her mother into the house.
"Mother, he's David my friend. He came from the city to see me"
"Really?" the mother turned to David. "Who are your parents?"
"Mr and Mrs Robinson, ma'am" David replied.
a gambit smile to David. "Enjoy your food my son"
"You've been hiding something from me" David broke the silence.
"Can we not talk about it please?"
"That's what u always say"
Udoka opened the food for him in order to stop the conversation.
number again since she refused to collect the phone.
up. Tears had already engulfed her eyes. "What's it?"
u will also go back to your father's land"
Udoka disengaged herself. "What do you mean?"
"Are u surprise? I already know what you refused to tell me"
"My grandmother has told me all. Your mother's name is Rose.."
father's land, our land. Have you hear me?"
Mrs Williams sat in the sittingroom when Udoka walked in.
Already, Monica was sitting opposite her mother.
wanted to say but kept mute.
instructions. I don't want to see you with that boy again"
Udoka and her sister looked at each other.
"I have said it and it must be like that"
"Because he's from Ndiogoro, isn't it?" Udoka queried the mother.
"Shut up!" the mother rebuked her. "How dare you?!"
"What life do you want from me?!" Udoka stood up.
"Chineke!" the mother became amaze.
you want to deprive me of a friendly love too"
"What of motherly love which i give you!"
"Mother, that's not the point!" Udoka shrieked bitterly.
"Udoka, is okay" Monica spoke up.
"You never told me you would be travelling"
"Why did you travel?" Sandra questioned.


There are so many things to love about Summer: swimming in ponds, long warm days, a million flowers blooming, a huge diversity of fresh local fruits and vegetables, gathering around campfires...and most importantly, it's pie season! As we officially shift out of Spring (farewell rhubarb!) and fully into Summer (hello strawberries!), we are able to enjoy the fruits of both seasons. This pie comes together in an ever classic combo that is right on the edge of Spring and Summer. From a permaculture perspective, one of the most important aspects of understanding patterns is that of the 'edge effect'.
"In nature, there are no rigid borders, the edge is more a diffuse region of exchange, an interchange of elements and a net for new information, in the form of nutrients, seeds or cultural exchange. Edges are extremely important. They are the most productive areas in terms of species as well as actual physical production. At the edge of two ecosystems, species from both systems as well as special species adapted to the conditions of the edge are found."
The edge is very important in terms of biodiversity and production of biomass. At the edge, there is an increased cycling of materials and information. There is a possibility for increased synergism, or mutually beneficial relationships between elements of a system. The edge is seen increasing possibilities for creativity, as it is the point for merging, change and new ideas.
Today's pie is right on the edge, allowing for a merging of seasons, enhanced flavors and increased potential for creativity and joy! I hope you enjoy this pie as much as we do, enjoy a slice after dinner while you watch the fireflies, or the fireworks this weekend!
Sift flour, sugar and salt into a large bowl, and whisk to combine.
Wrap and refrigerate until ready to use, at least 30 min.
Trim ends off of rhubarb, and cut into 1/2" pieces, set aside 3 1/2 cups.
For small berries, cut in half. Large berries, cut in quarters.
In a large bowl combine all "filling" ingredients and toss until sugar and spice is dispersed.
Roll out one disc into a 10" x 7" rectangle, 1/4" thick.
Using a ruler to measure, cut out a 9" x 6" rectangle.
From the rectangle, cut 12 strips, 1/2" wide x 9" long.
Gather scraps and roll out to 1/4" thick. Using star cookie cutters, cut as many stars as you can with your scrap dough.
Take one disc out of fridge, and roll into a 12" diameter circle.
Lay the circle into pie pan, with overhang around the edges.
Pinch off the overhang so the dough is even with the pan.
Place stars on top of lattice.
Make an egg wash (one egg and 1t of water whisked together).
Put pie on baking sheet and place in center of oven.
After 20 min, lower heat to 350º and bake for about 1 hour, until filling is bubbling and crust is golden brown.


text:
Northrop, Boeing AEW&C work demonstrates open mission system potential
By Garrett Reim2020-11-10T01:12:00+00:00
Northrop Grumman and Boeing have demonstrated an active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar optmised as an open mission system connecting with an early warning and control system (AEW&C) in recent ground and flight tests.
The unnamed Northrop AESA radar was paired with the unspecified AEW&C system from Boeing aboard a Bombardier CRJ700ER regional jet.
Source: Northrop Grumman
Northrop Grumman flew the open mission system-compliant advanced sensor on its CRJ testbed aircraft
The demonstrations validate that the two systems can "communicate with one another in an open mission system environment", Boeing said on 9 November.
"After integrating with the Boeing mission computing environment, the AESA sensor was instructed to focus on specific targets, capture and manage data, and communicate the information back to the mission computing system, which was displayed in real-time on an operator's workstation," adds Northrop.
Open mission systems are designed to quickly integrate with new hardware or software, allowing customers to inexpensively upgrade their systems using technology from third-party suppliers. The US Air Force has pushed for defence manufacturers to design their products with open mission systems architecture. By moving towards open mission systems, the service hopes to avoid the "vendor lock" that comes with buying proprietary hardware.
Allowing an AESA radar system to be quickly upgraded as new software or hardware come on the market could help the sensor stay relevant against evolving threats, such as new combat aircraft or surface-to-air missiles. In a similar way, the ability to quickly integrate AEW&C systems with new sensors will also keep that platform relevant.
Ultimately, the recent demonstrations will serve as "pathfinders" for future open mission systems products, says Paul Kalafos, vice-president of surveillance and electromagnetic manoeuvre warfare with Northrop.
Cirium fleets data indicates that the aircraft involved in the project, N805X, was operated by Lufthansa CityLine from 2003 to 2015, when it was obtained by Northrop.
Department of the Air Force (USAF)
F-35 gives European air forces an edge over Russia, but coordination is key
The growing number of Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II stealth fighters possessed by European air forces would give the NATO alliance an edge over Russia in high-intensity conflict.
Northrop Grumman APG-83 radar declared operational for National Guard F-16s
The US Air Force has declared that the Northrop Grumman APG-83 scalable agile beam radar has met full operational readiness for use on the Air National Guard's Lockheed Martin F-16s.
Thales launches compact AESA radar
Thales has unveiled the AirMaster C, a new version of its active electronically scanned array (AESA) airborne surveillance radar that combines a smaller footprint with several advances in technology.
More Fixed-Wing
US, Turkish defence officials meet for second round of F-35 discussions
Washington removed the NATO ally from the multi-nation Joint Strike Fighter programme in 2019, following Anakra's acquisition of a Russian air defence system.
USAF launches AI-powered airlift planning competition
The Air Force Research Laboratory digital event invites researchers from around the world to improve the planning of airlift operations using artificial intelligence-driven algorithms.
Key US senator opposes F-16 sale to Turkey, favours F-35s to Greece
Senator Bob Menendez, who chairs the powerful committee on foreign relations – which wields approval authority over arms deals – opposes providing F-16 fighter jets to Ankara, but supports selling F-35s to Greece.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Find a Downtown Victoria Business Now: Browse by Category or Name.
From noodles to gnocchi, high heels to haircuts, cocktails to carpet, Victoria's downtown core is a diverse ecosystem of establishments; search our directory of over 1,500 downtown Victoria Businesses. Find a business you'll love now.
Cedric Steele & Associates Ltd.
Dr. Stephen G. Holland Inc.
Equitex Realty & Property Management Ltd.
F. W. Francis Jewellers Ltd.
First Island Financial Services Ltd.
Jeune Bros. Tent & Awning Ltd.
Jones Co Real Estate Inc.
Michael F. O'Meara & Co.


As Director of Architecture, Adriana Y. Villegas, oversees the technical application of our designs, design development and construction documents. Her implementation of R+A projects and accounts ensure a high quality of service and efficient staff utilization.
Since joining Rodriguez Associates Architects and Planners, in 1998, Ms. Villegas has developed numerous award winning housing, commercial and mix-use projects. Market rate and Affordable housing developments include, Laurel Tree Apartment in Carlsbad, CA., Hillside Village in Poway, CA, Tavera Apartments in Chula Vista, CA and Forrester Square in Santee, CA. Her resume contains leading sustainable projects, such as, Solara Apartment in Poway – first apartment project in California fully powered by the sun and Los Vecinos in Chula Vista – winner of the State of California Governor's Trophy for sustainability. Her expertise has produced numerous Mix-use projects which include Las Brisas Apartments & Commercial Center on Chula Vista's Broadway and Via Roble Shop Keeper Development along North County's South Escondido Boulevard.
Ms. Villegas understands building markets today demand a realistic design that is capable of being constructed in an affordable and timely manner. Each project is approached in a comprehensive professional manner, considering the client's needs, budget and time limitation. With her leadership, our architectural designs is developed utilizing practical and economical methods for project implementation.


text:
Q: Scala, преобразовать Map[String, String] в Map[String, Any] Есть необходимость преобразовать:
Map(
  "a.b.c" -> "abc",
  "a.b.d" -> "abd"
)

в:
Map(
  "a" -> Map(
    "b" -> Map(
      "c"-> "abc",
      "d" -> "abd"
    )
  )
)

Пока что я смог добиться только следующей структуры:
List(Map("a" -> Map("b" -> Map("c" -> "abc"))), Map("a" -> Map("b" -> Map("d" -> "abd"))))

Но как это сплющить идей пока что нет.
UPD:
Немного измененый вариант из ответа который решает мою проблему.
def go(pairs: Map[Array[String], _]): Map[String, _] = {
    if (pairs.exists(_._1.length == 1)) pairs.map(t => t._1.head -> t._2)
    else {
      pairs
        .groupBy(_._1.head.toString)
        .mapValues { grouped =>
          val woGroupedKey = grouped.map { case (key, value) => key.tail -> value }
          go(woGroupedKey)
        }
    }
  }

A: С рекурсией как-то так:
val original = Map("a.b.c" -> "abc", "a.b.d" -> "abd")

def go(pairs: Map[String, _]): Map[String, _] = {
  // если в ключе осталась одна буква - выходим
  if (pairs.exists(_._1.length == 1)) pairs
  else {
    pairs
      // группируем по первой букве
      .groupBy(_._1.head.toString)
      .mapValues { grouped =>
        // раз сгрупировали - уберём первую букву из ключа
        val woGroupedKey = grouped.map { case (key, value) => key.tail -> value }
        // пробуем ещё раз
        go(woGroupedKey)
      }
  }
}

// убираем точки, оставляем буквы
val woDots: Map[String, String] = original
  .map { case (key, value) => key.filter(_.isLetter) -> value }

go(woDots) // Map(a -> Map(b -> Map(c -> abc, d -> abd)))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Performers – Circus and Variety
Socially Distant Entertainment or Digital Entertainment
Shows & Packages
ADT Marketplace
Circus Definitions
Lighting Quick Guide
Aerial Circus Acts
An Aerialist for your next event, production or function.
Trapeze, Silks? What is an Aerial act?
From a Flying Trapeze, to a sultry Aerial Hoop act. Aerial acts are performances where the artist is suspended above the stage or your audience. This style of performance will add a whole new dimension and unique touch to your or event. Acts can be performed on a number of aerial apparatus including steel hoops, ropes, slings and an array of different shapes, making them an easy enough act to mix into any theme or genre. These acts will work in any larger venue and does not have to always be performed on stage. Many events have the aerialist above a dance-floor or over patrons. Acts include: Silks, Rope, Cloudswing and Trapeze. Most Aerial acts require a single point of rigging, other require two or more. For a look at some types of aerial acts, please see our Pinterest Boards or Circus Definitions pages.
What do I need for an Aerial Act?
These types of acts will always require rigging and a qualified rigger to set-up the act. If you would like the apparatus to move up and down as well as the artist, then a rigger will be required to operate a motor or purchase system (A set of counterweight lines). Most single point aerial performances require at least a minimum of 5.5 metres roof clearance from floor to point and at least 3 metres of unobstructed area around the floor of the performance, and surrounding space where the artist will perform from.
Larger set-ups like flying trapeze rigs, tight-wire or swinging based aerials may require more space, hardware and riggers.
When and where should I use them?
These acts are highly sought after for high impact, high visual aesthetic. An Aerial act is a great way to grab attention before the opening of formalities, or just as an award ceremony is about to begin. Aerials are also great to be used to end formalities and or launch a product, a warm-up for a keynote speaker or as a featured piece of entertainment. Also having artists suspended around in your venue is a very unique way to get your patrons attention.
How long does an aerial act run for?
An aerial act normally runs for 4-6 minutes. Sometimes it may be longer but may require the artist or artists to come down for periods of time. Generally, an aerial featured act (not aerial roving) will not exceed more than 10 minutes.
Is Aerial roving a thing?
Yes! Aerial roving is having artists suspended around your venue or function on trapeze, hoops and other aerial apparatus that allow the artist to sit in a comfortable resting position. The artist slowly moves from position to position and is more a character in the space. This is not an act, they do not run a routine and are more a visual aid to assist in the theme of the larger event. Aerial sets within an hour may be 3 x 10 minute sets per hour, allowing the aerialist time to rest in between. Aerial sets normally do not extend beyond 20 minutes per set due to the exhausting nature of being suspended. Some aerial roving also includes aerial pourers, who sit on a trapeze, hoop or harness and pour champagne from the air to your patrons.
Are you interested in having an aerialist artist at your next event or function? Talk to one of our event specialists, click on the button below to get in touch.
If you want to stay in touch, the best places to find inspiration or what's happening is below.
Copyright text 2016 by Anthony Sharpe.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Say Happy Birthday and help your gamer level up with these video gamer birthday party mini candy bar labels. Stickers measure 2.5 x 1.56 inches each and wrap perfectly around Hershey's® Miniatures candy bars. Display these cool gamer party favor wrappers on your level up birthday party candy table or use them to create easy gamer birthday centerpieces. Designed to match any level up birthday party supplies. Perfect for a girl or gamer boy birthday party.


A MAN who pocketed an ill woman's mobile phone is behind bars today.
Teesside Crown Court heard how Graham Simms pretended to help a woman who was sitting on the floor in the street, before taking her phone "to sell for drugs".
Prosecutor Sharon Elves told that at around 2am on January 21, the victim was sitting at the junction of Corporation Road and Linthorpe Road in Middlesbrough town when she was approached by Simms, of Leicester House, Eston.
The 35-year-old offered to walk her home but she remained sitting so the defendant sat with her.
The incident was caught on CCTV. The court heard that Simms was in breach of a 12-month jail sentence suspended for 12 months, imposed in April last year for an offence of burglary with intent to steal.
He also had other previous convictions including possession of cannabis, burglary and robbery.
Rebecca Brown, defending, said Simms should be given credit for his guilty plea to the charge of theft, though she conceded he had not pleaded guilty at the earliest opportunity.
Telling the court Simms had taken amphetamines on the night of the offence.
Simms was ordered to serve eight months from the previous sentence plus four months consecutively for the theft.


Rev. Ed Weber was ordained in the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod in 1990 and has served in the Rio Grande Valley for the past 26 years. The outreach and training that he does across the valley is in Spanish and English.


text:
American Idol 2012 Recap: Season 11 'Top 12 Women Perform' 2/29/12
BY Rosie Leblanc on February 29, 2012 | Comments: 2 comments
Related : Amercian Idol, Reality TV, Recap
American Idol returns tonight for the second of three parts this week. Tonight the top 12 women will perform and on Thursday it will be the results show. Stand by as we live blog the show with all the up-to-the-minute results. After the ladies perform tonight the public will vote for their favorites.
The ladies really need to bring their game tonight since Thursday night the field of 25 will reportedly cut to just 13 performers. There are rumors circulating that a 13th lady will be added tonight – but Celeb Dirty Laundry has not confirmed that rumor. If they do add a 13th girl who would you like to see CDLers? Sound out in the comments below and let us know!
On last night's show the men performed and prior to the performance the contestants drew up a list of songs to sing, from which the producers made the final choice. I can believe it, I felt too many songs just didn't feel like the contestants chose them.
The ladies performing tonight are: Baylie Brown; Brielle Von Hugel; Chelsea Sorrell; Elise Testone; Erika Van Pelt; Haley Johnsen; Hallie Day; Hollie Cavanagh; Jennifer Hirsh; Jessica Sanchez; Shannon Magrane and Skylar Lane.
We will be live blogging 'The Men's Performances' with all the up-to-the-minute details at 8 PM EST so make sure to come back to this spot and watch the show with us. Refresh often to get the latest updates!!
Stay up-to-date with us! Follow us on TWITTER, like us on FACEBOOK , subscribe to our RSS FEED or E-MAIL us! We love hearing from you!
RECAP: Last night was the boys and now tonight, we get to see what the girls can do. I'm hoping they bring back a wild card for the girls?
The girls have come on strong tonight and Randy thinks they were too soft on the boys last night, they gave some passes that weren't deserved. The girls are coming out scorching tonight!
Chelsea Sorrell is good old country girl inspired by Carrie Underwood, so no surprise that her first song would be Carrie Underwood's "Cowboy Cassanova". I loved her, great voice!
Jennifer "this song made you sound a little nasally and it didn't let everyone get to hear you, you need to loosen up and have your true voice come true". Randy "you definitely can sing, you showed that at the end but I wonder if that was a good song choice". Steven "I thought you sang good, but watch your timing".
Erika Van Pelt is a DJ who is looking to be electric and can't wait to belt it when she sings Hearts' "What About Love". Another great performance, the women are bringing it home tonight.
Steven "there is something magical about your confidence, it was beautiful". Jennifer "you are one of our powerful voices, I feel like you could have gone further, next time let loose on us". Randy "I love that you showed that confidence like Adele, if you DJ half as good as you sing, your dangerous".
Jen Hirsh whose family owns a vineyard in California sings Adele's "One And Only". Not my favorite song choice for her, but she looked really pretty.
Steven "I love you and your voice, you have that swag and R&B, you are one of the greatest singers in this competition this year". Jennifer "I thought it was beautiful, you did a really good job, I felt the feeling in the song". Steven "There is something about confidence that makes a voice fly".
Brielle Von Hugel is a cheerleader from Staten Island, because she is 17, she has her mom with her. She sings Otis Reddings' "Sitting On The Dock Of The Bay". Her rendition is horrible, the faces she is making are disturbing me and she's swinging back and forth so much, she almost fell. I disagree with the judges on this one.
Steven "you did it, you have a good sense of the blues, well done". Jennifer "people underestimate you, you are a true performer, you eat it up, the whole room, I love that". Randy "when you were up there singing, I was a little worried but when you hit the middle of the song it was like wow, you surprised me that you had all that swag".
Hallie Day is a waitress in Baltimore, she's married and has the support of her husband as she sings Michael Buble's "Feeling Good". Wow, she was just awesome.
Jennifer "I felt like that had some really beautiful moments, you looked like a star, I felt you lost a little control but you got it back". Steven "I think you are beautiful, your voice is great, nice going". Randy "where do you see yourself, (she tells him R&B and soul) I was trippin' a bit knowing where to fit you".
Skylar Lane from a small town, her family owns general store and she looks forward to rocking it our with Faces' "Stay With Me". I wasn't crazy about her outfit and I don't know if this song showcased her voice to it's fullest potential.
Randy "this is the first time we've had a rockin' country girl on the show, it was wild and I loved your energy". Jennifer "I love your energy, it was like Tina Turner went country, it was great". Steven "you were on fire, you were a pistol, keep it up girl".
Baylie Brown, another cheerleeder from Texas this time and she can't wait to show us what she can do while singing Lonestar's "Amaze". She looked really pretty, but the singing was just ok.
Steven "I've heard you sing better, but I enjoyed it". Jennifer "It just was a little bit shaky all the way through". Randy "I think you just never seized control of the song," Randy says, before saying that she looks amazing".
Hollie Cavanagh is up next and singing Christina Aguilera's "Reflection". Surprised that they would let her sing one of their competitor's from "The Voice" song. She has control problems and mumbles her lyrics.
Steven "you hit your notes so perfectly and so right on that there was nothing left but passion". Jennifer thinks that Hollie has a strong enough voice to win this. Randy "It wasn't all perfect tonight, but the parts that were brilliant were genius".
Haley Johnsen has decided to sing the Eurythmics' "Sweet Dreams". She does a theatrical spin on Annie Lennox and she's really, really shouty.
Jennifer "I hope America could hear all of the special things you were doing with her voice, I'm not sure that the song was a good choice, because it's such a well known song". Steven "you pulled it through and I loved how you acted on stage". Randy "It was a bit of a nightmare, instead of a dream. It was pitchy all over the place and it's hard to do Annie Lenox".
Shannon Magrane wants to show that she is a performer and not just a singer, she is singing Kathy Trocoli's "Go Light Your World". The performance is mostly getting louder and she raises her arms higher and higher, a religious feel.
Randy " you came out swingin, you have so much promise and your calm and cool. I'm impressed with your vibrato and I'm a fan". Jennifer "you sing with such passion for a 16-year-old, I got goosebumps". Steven "it was beautiful and gorgeous".
Jessica Sanchez had some voice issues this week, she sings Jennifer Hudson's "I Love You (Perfect Man)". She was awesome, loads of talent coming out of that voice.
Randy "you can really sing and your one of the best of the last two nights". Jennifer "you've got the attitude and the moves. You are beyond your years". Steven "exceptional timing and you voice is perfect."
Elise Testone works out everyday and is looking forward to being exposed, she sings Adele's "One And Only". She was ok, not one of the best from tonight.
Steven "I'm proud of you, you blew it out of the water, nice going". Jennifer "what impressed me the most, the emotion, I hope America got it because you are one to watch. Randy "I hope America gets you, you are one of the best voices here, you have this bluesy, smoky flavour. Not your best performance but it was still great".
Time to turn it over to you at home, did you enjoy the women? I thought they were much better than the men last night, even the song choices were better overall. Don't forget to come back tomorrow night for our full official recap and find out who are the first to head home and have their dreams end on Idol's stage.
American Idol 2012 Recap Season 11 Premiere 1/18/12
American Idol Live Recap, Season 11 Auditions In St. Louis, Missouri 2/2/12
American Idol 2012 Recap, Season 11 Episode 4 Aspen Auditions 1/25/12
American Idol 2012 Recap, Season 11 Episode 5 Texas Auditions 1/26/12
American Idol 2012 Live Recap, Season 11 Episode 6 Portland, Oregon Auditions 2/1/12
American Idol Recap: Season 11 Hollywood Week, Part 2 – 2/9/12
American Idol 2012 Recap: Las Vegas Round 2/16/12
American Idol 2012 Recap: Season 11 'Top 12 Men Perform' 2/28/12


text:
Tag Archives: London Docklands Development Corporation
Billingsgate Excavation and London Docklands
Two apparently unconnected subjects for this week's post. A Billingsgate excavation, and the London Docklands. What connects the two is that whilst sorting a box of papers this last week, I found leaflets handed out to visitors when it was possible to visit the archeological excavation in the old lorry park at Billingsgate Market, and the London Docklands Development Corporation Visitor Centre on the Isle of Dogs.
I had posted some photos of an excavation a few months ago, asking for help to confirm the location, and a number of readers suggested Billingsgate. I was really pleased to find the Billingsgate leaflet because it helped to confirm the location.
Billingsgate Excavation
Billingsgate fish market moved to a new location between the Isle of Dogs and Poplar in February 1982, and whilst the buildings of the fish market were to be retained, the adjacent lorry park was to be redeveloped with an office block. The lorry park was in a prime position between the River Thames and Lower Thames Street and offered a sizeable area for new offices.
Archeologically, the site of the lorry park was important. It had been built on the area of land that was once the shifting waterfront between land and river. The Thames has only relatively recently been channeled within concrete walls, many centuries ago, the river's edge would have been marsh, inter-tidal land up to where the ground rises north of Lower Thames Street.
As the importance of the City as a trading port grew, the edge of the City expanded into the river, building quayside, docks and buildings from the Roman period onwards.
It was this advance of the waterfront that the excavation hoped to uncover below a tarmac lorry park.
In 1982, the Museum of London published a leaflet explaining the Billingsgate Excavations and it was this leaflet I found in a box of London guides and leaflets.
The leaflet was published during the early weeks of the excavation, and provided some background to the location and included a drawing showing the results from a previous nearby excavation at St Magnus House which had found evidence of the Thames waterfront as it expanded southwards from the Roman period to the 13th century. A continuation of this Roman to 13th century strata was expected to be found under the Billingsgate lorry park.
Long before the fish market, Billingsgate had been one of the three docks or harbours dating from the Saxon period, along with Queenhithe and Dowgate. These later two sites had been lost to archeological investigation due to development in the 1960s and early 1970s, so access to the Billingsgate lorry park was of considerable importance.
Preparation of the site began on the 20th January 1982 when the tarmac was removed, along with rubble found in the basements of the buildings beneath the tarmac. A cofferdam needed to be installed to shore up the sides of the site and prevent water entering the excavation at times of high tide. The waters of the Thames would still try and seep through the land the river had lost. The work to excavate the site began in March.
The leaflet explains the source of funding for the excavation, from the Corporation of the City of London, the Department of the Environment and from a number of private contributions. A reminder of the expense of such projects and the considerable challenges of raising funds for such important work, as when these sites have been lost, there will never again be a chance to explore the history of the site.
I had photographed the lorry park in 1980, when the market was still open. Rather a bland view when you consider what would be found below ground.
I took a number of photos of the excavations when I visited the site. When I originally scanned the negatives I was not sure of their location (I was not good at keeping records of the location of my photos), and I published a couple in a post a few months ago asking for help with the location. A number of readers suggested Billingsgate, and finding the leaflet helped jog my memory of visiting the site.
The Billingsgate excavation uncovered a significant amount of evidence of the waterfront as it developed, and the buildings that lined the river.
Excavation of the upper levels found evidence of the waterfront dating back to the 12th century, along with tenements that lined the river (extending into the Billingsgate lorry park from other tenements discovered during earlier excavations to the west). A small inlet from the river was also discovered under the lorry park.
The church of St Botolph Billingsgate was originally just north of the site, where Lower Thames Street is today, however part of the church did extend into the area of the lorry park, and evidence of the southern wall was found, along with two tiled floors from the church and a number of burials.
Numerous small finds were uncovered, including a rare 14th century buckle, a lead lion badge, which could have been a pilgrim's badge and intact 17th century bottles.
A number of fabrics dating back to between the 12th and 14th centuries were found. These were made of undyed, natural fibres, the type that have been used for sacking, probably evidence of the transport of goods from ships at the inlet and Billingsgate waterfront.
The Billingsgate dock may have been used by larger ships that would have been used for cross channel trade. Documentary evidence from the 14th century implies that these ships were encouraged to use Billingsgate rather than navigate through London Bridge to Queenhithe.
If you look in the middle of the following photo, there appears to be a number of twigs and branches laid out to form a mat. This is wattle consolidation in front of the 12th century waterfront.
In the following photo, a three sided wooden long rectangular box like structure can be seen:
This is a wooden drain that dates to the 13th century, possibly around 1270. The drain extended for a length of 8.8 metres, parts also had the top covering, and the drain was in exceptionally good condition allowing the detail of construction to be examined.
The results of the Billingsgate and related excavations, were published in the 2018 book "London's Waterfront 1100-1666: excavations in Thames Street, London, 1974-84" by John Schofield, Lyn Blackmore and Jacqui Pearce with Tony Dyson. The book is a detailed examination of London's historic waterfront as it developed over the centuries.
The book is published by Archaeopress, and is available for download under Open Access.
The book includes a photo of the same drain that was in my photo, and as Archaeopress appears to state that the book comes with a Creative Commons licence, I have copied the photo from the book below.
The drain is exactly the same as in my photo, so final confirmation that my photos were of the Billingsgate excavation.
The Billingsgate excavation was a significant dig during the early 1980s. I found some of my old copies of Popular Archeology from the time, and there are a number of articles by John Schofield providing updates on the work.
The following photo shows how far down the excavation had reached when I photographed the site, however it would continue downwards to reach the timbers of the Saxon and Roman waterfront, showing just how far below the current surface of the City that these remains are found.
The excavation was initially scheduled to end in November 1982, however agreement with the developer allowed work to continue into 1983.
Excavation finally worked down through the Saxon waterfront to the substantial timbers of the Roman waterfront.
The BBC history series Chronicle made a programme on the Billingsgate excavation and this can now be found here on YouTube.
As well as providing comprehensive coverage of the excavation, told by those working on the site, it also shows how this type of work was carried out in the early 1980s, and "because the dig has extra funding from sponsors, the Museum of London can invest in computers for the first time". Very early use of computer technology to record a large excavation.
When work completed, a large number of finds were ready for further investigation. Wood from the various waterfronts had been removed, and sections of wood cut out to allow the age of the tree and when it was cut down to be investigated.
The BBC Chronicle programme shows the pressures of City archeology, the pressure to complete by a date driven by the developer, negotiations for extensions and how work is planned to retrieve as much as possible within a limited period of time.
Today, the site is under the building at the western end of the old Billingsgate Market building, at the far end of the following photo.
The following photo shows a very different view from roughly where I was standing to take the 1980 photo of the old lorry park.
Finding the leaflet on the dig, along with reading the book and watching the Chronicle episode brought back a load of memories from visiting the site almost 40 years ago. An advert in Popular Archaeology of July 1982 states that the site was open for visitors every day of the week except for Monday, and admission to the viewing platform cost 50p for adults and 25p for children.
Preserving timbers exposed to the air, when they have been buried in waterlogged soil for centuries is a considerable problem, however it would have been really good if some section of the old Roman and Saxon waterfront could have been preserved in situ. It would have provided a really good demonstration of how the present City has been built on the layered centuries of previous development, and as the City has risen in height, so the Thames has been pushed back into the the confined channel that the river runs in today.
Another of my finds whilst sorting through a box of London papers was a reminder of a very different visit.
London Docklands – The Exceptional Place
In the late 1980s / early 1990s, the redevelopment of the old docklands, around the Isle of Dogs and the Royal Docks further to the east was moving forward under the management of the London Docklands Development Corporation (the LDDC).
The LDDC opened a visitor centre at 3 Limeharbour on the Isle of Dogs, where a brochure on the London Docklands – The Exceptional Place was available:
The rear of the brochure, shows a train on the recently opened section of the Docklands Light Railway (DLR).
The brochure opens up to reveal a large map of the area, from the City of London in the west, to the edge of the Royal Docks in the east. Having a map is probably why I picked up and kept the brochure – anything with a map.
The focus of the map is on the transport links connecting the docklands to the City and the surrounding road network. Only recently this area of London had seemed a remote and derelict land and if the LDDC were to entice the investment needed, along with the businesses and people to relocate to the docklands, they had to demonstrate that travel was easy.
The map charts the growth of the Docklands Light Railway, and shows the extent of plans in 1990, along with some station changes to the DLR network we see today.
By 1990, the DLR extended from Tower Gateway in the City, to Stratford, and Island Gardens on the southern tip of the Isle of Dogs. The eastern route onwards from Poplar was shown as a dashed route to show that this section of the route was under construction.
The following section shows the north eastern tip of the isle of Dogs and Leamouth, with the River Lea / Bow Creek curving around an area of land that has now been redeveloped as City Island.
The red dashed line shows the 1990 expectations for the planned Jubilee line extension, where the line would continue from Canary Wharf, to a new station called Brunswick, then to Canning Town and on to Stratford.
As built, the Jubilee line extension took a different route, and headed across the river to North Greenwich from Canary Wharf, before heading back across the river to Canning Town. Brunswick station would never be built.
Comparing the planned to the built route of the DLR shows a similar loss of the name Brunswick for a station. In the 1990 plans, there was to be a Brunswick station on the DLR, however as built, this would be named East India. The following map marks the location of DLR stations today:
The route further east to Beckton shows the loss of a station. Connaught Station was planned between Prince Regent and Royal Albert stations, however when looking at the map, Connaught would have been so close to Royal Albert that it made little sense to build the station.
The yellow area in the above map is London City Airport, which had opened three years earlier in 1987. The map also shows the 1990 planned extension to the DLR, and the map below shows the line as built today.
The 1990 plan was for the line to run along the north of the Royal docks, however in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the line was further extended to Greenwich, Lewisham, City Airport and Woolwich.
The route south of the Royal Docks is shown on the 2020 map above, not on the 1990 map, and in the 1990 map, the line terminates at Island Gardens to the south of the Isle of Dogs, rather than crossing under the river and continuing on to Lewisham as it does today.
The map also identifies another element of transport infrastructure that has not been built – the East London River Crossing is shown on the eastern edge of the map from Gallions Reach, heading under the river towards the A2.
Ideas for this tunnel keep resurfacing, however it is not on Transport for London's list of new river crossings for London, and I suspect given current financial conditions, the Silvertown Tunnel will be the only new river crossing built for a very long time.
Two very different topics, the only apparent connection being the leaflet and brochure coming from a box of London papers. There is though another connection – they both tell of the development of London. With Billingsgate we can discover the growth of London's waterfront from the Roman timbers found many feet below the current surface level, through the Saxon and Medieval to a lorry park that served the old fish market.
In the London Docklands, development continues to this day, and the brochure records some of this and shows how the 1990 plans developed to the transport network we see today.
It is interesting to speculate whether archeologists in 2000 years time will discover any remains of the DLR and what they will make of a 20th century transport system.
This entry was posted in London Transport, Under London and tagged Docklands, London Docklands Development Corporation, River Thames, Roman London on January 3, 2021 by admin.
London Docklands – A 1976 Strategic Plan
There have been numerous studies over the years looking into how London should develop and that detail a vision and proposals for the future that are frequently very different to the past. Many of these proposals get no further than the written page, however it is fascinating to see how London could have developed into a very different city if some of these proposals had been implemented.
In the early 1970s, East London and the London Docklands were suffering from the closure of the docks, loss of industry and employment and the gradual exodus of people. The area had also never fully recovered from the significant damage of wartime bombing.
My posts on the 1973 Architects Journal issue covering East London have explored some of the original issues, and these can also be found in a strategic plan published in 1976 by the Docklands Joint Committee.
I found the 1976 publication documenting the strategic plan in a second-hand bookshop, having been originally from the Planning Resources Centre of Oxford Brookes University.
The front cover provides an indication of the type of change proposed for the London Docklands, from derelict docks and industrial buildings to housing and schools more likely to be found in the suburbs, rather than East London.
The 1970s were a decade of confusion in the development of the London Docklands.
Dock closure had started in 1967 and continued through to 1970 with the closure of the East India, St. Katherine's, Surrey and London Docks. Although the West India and Millwall Docks would not close until the end of the decade, the future of these historic docks was clear due to their inability to support the rapidly increasing containerisation of goods passing through the docks. Development of docks at Tilbury, Southampton and Felixstowe were the future.
The area covered by the docks, the industries clustered around the docks, and the housing of those who lived and worked in East London was significant, running from Tower Bridge to Beckton where the River Roding entered the Thames.
The Conservative Secretary of State, Peter Walker was clear in his views that the task of development was outside the scope of local government, and as a result a firm of consultants, Travers Morgan were hired to investigate the possibilities for a comprehensive redevelopment of the area.
The proposals put forward by Travers Morgan in their 1973 report proposed a number of possible development scenarios which included office development, housing and even a water park, however their proposals had minimal input from those who still lived and worked in the London Docklands. The Travers Morgan report was opposed by the Trades Unions and local Labour authorities and the Joint Docklands Action Group was setup to coordinate opposition.
Labour took control of the Greater London Council (GLC) in 1973, and in the 1974 General Election, Labour formed a minority government. The Travers Morgan proposals were abandoned.
The Secretary of State for the Environment established the Docklands Joint Committee in January 1974. The objectives of the committee are summarised in the opening paragraph of their report:
"The overall objective of the strategy is: To use the opportunity provided by large areas of London's Dockland becoming available for development to redress the housing, social, environmental, employment/economic and communications deficiencies of the Docklands area and the parent boroughs and thereby to provide the freedom for similar improvements throughout East and Inner London."
The committee was comprised of representatives from the GLC and the London boroughs both north and south of the river that came within the overall boundaries of the docks (Newham, Tower Hamlets, Southwark, Greenwich and Lewisham). The Government also appointed representatives to the committee and community organisations were represented through the Docklands Forum who had two members on the committee.
The proposals produced by the Docklands Joint Committee were very different to those of the earlier Travers Morgan study. Travers Morgan had identified a future need for office space, along with housing and retail, however the proposals of the Docklands Joint Committee focused on what the existing inhabitants required and how their skills could best be used and therefore developed a future based on manufacturing and industry.
Another difference to the earlier Travis Morgan study was in the way that the Docklands Joint Committee aimed to involve and consult the local population of the docklands. Public meetings were arranged, a mobile exhibition of the proposals toured the area, and in the words of the preface to the proposals "every effort will be made to ensure that everyone affected has the chance to know what is being proposed, and why, and to make his or her views known."
The Strategic Plan as a draft for public consultation was published in March 1976 with a request that comments should be sent by the 30th June 1976.
The plan was very comprehensive including the routing of roads, public transport, industry and housing. Four maps within the plan provided a summary of the Docklands Joint Committee's recommendations for how land use across the docklands would transform over the coming years.
Docklands Development Phase 1 – Up To 1982
The first phase of docklands development would start to expand established district centres and new housing would be built in Wapping, around the Surrey Docks/Deptford area (expanding the existing Redriff estate) and new housing in the south-east quarter of the Isle of Dogs.
The development of large industrial zones would commence, centred on the Greenwich Peninsula and along the river to Woolwich, the areas around the River Lea and Beckton.
The targets of the district centres were:
Wapping could have about 20,000 sq.ft of shopping, centred round a supermarket, together with a health centre, although this might be in temporary accommodation;
On the Isle of Dogs the southern centre could have a shopping centre of about 60,000 sq.ft together with a health centre;
Surrey Docks could also have roughly 60,000 sq.ft of shopping, centred around a large supermarket together with a health centre;
The East Beckton centre could be the furthest developed, with around 60,000 sq.ft of shopping, a secondary school. health centre, and community centre
For transport, short-term improvements would be made to the North Woolwich and East London line along with improvements to bus services and existing roads.
The second phase of docklands development continues the work of the first phase with expansion of housing in Wapping and the Isle of Dogs, with substantial new housing in Beckton. The plan proposed that by the end of phase 2 development across the Surrey Docks would be complete.
The plan was rather vague on new transport projects, however by the end of phase 2, the intention that a new underground line from Fenchurch Street Station would have been extended to Custom House. The strategy document described this new underground line as:
"New tube line (River line) – The Docklands Joint Committee have endorsed the proposed route from Fenchurch Street to Custom House but there are two alternative routes from Custom House to Thamesmead, shown dotted, which are to be further examined."
In the map below, the River line is shown as a line of wide and narrow dashes out to just north of the Royal Victoria Dock. Other diagrams in the report show the two options for extending the route on to Thamesmead, one via Beckton and the other option via Woolwich Arsenal.
Phase 3 up to 1990 is where the major changes were implemented and would have resulted in a very different docklands to the area we see today.
Phase 3 included the filling in of the majority of the old docks, with the exception of the Royal Albert and King George V docks. The report does acknowledge that the ability to make these changes is very dependent on the future operations of the Port of London Authority on the Isle of Dogs and the Victoria Dock in Newham. This highlighted one of the key challenges for the Docklands Joint Committee in that they did not own any of the land across the docklands so the implementation of their proposals would be very dependent on large owners such as the Port of London Authority and the availability of significant funding.
Phase 3 aimed to address the lack of open space available to the residents of the Isle of Dogs and Poplar. In the north of the Isle of Dogs there is a new large area of green which the plan proposed as:
"The open space area not only provides space for playing fields for a secondary school associated with the district centre, but will also help relieve the deficiency of playing fields and open space in Poplar."
Phase 3 would see the work in Beckton complete with new housing east of the district centre. In Silvertown and North Woolwich the release of land around the Victoria Dock would allow the extension of the Poplar and Silvertown industrial zones to the east.
For transport, phase 3 identified the possible route of a new road, the southern relief route (shown by the line of circles in the diagram below). The route shown would have involved two river crossings, complication by the need for opening bridges. The benefit of the route across the Isle of Dogs was, although dependent on the future of the Millwall Dock, it would pass mostly through vacant land. A disadvantage of the route was identified as the significant additional traffic the new road would feed into Tooley Street and the resulting addition to the congestion on the approach to Tower Bridge.
Phase 4 completed the development across the docklands, however still with options for train and road routes.
In the Isle of Dogs, there would be further additional housing, however the main feature is continuous open space from the north, through the centre of the peninsula, to link up with Mudchute in the south.
In the Silvertown and North Woolwich area, there would be additional housing and open space to occupy the area once covered by the Royal Victoria Dock.
The map shows the route reserved for the proposed road, and the two options for extension of the proposed River line on to Thamesmead.
The map for phase 4 shows how different the docklands would have been if the proposals of the Docklands Joint Committee had been implemented.
By completion, the allocation of the 5,500 acres within the Docklands area would have been:
1,600 acres for industry
1,600 for housing
600 acres of public open space and playing fields
600 acres for community services and transport
The remaining 1,100 acres was assumed to be still held by the Port of London Authority (the Royal Albert and King George Docks), the Gas Corporation at Greenwich and Beckton and the Thames Water Authority, also at Beckton.
Although the report documented the considerable redevelopment of the whole Docklands area, the report also identified as a priority the need to retain many of the older buildings that could still be found across the area.
An appendix of the report listed 101 buildings that were a priority for retention. An extract from the appendix is shown below with one of the maps, and following a list of the buildings in the Poplar and Isle of Dogs area.
The number in the third column is the floor space, not a financial value.
The need in the report to list buildings that should be retained is similar to the 1973 Architects' Journal on East London which also listed buildings across East London that were at risk. There was considerable concern that wholesale development of such a large area of land would include the destruction of many of the historic buildings that could be found across East London. Many of these had lost their original function which placed them at further risk.
Following publication, a number of problems were quickly identified with the proposals.
The emphasis on industrial and manufacturing space rather than office space did not align with the wider environment across the country with the gradual decline in manufacturing and the potential growth in financial services and wider service industries that was taking hold in London.
The Docklands Joint Committee had no real powers and no direct access to finance for the purchase of land and the implementation of the proposals. This was further complicated by the lack of local authority finance due to the economic conditions of the mid to late 1970s.
The Docklands Joint Committee was also intended to coordinate the response of the individual local authorities that covered the docklands, however all too often these local authorities acted in their own interest. Examples being the work of Tower Hamlets to relocate Billingsgate Market and to bring the News International print works to Wapping in the early 1980s.
The Docklands Joint Committee did try to bring in private finance late in the process, however this was opposed by some of the local action groups who did not agree to the use of private finance in the development of the area.
In the meantime, the people of the Docklands were getting more and more frustrated with the lack of action, endless studies and consultations, but no significant development. Jobs and people continued to leave the Docklands. When the Docklands Joint Committee report was published in 1976 the population of the Docklands was round 55,000 and by 1981 this had reduced to 39,000.
The House of Commons expenditure committee examined the work of the Docklands Joint Committee in 1979 and came to the conclusion that since the committee had been formed, very little had been done.
As well as coming in front of the House of Commons Expenditure Committee, 1979 was also the year of another event that would seal the fate of both the Docklands Joint Committee and their proposals when a Conservative Government was elected.
Michael Heseltine as the Secretary of State for the Environment created Urban Development Corporations, one of which would focus on the London Docklands as the London Docklands Development Corporation.
The objective of an Urban Development Corporation was stated in the Local Government, Planning and Land Act:
"Shall be to secure the regeneration of its area by bringing land and buildings into effective use, encouraging the development of existing and new industry and commerce, creating an attractive environment and ensuring that housing and social facilities are available to encourage people to live and work in the area."
The Conservative ideology was also that private rather than public money would fund and drive much of the development of the Docklands.
Financial deregulation would also drive the demand for a new type of office space consisting of large open floor trading areas with the space to install the complex IT systems and their associated cabling that was a challenge in the more traditional buildings of the City of London.
The Docklands would change beyond recognition over the following years. The London Docklands Development Corporation published a glossy summary of their work in 1995 titled "London Docklands Today". To emphasise the degree of change, the publication included a few before and after photos, including these of Nelson Dry Dock, Rotherhithe:
And these of the West India Docks in 1982 and 1993:
The Docklands area today continues to develop. The Isle of Dogs seems to be a continual building site, however it could have all been very different if the proposals of the Docklands Joint Committee were not now just an interesting footnote in the development of London.
This entry was posted in London History and tagged Docklands Joint Committee, Isle of Dogs, LDDC, London Docklands Development Corporation, Poplar on February 18, 2018 by admin.


text:
/* sha256.c */
/*
    This file is part of the ARM-Crypto-Lib.
    Copyright (C) 2006-2010  Daniel Otte (daniel.otte@rub.de)

    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.

    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
/**
 * \file		sha256.c
 * \author		Daniel Otte
 * \date		16.05.2006
 *
 * \par License:
 * 	GPL
 *
 * \brief SHA-256 implementation.
 *
 *
 */

#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h> /* for memcpy, memmove, memset */
#include <crypto/sha2_small_common.h>
#include <crypto/sha256.h>

#define LITTLE_ENDIAN

#if defined LITTLE_ENDIAN
#elif defined BIG_ENDIAN
#else
	#error specify endianess!!!
#endif

/*************************************************************************/

const
uint32_t sha256_init_vector[]={
	0x6A09E667, 0xBB67AE85, 0x3C6EF372, 0xA54FF53A,
    0x510E527F, 0x9B05688C, 0x1F83D9AB, 0x5BE0CD19 };

/*************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief \c sh256_init initialises a sha256 context for hashing.
 * \c sh256_init c initialises the given sha256 context for hashing
 * @param state pointer to a sha256 context
 * @return none
 */
void sha256_init(sha256_ctx_t *state){
	state->length=0;
	memcpy(state->h, sha256_init_vector, 8*4);
}

/*************************************************************************/
void sha256_nextBlock (sha256_ctx_t *state, const void* block){
	sha2_small_common_nextBlock(state, block);
}

/*************************************************************************/
void sha256_lastBlock (sha256_ctx_t *state, const void* block, uint16_t length_b){
	sha2_small_common_lastBlock(state, block, length_b);
}
/*************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief function to process the last block being hashed
 * @param state Pointer to the context in which this block should be processed.
 * @param block Pointer to the message wich should be hashed.
 * @param length is the length of only THIS block in BITS not in bytes!
 *  bits are big endian, meaning high bits come first.
 * 	if you have a message with bits at the end, the byte must be padded with zeros
 */

/*************************************************************************/

/*
 * length in bits!
 */
void sha256(void* dest, const void* msg, uint32_t length_b){ /* length could be choosen longer but this is for µC */
	sha256_ctx_t s;
	sha256_init(&s);
	while(length_b >= SHA256_BLOCK_BITS){
		sha256_nextBlock(&s, msg);
		msg = (uint8_t*)msg + SHA256_BLOCK_BITS/8;
		length_b -= SHA256_BLOCK_BITS;
	}
	sha256_lastBlock(&s, msg, length_b);
	sha256_ctx2hash(dest,&s);
}

/*************************************************************************/

void sha256_ctx2hash(void* dest, const sha256_ctx_t *state){
#if defined LITTLE_ENDIAN
	uint8_t i, j, *s=(uint8_t*)(state->h);
	i=8;
	do{
		j=3;
		do{
			*((uint8_t*)dest) = s[j];
			dest = (uint8_t*)dest + 1;
		}while(j--);
		s += 4;
	}while(--i);
#elif BIG_ENDIAN
	memcpy(dest, state->h, 32);
#else
# error unsupported endian type!
#endif
}


text:
EstoniaFlights and getting there
Estonia in detail
Flights & getting there
Checking flights...
Seventeen European airlines have scheduled services to Tallinn year-round, with additional routes and airlines added in summer. The main Baltic services:
airBaltic (www.airbaltic.com) Multiple daily flights between Tallinn and Rīga.
Finnair (www.finnair.ee) Up to seven flights a day between Helsinki and Tallinn, and daily flights between Helsinki and Tartu.
No airport tax is levied on passengers upon embarkation from Estonia.
The following bus companies all have services between Estonia and the other Baltic states:
Ecolines (www.ecolines.net) Major routes: Tallinn–Pärnu–Rīga (seven daily), six of which continue on to Vilnius; Tallinn–St Petersburg (six daily); Tartu–Valga–Rīga (two daily); Vilnius–Rīga–Tartu–Narva–St Petersburg (four daily).
Lux Express & Simple Express (www.luxexpress.eu) Major routes: Tallinn–Pärnu–Rīga (up to 13 daily), eight of which continue on to Panevėžys and Vilnius; Tallinn–Rakvere–Sillamäe–Narva–St Petersburg (four daily); Tallinn–Tartu–Võru–Moscow (daily); Rīga–Valmiera–Tartu–Sillamäe–Narva–St Petersburg (nine to 10 daily).
Eurolines (www.eurolines.lt) Two daily Tallinn–Pärnu–Rīga–Panevėžys–Vilnius–Kaunas–Warsaw buses.
The three Baltic countries are all part of the Schengen agreement, so there are no border checks when driving between Estonia and Latvia. There's usually no problem taking hire cars across the border but you'll need to let the rental company know at the time of hire if you intend to do so; some companies will charge an additional fee.
Valga is the terminus for both the Estonian and Latvian rail systems, but the train services don't connect up. From Valga, Estonian trains operated by Elron (www.elron.ee) head to Elva, Tartu and Tallinn, while Latvian trains operated by Pasažieru vilciens (www.pv.lv) head to Valmiera, Cēsis, Sigulda and Rīga. There are also direct trains to Tallinn from St Petersburg and Moscow.
Estonia is easily accessed by boat from major port cities around the Baltic Sea. Services run from Tallinn to Helsinki, St Petersburg, Mariehamn and Stockholm.
Eckerö Line Twice-daily car ferry from Helsinki to Tallinn (2½ hours).
Linda Line Smaller and faster vessels operate from late March to late December.
Tallink Daily services between Tallinn and Helsinki plus an overnight ferry to Stockholm and Tallinn, via the Åland islands.
Viking Line At least four daily car ferries between Helsinki and Tallinn (2½ hours).


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This is a post on my second blogiversary. Simple? Well literally speaking yes, but the backstory is a tad bit more complex than that. But let's not get into that just yet. Last year, I had lots of ideas round this time - my first blogiversary - and wrote two posts about the celebration: My 1st Year of Blogging in Numbers and What I've Learnt during my First Year of Blogging. It was, for me, all sunshine and rainbows because look for far I'd come! From very few views to hundreds of them every month! This year round, I decided to take a slightly different route.
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May 11, 2017 May 11, 2017 Categories Uncategorized1 Comment on Bloggers you need to follow… like, now.
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Is a new economic crisis approaching and how deep will it be?
According to world financial and banking institutions, as well as highlighted economists and analysts, the world is in the beginning of a serious economic slowdown, which is expected to propagate further at the end of this year and the early next one. The latest argument, which strongly tilts the balance to such an expectation, is the reversal of the yield curve between US three-month and ten-year government bonds. In the latest IMF report released on 9 April, the forecast for global GDP growth for 2019 is revised downward for the second time only within the last three months and it is now at 3.3% or lower by 0.4 pp. compared to the IMF October 2018 WEO forecast. Of course, the protectionist measures and trade wars, the uncertainty surrounding Brexit, the slowdown of China's economy and of EU countries, taking into account that Italy is already officially in recession, and Germany may be in soon lie in the bottom of such expectations.
In this article we will look at the challenges facing businesses in a situation of imminent crisis as well as the opportunities that open up to them and can help them become stronger once the crisis is over.
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Here, we will not go into detail on these recommendations because they can be found anywhere on any of the more popular corporate governance sites. These types of actions are not very inspirational, and rather offer a reactive survival strategy rather than unleashing the company's potential and turning the negative challenges into opportunity for development and change to underpin the future growth of the business.
That is why we will outline the picture of the future business environment on a global scale to enable business owners to understand the challenges they face in the long run and eventually to undertake strategies for change and growth.
It must be clear that big successful companies are increasing their market power and, in the long run, precisely this rise of company's power can become the cause for a global economic slowdown and increase of income inequality. The concentration of assets and the company consolidation is a widespread phenomenon and is a consequence of the need for huge corporate mastodons to continue to grow at a steady pace and to increase the wealth of their shareholders and owners. Today's business is supranational, and the only way to gain more market share is to concentrate resources, cut costs and implement synergy. This path of growth allows profits to be increased, which is the result not only of optimizing costs but also of achieving monopolistic or oligopolistic positions in many markets. Increased market power can be measured and the approach used by the IMF is to calculate the market mark-up that companies charge over their costs and include in the price of the end-products they offer. On the basis of 1 million companies surveyed in 27 developed and emerging economies since 2000, it appeared that during the period under review the mark-ups of firms increased by an average of 8% in developed economies and by less than 2% in emerging ones. The increase in mark-ups affects almost all industries, but mainly those outside the manufacture industry and especially IT industries.
It is important to note that, in fact, the largest increase in mark-ups is observed in a very small percentage of companies, and in particular, the first 10% of surveyed companies increase their mark-ups for the period by over 30%, while those of the remaining 90% firms remain almost unchanged.
This significant increase of market leaders' mark-ups, however, has its own economic logic. These companies are more profitable than their competitors on average by 50%, are on average by 30% more productive and possess on average 30% more intangible assets, such as patents and software products. Market leaders are not just big companies. There are enough small firms that are market leaders in particular niche businesses, although big companies have a very large share in final sales.
As mentioned, market leaders are much more productive. Assuming that the main factors of production are capital and people, under the same initial conditions, more productive companies multiply the capabilities of the original factors, allowing them faster expansion, larger sales and, ultimately, larger profits.
Market leaders are much more innovative, which is related to targeting vast amounts of resources to innovation and R&D rather than acquiring tangible assets such as production halls, machines, logistics bases and retail space.
They possess great capability to maximize the use of their own intangible assets, which means employing extremely good professionals and serious investments in HR development, in terms of qualification and loyalty.
These companies build their corporate model around networking practices, fostering informal relationships at the expense of formal corporate relations. It is the informal connections between employees that are at the core of the high productivity, because the personal support by a specific specialist, despite his/her formal position in the corporate hierarchy, is often in the basis of a product's market performance.
And lastly, economies of scale play a crucial role in company's success, which reduces unit costs while increasing production.
Market power also has serious negative aspects. When a company's market power grows, its drive to compete, improve and diversify its products diminishes. Moreover, it may deliberately delay the introduction of new technologies or innovative solutions to save costs by increasing its profits as a result of higher prices it can afford by reducing supply. This approach results in a reduction in investment. That is what has happened since the beginning of 2000s, when the increased mark-ups led to lower investments. And it is known that investments are at the heart of economic growth. According to the IMF, if the mark-ups had remained at their 2000 level today, capital assets or assets that would be available as a result of higher investments would be by 3% more, and global GDP would be by 1% larger. The decrease in investment, which is the result of the increased market power of the companies, leads to a decrease in aggregate demand and hence to a longer recovery from 2008 crisis.
As a result of the lower investment, there is a loss of income for workers, which the IMF estimates to have dropped by 10% (or from 0.2 percentage points to 2 percentage points) in the workers' incomes as a share of total national income. Ultimately, such a development leads to higher income inequality, as the increased return on capital favours mostly the richer part of the population. It is here the state intervention to find solutions to such a negative development mostly needed.
Based on your good knowledge of your strengths and weaknesses, discover the products and services you are best at and the market niches that you think you can be successful in.
A distinctive feature of today's market leaders is the availability of IT technologies. Seven of the top 10 public companies in the world are technological (Amazon, Microsoft, Alphabet, Apple, Facebook, Tencent, Alibaba), one is investment (Berkshire Hathaway), is a pharmaceutical (Johnson & Johnson) and one is a bank (JPMorgan Chase). Please note that this ranking is constantly changing and may not be correct at the time of reading the article, but the conclusion is very clear: 70% of market leaders are technology companies. Which does not mean that only such companies can be market leaders, but the introduction of modern technology gives a significant market advantage.
Direct a serious percentage of your revenue and profit into innovation. An inspiring example is the Chinese technology leader Huawei, which has become a multinational corporate leader rivalling with Amazon and Alphabet from a small provincial subcontractor of foreign companies in less than 30 years ago. Huawei spends about 15% of its revenue for innovation, equivalent to about $ 15 billion a year, with 45% of its 80,000 employees engaged in R&D activities. Without investment in innovation, success in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 is impossible.
Appoint the best among the best professionals, taking into account that the main distinguishing feature of your employees is not the ego but empathy. Leadership based on the authoritarian approach is already in the past. The core value of today's leadership is teamwork, tolerant approach to problems, encouragement of initiative, and the understanding that support in a difficult time builds loyalty.
Finally, create a friendly and well-meaning corporate culture! Stick to the following principle: The strategy is nothing but a quest to understand what the future reality will be, which people cannot predict. Corporate culture is the foundation upon which each strategy is set. If you have a well-built corporate culture, you can handle any challenge faced by you.
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After having completed basic and postgraduate orthopaedic training in India, I joined the North West Orthopaedic training programme in the UK in 1993, followed by several specialist fellowships in the centres of excellence, leading to consultant appointment in 2002. I have been a consultant orthopaedic surgeon for 14 years, senior-most in the team, with special expertise in the injuries and conditions affecting the knee and hip joints. In addition to being highly experienced in the field, I offer a patient centred approach based on the contemporary evidence.
I specialise in all conditions affecting the knee joint including ligament injuries and instabilities, all painful conditions like arthritis, cartilage and meniscus repair techniques, osteotomy and realignment operations and all types of replacements. I also specialise in hip replacements. I have a special interest in high precision surgery eg computer guidance, less invasive surgery, early recovery and restoration of normal function.
I have carried out high numbers of knee replacements, arthroscopies and ligament reconstructions as well as hip replacements through my career in orthopaedics.
To complement my clinical work, I have been the clinical lead for Enhanced Recovery programme in orthopaedics for the South East of England since 2009, and the Regional Clinical Coordinator for the National Joint Registry of England and Wales for the South East of England in 2015. I am also the honorary tutor at the University of Edinburgh, Surgical directorate audit lead at Medway hospital and Clinical Champion for the British Orthopaedic Association.
Regional Clinical Coordinator for the National Joint Registry for the South East from 2015 onwards.
Clinical Lead for Enhanced Recovery in Orthopaedics for the South East of England since 2010.
Surgical Directorate Audit Lead, Medway Hospital since 2009.
Clinical Champion for British Orthopaedic Association for primary care collaboration.
National pre-operative Steering group (2002-03).