text:
Q: Add existing API into django rest framework Besides the API I created by using the django rest framework, now I want to add the existing commerial API into the backend, how to do this?
The commerial API include several part(API), for example, /prepare, /upload, /merge,/get_result, etc. They all use the "POST" indeed.
Do I need to call the commerial API directly on the frontend? Or I need to integrate the commerial API in to one backend API? Any suggestions are appreciated.Thanks.
For example:
  ```
  class TestView(APIView):
         """
         Add all the commerial API here in order
             /prepare(POST)
             /upload(POST)
             /merge(POST)
             /get_result(POST)
         return Result
         """
  ```

A: Depending on your needs, I suggest making the external API calls on backend.
As a good practice, you should seperate your external API calls from your views. As it can be messy as the project gets bigger.
Check the sample code of how I manage external API calls, by seperating them to a different file, for example api_client.py
My default api_client.py looks something like this.
(You need to install "requests" pip package by pip install requests)
import requests
from django.conf import settings

class MyApiClient(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.base_url = settings.EXTERNAL_API_1.get('url')
        self.auth_url = "{0}login/".format(self.base_url)
        self.username = settings.EXTERNAL_API_1.get('username')
        self.password = settings.EXTERNAL_API_1.get('password')
        self.session = None
        self.access_token = None
        self.token_type = None
        self.token_expires_in = None

    def _request(self, url, data=None, method="POST", as_json=True):
        if self.session is None:
            self.session = requests.Session()

        if not self.access_token:
            self.authenticate()

        r = requests.Request(method, url=url, data=data, headers={
            "Accept": "application/json",
            "Content-Type": "application/json",
            'Authorization': 'Token {0}'.format(
            self.access_token)
        })

        prepared_req = r.prepare()

        res = self.session.send(prepared_req, timeout=60)

        if as_json:
            json_result = res.json()
            return json_result
        return res

    def _get(self, url):
        return self._request(url=url, method="GET")

    def _post(self, url, data):
        return self._request(url=url, data=data, method="POST")

    def authenticate(self):
        res = requests.post(self.auth_url, json={'username': self.username,
                                             'password': self.password},
                        headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"})
        if res.status_code != 200:
            res.raise_for_status()

        json_result = res.json()
        self.access_token = json_result.get('response', None).get('token',None)

    def prepare(self):
        something = 'bla bla'
        request_url = "{0}prepare".format(self.base_url)
        result = self._post(url=request_url, data=something)
        return result

And in your views.py
from api_client import MyApiClient

class TestView(APIView):
    api_client = MyApiClient()

    def post(request, *args, **kwargs):
        res1 = api_client.prepare()
        res2 = api_client.your_other_method()
        res3 = api_client.your_last_method()
        return Response(res3)

Edited! Hope this helps now :)


Inspired by the classic saarinen table, the Sym table is a single pedestal table that is both elegant and practical. Hand built in our workshop from solid wood, the table is available in different woods and sizes. Shown here in walnut with 48" top.
Please email or phone for quote for other woods, sizes or finishes.


text:
FortisTCI Says Successful Sustainable Energy Transition Requires Updated Regulatory Framework
A comprehensive review and update of the regulatory framework governing the electricity sector is needed to create an enabling environment for a sustainable energy transition in the Turks and Caicos Islands, FortisTCI President and CEO Ruth Forbes has stated.
L-r: FortisTCI President and CEO Ruth Forbes, Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands Hon. Charles 'Washington' Misick, Acting Governor Her Excellency Anya Williams, and President of the Caribbean Development Bank Dr. Hyginus 'Gene' Leon share a moment together following the first-ever Turks and Caicos Energy Forum held at The Shore Club in Long Bay, Providenciales, Turks and Caicos Islands, on Thursday, October 21.
Speaking at the company's first-ever Turks and Caicos Energy Forum held at the Shore Club on Thursday, October 21, Mrs. Forbes reassured all stakeholders that FortisTCI is committed to collaborating to create an energy future in the best interest of the Turks and Caicos Islands.
The forum brought together a wide cross-section of local stakeholders, including government, businesses and FortisTCI customers to discuss 'The Future of Energy in the Turks and Caicos Islands'. Citing the rapid changes taking place in the energy industry due to climate change and technological developments, Mrs. Forbes noted that if the Turks and Caicos Islands is not part of this energy transformation, "we risk being left behind."
Noting that regulatory discussions are ongoing with Turks and Caicos Islands Government, she emphasized that a modernized regulatory framework is necessary to meet changing customer demands, effectively integrate renewable energy and/or lower carbon fuel sources, and bring certainty, independence and transparency to the regulatory environment. She also announced that the company has earmarked over $40 million to be invested over the next five years in renewable energy, lower carbon fuel sources, and fleet transition to electric vehicles.
Calling for a national sustainability effort to tackle climate change and create a greener economy for the Turks and Caicos Islands, Mrs. Forbes stated, "We can and must embrace an energy future built on sustainability for our economy and planet. We have a unique opportunity to do so and to do it right. We recognize that there are no easy fixes, but I firmly believe that with collaboration and conviction, we can play our part in the global effort towards a more sustainable planet."
Attending as the Forum's keynote speaker, President of the Caribbean Bank, Dr. Hyginus 'Gene' Leon, delivered his address on 'Advancing Economic Development in the Caribbean: The Role of Sustainable Energy.' His message was that a sustainable energy transition is one of the most important trans-generational responsibilities for the Caribbean.
"Sustainable development is not possible without sustainable energy," said Dr. Leon. He noted that the Caribbean should focus on five critical priorities for a sustainable energy transition, namely improving energy efficiency, diversifying fuel sources, encouraging and incentivizing private sector investment, building strategic partnerships on a global scale to help achieve net-zero carbon emissions, and having in place flexible and affordable financing options to attract private capital.
Also bringing remarks was Acting Governor Her Excellency Anya Williams and Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands Honorable Charles Washington Misick. Both expressed the Government's commitment to advancing the changes in the energy sector and noted that work is currently underway to create the legal framework necessary to make the types of changes needed in the TCI.
Other guest speakers and industry experts provided their perspectives on the sector's transformation, touching on sustainability, clean energy initiatives, electrification of transportation, regulations, a plan for the TCI, and more. Representatives included Fortis Inc. President and CEO Dave Hutchens and LUCELEC Managing Director Trevor Louisy. There were also appearances by private and public sector officials from the United States, Bermuda, Cayman, Barbados, and Turks and Caicos Islands.
For those who could not join on Thursday, the full event is available for viewing on the FortisTCI YouTube page here. You can also visit www.tcienergyforum.com for more details on the conference and updates for 2022.
FortisTCI

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This course aims to enable students, to understand the essentials of economic and financial analysis and apply them to financial decision-making in industrial and engineering management. Topics in engineering economics include operating and capital budgets, financial statement used by managers, replacement analysis, and cost of capital and leasing. The course will also cover analysis of financial statements with an emphasis on implications for engineering management and industrial investment analysis.


Planning your next move? Moving containers offer a flexible and affordable alternative to the traditional removalist service. Moving containers give you the time to pack at your own pace and to your own standards. You can also take advantage of long and short-term storage if its needed.
Lets have a look at how using moving containers can make your next move easy.
Packing up your home can be the most stressful aspect of moving. To make it as easy as possible, plan ahead and give yourself as much time as possible.
With moving containers, the container is delivered to your home. You pack to your own time-table and the way you want to pack. By packing over several days (or even weeks), sort and declutter your home as you go. This will ensure that you only move what you want to take with you.
Pack items directly into the moving container as you go. This moves them out of the way as you sort and pack.
A helpful hint is to separate your items into 'rooms' or 'categories'. Label boxes as you go, and consider packing up one room at a time. Consider also the order you place your packed items into the container. For example, pack the items you don't use very often first, leaving the essential items to be placed into the container at the end of your packing. This will give you quick access to what you need most after your move.
When you have finished packing your container, simply call the moving company. They will collect your container ready for delivery to its new destination. If you need storage, they will store the packed container for you.
If you need help with packing, the moving company can generally refer you to trusted packing professionals.
We have a Storage Checklist that you might find useful when it comes to packing your moving containers.
There are many options when it comes to moving from one home to another. Moving containers and traditional removalist services are probably the most common.
Once the packing is done, it's time for the big move. Simply call the company to collect your container and they do the driving and moving for you. Its that simple.
Different companies have different methods of loading and unloading the containers on their trucks. Some companies use forklifts, some use tilt trays. PODS use a unique hydraulic lift system purposefully designed to keep your packed items steady and level in the container as it is loaded and unloaded from the truck. When obtaining quotes, ask the moving container company how they handle your container.
If you're undertaking a interstate or long-distance move, the items you placed into your container are delivered exactly as you packed them. There is no unloading and reloading of your items at a depot between removalist warehouse locations. This works to reduce the risk of loss and damage to your items before they reach their final destination.
We have a Moving Checklist that you might find useful when it comes to preparing for your more.
With a traditional removalist service, the moving truck will arrive empty, ready to load your packed boxes and furnishing. Once loaded it is driven to your new home. This will generally happen within the same day. It means you need to have your belongings pre-sorted, packed and ready to load into the truck before it arrives.
If you need to store your items between homes, your belongings will be removed from the truck and stored at a depot until you are ready for re-delivery to your new home.
If you are moving long-distance or interstate, your belongings may be removed from the truck and placed onto a long-haul truck or train, then reloaded onto a local removalist truck for delivery to your final destination.
This double-handling of your possessions may increase the risk of damage and loss of items.
Whether you are moving, renovating, decluttering or downsizing, at some stage in life many of us need storage space. Moving and storage containers provide a flexible and affordable storage option that storage units can't.
The container is delivered to your home, ready to pack. Your packed container can remain with you onsite at your home, or can be collected and stored at a secure storage facility. Storage centre access to your possessions is easy; a quick phone call and access can be arranged generally within 24 hours. No other storage service offers this degree of flexibility.
You are not locked into any long-term contracts, so you can store your possessions for as short or as long a time as needed; and the storage company does the driving for you.
If you opt to use a storage locker or self-storage unit, you will need to pre-pack your possessions then drive them to the storage facility yourself. Once there you will need to unload your items into your self-storage unit. If your rented locker is not on ground level, it may make for a long walk from your car to the locker to load and unload your vehicle. If you have a lot to store, it may also mean multiple trips to the storage locker.
Making room and keeping furniture and valuables safe during a renovation can be challenging. Do you leave everything in place and work around them, or do you move everything into storage?
Moving and storage containers give you the flexibility to move items out of the way and clear space. This will make for easy site access during a renovation project.
Once the container is delivered to your home, simply move what you need to into the container. You can do this all at once, or move in stages as your renovation takes shape.
Containers can remain onsite at your home for easy instant access, or collected and driven to the storage centre for safe and out of the way storage. If you opt to send the container to the storage center, you can easily still access your possessions when they are offsite.
The container can also provide a weather resistant, safe and secure storage solution for tools and materials needed for your renovation.
So, if you're looking for the easiest way to move or store your possessions, and you want control over a flexible service, simply visit our website.
PODS moving containers come in 3 sizes, suitable for the smallest or biggest moving job.
You can also call us on 1800 467 637 or send us an email at austcustserv@auspods.com.au.
Do you rent on site for short term periods to deculter home before moving.
Please give us a call on 1800 467 637 if you would like to know costs or to book a container. We look forward to hearing form you.


text:
Starbucks tycoon roasted over 2020 plan
Some Democrats have suggested a Starbucks boycott if Mr Schultz runs
Former Starbucks chief executive Howard Schultz has angered Democrats by considering an independent campaign for president in 2020.
They are condemning the billionaire's idea as a "vanity project" that would only help President Donald Trump.
Political strategists say such a third-party candidacy would divide the left, taking votes from the president's yet-to-be nominated Democratic challenger.
Mr Schultz said he would run as a centrist.
Why the outcry?
Neera Tanden, president of the liberal think tank Center for American Progress and confidante of failed 2016 Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton, tweeted: "Vanity projects that help destroy democracy are disgusting.
"If he enters the race, I will start a Starbucks boycott because I'm not giving a penny that will end up in the election coffers of a guy who will help Trump win."
Michael Bloomberg, another billionaire who previously considered an independent bid, released a statement criticising Mr Schultz's decision without specifically naming him.
Ex-Starbucks boss ponders presidential bid
He said: "The great likelihood is that an independent run would just split the anti-Trump vote and end up re-electing the President.
"That's a risk I refused to run in 2016 and we can't afford to run it now."
Dan Pfeiffer, a former adviser to Barack Obama, tweeted: "This half-baked idea… will pose an existential threat to a Democrat in what will likely be 2020 race decided by a few votes in a handful of states."
Jennifer Palmieri, a former campaign adviser to Mrs Clinton, tweeted: "Pfeiffer speaks the truth."
Larry Sabato, who directs the University of Virginia's Center for Politics, tweeted that Mr Schultz's slogan "might as well be, 'Re-elect Trump'".
The Republican president himself appeared to goad Mr Schultz into launching a bid, saying the businessman "doesn't have the 'guts' to run".
Skip Twitter post by @realDonaldTrump
Howard Schultz doesn't have the "guts" to run for President! Watched him on @60Minutes last night and I agree with him that he is not the "smartest person." Besides, America already has that! I only hope that Starbucks is still paying me their rent in Trump Tower!
End of Twitter post by @realDonaldTrump
Washington Democratic chairwoman Tina Podlodowski tweeted: "A billionaire buying his way out of the entire primary process does not strengthen democracy."
Democrats in the Pacific state posted a photograph, without comment, of a Starbucks cup with: "Don't do it Howard" written on.
A Venti-sized backlash
Analysis by Anthony Zurcher, BBC News
Democrats are gnashing their teeth. Donald Trump is essentially daring him to run. That should tell you all you need to know about the perceived political implications of an independent presidential bid by Starbucks ex-CEO Howard Schultz.
Of course, things don't always work out the way they first seem. Republicans panicked in 2000 over Pat Buchanan's conservative third-party bid damaging George W Bush, but it had no significant impact. Both Democrats and Republicans still believe Ross Perot's independent run in 1992 hurt their candidate.
A self-proclaimed "centrist" running on a deficit-reduction platform might end up syphoning as many Republican moderates away from Trump as liberals or independents away from the Democratic nominee. Or, given today's polarised political climate, not syphoning much of anything away from anyone.
The reality, however, is that Democrats feel pretty good about their position right now. Mr Trump has had a rough couple of weeks, and his poll numbers are down.
They view anything that could shake up the current dynamic – even if it is more than a year and a half from election day – as an unwelcome development.
What did Schultz say?
In a weekend interview with Axios the former global coffee chain boss said he was aware his bid was "going to create hate, anger, disenfranchisement from friends, from Democrats".
But he maintained he would be doing the right thing by running as a "centrist independent".
In an interview with the New York Times, Mr Schultz said it would be "disingenuous" to run as a Democrat.
He cited his disagreements with the party over free college tuition, universal healthcare, and other positions that he said have "shifted so far to the left".
Many Democrats still blame Ralph Nader's 2000 independent presidential bid for helping Republican George W Bush beat Democrat Al Gore.
In 2016, Green Party candidate Jill Stein and Libertarian Gary Johnson won hundreds of thousands of votes in states that were won by Mr Trump.
Who is Howard Schultz?
A former espresso machine salesman, he grew up in public housing in Brooklyn, New York.
He started working for the original Seattle Starbucks chain back in 1982 when it only had 11 outlets selling coffee beans.
He acquired the company in 1987 and by the time he stepped down in 2018, it had grown to 28,000 cafes in 77 countries around the world.
The 65-year-old frequently used his position to speak out on social issues like immigration and gun control.
He now has an estimated fortune of about $3bn (£2.3bn) and is a regular donor to Democratic campaigns, including that of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton.
Previous Trump sceptical a wall deal can be struck
Next Shaky truce in key Yemeni port of Hudaydah


text:
PUBG Reveals Season 9 Release Date
Just a few days ago, it was announced that PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds will be seeing a new dynamic map soon called Paramo in an attempt to stand out from the battle royale competitors such as Fortnite or Apex Legends.
PUBG Corporation confirmed that this new map will be introduced during the Season 9 update, which will be available to players on October 21st for PC and October 29th for consoles and Stadia.
As for the test servers, these will be available on October 14th for PC and October 19th for consoles. The ninth season of PUBG is drawing closer and closer, which is why its developer has revealed more information about Paramo, how it works exactly, as well as other new inclusions present in the upcoming season.
PUBG Corporation describes Paramo as a zone that contains many, many secrets. It's said to be situated in the highlands of South America, and the map itself is supposed to have important landmarks that change with every new match.
In other words, it would be impossible for players to memorize the layout of Paramo. As such, players will have to keep switching up their tactics because the map won't stay the same – which is basically why it's called a dynamic map.
That being said, you can take note of some constants on the map. For one thing, Paramo has a ginormous volcano that streams and spits out hot lava across the map. Thus, you have to be careful because stepping on it will most definitely kill you, even when you're on a vehicle.
PUBG Corporation also mentions that Paramo's Blue Zone will cause more damage to your character more than in other maps. As a matter of fact, it's entirely possible to end up outside of the game's play zone. However, staying there for too long will guarantee instant death.
No worries though, because the developers added a new item to PUBG called the Critical Response Kit and its purpose is to easily revive a player.
On another note, we know from the last update that there will be helicopters with supplies flying over Paramo. These helicopters will drop the supplies outside of the play zone, but you can also force them to drop the supplies by shooting them down.
As for PUBG Season 9's ranked mode, the developer has added a brand-new Ranked Solo queue to the title. In other words, players can now battle it out with other players on their own instead of being in a squad.
PUBG players have requested this feature for the longest time, so it's a relief to finally see it implemented.
In other news, the upcoming season will also feature a new Survivor Pass as well, however, this one will only last for two months. Compared to other passes, this one is noticeably shorter. However, PUBG Corporation has ensured that it will be easier to complete as compensation.
If you're keen on earning all the rewards offered by this new pass, all you have to do is reach level 50.
New Assassin's Creed Valhalla Trailer Showcases Gameplay
Release Date Announced for Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory Demo
Danganronpa S Ultimate Summer Camp Will Contain Microtransactions
New Overview Trailer Released for Manor Lords


Guest Post: Good Morning Virginia Beach!
This morning, we have the treat of having guest blogger, Tessa Duquette share her perfect day in Virginia Beach with us. Tessa blogs and posts via Instagram through VB Basics and we are so pleased to have her blogging for us today! Take it away, Tessa!
Do you often imagine having that perfect day of doing the things that YOU want to do?
I know, I know, it might not always go as carefully as you had planned, especially when children are involved. But we can dream can't we?
As a mother of (almost) three small boys, it's often tough to find the time to have a quiet moment to myself let alone an entire DAY of doing exactly what I want. Thankfully, I'm blessed to have an amazing "village" of wonderful people who will jump in to give me that important time alone that every mama needs.
For my perfect day, I'd choose a Saturday, preferably one right around this time in late Summer. It would be a mix of family time, out exploring our wonderful town of Virginia Beach, eating delicious local food, with a sprinkle of a little "me time", and rounding out the day on a date with The Husband.
Starting at the Old Beach Farmer's Market right when it opens at 8:00 a.m. This is the best time to stock up for the week on local vegetables and goodies, not to mention it's a great time to socialize with your friends who all happen to be shopping local right beside you! A few of my favorite vendors include Three Ships Coffee (growlers full of strong cold brew), Cromwell's Produce (one word: PEACHES), The Bakery at Riverside Farm (Cinnamon Swirl Bread), and Mattawoman Creek Farms (a colorful rainbow of produce - don't forget the cantaloupes).Before leaving, it's a must to snag a bowl of deliciousness from Hashi Food Truck and a cup of fresh squeezed lemonade from Croc's for the kiddos. Another fun part of the market is that you can shop the beautifully handcrafted goods. My new favorite bag, the 76th Street Tote comes from the North End Bag Company, which almost always has a booth at the market.
Having grown up in Vermont on Lake Champlain, I love to take advantage of the beach and all it has to offer. Even better is watching my boys grow up enjoying the ocean and their time spent on the beach.
It seems to me, that everyone who lives here has their own favorite beach location that they'll frequent often. Ours is up in the North End, at 65th Street. Parking is a bit easier to find, there isn't as much of a crowd, and the waves are usually decent for The Husband to paddle board in. After a couple of hours and many buckets of sand castles later, it's time to take the exhausted, yet happy boys home for much needed naps.
Finishing up the perfect day, would be a good old fashion date. With my boys happily content just down the road at their Gram & Opa's, The Husband and I would hop on our beach cruisers and bike to Back Bay Brewing for a local brew before dinner. In the south end of Virginia Beach, we've seen a number of new restaurants popping up, especially around the ViBe Creative District (in and around 18th Street). Going out to dinner is always a great time for us to put down our phones and reconnect over good food and drinks. My recent favorite place to eat is Hearth, "Wood Fired Cuisine & Craft Beer" (I highly recommend making a reservation). Right nearby are two highly anticipated restaurants to be opening soon, Commune & Esoteric. Both will use vegetables from their sustainable gardens in back of the restaurants. Always a staple in the neighborhood is Zoes Restaurant and of course Gringo's Taqueria.
Writing this article has increased my want to actually HAVE this perfect day for myself! And I challenge you to do the same. Rediscover the heritage of our beautiful city of Virginia Beach, notice the old that typically escapes us in our day to day movements around the neighborhood, and celebrate new sprouts of life and culture on our streets and our shores. Reconnect with ourselves, nature, and each other. Take back time, regain our senses, step back and observe. There is so much to enjoy and so many relationships to treasure around here.
Thank you, SO much for sharing your perfect day with us, Tessa!! Want to hear more from Tessa? Follow her blog here or visit her Instagram @vbbasics.


Are you looking for a suitable and user friendly fashion related free WordPress theme? look no further, it's here. Gilmor is a free responsive magazine WordPress theme that are suitable for any fashion related niche. With its subtle color design, it will make your site look more modern and professional.
Still not satisfied? Look for more fashion related Free WordPress theme here.
I want to put it up on my site //www.edusbaze.com, but i dont like the pinktheme, is there a way to change it? and does it have a slider?
in wp-admin->appeareance->theme option, you can change the color and setup slider.
Is there a way to change the pink colors into orange f.ex?
No, I am talking about the pink in the widget-headers, the "read more" etc.
yes, the site color will change all the design element color including widget header and read more. did you try the demo left panel to see how it work. and did you try the theme option i mention????
When I purchase the theme the changes I made will still remain right?
affraid you might need to replace header.php, sidebar.php, footer.php and all files inside lib/functions/.. for the dev version effective.
The photo that comes with the template has a woman sitting on a bench. I know I can replace the image but is there a way to make that image a clickable link? In other words if you click the photo it will take you to another page.
My site is missing the Robot.text file and site map file. Will those be in the the developer version?
that have absolutely nothing to do with wordpress theme, you can check google on how to add robot.txt and use wp plugin google sitemap xml for sitemap.
you should know about WordPress widget? go to wp-admin->appeareance->widgets->footer one, drag one of the item from left into the box.
I've tried everything but I can't get comments to be enabled for my posts. I also have comment luv installed and they said it looks like comments aren't enabled on the site and to ask the author of the theme how to enable them. If I purchase the theme can I use it on more than one site?
yes, it is a multi usage license.
yes this is one the cc license section of the theme. it will be removed in developer version.
Thanks! It seems to be showing the right books. If I purchase the theme will I be able to remove the section where it says "About This Theme"?
the footer 'about this theme' is removable via footer one widgets area.
My footer isn't showing on my home page of http://www.workathomemomsrock.com It also doesn't show when you click "read more" it shows up on all my pages but not my home page or the page that the blog post is on. I am also trying to ad another widget to my side bar and it's not showing up. Currently I have two of my books showing and tried to put in the third but it doesn't seem to be working.
seem fine to me on all pages browsing thro your site. is it cache issue earlier? also the books show all 3.
I wanted to try out the theme before I purchased it and set up the site. The problem is I get my blog posts to show up on the home page. When you kick home it goes to a blank page. When I publish a post it shows up but it doesn't show me the page and when I try to navigate to it, it looks like it doesn't exist.


text:
El bec de coral ratllat (Ortygospiza atricollis) és un ocell de la família dels estríldids (Estrildidae) i única espècie de gènere Ortygospiza Sundevall, 1850.

Hàbitat i distribució
Habita les praderies de l'Àfrica subsahariana.

Referències

Estríldids

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


MavenBird Technologies offers you the customized and flexible PHP solutions when you think about the contemporary PHP technologies and trends. We know the tricks and tactics to develop high-quality PHP solutions that ensure great performance parameters.
our dedicated team of PHP developers ensures optimum performance, scalability, functionalities and feature set and custom design elements commonly demanded from business websites.
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Those monks that upheld the Aristotelian philosophies, and believed they should not be discarded, were the Dominicans. They would give way to the new theological view found in Thomas Aquinas.
Albert the Great taught in Paris from 1245 to 1248. His literary works are enormous, for he set himself to comment on all the works of Aristotle. In the field of natural science, his works opened up new doors that had not been opened before, and he also worked in areas of astronomy, zoology, and botany. His most significant contribution to Christian thought is his work on how he distinguished between philosophy and theology. The latter differs from every other science inasmuch as that which it proves follows from revealed principles, and not from autonomous ones. In philosophy Albert was a rationalist after Augustine. His theology was overly conservative, but it was not developed into a coherent system. This would be left for his disciple, Thomas Aquinas.
Thomas Aquinas was the foremost teacher in the Dominican school, and without doubt, one of the greatest theologians of the church for all time. His intellectual giftedness were united to a profound spirituality and this combination earned him the title of the "Angelic doctor." Most of his philosophical works are on commentaries of Aristotle's works. His most well known work is the Summa Theologica which systematized Christian theology.
Thomas believed that philosophy is an autonomous science that can reach the very limits of human reason. But because human reason is fallen, it errs. Reason has a basic function not only in philosophy, but also in theology. It can prove those truths that are not, strictly speaking, articles of faith, but which have been revealed to give a greater certainty. His metaphysics are basically Aristotelian, although some of his thoughts are Neo-Platonic. He distinguishes between a number of "sets" which help define his theology: substance and accident, nature and essence, matter and form, act and potency, essence and existence. He expounded on the nature of God by using the undeniable aspect of motion and movement. There are things in the world that move, and there must have been a mover that moved all things, which in and of itself does not move. This gives way to causality by which something is affected. This causality demonstrates necessary being, and by seeing being in general, one sees various degrees of being. All these give way to the reality that there is a God, who is necessarily there. God is absolutely simple, for there is in God no body or hylomorphic composition. He is the highest degree, and the highest good. God alone is infinite, and is one. Aquinas also said that to know the essence of God is unattainable in this life, and that the relationship between the Creator and the creature is analogous. Everything that takes place in the world, though, is an act of the divine will or ordained by it.
There were a number of accusations made against Aquinas for his philosophical and theological formulations. Some thought he was drifting too far away from Augustine, and others thought he was abandoning true formulations of Aristotle. In spite of these extreme views, Thomism found several defenders such as Giles of Rome, Godfrey of Fontaines and Peter of Auvergne. In 1323 John XXII, Pope at Avignon, canonized Thomas, and from that time his influence over the theological strata of the church increased.
Throughout the 13th century, the central issue that was posed by theologians was how one's attitude toward Aristotle and his Commentator should be seen. Among those who were extreme Aristotelians was Siger of Brabant. Siger was a member of the Arts Faculty at Paris, and decided to continue as an artist instead of a theologian. His main idea was to understand Aristotle and then to use what he understood in the quest for truth. Siger and his followers have been called Latin Averroists which this title seemed to originate with Thomas because Siger followed Averroes regarding the unity of the active intellect. The rational soul, he taught, was one with the eternal soul and different from the vegetative soul (the sensitive soul). Actually, what he did was make the soul divisible, but this is an impossibility since immaterial substances cannot have individuation. Of Siger's followers was Boethius of Dacia who taught that life is found in its supreme good while in its understanding of philosophy.
Augustinian theologians opposed the teachings of these extreme philosophers. In 1267 and 1268 Bonaventure wrote against them and in 1273 he defended Augustinianism's exemplarism. Thomas Aquinas also wrote against them and took the intermediate position between the Augustinians and of the extreme Aristotelians. In 1270 the Bishop of Paris, Stephen Tempier, condemned a list of thirteen errors of the extremists especially their denial of divine providence. Boethius and Siger were banished from the land and were condemned as heretics for their extreme philosophical and deviant views.
Evangelical Postmodern Diversification - by C. Matthew McMahon, Ph.D.


text:
#ifndef NONLINEARRELATIONREDUCED2_CPP
#define NONLINEARRELATIONREDUCED2_CPP

#include "NonlinearRelationReduced2.h"

//#include "const.h"
#define SICONOS_DEBUG

NonlinearRelationReduced2::NonlinearRelationReduced2():
  FirstOrderType2R()
{
}

void NonlinearRelationReduced2::initComponents(Interaction& inter, VectorOfBlockVectors& DSlink, VectorOfVectors& workV, VectorOfSMatrices& workM)
{
  FirstOrderType2R::initComponents(inter, DSlink, workV, workM);
}

/*y = h(X)*/
void NonlinearRelationReduced2::computeh(double t, SiconosVector& x, SiconosVector& lambda, SiconosVector& y)
{
  y(0) =  8.0 - x(0);
  y(1) = 8.0 - x(1);

}

/*g=g(lambda)*/
void NonlinearRelationReduced2::computeg(double t, SiconosVector& lambda, SiconosVector& r)
{
  r(0) = 40.0 * (1 - lambda(0));
  r(1) = 40.0 * (1 - lambda(1));
 }

void NonlinearRelationReduced2::computeJachlambda(double t, SiconosVector& x, SiconosVector& lambda, SimpleMatrix& D)
{
  D.zero();
}

void NonlinearRelationReduced2::computeJachx(double t, SiconosVector& x, SiconosVector& lambda, SimpleMatrix& C)
{

  C.setValue(0, 0, -1);
  C.setValue(0, 1, 0);
  C.setValue(1, 0, 0);
  C.setValue(1, 1, -1);

}

void NonlinearRelationReduced2::computeJacglambda(double t, SiconosVector& lambda, SimpleMatrix& B)
{

  B.setValue(0, 0, -40.0);
  B.setValue(1, 0,  0.0);
  B.setValue(0, 1,  0.0);
  B.setValue(1, 1, -40.0);
}
#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Access might be a desktop database, but it can still be difficult to manage. These tips will help you work more effectively with less effort.
Most of us lack serious Access development skills, so creating and maintaining an Access database can be tricky. In fact, you might prefer handing the project off to an expert. If you can't hire someone else, working faster and smarter in Access is essential. In this article, I'll show you 10 simple ways to boost your Access productivity.
These tips work in the Ribbon versions; most will work in earlier versions, including menu versions. There's no demonstration file because you won't need one.
Note: This article is also available in the free PDF 50 time-saving tips to speed your work in Microsoft Office.
If you have existing data in a Word or Excel document, it's easy to get that data into an Access table. The easiest way is to copy and paste. Simply copy the data in the source document, open your Access database, and press Ctrl+V to paste the data into a new table. If you copy from Excel, Access uses the sheet name for the new table's name. If copying from a Word table, Access prompts you for a table name and offers more options, as shown in Figure A. When you're copying raw content (not a table) from Word, create the table first and paste the data directly into it.
It's easy to paste data into Access from Excel and Word.
Copying data from Access to Excel or Word is just as easy; simply select the records or the entire table and copy as you normally would.
Select the (Access) table or records you want to export.
Click the External Data tab and click Excel in the Export group.
In the resulting dialog (Figure B), click the Export Data With Formatting And Layout option and click OK.
In the next pane, check the Save Export Steps; doing so displays new options.
Check the Create Outlook Task option (Figure C) and click Save Export.
Create an Outlook task for the saved export.
When Outlook opens the new Task window, set a recurrence or reminder, and then click Save & Close. You'll find the new task in your Outlook Tasks list (Figure D).
With the new task in Outlook, you won't forget a scheduled export task.
If you're lucky, you have a custom database that satisfies all your sorting and filtering needs with a quick click. The rest of us can rely on datasheet sorting options. However, use these options with caution—working directly with the raw data is never the best route, but it's quick!
To access sorting options, open the table in Datasheet View and click the Home tab. You have several flexible tools in the Sort & Filter group. Click inside any field and then click Ascending or Descending. To sort multiple fields, hold down the Shift key and click the fields to add them to the selection. As you can see in Figure E, a few clicks sorts first by vendor, then by invoice amount, and then by invoice date. Click Remove Sort to return the data to its original order at any time.
Use Selection to filter data based on the data. Simply select a value and then choose an option from the Selection dropdown list (Figure F).
This will find all the invoices that are $1,000 or more.
A relational database comprises many related objects. Before you start modifying things, review dependencies so you don't accidentally affect an existing object—usually this happens when you change a field's datatype or an object's name, or even delete an object that's part of a dependency. You'll save time spent fixing things after the fact by checking dependencies before you make changes.
To see an object's dependency, select that object in the Navigation pane, click the Database Tools tab, and then click Object Dependencies in the Relationships group. Using the Object Dependencies pane, you can quickly see all relationships with the selected object. For example, the Vendor table shown in Figure G depends on the VendorLookup table. This relationship should be considered if you modify either table.
A quick glance at existing dependencies can save you a lot of trouble.
Hold down the Shift key and click the first and last fields you want to add and then drag the contiguous block of fields to the grid.
Hold down the Ctrl key and click fields to create a noncontiguous block of fields you can drag to the grid.
Double-click the table's title bar to automatically select all the fields and drag them to the grid (Figure H).
Double-click the title bar to select all the fields in the table.
A customized database can be time-consuming and expensive to build and maintain, so take advantage of built-in features, such as Filter By Form. With the form open, choose Filter By Form from the Advanced dropdown in the Sort & Filter group. Access will display a blank form resembling the original. If any of the controls contains a search string (from a previous task), delete it. Select filtering values from the control dropdowns and click Toggle Filter (in the Sort & Filter group. As you can see in Figure I, the navigation toolbar at the bottom of the form tells you how many records match your filter. Use the toolbar to browse through them. To remove the filter, click Toggle Filter.
Other filtering options are available by right-clicking the control. With easy-to-implement tools such as this, you'll have a database up and running quickly. You can add customized filtering forms later.
Resize set to Yes opens your form to its designed size and not the size last used.
Both settings reduce the time needed to readjust the form's position and size when those two qualities matter, and they often do.
Analyze Performance lists potential problems and offers suggestions for correcting them. You can analyze everything or narrow the list to specific objects. This tool is particularly helpful when modifying an existing database.
Analyze Table helps you normalize your data; a properly normalized database performs better and is easier to modify and maintain.
You'll find these tools on the Database Tools tab in the Analyze group. Run both tools before building forms and reports on new tables to avoid time spent repairing mishaps.
Considering how complex an Access database can be, finding the right template might seem impossible. However, it's quicker to tweak a template than to start from scratch. When you launch Access, it displays the backstage, where you can open an existing database, create a new database, or search for existing templates. It won't take long to look at what's available. Click one of the tiles shown in Figure J, click a link to see even more, or enter a search string.
Save time by starting with a template.
Group objects instead of creating a temporary switchboard form.
Group objects you use more frequently than others.
The process is simple: Right-click the Navigation Pane and choose Navigation Options. In the resulting dialog, add categories, add groups to those categories (Figure K), and then return to Access. In the Navigation Pane, drag objects from the Unassigned Objects group to your custom groups.
Custom groups can streamline the Navigation Pane.
To hide everything but the custom groups, open the Navigation Options pane, choose the custom category, and then uncheck the Unassigned Objects option. The result is a Navigation Page with fewer objects to distract users.


When it comes to science, facts are very important. That's why it's a good idea to find clear and true references for all things related to science. If you are writing a scientific paper, it's wise to use a journal or other reputable reference. If you are simply looking for information about any aspect of science, you can find these details by looking at reference books too. There are many different science references online and in bookstores. You will also find that your local library is filled with reference books that you can use. The fastest and easiest way to find a scientific reference is to look on the Internet. Of course, you will have to be careful about what Internet sources you use. Or, you can allow us to do the resource hunting for you.
You see, we spend hours and hours looking for great science references. Once we have gathered these references, we post this information in our Reference Directory for you to use. You can then click on any details that you see here, and you will be lead to a great reference page. Simple and efficient, we aim to make your search for scientific references a cinch. Whether you want to find out how many planets exist or whether or not bees can fly, you can find this information by looking through the links on our directory page. The world of science is a massive one filled with many interesting topics. Begin your search for the best scientific references here, and you'll find what you need before you know it.


text:
Oliver's Story
After a challenging and rewarding two years, Oliver attended his last day at ChildServe's Woodland location Medical Childcare, a unique program for children who cannot attend a typical daycare due to medical needs. His graduation from Medical Childcare was bitter-sweet for his parents, Kelsey and Bobby, and our team.
"Oliver's care team at ChildServe gave him a lot of dedicated time and were so excited to see him each and every day," said Bobby. "I don't know if we will ever find that level of care. I can't say enough about how good the teachers and therapy team have been to our family."
"We saw a true connection with Oliver and his teachers," said Kelsey. "Knowing the kind of impact he made on their lives and vice versa is just an incredible feeling and memory to take with us. I know Oliver will love his new daycare and make new connections, but nothing can replace the teachers and relationships he built at Woodland."
When Oliver was born, he was diagnosed with congenital vocal cord paralysis which makes it difficult for him to breathe, eat and communicate on his own.
He received a tracheostomy at ten days old while at the Blank Children's Hospital NICU. Oliver's tracheostomy included a surgery that created a small hole in his neck for his windpipe to have an alternate airway for breathing. While in the NICU, Oliver's family talked to social services about the care Oliver would need after leaving the hospital.
"ChildServe's Medical Childcare program was a great fit for us because we didn't need homecare, but still needed a certain level of care that was not available at other daycares," said Kelsey. "ChildServe was really the only place we found that provides this kind of service in the area."
Medical Childcare allowed Kelsey and Bobby to find the balance between being a family, having careers and navigating Oliver's needs. During Oliver's initial intake at Medical Childcare, he was evaluated by speech, occupational and physical therapists, who determined he would benefit from multiple therapy sessions each week to reach his goals.
"Oliver was able to receive all three therapies during the day at Woodland, which was a big plus for us," said Bobby. "He had enough doctor appointments in general, adding therapy appointments on top of that would have been a lot, especially while trying to work full-time."
"Bobby and I ideally wanted to keep our careers if we could, and ChildServe enabled us to do that," said Kelsey. "Having Oliver receive therapy during the day made our time at home with him so much more special."
Oliver quickly achieved important milestones while in occupational and physical therapy, to the point where he eventually only needed speech therapy. One of his family's biggest goals was for him to eat independently and enjoy a meal together.
To help him reach this goal, ChildServe Speech Language Pathologist Abbi Kay worked with Oliver and his family on a customized care plan.
"As a first-time mom, I dreamed about that nursing and bottle feeding experience, and when I wasn't able to do those I had a really hard time with it," said Kelsey. "Speech therapy was so important to me and I really wanted him to be able to eat on his own someday."
"Oliver was receiving all of his nutrition through a g-tube when he started feeding therapy at ChildServe," said Abbi. "At first, the thought of eating was scary to Oliver."
Together, Oliver and Abbi explored eating orally with skills like chewing and trying new foods with different textures and smells.
"Oliver and I worked towards weaning him from his g-tube," said Abbi. "After a year of feeding therapy and the support of his family and Woodland classroom staff, Oliver had his g-tube removed. It was one of the most rewarding experiences to watch Oliver become more confident and begin to enjoy food."
"Sessions with Abbi throughout the week and having her there in a familiar and comfortable space made all the difference," said Kelsey. "After his therapy sessions with Abbi, she would send us updates and photos of Oliver eating food he would never touch before. For the first time, we could have dinner as a family."
Beyond Oliver's feeding goals, Kelsey and Bobby had high hopes that he would someday use his voice to communicate.
"We weren't sure if he was ever really going to talk," said Bobby. "Abbi was the one who really got him to talk with the help of a special device called a Passy Muir Valve (PMV)."
"When a child has a tracheostomy placed, they are unable to direct air through their vocal folds and up through their mouth," said Abbi. "A PMV is a one-way speaking valve that directs air up through the vocal folds and out the mouth. Without air being directed through Oliver's vocal folds, he was unable to vocalize or make any sounds. I knew Oliver had a lot to say, we just needed a way for him to explore his voice."
"When Oliver first started wearing the PMV he hated it," said Bobby. "Abbi worked on it and worked on it with him to the point where he could wear it multiple hours throughout the day."
Today, Oliver is eating, breathing and communicating all on his own! His bond with his therapists and classroom teachers will hold a special place in the hearts of many at ChildServe.
"For me, it's very hard to put into words. What ChildServe does for kids with so many varying abilities is truly amazing. ChildServe made it possible for our Oliver to have a voice and be a kid," said Kelsey.


text:
Tone Talk with Stef and Jodi of Mise en Scene
Photo by Annelie Rosencrantz
We are Stef and Jodi, two BFF art school drop-outs who quit school to play music and tour the world. We have been referred to as the Romy and Michele of Rock 'n' Roll—which is quite accurate. We like to laugh and have a good time but aren't afraid to ask for the businesswomen special. Stef was the girl who was always writing poems and listening to Bob Dylan; Jodi was the girl who dyed her hair black to look like Johnny Thunders of the New York Dolls; together, we are Mise en Scene. Our music blends both worlds to create something entirely unique. It's energetic, it's loud, but it's vulnerable and real. It's gritty and raw, but it's catchy and considered. It's Winnipeg, California! See what I did there 😉
We are releasing our new album, Winnipeg, California, on October 9 and can't wait for you to hear it!
What is your definition of tone, and how has it changed over the years?
Stef Johnson: My definition of TONE: is a see-through leopard shirt with a black bra and a plaid shirt tied around your waist with a worn-in vintage denim jacket you stole from your mom with a PBR in the inside pocket. Depending on the song, it's usually with white Converse or black Doc Martens.
I would say that my tone has remained very similar through the years. I trust my ears; whatever makes me say, "THERE, That's it!" is what it ends up being. I'm a huge fan of following instinct so that you are always following the emotion of the song. I am also a fan of letting guitars have their voice; I play a Rickenbacker 330, so I like to let her do her thing.
Jodi Dunlop: Tone is like the colour palette to a painter. It allows the player to have a distinct style and a unique voice. My favourite paintings are by artists who are fearless and easily identifiable; the same could be said about the tones I gravitate toward in music.
Our tone has stayed pretty consistent, but we have definitely picked up a few gems along the way that have allowed us to expand on our creative choices.
Which gear (guitars, amps, pedals, drums, etc.) are you currently using and why?
Stef: Rickenbacker 330, Fender Hot Rod Deluxe, basic tuner pedal, Holy Grail Reverb Pedal, Strymon Deco Tape Saturation Pedal, BOSS Super OverDrive Pedal, BOSS Blues Driver Pedal. This set-up gives me exactly what I need to create the foundation sound of Mise en Scene. The Strymon Deco Tape with the Rickenbacker is the sound dreams are made of. It gives it this warm, visceral gritty old school tape vibe that is a signature sound on our record.
Jodi: I play Murat Duril cymbals, Los Cabos drumsticks, Pearl Exports, and a 1968 Ludwig Supraphonic snare. I realized the Supraphonic had to be my sound when I began playing it repeatedly in the studio. Every time I played it, it just made me feel super powerful. It felt right. Also, apparently, this snare is on the most hit recordings in history—half of those were probably because of Ringo, but that's still very cool.
What about strings?
Stef: 11's, don't care what brand, however open to sponsorships 😉
Are there certain recording techniques you prefer in the studio?
Stef: Record drums first, then RHYTHM GUITAR, then everything else. Bass and leads need to work around that dynamic first.
How do you keep your sound consistent onstage?
Stef: Playing rhythm, I keep it very basic; I like having the sonic foundation of Mise en Scene be the most consistent thing (Rhythm Guitar and Drums) during a live set. I keep my pedalboard simple so that I can create the sound I need everywhere I go no matter what amp I'm going through.
Jodi: We are lucky in the sense that we are a pretty bare-bones, rock 'n' roll, guitar band. We don't need to worry about plugging in a million keyboards, drum pads, and laptops. The most important thing for us is probably volume. Having to play quiet can really ruin our vibe. Other than that, it's mostly just reverb, gain, and taking the time to do a decently thorough soundcheck so that we can get comfortable with where everything's sitting on stage. Since we are quite loud, we need to be able to hear ourselves.
What does your practice consist of?
Stef: Mining the song down until it's my version of complete, take it to Jodi, where she will increase the BPM and give it LIFE (she's a punk rock drummer, she can't help herself). Plug in the Ricki and play it loud. Sometimes just playing the song instrumentally to get a feel for the sections of the song. Then with vocals, we can really work with where we can refine the vibes, so that rhythm guitar, drums, and vocals are working really well with each other.
Jodi: I worked really hard in my teen years on rudiments, technique, and reading music. These days, I just work really hard on hanging out with my BFF, jamming, and having fun. That said, if we are prepping for the studio or about to go on tour, I will get my booty into gear by practicing to a click track. I care a lot about being consistent and staying in time.
What is your advice for young women who hope to work in the music industry?
Stef:
Work with people who look at you as a musician/professional first and a woman second.
Teach people how to treat you. When you are walking into a situation, introduce yourself, take the lead, shake the hands, look them in the eye, and set the tone (positive vibes). People usually need more direction than we realize, so give them the chance to rise up to what you expect of them (like professionalism and basic respect). If you don't get a good vibe, walk away and don't look back; chances are they are like that with others, and they aren't worth your precious time.
You still have to work twice as hard to get to the same place so prepare yourself for that. (Try not to get bitter about it; work it out in your songwriting).
Have more fun than anyone else, it's contagious, and people will love you for it.
Lift other women up; we gotta stop competing with each other and start celebrating and including each other.
Winnipeg, Canada tracklist:
Dollar Dreams
High School Feeling
Dance My Life Away
Back to the Start
Unsolicited Advice
You Guy


text:
NYT Clueless on Libertarianism
In Sunday's New York Times, Times economics columnist David Leonhardt reviews Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement by Brian Doherty.
It might have made sense to get a libertarian, or someone familiar with the libertarian movement, or a political historian to write the review. Instead, the Times turned to someone who knows something about economics. Since the Times is the most important book review venue in the country, it's worth taking a close look at Leonhardt's complaints.
The first half of the review retells the story of Ayn Rand and the Objectivists, which is fine. It's an interesting story, though it's probably the part of the book most likely to be already familiar to Times readers. After the Randian opening, Leonhardt writes:
The story of the American libertarian movement, like the story of its most famous salon, has been a combination of small numbers and big influence. It has never really emerged from the fringe, for the simple reason that most Americans want their government to educate the young and care for the old. But over the last few decades, they have also grown increasingly skeptical of collectivist policies that go beyond the basics. Libertarian thinkers — Rand, Milton Friedman, Murray Rothbard and others — have helped foment this skepticism and then enthusiastically pointed to the alternative.
Fair enough. Most movements are small, even those that have big effects. "Fringe" is a subjective issue; if a movement produces several Nobel laureates and a chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, and plays a role in such policy reforms as the end of the draft, deregulation, sharply reduced taxes, and freer trade, is it still on the fringe?
Moving on:
Libertarianism has its roots in the writings of a pair of major 20th-century Austrian economists, Ludwig von Mises and F. A. Hayek.
That's not exactly wrong, but it's a little ahistorical. I'll stand by what I wrote in Libertarianism: A Primer: "Libertarianism is often seen as primarily a philosophy of economic freedom, but its real historical roots lie more in the struggle for religious toleration." Key libertarian ideas emerged out of the struggles for religious freedom in the late Roman Empire, the Middle Ages, and the early modern period.
American libertarianism certainly finds its roots in an earlier period than Mises and Hayek: the American Revolution, abolitionism, the fight against imperialism, war, and prohibition. But Mises and Hayek are definitely important, especially as some earlier fights — against monarchy, established religion, mercantilism, and the pre-modern blind reliance on faith and tradition — were largely won.
In 1980, Ronald Reagan would win the presidency by campaigning on laissez-faire rhetoric. The day after his election, he was photographed on an airplane reading The Freeman, the flagship libertarian magazine, while Nancy Reagan rested her head on his shoulder.
I suspect most people familiar with the libertarian movement would identify Reason as its "flagship magazine," but the Freeman was and is a fine publication, and probably better suited to Reagan's interests.
Unfortunately, the movement's steadily increased influence makes up only a small part of the story he tells. Most of the rest deals with minor figures and faction fights.
Some libertarians have also made this complaint: too much reliance on minor figures. In fact, Brian Doherty organizes his book around five major figures: two Nobel laureates, the best-selling novelist of ideas of the 20th century, and two prolific scholars who never got the mainstream recognition they deserved but did influence thousands of libertarians. But look: this is a (freewheeling) history of the American libertarian movement. It's not a strictly intellectual book, like George Nash's Conservative Intellectual Movement in America. It's not a book about trends in American politics. It's a history of a movement, and so of course it discusses major figures and minor figures and even factional fights — that's what makes up a movement. But "most"? I count more than 50 pages on Ayn Rand and more than 40 on Murray Rothbard; that seems like sufficient attention to major figures.
Doherty, a senior editor at Reason magazine, acknowledges he has written "an insider's history," but it is also a sloppily written history. In a single chapter, Milton Friedman is described both as an active writer at Stanford University and, accurately, as deceased.
Well, sloppy is a subjective term. But if this is Leonhardt's only example, it's not very convincing. On page 469, at the end of several pages on Friedman, Doherty writes, "Friedman died at age ninety-four in November 2006, just as this book went to press." Get it? The book was written, edited, typeset, and on its way to the printer when the sad news of Friedman's death was announced. The publisher managed to squeeze that fact into the book, and Leonhardt pounces. If that sentence had not been included, would Leonhardt have called the book sloppy for not being up-to-the-minute?
And almost everything about "Radicals for Capitalism" is too long: the terms ("Popperian falsificationist"), the sentences that sometimes run more than 100 words, and the book itself, at more than 700 pages.
There are 127 Google hits for "Popperian falsificationist" and 1,300 for "Popperian falsification" (and at least 10 times that many if you take off the quotation marks), so it seems a reasonable term for a book about ideas. Some of the sentences may be too long, but I don't think readers are going to be intimidated by them. As for the length of the book — gee, 619 pages (plus endnotes) for a comprehensive history of a political movement? For a short history of the libertarian movement, I heartily recommend chapter 2 of Libertarianism: A Primer — 32 pages on liberalism and libertarianism, only seven of which cover Brian's topic. But if you want the comprehensive history, one that can serve as a reference on many different topics, from its five key figures to the history of various libertarian institutions, then this is the book. If Andrew Mellon is worth 800 pages in a new biography, I think the entire libertarian movement can warrant 700.
Leonhardt then devotes a long paragraph to criticizing Doherty for not adequately grappling with the mistakes and failings of various libertarian characters. Doherty does mention them — that's how Leonhardt knows about them — but it's true he doesn't make them the central theme of his book.
He relates that Rand "notoriously testified" before the big-brotherly House Un-American Activities Committee in October 1947, when the committee was investigating Hollywood, where Rand had worked as a screenwriter, but the episode receives only two paragraphs.
This is rich, coming in a review in a newspaper that still to this day proudly touts the Pulitzer Prize it received in 1932 for Walter Duranty's dispatches from Russia, reports that are now widely acknowledged to have minimized or covered up the horrors of Stalin's government-created famine in Ukraine. I'm not sure Rand should have agreed to testify for HUAC. But she told them about the ideas that Communist screenwriters were putting into Hollywood movies, and she strongly opposed any effort at government censorship. So it's hardly a terrible blot on her character, much less on an entire movement.
He skates over other questionable matters, too: for instance, that Friedman advised the murderous Pinochet regime in Chile;
Brian Doherty addressed Friedman's Chilean connection at length here. Friedman had one meeting, of less than an hour, with Pinochet. He and other Chicago-school economists recommended sound economic policies for Chile, many of which were implemented, and ever since then Chile has had the strongest economy in Latin America. Is that a bad thing? Should Friedman have refused to give sound economic advice to the government of a poor country? Leonhardt doesn't mention that Friedman spent far more time advising the murderous Communist regime in China. Friedman has noted that "I gave exactly the same lectures in China that I gave in Chile," but nobody ever demonstrated against him for that. In fact, Friedman made three trips to China and talked to government officials each time. And perhaps he could take some credit for the rapid economic growth there as well.
…that Merwin Hart "infected his free-market thought with anti-Semitism";
Despite 30 years in the libertarian movement, and despite having read this book, I had never heard of Merwin Hart. But I found him in the index (not always an easy thing; the best criticism of this book, which Leonhardt missed, is that the index is seriously inadequate; the Rand paragraphs on HUAC, for instance, are on page 188, not 150 as the index indicates). Turns out he ran something called the National Economic Council in the 1950s. And why is he in this book? Because he's a major libertarian figure? Because he's a minor libertarian figure? No. He gets one line in this book because movement founding father Leonard Read told people to stay away from Hart because, yes, he "infected his free-market thought with anti-Semitism" — in other words, he wasn't one of us.
…and that Rothbard supported Strom Thurmond's segregationist campaign for president in 1948 (because, Doherty casually observes, "he admired Thurmond's states' rights position").
Okay, that's embarrassing. And all those whose friends and forebears did not support the pro-Soviet Henry Wallace that year are entitled to criticize. But look: Rothbard was 22 at the time, raised in a family of actual sho-nuff Communists (except for his father), and still searching for a political home. Over the course of his life he managed to support Robert Taft, Adlai Stevenson, Norman Mailer, Nixon, various Libertarian Party candidates, Pat Buchanan, Ross Perot, and George H. W. Bush. It's hard out here for a libertarian trying to find a politician to support, and Rothbard grasped at more straws than other libertarians did.
The book fails to ask why people who claim to love freedom have so often had a soft spot for those who would deny it to others.
If that's the sum total of embarrassing libertarian moments, it's a pretty darn good record over 70 years or so. Modern liberals have to deal with the fact — not an embarrassing fact but a shameful one — that many of their forebears supported Stalin and the Communist party, or were at least fellow-travelers. As for conservatives, I could mention their long resistance to liberty and legal equality for blacks, women, and gays, but instead I'll just say: George W. Bush and the Iraq war. In 70 years, libertarians have done nothing to compare to expressing support for limited constitutional government while also supporting Bush, his disastrous war, and his accumulation of unprecedented presidential power. (Leonhardt, by the way, says that one sign of libertarianism's waning influence is that Bush's "free-market approach to rebuilding Iraq has proven disastrous." Talk about cluelessness.)
The libertarians at the Cato Institute, meanwhile, are struggling to persuade people that global warming — the archetypal free-market failure — is a hoax.
Nope. Climatologist Pat Michaels, a scholar at Cato and at the University of Virginia, says that the earth is warming, that human activity is partly responsible, but that the warming is almost certainly not going to be large or disastrous.
Leonhardt concludes that the "purists" who people Radicals for Capitalism might not be happy with "cap-and-trade" energy policies, "libertarian paternalism" in health care and retirement, and other hybrids of capitalism and collectivism, but "they helped to make it possible." No, Mises and Rand and Read wouldn't be happy with such outcomes, and neither would I. But those policies are a lot better than fascism or state socialism, which seemed to be the dominant ideas when Mises and Rand started writing. And they're even better than ever-increasing FDR-style government intervention, which is what Read set out to fight.
Doherty makes the point that most of those people didn't even dream of actually changing the world. They just thought it was important to speak truth to power, to stand up for freedom even in its darkest days, and to preserve the ancient ideas of liberty and individualism until the world was ready for them. They would never have anticipated the progress that Doherty describes. Even Leonhardt acknowledges that
libertarian arguments have enjoyed a nice run. Tax rates have been reduced; once-regulated industries have been opened to competition; any two consenting adults, including those of the same sex, can now marry in some places. One of today's most fashionable political labels, "socially liberal and fiscally conservative," Doherty shrewdly notes, is "the basic libertarian mix."
Doherty notes that despite the growth of some kinds of taxation, regulation, and government monitoring, "it's not hard to see a world that is well worth celebrating — perhaps even reveling in — to the extent that it runs on approximately libertarian principles, with a general belief in property rights and the benefits of liberty. This is the 'neoliberal' world that has been seen by pundits and politicians all over the West as dominant since the death of communism. For most people living under it, it's doing a pretty good job of delivering the 'pursuit of happiness' part of the Declaration of Independence, at least."
No book is perfect, nor is any movement. But contra Leonhardt, Radicals for Capitalism is going to be the standard history of the libertarian movement for years to come. And it tells a story libertarians can be proud of.
Cato Publications, General, Political Philosophy
Heartland Insurgency
On Tuesday, it was Nebraska senators Chuck Hagel (R) and Ben Nelson (D) who provided the winning margin for a Senate bill to begin a phased withdrawal of troops from Iraq.
Today it's five-term congressman Lee Terry (R-Neb.) deciding that Attorney General Alberto Gonzales should resign.
Pretty soon, the neocons are going to be calling for an invasion of Nebraska.
Foreign Policy and National Security, General, Government and Politics, Constitution, the Law, and the Courts
Government Should Not Interfere with Company Pricing Decisions
By Daniel J. Mitchell
It is currently illegal for a company to insist that a retailer sell a product at a certain price. Politicians claim that this policy, known as resale price maintenance, results in higher prices. This surely is true, but the key question is why a firm would want to insist on higher prices, especially since the retailer reaps the benefit?
The answer, as Steve Chapman explains in his column, is that some products are more likely to do well if the retalier has an incentive to give potential consumers more time, advice, and service. But this won't happen if consumers can benefit from this attentiveness at one store and then buy the product at another store:
For a manufacturer to make an agreement with retailers to sell only at a specified minimum price is illegal — even when it promotes competition and offers benefits to consumers. …[E]stablished federal law … treats resale price maintenance agreements as invariably malignant. …The assumption is that if you let manufacturers control retail prices, they'll hose consumers for their own profit.
But if they wanted to hose consumers, they could just raise the wholesale price they charge to retailers. That way, they would get the full proceeds of the rip-off, instead of sharing them with stores. So it's reasonable to assume there is some motive besides price-gouging at work.
…Why would a company making purses or televisions or running shoes want to keep prices at a certain minimum? Maybe to induce stores to offer exceptional service or technical assistance. A store can afford to do that only if it can charge a commensurate price. But a service-oriented store can't charge a commensurate price if a consumer can come in, get lots of help and then go across the street to Discounts Galore and buy the item at 30 percent off. By setting a floor, the manufacturer can prevent "free-riding" by bargain outlets.
In our hypercompetitive retail environment, if the strategy doesn't serve customers, manufacturers who use it won't survive. Consumers who can't get one brand at a discount price will defect to other brands.
Regulatory Studies, Tax and Budget Policy
Sweden Repeals Wealth Tax
Globalization has been an ally of taxpayers. Because it is increasingly easy for jobs and capital to cross borders, politicians are being forced to eliminate or reduce taxes that penalize productive behavior.
The latest example comes from Sweden, which is now eliminating its tax on wealth:
Maybe the next Bjorn Borg won't feel compelled to move to Monaco now that Sweden plans to scrap a decades-old "wealth" tax that imposes levies on assets — not just on income. …The move, expected to be approved by parliament later this year, underscores the country's efforts to keep successful Swedes and their capital at home by changing its fabled but costly welfare state.
"It's not sustainable to keep taxes that radically diverge from other countries," Finance Minister Anders Borg, who is not related to the tennis great, told The Associated Press on Thursday. "Not if you want the money to stay in the country."
Sweden is not alone. The article notes that other nations have been forced to eliminate this punitive levy on capital:
Several European countries have dropped taxes on wealth in the last decade, including Denmark, the Netherlands and Finland.
Switzerland and Monaco seem to be the favored destinations of Sweden's tax exiles. At least the new government recognizes the damage caused by punitive tax rates. The wealth tax is being abolished in an effort to lure talented entrepreneur and capital back to Sweden:
[T]he wealthiest Swedes have fled the country, including IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad, No. 4 on Forbes magazine's list of the world's richest people. He lives in Switzerland. Five-time Wimbledon winner Bjorn Borg moved to tax-haven Monaco in the late 1970s. The principality is also home to many Swedish sports stars such as Alpine skier Anja Paerson, high-jumper Kajsa Bergqvist and triple jumper Christian Olsson.
The government says more than 500 billion kronor, the equivalent of almost C$83 billion of Swedish capital, is outside of the country's borders. "This is money that, if it was brought home, could be invested to create jobs and welfare in Sweden," the country's coalition leaders said in a joint statement this week.
Stefan Persson, the main owner of fashion retailer H&M, threatened to leave the country in the 1990s because of the wealth tax. The Social Democratic government at the time changed the law, giving him an exemption.
…Borg, the finance minister…added it was necessary for Sweden to remain competitive in an increasingly globalized economy. "It's a step on the way back toward making Sweden an entrepreneurial society," he said.
Government and Politics, International Economics, Development & Immigration, Tax and Budget Policy
Is Giuliani a Supply-Sider?
Writing in the Wall Street Journal, Steve Forbes endorses Rudy Giuliani and makes a reasonably compelling argument that he believes in smaller government:
Rudy Giuliani…cut taxes and the size of government…. Mr. Giuliani delivered, overcoming the initial resistance of the overwhelmingly Democratic City Council. He ultimately prevailed 23 times, including cuts in sales, personal income, commercial rent and hotel occupancy taxes.
…Mr. Giuliani always made fiscal discipline a priority: instructing city commissioners to cut agency budgets even when the deficits had turned to surpluses. Mr. Giuliani set out to cut the size of city government, insisting that New York should live within its means. New Yorkers saw their quality of life improve with more effective delivery of services while the bureaucratic ranks were being thinned by nearly 20,000 — a near 20% decrease in city headcount, excluding police officers and teachers.
But there are reasons to question Giuliani's pedigree. In a post on the New York Sun's political blog, Ryan Sager quotes Giuliani trashing the flat tax:
"It [the flat tax] would really be a disaster and it's totally inconsistent with the movement of the Republican Congress toward giving more responsibility to state and local government," Mr. Giuliani said on CNN's "Capital Gang," on March 9, 1996.
To be sure, even good policymakers sometimes say silly things because of competing political interests. Nonetheless, it is difficult to reconcile Giuliani's recent supply-side rhetoric with his harsh 1996 statement. If he had merely expressed concern, that would be understandable, but claiming that a flat tax would be a "disaster" suggests a genuine hostility to the flagship policy goal of supply-side economics.
'Security Is the New Freedom'
By Gene Healy
That's what David Brooks declares in yesterday's New York Times. In the column, he argues (yet again) that limited-government conservatism is dead, and that what should take its place is an orientation that focuses less on "negative liberty (How can I get the government off my back) and more [on] positive liberty (Can I choose how to live my life)." We also learn from Brooks that since "The 'security leads to freedom' paradigm is a fundamental principle of child psychology," it must be the right way to look at man's relationship to the state.
Since Brooks cites Tyler Cowen's contribution to Cato Unbound, now's as good a time as any to carp about that essay. I can't agree with Professor Cowen that the libertarianism of the future ought to share the Left's focus on 'positive' liberties and make its peace with big government. The 21st century libertarianism he'd like to see, a doctrine that seems to view principled distrust of government as an anachronism, isn't libertarianism at all. It's modern liberalism with a greater appreciation for markets — Thomas Friedman without the mixed metaphors. If modern liberalism moves in that direction, the world will be better off, and if libertarians can help encourage that transition, we should.
Yet I don't understand why the continuing resilience of the welfare state constitutes an "intellectual crisis" for libertarianism. An ideology is in intellectual crisis, it seems to me, when certain of its core tenets turn out to be wrong. That people still like the idea of free stuff from government doesn't count unless libertarianism has been in crisis from its inception.
In any event, my guess is that any political prediction that Cowen, I, or any other aspiring Hari Seldon might choose to make will, in a matter of decades, look as quaint as one of those 1950s magazine pieces on our Jetsons-style future. Given the difficulty of predicting the future, we might do better to focus on what's true instead of what we believe to be politically possible.
If the welfare state impedes human flourishing, if the drug war is an abomination, if the New Deal constitutional revolution was an intellectual fraud from top to bottom, then libertarians ought to say those things. Because they're true. Because they're not said often enough. And because describing the world accurately is the first step towards changing it.
What sort of changes are possible? Who knows? But even if you think the best we can hope for is a less-awful welfare state, don't underestimate the clarifying effect of bold, uncompromising ideas. Such ideas can help make positive, incremental reforms possible. The welfare reform we got in 1996 — generally a good thing — looks more like Robert Rector's program than Charles Murray's "end welfare" thought experiment in Losing Ground. But would we have gotten that sort of reform if Murray had decided that imagining a world without welfare wasn't worth the effort?
One of the most wonderful things about Brian Doherty's history of libertarianism is how little the ideology's founding mothers and fathers cared about what sort of bills might plausibly get out of committee. There's no denying that 20th century libertarianism had elements of apocalyptic pessimism. But it's hard to miss the equally broad streak of insane optimism. To stand in the middle of the Century of the State and proclaim a vision of a world unshackled, a world governed by the rule of "anything that's peaceful," that is, a world hardly governed at all — what could be bolder or more hopeful? The Audacity of Hope!
Sure, Hayek and Friedman were willing to accept aspects of the modern welfare state. But it's only when divorced from historical context that they look like Moderates for Capitalism. In the (sparkly) teeth of New Frontier liberalism, Capitalism and Freedom proclaims that Kennedy's inaugural address — "ask not what your country…" — was founded on a worldview unworthy of free men in a free society. It was, for its time, a radical book.
Writing in 1949, Hayek had an effective rejoinder to the idea that classical liberals ought to limit their aspirations to what's currently politically possible:
We need intellectual leaders who are willing to work for an ideal, however small may be the prospects of its early realization. They must be men who are willing to stick to principles and to fight for their full realization, however remote. The practical compromises they must leave to the politicians. Free trade and freedom of opportunity are ideals which still may arouse the imaginations of large numbers, but a mere "reasonable freedom of trade" or a mere "relaxation of controls" is neither intellectually respectable nor likely to inspire any enthusiasm.
The main lesson which the true liberal must learn from the success of the socialists is that it was their courage to be Utopian which gained them the support of the intellectuals and therefore an influence on public opinion which is daily making possible what only recently seemed utterly remote. Those who have concerned themselves exclusively with what seemed practicable in the existing state of opinion have constantly found that even this had rapidly become politically impossible as the result of changes in a public opinion which they have done nothing to guide.
I'll stop the Braveheart speech there. But just one more observation: Brooks' (and Cowen's?) notion that the modern world has outgrown the Liberty vs. Power paradigm is bizarre. Barring some miraculous change in human nature and the nature of government, that paradigm's as enduringly relevant as anything gets in politics. There's a reason "Skepticism about Power" is the section that opens David Boaz's Libertarian Reader. That heuristic flows from observable truths about man's nature and the state's. Distrust of government lies at the heart of libertarianism and at the heart of the American experiment. Liberty's future depends on rekindling it.
Cato Publications, Government and Politics, Constitution, the Law, and the Courts, Political Philosophy
Another Loss for the Online Gambling Nannies
I have yet to digest the official ruling (for the most committed trade nerds, it's available here), but the United States has been dealt yet another blow in its dispute with Antigua and Barbuda over Internet gambling.
According to a World Trade Organization report released to the public today, the United States has not complied with the rulings and recommendations of a previous panel's verdict that the United States' ban on online gambling services was in violation of its commitments to the WTO (more here). Translation: the United States has not made any changes to its restrictions on gambling over the Internet that would make its laws WTO-consistent.
The United States will probably appeal this latest ruling, but if it loses that appeal and continues to refuse to change its laws, then the state of Antigua and Barbuda could retaliate to recover the damage that it claims has accrued to its online gambling industry as a result of the U.S. ban. Retaliation usually involves placing tariffs on the goods of the offending country, in this case the United States. (That is, of course, an economically insane way of "punishing" the violator, but I digress.)
Radley Balko is hoping that Antigua and Barbuda will instead choose to kick the United States where it hurts, and suspend its obligations to protect the intellectual property rights of American companies.
International Economics, Development & Immigration, Constitution, the Law, and the Courts, Trade Policy


"The totality of the circumstances creates the appearance that Crossfire was politically motivated. Since an attempt by federal law enforcement to influence a presidential election "shocks the conscience," any prosecutorial effort derived from such an outrageous abuse of power must be suppressed."
6/22/18, "Mueller's Fruit of the Poisonous Tree," Wall St, Journal, opinion, David B. Rivkin Jr. and Elizabeth Price Foley (print edition, Sat. 6/23/18) "Mr. Rivkin and Ms. Foley practice appellate and constitutional law in Washington."
"It makes no difference how honorable he is. His investigation is tainted by the bias that attended its origin in 2016."
"Special counsel Robert Mueller's investigation may face a serious legal obstacle: It is tainted by antecedent political bias. The June 14 report from Michael Horowitz, the Justice Department's inspector general, unearthed a pattern of anti-Trump bias by high-ranking officials at the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Some of their communications, the report says, were "not only a biased state of mind but imply a willingness to take action to impact a presidential candidate's electoral prospects." Although Mr. Horowitz could not definitively ascertain whether this bias "directly affected" specific FBI actions in the Hillary Clinton email investigation, it nonetheless affects the legality of the Trump-Russia collusion inquiry, code-named Crossfire Hurricane.
It was initiated in defiance of a longstanding Justice Department presumption against investigating campaigns in an election year.
And while impartiality is always required, a 2012 memo by then-Attorney General Eric Holder emphasizes that impartiality is "particularly important in an election year," and "politics must play no role in the decisions of federal prosecutors or investigators regarding any investigations. . . .
No evidence has emerged of Trump-Russia collusion, and Mr. Mueller has yet to bring collusion-related charges against anyone. Evidence suggests one of his targets, George Papadopoulos, was lured to London, plied with the prospect of Russian information damaging to Mrs. Clinton, and taken to dinner, where he drunkenly bragged that he'd heard about such dirt but never seen it. These circumstances not only fail to suggest Mr. Papadopoulos committed a crime, they reek of entrapment.
The source of this information, former Australian diplomat Alexander Downer, admits Mr. Papadopolous never mentioned emails, destroying any reasonable inference of a connection between the DNC hack and the Trump campaign.
On Sept. 23, Yahoo News's Michael Isikoff reported the Hill briefings and the Steele dossier's allegations regarding Carter Page.
The totality of the circumstances creates the appearance that Crossfire was politically motivated. Since an attempt by federal law enforcement to influence a presidential election "shocks the conscience," any prosecutorial effort derived from such an outrageous abuse of power must be suppressed.
"Mr. Rivkin and Ms. Foley practice appellate and constitutional law in Washington. He served at the Justice Department and the White House Counsel's Office during the Reagan and George H.W. Bush administrations. She is a professor at Florida International University College of Law."


text:
Giles Hart (ur. 20 listopada 1949 w Chartumie, zm. 7 lipca 2005 w Londynie) – brytyjski inżynier, działacz związkowy, w latach 80. szef kampanii wspierania "Solidarności" w Wielkiej Brytanii.

Życiorys
W sierpniu 1980 zaangażował się w tworzenie ruchu pod nazwą "Polish Solidarity Campaign", który zbierał fundusze i pomoc materialną dla polskiej "Solidarności". Został pierwszym przewodniczącym "PSC". Założył również "Polish Refugee Rights Group", organizację pomagającą polskim emigrantom czasu stanu wojennego w Wielkiej Brytanii. W 1995 wydał książkę "For Our Freedom and Yours: A History of the Polish Solidarity Campaign of Great Britain, 1980-1994" (ang. "Za waszą wolność i naszą") zbiór wspomnień brytyjskich działaczy związkowych z "PSC".

Z pierwszej pracy w The Trinity House odszedł na stanowisku dyrektora wykonawczego, po szykanach jakie spotkały go za założenie związku zawodowego. Od 1990 pracował w The British Telecom.

Jest jedną z ofiar zamachów bombowych 7 lipca 2005 w Londynie. Zginął jadąc autobusem linii "30", który eksplodował w okolicach Tavistock Square. Osierocił żonę Danutę (z domu Górzyńską) i dwoje dzieci, córkę Marylę i syna Martina. Mieszkali w Hornchurch w hrabstwie Essex.

Pośmiertnie odznaczony został , Krzyżem Kawalerskim Orderu Zasługi RP i Medalem Wdzięczności. Po jego śmierci dziennik "The Times" napisał:
 "Był sumiennym kronikarzem ruchu "Solidarności", starał się podtrzymywać płomień jego idei, nawet w sytuacji, gdy one przestały już obchodzić większość Polaków."

Był aktywnym działaczem wielu stowarzyszeń o charakterze oświatowym, promujących idee wolności oraz kulturalnych, m.in. przewodniczącym "Anti-Slavery Society", "H.G. Wells Society". Był jednym z gości zaproszonych na uroczystości obchodów 25-lecia "Solidarności" w Gdańsku w sierpniu 2005. Dzień przed śmiercią ustalał ze znajomymi z "PSC" szczegóły poświęconej "Solidarności" konferencji, która miała odbyć się w październiku 2005 w Londynie.

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 Biogram w witrynie dziennika "The Times"

Linki zewnętrzne
 "S" upamiętni pamięć ofiary zamachu – artykuł w portalu Gazeta.pl.
 Wspomnienia znajomych w witrynie dziennika "The Guardian"

Brytyjscy inżynierowie
Brytyjscy związkowcy
Odznaczeni Krzyżem Kawalerskim Orderu Zasługi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
Odznaczeni Złotym Krzyżem Zasługi (III Rzeczpospolita)
Ofiary terroryzmu
Urodzeni w 1949
Zmarli w 2005
Ludzie urodzeni w Chartumie