text:
Nutrients in 100 grams of Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium.
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 429 kcal of Energy per 100 grams, which is 14.8% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 2900kcal per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 9.5 g of Fat per 100 grams, which is 9.8% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 97g per day for Men 19-50 years
Protein12.6 g
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 12.6 g of Protein per 100 grams, which is 22.5% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 56g per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 73.39 g of Carbohydrate per 100 grams, which is 56.5% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 130g per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 0.54 g of Sugars per 100 grams, which is 0.74% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 72.5g per day for Men 19-50 years
Fiber14 g
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 14.2 g of Fiber per 100 grams, which is 37.4% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 38g per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 0 mg of Cholesterol per 100 grams, which is 0% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 290mg per day for Men 19-50 years
Saturated Fat1.4 g
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 1.415 g of Saturated Fat per 100 grams, which is 4.42% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 32g per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 0.247 g of Omega 3 per 100 grams, which is 15.4% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 1.6g per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 3.315 g of Omega 6 per 100 grams, which is 19.5% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 17g per day for Men 19-50 years
Water2.8 g
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 2.8 g of Water per 100 grams, which is 0.076% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 3700g per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 7 μg of Vitamin A per 100 grams, which is 0.78% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 900μg per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 0.35 mg of Thiamine per 100 grams, which is 29% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 1.2mg per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 0.11 mg of Vitamin B2 per 100 grams, which is 8.46% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 1.3mg per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 2.07 mg of Vitamin B3 per 100 grams, which is 13% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 16mg per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 0.17 mg of Vitamin B6 per 100 grams, which is 13% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 1.3mg per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 0 μg of Vitamin B12 per 100 grams, which is 0% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 2.4μg per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 0 mg of Vitamin C per 100 grams, which is 0% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 90mg per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 0 IU of Vitamin D per 100 grams, which is 0% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 600IU per day for Men 19-50 years
Vitamin E5 mg
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 5.01 mg of Vitamin E per 100 grams, which is 33.4% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 15mg per day for Men 19-50 years
Vitamin K15.7 μg
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 15.7 μg of Vitamin K per 100 grams, which is 13% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 120μg per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 17 μg of Folate per 100 grams, which is 4.25% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 400μg per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 11 mg of Calcium per 100 grams, which is 1.1% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 1000mg per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 0.545 mg of Copper per 100 grams, which is 60.6% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 0.9mg per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 2.28 mg of Iron per 100 grams, which is 28.5% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 8mg per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 151 mg of Magnesium per 100 grams, which is 36% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 420mg per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 264 mg of Phosphorus per 100 grams, which is 37.7% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 700mg per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 241 mg of Potassium per 100 grams, which is 7.1% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 3400mg per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 8.6 μg of Selenium per 100 grams, which is 15.6% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 55μg per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 490 mg of Sodium per 100 grams, which is 32.7% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 1500mg per day for Men 19-50 years
Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium has 3.83 mg of Zinc per 100 grams, which is 35% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of 11mg per day for Men 19-50 years
Vitamins in 100 grams of Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium:
100 grams of Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium is an excellent source of Thiamine and Vitamin E. It has a good amount of Vitamin B2, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B6 and Vitamin K. It also has some Folate. While 100 grams of product has trace amounts of Vitamin A, it has no Vitamin B12, Vitamin C and Vitamin D.
Minerals in 100 grams of Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium:
100 grams of Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium is an excellent source of Copper, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Sodium and Zinc. It has a good amount of Potassium and Selenium. The product has trace amounts of Calcium.
Macronutrients in 100 grams of Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium:
100 grams of Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium is an excellent source of Protein, Carbohydrate and Fiber. It has a good amount of Fat, Omega 3 and Omega 6. It also has some Saturated Fat. The product has trace amounts of Sugars.
Compare Popcorn, microwave, low fat and sodium with:


text:
use std::collections::PriorityQueue;
use time::SteadyTime;

struct TimerEntry<T> {
    trigger_at: SteadyTime,
    data: T,
}

struct Timer(PriorityQueue<TimerEntry<T>>);

impl Timer {
    //
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A trip to Denver to see our good friends was so much fun! The funny part is you can take the kids out of the country but not the country out of the kids. You can see they do not live by a lot of people and busy streets mean nothing to them. It was funny to watch. Highlights of them outside of the best of seeing their friends was the free bus on 16th street mall. They loved this and have talked about it a lot. We all got to catch up and enjoy each other!


text:
Computing Technology And Purposes, Minor
Meet with your college counselor to debate how Career & Technical Education at WEMOCO can profit your profession improvement. The...
Atos and SENAI CIMATEC launch Center of Excellence in Quantum Computing in Brazil
Salvador (Brazil) and Paris (France), five Could 2021Atos and SENAI CIMATEC, just one of Brazil's foremost instruction, investigation and innovation...
Atos unveils global R&D Lab to drive innovation in Cybersecurity, High Performance Computing and Quantum
Les Clayes-sous-Bois (Yvelines), France – April 22, 2021Atos these days formally inaugurates its new world-wide Research & Improvement Lab in...
Atos supports the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre in pioneering quantum-accelerated computing with the Atos QLM
Munich and Paris, March 18, 2021Atos now announced that it has shipped its Atos Quantum Learning Equipment (Atos QLM), the...
Spin waves for next-generation computing – Information Centre – Research & Innovation
Experts are at the moment operating to build following-technology laptop devices which can system data swiftly and flexibly but are...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Flagler DEC Newsletter March 2021
Jan Sullivan - Chair
Flagler County Democratic Party News
John Caruso, Precinct 29, our State Committeeman, will be moving out of Flagler County to Duval County to be near family. We will miss him terribly. Clyde Jones, Precinct 31, has graciously accepted the appointment of new State Committeeman. This is a busy and important role. Thank you, Clyde.
We are ramping up our door-to-door Voter Registration efforts. We must close the D-R gap in voter registrations in Flagler County if we expect to win elections in Flagler County. This will be a difficult and long-term effort and will require dozens of volunteers who are willing to go door-to-door to register voters. We are preparing now and will begin this door-to-door project in April. If you are willing to be a part of this very important process, please email flaglerdemsevents@gmail.com
Our Precinct Leaders are reaching out to New Democrats in their precincts. Some New Democrats are new to town, others have switched parties. We still need many Precinct Leaders to help with our voter and campaign efforts. It only requires one meeting per month and a planned reach-out per month. It is a bit busier during election season. If you are willing to learn more about being a Precinct Leader, please contact me at flagdemchair@gmail.com
Flagler County Democratic Executive Committee
flagdemchair@gmail.com
Giving Link: www.actblue.com/donate/flaglerdemocrats
Ever wonder what the difference is between the Flagler County Democratic Executive Committee and the Democratic Clubs?
The Democratic Executive Committee (DEC), also referred to as the Flagler County Democratic Party or Flagler County Democrats, is the official "franchise" of the Florida Democratic Party.
The DEC is responsible for election-related activities: voter registration, vote-by-mail activities, making sure people get out to vote, candidate recruitment, candidate training, etc. The goal is to get Democrats elected locally and throughout the state.
The DEC is comprised mostly of Precinct Leaders who help coordinate the election-related activities within their precincts.
The worker-bees for these election-related activities are volunteers like YOU!
The DEC meets regularly with leaders of the Florida Democratic Party and leaders of other county DEC's to share best practices, tools, etc. so that we can all be on the same page and become more effective in electing Democrats in our own counties as well as state-wide.
It costs thousands of dollars for candidate training, candidate donations, literature, postage, etc. We also have ongoing administrative costs of rent, internet, phones, etc. We are now planning for 2022. If you have the ability, your one-time or recurring monthly donation of any amount would be very appreciated.
The Democratic Clubs (Palm Coast Democratic Club and Flagler Beach Democratic Club) are chartered by the Florida Democratic Party and the Flagler County Democrats.
These clubs offer an opportunity for Democrats to get to know each other and to work on projects that benefit the Democratic Party as well as our local community.
The clubs are more social in nature and when they meet in person, club members frequently gather for a meal and drinks before the club meeting.
Clubs frequently present special speakers from the community or host candidates during election season.
Many club members also volunteer for election-related activities with the DEC.
Club Presidents are on the Steering Committee for the DEC, so that we all communicate frequently.
The Democratic Women's Club of Flagler County is a valued partner of the Flagler County Democrats and is a "franchise" of the Democratic Women's Club of Florida .
The organization was developed to provide a forum for discussion of public matters, to provide support for qualified candidates for public office, and to encourage qualified Democratic women to seek elected office.
Members of the Democratic Women's Club work on women-focused projects which benefit the Democratic Party. They also work on projects which support at-risk women in Flagler County.
The club is very focused and informed on legislation which affects all voters, but particularly women.
The club frequently presents special speakers from the community or hosts candidates during election season.
The club President is on the Steering Committee for the DEC, so that we all communicate frequently.
URGENT!! Call our Florida Legislatures!!
Florida lawmakers have created SB-90, a Florida State Bill which is intended to suppress voters by changing the Vote-by-Mail rules. Democrats out-vote Republicans using Vote-by-Mail, but Republicans out-vote Democrats at the polls, so you see why Republicans have created this bill.
The Senate Rules Committee could hear Senate Bill 90 as early as next week. This is the last stop for this voter restriction bill before it heads to the full Florida Senate.
Senate Bill 90 will:
Make it harder to vote-by-mail by forcing voters to submit vote-by-mail requests more often than is currently required, a completely unnecessary administrative hurdle.
Retroactively cancel voters' current vote-by-mail ballot requests. This means a voter who submitted a request last year thinking it was valid through next year's election will need to submit a new request.
Make it a crime for voters to ask a trusted friend or caregiver to pick up or drop off a vote-by-mail ballot, limiting voting access for working, elderly, and mobility-impaired Floridians who cannot retrieve or turn in their ballot themselves.
Eliminate secure vote-by-mail drop boxes, which more than 1.5 million Floridians used during the 2020 Election to safely, conveniently, and securely return their ballot.
Call our Florida Lawmakers immediately. Tell them you are against SB-90.
Senator Travis Hutson (850) 487-5007
Representative Paul Renner (850) 717-5024
UPCOMING EVENTS— All are Welcome
March 24, Wednesday, 12 pm – 1:45 pm
"Blue Conversation" hosted by the Flagler County Democratic Party
2nd and 4th Wednesdays at noon
Sometimes we have a guest speaker, and sometimes we just follow the rabbits down their holes. The topics change for each meeting, but it's always interesting. Feel free to just listen or participate.
EXCITING! Special Speaker for the upcoming "Blue Conversation" this Wednesday, March 24: Sara Riley from the Flagler County Chapter of "Showing up for Racial Justice" (SURJ) organization. The Flagler County Chapter of SURJ was recently established and is part of a multi-racial movement organizing white people to build a racially-just society. You can learn more about SURJ Flagler thru Facebook: SURJ Flagler or website: https://www.showingupforracialjustice.org
Join our "Blue Conversation" with Sara Riley of SURJ Flagler
This coming Wednesday, March 24, 12 pm – 1:45 pm
Zoom link is: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88926776466
March 25, Thursday, 12 pm – 1 pm
A webcast sponsored by the Flagler Tiger Bay Club: "Insiders' Look at Florida Politics"
This webcast is free. Membership not required.
flaglertigerbayclub.com/Upcoming-Events
Flagler Tiger Bay Club is a non-partisan gathering where adherents of all political views are encouraged to listen and understand different perspectives on important issues in a civilized environment.
April 1, Thursday, 7 pm
Monthly meeting of the Palm Coast Democratic Club (PCDC)
The PCDC fosters good fellowship among Democrats in the Palm Coast area. The club holds events to bring members together to support local candidates, issues, and organizations, while at the same time enjoying time together socially.
Contact Nic Bergraat swimnic@gmail.com for more information or to receive the Zoom link for the next meeting.
April 10, Saturday, 9:30 am
Monthly meeting of the Democratic Women's Club of Flagler County
This organization brings together Democratic women and men to make a difference in our community and at the legislative level. The members are committed to progressive, Democratic values.
Contact dwcflagler@gmail.com for more information or to receive the Zoom link for the meeting.
April 14, Wednesday, 12 pm – 1:45 pm
The zoom link is: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88926776466
April 14, Wednesday, 6:30 pm
Monthly meeting of the Flagler Beach Democratic Club (FBDC)
This organization welcomes all who want to make a positive difference in the Flagler Beach community and who are dedicated to Democratic politics and progressive causes.
Contact information can be found on the website flaglerbeachdemocraticclub.com
May 12, Wednesday, 5:00 pm
Flagler Beach Democratic Club Monthly Meeting
Wednesday, May 12,⋅5:00 – 8:00 pm
Monthly on the second Wednesday
Betty Steflik Memorial Preserve
815 Moody Ln, Flagler Beach, FL 32136, USA
Join us the Second Wednesday of each month @ Betty Steflik Preserve Pavilion for In Person Meeting
Come as early as 5pm to enjoy socially distanced (bring your own) dinner or drink. (No alcohol allowed by Parks Service.
It feels good to get together with like-minded people In Person
Please plan to join us for all or part of our meeting.
Enter the Preserve from Moody Lane off N. Flagler Avenue. See directions below.
Masks ON once the meeting starts at 6:30 for all people who are not at least two weeks past their final COVID vaccination.
Just show up any time on Wednesday. We'll have the barbecue hot and ready to cook anything you've brought for yourself to eat by 5pm. Eat, drink, socialize in the manner appropriate for your vaccinated status.
Betty Steflik Preserve has a covered pavilion with 14 large, spaced out picnic tables. There is plenty of room to spread out and see each other in person for a meeting.
The ranks of our membership that is fully vaccinated continues to grow (Thank you Biden Administration!) Those fully vaccinated can sit at the designated tables for the meeting, unmasked if desired, where people can sit closer and safely mingle.
Really looking forward to seeing everyone there!
Join us at Betty Steflik Memorial Preserve 815 Moody Lane
From I-95 and SR 100, drive east to Flagler Beach. After you cross the bridge over the Intracoastal, turn left on Flagler Avenue. At the next corner, make a left to follow Moody Lane down beneath the SR 100 bridge. Turn left at the sign and you'll end up at the Pavilion.
Organizer: Flagler County Democrats
Flagler County Democrats
Creator: Created by: Sally HirstCreated by: Sally Hirst
If "con" is the opposite of "pro", is congress the opposite of progress? ?


What is the difference between enable secret and enable password? And what command can we used to encrypt password?
enable secret [password] => will this command encrypt the password automatically when we issue this?
enable password [password] => will this command encrypt the password automatically when we issue this?
issuing the show running-config command after doin this, shows you d password in clear view.
enable secret password provides encryption automatically using MD5 hash algorithm. The enable password password does not encrypt the password and can be view in clear text in the running-config. In order to encrypt the enable password password , use the service password-encryption command. To be clear, the enable secret password command provides stronger encryption than the service password-encryption command.
it will encrypt it in better way!
I think you meant the "enable password" is easy to break.
Typically that's stored in clear text (no breaking necessary). With "service password-encryption" it performs a mild encryption (easy to break with many apps/web pages) on anything that's clear text.
The "enable secret" though is an MD5 one-way hash, so unless you have a sweet computer and/or a rainbow table, you aren't going to break that one.
which of above is best for network device hardening? I think it is enable secret, what you say?
service password-encryption not of course to harden but rather to hide all other keys from human eyes.
when you set the enable password (password) command it creates an unencrypted password which is in clear text format.
That being said enable secret will produce a seeded MD5 hash instead of a password. This is not a stored password. Instead it's a hash phrase which is produced by the router using a seed. Feeding another password to the router and applying the seed and running MD5 against it will produce the same password. It is however susceptible to man in the middle attacks since you can supply a challenge against a pre-hashed value.
When using "secret" in combination with the username command, be careful since you can't use a secret for authenticating via CHAP protocols. So PPP accounts may fail if you make use of secret instead of password with type 7 encryption.
The security of type 5 (hence MD5) passwords is negligable as well. The newer versions of "John the Ripper" can produce a password that will hash to the same value as the type 5 stored in your configs in under 15 minutes on my Microsoft Surface Pro which is a very low power tablet PC. I tested this summer when I needed to recover a password from an ASA. Using a "John the ripper" botnet, it can be done in 3 seconds or less on average.
enable password combined with service password-encryption requires someone looking over your shoulder to memorize a slightly harder phrase long enough to Google "crack type 7 password".
enable secret produces a hash, it does not encrypt. The hash generated is MUCH harder to remember and can be inconveniencing to the administrator. But is more secure. Though someone who sees it can crack it running free tools available from hundreds of places online with little searching.
That being said enable secret will produce a seeded MD5 hash instead of a password.
Is seeded the same as salted? If not, how are they diferent?
Feeding another password to the router and applying the seed and running MD5 against it will produce the same password.
Are you referring to a collison?
It is however susceptible to man in the middle attacks since you can supply a challenge against a pre-hashed value.
Please explain how this would work during a remote login.
Enable screct (password) will automaticaly encrypt the password you used.
and using just enable passwprd (password) will not encrypt your password.So you have to use "service password encryption" to encrypt.
If you are using both enable password and enable secret password then enable scret password override the enable password.Enable secret passowrd will be given priority and that passwoed will be yours enable password to login into router.
Ok, yes, I meant salted. Seeding is a similar process in random number generation.
MD5 is definitely not collision proof. I've read multiple papers in the IEEE newsletters on cryptography which factor MD5 down bit by bit. It's also why it is so important to have so many bits. After all, even using ASICs and massive parallel systems, we lack the computing power on earth to brute force an MD5 key. This is why we never approach the topic from trying one at a time. We instead agorithmically narrow our way in towards a result which will generate the same hash.
Let's assume you're working with a challenge attack. If I were to capture even a single exchange between two devices which have the correct passwords, the goal would be to figure out what key would generate the hash containing in the challenge response given the contents of the challenge, the sequence number and the other parts of the packet involved.
One method is to assume the key used to generate the hash was 10 bytes or less and contains only keys typable on an English keyboard. This is a huge rainbow list to work through. Since there is no salt involved, the challenge is the "wildcard" or salt so to say, the current rainbow lists for MD5, SHA-1 and others coming are searchable in a binary tree fashion. So, all you've have to do is search the tree based on which keys would likely generate the next bit of the key. We're still talking about tens of trillions of possibilities to try, but that is within reason to calculate. Using ATI GPUs which are almost idealy suited to MD5 and SHA-1 hashing (as can be seen in BitCoin mining), it is easy to build an almost perfect computer for this on the cheap.
I think I'll try to write a paper which describes this clearly and upload it as a document to the CCNA Security Study group, but I have to drive my wife to a party now.
in ISP data center, why should we take care of the privilige mode security level of a cisco switch. since only dedicated persons work there !
like: who is going to have access and can view the configurations ?
If you don't have previlage mode password set on your router, you can't get into previlage mode when you are accessing that device through Telnet.
In these examples "test" will be used as the password.
*Note: If "enable password" has been used before a "enable secret" command, the new "enable secret" will have precedance and will take over as the login credential.
Usaually enable password worked in clear text it is not good for the network.
But we can use this wit the "service password-encryption" command it will take the mid level encryption.
But the "enable secert" give in an MD5 encryption which is best for you.


text:
Rochester Area Music Project 31 West Church Street Fairport, New York 14450 | (Tel) (585) 223-2310
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Drum & Percussion Lessons
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Saxophone, Flute, Cello, Clarinet and Piano
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Rochester Area Music Project has served Fairport, Perinton, Penfield, Victor and Pittsford areas since 1980. We are "dedicated to the art and craft of music education"
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Our approach to sales is unique, personal and unconventional of most music "stores". We will tailor your experience to your needs!
Acoustic and Electric Guitars & Basses
Sounds & Recording Equipment
Much More!
We also offer performance opportunities and ensembles throughout the year. On top of that, we also offer recording sessions and so much more
We are about "everything music" and our lesson program is "dedicated to the art and craft of music education."
Rochester Area Music Project – Music Education, Fairport, NY
What does RAMP mean? It stands for Rochester Area Music Project and we're all about EVERYTHING MUSIC. We intend to RAMP up our music lesson program, adding more opportunities for learning, as well as, create awesome retail features that will cater to those who still want to come in to play, see and feel the instrument. The name also reflects an expanded vision for the studio moving forward; however, the integrity and reputation of Manuel's Music Studio will remain intact as these operations unfold. Marshall Manuel is Vice President and partner with his father, Garry Manuel. Both share a genuine love for music, songwriting, recording, and just about EVERYTHING MUSIC.
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Fairport, New York 14450
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text:
Ion channels and neurologic disorders
K K Jain MD (
Dr. Jain is a consultant in neurology and has no relevant financial relationships to disclose.
Originally released December 6, 1999; last updated November 9, 2020; expires November 9, 2023
This article describes the role of ion channels in neurophysiology and the disturbances that lead to neurologic disorders. Ion channels also act as targets for drug action. Examples of drugs targeted to ion channels for the treatment of neurologic disorders are given. Examples of epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders are given to provide a glimpse into the impact of knowledge of ion channels on the future management of neurologic disorders.
• Because ion channels are essential for a wide range of neural functions, their disturbance leads to several neurologic disorders.
• The study of ion channels helps in understanding the pathomechanism of these diseases.
• Identification of the receptors on ion channels and mutations of ion channel genes is providing targets for developing therapies for these disorders.
• Channelopathies due to gain of function might respond to drugs blocking the action of those channels.
Ion channels are protein pores in the cell membrane that allow the passage of ions down their respective electrochemical gradients. Ion channels are classified according to the ion passing through them (eg, sodium, potassium, calcium, or chloride), and the mechanisms by which they are opened or closed. Acetylcholine, for example, opens chloride channels. Channel blockers are molecules that can enter the pores and physically plug them.
The importance of ion channels in the generation and transmission of signals in the nervous system has been well recognized for over 60 years, since the classical work of Hodgkin and Huxley, in measurement of ion currents and conductance in sodium and potassium channels by classical voltage clamp techniques (Hodgkin and Huxley 1952). These authors were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1963 for their concept of ion channels. Introduction of electrophysiological methods for the study of ion channels led to an explosion of research on ion channels in many different systems. The year 2016 marked the 50th anniversary of the first physiology studies, which demonstrated that glial cells rest at hyperpolarized resting membrane potentials relative to neurons and display large and selective permeability to K+ ions (Kuffler et al 1966). A few years later, Bernard Katz showed that calcium was indispensable for the release of acetylcholine from the neuromuscular junction and, based on this work, shared the Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine with von Euler and Axelrod (Katz 1969). In 1976 Neher and Sakmann demonstrated single channel current recording from ion channels (Neher and Sakmann 1976). The Nobel Prize was awarded in 1991 to these authors for discovery of the patch clamp technique, which enabled the study of currents passing through single ion channels. In 1986 a complete sequence of cDNA coding of a sodium channel was published (Noda et al 1986). The genes encoding several classes of ion channels have been cloned and sequenced during the past decade. Parallel to this, the number of human diseases resulting from mutations in the genes encoding ion channels has also increased.
Ion channels are essential for a wide range of cellular functions, including neuronal signaling, muscle contraction, sensory conduction, and endocrine secretions. Ion channels have a critical role in neurons because they enable the neurons to signal. It is to be expected that disturbances of ion channels and transporters would lead to disease. The first ion channel disorders were recognized in the skeletal muscle. Evidence for a defective chloride channel in myotonia congenita was presented in the 1970s, but it was not until 1994 that a mutation in the gene encoding the human skeletal muscle chloride channel was identified (Lorenz et al 1994). These diseases are often called channelopathies, whereas those involving the nervous system are called neuronal channelopathies. This term does not include disturbances in ion channels seen in a large range of neurologic disorders, including trauma and cerebrovascular ischemia.
There are 2 basic types of ion channels, voltage-gated and ligand- or transmitter-gated, but some channels exhibit dual gating mechanisms. This article deals with the role of voltage-gated ion channels in the pathophysiology of neurologic diseases, and also with their role as targets for therapy. With the recognition of active glial participation in information processing, a physiological role for some of the glial channels and receptors is gradually emerging. Ion channels are expressed by astrocytes and oligodendrocytes as well as by Schwann cells.


Gabrielle Bonheur "Coco" Chanel (19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971) was a French fashion designer and businesswoman. She was the founder and namesake of the Chanel brand. Along with Paul Poiret, Chanel was credited in the post-World War I era with liberating women from the constraints of the "corseted silhouette" and popularizing a sporty, casual chic as the feminine standard of style.
A prolific fashion creator, Chanel extended her influence beyond couture clothing, realizing her design in jewelry, handbags, and fragrance. Her signature scent, Chanel No. 5, has become an iconic product. She is the only fashion designer listed on TIME magazine's list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Chanel designed her iconic interlocked-CC monograph, meaning Coco Chanel, using it since the 1920's.
Chanel was born in 1883 in Saumur, France. In her youth, she was a seamstress and a nightclub singer. In 1910, she opened a hat shop. In 1919, she opened a house of fashion in Paris, and introduced her perfume, Chanel No. 5, in 1922. She retired in 1939, but returned to fashion with great success in 1954. She is famous for the little black dress, Chanel No. 5, the most famous women's perfume in the world, and the knee-long skirt and box jacket suit worn with pearl necklace.
Chanel was known for her lifelong determination, ambition, and energy which she applied to her professional and social life. She achieved both financial success as a businesswoman and catapulted to social prominence in French high society, thanks to the connections she made through her work. These included many artists and craftspeople to whom she became a patron.
In 1913, Chanel opened her first shop in Deauville, France. Society women liked her simple wardrobe. In 1915, she opened a second shop in Biarritz. Chanel became one of the first women fashion designers to create simple and practical clothes for the sporty women of the era. Short hair, tans, and casual styles were the new trends. She banned corsets and other uncomfortable garments.
In 1939, at the beginning of World War II, Chanel closed her shops, maintaining her apartment situated above the couture house at 31 Rue de Cambon. She claimed that it was not a time for fashion; as a result of her action, 4,000 female employees lost their jobs.
Rumors arose about Chanel's activities in the course of the German occupation of France during World War II, and she was criticized for being too comfortable with the Germans but never thoroughly investigated.
After several years in Switzerland post war, she returned to Paris and revived her fashion house. In 2011, Hal Vaughan published a book on Chanel based on newly declassified documents of that era, revealing that she had collaborated with Germans in intelligence activities.
In 1921, while in Monte Carlo Chanel became acquainted with Samuel Goldwyn. Goldwyn offered Chanel a tantalizing proposition. For the sum of a million dollars (approximately seventy-five million in twenty-first century valuation), he would bring her to Hollywood twice a year to design costumes for MGM stars. Chanel accepted the offer.
Her life was depicted in the Broadway musical Coco in 1969. Movies based on her life include: Chanel Solitaire (1981), Coco Chanel (2008), Coco before Coco (2009), and Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky (2009).
As 1971 began, Chanel was 87 years old, tired, and ailing. She carried out her usual routine of preparing the spring catalogue. She had gone for a long drive the afternoon of Saturday, 9 January. Soon after, feeling ill, she went to bed early. She died on Sunday, 10 January 1971, at the Hotel Ritz, where she had resided for more than 30 years. Her funeral was held at the Église de la Madeleine; her fashion models occupied the first seats during the ceremony and her coffin was covered with white flowers—camellias, gardenias, orchids, azaleas and a few red roses. She went out in real Chanel style, announcing: "You see, this is how you die." Her grave is located in the Bois-de-Vaux Cemetery, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Chanel is still influencing women's lifestyles and clothing. The House of Chanel remains in business. It is a member of the Chambre syndicale de la haute couture, the top fashion clique in Paris. The House of Chanel produces modern versions of her best ideas.
Chanel hat worn by Gabrielle Dorziat. Les Modes, May 1912.
1965 Chanel suit and silk blouse with two-tone pumps.
A Chanel 2.55 bag (2009).
Coco Chanel Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.


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Interest in the UK housing market edged up in March according to a new survey.
The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (Rics) said that, during the month, 9% more surveyors reported a rise in inquiries from potential buyers than those reporting a fall.
Rics said the warmer weather encouraged some potential buyers, while others wanted to snap up properties before a holiday from stamp duty ended.
According to uSwitch.com, it is back to the classroom for savers as research reveals that over half of cash ISA savers don't know the rate of interest they are getting. More worryingly, almost half have never switched their ISA to get a better rate, while a quarter just use the same provider as their current account as it's easier.
Despite their knowledge not being up to scratch, 50% of Brits intend to save into a cash ISA by April. However, just a quarter of these will take full advantage of the ISA allowance. This low uptake isn't just down to a lack of money. More than 78% don't know what the current cash ISA limit is.
The use of cash machines in the UK hit a record level in 2011, with £191 billion withdrawn over the year.
One reason for the increase in use was due to the rise in the number of ATMs in the network which dispensed £5 notes.


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December 2020 ann bryan-davis - Employment Law in 2020 – This Is The Year That Was
Every year, UK Employment Legislation sees a number of changes, to accommodate new precedents set by cases and court rulings, and to reflect changes to lifestyles, societal needs, political landscapes and more.
I think we can probably all agree that 2020, possibly more so than any other year in recent memory, handed those out in spades! We have certainly been kept on our toes keeping up to date and there is still much more in the pipeline!
Therefore, our final blog of 2020 will be a quick look-back over just a few of the notable changes that have taken place this year – some motivated by recognised needs in the world of employment, some to fall in line with preparations for Brexit, but most driven by the gigantic elephant in the room…
1 January 2020 – New regulations under the Companies Act, which came into force in 2019, required all UK companies with more than 250 employees to report the pay ratios between their chief executive and a representative average worker. This requirement would form part of their annual company reports.
13 March 2020 – Covid-19 arrived on our shores at the end of January, and the practice of self-isolating and social distancing to help prevent the spread of the virus was introduced within guidance published by Public Health England, NHS Scotland and Public Health Wales. To support employees needing to self-isolate, from 13 March, Statutory Sick Pay (SSP) became payable from day one of an employee's absence (previously, it has been from day four), if the reason for absence related to preventing the spread of Covid-19, such as an employee showing symptoms of the virus, or having been exposed to someone with Covid-19.
20 March 2020 – Chancellor Rishni Sunak announced the new Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (CJRS), designed to help protect the livelihoods of millions including those in the entertainment and hospitality sectors as they were instructed to close their premises from midnight.
25 March 2020 – The Coronavirus Act 2020 became law, giving the Government temporary emergency powers to respond to the coronavirus outbreak. This included creating regulations to allow employers to recover additional Statutory Sick Pay paid out (see above update to SSP), granting the Statutory right for workers to take emergency volunteer leave to help out NHS and related support services, and most notably, the power to restrict events and close down businesses and retail premises where needed to prevent the spread of Covid-19.
27 March 2020 – Amendments to the Working Time Regulations 2020 allowed workers to carry over any annual leave (into the next two years) where it had not been reasonably practical for them to take leave due to the impact the Covid-19 outbreak had had on their workplace; for example health care workers. This applied to the four weeks statutory leave under EU rules.
1 April 2020 – The National Living Wage for workers aged 25 and over rose to £8.72 per hour.
6 April 2020 – The Parental Bereavement (Leave and Pay) Act 2018 came into force. The act gives an employee who loses a child under the age of 18, or suffers a stillbirth beyond the 24th week of pregnancy, the right to two weeks' leave, taken as one block or two non-consecutive blocks, at any time within 56 weeks of the child's death. Leave would be paid at the normal Statutory Rate if the employee had 26 weeks' service.
31 July 2020 – The Government produced Regulations requiring employers to calculate Statutory Redundancy Pay on the basis of an employee's normal pay rate (subject to the Statutory cap), not their reduced pay rate under the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (CJRS).
28 September 2020 – The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions)(Self-isolation)(England) 2020 came into effect, allowing fines between £1,000 and £10,000 to be imposed on workers who unreasonably failed to self-isolate when officially notified to do so by the NHS Test and Trace system. Workers were required to inform their employers by the next working day that they had been told to self-isolate, and employers would be committing an offence if they allowed their workers to work anywhere other than at home.
1 November 2020 – The Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (CJRS), which was due to end on 31 October 2020, was extended until 31 March 2021. The Job Support Scheme (JSS) which was due to start on 1 November, was postponed until the end of the CJRS.
5 November 2020 – Chancellor Rishi Sunak announced that the planned Job Retention Bonus Scheme, which promised to pay employers a one-off taxable payment of £1,000 for each employee kept on payroll after furlough and continuously until 31 January 2021, had been withdrawn, in light of the extension to the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme (CJRS).
28 November 2020 – The Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) changed its rules governing the extent to which criminal records are disclosed to employers carrying out employee checks – childhood police cautions would no longer be disclosed, and individuals with more than one conviction would not automatically have all of those convictions disclosed. We'll be blogging in early 2021 on the topic of job applicants with convictions, so watch this space for more.
1 December 2020 – Applications for non-EU workers, arriving in the UK to live and work on or after 1 January 2021, opened under the new post-Brexit immigration system. Changes to the former points-based system include the requirements that gross basic salary meets or exceeds £25,600, that skill level must be equivalent to A Level, and that applicants must have an intermediate-level ability in communicating in English. EU workers already resident in the UK on this date have until 31 June 2021 to apply for Settled Status, enabling them to remain.
Employment Legislation throughout this year has been dominated by the pandemic and this promises to be a continuing feature going into 2021, not forgetting that Brexit is now stepping forward into the headlines once more. Many aspects of these topics can be tricky to manage, so if you require more in-depth information, guidance or have specific questions, please do not hesitate to get in touch with us.
The purpose of this information is to provide guidance only. Reference has been made to various publications including People Management, Croners, Equality and Human Rights Commission, IDS and XpertHR. The information contained within this document is accurate, to the best of our knowledge. It is intended to provide general employment related information only and must not be relied upon as a substitute for legal advice from your Solicitor. Consequently we cannot accept any responsibility for this information or for any errors or omissions.
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Should academic books exist any more?
by Chris Bertram on January 28, 2018
Ingrid [wrote a post about academics writing "trade" books](https://crookedtimber.org/2018/01/27/academics-writing-trade-books-what-should-they-know/). I'm not all that keen on such categorizations, but the idea seems to be that these are books that are and aim to be accessible to a wider, non-academic, public. In the past, of course, may scholarly works by academics have spoken to such wider publics, and some still do. To give some examples from off the top of my head E.P. Thompson's *The Making of the English Working Class*, Barrington Moore's *The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy*, Bernard Williams's *Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy*, and John Mackie's *Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong*, were all works of scholarship and rigour that were sold to and were read by people other than specialists with academic jobs. In my own area, political philosophy, one could argue that taking seriously one's democratic commitments even requires that arguments are shareable with an educated public (as [I argued long ago](http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/233760?journalCode=et) … ironically behind an academic paywall).
More mysterious to me is the continued existence of *purely* "academic" books, written for specialists by specialists. Except for those written by a few megastars or academics with crossover into nearby disciplines, there are few purely academic volumes that are likely to sell enough copies to be commercially viable at the price they need to break even. So why do they continue to exist as bound paper entities (which is what I'm talking about) ? Two reasons, I guess. First, we continue to supply them and tenure and promotions committees continue to be impressed by them (so they are a professional necessity in many fields), and second the demand for them is heavily subsidized by buyers such as university libraries (presumably libraries are the only purchasers of many of the theses that publishers like Routledge recycle into books). None of this is necessary any more for intellectual exchange and argument. Exactly the same content (too rigourous or dull for the lay reader) could be supplied at the same length free of charge and online. Only prestige and subsidy is keeping purely academic books alive.
Nichole Smith 01.28.18 at 7:23 pm
I don't recall who, but several years ago I heard from someone who had written a(n academic) book and got a publisher to publish it. She wanted the price to be around $20 so people could buy it. The publisher set the price well over $100 and told her the only intended customers are libraries.
I can still go to my alma mater's main library and dig up old print issues of an on-campus publication that I made (minor) contributions to as an undergrad. I can't find a trace of the electronic articles I contributed to the history department's "web portal" around the same time (back when that was A Thing), because the site shut down before the Wayback Machine existed. Of course the Wayback Machine does exist now, and I'm generally happy with electronic documents, but it's a consideration.
The last academic book I purchased was Photovoltaic Solar Energy: From Fundamentals to Applications. There's just nothing like it being published in blogs. There is material very much like it published in the better sort of journal review articles, but buying its 13 chapters as 13 review articles from Wiley would be even more expensive than the $140 the book costs. (In truth I use sci-hub a lot, but sometimes there's something that I really want to read and can't read without paying.)
guthrie 01.28.18 at 8:14 pm
As a consumer of such books, whilst not being an actual academic myself, I have views.
Firstly, there definitely was a place for such books in the past before digitisation. It was probably an easier way of getting your thesis work out there for others to see. Now though your thesis can be digitised and available freely across the planet. So what is the point of an academic book that is your PhD thesis with some extra bits added? None that I can see.
Another purpose of such books is to collect together papers from various people on a specific topic. Again, this can be more easily served nowadays by electronic production of academic journal stuff. Of course you also need to destroy the profit making journal companies too.
So I am coming round to the idea that such a book is redundant. Also, in an age of print on demand, is £100 for a book actually a true reflection of the effort put into production? Obviously the academic never makes any money back on it, but you still need to pay for typesetting and suchlike.
Finally, I am seeing some decently low priced academic books in paperback, e.g. the Manchester medieval series. Some authors and publishers seem to be taking the idea of pricing books at a low price, seriously.
Raven Onthill 01.28.18 at 8:17 pm
They do also provide a physical archive and, really, the lifespan of electronic archives is uncertain.
george 01.28.18 at 8:31 pm
Prestige, subsidy, and, perhaps most powerfully, *aesthetics* are keeping purely academic books alive. I think justice probably requires making all academic monographs and edited volumes–and certainly all textbooks and readers–free online. But damn if I don't appreciate the ability to leaf through a real book and make comments in the margins. Not infrequently, I buy books that are readily available online, just because I like having a bound copy. My concern for justice notwithstanding, I couldn't help feeling disappointed if the norm became that academics publish online, and publishers stopped manufacturing hard copies of books.
Harry 01.28.18 at 8:58 pm
University libraries maintain the academic book market, Here' how it works. My employer pays me to write books. I write the books, and give publishers the right to publish them. The publisher sells them to the library at a hefty cost. I get a (small) royalty, that my university doesn't ask for.
Its a very strange business model. When it comes to patents, if I develop a patent on work time using work resources (quite an unlikely eventuality in my case) I have to do a deal with the university, which probably will involve me being able to make some money off it, and maybe even spin off a company. But I do have to do a deal. Royalties are just mine.
But journals are odder. I make nothing off of publishing journal articles, or for spending time refereeing; then my employer pays companies a fortune to get access to the fruits of my labour (for which my employer pays my salary)
I don't make much in royalties, to be clear (over the course of the past 18 years maybe enough to pay for a couple of nice dinners a year). But, relevant to the textbook thread, the authors of successful textbooks in some disciplines make a lot.
christian h. 01.28.18 at 10:13 pm
I have spent many hours in university libraries picking out interesting-looking academic books to read in all kinds of fields. The amount of time I'd have to spend online to achieve the same would make this non-viable. In fact, it'd likely be much worse because of the way the structure of the modern web encourages popularity contests and concentration, while in a library all books are equal. In addition online stuff will eventually vanish, or become unreadable because of format changes, for a much smaller value of 'eventually' than paper books. So I think there's very good reasons indeed to keep producing paper books, even those that have only few readers.
What is a whole different issue is that since universities are already – as Harry points out – paying for virtually every cost in the production and dissemination of academic monographs (the research going into them, the time spent writing, and through library purchases also production, distribution, and ensuring availability) it is absurd that the process results in serious restrictions on who can access them.
Phil 01.28.18 at 10:19 pm
the theses that publishers like Routledge recycle into books
I'd like to push back against this hasty formulation. There's an Italian publisher I know of which does just this, and there may well be others. It's a long way from what British university presses and "publishers like Routledge" do, though.
I pitched a book based on my thesis to five or six academic publishers before anyone could be persuaded that it might be worth doing. Once I was over that hurdle, I had to do a lot of work on it – to cut it down from thesis-length to book-length, to trim down digressive and academic-dues-paying passages, and to make it work as a book. Which, I think, I did. My thesis is readable – at worst it's ploughable-through – but its best friend wouldn't call it a book.
I was then told that it would only be going out as a hardback until such time as the first hardback edition sold out. True, the hardback edition numbered in the low three figures, but it was priced at a level where only academic libraries were realistically likely to buy it. The question wasn't whether 'people' might want to read it, but whether the number of academic librarians in the English speaking world willing to take a punt on it was – well, whether it was in the low three figures or in the very low three figures.
As I understand it the book is now available online as part of a 'scholarship' package, reducing the likelihood of a paperback (and my dreams of a breakout crossover hit) basically to nil. For purely scholarly readers that may be the way forward, although whether it's an improvement is another matter; I suspect there's not much difference between the set of libraries capable of buying large numbers of academic hardbacks and the set of those capable of subscribing to multiple publishers' online 'scholarship' packages. What definitely wouldn't be an improvement, however, would be cutting out the middle-man by not producing those books at all, going directly to online distribution of people's theses (which already happens, unevenly, in any case). A thesis is not a book, and Routledge, Sage, Hart et al are not thesis mills.
Helen 01.28.18 at 10:55 pm
This is very depressing! I have a deceased relative's collection of academic books and journals (philosophy) – after several culls it still fills 6 document boxes. Hard to know what to do with these. Even an academic library would probably find many of them out of date or not useful.
Michael Cain 01.28.18 at 11:46 pm
Interestingly, the article can be downloaded from a Russian pirate source whose stated goal is to make academic publications available to the developing world, where western prices are unaffordable. I find myself torn on the ethics — as a member of the general public, and a retiree of modest means, in a developed country, my appetite for academic articles greatly exceeds my means, based on the list prices.
Gabriel 01.29.18 at 2:40 am
To reiterate: those physical books will be there, waiting to be read, in one hundred years, even assuming tragedies befall 80% of the printed copies, whereas one cannot be certain that electronic books will be accessible in twenty. Given that the disappearance of the early web is currently quite the hot topic, I'm surprised this post was made.
By all means augment physical books with electronic copies, but the thought of replacing them is a Very Bad Idea Indeed.
John Quiggin 01.29.18 at 2:46 am
@11 "those physical books will be there, waiting to be read, in one hundred years".
Sadly, for a large number of academic books, that is close to the literal truth.
I buy books from academic presses to read for funsies. There are dozens of us out there. Literally dozens!
Donald A. Coffin 01.29.18 at 3:26 am
Interestingly, fair number of accessible-to-non-expert economic history books continue to e published, often with reasonable prices.
Robert Allen's The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective lists for $31 (and Amazon sells it for less).
Douglas Irwin's Clashing over Commerce: A History of US Trade Policy is $35 in hardcover. Other of his books on trade are also available for around $40.
Barry Eichengreen's Hall of Mirrors: The Great Depression, the Great Recession, and the Uses-and Misuses-of History is $20 in paperback
Thomas Sargent & Francis Velde's The Big Problem of Small Change is no longer available new, but is cheap used.
Peter Temin's The Roman Market Economy is about $30.
I could go on. But for people interested in economic history, this might well be a golden age.
Rob Barrett 01.29.18 at 3:44 am
The press makes a big difference in pricing. My book (on medieval literature) came out from University of Notre Dame in paperback for $35. I've bought hardcovers from other university presses for $40-60. That's a far cry from what the commercial presses (Routledge, Palgrave, etc.) are charging for literature books.
Also, in my experience, Phil is exactly right: a thesis is not the same thing as a book. There are different standards for the former; you can get a Ph. D. with work that I wouldn't recommend to a press if I were an outside reader.
Warren Terra 01.29.18 at 4:34 am
@Matt, #2
If one is inclined to buy a very expensive academic-press book, it's often wise to start by looking at Abebooks. Still unreasonably expensive, but in this case you could save $50 even on a new copy.
@Gabriel, #13
When you say you buy from academic presses, do you mean university presses or the sort of $150 per book "academic press" being discussed here? Surely no-one buys those with their own money, for fun?
rdb 01.29.18 at 7:03 am
See also booko.com.au, for price comparisons among the various online sellers, including for second hand books. Culls from academic libraries sold via AbeBooks or BetterWorldBooks can provide some books cheaply. … Whether many academic libraries will continue buying physical books or move to some license on ebook versions like web access to journals….
Neville Morley 01.29.18 at 7:42 am
Books smell musty and rich. The knowledge gained from a computer has no texture, no context. It's there and then it's gone. If it's to last, the gaining of knowledge should be tangible. It should be smelly.
bob mcmanus 01.29.18 at 8:35 am
Surely no-one buys those with their own money, for fun?
I was always surprised at what turned up in the Dallas used book stores, at firesale prices and excellent condition. I presume the model of academic books being sold only to university libraries is incomplete, universities rarely culling (I think?). Professors personal libraries eventually have to be disposed of, and gifting to uni libraries would imply dupes of obscurities. Professors are comped releases in their specialties? I would also guess that metro public libraries also pick up some specialty books, perhaps whimsically, eventually also culled.
Of course, my experience trolling used bookstores created an eclectic almost random collection. I consider that a good thing.
I might have had more to say about the commercialization, commodification, instrumentalization of scholarship and knowledge implied in the post and some comments. In no way do I consider the value of a book or scholarship determined by its popularity or marketability, and am disturbed by that implication.
The knowledge gained from a computer has no texture, no context. It's there and then it's gone.
Learning is hard. I think the problem we have with computer reading, well some of us, has more to do with our approaches and habits of consuming visual knowledge that anything intrinsic to the format. Read slowly, re-read, build databases of interconnections and intertextuality.
Matt 01.29.18 at 9:17 am
As Rob notes, the press matters. Princeton University Press regularly publishes hardbacks at prices that are not unreasonable, for example. Oxford, on the other hand, is almost as bad as presses like Routledge in publishing super-expensive hardbacks and waiting a really long time to publish a paperback.
That said, I regularly buy books that can only really be called "specialist" books, often in law, that are relevant to my work, but which would be only modestly relevant to practicing lawyers or activists. Still, without reading this sort of stuff, it's almost impossible to have a well-established view on many issues. (Jane McAdam's excellent and comprehensive _Complementary Protection in International Refugee Law_ is an example that's recent for me.)
For me, e books are a poor substitute, though I see how this is less so for others. It's very hard for me to "work" with a book unless I can mark it up, and I find this hard to do in a the same way with e books. Similarly, I often read while I'm walking around or doing odd bits of things, and I find this much harder to do with e books. So, that's one reason why I hope "real" books will persist, while noting that it's at least somewhat idiosyncratic. (Sadly, the university where I work is tending more and more to just buy e books, and also to refuse to allow research funds for faculty to be spent on books. It's a good example of what happens when Benthamite bean counters run the university. It certainly makes research harder for me.)
casmilus 01.29.18 at 10:06 am
The ultimate graveyard of academic philosophy books is surely the Cinema Bookshop in Hay-on-Wye, with its dimly -lit rows of crumbling shelves and sweet-smelling decay of angry debates that have been utterly forgotten. Here you find minor treatises released in the twilight years of traditions and which landed dead off the presses instantly: obscure British idealists of 1927, insignificant ordinary language fiends of 1961, conceptual analysts who just weren't famous enough at any period. The strange hollow echo of earnest men (and a tiny number of women) in a closed room far, far away.
SusanC 01.29.18 at 10:09 am
Some faculties, at some universities, require paper (not electronic) publication as a condition of being counted for ourposesifpromotions etc. This leads to the paper book that is intended to be read by nobody – everyone is reading it online, and the theoretical existence of a paper copy somewhere is sufficient for promotions purposes. Hopefully, this is dyinging out as the more behind the times faculties wake up to the existence of the internet.
On the other hand, sometimes I like to rea books on paper rather than a screen.
And as other posters have noted, the archival issue – that paper copy will still be readable decade from now, but the electronic version won't – is important. Then again, my own institution's library is currently worrying about technical reports that weren't printed on acid free paper, and urgently need to be scanned online before the paper rots.
P.S. Royalties from people buying the book aren't the point,, economically. A better question is, how much will my salary be increased by having this doorstop listed in my CV? On which point, most faculties consider journal publications much more important than books.
(And for journal articles, the right price is probably zero, since my revenue is being obtained from people who read the article, cite it, and hence bump up my citation count for promotion purposes, indirectly increasing my salary/probability of not being fired.)
Chris Bertram 01.29.18 at 10:27 am
* The OP did not deny that paper books are nice. Saying that books are nice is not, therefore, an objection.
* The OP did not apply its claims to books widely read outside their specialist field. Pointing out that some books are read by non-specialists (in non-negligible numbers) is not an objection.
* The OP asserted that tenure and promotions processes are (among the things) keeping them alive.
* The OP doubted that many printed books written by specialists exclusively for specialists can be produced as paper copies at a reasonable price without some kind of subsidy
John Quiggin 01.29.18 at 11:19 am
Crossing to Harry's post on econ textbooks, https://crookedtimber.org/2018/01/27/economics-textbooks/, I remember reading an econometric study, showing that, in salary terms, a page in a leading econ journal had the same value as a book published by a top academic press. That was years ago, but I don't think anything has changed.
Not surprisingly, economists tend not to write academic books. Trade books are more fun, and textbooks are more profitable, especially when students are forced to buy them.
bianca steele 01.29.18 at 2:56 pm
In a cynical mood, I sometimes think even trade books are read primarily these days by academics, and secondarily by journalists, and less and less (and less) by anyone else. Textbooks, and anthologies beyond the Modern Library range, seem so obviously not to have a broader market, though, that they might not fit the trade model.
MisterMr 01.29.18 at 3:08 pm
As a non academic, my understanding of the market for academic publications is this:
1) Academics cannot really judge other academics's skills/knowledge in other areas of specialisation, even if the areas are quite close, because every academic has a very specialistic approach to something;
2) Therefore they use "publications" as a way to judge other academic's skills and/or knowledge, on the assumption that if someone wrote a book on something, then presumably that someone knows a lot on that specific something;
3) But of course it's perfectly possible to write a book full of BS, so academics also use "citations", publications in peer reviewed journals, and publication by serious sounding publishers as a way to judge the value of other people's publications, perhaps without reading the publications themselves.
4) Publishing a paper book implies some cost for the publisher, who is therefore betting on the academic, therefore paper book publishing is a form of "expensive signaling", like a peacock tail; on the other hand online publishing is cheap and therefore cannot play the same role.
This is probably not the best possible system to value an academic's skill/knowledge, so the problem at the root of "academic publishing" is in the way academic publications are used for promotions, not so much the price for the final users.
CB,
Saying that books are nice is an objection to the OP's claim that "only prestige and subsidy is keeping purely academic books alive." Many academics are loathe to see specialist academic books die, because books are nice. This consideration probably wouldn't be sufficient on its own, but I'd wager it plays a considerable role in helping prestige and subsidy keep specialist books alive for the foreseeable future. With that said, I didn't intend my first comment (@5) to cut against the spirit of the OP.
I also wonder if the $50 academic book (what used to be the $30 book, 15 years ago) functions essentially as a trade book, as opposed to the $130 academic book. Both those may well sell enough copies to non-academics, or others who don't have easy access to well-equipped libraries, to earn something back for the publisher.
(Actually I see that Amazon is discounting some $50 books, for example one by Nussbaum I paid that much for, to close to $30.)
Whirrlaway 01.29.18 at 4:02 pm
My issue isn't access to specialized books: even here in Podunk County the public library can fetch most anything for a small fee and a bit of a wait. What I can't do is read current literature, because the local Community College can't afford JSTOR.
Scott P. 01.29.18 at 7:36 pm
"On which point, most faculties consider journal publications much more important than books."
Depends quite a bit on the field. Archaeological fieldwork is expected to be published in monograph form (with, increasingly, an added digital component), often in multiple volumes (the Corinth excavations are at 45 volumes and counting). It would be impossible to publish the same in journal form.
Jim Fett 01.29.18 at 8:20 pm
As an academic librarian in the humanities, I see the reason for the mess of academic books (and academic publishing in general) coming down almost entirely to hiring and tenure decisions made by academics. When you have hundreds of people applying for a job, not having a published book is probably a de facto disqualification. Likewise, having a published book with one of the right publishers is pretty much mandatory for tenure. Unless search and tenure committees change how they operate, I don't think academic publishing will change.
Also, for many publishers, the number of copies need to break even is fairly small. Many books are published with subventions (direct subsidy). Some publishers require the author to edit their own book or find and pay an editor. Some science publishers require authors to also typeset their own book. You don't have to sell too many copies at $100+ each when your editorial costs are nonexistent. Also, ebooks (with a marginal cost approaching zero) are almost always priced at 100% or more of the hardcover list price. For example, Chris's Routledge philosophy guidebook to Rousseau and the social contract is priced from $120-180 depending on ebook provider and license; the hardcover is $120 and paperback $33.95.
Rob Chametzky 01.29.18 at 9:38 pm
There are, as some of the contributions indicate, two sorts of "academic" publishers: university presses and commercial publishers. In some areas of academic publishing, these two compete; in some, not so much. Pretty many years ago now, I worked as an acquisitions editor for a commercial publisher (Kluwer Academic Publishers) that has since been acquired by another one. KAP, as it was known, typically operated in areas (niches) that did not compete with university presses.
The business model was also something that some of the contributions suggest/allude to. The explicit goal was to sell to the several hundred research libraries in the world to cover costs and make the required profit; all other sales were just extra profit. Books therefore were priced high and were meant to have a technical, specialist content that was not available elsewhere but was deemed essential to its intended audience.
Such a model could exist largely because university presses, nonprofit businesses that used to (but no longer) receive subventions from their home institutions, did not publish such books precisely because they were so expensive and narrow. University presses could have published them and charged less than the commercial publishers, but the prices would still have been higher than the presses wanted to charge. This created the opening for the commercial publishers, which also could use the unpaid (by them) labor alluded to by Harry@6.
The OP raises legitimate questions about the point and need for (at least) such specialized, expensive academic publishing today. One problem with the model, not raised yet so far as I can tell, is that research libraries have increasingly constrained
budgets, so depending on (exploiting, some of us thought) them is increasingly risky.
The basic question wrt to such publishing is what, if any, value does the publisher add to the process, and could that be added with less cost. In those days of yore (some 20 years ago), it was claimed that the publisher added "vetting" (as some contributors have suggested, in noting the editorial processing) and "marketing/distribution". So, the problem which these were said to help solve is enduring, and enlarging: "life is short, what to read and why?" Given vetting, you could have some hope that the material met some kind of professional/specialist standard, and with marketing/distribution, you could find out about the work and then find it. While distribution is no longer a serious, or any, issue, vetting and marketing remain.
Yet, as the OP asks, why should there be physical, paper books, even if some kind of publisher might be useful for vetting and marketing type functions? Two answers suggest themselves.
One is how much profit the publishers can extract from nonphysical, nonpaper books vs paper books–do they have a business model that permits them to make what they deem acceptable profits without physical, paper books. If not, they'll continue to try to make and sell physical, paper books, with a possible outcome that there could be neither physical, paper books nor digital books if they cannot make acceptable profits from either. N.B.: referring here to specialized, niche academic publishing.
The other, as some contributors suggest, is the superiority of paper books as a medium for some purposes. Obviously, they take up room and are expensive to produce. They are also, as pointed out, better for taking notes in, and, as hasn't been said, much better for teaching from, in part because they are better for taking notes in. If you've ever used a book with annotations in it for a class, you likely used sticky-notes or book marks or folded corners or some such. These allow you to easily see and find pages and passages you need. Ebooks are really really bad for such things, which you can tell even without having tried. Myself, I use a dedicated ebook reader, which is small and portable, has excellent typefaces and readability, and stores lots and lots and lots of books. Nonetheless, there's just no way it works as well for teaching or note-taking–there is a lack of immediate visibility and usability. More generally, you can't usefully flip through, or to a general area in, ebook pages regardless of the "page-turning" function. This is related to the difference between "searching" (as in an online database of books, say) and "browsing" (as in a library), alluded to by contributors. Books truly are an excellent technology for some purposes.
That said, a model mixing "print-on-demand" along with electronic books has been making its way, and could well be what ends up as a de facto standard.
–Rob Chametzky
SusanC 01.29.18 at 11:22 pm
"Only prestige and subsidy is keeping purely academic books alive."
I only half agree. Publishing something on paper purely to meet the requirements of promotions committees certain does happen, but I think it's on the way out as promotions committees wake up to the folly of their requirements.
I'm aware of cases where "paper books are nice" really was the reason for the paper edition. (i.e. prestige and subsidy aren't the only factor). We'd already decided to do an online version, and the question is: should we do paper as well? And then we do the calculation, are there enough people willing to pay an extra $50US to read the thing on paper as opposed to a computer screen to cover the cost of a print run? And if the answer is yes, we can print it. (Bear in mind, the cost of proofreading the book for typos has already been committed to for the online edition, so you only care about the marginal cost of doing a paper edition as well).
Rob Barrett 01.30.18 at 12:02 am
Adding to what Scott says in #32: most humanities disciplines are book disciplines, not journal disciplines. That is to say, the book is the default standard for promotion and tenure, with journal articles as supporting evidence. Hijinks can ensue when administrators from outside of humanities departments apply journal discipline standards to book disciplines. (I speak from bitter experience.)
Also, regarding what MisterMr says in #28, while it is true that promotion and tenure committees at college and campus levels do not read the publications of promotion candidates, they do have multiple letters from outside readers in the relevant discipline evaluating the candidate's scholarship. These letters are quite detailed, and a committee can get a good understanding by reading them. The members are not just counting the number of items on a CV.
One more point: when Jerome McGann retired from the University of Virginia, he had every page of his pioneering hypertext Rossetti Archive printed out for archival purposes. He could not trust that the digital work he and his collaborators had carried out would survive indefinitely online.
Warren Terra 01.30.18 at 12:28 am
@ Whirrlaway, #31
What I can't do is read current literature, because the local Community College can't afford JSTOR.
This isn't a great solution, and it really depends on where you live, but typically if you step onto the campus of a research university and log your laptop or mobile device into their guest WiFi, that will give you access to their institutional subscriptions to journals and JSTOR.
John Holbo 01.30.18 at 8:29 am
This is the point at which I suggest, whimsically, a sequel to Coase's Theory of the Firm. The book is a big collection of claims. Once upon a time, it was probably efficient to bundle them all between covers to save on transaction costs. But these days that's generally only the case at essay length.
Colin 01.31.18 at 3:58 am
In mathematical publishing, monographs have a fairly well-defined niche, for material that is not fresh enough to go in a journal (or too long, although mathematics journals tend to be fairly generous when it comes to length), but not canonical enough to go in a textbook. Aside from Habilitation theses, I don't think anyone is forced to write these in order to get promoted, but they still get published from time to time. I suspect it's because some specialists in the area wish that such a book were on their shelves for them to leaf through for reference, realize it doesn't exist yet, and then go away and write it themselves. In this situation, you can see the advantages for skimmability of having it as a bound book rather than a PDF.
What really doesn't make sense to me is the production of so many dead-tree editions of journals. I suppose somebody could sit down with the latest volume of a journal and skim through it as if it were a newspaper, but it's not a common activity (and even if it were, nobody would want to do this with the 'lesser' journals). Much more often, a researcher will be looking for a specific article, and then it makes more sense to find it in a search engine and print out only that article (or look at it on-screen). Purely electronic journals do exist, but for some reason they're taking a long time to become the norm.
M Caswell 02.01.18 at 2:36 am
1/3 of all things I like in life only continue to exist because of prestige and subsidy.


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Robert Mueller Meets Hemingway and 'Jaws' in Jim Carrey's Latest Artwork
Actor/artist depicts special counsel angling for secretary of commerce Wilbur Ross
Tim Kenneally | August 13, 2018 @ 11:07 AM
OK, Jim Carrey; you really hooked us with your latest artwork.
Actor/artist Carrey unveiled his newest piece on Monday, paying homage to both Ernest Hemingway and "Jaws," while reflecting on special counsel Robert Mueller and secretary of commerce Wilbur Ross.
Carrey's new artwork depicted Mueller, aboard a boat bearing the words "Special Counsel," wielding a fishing pole whose hook has found its way into the mouth of Ross, who according to Forbes has been accused of grifting more than $120 million from associates.
"If even half of the accusations are legitimate, the current United States secretary of commerce could rank among the biggest grifters in American history," Forbes said in its story.
Also Read: Jim Carrey Blasts Off on Trump's Space Force in New Artwork: 'To Stupidity and Beyond!'
"The Old Man and the Sea of Corruption," Carrey wrote in accompaniment of the image. "So many bottom feeders like Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross getting snagged and dragged to the surface. Mueller's gonna need a bigger boat!"
Carrey included a link to the voter-registration site Vote.gov with the image.
Way to reel us in, Jim Carrey.
Also Read: Jim Carrey Puts the Squeeze on Trump in New Artwork
Sink your teeth into Carrey's latest below.
The Old Man and the Sea of Corruption. So many bottom feeders like Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross getting snagged and dragged to the surface. Mueller's gonna need a bigger boat! https://t.co/NrLGWEFBsI pic.twitter.com/NdOH7ercJq
— Jim Carrey (@JimCarrey) August 13, 2018
Jim Carrey Depicts a Destructive Trump Presidency in 50 of His Politically Charged Artworks (Photos)
Jim Carrey has made his disdain for the current state of politics an artform... literally. The Oscar-nominated actor-turned-artist's series of drawings depict all that he believes to be wrong in D.C., with his biggest gripe going right to the top with President Trump himself. Here are just a few of his many objets d'art that lay out his discontent for all to see.
Sept. 29, 2020 •
"Trump's allegiances couldn't have been any clearer in that debate if his hair were on fire - and it was. #BidenHarris #TeamHuman #GoliathWillFall"
"#BidenHarris." In Carrey's artwork, the "Fat Man" and "Little Boy" tags refer to the codenames of the two nuclear bombs detonated over Japan in 1945, when 192,020 people were killed by the U.S.
Sept. 9, 2020 •
Originally posted on Aug. 23 with the death toll from COVID-19 listed at 180,000 "and counting," Carrey updated it on Sept. 9 with the caption, "191,000 deaths - conservatively. Neutered CDC now suppressing numbers for Trump. Woodward recording proves he knew it was deadly back in February!" For effect, he added a recording of Trump obtained by journalist Bob Woodward in which the president admitted knowing how deadly the coronavirus was.
"#BidenHarris"
June 25, 2020 •
"Trump 2020. Reckless Endangerment Tour"
"Can't stop tweeting," Carrey says breathless, imitating the POTUS as the caricature's head spins violently. "Need to sleep. Tweets a cry for help. Please, someone test my pee!"
May 14, 2020 •
"When America needed masks Fox 'News' gave them blindfolds"
"Grim Reaper officially jealous of Trump and GOP's ability to double the death toll"
April 29, 2020 •
"Trump's next medical breakthrough: 'Want COVID out? SHOUT IT OUT!'"
March 26, 2020 •
"Trump is willing to risk countless lives to save his economic record. He has fully become the mayor from Jaws."
"As cases of COVID-19 double every three days in NYC, the President reassures Wall Street that he can handle the important tissues."
Dec. 18, 2019 •
"That night, Donald had a very strange dream."
Dec. 4, 2019 •
"Like Captain Ahab, obsessed by a white whale of earthly dominance, Trump beckons all those who enable his madness to their doom. Will we awaken to the truth or ignore our own senses and blindly follow a maniac into the abyss? Me? 'They call me Ishmael!'"
Nov. 21, 2019 •
"His reign will soon be over. Woe to the loyal subjects of this counterfeit king."
"Hope you had a great Veterans' Day! I pray in the future that our soldiers will have a real leader, not a coward or a lying thieving draft dodging pirate with tiny man parts [ALLEGEDLY]! But hey, maybe next year - if justice prevails."
"Rise up! Rise up armies of darkness! Bring me the whistleblowers, that I might suck the marrow from their bones and build my border wall with their traitorous skulls!!! If you wanna call that witness intimidation, fine."
"Yippie-ki-yay MF!"
"Hey, Nancy Pelosi: There's something on the wing! Some THING! You may wanna grit your teeth and cross your fingers while this gremlin rips the engines apart - but the rest of us want to live. START THE HEARINGS! IMPEACH THIS ANIMAL!!"
"Who will be the new National Security Advisor? Will it be The Hamburglar, or is he better suited to take on climate change? When it comes to horrible options, Trump's bench runs deep. BTW you're paying for the burgers."
"United Sadists of America."
"Guilty Loser Donald Trump isn't rich. Being heartless, untrustworthy and made of dirty money is the worst kind of poverty there is. So cast your vote like you're worth something and let the angels dispose of this waste."
"Let's all drink a toast to the new king of lies, and the minions who help him while democracy dies, and our kids who'll be taught that the wicked are wise because Potus was Jack from 'Lord of The Flies'. How much poison are you willing to swallow?!"
"It's not illegal for Trump's head to spin around while he vomits copious amounts of green bile either, but he's definitely not fit to be President, he's definitely not exonerated and Barr definitely couldn't go any lower."
March 17, 2019 • "Innocent people are now being slaughtered, families ruined and childrens' lives destroyed. All in his name. If the Craven Republican Senate allows this vile miscreant to continue encouraging devisiveness, the 'Trump Presidency' will become an EXTINCTION LEVEL EVENT."
Feb, 27, 2019 • "If Trump makes a nuclear deal w/ North Korea, it's a FRAUD: China and Russia trying to keep their Prize Pony in the White House. When there's a Nobel Prize for cowardice and moral desolation Trump will be the first to receive it."
Jan. 30, 2019 •
"The New American Dream! Get rid of this filth and bring our blue skies back."
"34 journalists were murdered last year because tyrants like Trump demonized them for doing their jobs. Maybe this year he'll get a new bone saw for his bday from his pal, the Saudi Slayer, and they can chop up the next body together. That's what 'fiends' are for!"
Jan. 8, 2019 •
"When Trump tries to frighten and decieve the nation tonight, remember to follow every sentence that comes out of his mouth with, "HE LIED!" (7000 + so far) Don't let him turn you into a clown, too busy juggling his lies to see the edge of the cliff."
"WE'RE LOSING HER!"
"Ain't nuthin but a G-20 thing, baaaabay!"
"As the California death toll rises our Sadist-in-Chief is spending $220 million to send troops to the border for nothing. That's one way to get rid of Democrats. This is no longer politics. This is manslaughter."
"Guess who cut the funding for fire management in California then blamed the fires on mismanagement? How do YOU spell infantile?!"
Nov. 6, 2018 •
"Shameless lies. Endless indictments. The rise of racist hate groups. Kidnapped children. Contempt for rule of law - and quite possibly TREASON. Let's end this ill-wind that's blowing America off-balance and turning us against each other. VOTE DEMOCRAT!"
Oct. 30, 2018 •
"The GOP are now completely invested in Trump's economy of LIES. They say they're gonna give you HEALTHCARE while working to destroy it. They make up lies about refugees while KIDNAPPING INNOCENT CHILDREN! Vote Democrat. Help save the future. DON'T FOLLOW THE RED HAT TO HELL!"
"From the bowels of the White House he shrieked, hurled curses and tweeted bile -- because that's what demons do. YOU are the Exorcist. Vote Democrat for goodness' sake."
"The monster is out of control. Vote for your lives!"
"Donald Trump is now inciting civil unrest at his rallies, threatening the safety of our citizens. A real President doesn't do this. A real congress won't allow him to."
Aug. 21, 2018 •
"Manafort, GUILTY! Cohen, GUILTY! Flynn, Guilty! Gates, Guilty! What's happening to All the Best People? 'Ladies and Gentlemen! Children of all ages! Can the Great Spewdini spew enough lies to escape the straight-jacket of his un-Presidented criminality?'"
"Down and down they went. Lower than any administration in history. Arthritic knees creaking and burning, Giuliani's hammy thighs chafing in the wet heat of his Master's crypt. It seemed like the bottom was nowhere in sight."
"40 innocent children killed on a bus in Yemen. Our ally. Our missile. Our crime."
July 30, 2018 •
"Sorry, family farmers. You picked the wrong guy to protect you."
"Christianity, Trump style: 'Jesus was a loser. A failed carpenter. He's a savior because he was crucified. I like people that weren't crucified.' vote.gov"
"'If the Democrats would just stop the Mueller investigation, build a wall, declare me a God and pass a special law allowing me to marry my hot daughter I wouldn't have to devour these immigrant babies. It's terrible what they're doing. Obstructionists!'"
"Let's Make A Deal: You'll be a real world leader. I'll sway the midterm elections. And together we will save the world from the bloodthirsty Canadians."
"1500 innocent children ripped from their mothers' arms at our border. Lost in Trump's "system". Give us your tired, your poor, your huddle masses yearning to breathe free -- and we will torture them for wanting a better life. From Shining City to Evil Empire in under 500 days."
"If you're screwed and you don't know where to go to why don't you bomb where Assad sits PUTIN ON THE RITZ."
"Fifty Shades of Decay"
"11 school shootings in 24 days. The new Norm!"
Actor throws political punches at the president regarding gun violence, immigration, Putin and the state of the country


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