design for a Better Outdoors Indoors", Architectural Record, June 1962.
"Suburb or Loop? Which direction is Mrs. Shopper going?", in: Minneapolis Minn. Tribune, Jan. 6, 1957; LoCPVG, Oversized 5.
Victor Gruen, The Heart of Our Cities. The Urban Crisis: Diagnosis and Cure, New York: Simon & Schuster 1964, p.67.
Jerry Jacobs, The Mall. An Attempted Escape from Everyday Life, Illinois: Waveland Press, 1984.
Gruen/Smith, Shopping Towns, p.21.
Cohen, Consumer's Republic, p.126.
CNN Cold War, www.cnn.com, accessed: 25. 7. 2005.
Elaine Tyler May, op cit p.16.
Crawford, op cit.
William Severini Kowinski, The Malling of America. An Inside Look at the Great Consumer Paradise, New York 1985.
Lynn Spigel, "From Theater to Space Ship: Metaphors of Suburban Domesticity in Postwar America", in: Roger Silverstone ed., Visions of Suburbia, London 1997, 217-240.
Victor Gruen, Ein realistischer Tr�umer. R�ckblicke, Einblicke, Ausblicke, Wien (unpublished ms.) 1979, p.73.
Anne Friedberg, Window Shopping. Cinema and The Postmodern, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993, p.57.
E.g. David Riesman (1950), C. Wright Mills (1951), J. D. Salinger (1951), William Whyte (1956), Norman Mailer (1957).
Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, New York 1963, 197, 218f.
Gruen, Heart, 147.
Gruen, Heart, 222; Victor Gruen, Shopping Centers: Why, Where, How?, speech before Third Annual European Conference of the International Council of Shopping Centers, London, Feb. 28, 1978; LoCPVG, box 78.
Original in German
Translated by Simon Garnett
First published by L'Homme vol. 17 no. 2/2006 (German version) and www.metamute.org (English version)
Contributed by Mute © Anette Baldauf / Mute / Eurozine
Read in: DE / EN / LT
#USA #cities #technology #urbanism
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text:
Q: How to effectively replace singleLine with maxLines in style? I have a style as below
<style name="PennyTextSingleLine">
    <item name="android:textSize">@dimen/text_size_penny</item>
    <item name="android:textColor">@color/color_default</item>
    <item name="android:singleLine">true</item>
</style>

And later I have another style that is all the same except not single line. So I write
<style name="PennyTextMultiLine" parent="PennyTextSingleLine">
    <item name="android:singleLine">false</item>
</style>

That's very useful.
However, as we know singleLine is deprecated as per Alternative of singleLine attribute (Deprecated) TextInputEditText. It is suppose to be replaced by
<item name="android:maxLines">1</item>

How could I tackle the above (e.g. any way to represent the below with maxLines)?
<item name="android:singleLine">false</item>

A: I know I can do the below
<style name="PennyTextSingleLine" parent="PennyTextMultiLine">
    <item name="android:maxLines">1</item>
</style>

<style name="PennyTextMultiLine" >
    <item name="android:textSize">@dimen/text_size_penny</item>
    <item name="android:textColor">@color/color_default</item>
</style>

But, that would involve too many search around of my existing codes to swap the hierarchical relationship. I wonder if there's a 1-1 where we could override the maxlines=1 to any number at the parent hierarchy.
Post my answer here, but hope for a better answer out there.


text:
Ніл Фенн (,  18 січня 1977, Лондон) — ірландський футболіст, що грав на позиції нападника. По завершенні ігрової кар'єри — тренер. З 2019 року очолює тренерський штаб команди «Корк Сіті».

Клубна кар'єра
Вихованець клубу «Тоттенгем Готспур». За першу команду дебютував 5 січня 1997 року в грі проти «Манчестер Юнайтед» (0:2) у Кубку Англії, а 9 квітня того ж року в грі проти «Шеффілд Венсдей» Ніл дебютував за клуб у Прем'єр-лізі. До кінця сезону він зіграв ще 3 матчі у чемпіонаті, проти «Евертона», «Астон Вілли» та «Ковентрі Сіті». У наступному сезоні йому вдалося забити перший (і єдиний) гол за рідну команду — 17 вересня 1997 року в матчі проти Кубка ліги проти «Карлайл Юнайтед». У чемпіонаті ж молодий нападник не міг пробитись до першої команди, зігравши знову лише у 4 іграх, натомість для отримання ігрової практики Фенн здавався в оренду в нижчолігові клуби «Лейтон Орієнт», «Норвіч Сіті», «Свіндон Таун» та «Лінкольн Сіті».

В травні 2001 року на правах вільного агента перейшов у «Пітерборо Юнайтед», де за два наступні сезони він провів 50 матчів і забив 7 голів у Лізі 1, англійському третьому дивізіоні. .

У серпні 2003 року Фенн перебрався до Ірландії, яку представляв на міжнародному рівні, і став тут виступати за місцеві клуби «Вотерфорд Юнайтед» та «Корк Сіті», а в листопаді 2006 року на правах вільного агента підписав угоду із «Богеміаном». Відіграв за команду з Дубліна наступні три сезони своєї ігрової кар'єри, вигравши у складі клубу два чемпіонства Ірландії, а також по разу став володарем національного кубка та кубка ліги.

Протягом першої половини 2010 року захищав кольори клубу «Дандолк», після чого 29 липня 2010 року оголосив про завершенні ігрової кар'єри з особистих причин. Однак лише через чотири дні, 3 серпня, він підписав угоду з клубом «Шемрок Роверс», де і завершив остаточну професійну ігрову кар'єру по завершенні сезону 2010 року.

Виступи за збірні
1997 року дебютував у складі юнацької збірної Ірландії (U-20), разом з якою поїхав на молодіжний чемпіонат світу 1997 року в Малайзії, де провів шість матчів, забив один гол і став з командою бронзовим призером.

Протягом 1997—1999 років залучався до складу молодіжної збірної Ірландії. На молодіжному рівні зіграв у 8 офіційних матчах, забив 3 голи. Також кілька разів викликався до лав національної збірної, втім так за неї і не дебютував.

Кар'єра тренера
7 квітня 2017 року Фенн став помічником менеджера англійського клубу «Лейтон Орієнт», де пропрацював до кінця сезону, після чого у червні 2017 року очолив тренерський штаб ірландської команди «Лонгфорд Таун», що грала у другому за рівнем дивізіоні країни.

26 серпня 2019 року Фенн очолив клуб вищого ірландського дивізіону «Корк Сіті», в якому свого часу виступів і як гравець.

Досягнення

 Чемпіон Ірландії (2) : 2008, 2009
 Володар Кубка Ірландії (1) : 2008.
 Володар Кубка ірландської ліги (1) : 2009

Примітки

Посилання

Ірландські футболісти
Ірландські футбольні тренери
Гравці молодіжної збірної Ірландії з футболу
Футболісти «Тоттенгем Готспур»
Футболісти «Лейтон Орієнт»
Футболісти «Норвіч Сіті»
Футболісти «Свіндон Тауна»
Футболісти «Лінкольн Сіті»
Футболісти «Пітерборо Юнайтед»
Футболісти «Вотерфорд Юнайтед»
Футболісти «Корк Сіті»
Футболісти «Богеміана»
Футболісти «Дандолка»
Футболісти «Шемрок Роверс»
Тренери ФК «Лонгфорд Таун»
Тренери ФК «Корк Сіті»
Ірландські футбольні легіонери
Футбольні легіонери в Англії

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Churches could be demolished due to land dispute
By davidvranishApril 29, 2011
India (MNN) — Two churches in northwest India risk demolition due to a legal dispute over the land.
The churches are both served by Gospel For Asia-supported missionaries. The church buildings, along with hundreds of homes, businesses, and medical clinics, were all served with eviction notices earlier this month.
Although many of the affected homeowners have lived in the area for 30 years, the lot of them were told their buildings were on government property. They would need to leave.
A Gospel For Asia release says the following:
"The land is reported to originally belong to a tribal group that sold portions of it off to the people who went on to build homes and businesses. The situation is further complicated by the fact that the majority of the land purchases and building construction occurred before the state was created.
"The agency serving the eviction notices insists the current residents encroached on the property, and they must now leave so it can be used for public purposes."
Two neighborhoods are affected. One is home to mostly poor day laborers and some government employees. The other is home to a middle class teachers, medical professionals, engineers and businessmen.
The two churches, of course, are also within the disputed area. The churches have had fruitful ministries with combined congregations of about 75 people. Many have come to Christ as a result of the churches, and forced evictions certainly would not help ministry.
Prayer is in order. Pray for the believers who may lose their homes, and pray that the Lord would keep the churches from demolition. Pray that ministry would be able to continue so that many more might come to the Lord.
conflictdemolitiongospel for asiaindialand dispute
Primary Language: Hindi
Primary Religion: Hinduism
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"'Great allies' don't plot the murder of journalists, Mr President. 'Great allies' don't lure their own citizens into a trap, then kill them," Senator Jeff Flake wrote on Twitter.
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