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Bird Symbolism In Kate Chopin's The Awakening
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In Kate Chopin's novel, The Awakening, we are introduced to a woman named Edna Pontellier. She is a wife, a mother, and a homemaker who struggles to fit in the ideal "Victorian woman" mold. The expectations of women during the Victorian era was for women to be devoted to her husband, children and her home and it was frowned if a woman were to devote some time for the benefit of herself. The women were like caged birds; unable to use her wings for flight. Throughout the novel, Edna's dissatisfaction with her life becomes apparent and we see Edna's journey to independence and self-discovery. Chopin uses bird symbolism and metaphors to reflect Edna's journey and her true desires. The bird is used as a symbolic element used to represent Edna and
Homosexuality In Kate Chopin's The Awakening
For many years, Kate Chopin's The Awakening was considered perhaps one of the most scandalous novels written by a woman about a woman's sexual and spiritual liberation and independence. Much of Chopin's fiction has been praised as a celebration of female sexuality, conspicuously highlighting the tension between erotic desire and the demands that come from marriage, family life, and society (Martin 1). Unlike other literary contemporaries, Chopin does not attempt to moralize her heroines' moral frailty, and more importantly she unapologetically allows her heroines' unconventional sexuality to thrive (Martin 6). Only recently has The Awakening been acknowledged as a well-crafted narrative of Edna Pontellier's struggle between individuality and
Outward Conformity In Kate Chopin's The Awakening
It is common for people in everyday society to conform to society's expectations while also questioning their true desires. In the novel, The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, the main protagonist Edna Pontellier is said to possess, "That outward existence which conforms, the inward life that questions." In other words, Edna outwardly conforms while questioning inwardly. Kate Chopin, uses this tension between outward conformity and inward questioning to build the meaning of the novel by examining Edna's role as a wife, mother, and as nontraditional woman in the traditional Victorian period. Edna outwardly conforms to society's expectations by marriage.
Symbolism In Catherine Called Birdy
The theme change is explored through the attitude and personality of the persona. The novel "Catherine Called Birdy" by Karen Cushman and the song "Hazy Shade Of Winter" by the Banlges explore the concept of change.The personas in the texts experience change in perspective, world and self which throughout the text inevitably leads to growth and development.
Ocean Symbolism In The Awakening
In the 1800's, the societal niche of married women was clearly defined: they were meant to devote every aspect of their lives to their husbands and children. Edna Pontellier, the protagonist in Kate Chopin's The Awakening, struggles to adhere to these standards, and eventually rebels against them. The harsh standards placed on Edna and other women in the novel are like the cages around the metaphorical birds Chopin uses to represent them. Edna's unhappiness in her societal role is realized in the ocean, which symbolizes this awakening and her attempt to escape the gender roles of the nineteenth century.
Edna Pontellier's The Awakening
The beginning of the feminist movement in the 1900's, sparked much attention from those who lived at this time. The changes in attitude brought forth from the feminist movement made many men feel threatened and uncomfortable. In 1899, Kate Chopin published the feminist novel, The Awakening, which created much controversy. The protagonist of the story, Edna Pontellier, emerges from her own "awakening," and gains her own independence from breaking away from society. However, her struggle with herself and society overtakes her and Edna's sudden awakening ends in tragedy.
Edna's Roles In The Awakening
In Kate Chopin' s novel, The Awakening, there are three identities inside of the female leading role, Edna Pontellier, being a wife, mother and own self. Edna was born in 19th century at the Vitoria period, a patriarchy society, women have low freedom to achieve personal goal. She married with Léonce Pontellier, a wealthy man with Creole descent. After having a child, her life is still unchangeable and as bored as before. Until she encountered Robert Leburn, Mademoiselle Reisz, and Alcée Arobin, her value of self-cognition has changed.
Adele And Edna Pontellier In Kate Chopin's The Awakening
Within the novel, The Awakening by Kate Chopin, Madame Ratignolle's character possesses traits that emphasize, by contrast the characteristics and behavior of Edna Pontellier. Despite being close friends within the novel, Adele and Edna have contrasting views and behaviors that illuminate the theme of female freedom and the tradition of female submission and male domination. Madame Ratignolle and Edna Pontellier are close friends, but their views toward raising children differ fundamentally. Madame Ratignolle would sacrifice her identity to devote herself entirely to her children, household, and husband, whereas Edna would not. Besides their views towards raising children, how they raise their children also differs.
Edna Pontellier's Attitudes Toward Motherhood In The Awakening
This novel, The Awakening, is about a woman named Edna Pontellier learns to think of herself as an independent human being. Also, Edna Pontellier refuses to obey against the social norms by leaving her husband Leónce Pontellier and having an affair with Robert Lebrun. Kate Chopin describes societal expectations and the battle of fitting the mold of motherhood in the Awakening by how Edna Pontellier and Adele Ratignolle contribute to their family in different ways. Edna Pontellier's attitude toward motherhood is that she is not a perfect mother-women. Adele Ratignolle's attitude toward motherhood is that she is a perfect mother-women.
The Awakening And Story Of An Hour Analysis
In Kate Chopin 's novel The Awakening and the short story "The Story of An Hour" feminist beliefs overshadow the value in moral and societal expectations during the turn of the century. Due to Louise Mallard and Edna Pontellier Victorian life style they both see separating from their husband as the beginning of their freedom. Being free from that culture allows them to invest in their personal interest instead of being limited to what 's expected of them. Chopin 's sacrifices her own dignity for the ideal of society's expectations. Chopin 's sad, mysterious tone seems to support how in their era, there was a significant lack of women 's rights and freedom of expression.
Maya Angelou A Caged Bird Analysis
"A Caged Bird" is a poem by Maya Angelou, that describes the struggle of a bird ascending from the restrictions with adverse surroundings. The poem renders the oppression that has affected African Americans over the years. As Angelou explains, the bird fights its imprisonment even with fear, but rises above with the stance of freedom. "Phenomenal Women" by Maya Angelou discusses beauty being in the eye of the beholder. You don't have to have a perfect physique or focus entirely on outer beauty. Inner beauty has more definition, she explains that women should appreciate their flaws. After all there is only one of you and everyone was created differently.
Edna Pontellier's Awakening Character Analysis
Lisa Cifuentes 5th Pd. AP English IV Mrs. Zimmerman 4 December 2015 Edna Pontellier's Awakening In "The Awakening" by Kate Chopin, the title holds great significance, symbolically describing the transformation that Edna Pontellier undergoes as she realizes that the conventions of her society have been constraining her from becoming her true, independent self. Edna's awareness of her duality of self, her private emotional life, and the loneliness that accompanies her newfound freedom are all clear evidence that she truly becomes enlightened and revived by the end of the novel. The inability of the other characters in this novel to hinder Edna's transformation is a reflection of society's complete powerlessness against the inner flame of emotion
Their Eyes Were Watching God Comparative Essay
The Awakening by Kate Chopin explains the story of Edna Pontellier who is a wife with an independent demeanor and seeks to find love outside of her current marriage. During the course of the works Edna has encountered men that have tried control her. The men Edna has encountered didn't understand Edna's need for independence. In connection both Edna and Janie share the same ideas but their paths are different. Both women live in a very different society with the similarity of living under a male dominate society.
The Character Of Edna Pontellier In Kate Chopin's The Awakening
A woman with an independent nature can be described as rebellious, passionate, and courageous. In Kate Chopin's novel, The Awakening, the reader is introduced to Edna Pontellier, a female who epitomizes the qualities of a woman with such an independent nature. Living in a "patriarchal society" that expects women to be nothing more than devoted wives and nurturing mothers, Edna attempts to seek out her true identity as it becomes apparent how unsettled she feels about her life. Throughout The Awakening, Edna Pontellier, dissatisfied with her duties as a mother and wife, decides to pursue her own interests and express her true identity, resulting in an awakening and her finding the courage to make the changes she deems as necessary. Edna Pontellier had two young boys, Etienne and Raoul, who were ages four and five, respectively.
Character Analysis: The Awakening By Kate Chopin
Kate Chopin's The Awakening is a piece of fiction written in the nineteenth century. The protagonist Edna is a controversial character, Edna rebels against many nineteenth - century traditions, but her close friend Adele was a perfect example in terms of a role of a woman, mother and wife at that time. Chopin uses contrast characters to highlight the difference between Adele and Edna. Although they are both married women in the nineteenth century, they also exhibit many different views about what a mother role should be.
Analysis Of Othello's Jealousy In 'The Awakening'
In Kate Chopin's "The Awakening" shows a controversial protagonist, Edna Pontellier. The character in the novel showed different expectations for women and their supposed roles. One literary critic, Megan Kaplon showed how this novel can be viewed as a struggle of the world or society around her. Edna in the story is trying to find freedom and individuality Kaplon mentions that "one of her most shocking actions was her denial of her role as a mother and wife."
More about Bird Symbolism In Kate Chopin's The Awakening

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In Rememberance of My Grandfather – I Can Do It!
This video is dedicated to my late grandfather who passed away a few months ago. I created this video to remember him, as well as to remember the fact that Jesus rose from the dead. And that all who believe in Him will rise again and have eternal life.


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P2ALM
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Archbishop James Ussher, Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth (The One-Two Punch)
By p2alm 07.01.2012 ( 2 )
The most important thing for a Christian who struggles with evolutionary issues to consider is that God says there was no death before Adam [Romans 5:12; 1 Corinthians 15:21-22] but evolution says that death and bloodshed have always existed and have actually led to the development of man. The physical and spiritual death that resulted from Adam's sin is an essential part of the Gospel that cannot be removed.
Even still, in spite of this this truth (and a face value reading of Genesis 1) many Christians believe in theistic evolution, or the idea that God used evolution to create man.
Is there another way we can resolve this contradiction of beliefs? What if we knew the age of the earth? You see, if there are no long ages, neither can there be human evolution. So, if God wants us to know the truth…
1. WHY DOESN'T THE BIBLE JUST TELL US THE AGE OF THE EARTH?
Well, it does.
Meet James Ussher, the man who's calculations are considered the standard for Young-Earth Creationists (or, as I prefer, those who believe what the Bible actually says).
Ussher (1581-1656) was the Archbishop of Ireland and a scholar of honor. He devoted himself wholly to the defense of the Christian Faith. Born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1581, this highly educated, well-traveled historian devoted years to writing the history of the world from creation to AD 70. Originally published in Latin in the 1650s, Ussher's masterpiece is a literary classic.
Ussher's accomplishments:
One of history's most famous and well-respected historians
As a result of a lifetime of study, Ussher produced his monumental history, The Annals of the World
Entered Trinity College at age 13
Received his master's degree at age 18
Ordained as a deacon and priest in the Anglican Church at age 20; in 1625, held the high position of Archbishop of Armagh
Received his doctor of divinity at age 26
Twice appointed vice-chancellor of Trinity College
Was an expert in Semitic languages
Buried in Westminster Abbey
What date did Ussher arrive at and how did he do it?
Ussher arrived at the date 4004 BC for Creation. He used the genealogies in Genesis 5 and 11 as well as numerous other, complex calculations. Below is the simple version. You can learn more about his calculations from his book, The Annals of the World.
Ussher used the genealogies in Genesis to arrive at a date for Creation:
An objection answered
There are some who object to the reliability of the chapter 5 genealogies in Genesis because they believe it contains gaps that would, therefore, throw off any such calculations. I submit to you there are no gaps in the genealogies in chapter 5 as evidenced by:
—The age of the father given at the time of his son's birth
—The number of years the father lived after his son's birth
Here's an example of the pattern all of the verses follow:
Mahalalel lived sixty-five years, and became the father of Jared. Then Mahalalel lived eight hundred and thirty years after he became the father of Jared, and he had other sons and daughters. [Genesis 5:15-16]
The work of others
It's important for you to know that others have also undertaken this monumental task. The very fact that Bible scholars would attempt such an endeavor is encouraging testimony to the belief in the reliability of Scripture that we can all have.
Furthermore, although these others have arrived at different dates (ranging from 5501 BC to 3836 BC), they are close to Ussher's date. In fact, two others have actually arrived at his very same date! They are Edward Greswell and Floyd Jones (who I highlight below). Even though Ussher is at odds with these other dates, consider, the fact that they have arrived at dates near to his and that two others have arrived at the same date is the equivalent of you checking the accuracy of your math on a test or at the bank for confirmation.
The Annals of the World
Ussher's book is an entirely fascinating read you'll want to explore again and again. If you're going to get the book, I would also recommend you get The Chronology of the Old Testament by Dr. Floyd Jones. It's the standard for Old Testament Chronology (up to the the Resurrection of Christ) and an indispensable companion to Ussher's book. You can order them both together here for a discount.
2. DOES SCIENCE SUPPORT USSHER'S CONCLUSION?
Scientists associated with the Institute for Creation Research have finished an eight-year research project known as RATE, or Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth.
For over a hundred years, evolutionists have insisted that the earth is billions of years old, and have arrogantly dismissed any views contrary to this belief. However, the team of seven creation scientists have discovered incredible physical evidence that supports what the Bible says about the young age of the earth.
Learn about their discoveries and explore the scientific evidence that supports biblical truth here!
In 1997, a group of young-earth creationists met in San Diego, California, to discuss the age of the earth. Their goal was to clarify the chronology of earth history and search for a fundamental correction to the usual assumptions of deep time. They were skeptical of the evolutionary timescale that dominates modern geology. These scientists reviewed the assumptions and procedures used in estimating the ages of rock strata and they recognized multiple weaknesses.
The group identified itself with the acronym RATE, which stands for Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth. The RATE team included the following scientists and scholars:
Steven A. Austin, Ph.D. Soft rock geologist
John R. Baumgardner, Ph.D. Geophysicist
Steven W. Boyd, Ph.D. Hebrew scholar
Eugene F. Chaffin, Ph.D. Physicist
Donald B. DeYoung, Ph.D. Physicist
D. Russell Humphreys, Ph.D. Physicist
Andrew A. Snelling, Ph.D. Hard rock geologist
Larry Vardiman, Ph.D. Meteorologist, Chairman
The RATE project was sponsored and promoted by three leading creation science organizations. These included the Institute for Creation Research and the Creation Research Society. Answers in Genesis gave startup support to the project. Technical research activity is expensive, and all RATE costs, which amounted to about $2 million, were covered by private donations. Sincere thanks are expressed to the many individuals and organizations that financially supported the RATE effort.
Several research initiatives were identified and conducted over an eight-year period. The main research initiatives and their principle investigators were:
1. Carbon-14 Dating John R. Baumgardner
2. Helium Diffusion in Zircon Crystals D. Russell Humphreys
3. Radiohalos in Granite Andrew A. Snelling
4. Fission Tracks in Zircons Andrew A. Snelling
5. Discordant Radioisotope Dates Steven A. Austin
6. Radioisotope Dating Case Studies Andrew A. Snelling
7. Theories of Accelerated Nuclear Decay Eugene F. Chaffin
8. A Proper Reading of Genesis 1:1–2:3 Steven W. Boyd
The RATE project reported on the following five general conclusions:
1. A large amount of radioactive decay has occurred.
2. Nuclear decay processes were accelerated during episodes in earth history.
3. Conventional radioisotope dates are therefore incorrect by large factors.
4. Creation and the Genesis Flood are genuine historical events.
5. Scripture is scientifically reliable.
A comprehensive treatment of the RATE research is available in three primary publications. The first technical book is titled Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth: A Young-Earth Creationist Research Initiative.1 It fully explains the initial RATE research plans and also includes a comprehensive 90-page glossary of terms. The second technical book has the same main title with the subtitle Results of a Young-Earth Creationist Research Initiative.2 It gives full details of the final RATE research results with complete documentation. The third is a less technical book titled Thousands…Not Billions.3 It summarizes the RATE research and results with a minimum of technical terms. Several related references, available in many public and college libraries, are listed at the end of the book.
In addition to the primary publications in books, the RATE research was reported at the fall 2003 meeting of the American Geophysical Society in San Francisco, California (pdf files of the actual posters are available in this article4); in the proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Creation;5 in two DVDs titled Thousands Not Billions and The Premier RATE Conference; and in numerous short articles in Acts & Facts.6-13
Vardiman, L., A. A. Snelling and E. F. Chaffin, eds. 2000. Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth: A Young-Earth Creationist Research Initiative. El Cajon, CA: Institute for Creation Research and St. Joseph, MO: Creation Research Society.
Vardiman, L., A. A. Snelling and E. F. Chaffin, eds. 2005. Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth: Results of a Young-Earth Research Initiative. El Cajon, CA: Institute for Creation Research and Chino Valley, AZ: Creation Research Society.
DeYoung, D. B. 2005. Thousands Not Billions: Challenging an Icon of Evolution, Questioning the Age of the Earth. Green Forest, AR: Master Books.
Vardiman, L. 2004. RATE Posters Well Received at AGU Conference. Presented at the American Geophysical Union Fall Conference, San Francisco CA, December 2003.
Vardiman, L. et al. 2003. Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Creationism. Ivey, R., ed. Pittsburgh, PA: Creation Science Fellowship.
Snelling, A. A. 2005. Polonium Radiohalos: The Model for Their Formation Tested and Verified. Acts & Facts. 34 (8).
Snelling, A. A. 2004. Radioisotope Dating of Grand Canyon Rocks: Another Devastating Failure for Long-Age Geology. Acts & Facts. 33 (10).
Humphreys, D. R. 2003. New RATE Data Support a Young World. Acts & Facts. 32 (12).
Baumgardner, J. 2003. Carbon Dating Undercuts Evolution's Long Ages. Acts & Facts. 32 (10).
Snelling, A. A. 2002. Radiohalos—Significant and Exciting Research Results. Acts & Facts. 31 (11).
Humphreys, D. R. 2002. Nuclear Decay: Evidence for A Young World. Acts & Facts. 31 (10).
Snelling, A. A. 1999. Potassium-Argon and Argon-Argon Dating of Crustal Rocks and the Problem of Excess Argon. Acts & Facts. 28 (3).
Humphreys, D. R. 2005. Evidence for a Young World. Acts & Facts. 34 (6).
RATE Articles
Polonium Radiohalos: The Model for Their Formation Tested and Verified (#386) by Andrew A. Snelling, Ph.D.
Radioisotope Dating of Grand Canyon Rocks: Another Devastating Failure for Long-Age Geology (#376) by Andrew A. Snelling, Ph.D.
New Rate Data Support a Young World (#366)
by Russell Humphreys, Ph.D.
Carbon Dating Undercuts Evolution's Long Ages (#364) by John Baumgardner, Ph.D.
Radiohalos – Significant And Exciting Research Results (#353) by Andrew A. Snelling, Ph.D.
Nuclear Decay: Evidence For A Young World (#352) by Russell Humphreys, Ph.D.
Potassium-Argon and Argon-Argon Dating of Crystal Rocks and the Problem of Excess Argon (#309) by Andrew A. Snelling, Ph.D.
Evidence for a Young World (#384) by Russell Humphreys, Ph.D.
RATE Audio
RATE – What Earthly Reason? Download MP3
RATE – Rocks Evolution, Part 1 Download MP3
RATE – Diamonds: A Creationist's Best Friend Download MP3
RATE – Thousands, Not Billions Download MP3
RATE Resources
Thousands… Not Billions
Understand the findings of the RATE project. Dr. DeYoung authored this non-technical book in order to equip the layperson to defend scientific six-day creation and refute modern dating techniques.
Thousands… Not Billions – DVD
As a companion to the non-technical book, or by itself, Thousands…Not Billions is the ultimate multimedia resource for any family, student or teacher's library. Evolution and modern science has questioned the Biblical account of Creation for years, and now compelling new scientific research by ICR challenges modern science and their dating techniques.
Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth, Volume I
The RATE book is a definitive resource on radioactive dating for every scientist's library, whether evolutionist or creationist. It examines radioisotope theory, exposes its plaguing problems, and offers a better alternative.
Free download [2.8MB PDF]
Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth, Volume II
The age of the earth is an important issue in Christianity today. If the 6 day Genesis account is fallacious, then how can the rest of Scripture be relied upon? Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth: Results of a Young-Earth Creationist Research Initiative addresses the issues raised by the first RATE technical book in 2000.
Be encouraged, friends, and share! And, remember… we are to filter scientific claims about origins through the lens of God's Word, not the other way around. Christians aren't against science, only bad science. True science supports what the Bible claims.
For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea and all that is in them, and rested on the seventh day; therefore the LORD blessed the sabbath day and made it holy.
[Exodus 20:11]
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Categories: Apologetics & Philosophy, Creation, Evolution or Both?Tags: 4004 bc, archbishop james ussher, creation, date of creation, evolution, floyd jones, polonium, radiohalos, radioisotopes, rate, the annals of the world, young earth
Know a Tree by Its Fruit
One Race, One Blood // Ken Ham
By p2alm 08.22.2016
Not the Same God
2 comments	›
Jesse Date
12.01.2013 • 4.41 PM
I've found the website, creation.com, to be very helpful along with the other creationist organizations you've listed above.
12.02.2013 • 5.39 AM
yes, i have that app on my phone!
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The rumors and reports about the Xbox 360 Elite were true … mostly. Late yesterday, Microsoft confirmed plans to release a third, higher-end version of the Xbox 360, in black, with a 120 gigabyte hard drive and HDMI ouput. It's scheduled to be available in the U.S. in late April for $479.99. The company also will sell a new 120 GB hard drive, in silver, as a $179.99 attachment for existing Xbox 360 models.
See this story from today's paper for more details. As noted in the story, industry analysts don't expect the Xbox 360 Elite to have a major impact on the overall console market.
Contrary to some initial rumors, the Xbox 360 Elite won't be a limited edition release, according to Microsoft's Albert Penello, director of global platform marketing for the Xbox. Penello said in an interview that he doesn't expect the Xbox 360 Elite to overtake the $400, 20 GB version as the top-selling Xbox 360. However, he said the Elite will be a full-fledged third version, with regular distribution.
Microsoft's Penello disagreed with Sony's assessment. While some heavy users will want the larger hard drive, he said the company still feels it is important to give people the option of the lower-priced Xbox 360, without the hard drive, with the ability to upgrade later. He said the gaming experience, in Microsoft's view, doesn't suffer without the hard drive.
With Microsoft's announcement, there will no doubt be more debate over the relative features and costs of the Nintendo Wii vs. Sony's different PlayStation 3 versions vs. Microsoft's Xbox 360 versions and attachments. Here's how the prices of the different consoles and add-ons break down.


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text:
Opposites who go together like country and rock 'n' roll.
Long before he was a superstar, Remy Sean had a secret crush on Jed Riley. But Jed sees Remy as a spoiled pop rocker and an extension of his father's control. Still, Jed is willing to let Remy hide from the press on his ranch—but only as a way to get his father out of his life and business for good.
Used to being admired and fawned over, Remy keenly feels the sting of Jed's dismissal. Can he make Jed see him as more than a pain in the ass? Or is Jed too tangled up in his ranch to see past his old hurt?
Jed doesn't believe someone desired by so many fans could want him, a simple cowboy. But Remy is determined to change Jed's mind and steal his heart
Dani's rating:
If you like opposites attract stories and the idea of a stoic cowboy and flirty pop star bonding over horses and homecooked meals, you will love Rocking the Cowboy.
Both MCs are complex human beings, and the relationship between them develops realistically. There's quite the slow burn as Jed decides whether he can trust Remy with his heart. After all, Remy's manager is Jed's father, the father who left Jed and his mom and sister behind for the glory of Hollywood.
But Remy remembers the summer he spent on the ranch as an awkward, shy 13-year-old. That summer, Jed was the star of Remy's fantasies and even though Jed's reception is less than warm, Remy is determined to break down Jed's walls.
Most of the story takes place on Jed's ranch as Remy recovers from a traumatic incident that's kept him from performing for several months. A famous pop star, Remy worries he's lost his music, and it takes Jed's quiet encouragement to make him realize that he can take the road less traveled by (and it'll make all the difference).
This story is sweet without being maudlin, sexy without being porny, and romantic without being cheesy. There's some mild angst, but I was pleasantly surprised that the MCs talked things out sooner rather than later and handled the conflict with maturity and grace.
It was pretty much all Jed's fault, but he apologized. And I do love a man who can say sorry and mean it.
My favorite thing about Rocking the Cowboy, however, is that it has a longer HEA. It wasn't just a paragraph but a couple chapters showing the guys' bright future a year after they decide they're better together. So many stories end abruptly. I love that this one didn't.
Bonus points for a sassy cat and a dog named Hagrid who only looks scary.
The books transported her into new worlds and introduced her to amazing people who lived exciting lives.
~Roald Dahl
An ARC of this book was provided by the publisher in exchange for an honest review. Download links are provided as a courtesy and do not constitute an endorsement of or affiliation with the book, author, publisher, or website listed.
Posted by Dani(ela) at 8:00 AM
Labels: 4.5 stars, ARC, cool cat, cool dog, cowboys, Dreamspinner Press, family, feel good, HEA, horses, M/M, mild angst, opposites attract, rock stars, romance, sexy read


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:1}
Since the fundamental work by Kolmogorov in $1941$ \cite{frish},\cite{K41} one of the key points for many theoretical achievements in turbulence research is the (statistical) restoration of homogeneity and isotropy of fluctuations at small scales \cite{sree},\cite{arneo}.
It is however impossible to provide a proper and consistent description of a great variety of systems where ``non idealized'' fluctuations are still alive. The characterization of the emission of a tracer from point-like sources, the study of scalar concentrations along channels with non-homogeneous boundaries, or in those systems whose large scales are driven by strong shears, are remarkable examples in which strong anisotropies \cite{Kur},\cite{Shen} and inhomogeneities \cite{Dhr} must be taken into account in order to obtain a correct picture of the statistical properties of those systems.\\
In the last decade a consistent progress in the development of a systematic analysis to separate isotropic fluctuations from the anisotropic ones in real turbulent flows and turbulent transport \cite{procaccia},\cite{bif1},\cite{bif2} has been carried out. It has been understood how to treat and face systems whose rotational symmetries are broken by the presence of an external forcing inducing anisotropic contributions. In particular, the study of a simplified model for passive scalar advection, known as Kraichnan model \cite{kraic1},\cite{kraic2}, has provided a clear understanding of the statistical properties in all anisotropic sectors of the scalar fluctuations. Indeed, closed equations for the equal-time correlation functions can be obtained: these are linear partial differential equations whose unforced solutions (also called zero modes \cite{gaw}) generally exhibit anomalous scaling. This is in contrast with the forced solutions that possess (non-anomalous) dimensional scaling. This has given the insight to explain the universality in the statistical framework. Indeed, the anomalous properties of small scale statistics result from a decoupling between the zero mode scaling and dimensional scaling, and the universality of these properties naturally emerges because the zero-mode scaling properties are independent on the forcing mechanism (see \cite{falk} for an exhaustive review).\\
In the present paper we formulate the concept of the possible small-scale homogeneity restoration by focusing on the two-point equal-time scalar correlation function for the Kraichnan advection model. The advecting velocity is still homogeneous and isotropic but this is not for the scalar injection mechanism which is supposed here to be neither isotropic nor homogeneous. As we will show, the inhomogeneous forcing induces a new lengthscale $\ell_q$ into the scalar dynamics, in terms of which quantitative conclusions on the persistence of small-scale inhomogeneity will be given. The aim of this investigation is twofold. Firstly, we want to show how the correct homogeneous limit can be restored going at separations (in the two-point scalar correlation function) smaller than $\ell_q$. Secondly, we want to give some analytical insights about the opposite physical situation represented by the presence of inhomogeneous fluctuations on scales of the same order of our separation. In the latter regime the pure power-law behaviour (homogeneous limit) is replaced by the ``beating'' in superposition of different power laws originating from the scalar inhomogeneities.\\
The paper is organized as follows: in section~\ref{sec:2} we formulate the general problem of anisotropic and inhomogeneous correlations. This problem will be studied analytically for the Kraichnan ensembles. In section~\ref{sec:3} the statistical description of the isotropic sector is provided with particular emphasis on some kinds of physically meaningful forcings. Conclusions follow in section~\ref{sec:4}.
\section{The two-point non homogeneous, non isotropic scalar correlation functions}
\label{sec:2}
\subsection{Basic equations}
Let us start with the equation for a passive scalar field transported by the velocity field ${\bi v}$:
\begin{equation} \label{partenza}
\partial_t\theta({\bi x}_1,t)+{\bi v}({\bi x}_1,t)\cdot\bnabla\theta({\bi x}_1,t)=\kappa\Delta\theta({\bi x}_1,t)+f({\bi x}_1,t)\;.
\end{equation}
The velocity field ${\bi v}$ is assumed incompressible, statistically homogeneous and
isotropic, whereas the source term $f$ is a large-scale random forcing
which is not invariant under translations. Let us now specialize to the case of the Kraichnan ensemble \cite{kraic1},\cite{kraic2} where the velocity field is Gaussian, white in time, zero-mean and with two-point correlation function
\[\langle v_{\alpha}({\bi x}_1,t_1)v_{\beta}({\bi x}_2,t_2)\rangle=D_{\alpha\beta}({\bi x}_1-{\bi x}_2)\delta(t_1-t_2)\;.\]
The spatial behaviour is described by
\[D_{\alpha\beta}({\bi r})=D_0\delta_{\alpha\beta}-d_{\alpha\beta}({\bi r})\;,\]
with
\[d_{\alpha\beta}({\bi r})=D_1r^{\xi}\left[(d+\xi-1)\delta_{\alpha\beta}-\xi\frac{r_{\alpha}r_{\beta}}{r^2}\right]\]
for $r=|{\bi r}|$ smaller than the integral scale of the velocity field ($L_v$), above which $d_{\alpha\beta}({\bi r})$ saturates to an almost constant value whose order of magnitude is $D_1L_v^{\xi}$; consequently, since the correlation $D_{\alpha\beta}({\bi r})$ has to vanish for $r \to \infty$, the relation $D_0 \sim D_1L_v^{\xi}$ holds. $d$ is the space dimension ($\ge 2$) and $\xi$ is the scaling exponent, describing the degree of roughness present in the velocity field, lying in the open interval $(0,2)$. The forcing is assumed to be Gaussian, white in time, zero-mean and with two-point correlation function $\langle f({\bi x}_1,t_1)f({\bi x}_2,t_2)\rangle=F({\bi x}_1,{\bi x}_2)\delta(t_1-t_2)$. The steady-state equation for the two-point equal-time scalar correlation function $C({\bi x}_1,{\bi x}_2) \equiv \langle\theta({\bi x}_1,t)\theta({\bi x}_2,t)\rangle$ reads
\begin{equation} \label{equazione}
\fl d_{\alpha\beta}({\bi r})\frac{\partial^2 C}{\partial r_\alpha\partial r_\beta}\!+\!\frac{1}{4}[D_{\alpha\beta}({\bi r})\!+\!D_{\alpha\beta}({\bf 0})]\frac{\partial^2 C}{\partial z_{\alpha}\partial z_{\beta}}\!+\!2\kappa\frac{\partial^2 C}{\partial r_{\alpha}\partial r_{\alpha}}\!+\!\frac{\kappa}{2}\frac{\partial^2 C}{\partial z_{\alpha}\partial z_{\alpha}}\!+\!F({\bi r},{\bi z})=0\;,
\end{equation}
where ${\bi z}=({\bi x}_1+{\bi x}_2)/2$ is the centre of mass and ${\bi r}={\bi x}_1-{\bi x}_2$ is the relative separation. To obtain (\ref{equazione}) we have multiplied (\ref{partenza}) by $\theta({\bi x}_2,t)$, averaged over the stochastic fields ${\bi v}$ and $f$ (exploiting Furutsu-Novikov's rule on integration by parts \cite{Novikov}), symmetrized the resulting expression and eventually dropped the temporal derivative term. Fourier transforming in ${\bi z}$ and defining
\[\hat{C} \equiv \hat{C}({\bi r},{\bi q})=\int\rme^{\rmi{\bi q}\cdot{\bi z}}C({\bi r},{\bi z})\rmd{\bi z}\;,\]
\[\hat{F} \equiv \hat{F}({\bi r},{\bi q})=\int\rme^{\rmi{\bi q}\cdot{\bi z}}F({\bi r},{\bi z})\rmd{\bi z}\;,\]
we obtain, in the limit $\kappa \to 0$, the corresponding equation for $\hat{C}$:
\[d_{\alpha\beta}({\bi r})\frac{\partial^2\hat{C}}{\partial r_{\alpha}\partial r_{\beta}}-
\frac{1}{4}[D_{\alpha\beta}({\bi r})+D_{\alpha\beta}({\bf 0})]\,q_{\alpha}q_{\beta}\hat{C}
+\hat{F}({\bi r},{\bi q})=0\;.\]
At small separations $r \ll L_v$, since $D_1 \sim D_0L_v^{-\xi}$, $d_{\alpha\beta}({\bi r}) \sim D_0(r/L_v)^{\xi}$ is negligible with respect to $D_0$ and $D_{\alpha\beta} \simeq D_0\delta_{\alpha\beta}$. In the limit $r \ll L_v$ we can thus consider the simpler equation
\[d_{\alpha\beta}({\bi r})\frac{\partial^2\hat{C}}{\partial r_{\alpha}\partial r_{\beta}}-
\frac{1}{2}D_0q^2\hat{C}+\hat{F}({\bi r},{\bi q})=0\;.\]
Generally, all the anisotropic (in the separation $r$) components of $\hat{F}({\bi r},{\bi q})$ may induce effects that are not globally invariant under rotations. It is thus better to consider the following decomposition \cite{ARAD}:
\[\hat{C}({\bi r},{\bi q})=\sum_{l,m}\hat{C}_{l,m}(r,{\bi q})Y_{l,m}(\Omega)\;,\]
\[\hat{F}({\bi r},{\bi q})=\sum_{l,m}\hat{F}_{l,m}(r,{\bi q})Y_{l,m}(\Omega)\;,\]
with $\Omega$ denoting the solid angle associated with ${\bi r}$, and study the behaviour of the correlation function at separations $r$ smaller than the forcing correlation length $L$, where $\hat{F}_{l,m}(r,{\bi q}) \simeq \hat{F}_{l,m}(0,{\bi q})$. The equation in each anisotropic sector $(l,m)$ for the correlation function $\hat{C}_{l,m}=\hat{C}_{l,m}(r,{\bi q})$ reads
\begin{equation} \label{eq:1}
\fl r^{-(d-1)}\partial_rr^{d+\xi-1}\partial_r\hat{C}_l-\frac{(d+\xi-1)}{d-1}l(d-2+l)r^{-2}\hat{C}_l-\ell_q^{-(2-\xi)}\hat{C}_l+\phi_{{\bi q},l}=0
\end{equation}
where, because of the degeneration, we have dropped the dependence on the subscript $m$ and where we have introduced a rescaled forcing in the form $\phi_{{\bi q},l}=\hat{F}_l(0,{\bi q})/(d-1)D_1$. A new scale $\ell_q$, associated to the strength of the scalar inhomogeneities, has also been introduced. It measures the separation above which inhomogeneities become important (e.g. it can be derived through a dimensional-analysis balance between the first and the third term in (\ref{eq:1})) and it is defined as
\[\ell_q=\left[\frac{q^2D_0}{2(d-1)D_1}\right]^{-1/(2-\xi)}\;.\]
The Fourier scale $q^{-1}$ of the forcing inhomogeneities can be larger or of the same order of $L$. In the latter case we have $\ell_q/L \sim (L/L_v)^{\xi/(2-\xi)} \ll 1$ and the lengthscale $\ell_q$ lies inside the inertial range. The homogeneous case is recovered when $q^{-1} \gg L$ so as to insure $\ell_q/L \gg 1$. An important exception to the previous limitation on $q^{-1}$ is provided, in way of example, by the emission of a tracer from a point source, in which all $q$'s are excited with the same strength. This case is however quite peculiar because $L$ would be infinitesimal and $\ell_q$ would fall in the diffusive range, thus preventing us from taking the limit $\kappa \to 0$. In what follows we will always consider $\kappa \to 0$ and $L_v \to \infty$.
\subsection{General solution}
It is easy to verify that the general solution of (\ref{eq:1}), as a function of $r$ and $\ell_q$, is
\begin{equation} \label{eq:2}
\hat{C}_{l}(r;\ell_q)=\hat{C}_{l;{\rm part}}(r;\ell_q) +r^{-(d+\xi-2)/2}\left[B_1K_{\nu_l}(w)+B_2I_{\nu_l}(w)\right]\;,
\end{equation}
where $w=2(2-\xi)^{-1}(r/\ell_q)^{(2-\xi)/2}$ and $\nu_l=[(d+\xi-2)^2+4(d+\xi-1)l(d-2+l)/(d-1)]^{1/2}/(2-\xi)$. The constants $B_1$,$B_2$ are fixed by the boundary conditions and $K$,$I$ represent the Bessel functions \cite{GRAD} of complex argument whose behaviours for small arguments are $K_{\nu_l}(w) \sim w^{-\nu_l}$ and $I_{\nu_l}(w) \sim w^{\nu_l}$. The particular solution $\hat{C}_{l;{\rm part}}(r;\ell_q)$ of (\ref{eq:1}) can be found, for instance, exploiting the method of variation of constants \cite{couhil} which leads to
\[\fl\hat{C}_{l;{\rm part}}(r;\ell_q)=\phi_{{\bi q},l}Ar^{(2-d-\xi)/2}\left[K_{\nu_l}(w)\int_0^w\rho^{\nu_0+1}I_{\nu_l}(\rho)\rmd\rho+I_{\nu_l}(w)\int_w^{\infty}\rho^{\nu_0+1}K_{\nu_l}(\rho)\rmd\rho\right]\;,\]
where $A=\ell_q^{(2+d-\xi)/2}((2-\xi)/2)^{\nu_0}$ and $\nu_0=(d+\xi-2)/(2-\xi)$. Regularity at $r=0$ imposes $B_1=0$ since $K_{\nu_l}(w) \sim w^{-\nu_l}$, while the term with $B_2$ is regular as $r \to 0$ since $I_{\nu_l}(w) \sim w^{\nu_l}$.\\
An exact solution can also be found for the values $r \gg L$. Indeed, in this case, we have $\hat{F}_l(r,{\bi q}) \simeq 0$, as the forcing correlation rapidly decreases for separations much greater than $L$, and an unforced equation arises:
\begin{equation} \label{eq:5}
r^{-(d-1)}\partial_rr^{d+\xi-1}\partial_r\hat{C}_l-\frac{(d+\xi-1)}{d-1}l(d-2+l)r^{-2}\hat{C}_l-\ell_q^{-(2-\xi)}\hat{C}_l=0\;.
\end{equation}
The solution of (\ref{eq:5}) reduces to the zero mode,
\begin{equation} \label{eq:6}
\hat{C}_l(r;\ell_q)=r^{-(d+\xi-2)/2}\left[B_3K_{\nu_l}(w)+B_4I_{\nu_l}(w)\right]\;,
\end{equation}
where regularity at $\infty$ imposes $B_4=0$ as $I_{\nu_{l}}(w) \sim w^{-1/2}\rme^w$ for $r \to \infty$, while the term with $B_3$ is regular because $K_{\nu_{l}}(w) \sim w^{-1/2}\rme^{-w}$ for $r \to \infty$.\\
The correlation of a passive scalar field in the presence of inhomogeneous fluctuations, whose characteristic length is $\ell_q$, can be thus computed in the limits of small ($r \ll L$) and large ($r \gg L$) separations with respect to the integral scalar scale $L$. We find a dependence on some unknown constants ($B_2$,$B_3$) that can be fixed upon boundary conditions. To provide a clear and instructive example we can assume a forcing whose correlation function is a step function in $r$, i.e. $\hat{F}_l(r,{\bi q})=\hat{F}_l({\bi q})\Theta(L-r)$. In this case we can perform an exact matching in $r=L$ comparing the limits ($r \to L^-$, $r \to L^+$) of both $\hat{C}_l$ and $\hat{C}'_l$ (prime means derivative with respect to the variable $r$) deriving from the two expressions (\ref{eq:2}) and (\ref{eq:6}) (see Appendix). The final result is
\begin{equation} \label{eq:8}
\fl\hat{C}_l(r;\ell_q)=\cases{
\phi_{{\bi q},l}\ell_q^{2-\xi}w^{-\nu_0}\left[I_{\nu_l}(w)\displaystyle\int_w^W\rho^{\nu_0+1}K_{\nu_l}(\rho)\rmd\rho\right.&\\\ns
\hspace{2.2cm}\left.+K_{\nu_l}(w)\displaystyle\int_0^w\rho^{\nu_0+1}I_{\nu_l}(\rho)\rmd\rho\right]&for $0<r<L$\\
\phi_{{\bi q},l}\ell_q^{2-\xi}w^{-\nu_0}K_{\nu_l}(w)\displaystyle\int_0^W\rho^{\nu_0+1}I_{\nu_l}(\rho)\rmd\rho&for $L<r<\infty$\;.}
\end{equation}
where $W \equiv w|_{r=L}=2(2-\xi)^{-1}(L/\ell_q)^{(2-\xi)/2}$.\\
Once we assume a small-scale description with respect to the integral scale of the velocity field (i.e. $L_v \to \infty$), the general solution thus depends on three fundamental scales $r$, $L$ and $\ell_q$. These scales represent the separation, the forcing correlation scale and the characteristic length of the inhomogeneities, respectively. From the general solution (\ref{eq:8}) it is important to note (see Appendix) that taking the limit $\ell_q \to \infty$ for fixed $L$ and $r$, (\ref{eq:8}) reduces to the well-known solution for the homogeneous case. Indeed, the latter solution satisfies the equation:
\[r^{-(d-1)}\partial_rr^{d+\xi-1}\partial_r\hat{C}_l-\frac{(d+\xi-1)}{d-1}l(d-2+l)r^{-2}\hat{C}_l+\phi_{{\bi q},l}=0\;.\]
Anyway, in a small scale description with respect to the forcing correlation ($r \ll L$), the presence of a finite $\ell_q$ can reduce the range of pure power-law behaviour because of the presence of the Bessel functions in our solution. This scenario is clearly opposite to the one considered in the homogeneous limit where a pure power-law behaviour is found.\\
In order to get a deeper insight about these two different regimes, in the next section we concentrate ourselves on a purely isotropic situation where the forcing correlation function depends only on $q=|{\bi q}|$ and the correlation of the scalar field coincides with its isotropic sector ($l=0$). This is the simplest, physically relevant assumption with a physical meaning that one can consider to obtain a clear and systematic description of the influence of inhomogeneous contributions.
\section{Analysis for the isotropic case}
\label{sec:3}
We focus here on the isotropic sector ($l=0$) for the two-point equal-time scalar correlation function (the notation $\hat{C}$ is used to indicate $\hat{C}_{l=0}$). The technical advantage now is that alternatively to the method of variation of constants, we can choose the particular solution of (\ref{eq:1}) to be a constant, since the second term in (\ref{eq:1}) vanishes for $l=0$ and the coefficient of the function $\hat{C}(r;\ell_q)$ reduces to a constant. We can repeat the same arguments given for the general case to obtain
\begin{equation} \label{eq:12}
\hat{C}(r;\ell_q)=\cases{
\phi_{\bi q}\ell_q^{2-\xi}+A_2r^{-(d+\xi-2)/2}I_\nu(w)&for $0<r<L$\\
A_3r^{-(d+\xi-2)/2}K_\nu(w)&for $L<r<\infty$\;,}
\end{equation}
where $A_2$,$A_3$ are known functions of $L$ and $\ell_q$ (see Appendix). As discussed in the previous section, the presence of the Bessel functions (the fingerpoint of the scalar inhomogeneities) makes it impossible to see a clear power-law behaviour in the inertial range when $\ell_q/L \sim 1$. This is clearly seen by calculating local-slopes (figure 1) of the difference
\[\hat{S}(r;\ell_q) \equiv \hat{C}(0;\ell_q)-\hat{C}{(r;\ell_q)}\;,\]
strictly related to the second-order structure function, where $\hat{C}(r;\ell_q)$ is the general solution (\ref{eq:12}). For a fixed $L$ and $\xi$ (say, $\xi=4/3$, corresponding to the KOC51 scaling \cite{monyag}) we can change the ratio $\ell_q/L$ and examine the local slope behaviours as a function of $r/L$: the homogeneous case (single power-law behaviour in the inertial range) is recovered only when $\ell_q \gg L$, while for $\ell_q$ of the same order of $L$ a coexistence of power laws spoils the pure scaling of the homogeneous case.
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{picture}(450,250)
\put(75,0){\includegraphics{fig.eps}}
\end{picture}
\caption{Local slopes of the correlation function in the inertial range. We plot $\zeta(r)=\frac{\rmd \ln \hat{S} (r;\ell_q)}{\rmd \ln r}$ as a function of $r/L$ for different values of the lenghtscale $\ell_q$. We plot $\ell_q/L=0.1$ ($+$), $\ell_q/L=1$ ($\times$), $\ell_q/L=10$ ($\star$). For comparison, the homogeneous case is also plotted (dotted plot).}
\end{figure}
\\To be more precise, let us focus on the asymptotic properties of (\ref{eq:12}). First of all we can perform the limit $r/\ell_q \to 0$ to obtain
\begin{equation} \label{eq:13}
\hat{C}(r;\ell_q) \approx \hat{C}_{\rm hom}(r;\ell_q) \equiv \cases{
a(\ell_q)+b_2(\ell_q)r^{2-\xi}&for $0<r<L$\\
b_3(\ell_q)r^{2-d-\xi}&for $L<r<\infty$\;,}
\end{equation}
where $a(\ell_q),b_2(\ell_q),b_3(\ell_q)$ can be obtained from the expansion of Bessel functions. In the limit $L \ll \ell_q$, $a$, $b_2$ and $b_3$ reduce to the well-known coefficients of the homogeneous isotropic case $\alpha$,$\beta_2$,$\beta_3$ (see Appendix).\\
In the opposite situation ($\ell_q \ll L$) the function $\hat{C}(r;\ell_q)$ approximates the step function ${\cal C}\Theta(L-r)$, where ${\cal C} \simeq \phi_{\bi q}\ell_q^{2-\xi}$. Thus, if $\phi_{\bi q}=F_0$ is a constant (we shall call it ``forcing of the first kind''), the plot of $\hat{C}(r;\ell_q)$ collapses on the axis of the abscissas when $\ell_q \to 0$. On the contrary, if one wanted to keep ${\cal C}$ finite, a scaling $\phi_{\bi q}=F_0\ell_q^{-(2-\xi)} \propto q^2$ could be assumed: the collapse would now take place for $\ell_q \to \infty$. This simply tells us that some kinds of forcing are not allowed (e.g. we also rule out $\phi_{\bi q}$'s giving unbounded ${\cal C}$'s or $a$'s, as for example $\phi_{\bi q} \sim \ell_q^{\gamma}$ with $\gamma>0$ or $<-(2-\xi)$). The finiteness of both $a$ and ${\cal C}$ may thus be guaranteed assuming e.g. $\phi_{\bi q}=F_{\ell}\ell_q^{-(2-\xi)}+F_LL^{-(2-\xi)}$ (``forcing of the second kind''), with $F_{\ell},F_L$ constants. Of course there would be infinite kinds of allowed forcing, but we will focus on these two because of their physical relevance. In what follows we will consider forcings of the first kind with $F_0=1$ and forcings of the second kind with $F_{\ell}=F_L=1$. The value chosen for $\xi$ is its Kolmogorov value $\xi=4/3$ and we will focus on the three-dimensional case ($d=3$).
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{picture}(450,250)
\put(60,0){\includegraphics{coeff.eps}}
\put(20,225){$a(\ell_q)/\alpha$}
\put(40,210){\&}
\put(20,195){$b_2(\ell_q)/\beta_2$}
\put(420,10){$\ell_q/L$}
\end{picture}
\caption{Ratios between ``actual'' (functions of $\ell_q$) and ``homogeneous'' (limit values for $\ell_q \to \infty$) coefficients: dashed lines represent $a(\ell_q)/\alpha$, solid ones $b_2(\ell_q)/\beta$. Thin lines are related to the forcing of the first kind and thick lines are related to the forcing of the second kind.}
\end{figure}
\\Figure 2 represents the ratios of the additive and multiplicative coefficients given by $a(\ell_q)$ and $b_2(\ell_q)$ to the corresponding homogeneous ones $\alpha$ and $\beta_2$, as functions of $\ell_q/L$, for both kinds of forcing. The ``actual'' values attain the ``homogeneous'' ones only for large $\ell_q$'s.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{picture}(450,250)
\put(60,0){\includegraphics{graf.eps}}
\put(35,225){$\hat{S}(r;\ell_q)$}
\put(50,210){\&}
\put(30,195){$b_2(\ell_q)r^{2-\xi}$}
\put(420,10){$r/L$}
\end{picture}
\caption{Plots of $\hat{S}(r;\ell_q)=\hat{C}(0;\ell_q)-\hat{C}(r;\ell_q)$ and of the respective power-law approximations (dashed lines) for $\ell_q/L=10^2$ and forcing of the first kind (upper plot) and $=10^{-2}$ and both kind of forcings (lower plots). Thin lines are related to the forcing of the first kind and thick lines are related to the forcing of the second kind.}
\end{figure}
\\In figure 3 we show the plots of the difference $\hat{C}(0;\ell_q)-\hat{C}(r;\ell_q)$, together with the respective power-law approximations, for two different values of $\ell_q/L$, $10^2$ and $10^{-2}$: in the former case the two kinds of forcing substantially give the same result (only the first kind is thus represented) and the agreement is perfect all over the inertial range, while in the latter the separation takes place for $r<\ell_q$ for both kinds of forcing. One should also notice that by decreasing $\ell_q$, besides the slower convergence to power-law behaviour (as remarked in figure 1), the value $\hat{C}(L;\ell_q)$ tends to decrease with the ``first'' kind of forcing and to increase with the ``second'' kind.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{picture}(450,250)
\put(60,0){\includegraphics{min.eps}}
\put(20,225){$\Delta\hat{C}(r_L;\ell_q)$}
\put(420,10){$\ell_q/L$}
\end{picture}
\caption{Difference between approximated (power-law behaviour with ``actual'' coefficients $a(\ell_q)$ and $b_2(\ell_q)$) and actual expressions of $\hat{C}(r)$ for $r={\rm golden\ section\ of\ }L$. The thin line is related to the forcing of the first kind while the thick one to the forcing of the second kind.}
\end{figure}
\\Figure 4 shows
\[\Delta\hat{C}(r_L;\ell_q) \equiv \hat{C}_{\rm hom}(r_L;\ell_q)-\hat{C}(r_L;\ell_q)\;,\]
i.e. the difference between the approximated and the actual expressions of $\hat{C}(r;\ell_q)$ as functions of $\ell_q/L$, calculated for $r=r_L$ lying in the inertial range (in this case $r_L$ has been chosen as the golden section of $L$ , but similar plots exist $\forall r<L$). The presence of a maximum is quite intuitive for the first kind of forcing, as both expressions vanish for infinitesimal $\ell_q$, but is remarkable for the second kind, which means that the ``error'' of the approximation becomes negligible not only for large but also for small $\ell_q$'s.\\
The previous discussion has been carried out in the pseudo-Fourier space $({\bi r},{\bi q})$, but the final results must be expressed in the physical space $({\bi r},{\bi z})$ and a superposition is then needed. It is thus useful to analyze some instructive cases of superpositions.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{picture}(450,250)
\put(60,0){\includegraphics{ant.eps}}
\put(15,225){$\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^2\hat{S}(r;\ell_{q_i})$}
\put(40,205){\&}
\put(5,185){$\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^2b_2(\ell_{q_i})r^{2-\xi}$}
\put(420,10){$r/L$}
\end{picture}
\caption{Plots of the superpositions of two $\hat{C}(0;\ell_q)-\hat{C}(r;\ell_q)$ and of the respective power-law approximations (dashed lines) for $\ell_{q_1}/L=10^3$ and $\ell_{q_2}/L=1$ (upper two plots) or $=10^{-3}$ (lower two plots). Thin lines are related to the forcing of the first kind and thick lines are related to the forcing of the second kind.}
\end{figure}
\\Figure 5 represents the simplest case of superposition, i.e. the excitation of two $q$'s, e.g. $q_1$ and $q_2$, with constant or $\ell_q$-dependent amplitude. In particular the upper two plots are the (weighted) sum of the modes $\ell_{q_1}/L=10^3$ and $\ell_{q_2}/L=1$ and show very similar behaviours between each other (departure from the $r^{2-\xi}$ straight line at $r$'s about one order of magnitude smaller than the smaller $\ell_q$), while in the lower two $\ell_{q_1}$ is kept fixed but $\ell_{q_2}$ is reduced to $10^{-3}L$. In the former case since the correlation function collapses towards the step function in the limit $\ell_q \to 0 $, the structure function does not ``feel'' the smallest $\ell_q$ in the inertial range. Obviously the restoration of the correct power-law behaviour depends on the degree of convergence of $\hat{C}(r;\ell_q)$ towards the step function (in this case the first kind of forcing converges more rapidly than the second one).
More realistic cases are connected to the excitation of a finite set of discrete modes: in this case the correctness of the power-law approximation is guaranteed (at least) for $r$'s sufficiently smaller than the minimum $\ell_q$. On the contrary, if the forcing has a continuum spectrum, one has to compute the continuum Fourier antitransformed ($\int\rmd^dq\,\rme^{\rmi{\bi q}\cdot{\bi z}} \sim \int\rmd\ell_q\,\ell_q^{-(4-\xi)/2}\ell_q^{-(d-2)(2-\xi)/2}$) which is well defined for the forcings we have considered.
\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:4}
The properties of the two-point equal-time correlation function for the Kraichnan model of advection have been studied in presence of anisotropies and inhomogeneities. The system can be described by the following three different scales: the separation ($r$), the forcing correlation length ($L$) and, finally, the lengthscale of the inhomogeneities ($\ell_q$). The model can be treated analytically and the properties of both small scales and large scales can be related to the typical lengthscale $\ell_q$. This offers the possibility to analyze the breaking of translationally invariant properties by means of an external forcing term and to check if the small scale statistics can be regarded as universal in the sense that it does not depend on the details of the inhomogeneous contribution. This somehow universal property is strictly connected to the restoration of a homogeneous limit in an inhomogeneous situation for scales smaller that the typical inhomogeneous one. The homogeneous limit ($r \ll \ell_q$, $L \ll \ell_q $) has been studied and it has been shown how the solution reproduces exactly the one that can be obtained starting from homogeneous equations. On the other side, the homogeneous power-law behaviour is completely spoiled when $\ell_q$ is of the order of the separation $r$ and it can be seen as a ``beating'' of different power laws originating from the scalar inhomogeneities.\\
Summarizing, a pure power-law behaviour exists $\forall\ell_q$ going at sufficiently small $r$'s and this is a clear indication of the fact that the statistical description can be seen as the same of the homogeneous case but with a reduced range of pure scaling law behaviour. When we pass to the physical space, and if more inhomogeneous modes are excited, the restoration of an inertial range is guaranteed if the excitation takes place only at large scales or at large scales together with very small scales ($\ell_q \to 0$). The calculations are carried out with the overall exception for those $\ell_q$'s falling in the diffusive range: these have been excluded from our analysis.
\ack
We thank L. Biferale, A. Celani and A. Mazzino for useful discussions and suggestions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Hematopoiesis is the process of formation, development, and differentiation of blood cells. Before birth, in the embryo and fetus, it takes place in the liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and bone marrow; from birth throughout the rest of life it occurs mainly in the bone marrow, though also, but in a lesser extent, in lymph nodes, spleen and liver (outside the bone marrow).
All types of blood cells are derived from primitive cells (stem cells) that have the potential to become in any kind of blood cell: red blood cells (also called erythrocytes), white blood cells (also called leukocytes), or platelets. Red blood cells live about 120 days, platelets six days and white blood cells less than a day. All types of blood cells have important roles: red blood cells deliver oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and organs, white blood cells fight infection and are part of the body's defense system, and platelets help blood to clot in wounds. So, the self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow are essential to replenish all blood cell types.
This process is influenced by diet: a fish-oil rich diet promotes hematopoiesis in the bone marrow and spleen.


text:
Press Releases /
Emergency at Venezuelan Embassy, D.C.: Activists Demand Electricity and Water Be Turned Back On — Press Conference 1pm Today
Emergency at Venezuelan Embassy, D.C.: Activists Demand Electricity and Water Be Turned Back On — Press Conference 1pm Today, May 9
Media Advisory: May 9, 2019
Contact: Ariel Gold, 510-559-5330 | Medea Benjamin 415-235-6517
Washington D.C, 1pm today, May 9 — Press Conference at the Venezuela Embassy, 1099 30th street NW, Washington, D.C.
Last night, the Potomac Electric Power Company (PEPCO), assisted by the U.S. Secret Service, cut off electricity to the activists lawfully residing inside the Venezuelan Embassy in Washington, D.C, creating a dangerous emergency situation. This was done despite utility bills being fully paid by the owners of the building, which is the legitimate government of Venezuela, and despite the fact that the activists inside are invited guests of the Venezuelan government.
Activists have been residing inside the Venezuelan Embassy since mid-April to protect it from takeover by opposition forces as part of the U.S. orchestrated coup. Organized by CODEPINK, Answer Coalition, and Popular Resistance, they formed the Embassy Protection Collective. They are demanding that the electricity and water be turned back on, and that food and medicines be allowed inside.
Since May 1, the building — with the activists inside — has been besieged by a violent mob of Guaidó supporters, who have been preventing food, medicine, and supplies from entering with support from the U.S. Secret Service. the Secret Service and D.C. police are refusing to make arrests or ensure safety when peaceful activists outside the building are verbally and physically assaulted by the Guaidó supporters, or when they try to deliver food into the people inside.
At 1pm today the activists outside and inside the building will hold a press conference to address the situation and demand that U.S. authorities turn utilities back on. Cutting off water and electricity — with utility bills paid in full — is illegal and immoral.
CODEPINK is appalled at the administration's violations of human rights — denying access to food, water, and electricity, allowing violent physical assaults to take place — and the administration's violation of the Vienna Conventions on Diplomatic Relations, which stipulate that diplomatic premises are inviolable. Maduro is the UN-recognized president, not Guaidó. Guaidó representatives have no right to the embassy. They cannot provide any diplomatic or consular services because they have no power inside Venezuela.
The Embassy Protection Collective calls on the Trump administration to either return the Embassy back into the hands of the elected Maduro government or to turn it over to a third country as a protectorate.
"It is totally ILLEGAL and dangerous for the U.S. cut off water and electricity, deny access to food, to those of us residing lawfully inside the embassy building as guests of the Venezuelan government. It would also be Contact:illegal and dangerous to hand over the keys of the embassy to an unelected opposition," said CODEPINK Paki Weiland. "I believe in peace and the rule of law, and we are the legal tenants of this Embassy with permission from the Venezuelan government. There is no reason why the U.S. administration and police presence should be assisting the opposition's attempts to starve us out of the building."
"The violence and denial of access to food and water taking place at the Venezuelan Embassy in D.C. is a microcosm of the what is taking place in Venezuela as the U.S. continues to try and orchestrate a coup," said co-founder of CODEPINK Medea Benjamin. "It is dangerous and appalling. The U.S. administration must immediately turn water and electricity back on, allow food into the building, and protect activists outside from being physically assaulted."
Don Lockman commented 2019-05-11 09:03:48 -0400
The Guaido-supporters are thugs, liars and criminals.
Joshua Kiss commented 2019-05-10 16:56:10 -0400
Maria S Calef commented 2019-05-09 18:21:13 -0400
The barbarian Trump administration following his hawkish and warmongers is adopting gross and dangerous precedent about violating international law Vienna Convention 1961, article 22 and article 45 that declare inviolable the embassy. You can't evict the people from the building because they are not tenants there. The legal owners of the embassy of Venezuela belong to the government of Maduro. Also there are peaceful Americans who are opposing wars and military intervention. So USA government need to respect the Vienna Convention of 1961.
William Thomas commented 2019-05-09 13:04:16 -0400
This is no "joke" as the US has entered the first phase of fascism with the DC police and Secret Service attacking peaceful, nonviolent people and protecting the anti-Maduro thugs who are preventing brave citizens from bringing food into the embassy.
@codepink tweeted this page. 2019-05-09 09:41:36 -0400
Emergency at Venezuelan Embassy, D.C.: Activists Demand Electricity and Water Be Turned Back On — Press Conference 1pm Today, May 9 https://www.codepink.org/embassyutilities_pressrelease?recruiter_id=686775


text:
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Members of the Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America delegation that traveled to Ferguson, Mo. Four were arrested in a civil disobedience demonstration. (Photo: Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America Facebook page)
By Staff / Baptist Standard
Four of the 57 people arrested Aug. 10 in a peaceful protest outside a federal courthouse in St. Louis were part of an eight-member Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America delegation in Ferguson, Mo., there to observe the one-year anniversary of the Aug. 9, 2014, police shooting of 18-year-old Michael Brown. U.S. Attorney Richard Callahan issued a statement saying the arrests were for "obstructing the normal use" of entrances to the Thomas Eagleton Federal Courthouse. They occurred during an "otherwise peaceful and nonviolent" march by about 200 protestors through downtown St. Louis in a day of civil disobedience dubbed "Moral Monday." BPFNA Executive Director LeDayne McLeese Polaski identified the four arrested delegation members as Martha Kearse, associate minister at St. John's Baptist Church in Charlotte, N.C.; Tremaine Sails-Dunbar, a senior at American Baptist College in Nashville, Tenn.; Barbara Smalley-McMahan, a pastoral counselor and American Baptist minister active in previous Moral Monday protests in North Carolina; and Alexis Tardy, a recent graduate of Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis and former intern in the office of Congressman André Carson, D-Ind.
Opponents of gay rights ordinance rally in Arkansas Baptist church. More than 200 people gathered Aug. 11 in a Southern Baptist church in Fayetteville, Ark., to rally against a proposed civil rights ordinance opponents say poses a threat to religious liberty. The rally at University Baptist Church featured Aaron and Melissa Klein, owners of an Oregon bakery fined $135,000 for discrimination after refusing to bake a cake for a lesbian wedding. Protect Fayetteville, the group that organized the rally, says Ordinance 5781, up for voter approval in a special election Sept. 8, could result in similar action against people of conscience who own businesses in northwest Arkansas. In June, the Fayetteville City Council voted 6-2 to pass on to voters an ordinance extending protection in existing anti-discrimination laws to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender citizens and visitors. Critics say the Uniform Civil Rights Protection Ordinance largely rehashes an earlier civil rights ordinance approved last year by aldermen but later repealed by voters 52 percent to 48 percent. While the ordinance exempts churches and religious organizations, opponents say it could force Christians who live and work outside of the church or religious organizations to do things contrary to their faith or suffer fines.
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text:
(littéralement « les courtiers de l'ombre ») est un groupe de hackers connu pour avoir dévoilé en 2016 des outils d'espionnages, entre autres, de l', une unité de hackers liée à la  (NSA).

Chronologie
Le , , inconnu jusqu'alors, met en libre téléchargement une série de programmes d'espionnage et de piratage informatique, qu'il prétend avoir dérobé à l', une unité de hacker d'élite qui agirait depuis au moins les années 2000 pour le compte de la NSA, l'agence de renseignement américaine chargée de la surveillance et l'espionnage sur Internet, entre autres. Le collectif publie ces données sur Tumblr, GitHub et Pastebin (trois réseaux sociaux et forums très populaires) et médiatise l'ensemble via son compte Twitter (@shadowbrokerss) avec une série de Tweets s'adressant à de grands journaux et chaines de télévision américains. Dans le message accompagnant les cyberarmes, le groupe déclare qu'il s'agit seulement d'une partie des programmes qu'elle possède et que « les meilleures armes informatiques » sont mises aux enchères pour un million de Bitcoins, soit  de dollars.

Le , le compte GitHub de The Shadow Brokers est fermé. Le jour suivant, c'est le compte Tumblr qui se voit supprimé. La même chose arrive peu de temps après au compte Pastebin.

Le , la société de sécurité informatique russe Kaspersky Lab, qui a déjà travaillé sur l', annonce avoir comparé les fichiers fournis par The Shadow Brokers avec les programmes des hackers présumés de la NSA qu'elle possède et en conclut qu'ils « partagent des caractéristiques précises et rares », dont la falsification est « hautement improbable ».

Le , le site The Intercept, spécialisé dans la publication d'enquêtes sur la surveillance globale par les États-Unis et les révélations d'Edward Snowden, confirme l'authenticité des fichiers : des mentions des outils publiés par The Shadow Brokers figurent dans les documents que l'ancien employé de la NSA et lanceur d'alerte Edward Snowden avait dévoilés en 2013, et dont le site détient une copie.

Le  octobre, le compte Twitter de The Shadow Brokers, qui n'avait pas donné signe d'activité depuis le , se remet à tweeter avec un lien menant à un nouveau message publié sur les forums Reddit et la plate-forme de blog Medium dans lequel le collectif répond à des questions, notamment sur le fonctionnement des enchères de cyberarmes. Cependant, aucune allusion n'est faite à Harold T. Martin, un employé d'un sous-traitant de la NSA accusé d'avoir volé un nombre considérable de données, ni aux hypothèses qui en font la source de The Shadow Brokers.

Le , toujours par le biais de Twitter, le groupe annonce un nouveau message, publié sur Pastebin, Reddit et Medium, dans lequel il informe que les enchères sont terminées mais que si le montant de  était atteint (soit  de dollars), il mettrait en libre téléchargement les cyberarmes. Le message est accompagné d'un dialogue parodique entre l'ancien président des États-Unis Bill Clinton et la secrétaire à la Justice et procureure générale américaine de l'administration Obama Loretta Lynch, nommé « Bill Clinton and Lorreta Lynch Arizona Airplane Conversation ». La conversation fait référence à la rencontre, imprévue selon les protagonistes, de l'époux de la candidate démocrate à la présidence des États-Unis, Hillary Clinton, et de la ministre de la Justice le  à l'aéroport de Phoenix, en Arizona.

Le , The Shadow Brokers prévient par Twitter la publication, sur Medium et Reddit, de nouvelles informations sur la NSA dans un message intitulé « Trick or Treat? » (formule utilisée pour obtenir des friandises lors d'Halloween signifiant « Des friandises ou un sort ? »). Après avoir fait un discours portant sur les élections présidentielles de 2016 aux États-Unis, le pouvoir d'achat, la guerre numérique et la lutte des classes, The Shadow Brokers a donné accès à une archive. La série de données publiées renferme plusieurs centaines de nom de domaines et adresses IP, localisés partout dans le monde, qui auraient été piratés par la NSA.

Le , The Shadow Brokers publie sous l'alias Boceffus Cleetus un article sur Médium intitulé . Cet alias, qui possède un compte Twitter (@cleetusbocefus) et se réclame du fascisme, donne un lien menant à un site de la plateforme en ligne décentralisée ZeroNet et laisse entendre que les fuites de données sont liées à des querelles inter-agences entre la CIA et la NSA. Le site en question propose une liste de cyberarmes à vendre, avec la possibilité d'acheter le package entier pour  (). Le site offre aux visiteurs de télécharger des fichiers liés à chaque service en vente, ces derniers étant signé avec la clé PGP correspondant à l'empreinte des Shadow Brokers.

Le , The Shadow Brokers répond à la demande d'interview que le site Motherboard lui avait envoyé depuis août par un court message :

Le , The Shadow Brokers annonce sur leur site ZeroNet l'arrêt de leur activité, expliquant qu'elle devient trop risquée et qu'elle n'est pas assez lucrative tout en précisant que son offre reste valable. Selon les données de l'explorateur de blocs Bitcoin, Blockchain Info, le groupe de hackers n'a reçu qu'un peu plus de 10 Bitcoins, répartis dans 72 transactions. Cependant,  le groupe a mis en ligne une archive de 61 fichiers renfermant non pas des outils de hacking mais des implants. Selon l'analyse du chercheur en cybersécurité Matt Suiche, l'archive est ancienne et présente peu d'intérêt car déjà détectés par l'antivirus de Kaspersky Lab.

Le , les Shadow Brokers, se disant déçus de la politique du président des États-Unis récemment élu Donald Trump (notamment de la frappe américaine contre la Syrie à la suite du massacre de Khan Cheikhoun du 4 avril 2017), réapparaissent en publiant un billet de blog sur Medium, dans lequel ils clarifient notamment leur position vis-à-vis de la Russie, disant ne pas avoir de sympathie particulière pour le président Vladimir Poutine mais que le nationalisme du dirigeant russe leur apparaît comme un atout contre le socialisme et le mondialisme, qu'ils considèrent comme leurs ennemis. Leur tribune s'achève sur un accès à une archive contenant, entre autres, une liste de 900 serveurs appartenant à des entreprises et des universités, que la NSA aurait piraté pour s'en servir de leurre lorsqu'ils lancent des cyberattaques, ainsi que des documents indiquant que le service de messagerie CaraMail a été détourné par l'agence américaine dès 2001. Selon le chercheur en cybersécurité Matthew Hickey de la société My Hacker House, ces révélations attestent du haut niveau de compromission des serveurs Solaris par la NSA.

Le , le groupe de pirates dévoile une nouvelle série d'outils dérobés à la NSA. La première partie de l'archive renferme des outils dédiés à l'espionnage du réseau interbancaire SWIFT. Cette révélation intervient quelques mois après le cyber-braquage de la banque centrale du Bangladesh via le réseau SWIFT, réalisé par le groupe de hackers nord-coréen Lazarus d'après les chercheurs en cybersécurité de Symantec. La seconde partie de l'archive contient des exploits relatifs à Windows et Windows Server. Le même jour, Microsoft déclare avoir corrigé les failles utilisées par ces exploits, pour certains depuis plusieurs années et pour d'autres plus récemment, comme la faille EternalBlue, patchée un mois avant la révélation de l'archive.

Identité de
L'origine, les motivations floues et le contexte particulier dans lequel The Shadow Brokers a fait ses révélations (piratage du Parti Démocrate lors de l'élection présidentielle et publications de WikiLeaks sur les services secrets) tendent à montrer que le groupe recèle un pouvoir de déstabilisation majeur, comme en attestent les crises liées aux cyberattaques NotPetya et WannaCry.

Le nom du collectif est une référence à un personnage de la série de jeux vidéo Mass Effect. Il s'agit, dans cet univers de science fiction, d'un être extraterrestre à la tête d'une vaste organisation qui négocie des informations, en vendant toujours au plus offrant. Début 2017, l'identité du hacker ou des membres du groupe de hackers est toujours inconnue même si des hypothèses circulent. Ainsi, le lanceur d'alerte et ancien employé de la NSA Edward Snowden défend et explique dans une série de tweets l'hypothèse que la Russie serait derrière The Shadow Brokers.

Témoignant anonymement auprès du site Motherboard, d'anciens agents de la NSA ont déclaré que, selon eux, l'hypothèse la plus probable serait celle d' car ce serait bien plus simple pour un employé de voler ces données (à la manière de Snowden en 2013) que pour une personne extérieure de les obtenir, principalement parce que certains fichiers contenus dans la première publication de The Shadow Brokers , parce que stockés sur une machine physiquement isolée du réseau (mesure de sécurité dite de l'air gap). Ils réfutent à  l'idée que la Russie serait derrière cette fuite de données.

L'anglais approximatif à la grammaire souvent erronée qui caractérise les messages de The Shadow Brokers a suscité l'intérêt du directeur du programme de master en sciences de données à l'Illinois Institute of Technology, Shlomo Argamon, qui, d'après ses analyses linguistiques, a conclu que l'auteur de ces messages (à supposer qu'il n'y en ait qu'un seul) serait probablement un anglophone cherchant à se faire passer pour quelqu'un qui n'a pas l'anglais pour langue maternelle, logiquement pour essayer de brouiller les pistes en attirant l'attention des enquêteurs vers la Russie.

Le , le ministère américain de la justice annonce l'arrestation de , soupçonné d'avoir volé des données classées « top secret » alors qu'il travaillait pour un sous-traitant de la NSA, Booz Allen Hamilton. Plusieurs experts émettent l'hypothèse d'un lien entre Harold Martin et The Shadow Brokers.

Le , les procureurs chargés de l'affaire expliquent dans un document officiel que ce sont l'équivalent de  de données et des milliers de pages de documents, dont certains marqués « Secret » ou « Top Secret », qui ont été saisis au domicile de Harold T. Martin.

Le , le groupe répond à la demande d'interview du site Motherboard par un court message démentant les accusations faisant de Hal Martin la source des hackers.

L'analyse des fichiers téléchargeables liés à chaque service en vente sur le site ZeroNet de The Shadow Brokers par les chercheurs en cybersécurité de la société Flashpoint les a menés à la conclusion que ces derniers provenaient très certainement d'un entrepôt de données interne à la NSA et que c'est probablement un employé ou un sous-traitant qui y a eu accès. De plus, ils réfutent l'hypothèse selon laquelle The Shadow Brokers aurait détourné un des serveurs de la NSA, arguant qu'il ne serait pas logique que l'agence américaine laisse son arsenal sur un appareil vulnérable.

Analyse des outils publiés
Un exploit est une vulnérabilité qui permet à l'attaquant de compromettre un système informatique, d'extraire des données, ou de déployer un implant/outil. Pour sa part, un implant désigne un logiciel malveillant qui est installé sur un dispositif compromis. Enfin, un outil représente un logiciel qui peut déployer plusieurs implants ainsi que des exploits.

Publication du 13 août
Les outils publiés par The Shadow Brokers renferment des ensembles d'implants, exploits et outils pour le piratage des pare-feu, notamment ceux des constructeurs Cisco Systems et Fortinet. Ces derniers ont rapidement mis à disposition des correctifs après avoir annoncé que les fichiers publiés contenaient des vulnérabilités Zero day, c'est-à-dire des failles encore jamais découvertes. Au total, les premiers fichiers mis en ligne par The Shadow Brokers, et dont les plus récents datent de 2013, renferment quinze codes d'exploitation.

L'outil SECONDDATE, qui figurait déjà dans les révélations d'Edward Snowden en 2013, est conçu pour intercepter les requêtes web puis les rediriger vers un serveur web de la NSA, lequel va en retour infecter ces ordinateurs. Cet outil aurait permis d'infecter des millions d'ordinateurs de par le monde, d'après le The Intercept. Se basant sur les documents encore non publiés fournis par Edward Snowden, The Intercept a pu confirmer l'authenticité des fichiers de The Shadow Brokers. Le quotidien évoque une chaîne de caractères servant d'identifiant pour SECONDDATE émanant d'un manuel d'implantation de logiciel malveillant.

L'exploit EGREGIOUSBLUNDER se sert d'une vulnérabilité de type « exécution de code à distance » dans les pare-feu Fortigate de Fortinet, via un dépassement de tampon dans les cookies HTTP.

L'exploit ESCALATEPLOWMAN est un script du langage de programmation Python, conçu pour faire des injections de commandes sur les systèmes vendus par RapidStream, une société rachetée par la compagnie de cybersécurité WatchGuard en 2002. Cet exploit permet à un attaquant de récupérer et d'exécuter un fichier depuis Internet. L'éditeur WatchGuard a précisé que seuls les équipements RapidStream, de leurs spécificités, sont vulnérables à cette attaque.

Publication du 31 octobre
Le premier des trois fichiers publiés ne comporte qu'un message portant sur la prétendue corruption des élections américaines de 2016. Le second, « trickortreat.tar.xz.gpg », est un fichier chiffré GNU Privacy Guard ouvrable avec la clé « payus » fournie par The Shadow Brokers. Ce dernier se compose de deux dossiers nommés PITCHIMPAIR et INTONATION.

Les sous-dossiers, analysés par deux spécialistes en cybersécurité, Jennifer Arcuri et Matthew Hickey, sont chacun identifiés par un nom de domaine et une adresse IP pour un total de 352 adresses IP distinctes 306 noms de domaine qui, selon The Shadow Brokers, auraient été piratés par l'Équation Group pour ensuite servir à lancer des cyberattaques vers les cibles réelles de la NSA.

D'après les dates des fichiers, les serveurs ont été ciblés entre le  et le . Les attaques ont eu lieu dans  dont les plus ciblés se trouvent dans l'Asie-Pacifique. Dans les adresses ciblées figurent neuf domaines .gov et trente-deux domaines .edu.

En France, plusieurs domaines figurant sur la liste appartiennent à l'opérateur Colt. Trois autres sont liés au réseau de l'Université de Genève. Contactée par le journal en ligne Suisse Watson, la société Switch, qui gère le réseau entre les hautes-écoles et les universités suisses (dont celle de Genève), a confirmé l'information. Elle précise avoir constaté que trois serveurs de l'Université de Genève ont été touchés entre 2001 et 2003 mais que deux ne sont plus actifs depuis 2009 et que le troisième n'est pas accessible depuis l'extérieur.

La publication renferme également d'autres données, dont des configurations d'une boîte à outils qui a servi à pirater des serveurs exécutant des systèmes d'exploitation Unix. Plusieurs de ces serveurs compromis fonctionnaient sous Linux, FreeBSD et Solaris, un système d'exploitation populaire dans les années 2000.

Impact des publications
Pour la première fois depuis les révélations d'Edward Snowden en 2013, des exemples concrets de l'étendue de la surveillance globale opérée par la NSA sont dévoilés, donnant un aperçu de ce à quoi ressemblent les systèmes complexes décrits dans les documents de Snowden lorsqu'ils sont déployés dans le monde réel.

La mise en ligne publique de l'exploit EternalBlue par The Shadow Brokers est à l'origine de deux cyberattaques importantes, dont le plus grand piratage à rançon de l'histoire d'Internet, WannaCry, et NotPetya.

Notes et références

Notes de traduction

Références

Articles connexes
 Hacker (sécurité informatique)

Logiciel malveillant
Advanced Persistent Threat
National Security Agency
Groupe ou association de hackers
2016 aux États-Unis
2016 en Europe

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
from django import template
from django.template.defaultfilters import stringfilter

register = template.Library()

@register.filter
@stringfilter
def upc_url(value):
    value = value.replace(' ', '')
    value = value.replace('-', '')
    return "http://www.upcdatabase.com/item.asp?upc=" + value

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Apollo 11 Computer System
By Scott Hamilton
Many people believe the computer systems of the Apollo 11 space craft are ancient and little can be learned from them. I disagree. The computer systems in the Apollo 11 were, in some regards, more advanced than the computers of the 1990s and early 2000s. There are a couple of things that lead me to that conclusion.
The first is that the computer on the both the Lunar module, "Luminary" and the command module, "Comanche" were networked wirelessly via radio frequency and also were in direct communication with the computer at the mission control, "Tranquility." This was in July of 1969. We did not develop robust wireless networking technologies for another nearly three decades with the development of the 802.11 "Wi-Fi" protocols in 1997. Taking this a step further, even wired communication between computers was not standardized until four years later with the release of the 802.3 Ethernet standards. Needless to say the communications for the computing systems were decades ahead of their times.
The second major advancement in computers that was ahead of times was the processor itself. Though the system performed around 1000 times slower than a modern computer, it had some features that were not developed commercially in processors until the early 2000s. Among those features was the capability to run multiple threads. Threads are independent processes that can run at the same time; for example it was capable of tracking the exact location of the spacecraft using computer vision to determine the view angle of particular stars at the same time as it was calculating the firing thrust of the engines to properly align the craft for a safe landing. We did not have true multi-thread processor capabilities in home computers until around 2001 with the release of the first multi-core processor by Intel. You will also notice that I mentioned computer vision in the example. You might be surprised to realize that the computer in Luminary did live-image processing to determine the angle and location of the craft both for the lunar landing and the reentry angle to make it safely back to earth.
The third advanced feature of the computer in the Apollo spacecraft was the ability of the system to "self-heal." During the mission, an unlikely set of circumstances caused the guidance computer to begin throwing alarms. These alarms were caused by the radar system that was tracking the module for recovery in the case of a mission abort. The program started using too much computing power at a critical phase in another thread that was helping to land the craft. The robust design of the system allowed the computer to make the decision to terminate the radar process and focus on landing the craft. Self-healing computer code and systems are still an advanced field of computer science.
I am fascinated by the excellent work done by the team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under the direction of Margaret Hamilton. The code was publicly released in July of 2016 and computer scientist all over the world got to see the human-ness shining through in the very complex code. There was a terrible habit of typing "WTIH" for "WITH" about 20 times in the code comments. The routine names in the code were fascinating and made it easy to picture the imaginations of the young engineers, sparked by being on the spacecraft, as they wrote code segments like "LUNAR_LANDING_GUIDANCE_EQUATIONS" and "BURN_BABY_BURN-MASTER_IGNITION_ROUTINE." There was even apparently a problem in an early version of the code to leave extraneous data in DVTOTAL based on a comment block in the code that stated very clearly, "don't forget to clean out leftover DVTOTAL data when GROUP 4 RESTARTS and then BURN, BABY!" It is difficult to figure out what DVTOTAL is from reading the code, but, very clearly, it is important to clear it before this routine. I am fairly certain that "BURN BABY!" means let's get this rocket into space.