text:
Contact J.D. Admissions
Meet the J.D. Admissions Team
Why Harvard
J.D. Applicants
J.D. Application Components
J.D. Application Insights
J.D. Admissions FAQs
1L Class Profile
Junior Deferral Program Applicants
JDP Application & Deferral Timeline
JDP Application Components
JDP Cohort
JDP Frequently Asked Questions
Transfer Application Components
Transfer Cohort
Transfer Frequently Asked Questions
Application Status Check
J.D. Admissions Blog
J.D. Admissions Office
2nd Floor Austin Hall
Cambridge, MA02138Phone: 617-495-3179Email: jdadmiss@law.harvard.eduMailing Address
J.D. Application Process
JDP Application Process
Application Status Checker
Monique Atkinson
Admissions Officer
Monique Atkinson is an Admissions Officer. She earned her Ed.M. in Educational Leadership and B.S. in Journalism at Boston University. At HLS, Monique participates in recruitment travel, reviews applications, and plans events for admitted students. She also serves on the Junior Deferral Program committee. Off campus, you can find her reading by the Charles River, trying a new coffee shop, or perfecting her cookie recipe.
Patty Griffith
Admissions Assistant
Patricia Griffith is an Admissions Assistant at Harvard Law School. Patty holds a B.S. in Child Development and Family Relations. Prior to joining HLS, she worked at a private school for students with complex learning profiles. Patty's primary role at HLS consists of processing applications and completing related tasks during the admissions cycle, along with scheduling university visits. Her favorite activities outside of work include spending time with family and friends, attending Broadway musicals, and reading, especially on the beach!
Lucas Harty
Assistant Director of Admissions
Lucas Harty is an Assistant Director of Admissions at Harvard Law School. He graduated from Boston College with a bachelor's degree in economics before earning his master's degree from the University of Pennsylvania. At HLS, Lucas participates in recruitment travel, reviews applications, interviews candidates, sits on the admissions committee, and oversees the marketing efforts of the J.D. Admissions Office. Outside of work, Lucas volunteers as a College Guidance Manager with Minds Matter Boston and enjoys hiking in New Hampshire, playing tennis, and reading nonfiction and novels.
Kristi Jobson
Assistant Dean for Admissions
Kristi Jobson '12 is the Assistant Dean for Admissions and Chief Admissions Officer. Kristi graduated from Harvard College and taught in New York City as a Teach For America corps member. As a student at HLS, Kristi participated in the Board of Student Advisers and the Women's Law Association, served as a research assistant to faculty, and led the Harvard Journal of Law & Gender as co-Editor-in-Chief. Following graduation, she clerked for judges sitting on state and federal courts in Boston. Prior to joining the J.D. Admissions Office, Kristi was an associate at Ropes & Gray, litigating shareholder actions and complex commercial disputes. She also maintained an active pro bono practice, with a particular emphasis on issues affecting the LGBTQ+ community. Kristi enjoys podcasts, Spotify playlists, long-form journalism, and group texts with her law school friends.
Alessandra Luedeking
Alessandra Luedeking is an Admissions Officer at Harvard Law School. She graduated from Boston College in 2017 with a degree in English and international studies. Upon graduating, Alessandra served the remainder of the year as a sixth-grade social studies teacher in the Bronx, NY. She is currently the point-contact for newly admitted students, responding to emails and phone calls, the coordinator for interview scheduling, and the facilitator for post-admissions processes. Alessandra enjoys listening to film scores, watching movies based on true events, traveling, and exploring different types of cuisine.
Courtney McMann
Courtney McMann is an Assistant Director of Admission at Harvard Law School. Prior to joining the J.D. Admissions team in 2015, she earned her degree in psychology from Boston College. Over the years she has been involved in many aspects of the admissions process and its operations. In her current role, Courtney helps to oversee the selection process in addition to reviewing applications, interviewing, and sitting on the admissions committee. She also serves on the Board of First Year Advisers at Harvard College. When she's not working, Courtney enjoys spending any time she can exploring coastal New England with her very cute dog, Bailey.
Nefyn Meissner
Associate Director of Admissions
Nefyn Meissner is an Associate Director of Admissions. He earned his Ed.M. at the Harvard Graduate School of Education and his B.A. at the University of Virginia. At HLS, Nefyn reviews applications, interviews applicants, and sits on the admissions committee. He also serves as a Proctor for the Dean of Students Office at Harvard College, where he has held additional roles as a Race Relations Proctor, BGLTQ+ Specialty Proctor, and Teaching Fellow. Outside of the University, Nefyn volunteers as a Commissioner on the City of Cambridge LGBTQ+ Commission. Most of all, he enjoys sharing Southern food with his New England neighbors and figuring out new ways to enjoy the winters in Cambridge.
Cindy Pariseau
Staff Assistant
Cindy Pariseau is the Senior Staff Assistant. She has been a member of the J.D. Admissions Office for 35 years. In her senior role, Cindy processes thousands of applications received each cycle. In total, she has processed over 87,000 applications during her tenure at HLS. Cindy additionally handles accounts payable and the financial operations of the admissions office. In her previous years at HLS, she assisted the Program of Instruction for Lawyers (currently known as the Harvard Negotiation Institute). During her spare time, Cindy enjoys interior design, hosting family reunions, wearing colorful clothing, and achieving the perfect tan.
Sam Parker
Sam Parker is an Assistant Director of Admissions at Harvard Law School. She graduated from Dartmouth College with a bachelor's degree in environmental studies and geography before earning her master's degree in Higher Education from the Harvard Graduate School of Education. At HLS, Sam participates in recruitment travel, reviews applications, interviews candidates, sits on the admissions committee, and oversees the Junior Deferral Program for the J.D. Admissions Office. In her free time, Sam enjoys auditing classes at the different Harvard graduate schools, hiking, camping, and skiing in Vermont and New Hampshire, and traveling the world (when it is safe to do so!).
Ralph Vieux
Ralph Vieux is an Office Assistant who is full of energy and positivity. He studied Seventh Day Adventist Theology and Religion at Atlantic Union College and Washington Adventist University. Ralph works at the front desk of the J.D. Admissions Office and is the point-person for all prospective applicant emails, phone calls, and walk-in visitors. He also assists with various admissions events and activities. Ralph enjoys sharing the gospel of Jesus Christ, spending time with family and friends, photography, sports, and volunteering.
Thank you to Ralph Vieux and Vieux's Views Photography for the wonderful photos.
Follow the HLS Admissions Team
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The paper describes the evolution of the "profiler" proposed by Di Giovanni and Radicella (1990) to calculate the electron density distribution with height up to the F2 peak based on the Epstein layer introduced originally by Rawer. Such model uses ionospheric characteristics routinely scaled from ionograms or models of such characteristics. Radicella and Zhang (1995) presented an improved version of the profiler able to give the electron density distribution on both the bottom and topside of the ionosphere and the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) by introducing a constant shape factor for the semi-Epstein layer above the F2 peak. This version of the DGR model was adopted by the European COST 238 action as the basis for its regional model of the ionosphere. Further efforts were made to improve the topside part of the profiler by taking into account the contribution of the plasmaspherie electron density. The three separate solutions that have been implemented are described. One of them was adopted by the European COST 251 as basis for its regional ionospheric model. Another one developed partially with European Space Agency (ESA) support has been adopted in the ESA European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System project ionospheric specifications. A modified version of this profiler has been implemented to forecast TEC values over Europe as a joint effort with the CLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the United Kingdom and the Geophysical Institute, Sofia, Bulgaria.


In 2013, the company invested 600 million yuan, and built a high standard, high - tech and high - level modern industrial science and technology park with an area of 340 thousand square meters and 200 thousand square meters of factory building. There are 20 processing lines for automatic CNC machine tools, 500 sets of CNC machine tools, processing centers and special equipment, 2108 sets of inspection instruments and 36 sets of large testing equipment. Our company can tailor products for customers. Users only need to provide water performance parameters, such as pump flow, lift and efficiency, and the main installation size parameters, so that the best product can be obtained. At the same time, we can use different materials to make pump grade according to the well condition. Nickel alloy cast iron, high chromium wear resistant cast iron, copper aluminum alloy, stainless steel, all kinds of materials can be selected arbitrarily, can provide high sand, high gas well pump according to the customer's requirement. According to different well conditions, ordinary pump, compression pump, anti-corrosion pump, sand pump and combined pump can be configured.
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text:
Tři souběžné řeky je souhrnné označení pro 15 jádrových území světového dědictví UNESCO v čínské provincii Jün-nan. Území leží, jak název napovídá, v povodí tří velkých asijských řek Jang-c'-ťiang, Mekong a Salwin v jünnanské části pohoří Cheng-tuan-šan. Pro svou unikátnost byl soubor území v roce 2003 přijat na Seznam světového dědictví UNESCO.

Chráněná území
Chráněná území Tři souběžné řeky Jün-nanu tvoří patnáct chráněných území v osmi oblastech. Tyto oblasti zahrnují:
 tři samostatné části národní přírodní rezervace Gaoligongshan (Kao-li-kung-šan)
 přírodní rezervace Haba Xueshan (Cha-pa-süe-šan) se soutěskou Skákajícího tygra
 přírodní rezervace jezera Bita (Pi-tcha), součást národního parku Pudacuo (Pchu-ta-cchuo) v okrese Shangri-La (Šangri-La)
 přírodní rezervace Yunling (Jün-ling)
 chráněné území Gongshan (Kung-šan)
 chráněné území Yueliangshan (Jüe-liang-šan) v okrese Fugong (Fu-kung), známá také jako hora Kamenného měsíce
 chráněné území Pianma (Pchien-ma) v okrese Lushui (Lu-šuej)
 rezervace Baima-Meili Xue Shan (Paj-ma-Mej-li-süe-šan) s nejvyšším vrcholem 6740 metrů
 chráněné území jezera Julong (Ťü-lung) v okrese Deqin (Te-čchin)
 chráněné území Laowoshan (Lao-wo-šan) v okrese Fugong (Fu-kung)
 chráněné území Hongshan (Chung-šan), součást národního parku Pudacuo (Pchu-ta-cchuo) v okrese Shangri-La
 chráněné území Qianhushan (Čchien-chu-šan, hora Tisíce jezer) v okrese Shangri-La
 chráněné území Laojunshan (Lao-ťün-šan) v autonomním okrese Lanping Bai (Lan-pching Paj) a Pumi (Pchu-mi)

Reference

Externí odkazy

Světové dědictví (Čína)
Údolí v Číně
Geografie Jün-nanu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


FCC crime prevention manager Tony Holland said: "We want to encourage more people to cycle to our stations to reduce congestion and pollution in the communities we serve. That's why we've more than doubled the number of bicycle racks at our stations across the network and why we are giving out free locks today to discourage crime.
"To keep customers safe and secure we also invest heavily in a dedicated team of British Transport Police officers to patrol our route and operate a 24/7 CCTV centre in Edmonton. This investment and our many crime prevention initiatives, has reduced crime by 37 per cent on our network in the seven years we have operated this franchise."


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text:
Mystery Lighthouse
"It must be a lighthouse," my husband stated. It was the last evening of our trip to Brookings. Parked at a west-facing overlook in Harris Beach State Park, we were watching the sun slide behind the single towering cloud bank organized mid-sky.
It had been a glorious rain-free day, following two days of early Spring drenching. Scott had spotted the sea-encircled structure earlier while scanning the horizon with binoculars – again from our vehicle – this time while having lunch and watching surf, surfers, and beachgoers at the Chetco River South Jetty. Glimpses varied as lighting changed when the sun dodged in and out of clouds. Ship? Its position remained fixed. Buoy? It seemed much too large. Once identified with magnification, we found the mass just barely visible to the naked eye. Our best guess was Battery Point Lighthouse in Crescent City, CA, but the angle seemed wrong. We deemed this confirmed as we read in our William Sullivan Oregon Coast book that Battery Point Lighthouse could be reached on foot at low tide. This cylinder was too far off shore. Yet, from our perch on the cliff we could visually follow the land until it ended, pass an area of empty ocean, and reach what at this point was plainly a lighthouse. We were puzzled.
Since we were camping we had no Internet access, and neither of us have succumbed to the allure or expense of a smart phone. Cut off from the web-based encyclopedia of information we've come to rely on, we had to go "old school". "Who can we call?" Scott asked, and then quickly answered his own question: "Ray!" When he looked at me I immediately nodded agreement.
He dialed his mobile (OK, not so old school – maybe "mid" school). First greeted by an answering machine, we were pleased when a friendly voice came on the line. Ray Pedrick and his wife Deb were watching the same sunset from the comfort of their home, the sun a bit lower in the sky due to their latitude 150 miles farther north. Scott asked if Battery Point Lighthouse was visible from Brookings. Ray explained with the patience and clarity of a professor that the geography between the two coastal cities prevented such a sighting. "Then what am I seeing in the ocean to the southwest?"
Now Ray is not just any person to call regarding lighthouses. He is caretaker of a private Oregon lighthouse near Yachats, a piece of Oregon history built by his late father-in-law, Jim Gibbs. Mr. Gibbs was deployed by the Coast Guard as a lighthouse keeper in his early years, and later wrote more than a dozen books on Pacific lighthouses and shipwrecks. His dedication to preserving this rich and fading coastal history included building more than one private lighthouse (including his own), and rescuing lighthouse artifacts for museums and his own collection. So Ray – spending many years with this man – is a veritable beacon of lighthouse knowledge.
I could hear Ray's response projected from the phone earpiece. With no hesitation, he said "You're looking at St. George Reef Lighthouse."
He conveyed some lamentable aspects of its past: ships wrecking on the reef before the lighthouse was built, a wave overtaking the 150-foot tower, tragic lighthouse keeper deaths resulting from a sneaker wave, accidental lantern room damage while in transport via helicopter some years after the lighthouse had been decommissioned.
He could have continued, and we would have gladly listened, but he needed to return to his sunset and us to ours. Mystery solved, we said our thanks to Ray, and resumed our enjoyment of the blue gray and soft yellow beams as the sun lowered to the sea.
Heceta Head Lighthouse State Scenic Viewpoint
Chetco River South Jetty
Yaquina Head Outstanding Natural Area
Yaquina Bay State Recreation Site
Bullards Beach State Park
© 2022 Smarter Life Media

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
<?php

namespace Drupal\aggregator\Tests;
use Drupal\aggregator\Entity\Feed;

/**
 * Update feed items from a feed.
 *
 * @group aggregator
 */
class UpdateFeedItemTest extends AggregatorTestBase {
  /**
   * Tests running "update items" from 'admin/config/services/aggregator' page.
   */
  public function testUpdateFeedItem() {
    $this->createSampleNodes();

    // Create a feed and test updating feed items if possible.
    $feed = $this->createFeed();
    if (!empty($feed)) {
      $this->updateFeedItems($feed, $this->getDefaultFeedItemCount());
      $this->deleteFeedItems($feed);
    }

    // Delete feed.
    $this->deleteFeed($feed);

    // Test updating feed items without valid timestamp information.
    $edit = [
      'title[0][value]' => "Feed without publish timestamp",
      'url[0][value]' => $this->getRSS091Sample(),
    ];

    $this->drupalGet($edit['url[0][value]']);
    $this->assertResponse(200);

    $this->drupalPostForm('aggregator/sources/add', $edit, t('Save'));
    $this->assertText(t('The feed @name has been added.', ['@name' => $edit['title[0][value]']]), format_string('The feed @name has been added.', ['@name' => $edit['title[0][value]']]));

    // Verify that the creation message contains a link to a feed.
    $view_link = $this->xpath('//div[@class="messages"]//a[contains(@href, :href)]', [':href' => 'aggregator/sources/']);
    $this->assert(isset($view_link), 'The message area contains a link to a feed');

    $fid = db_query("SELECT fid FROM {aggregator_feed} WHERE url = :url", [':url' => $edit['url[0][value]']])->fetchField();
    $feed = Feed::load($fid);

    $feed->refreshItems();
    $before = db_query('SELECT timestamp FROM {aggregator_item} WHERE fid = :fid', [':fid' => $feed->id()])->fetchField();

    // Sleep for 3 second.
    sleep(3);
    db_update('aggregator_feed')
      ->condition('fid', $feed->id())
      ->fields([
        'checked' => 0,
        'hash' => '',
        'etag' => '',
        'modified' => 0,
      ])
      ->execute();
    $feed->refreshItems();

    $after = db_query('SELECT timestamp FROM {aggregator_item} WHERE fid = :fid', [':fid' => $feed->id()])->fetchField();
    $this->assertTrue($before === $after, format_string('Publish timestamp of feed item was not updated (@before === @after)', ['@before' => $before, '@after' => $after]));

    // Make sure updating items works even after uninstalling a module
    // that provides the selected plugins.
    $this->enableTestPlugins();
    $this->container->get('module_installer')->uninstall(['aggregator_test']);
    $this->updateFeedItems($feed);
    $this->assertResponse(200);
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
English English language Etymology Expression food Language Phrase origin Usage Word origin Writing
A flight of chardonnays
Q: In recent years, I've observed "flight" used in restaurant menus for a selection of alcoholic drinks in a wine, beer, or whiskey tasting. Where does this usage come from?
A: The word "flight" has been used for centuries as a collective term for an airborne group of things—birds, insects, angels, arrows, even clouds.
In this usage, which began appearing in the mid-1200s, "flight" means "a collection or flock of beings or things flying in or passing through the air together," according to the Oxford English Dictionary.
But "flight" as a restaurant term for a sampling of foods or drinks is much more recent, dating from the late 1970s. The OED defines this sense as "a selection of small portions of a particular type of food or drink, esp. wine, intended to be tasted together for the purpose of comparison."
The dictionary's earliest example, which we've expanded, is about a wine tasting: "There were four flights of wines, as they say in the trade, four spätleses, four ausleses, four beerenausleses and four trocks [trockenbeerenausleses]" (New York Times, March 29, 1978. The terms describe late-harvest wines of varying sugar content).
The OED also has this example in which the "flight" is a selection of edibles: "They turned the dinner into a smoked salmon tasting…. Each flight of the tasting was garnished differently" (Washington Post, Dec. 14, 1983).
We'll end with a flight of alcoholic examples from the OED:
"An inviting line-up of the famous single malt whiskeys available in tasting flights" (Sydney Morning Herald, June 17, 1997).
"The tasting bar offers three to six flights of wine in several categories: classic, prestige, all white, and all red" (Wine Lover's Guide to Wine Country, by Lori Lyn Narlock and Nancy Garfinkel, 2005).
Help support the Grammarphobia Blog with your donation. And check outour books about the English language. For a change of pace, read Chapter 1 of Swan Song, a comic novel.
Enter your email address to subscribe to the blog by email. If you're a subscriber and not getting posts, please subscribe again.
Tags English, English language, Etymology, Expression, Grammar, Language, Linguistics, Phrase origin, Usage, Word origin, Writing
English English language Etymology Expression food Language Phrase origin Usage Writing
Are Normandy veggies Norman?
Q: What is Norman about frozen Normandy vegetables? Do they actually come from Normandy? Are they typical of the veggies grown there?
A: As far as we can tell, the veggies in the various brands of "Normandy" frozen vegetables don't necessarily come from Normandy. In fact, some of the vegetables often found in the mix aren't even among the major crops grown in the French region. We suspect that "Normandy" is simply used here to Frenchify a prosaic side dish.
The earliest written use we've seen of "Normandy" to describe mixed vegetables is from an announcement in the Bangor Daily News on June 13, 1995, about a concert and meal at a senior housing center in Rockland, Maine:
"Methodist Conference Home at 39 Summer St. invites local senior citizens to an informal piano concert at 10:30 a.m. Thursday, June 15, in the dining room. Participants are invited to join the midday meal which is served at 11 a.m. The menu will be Swedish meatballs, rice, Normandy vegetables and fruit whip."
In 1996, the US Department of Agriculture published a list of popular frozen vegetable blends, including "Normandy blend: Broccoli spears, crinkle cut carrots, cauliflower florets." Other mixes listed were California blend, Italian blend (also known as five blend), Midwest blend, and Oriental blend. (From Choice Plus: A Reference Guide for Foods and Ingredients, published by the department's Food and Consumer Service.)
The Normandy blend seems to be especially popular at senior centers. This is from a senior center menu in New Orleans: "Thursday Sliced Roasted Turkey/Poultry Gravy, whipped sweet potatoes, Normandy blend vegetables, white dinner roll, chocolate pudding" (Times-Picayune, Sept. 2, 2010).
The first example we've seen for the term used by a specific frozen-food brand showed up a couple of months later in a recipe for vegetable soup: "8 c frozen mixed vegetables (i used birds eye normandy blend)." From a Nov. 7, 2010, post on Just a Pinch Recipes, an online recipe site and social network.
Conagra Brands, the owner of Birds Eye, hasn't responded to our request for information about the naming of Birds Eye's Normandy Blend, a mix of broccoli, cauliflower, carrots, zucchini, and squash. Other frozen food brands include variations on that blend. Costco's Kirkland Signature Normandy-Style Vegetable Blend, for example, contains broccoli, cauliflower, and carrots.
We assumed at first that that the blend may have been named "Normandy" because the French region was a notable producer of the ingredients. However, we later found that Normandy is a significant grower of only two of those vegetables—carrots and cauliflower. As for cuisine, Normandy is primarily known for its seafood, cheeses, and apples (used to make Calvados and cider).
As we've said above, we imagine that "Normandy" here is merely a marketing device intended to give the blend a linguistic rather than a gustatory flavor of France.
Tags English, English language, Etymology, Expression, Grammar, Language, Linguistics, Phrase origin, Usage, Writing
English English language Etymology Expression food Language Usage Word origin Writing
Why is a turkey leg a drumstick?
(We're repeating this post for Thanksgiving. It originally ran on Nov. 21, 2012.)
Q: I have a Thanksgiving question: Why is a turkey leg called a "drumstick"? Why not a "club" or a "bat" or a "bowling pin"?
A: You're right. The leg of a turkey isn't as long and skinny as a real drumstick. Even the bone alone isn't quite like a drumstick—it has big knobs at each end instead of a single knob or padded head.
So calling this part of the bird a "drumstick" seems to be stretching a metaphor. But why use a metaphor at all?
Etymologists think that people started calling this part of a fowl the "drumstick" because the word "leg" wasn't polite table talk in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Neither were the words "thigh" and "breast," so discreet (OK, prudish) diners referred to them as "dark meat" and "white meat."
Sometimes the breast of the turkey was referred to as—ahem—the "bosom." And occasionally the term "upper joint" was used instead of "thigh," and "lower joint" or "limb" instead of "leg."
Yes, really. There actually was a time when "leg," "breast," and "thigh" were considered too coarse for the ears of ladies and unfit for mixed company.
The word "drumstick," according to the Oxford English Dictionary, was first used in the mid-18th century to mean "the lower joint of the leg of a dressed fowl."
The OED's earliest citation is from Samuel Foote's play The Mayor of Garret (1764): "She always helps me herself to the tough drumsticks of turkies."
Our fellow word maven Hugh Rawson recently discussed
dinner-table euphemisms like these on the Cambridge Dictionaries Online blog.
As he writes, "By the end of the eighteenth century, drumstick was being used by the authors of cookbooks, and it eventually was lumped in with other dinner-table euphemisms."
Rawson cites a lecture, "The Laws of Disorder," by the Unitarian minister and speaker Thomas Starr King, who died in 1864: "There are so many that love white meat, so many that can eat nothing but dark meat, two that prefer a wing, two that lie in wait for drumsticks."
Such terms, particularly in America, made table talk easier for everyone, Rawson explains: "Polite guests at American tables knew that asking a poultry-serving hostess for white meat instead of 'breast meat,' dark meat instead of a 'thigh' and a drumstick in place of a 'leg' saved embarrassment all around."
The 19th-century British novelist and naval captain Frederick Marryat pokes fun at this kind of squeamishness in Peter Simple (1834). In one episode, Rawson points out, the novel's hero describes a dinner party on the island of Barbados.
"It was my fate to sit opposite a fine turkey, and I asked my partner if I should have the pleasure of helping her to a piece of breast. She looked at me very indignantly, and said 'Curse your impudence, sar, I wonder where you larn your manners. Sar, I take a lily turkey bosom, if you please. Talk of breast to a lady, sar! – really quite horrid.' "
The OED cites another example from Marryat's works as an example of "limb" as a euphemism for "leg," a usage it describes as "now only (esp. U.S.) in mock-modest or prudish use."
In his book A Diary in America: With Remarks on Its Institutions (1839), Marryat says a young American woman told him that "leg" was not used before ladies; the polite term was "limb." She added: "I am not so particular as some people are, for I know those who always say limb of a table, or limb of a piano-forte."
That example, like several others from the OED, seems to have been used with humorous intent.
For example, Oliver Wendell Holmes, in his novel Elsie Venner (1861), has this bit of dinner-table conversation: "A bit of the wing, Roxy, or the—under limb?"
And John S. Farmer, in his Slang and Its Analogues, Past and Present (1885), uses this illustration: "Between you'n me, red stockings ain't becomin' to all—ahem—limbs."
Euphemistic language has proven itself useful, not just at the dinner table. It comes in handy for swearing, too.
We've written before on Grammarphobia about euphemistic oaths like "doggone it," and "gosh a'mighty," milder substitutes for "God damn it" and "God almighty."
And check out our books about the English language. For a change of pace, read Chapter 1 of Swan Song, a comic novel.
Tags English, English language, Etymology, Expression, food, Grammar, Language, Linguistics, Usage, Word origin, Writing
A pasta noodle maker?
Q: A friend of mine refers to his pasta maker as a "pasta noodle maker." Since "pasta" by definition is a "noodle," is that not redundant?
A: A noodle is a type of pasta, but not every type of pasta is a noodle.
Standard dictionaries define "noodle" as a long, narrow strip of dough, and most dictionaries say it's usually made with flour, water, and eggs. However, "pasta" comes in many shapes (elbows, bow ties, tubes, shells, alphabet letters, etc.), and it's often made without eggs.
We agree with you that "pasta noodle maker" is redundant, though we're not particularly bothered by it. And some people might find it a colorful way of referring to a pasta machine that's primarily used to make noodles. However, we'd refer to such a machine as either a "pasta maker" or a "noodle maker."
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language defines "noodle" as "a narrow, ribbonlike strip of dough, usually made of flour, eggs, and water." It defines "pasta" as "unleavened dough, made with wheat or other flour, water, and sometimes eggs, that is molded into any of a variety of shapes and boiled."
As for the history of these two words, English borrowed "noodle" from German in the 18th century and "pasta" from Italian in the 19th, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, an etymological dictionary based on historical evidence.
The OED says "noodle" comes from the German nudel, which is "probably a variant of knödel dumpling." In medieval German, knödel could mean a small knot.
The dictionary's first example for "noodle" in the pasta sense is from a 1779 entry in the journal of Lady Mary Coke: "A noodle soup—this I begged to be explained and was told it was made only of veal with lumps of bread boiled in it."
An unrelated "noodle," meaning "a stupid or silly person," had appeared half a century earlier, as we note in a 2009 post about the various "noodle" terms in English.
That noun's origin is uncertain, but the OED says it may be a variant of an even earlier word, "noddle," which meant the head (or the back of the head) and was frequently used "in contexts suggesting emptiness or stupidity."
As for "pasta," the Italian word is derived from the medieval Latin pasta (pastry cake), according to the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology. It's related to our words "paste" (originally a cooking term) and "pastry."
The first OED citation for "pasta" is from an early 19th-century travel book: "Maccaroni, like vermicelli, is only one of the forms into which the Italians make what they call 'pasta' or paste. It requires a particular sort of wheat, a brittle, flinty grain, to make this pasta" (from Journal of a Tour in Italy, 1830, by James Paul Cobbett).
The OED also has a somewhat earlier example in which "pasta" is used in an Italian phrase: "The Italians prefer that [macaroni] which is fresh made, and made at home, and called pasta di casa, household paste" (from A Journey in Carniola, Italy, and France, 1820, by William Archibald Cadell; Carniola, ruled by the Austrian Empire at the time, was part of what is now Slovenia).
Tags English, English language, Etymology, Expression, Grammar, Language, Linguistics, Usage, Word origin, Writing
Why is a 'square meal' square?
Q: Why do we call a balanced meal a "square meal" rather than a well-rounded one?
A: The phrase "square meal" is derived from the use of the adjective "square" to mean just, equitable, honest, or straightforward, senses that began showing up in the late 16th century and gave rise to such expressions as "playing square," "a square deal," "the square thing," "on the square," and "fair and square."
An early example in the Oxford English Dictionary for "square" meaning honest is from a pamphlet that purports to be a defense of Elizabethan con men, but actually exposes their tricks with humorous tales of double-dealing:
"For feare of trouble I was fain [glad] to try my good hap [fortune] at square play" (The Defence of Conny Catching, 1592, by Cuthbert Cunny-Catcher, pseudonym of the English author Robert Green). "Coney catching," Elizabethan slang for chicanery, comes from "coney" (spelled various ways), a tame rabbit raised to be eaten.
Over the years, the adjective "square" took on various other senses that may have contributed to its use in the expression "square meal," which showed up in the US in the mid-19th century.
In the early 17th century, "square" was used to describe someone who was "solid or steady (at eating or drinking)," according to the OED.
The dictionary's first example refers to "a square drinker, a faithfull drunkard; one that will take his liquor soundly" (from A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues, 1611, compiled by Randall Cotgrave).
The next citation, which we've expanded, describes gluttons: "By Heaven, square eaters! More meat, I say! Upon my conscience, the poor rogues have not eat this month! How terribly they charge upon their victuals!" (from Bonduca, a tragicomedy written sometime before 1625 by the Jacobean playwright John Fletcher).
In the early 19th century, "square" came to mean balanced or in good order. Here's an OED example from Mr. Midshipman Easy, an 1836 novel by Frederick Marryat:
"If she is unhappy for three months, she will be overjoyed for three more when she hears that I am alive, so it will be all square at the end of the six."
As for "square meal," when the phrase showed up in American English it referred to a "full, solid, substantial" meal, according to the OED, an etymological dictionary based on historical evidence.
The dictionary's earliest example is from an article about the American West in a British periodical. We're expanding the quotation to give more of the context:
"Roadside hotel-keepers are every now and then calling the miners' attention to their 'square meals': by which is meant full meals, in contradistinction to the imperfect dinner a man has to put up with on the mountains." (From the Sept. 19, 1868, issue of All the Year Round, a literary magazine edited and owned by Charles Dickens.)
However, we've seen several earlier examples online, including this one from a restaurant ad in an American newspaper:
"We can promise all who patronize us that they can always get a hearty welcome and 'square meal' at the Hope and Neptune. Oyster, chicken and game suppers prepared at short notice" (from the Mountain Democrat, Placerville, Calif., Nov. 8, 1856).
Standard dictionaries now define "square meal" as one that's balanced or nutritious as well as substantial.
Lexico (formerly Oxford Dictionaries Online) defines it as "a substantial, satisfying, and balanced meal," and gives this among its examples: "Daily physical fitness is just as crucial to good health as getting three square meals and eight hours of shut-eye."
As for the early etymology, English borrowed the adjective "square" from Old French in the late 14th century, but it ultimately comes from exquadrāre, a colloquial Latin term composed of ex- (out) and quadrāre (to make square).
The earliest OED citation for the adjective refers to "a Square plate perced with a certein holes" (from A Treatise on the Astrolabe, 1391, an instructional manual by Chaucer for an instrument used by astronomers and navigators to take celestial readings).
The Latin term exquadrāre is also the source of the noun "square," which showed up in the 13th century, and the verb, which appeared in the late 14th. The noun originally referred to an L-shaped carpenter's square while the verb meant to reshape something into a square form.
The first OED citation for the noun is from Cursor Mundi, an anonymous Middle English poem written sometime before 1300:
"And do we wel and make a toure / Wit suire and scantilon sa euen, / Þat may reche heghur þan heuen" ("And let us make a tower with square and gauge that may reach higher than heaven"). The poem expands on Genesis 11:4 by adding the reference to "suire and scantilon," Middle English terms for a carpenter's square and gauge for measuring dimensions.
The dictionary's earliest example for the verb, which we've expanded, is from the Wycliffe Bible of 1382: "The kyng comaundide, that thei shulden take the greet stoonus, and the precious stoonus, into the foundment of the temple, and thei shulden square hem" ("The king commanded that they should take the great stones, and the precious stones, and they should square them for the foundation of the temple"). The biblical passage is 1 Kings 5:17.
In closing, we should note that there are several myths about the origin of "square meal." The most common folk etymology is that the expression is derived the square wooden plates once used for meals in the Royal Navy. Forget about it.
Bone appétit
Q: When I was a child, my mother used to tell me a story about a wealthy landowner and a shepherd that ended with the proverb "the nearer the bone, the sweeter the meat." I've seen many theories about the origin and meaning of the proverb. Are you aware of the actual origin and meaning?
A: The proverb originated in the Middle English of the late 14th century. The earliest example in the Oxford English Dictionary is from John Trevisa's 1398 translation of De Proprietatibus Rerum ("On the Order of Things"), a 13th-century Latin work compiled by Bartholomeus Anglicus (Bartholomew the Englishman):
"Þe nerre þe bone, þe swetter is the fleissh" ("the nearer the bone, the sweeter is the flesh").
The passage is from a section of the encyclopedic work about why some foods are sweet and others bitter, why some stimulate the appetite and others suppress it. No story is mentioned. The one you heard from your mother probably appeared later and used the proverb to make a point.
The OED's citations for the proverb include versions with "closer" as well as "nearer." The first citation with the usual modern wording is from a May 13, 1778, letter by Samuel Cooper, a Congregational minister in Boston, to Benjamin Franklin, who was then the American ambassador to France: "We all agree the nearer the bone the sweeter the meat."
The dictionary doesn't comment on the meaning of the expression, but the Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable describes it as a proverbial saying that reflects "both the belief that meat close to the bone has the best taste and texture, and the idea that it is valued because it represents the last vestiges of available food."
The slang lexicographer Eric Partridge has noted that it's also used as a "low catch-phrase applied by men to a thin woman" (from the 1937 first edition of A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English).
The OED cites Partridge's comment as well as this passage from Shibumi, a 1979 novel by Trevanian, the pseudonym of Rodney Whitaker: "A little skinny in the arms and waist for my taste but, like my ol' daddy used to say: the closer the bone, the sweeter the meat!"
In a post we wrote a few years ago, we included an analysis by the philologist Neal R. Norrick of two proverbs: "Like father, like son" and "The nearer the bone, the sweeter the meat."
In "Proverbs," an essay in the Encyclopaedia of the Linguistic Sciences, Norrick explains that proverbs like the one you're asking about don't adhere to the traditional use of noun phrases and verb phrases.
"Many proverbs such as Like father, like son and The nearer the bone, the sweeter the meat adhere to formulas, here like X, like Y and The X-er, the Y-er, which do not conform to customary NP + VP syntactic structure," Norrick writes. "So special interpretative rules beyond regular compositional semantic principles are necessary to assign these proverbs even literal readings." ("NP" and "VP" are short for "noun phrase" and "verb phrase.")
Such literal readings, he says, "provide the basis on which figurative interpretations are determined."
"One interpretative rule will relate the formula like X, like Y to the reading 'Y is like X' to derive for Like father, like son the interpretation 'the son is like the father,' " he writes. And "another rule related the formula The X-er, the Y-er to 'Y is proportional to X' to interpret The nearer the bone, the sweeter the meat as 'the sweetness of the meat is proportional to the nearness of the bone.' "
As we say in our earlier post, Norrick's analysis can be heavy going for lay readers. To put things simply, proverbs are often idiomatic expressions that don't necessarily conform to the traditional rules of English.
Tags English, English language, Etymology, Expression, food, Grammar, Language, Linguistics, Phrase origin, Usage, Writing


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Sex, Dating & Relationships
Minimalist proposals and weddings spread joy in coronavirus pandemic
The coronavirus is wreaking havoc on wedding season, but couples aren't giving up.
By Nicole Gallucci on April 6, 2020
Saying "I do" during a pandemic isn't ideal, but it's possible. Credit: Mashable composite: Shutterstock / Picture Partners
> Life > Sex, Dating & Relationships
Proposing to a significant other, planning a wedding, or getting married in the middle of a pandemic is far from ideal. But steadfast romantics around the world are proving that love in the time of coronavirus, though not easy, is still possible.
Over the past several months, strict precautions have taken effect around the world to help curb the spread of the coronavirus. Some countries like Italy are on full lockdown, while others like the United States have shut down non-essential businesses. With more than 67,000 global coronavirus-related deaths, the practice of social distancing (avoiding crowds and keeping at least three feet of space between yourself and others) has also become essential to help "flatten the curve." But in addition to increasing loneliness and making dating much harder, social distancing has ruined many wedding plans.
It's undoubtedly a tough time to take your relationship to the next level, but thanks to a little creativity and flexibility, engagements, wedding planning, and even marriage ceremonies continue to press on.
SEE ALSO: How to use social distancing to get closer to your friends and family
Proposing in a pandemic
I'm sure no one dreams of getting proposed to during a deadly global pandemic, but three newly-engaged women I spoke with found their partners' unconventional timing to be a tremendous source of light in this dark time.
Karen Cascone, a 29-year-old in Long Branch, New Jersey, had been quarantining with her partner of a year for three weeks before he proposed. Cascone and her now fiancé, Rich, had always talked about getting engaged around their one-year anniversary in March, so she knew the proposal was coming.
"I'm not really much of a surprise person. I'd rather have control over [the proposal] and be happy than be surprised and disappointed," Cascone explained over the phone. On March 21, she suggested the two take a romantic, social distance-approved walk on the beach, where Rich popped the question.
Newly engaged couple, Karen and Rich. Credit: PHOTOS COURTESY OF KAREN CASCONE
"Him getting down on one knee… I was just so happy," Cascone explained. Though she was upset the private moment couldn't be captured by a photographer, fellow beach goers saw the proposal from afar and snapped a few photos. "Thankfully there were strangers feet away that noticed him getting down on one knee and started taking pictures," she said. "I'm really grateful for that."
The engagement absolutely delighted Cascone, but five days later she was laid off from her job as a sales assistant at Wyndham Hotels & Resorts. "I really wasn't expecting it and it honestly put a huge damper on this whole thing," she said. "If I knew I was going to lose my job so soon after I got engaged, I probably would have held off until everything was more stable."
The week was full of emotional whiplash, but the thought of one day getting married to Rich is keeping Cascone's spirits up. "I can't see my nieces who I'm obsessed with. I can't see my mom because she's diabetic. So I'm kind of using [the wedding] as a light at the end of the tunnel," she said. "[The idea] that we'll all be together celebrating is the one thing helping me get through this."
Monica Shahbaznia, a clinical psychologist living in Los Angeles, shared a similar engagement story. On March 23, a little over a year after her and her now fiancé Mark McQueen started dating, he proposed to her on a social distancing stroll.
The two walked down to the Little Brown Church in the Valley, where Ronald Reagan and Nancy Davis married in 1952, because it's where McQueen first asked Shahbaznia to "go steady."
Though they discussed getting engaged before, Shahbaznia said she was completely taken by surprise. "I went and I sat in one of the pews. He's 6'4" and suddenly started trying to kneel down," she recalled. "He had this little box in his hand and opened it up... I grabbed him and hugged him and had tears in my eyes. I didn't expect it — no idea. But it was an absolutely beautiful moment and I felt so at peace."
Newly engaged couple, Mark McQueen and Monica Shahbaznia. Credit: photo courtesy of Monica Shahbaznia
Jenn C., a 27-year-old working in retirement and financial planning in Nashville also got engaged in March — though her fiancé, Kolin K., had to change his original proposal plans scheduled for April.
"My parents and best friend had booked flights from North Carolina and were going to meet up with our closest friends to surprise me," Jenn explained in a Twitter DM. "As social distancing starting becoming more and more mandated and necessary, Kolin had to change course."
"He decided he couldn't wait until the self isolation was lifted, especially since no one has any idea when that will be," Jenn said. Instead Kolin proposed to her at their favorite hiking spot on March 28. Though the two wish they could have celebrated the special moment with family and friends, they FaceTimed to share the good news and realized they'd rather wait to meet up in person when it's safer.
"Now my mom and best friend can use the flights they had to postpone to come to Tennessee when all of this is over to go dress shopping. And our reunion with friends when we can be within six feet of each other will be an even bigger celebration!" Jenn said.
Proposing is simple, but remote wedding planning is tough
For some, like Rebecca S., a 27-year-old speech-language pathologist who got engaged in October, the coronavirus has made the already stressful act of wedding planning even more challenging.
Rebecca and her fiancé Alex left Manhattan to quarantine with family in Fairfield, Connecticut, shortly after New York began discussing shelter in place protocols. But remote planning has not been easy.
"I found some florists were hesitant to schedule meetings because they would rather show me their showrooms [in person]" Rebecca said in a Facebook message. "I have had some technology glitches and dropped video calls with vendors, which makes the wedding planning difficult. And I have to rely on company website photos, wedding apps/websites and Instagram to evaluate vendors, which makes it hard to compare companies."
"It's going to be a test of patience. Right now you're planning in a war."
"We were in the process of planning an engagement party for late May/early June, but will probably just have to cancel that all together now," Rebecca added, noting that some couples with upcoming wedding dates in spring, summer, and early fall have had to postpone their 2020 ceremonies (or cancel them entirely).
Luckily, Rebecca and Alex's ceremony is booked for July 24, 2021, which is still over a year away. But the situation is so uncertain that even people getting engaged during the pandemic are holding off on planning.
"Right now you have to take pause and say, 'A lot of the churches are appropriately closed and venues are shut down.'" Shahbaznia said. "It's going to be a test of patience. I just feel like right now you're planning something in a war. So I want to take a moment to pause and start the planning process once this has passed over."
Creative coronavirus ceremonies
Though no one should be having large wedding ceremonies or gathering with groups of people during this dangerous time, not all marriages are being put on hold until coronavirus concerns dissipate. Some couples are proceeding with planned ceremonies, but are altering plans to better fit the new global realities.
For instance, Ahmed Saeed, a 28-year-old operations manager in Egypt, just married his partner Hagar, 25, in a heavily scaled-down ceremony.
"Our wedding took place on Friday the 13th of March," Saeed said in an email, making sure to acknowledge the irony of the date. "Not only did our friends, family, and coworkers who live abroad have to cancel, it turns out that weekend would see the worst storm in Egypt's history since 1994. So many of those who were in Egypt couldn't make it as well."
"It was a roller coaster, a scary one," he said. "Right up until the very morning of the wedding we were receiving phone call after phone call from someone cancelling or something that we've been planning for months not going our way. But we never had a doubt that we would do it, even if it was just going to be the both of us dancing in a muddy puddle with the chaos and lightning in the background."
Though the ceremony wasn't "as big or as extravagant" as the couple planned, Saeed and his wife loved their intimate day.
The newly married couple, Hagar and Ahmed. Credit: hussien mazrouaa
Miguel Jimenez, 31, and his fiancée Kait Hess, 27, also plan to follow through with their wedding that's scheduled for April 7.
The two Massachusetts Institute of Technology scientists who live in Boston plan to have an intimate ceremony with just two close friends (and two cats) in Boston Public Garden. "One of our two friends has acquired a one-day designation from the city to marry us," Jimenez said in a Twitter DM. After the ceremony, the four will order food from a local restaurant and have a picnic.
"In lieu of our original after party, we are hosting a virtual Marriage Acknowledgement Party with our friends and family," Jimenez said. Then, when it's safe to travel again, the couple is planning a seven-stop "Marriage Acknowledgement Tour," which will allow them to share belated marriage celebrations with loved ones.
"We can spread out our time, money, and most importantly our excitement over the course of several months instead of cramming it and our friends and family into a single day," Jimenez said. "I am very excited and reassured that despite this challenge we are both very flexible and creative, and have found a way to make the best of it."
The importance of love in the time of corona
Though pandemic proposals and wedding ceremonies might not live up to original expectations, they're being heavily embraced for providing some much-needed joy in this chaotic, heartbreaking time.
"It's good news in the world amongst all this crap," Cascone said. "People finally have something to smile about when they're scrolling through Facebook instead of all that scary stuff you have normally been seeing lately."
When reflecting on the refreshing power of love in this trying time, Shahbaznia drew the common parallel between Gabriel García Márquez's 1985 novel, Love in the Time of Cholera. "It's the idea that there is such fear amongst people — people know that they're infecting each other and that there's no real true vaccine or treatment or whatever — but love prevails and continues going forward," she said.
Whether it's a minimalist proposal, a scaled down vow exchange, a remote Zoom wedding, or a placeholder ceremony in Animal Crossing, expressions of love — no matter how unconventional — hold so much weight during this pandemic.
Several people in this story asked Mashable to not include their last name out of privacy concerns.
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text:
Pierrefiche - két község elnevezése Franciaországban:

 Pierrefiche (Aveyron)
 Pierrefiche (Lozère)


Learning and creating shouldn't take a vacation in the summer. Lands' End, together with the National Summer Learning Association, is encouraging kids to keep the creativity alive during summer break by entering artwork in the Love Learning Art Contest.
Now-through August 12, kids between the ages of four and 18 can create original pictures showing a love of learning for the chance to win backpacks, lunch boxes, and cash prizes. Kids may use any art medium including digital, paints, markers and crayons.
To enter, parents can submit artwork created by their child at landsend.com/lovelearning. The contest is divided into age groups: 4-6, 7-10, 11-14 and 15-18. All first, second, third and grand prize winners will receive a Lands' End backpack and lunch box. Cash prizes of $500, $250 and $100 will also be awarded to first, second and third place winners in each age group. An overall grand prize winner will receive $1,000.
The Lands' End Love Learning Art Contest is an official National Summer Learning Day activity. Through the National Summer Learning Association, libraries, children's museums, nonprofits, municipalities, and school districts of cities and towns across America will host nearly 1,000 science, math, reading, sports, and arts-related events or programs representing a projected one million youth who will celebrate National Summer Learning Day.
In addition to the Love Learning Art Contest, Lands' End is reaffirming its commitment to education for all children, by partnering with the National Summer Learning Association on a year-long initiative to promote the importance of quality summer learning opportunities for every child, every summer.
Lands' End will also recognize a program that brings learning to life in informal learning spaces and support families in meaningful ways with a $10,000 award. Award submissions will be open from now through November 30, 2018 and award criteria can be found here.


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Edward (Ed) Finn Jr.  (June 4, 1926 – December 27, 2020) was a Canadian trade unionist and journalist, editor, author and former Newfoundland politician. He was the leader of the Newfoundland Democratic Party and the first leader of the Newfoundland New Democratic Party.

Early years
Finn was born in Spaniard's Bay, Newfoundland and raised in Corner Brook. His father worked at the Bowater's paper mill during the Great Depression. In 1942, Finn joined his father at the paper mill at the age of 16 and worked there for four years. He went into journalism working for Corner Brook's local newspaper,  The Western Star from 1946 to 1953, when he went to work for the Montreal Gazette for two years before returning to the Star as editor.

Logger's strike
Under his stewardship The Western Star sympathetically covered the Newfoundland logger's strike of 1958-59. Finn later wrote of the period "It was such a heated and emotionally charged labour dispute that journalistic objectivity was simply not tolerated... you were either with the paper companies and the government, or you were with a gang of mainland union thugs, which was how the International Woodworkers' of America (IWA) leaders were unfairly depicted."

Newfoundland Premier Joey Smallwood responded to the labour dispute by introducing legislation to decertify the International Woodworkers of America and also used police to harass picket lines.

Finn, as editor of the Western Star, war ordered by the newspaper's publishers to report only the company's and government's side of the dispute. As a result, Finn and two other journalists quit the newspaper. He and two friends started their own newspaper, The Newfoundland Examiner with Finn as publisher and editor and devoted the journal to uncovering government and business corruption. The newspaper was unable to attract advertising revenue and folded after a year.

Political career
As a result of the strike, labour unions with the support of the Canadian Labour Congress founded the Newfoundland Democratic Party in 1959 in an attempt to give political expression to the growing workers movement and in an attempt to channel worker opposition to the Liberal government of Joey Smallwood. The new party absorbed the small Newfoundland section of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and anticipated the 1961 founding of the New Democratic Party (NDP) of Canada by the Canadian Labour Congress and the CCF.

After being fired by his publisher, Finn was hired by the Canadian Labour Congress and persuaded to lead the Newfoundland Democratic Party into the 1959 provincial election. Smallwood sent his Minister of Labour, Charlie Ballam, to run against Finn in Humber West. Finn came within less than 300 votes of defeating Ballam. He remained leader of the Newfoundland Democratic Party, which became the Newfoundland New Democratic Party, until 1963 and ran in the 1962 provincial election as well as for the federal NDP in Humber—St. George's in the 1962 and 1963 federal elections but was unable to win a seat in either the Newfoundland House of Assembly or the House of Commons of Canada.

Later career
In 1963, Finn resigned as NDP leader and moved to Ottawa to accept a position with the Canadian Brotherhood of Railway, Transport and General Workers. He remained with that union until 1980 when he and three other union staffers were dismissed after they refused to open mail during a strike by the union's clerical staff. He then joined the Canadian Union of Public Employees with whom he remained until his retirement in 1991.

Finn also wrote a weekly labour column for the Toronto Star from 1968 until 1982 and has also contributed articles to various publications.

He worked for the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives from 1993 to 2014 and was the founder and editor of its monthly journal and flagship publication, The CCPA Monitor. The CCPA published several collections of Finn's essays in three books, The Right is Wrong and the Left Is Right - Cutting through the Neoliberal Bafflegab, Under Corporate Rule and Who Do We Try to Rescue Today?. Finn's memoir, Ed Finn: A Journalist's Life on the Left, was published in October 2013.

In 2020, Ed Finn was appointed as a Member of the Order of Canada.

Notes

References
Ed Finn: still fighting the good fight after all these years

1926 births
2020 deaths
Leaders of the Newfoundland and Labrador NDP/CCF
New Democratic Party candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Trade unionists from Newfoundland and Labrador
Canadian Union of Public Employees people
Canadian newspaper editors
Canadian male journalists
Canadian columnists
Writers from Newfoundland and Labrador
Journalists from Newfoundland and Labrador
Candidates in Newfoundland and Labrador provincial elections
Members of the Order of Canada
Politicians from Ottawa


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New HHS Guidelines for Drug Testing Panels Effective 10/1/17
Employers need to comply with new drug testing panel standards by Oct 1 2017. Here are the changes to the guidelines.
On January 23, 2017, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) revised Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs effective October 1, 2017.
If your organization complies with the HHS standards currently, whether by policy, support of federal testing programs or voluntary drug testing state laws, you must now comply with new panel standards effective October 1, 2017.
If your organization identifies specific drug panels in your current policy, updated policy language should be seriously considered, also covering adulterated specimens, oral fluid testing in shy bladder situations, observed collection safeguards, the emerging legal issues of anti-discrimination protection for medical marijuana card holders in certain states, and pre-duty disclosure of impairing effect drugs and substances for those working in safety-sensitive occupations.
Key points in the guidelines:
HHS expanded federal urine workplace drug testing to include four Schedule II opioids: hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, and oxymorphone.
HHS raised the lower pH cutoff from 3 to 4 to identify an adulterated specimen. One commentator expects to see an increase in the number of low PH urine test reported as adulterated.
HHS removed MDEA for confirmatory testing and added MDA as an initial test analyte.
HHS allowed a Medical Review Officer to recommend the collection of an alternate specimen (e.g., oral fluid) when a donor in their program is unable to provide a sufficient amount of urine specimen at the collection site (shy bladder), as permitted by agency policy.
Allows the donor to be observed by a person whose gender matches the donor's gender (as identified by the donor on the Federal CCF at the beginning or the observed collection), which is determined by the donor's gender identity. Observed collections must be conducted in a professional manner that minimizes discomfort to the donor, and a medical professional may serve as the monitor, regardless of gender.
While the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) will eventually follow the HHS mandatory guidelines, to date the DOT has NOT yet published its final notice. We expect a DOT announcement shortly after October 1, 2017.
If you are an EBI Client, contact Customer Care via email at customercare@ebiinc.com or call 844-875-2129 for assistance coordinating updates to your panel configuration.
If you are not already a client, contact us for a free demo!
Additional References:
HHS revised guidelines in its 51 page Federal Register release:
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/01/23/2017-00979/mandatory-guidelines-for-federal-workplace-drug-testing-programs
This information is provided by EBI for general educational purposes. It should not be deemed as legal guidance or advice. Always consult with legal counsel for specific advice on applicable laws, industry regulation, and compliance matters.


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Q: matplotlib legend using plot with 2 axes
Trying to make a legend for "% low R" (red line) which is displayed on a dual axis plot with "pSST" (black line).  So far I have only been able to make a legend with "pSST", I suspect because it is the "main axis".  I am defining the legend handles using "label" when  I plot.
How can I get the red line to also be in the legend alongside the black line?
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1, figsize=(4,20))

y = JR179data.depth_cm
a = JR179data.ssst
b = iodp379temp.depths
c = lowR_data.perc_low_r

ax2=ax.twiny()
ax2.plot(c,y,'-r', color='r', label = '% low R')
ax2.set_xlim(0,100)
ax2.set_ylim(415,0)
ax2.xaxis.set_label_position('top')
ax2.set_xlabel('% Low Rectangularity', size = 12)

#ssst
ax.set_title("PC496 MIS 5 \n SSST and %Low Rectangularity \n", size=14)
x1labels = ['-0.5', '-0.25', '0.0', '0.25', '0.5', '0.75', '1.0']
ax.set_xlabel('SSST ($^\circ$C)', size=12)
ax.set_ylabel('Core Depth (cmbsf)', size=12)
ax.xaxis.set_label_position('bottom')
ax.xaxis.tick_bottom()
ax.set_xticks([-0.50, -0.25, 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0])
ax.set_xticklabels(x1labels)
ax.plot(a,y, 'o-k', color='black', label = 'pSST')
ax.set_ylim(270, 100)
ax.set_xlim(left=None, right = 1.0)
ax.axhspan(ymin=0, ymax=9, color='skyblue', alpha=1)
ax.axhspan(ymin=9, ymax=112, color='lightgrey', alpha=1)
ax.axhspan(ymin=112, ymax=262, color='skyblue', alpha=1)
ax.axhspan(ymin=262, ymax=624, color='lightgrey', alpha=1)
ax.axhspan(ymin=824, ymax=922, color='skyblue', alpha=1)

ax.axvline(x=0, color='k', linestyle='--', alpha=0.5)
ax.annotate('0$^\circ$C', xy=(-0.1, 410), fontsize=14, weight='bold')

ax.text(0.7, 109, r'MIS 4', weight = 'bold')
ax.text(0.7, 258, r'MIS 5', weight = 'bold')
ax.text(0.7, 268, r'MIS 6', weight = 'bold')

ax.legend(loc = "upper left")

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange