text:
Gambling with Civilization
William Nordhaus's 'The Climate Casino'
The Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty, and Economics for a Warming World
by William D. Nordhaus
Yale University Press, 378 pp., $30.00
Forty years ago a brilliant young Yale economist named William Nordhaus published a landmark paper, "The Allocation of Energy Resources," that opened new frontiers in economic analysis.1 Nordhaus argued that to think clearly about the economics of exhaustible resources like oil and coal, it was necessary to look far into the future, to assess their value as they become more scarce—and that this look into the future necessarily involved considering not just available resources and expected future economic growth, but likely future technologies as well. Moreover, he developed a method for incorporating all of this information—resource estimates, long-run economic forecasts, and engineers' best guesses about the costs of future technologies—into a quantitative model of energy prices over the long term.
Stanley Greene/NOOR/Redux
Greenland, photographed from a boat navigating the melt where dog sleds used to travel across the ice, October 2009
The resource and engineering data for Nordhaus's paper were for the most part compiled by his research assistant, a twenty-year-old undergraduate, who spent long hours immured in Yale's Geology Library, poring over Bureau of Mines circulars and the like. It was an invaluable apprenticeship. My reasons for bringing up this bit of intellectual history, however, go beyond personal disclosure—although readers of this review should know that Bill Nordhaus was my first professional mentor. For if one looks back at "The Allocation of Energy Resources," one learns two crucial lessons. First, predictions are hard, especially about the distant future. Second, sometimes such predictions must be made nonetheless.
Looking back at "Allocation" after four decades, what's striking is how wrong the technical experts were about future technologies. For many years all their errors seemed to have been on the side of overoptimism, especially on oil production and nuclear power. More recently, the surprises have come on the other side, with fracking having the biggest immediate impact on markets, but with the growing competitiveness of wind and solar power—neither of which figured in "Allocation" at all—perhaps the more fundamental news. For what it's worth, current oil prices, adjusted for overall inflation, are about twice Nordhaus's prediction, while coal and especially natural gas prices are well below his baseline.
So the future is uncertain, a reality acknowledged in the title of Nordhaus's new book, The Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty, and Economics for a Warming World. Yet decisions must be made taking the future—and sometimes the very long-term future—into account. This is true when it comes to exhaustible resources, where every barrel of oil we burn today is a barrel that won't be available for future generations. It is all the more true for global warming, where every ton of carbon dioxide we emit today will remain in the atmosphere, changing the world's climate, for generations to come. And as Nordhaus emphasizes, although perhaps not as strongly as some would like, when it comes to climate change uncertainty strengthens, not weakens, the case for action now.
Yet while uncertainty cannot be banished from the issue of global warming, one can and should make the best predictions possible. Following his work on energy futures, Nordhaus became a pioneer in the development of "integrated assessment models" (IAMs), which try to pull together what we know about two systems—the economy and the climate—map out their interactions, and let us do cost-benefit analysis of alternative policies.2 At one level The Climate Casino is an effort to popularize the results of IAMs and their implications. But it is also, of course, a call for action. I'll ask later in this review whether that call has much chance of succeeding.
Stylistically, The Climate Casino reads like a primer rather than a manifesto—something that will no doubt frustrate many climate activists. This is, one has to say, something of a characteristic position for Nordhaus: within the community of reasonable people who accept the reality of global warming and the need to do something about it, he has often taken on the role of debunker, criticizing strong claims that he doesn't think are justified by theory or evidence. He has raised hackles by expressing relative optimism about our ability to adapt to moderate global warming. He harshly criticized Nicholas Stern's widely publicized report on the economics of climate change for arguing that we should not discount the costs imposed by fossil fuel consumption on future generations at all compared with cost imposed on the current generation.3 And he has taken a skeptical line toward the widely circulated arguments by Harvard's Martin Weitzman that the risk of catastrophic climate effects justifies very aggressive and early action to limit greenhouse gas emissions.4
As I said, Nordhaus's part in these controversies has frustrated some climate activists, not least because opponents of any kind of climate action have seized on some of his work in support of their position. So it's important to realize that The Climate Casino is in no sense the work of someone skeptical about either the reality of global warming or the need to act now. He more or less ridicules claims that climate change isn't happening or that it isn't the result of human activity. And he calls for strong action: his best estimate of what we should be doing involves placing a substantial immediate tax on carbon, one that would sharply increase the current price of coal, and gradually raising that tax, more than doubling it by 2030. Some might consider even this policy inadequate, but it's far beyond anything currently on the political agenda, so as a practical matter Nordhaus and the most hawkish of climate activists are entirely on the same side.
And one of the nice things that those of us who deeply respect both Nordhaus and Stern will discover in this book is Nordhaus's conclusion (to his own surprise), based on his models, that the whole issue of how much to discount costs to future generations is something of a red herring—it turns out that the rate at which you discount the distant future doesn't make much difference to optimal policy, only slightly raising the amount of global warming that we should, in the end, allow to take place.
So, what does Nordhaus tell us in this primer? First, he reviews basic climate science. By burning huge amounts of fossil fuels, we have greatly increased the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and will almost surely increase it much more in the next few decades. The problem is that CO2 is a greenhouse gas (as are several other gases also released as a consequence of industrialization): it traps heat, raising the planet's temperature.
How big a rise are we talking about? Nordhaus more or less goes along with the scientific consensus as expressed in the latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which puts the likely increase at between 1.8 and 4° Centigrade by 2100, or between 3 and 7.5 degrees Fahrenheit. Nordhaus's "baseline run" is actually toward the high end of this range, and he shows the temperature rise at almost 6° Centigrade—more than 10° Fahrenheit—by 2200. He also notes the possibility of nasty surprises, for example if warming leads to the release of substantial amounts of methane—a powerful greenhouse gas—from thawing tundra.
Warming, in turn, has a number of consequences going beyond a simple rise in temperatures. Sea levels will rise, both from the expansion of the water itself and from melting ice—and here, too, there is a possibility of nasty surprises if, for example, the melting of the Greenland ice sheet in turn causes more melting. Hurricanes will become more intense, because they are fed by warm water. Local climates may shift drastically, e.g., with wet areas becoming even wetter or going dry.
There is also one important consequence of rising CO2 levels that isn't tied directly to warming: the oceans become more acidic, with adverse effects on sea life. Devastating effects on coral reefs are probably already inevitable.
How much harm will this do? Nordhaus draws a contrast between what he calls "managed systems"—things like agriculture and public health, which are basically human activities affected by climate—and "unmanageable systems," like sea level, ocean acidification, and species loss. Compared with some climate writers, Nordhaus is relatively sanguine about the impact of rising temperatures on the managed systems. In fact, he summarizes studies suggesting that agricultural yields will probably rise a bit thanks to one or two degrees of warming, and declares, "It is striking how this summary of the scientific evidence contrasts with the popular rhetoric." (You see what I mean about his role as debunker—although he concedes that the costs become serious once temperatures reach levels that on current trends they are likely to hit late this century, and much more so at temperatures likely next century.) Health impacts, too, he views as modest, at least for the warming likely this century, declaring his overall assessment "similar to that for agriculture."
The bigger costs, Nordhaus argues, come from the unmanageable systems: rising seas, more powerful hurricanes, loss of species diversity, increasingly acidic oceans. The trouble is how to put a number on these costs—something he needs to do because, as I already suggested, his goal is to do cost-benefit analysis.
In the end, and despite the debunkery, Nordhaus concludes that there will be mounting costs as the temperature rise goes beyond 2°C—and a rise of at least that much seems, at this point, almost impossible to avoid. When one takes into account the risk of surprising rises in temperature, there is an overwhelming case for action to limit the temperature rise. The questions then become how much action, and what form it should take.
There's a faction in the climate debate that acknowledges the reality of global warming and its costs, but rejects the notion of trying to limit greenhouse gas emissions—either because it views such limits as too costly, or (one suspects) because limiting human impacts on the environment strikes some people as a wimpy, hippie-type thing to do. Instead, this faction calls for geoengineering: rather than limiting human impacts, we should offset them with deliberate impacts in the opposite direction.
Many environmentalists reject geoengineering out of hand. Nordhaus doesn't; he suggests that schemes like pumping reflective aerosols into the upper atmosphere could offset global warming from greenhouse gases relatively cheaply. Yet as he points out, geoengineering wouldn't actually reverse the effects of greenhouse gases, just offset one of their effects, and even that only at a global level. Ocean acidification, for example, would continue; and even if the average global temperature could be stabilized, there might be major disruptions from changes in local temperatures and climates.
In the end, Nordhaus makes a pretty good case that geoengineering should be studied, and in effect held in reserve, the same way that doctors study and bear in mind dangerous but potentially life-saving treatments to be risked if, but only if, all else has failed. The first line of defense should be an effort to limit global warming by limiting emissions. How should this be done?
Ken Light/Contact Press Images
A miner coating the wall of a coal mine with fine limestone dust, a process that helps prevent fires from igniting on exposed surfaces of coal, McDowell County, West Virginia, 2006
Every introductory textbook in economics covers the concept of "negative externalities"—costs that people impose on others through actions, yet have no individual incentive to take account of in their own decisions. Pollution and traffic congestion are the classic examples, and emissions of greenhouse gases are, at a conceptual level, just a kind of pollution. True, there are some unusual aspects to greenhouse gases: the harm they do is global, not local, the costs extend very far into the future rather than occurring contemporaneously with the emissions, and there is at least some risk that emissions will lead not just to costs but to civilizational catastrophe.
Despite these unusual aspects, however, much of the standard textbook analysis ought to apply. And what this textbook analysis says is that the best way to control pollution is to put a price on emissions, so that individuals and firms have a financial incentive to cut back.
How do you put a price on emissions? The most obvious way is via an emissions tax—a Pigouvian tax, in the economics jargon. An alternative, however, is to issue a limited number of licenses to pollute, and let people buy and sell those pollution permits—a so-called cap-and-trade system. The United States has limited acid rain with a highly successful cap-and-trade program on sulfur dioxide since 1995; the Waxman-Markey climate change bill, which passed the House in 2009 but died in the Senate, would have established a broadly similar system for carbon dioxide. Not surprisingly, then, Nordhaus advocates a carbon tax and/or cap-and-trade for greenhouse gases. (As he explains, it's possible to construct hybrid systems.)
Why is putting a price on carbon better than direct regulation of emissions? Every economist knows the arguments: efforts to reduce emissions can take place along many "margins," and we should give people an incentive to exploit all of those margins. Should consumers try to use less energy themselves? Should they shift their consumption toward products that use relatively less energy to produce? Should we try to produce energy from low-emission sources (e.g., natural gas) or non-emission sources (e.g., wind)? Should we try to remove CO2 after the carbon is burned, e.g., by capture and sequestration at power plants? The answer is, all of the above. And putting a price on carbon does, in fact, give people an incentive to do all of the above.
By contrast, it would be very hard to set rules to accomplish all these goals; in fact, even figuring out the comparative emissions from a simple choice, like whether to drive or fly to a city a few hundred miles away, is by no means a simple problem. So carbon pricing, says Nordhaus, is the way to go. And I, of course, agree—they'd probably revoke my economist card if I didn't.
And yet there is a slightly odd dissonance in this book's emphasis on carbon pricing. As I've just suggested, the standard economic argument for emissions pricing comes from the observation that there are many margins on which we should operate. Yet as Nordhaus himself points out, studies attempting to analyze how we might most efficiently reduce carbon emissions strongly suggest that just one of these margins should account for the bulk of any improvement—namely, we have to sharply reduce emissions from coal-fired electricity generation. Certainly it would be good to operate on other margins, especially because these studies might be wrong—maybe, for example, it would be easier than we think for consumers to shift to a radically lower-energy lifestyle, or there might be radical new ideas for scrubbing carbon from the atmosphere. Nonetheless, the message I took from this book was that direct action to regulate emissions from electricity generation would be a surprisingly good substitute for carbon pricing—not as good, but not bad.
And this conclusion becomes especially interesting given the current legal and political situation in the United States, where nothing like a carbon-pricing scheme has a chance of getting through Congress at least until or unless Democrats regain control of both houses, whereas the Environmental Protection Agency has asserted its right and duty to regulate power plant emissions, and has already introduced rules that will probably prevent the construction of any new coal-fired plants. Taking on the existing plants is going to be much tougher and more controversial, but looks for the moment like a more feasible path than carbon pricing.
However it's done, how ambitious should an emissions reduction program be? There's an international consensus that we should aim to limit the temperature rise to 2°C; sure enough, Nordhaus goes into full debunking mode here: "The scientific rationale for the 2°C target is not really very scientific." Instead, he argues for cost-benefit analysis—but this leads him to an only slightly higher target: his best estimate of the optimal climate policy if done right would limit the temperature rise to 2.3°C.
The qualifier "if done right" is important. Stabilizing temperature rise in the 2–3 degree range already requires very large reductions in CO2 emissions, albeit reductions that Nordhaus (and just about all serious energy economists) believe can be achieved at only moderate cost, given sufficient lead time. But what if some major nations refuse to participate in the effort? What if domestic policy is poorly designed, so that the costs of emission reductions are higher than they should be? In such cases, Nordhaus concludes, the target temperature should be considerably higher, possibly close to 4°C.
Personally, I think Nordhaus is being too pessimistic here. Start with the issue of international cooperation. It seems fairly clear that if the United States were to get serious about climate policy, Europe and Japan would quickly follow suit, so that we would have what amounted to a solid bloc of wealthy nations committed to emissions cuts. The wealthy nations would, in turn, be able to deploy both sticks and carrots to induce developing countries, above all China, to join in.
On one side, "carbon tariffs" on imported goods from nonparticipating countries would provide a powerful inducement to join in. My reading of international trade law is that such tariffs would probably be ruled legal by the World Trade Organization—and if not, so much for the WTO. Saving the planet trumps free trade. On the other side, cap-and-trade offers a natural way to compensate countries for the costs of emissions reduction: simply grant them enough permits that they can sell some of the permits to the extent that the countries do, in fact, reduce emissions, and they'll have a powerful incentive to make the reductions bigger.
As for the problem of inefficient domestic policies, I come back to the point that despite the complexity of our economy, most of the emissions problem seems to be quite simple: stop burning coal to generate electricity. Given the basic political will to take on the problem at all, this really shouldn't be that hard. The problem, of course, is that such political will is lacking in the country that must lead on this issue: our own.
I enjoyed The Climate Casino, and felt that I learned a lot from it. Yet as I read it, I couldn't help wondering whom, exactly, the book was written for. It is, after all, a calm, reasoned tract, marshaling the best available scientific and economic evidence on behalf of a pragmatic policy approach. And here's the thing: just about everyone responsive to that kind of argument already favors strong climate action. It's the other guys who constitute the problem.
Nordhaus is, of course, aware of this, but I think downplays just how bad things are. He notes that the book The Greatest Hoax: How the Global Warming Conspiracy Threatens Your Future was written by "a US senator"; he doesn't point out that the senator in question, James Inhofe, was the chairman of the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works from 2003 to 2007, and that someone with similar views will probably take that position if Republicans regain the Senate next year. He tells us that a manifesto titled "Cap and Trade—Taxing Our Way to Bankruptcy" came from "an advocacy group," but doesn't point out that this advocacy group, the Heartland Foundation, is a lavishly financed enterprise largely devoted to promoting climate science denial; it's secretive about its funding, but appears to be backed both by major corporations and by wealthy individuals.
The point is that there's real power behind the opposition to any kind of climate action—power that warps the debate both by denying climate science and by exaggerating the costs of pollution abatement. And this isn't the kind of power that can be moved by calm, rational argument.
Why are some powerful individuals and organizations so opposed to action on such a clear and present danger? Part of the answer is naked self-interest. Facing up to global warming would involve virtually eliminating our use of coal except to the extent that CO2 can be recaptured after consumption; it would involve somewhat reducing our use of other fossil fuels; and it would involve substantially higher electricity prices. That would mean billions of dollars in losses for some businesses, and for the owners of these businesses subsidizing climate denial has so far been a highly profitable investment.
Beyond that lies ideology. "Markets alone will not solve this problem," declares Nordhaus. "There is no genuine 'free-market solution' to global warming." This isn't a radical statement, it's just Econ 101. Nonetheless, it's anathema to free-market enthusiasts. If you like to imagine yourself as a character in an Ayn Rand novel, and someone tells you that the world isn't like that, that it requires government intervention—no matter how market-friendly—your response may well be to reject the news and cling to your fantasies. And sad to say, a fair number of influential figures in American public life do believe they're acting out Atlas Shrugged.
Finally, there's a strong streak in modern American conservatism that rejects not just climate science, but the scientific method in general. Polling suggests, for example, that a large majority of Republicans reject the theory of evolution. For people with this mind-set, laying out the extent of scientific consensus on an issue isn't persuasive—if anything, it just gets their backs up, and feeds fantasies about vast egghead conspiracies.
Hence my worries about the usefulness of books like The Climate Casino. Given the current state of American politics, the combination of self-interest, ideology, and hostility to science constitutes a huge roadblock to action, and rational argumentation isn't likely to help. Meanwhile, time is running out, as carbon concentrations keep rising.
Throughout this book, Nordhaus's tone is slightly cynical but basically calm and optimistic: this is ultimately a problem we should be able to solve. I only wish I could share his apparent conviction that this upbeat possibility will translate into reality. Instead, I keep being haunted by a figure he presents early in the book, showing that we have been living in an age of unusual climate stability—that "the last 7,000 years have been the most stable climatic period in more than 100,000 years." As Nordhaus notes, this era of stability coincides pretty much exactly with the rise of civilization, and that probably isn't an accident.
Now that period of stability is ending—and civilization did it, via the Industrial Revolution and the attendant mass burning of coal and other fossil fuels. Industrialization has, of course, made us immensely more powerful, and more flexible too, more able to adapt to changing circumstances. The Scientific Revolution that accompanied the revolution in industry has also given us far more knowledge about the world, including an understanding of what we ourselves are doing to the environment.
But it seems that we have, without knowing it, made an immensely dangerous bet: namely, that we'll be able to use the power and knowledge we've gained in the past couple of centuries to cope with the climate risks we've unleashed over the same period. Will we win that bet? Time will tell. Unfortunately, if the bet goes bad, we won't get another chance to play.
Love in the Gardens
On Reading Proust
More by Paul Krugman
Challenging the Oligarchy
Robert Reich's 'Saving Capitalism'
Why Weren't Alarm Bells Ringing?
Prediction is hard, but this doesn't let our economic policy elite off the hook
Paul Krugman is a columnist for The New York Times and Distinguished Professor of Economics at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2008.
(July 2016)
Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 3 (1973). ↩
See, for example, William D. Nordhaus and Joseph Boyer, Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming (MIT Press, 2000). ↩
William D. Nordhaus, "A Review of the 'Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change,'" Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 45, No. 3 (September 2007). ↩
See Martin L. Weitzman, "On Modeling and Interpreting the Economics of Catastrophic Climate Change," The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 91, No. 1 (2009); and William D. Nordhaus, "The Economics of Tail Events with an Application to Climate Change," Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2011). ↩
The Tipping Point?
Jonathan Mirsky
Misfortune in Shanghai
Can Climate Change Cure Capitalism?
Naomi Klein's This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate
Narco-Democracy?
Food Tips for Christmas
Florence Williams
The Next Big One
David Quammen's 'Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic'
Laurence C. Smith
Greenhouse Warming: Prepare for the Worst


Home. Where for out thou home?
Ummm… I thought it was London for awhile (well close to 5 years)… but really I knew it was always New Zealand… but now that I'm back, 'home' seems a bit of a foreign word to me.
Is home a dwelling where all your belongings are?
Well I'm living a bit of a minimalist lifestyle these days with flatmates in a place I don't own, so I wouldn't really say that fits the bill. Each time I get something added to my room I get a twinge… that's one more possession that makes it a tiny bit harder to move.
My 'family' cross over about 5 different cities, anywhere from 3-5 hours away and they all have their own families so not sure that quiet works as a 'home' for me either. I'm lucky if I see some members of my family once every 2-3 months, some it's more like once every 6 months!
Is home where your friends are?
Nope. Most of my friends live all over the world. Seems if home is where my friends are then that must mean the internet or phone, because they are the main mode of communication these days… though I am lucky to still have a few buddies here for coffees!
Home is where the heart is… where's that?
I think if I'm honest I've had lots of homes and yet no real 'homes' since I was a kid. I have people I love and care about all over the world and feel like I have homely twangs when I'm in a number of different countries. From the friendly bloggers in London that I dream about afternoon teas with, to the little cute Swedish/Lithuanian family in a pink house in Stockholm… to the wild and open nature of Africa to the entertaining variety of people in America I claim as friends.
I don't think I really have a 'home' anymore, but I think I have so much more than that. I have the world at my fingertips. I am free to go anywhere I want. Yes, New Zealand is my current base and I have the beginnings of a life here, it will always have a strong pull of culture, people and lifestyle that makes it homely, but home doesn't need to be one place anymore.
Home can be wherever your heart (and journey) takes you.
← Best waterfalls in the world: Iguazu – A top travel experience before I'm 30!
Yer well that's the explanation that gets me through the return to NZ at least!
"Homely twangs" – haha! Traveling does really change the concept of home for you.
It does doesn't it? I wonder sometimes what it'd feel like to stay I one place with no plans to leave!
my heart jumps whenever I love a new place we visit, but it always wants to be at home too!
Thanks for reading! Yes I think that's a great quote for anyone who's a bit of a nomad!
"Home" can be so hard to define!
Feels that way at the moment!
Totally, think I'd feel lost if I wasn't able to travel! Mad Hatters Afternoon Tea was awesome!!! Totally miss London Afternoon Teas!


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When Quest was established, accommodation options available to travellers were limited mainly to hotels and motels.
For business travellers, this meant working, sleeping and eating in the one, often cramped space. It also made travelling for families and groups expensive, with multiple rooms required to accommodate everyone.
That's why Apartment Hotels are an excellent option. Quest was born from humble beginnings in 1988, with one property in Fitzroy, on the fringe of Melbourne's central business district. Since then, Quest has emerged to become the largest and most successful apartment hotels brand in Australasia.
Today, travellers choose Quest, which is widely recognised for providing spacious and convenient accommodation for guests travelling for extended periods of time.
The Quest logo and brand name represent an ongoing journey to achieve the highest levels of personal and professional success. The outstretched wings of the golden "swan" soaring upward are symbolic of Quest people's flight to excellence, in all that they do and in all that the organisation and its people seek to become. The gold of the swan symbolises wealth; not only financial success, but personal success.


Looking for Growth Modification Treatment in St. Joseph? For an appointment at Dental Care of St. Joseph call our office today at 816-279-3300 or make an appointment today.
Headgear, an appliance that uses pressure to guide teeth and jaw growth.
Herbst, an appliance attached to the upper and lower molars that corrects overbite caused by a small lower jaw.
Bionator, a removable appliance that guides teeth and jaw growth.
Palatal expander, an appliance that corrects cross bite by widening the upper jaw.
Because growth modification is at the center of orthodontic treatment, the younger the patient, the better the treatment outcome. Early mixed dentition, which is marked by the emergence of the secondary teeth at the ages of 6 to 7, is considered the optimum age for most types of malocclusion.
Who benefits from early treatment?
For more information on growth modification and interceptive orthodontics, contact Dental Care of St. Joseph at 816-279-3300 today.


Playing Mahjong is easy – the basic rules are simple.
Remove pairs of matching tiles until there are none left.
You can only remove tiles that have at least one 'side' open so that you can pick it up from there.
Some tiles are in a group and you can remove any two from that group as part of the pair.
Sometimes you may run out of possible tile matches. You can 'shuffle' to continue playing, or give up and start a new layout.
To play Mahjong solitaire the 144 tiles can be laid out in a multitude of different layouts. The first layout, created by Brodie Lockard in 1986 was called 'The Turtle'. The aim of the game is to remove matching pairs of tiles from the layout until all of the tiles have been removed from the table.
Some layouts make use of smaller numbers of tiles, and these are simpler for beginners.
Astraware Mahjong includes 3 difficulty levels: Easy, Medium, and Hard, plus a Random difficulty setting. In the harder levels players may find themselves without any matching pairs left. Players can then opt to "shuffle" the remaining tiles to rearrange them and offer more matches. Purists may opt to end the game there, or restart the puzzle to try alternative moves.
Everyone has their favourite tactic of how to play.
In more difficult puzzles, here are some ideas that may help you to complete the puzzles without shuffling!
Try to identify locks – that is pieces that are locking down a larger fraction of the remaining tiles. When you have the chance, removing locks in preference will help you to make more progress.
Watch out for troublesome areas – like stacks where you may have matching tiles overlapping each other, or rows with pairs trapped inside.
If you have all four of a tile group available, remove them all!


Explore the outdoors with their host sibling, whether it be biking on local trails or fishing at a nearby lake.
Learn how to make dishes specific to the region they're visiting, say tater tot hotdish in Minnesota or clam chowder in Massachusetts.
Play bean bag toss and other yard games with their host family on a warm summer evening.
Check out the downtown area and its historical sites.


After a tough year in 2017, Cigna has managed to rejoin the competition when it comes to customer satisfaction.
The insurer made up notable gains this year, reaching a score of 73 in the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI). Rising up 11% from last year's 66, that score pulled it equivalent to the industry average.
Industry leaders Humana and Kaiser Permanente, meanwhile, have consistently stayed ahead of the trend. Customers cited Kaiser's fast claim processing and comprehensive prescription coverage, according to ACSI, while Humana customers praised the insurer's access to primary and specialty care.
Still, the overall average for health insurance falls far below what customers tend to expect from other types of insurance. While similar insurance companies generally score in the low 80s in ACSI's annual surveys, health insurance has consistently stayed in the low 70s.
"Health insurance is, by far, the most problematic and least satisfying category in the sector, in part because it is also the most complicated and controversial," ACSI wrote in its report. "It is much more difficult to deliver high-quality customer service and assess value for health insurance compared with other financial services."
But patients have been clear about their issues with the way health insurance is provided.
In particular, customers are increasingly unsatisfied with call center representatives, giving them a satisfaction score of 71; "by far the lowest score in the sector," ACSI wrote.
Customers also said it is difficult to understand information on insurance statements and that insurers don't make enough plans available.
Moreover, though, the industry has simply not improved significantly since last year. Customer experience benchmarks have largely been in line with 2017 figures, with modest gains in satisfaction toward primary care doctors but dissatisfaction elsewhere (see chart).
So, if overall benchmarks didn't improve, how did Cigna specifically overcome so much customer dissatisfaction? It may have something to do with the insurer—and the industry at large—moving toward consolidation. ACSI noted that the only insurers that posted positive gains this year, Cigna and Aetna, are separately pursuing sizable mergers.
"Leading up to its merger with CVS, Aetna inches up 1% to 75. Aetna also has the top-rated mobile app in the industry. Cigna, which is acquiring Express Scripts, posts a huge gain of 11%, moving out of last place to meet the industry average (73). Cigna also has the lowest complaint rate in the industry," ACSI wrote.


I'm going to tell my 7-year-old son, who is graduating to a nonbumper league this summer, that he's got five years to get on the Professional Bowlers' Association Tour, or else it's time to give up bowling. Actually, I'd better make it four, because we already have a 12-year-old who's made $400 at a PBA event.
Twelve-year-old Kamron Doyle of Brentwood, Tenn., finished 30th in the Professional Bowlers Assocation Canton (Ga.) Open Regional tournament Sunday at Cherokee Lanes, becoming the youngest bowler ever to cash in a PBA event. He earned $400 which will be deposited into a scholarship account.
Bowling as a non-PBA member, Doyle had a 2,797 13-game pinfall total (215.1 average) bowling against a 94-player field which included some of the top regional and national tour professional players from the organization's South region. The event was won by 2009-10 PBA Player of the Year Walter Ray Williams Jr., a 47-time PBA Tour title winner and member of the PBA Hall of Fame.
Doyle is a youth bowling phenom who already holds the all-time record as the youngest bowler to roll a United States Bowling Congress-certified 800 series (he rolled games of 279, 278, and 245 for an 802 three-game series at the age of 11 years, 2 months, and 1 day) and is also the third-youngest bowler to roll a 300 game in certified competition. In all, Doyle has two 800 series (highest is 803) and two 300 games.
He's Kamron, and he loves to bowl.
I believe those 63 adults who finished behind Kamron Doyle, feeling shamed, intentionally mangled their bowling hands in the ball return. But, really, is it wrong for me to say young Kamron has a lot of balls to do so well against pros so early?
"…at this point I think he's got about 60 bowling balls," [his mother Cathy said].
No, it is not wrong.
The danger, of course, is that the PBA, desperate for the glory days of Chris Schenkel and "Bowling for Dollars," rides the Kamron Doyle train right into the ground, after a promising career is cut short by a 17-year-old Kamron succumbing to the pressure by ravaging his body, and his winnings, with plastic pitchers of cheap beer and paper plates of frickles, his left index finger calloused by pressing the "call wait staff" button so frequently.
Seriously, the kid is good, but he's a kid. At least Kamron himself isn't trying to jump too far ahead of his own skills.
Still, you get the feeling the PBA would love to see little Kamron touring nationwide, in hopes it gets people other than my 7-year-old son to care about bowling again.
If the PBA wants to sell an oddity, it should stick to Jason Belmonte, the two-handed bowler, who at least is a grown man winning professional events.
Or maybe Kelly Kulick, who in January became the first woman to win a men's PBA tour event. Otherwise, the association should go easy on hyping Kamron. However, just in case this is the direction the PBA is going, I'm officially declaring myself my 7-year-old son's agent and manager.
Thanks to Eric McErlain of the excellent hockey blog Off Wing Opinion for the tip.


Just two months into 2013, and Facebook has introduced Graph Search and Google enhanced AdWords to improve multi-channel campaign management. These are just a couple of the developments we'll be covering in-depth at Search Engine Land's SMX West in San Jose, March 11-13.
You'll hear firsthand about Facebook Graph Search and other paid advertising options in a Keynote Conversation with Grady Burnett, VP of Global Marketing Solutions. We'll follow that up with Meet Facebook Graph Search, a deep dive into the opportunity for internet marketers.
Hear directly from Google about the significant change made to AdWords in their sponsored session Enhancing AdWords for a Constantly Connected World. We'll continue the conversation with our own panel of experts at Google Enhanced Campaigns – What You Really Need to Know.
Developments in search engine optimization are happening just as fast. Get the latest on ethical SEO practices from Google's Matt Cutt's and Bing's Duane Forrester. And for more insight, don't miss Walk a Mile in Google's Shoes, an enlightening discussion on decisions Google has to make and the balancing act it requires with Google search policy specialist Patrick Thomas.
And those are just 6 of the more than 50 sessions you'll attend at SMX West. Check out the agenda.
SMX West starts in just two weeks! Register by March 10 and save with pre-conference rates. Three day All Access passes are an incredible value at $1595. Register online or call (877) 242-5242.
Other passes are also available, including free Expo+ passes for those who pre-register. Click here for descriptions.
PS: Interested in sending your team? You'll save 10-20% when you register 3 or more people. Check out our attractive group rates!
Need budget approval? Use our handy Get the Boss Onboard form.
Looking for in-depth knowledge on in-house SEO, content marketing, international search, SEO, AdWords or social media community management? Check out our March 14th workshops.
Where to stay, how to get there.
You'll be satisfied – see what past attendees have said – and check out our guarantee!
A common question I see from webmasters and SEOs is how many sites in my network can I link together without getting in trouble.
When would it not be spammy to do so? When you have 20 domain names but they are all localized versions of your site and you are linking to them, then that would be okay. But even in this case, Matt said you shouldn't link to all these domain names in the footer — instead have flags or a drop down to access them.
Matt Cutts then talks about blog networks doing it, but advices against it.
At the very end of the video, Matt says it would be a "cross linking scheme" to link all of these sites together, unless there was a "very good reason" to do so.


Have you ever been in a great worship service and the worship leader and team seemed to disappear and your complete focus turned to worshiping Jesus?
Strong worship leaders know that worship is never about them, it's about putting our gaze and attention on Jesus. Here are some keys to leading people toward Jesus in worship.
Question: What other ways have you found to point people to Jesus while leading?


There's a big difference between a vacationer and a traveler. For the former, trips often consist of all-inclusive packages and two-week cruises that occur once, maybe twice per year. For the latter, the hyphenates "all-inclusive" and "two-week" feel more like "handcuffs". It is you, the one bitten by the wanderlust bug that we are speaking to today. We understand your conundrum. You feel so at peace when traipsing about the globe that when you return to your permanent address you don't feel quite at home. This need not be the case any longer. By incorporating the following interior design and decorating ideas into your home you will finally find your comfort zone, no passport required.
Placing a world map mural on your wall sets the tone, allowing you to keep an eye on your favorite playground (the world) while telling guests what you're all about. Large-framed antique map replicas, for instance, will add a touch of old world charm to your home. However, if you are a traveler with a penchant for contemporary design you may consider a wall mural decal depicting the seven continents (pictured above). These can be ordered online and applied with relative ease. If the entire world is not your oyster, you can find wall-hangers representing practically any continent, country, and archipelago. For example, let's say that your household has a special connection to Hawaii. You could mount the world's most recognizable island chain on your wall (view example here). Mapping the world on the walls of your home will provide you with the visualization therapy that you need when your are not able to hop the next plane, train, or automobile out of town.
Make a bold statement in your living room by installing a large ceiling fan that whisks you away to your favorite destination. Fan blades in the shape of exotic flora such as banana plant leaves and palm fronds will transport your senses to the tropics. Looking for something more global? Ceiling fans designed as vintage airplane propellers will express your passion for airborne globetrotting to guests.
Antique steamer trunks incite images of month-long travel overseas and on rail. Visit antique stores in your locale and keep an eye out for estate sales which can unearth such treasures. If necessary, have it restored (while keeping its patina in tact) and use it as an end table or room centerpiece, placing complementary accents (see item #5 below) on it for added effect. Camelback steamer trunks, with their concave lids, work great as a standalone decorative piece. If you are looking for a hybrid of vintage and contemporary design there are home furnishing retailers that have created their own custom takes on this concept (pictured above).
There is something about interior design complemented by rich-toned and textured woods that convey a sense of travel. Woods endemic to particular regions are often used in the interior architecture and design of local resorts and homes alike. It helps define a destination. It can be incorporated into the decor through countertop installations and professional wall and floor finishing. For added impact, install thick plantation shutters on your windows, selecting ones crafted from mahogany or other similar timber. You'll feel as if you're tucked away in some exotic locale every time you wake within your wood-finished home.
Placing items that people associate with travel on the tables, mantles, and shelves of your home will speak volumes about your passion. Globes are an obvious choice, but there are others that you may not have thought of. A decorative standing-telescope would look great in your study, pointing towards the window as if to eye your next destination. A large tripod nautical searchlight lamp makes for an amazing corner-piece in the same vein. Smaller items such as an antique sundial compass or vintage binoculars placed on an end table adds a curious touch and encourages your guests to inspect and inquire further. Another idea and great conversation piece for your wall could be an ocean-liner porthole repurposed as a mirror. The possibilities are endless, especially when you have the imaginative mind of a traveler.
Acquire an item from each stop along your important travels, keeping in mind that it will become a decorative accent within your home. Avoid tourist-trap markets where everything comes with a Made in China stamp and instead seek out markets where local artisans and crafts-persons put their authentic ethnic work on display. Select pieces that will draw upon positive memories and put a smile on your face. Guests will wander into your home in awe as they admire the wares curated from your travels, each piece accompanied by story of how and where you acquired it. Home design and decor should incite conversation and nowhere is this more true than within the abode of a traveler.
George Moore once said, "A man travels the world over in search of what he needs and returns home to find it." If you reside in the Greater Vancouver area contact us, we can help get you there.


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Mina Mugil Kimes (Omaha, Nebraska; 8 de septiembre de 1985) es una periodista estadounidense que se especializa en reportajes de negocios y deportes. Ha escrito para Fortune, Bloomberg News y ESPN. Es escritora sénior en ESPN y analista en NFL Live.

Kimes nació el 8 de septiembre de 1985 en Omaha, Nebraska. Su padre sirvió en la Fuerza Aérea de los Estados Unidos como capitán. Kimes es de ascendencia coreana por parte de su madre. Kimes se mudó a Arizona con su familia durante su adolescencia. Asistió a la escuela secundaria Mesquite en Gilbert, Arizona. Se graduó summa cum laude de la Universidad Yale en 2007 con una licenciatura en inglés.

Después de la universidad, se convirtió en escritora de la revista Fortune Small Business en 2007. En 2014, ESPN le ofreció a Kimes un puesto después de que ella escribiera un ensayo sobre el vínculo que ella y su padre compartían con los Seattle Seahawks. Después de unirse a ESPN como escritora sénior, apareció en varios programas de ESPN, como Around the Horn, First Take y SportsCenter. En octubre de 2019 se convirtió en la presentadora del podcast ESPN Daily, cubriendo las noticias diarias.

Referencias

Periodistas deportivos de Estados Unidos
Presentadores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Mujeres periodistas de Estados Unidos
Nacidos en Nebraska

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GIRL TALK RADIO
Hello, We Are Just A Girl
Just A Girl uses technology to foster inclusive mental health and womxn's empowerment efforts globally. Our goal is simple: elevate our emotions, experiences and voices as womxn. Our work has two streams:
Support & Solutions.
Our Support initiatives focus on building community. We do that by holding safe space for the difficult,
as well as the beautiful, aspects of our lives as womxn (knowing that both often exist at the same time).
This includes our podcasting and on-demand radio programs as well as the Just A Girl online forum.
Our Solutions initiatives focus on driving meaningful action for individuals, communities and companies. We do that by crafting ways for people to learn, grow and dismantle systems of patriarchy and oppression around them. This includes trainings, classes, tech for good, data for good and consulting.
You are so much more than just a girl. It's time we talk about how.
Kirsten Helgeson
Founder + CEO
Kirsten is a social change strategist and advocate, using tech to drive mental health and women's empowerment efforts globally. She's embraced being the mouthy but kind voice of reason in most situations and actively advocates for people at varying points on the privilege spectrum. She loves nerdy dance parties, international travel and coffee.
Kirsten believes in active compassion, creativity and connection. That if we want to make the world a better place, we have to start by building authentic, honest relationships. Her goal is to build a global sisterhood of support and solutions capable of helping all 4 billion women on the planet thrive.
Samantha Silverberg
Chief Support Officer
Samantha is our very own punk rock therapist. As a fourth-year doctoral student at Fielding Graduate University, earning her PhD in Clinical Psychology, Samantha brings a fresh approach to solutions and support across the Just A Girl universe. She's passionate about individualized, evidence-based therapy and clinical interventions that support people in their times of need. Samantha has a friendly, warm presence and deep dedication to the people she works with. This builds a collaborative and thoughtful approach to therapy and emotional well-being. Her research and training has focused on thorough diagnostic evaluations and evidence-based interventions including CBT, extensive training in DBT, ACT for children, and TF-CBT. She also helped to develop a social skills training series for elementary and high-school aged students. She has worked with children, adolescents, and adults in educational settings, private practices, outpatient clinics and residential treatment facilities.
Samantha's academic research focuses on attachment relationships. She also serves as a researcher at the Parent-Infant Center of Mount Sinai-St. Luke's. She has been the co-author of several poster presentations at a variety of conferences including the American Psychological Association, Society for Research on Child Development, American Academy of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies and the Society for Research on Adolescence. Samantha initially received her B.A. in Psychology and Elementary Education and then received M.A. degrees from the New School for Social Research and LaSalle University, with a focus on early childhood development. During this time, she worked at Beth Israel Medical Center as a research assistant on a national study focusing on the development of Developmental Trauma Disorder.
© 2020 by Just A Girl.

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Historic school project begins
Work has started on the repurposing of a former all-black school in Covington 40 years after the final bell rang dismissing the last students there.
Historic school project begins Work has started on the repurposing of a former all-black school in Covington 40 years after the final bell rang dismissing the last students there. Check out this story on cincinnati.com: https://cin.ci/1VlXQW9
Scott Wartman, swartman@enquirer.com Published 5:52 p.m. ET Jan. 25, 2016
Framed in a hole punched through a classroom door, Assistant City Manager Larisa Sims stands in the second-floor hall of the Lincoln-Grant School.(Photo: (Photo: The Enquirer/Patrick Reddy))
The City of Covington held a groundbreaking Monday for the Lincoln-Grant School, which will be converted this year to an apartment complex for low-income single parents going to college.
Louisville-based Marian Development Group will transform the school building in Covington's Eastside neighborhood into 45 apartments for the Scholar House program.
"It's a preserved historic building, an iconic building for Northern Kentucky," said City Manager Larry Klein. "This returns it to educational use. No one wanted to see this building torn down.""
The building served as a school from 1932 to 1976. It was an all-black school prior to desegregation int he 1950s. The landmark building has been vacant since 2003 when a community center inside closed. Many in the city's Eastside neighborhood have fought to save the building.
"The loss of that building would be like losing someone out of your family because it symbolizes the only African-American School for Northern Kentucky (during) segregation," long-time Eastside resident Wanda Wilkinson, 50, who attended Lincoln-Grant School, told the Enquirer in 2003 when the community center closed.
Read or Share this story: https://cin.ci/1VlXQW9


The Access New Hampshire project is a joint research effort by representatives of the Institute on Disability, Disabilities Rights Center, Granite State Independent Living, New Hampshire Developmental Disabilities Council, the New Hampshire Department of Education, the New Hampshire Division of Behavioral Health, the New Hampshire Bureau of Developmental Services, and the Governor's Commission on Disability. The project analyzes published reports as well as agency administrative data to help legislators, state and local agencies, and the broader public to understand the extent to which New Hampshire enables all its residents - particularly those living with some form of a disability - to live and participate in their communities. To meet the needs of its citizens, half of which are likely to require some level of mental health care or treatment for substance use in their lifetime, it is critical that New Hampshire provides a continuum of care that ensures appropriate levels of health care. In this report, Peter Antal and the Institute on Disability reviewed New Hampshire hospital data; specifically, we looked at the characteristics and needs of persons diagnosed with mental health or substance use conditions who access hospital level care.


Is it possible to support the pro-democracy forces without risking the replacement of an autocratic but friendly regime with a fanatical hostile one?
The strengthening of miltant forces in Pakistan – and their inward gaze – has not come from any radicalization of Pakistani society but from the incomplete operation of US forces in Afghanistan. The war in Iraq drained away any plan for a viable and functioning Afghanistan. The defeated troops carried their tribal allegiances back across the border into the Northern and Western regions of Pakistan – and turned their attention onto Pakistani state. Musharraf, busy consolidating the military's dominion had no viable way of combating these tribes – he has no legitimacy. I could be writing an alternative version of this recent past, if democratic tendencies had actually been allowed to develop in Pakistan since 2001. You may call it 'paradoxical' but the only solution to de-Islamization of Pakistan is democracy – not the support of dictatorships.
Pakistani military analyst Dr. Ayesha Siddiqa, author of the recent book "Military, Inc.," offers a related perspective here.


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Quick Answer: Does the UK use yards or meters?
Why does the UK use yards?
Does the UK use Celsius or Fahrenheit?
Is a yard and a meter the same?
Does UK use kg or lbs?
When did the UK start using Celsius?
Why did UK go metric?
A formal government policy to support metrication was agreed by 1965. … In 1978, after some carpet retailers reverted to pricing by the square yard rather than the square metre, government policy shifted, and they started issuing orders making metrication mandatory in certain sectors.
Degrees Celsius is the most common format of temperature in the UK. It comes from the metric system of measurement, whereas Fahrenheit is taken from the Imperial system. The UK began the switch to the Metric system from the Imperial system in the 60s.
Answer: The difference between meter and yard is that the meter is a SI unit of length and a yard is a unit of length. Also, 1 meter is about 1.09 yards.
Weight measurements in the UK, US, Australia and New Zealand
In the US, they use pounds (lbs) for their weight while Australia and New Zealand use kilograms. So, a man weighing 90kg would give his weight as 198 lbs in the US and just over 14 stone in the UK.
From October 15, 1962, celsius became the main temperature scale, with fahrenheit retained for a transition period of "several years" Just over 50 years ago weather forecasts in the UK began to use celsius temperatures in preference to fahrenheit.
THIS IS FUN: How do you demonstrate British values in the workplace?
Metric is simply a better system of units than imperial
Common sense would suggest that Britain should make use of the best system of units available. The metric system is better than imperial so therefore it makes sense to complete the conversion to metric as soon as possible.


The full text of the selected Act displayed in groups of sections.
Section 250 — Extension of relief under section 248 to certain individuals in relation to loans applied in acquiring interest in certain companies.
Section 250A — Restriction of relief to individuals in respect of loans applied in acquiring interest in companies.
Section 251 — Restriction of relief to individuals on loans applied in acquiring shares in companies where a claim for "BES relief" or "film relief" is made in respect of amount subscribed for shares.
Section 252 — Restriction of relief to individuals on loans applied in acquiring interest in companies which become quoted companies.
Section 253 — Relief to individuals on loans applied in acquiring interest in partnerships.
Section 254 — Interest on borrowings to replace capital withdrawn in certain circumstances from a business.
Section 255 — Arrangements for payment of interest less tax or of fixed net amount.
Section 256 — Interpretation (Chapter 4).
Section 257 — Deduction of tax from relevant interest.
Section 258 — Returns and collection of appropriate tax.
Section 259 — Alternative amount on account of appropriate tax.


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Rhodium Climbs Reaches Record Highs
This week Rhodium hit a…
Gold Inches Closer To $2,000
Gold prices advanced higher on…
Do Silver Miners Still Have Some Upside Potential?
The silver miners' stocks have…
Frank Holmes
Frank Holmes is CEO and chief investment officer of U.S. Global Investors, Inc., which manages a diversified family of mutual funds and hedge funds specializing…
Gold Jewelry Fuels $20 Billion Valentine's Spending Spree
By Frank Holmes - Feb 13, 2019, 12:30 PM CST
This Valentine's Day might best be remembered for two things in particular. One, for the first time in 153 years, candy lovers won't be able to pick up a box of Sweethearts, those classic heart-shaped candies bearing sweet nothings like "BE MINE" and "CRAZY 4 U." And two, consumers are set to spend more than $20 billion on Valentine's gifts for the first time ever, thanks in part to a surge in gold jewelry demand—specifically, yellow gold.
Regarding Sweethearts, they'll be missing from store shelves this year because the candy's manufacturer, Necco, sadly went bankrupt last May. But never fear! Its new owner, Spangler Candy Company—maker of Dum Dums lollipops—could bring them back as soon as next year.
As for Valentine's Day spending, what I find interesting is that it continues to grow even as the number of people who admit to celebrating the holiday has been on the decline for years now, according to the National Retail Federation (NRF). It's estimated that Americans will shell out an all-time high of $20.7 billion this year, easily topping the previous record of $19.7 billion set in 2016.
The increase in spending, I believe, can largely be attributed to the Love Trade, which is all about gold's timeless role as a treasured gift. Of the $20.7 billion, an estimated 18 percent, or $3.9 billion, will be spent on jewelry alone, much of it featuring gold, silver and other precious metals and minerals. Related: Is Germany's New Industrial Strategy Good For Its Economy?
Just take a look at the results of a recent WalletHub survey. When asked what kind of Valentine's Day gift was "best," most women said they preferred jewelry, beating out gift cards, flowers and chocolates. (Interestingly, a third of men said they preferred gift cards, with only 4 percent saying they thought jewelry was the "best" gift.)
Yellow Gold Gets a Royal Endorsement
But what kind of jewelry should you get your spouse or partner? You may have seen stories about how yellow gold jewelry—as opposed to white and rose gold, not to mention silver and platinum—began to fall out of favor in the 1990s, the attitude being that it was "tacky" or "old fashioned." Personally, I don't believe it's ever fallen out of fashion, but we have been seeing its popularity gain additional ground lately. Look no further than Men?, the revolutionary 24-karat jewelry company that's disrupting the industry.
Much of the renewed interest in yellow gold jewelry is thanks to Prince Harry, who presented Meghan Markle with a gold engagement ring in late 2017. Speaking to the BBC, the prince said that choosing yellow gold was a no-brainer.
"The ring is obviously yellow gold because that's [Meghan's] favorite," he said, adding that the inset diamonds are from his mother Princess Diana's jewelry collection, "to make sure she's with us on this crazy journey together."
Related: The Biggest Bottleneck In The Renewable Revolution
Industry experts are taking notice. Well-known designer Stephanie Gottlieb told "Brides" magazine in December that she was seeing more and more requests for the yellow metal. "Our brides are turning to the same metal that graces their mothers' engagement rings, but elevating it to take yellow gold from the 80s squarely into 2019," Gottlieb said.
It should come as no surprise, then, that Google searches for "gold jewelry" surged to an 11-year high this past December.
What's more, gold jewelry demand in the U.S. rose to a nine-year high in 2018, according to the World Gold Council (WGC). Americans bought as much as 128.4 tonnes during the year, up 4 percent from 2017, while fourth-quarter demand of 48.1 tonnes was the highest since 2009.
A Gift That Doubles as an Investment
Ideally, you're buying jewelry for a loved one this Valentine's because it looks great on and makes them happy. But when I buy gold jewelry in particular, it helps to know that the piece doubles as an investment. Unlike some other costly gifts, gold jewelry will hold its value for many years to come. In a recent presentation, Men? points out that a 50-gram gold bracelet purchased 20 years ago for $500 would have outperformed both the S&P 500 Index and the U.S. dollar. That same bracelet, Men? says, would today be worth around $2,000.
By Frank Holmes
Gold Inches Upward On Dollar Weakness
Major Gold Analysts Predict A Good Year For Precious Metals
The Geopolitics Of Cheap Tabloids
Central Bank Gold Binge Sparks Buying Signal


Clean, pure water is essential to your homestead abundance. Even fresh Spring water, like we have at Joybilee Farm can be contaminated with industrial pollution, chemicals, and heavy metals from local mine operations, climate engineering activities, and wildlife, things you have no control over. We've been using a Royal Berkey water filter at Joybilee Farm for about a year now. I highly recommend the Berkey Water Filter over other water filter systems that we've tried.
The Berkey Water Filter was easy to set up. It took about an hour the first first time to flush and prime the filters and set it up on the counter. The Royal Berkey, the size that I use, takes up less than a square foot of counter space and holds about 3 gallons (12 litres) of water. We fill ours before we go to bed at night and have enough water for most of our cooking and drinking. On days that I make Kombucha, I fill it again before dinner time.
Our water comes raw off of a spring above us on the mountain. There are mining activities above us and the possibility of heavy metal contamination. Further, our water tepidity changes depending on the season and the weather, changing the appearance and the taste of our water. When water enters our house, it is filtered through a particle filter which takes out fine sediment.
In our previous home, in the city, where water was treated with a toxic chlorine-ammonia disinfectant, we installed an under the sink, reverse osmosis water purification system. This system required a professional to install it — the system was $800 and then the professional installation added to that cost. It was a five filter system that removed viruses, bacteria, and chemicals. The filters required annual replacement that amounted to about $150 a year with the reverse osmosis filter being replaced every 4 to 6 years, at almost $300. It did the job it was meant to do. We had to leave it when we sold our home.
Our filter system, out in the country is a dual carbon filter that takes large particles out of the water supply. The 2 filters need to be replaced every 6 months, at a cost of about $30 each time. But we usually only replace them once a year. It's hard to find the filters locally, so it necessitates a trip to the city. The system has an additional faucet, to the right of my sink, where the water is delivered. This faucet leaks. And the water coming out is slow as it goes through the two filters. There is no holding tank. I never trusted this filter system. Somehow, water sitting for days in the plastic filter containers doesn't seem clean, so I run the water for several minutes before filling my cup.
The filters take out pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and heavy metals but leave in the essential minerals that your body needs.
The filters remove viruses, cysts, protozoa, and bacteria.
The Berkey is portable, so I can take it with me when I move, or if I go on a trip.
It sits on the counter not under the sink, so its easily accessible to all family members.
It's easy to fill with fresh water and any family member can do it.
It's stainless steel, which is non-reactive and won't add endocrine disruptors to our water the way plastics can. My under the sink water filter systems had plastic housing.
My Complete Royal Berkey costs about the same as 2 to 3 years of replacing filters on the reverse osmosis filter system or 5 years with the 2 filter system at Joybilee Farm. The Berkey filters are about $150 for the 4 filter system we have and won't need replacing for 4 years — the stainless steel holding tank will last indefinitely — clean water for life.
My Royal Berkey is expandable to double the filter capacity by adding 2 more Berkey Filters ($100). This would allow our system to filter faster and increase the number of people that could easily be served daily. It is part of my preparedness plans to add 2 more filters, should our system be required in an emergency.
It feels good to have the confidence that my drinking water is clean, without lead, mercury, radon, bacteria, and viruses, no matter what's going on up stream from us and regardless of the dangers in the world around us.
Its a portable system that could be carried with you on a trip — although many people get a smaller Berkey, like the Go Berkey for camping trips and to keep with their Bug-Out supplies.
When I move I can take the Berkey with me so its a once in a lifetime purchase.
It drips on the floor when I'm filling the kettle. Its just awkward to fill a kettle from the spigot.
It takes about an hour to filter the 3 gallons of water so you do have to wait if you let it run dry.
You have to plan ahead for an increase in water usage — it's not a demand filter.
In fact, I loved my Royal Berkey so much, I bought a Big Berkey for my son's family for Christmas last year.
you a Go Berkey Filter prize bundle. We're really excited about the Go Berkey because it means you can have Berkey filtered water on the go. This system is perfect for outdoor trips, your emergency kit, or your desk at the office. It's the same quality and beautiful gleaming look you're used to, but it's small and portable! Being smaller than the original Berkey, it's also ideal for those of you with really small kitchens that have limited counter space. Hey, I used to have one of those. I know what it's like!!
BerkeyCleanWater.com is giving away a Go Berkey system. You can learn all about the system here.
This is the perfect on-the-go system for your camping, hiking, picnic and outdoor trips. You can put it right into your backpack and it's going to filter any water, anywhere.
camping/hiking trips! It even has pretty little mugs to serve up your Berkey-filtered water!
Timber Creek Farm and The Adventure Bite have teamed up to give away the Glacier Stainless JavaPress, an awesome stainless steel French press coffee maker for your trip. Simply fill with your favorite grounds and fresh clean water from your Berkey and you're all set for some of the best coffee you've ever tasted.
of. And what's better? Mercer the Mug will scare off any little critters that come to your campsite, while bringing a big smile to your face. Let's just say, you'll have the most unique mug at camp.
Lille Punkin' is contributing to the prize bundle with a subscription to GRIT Magazine! So, now you have something to read while you're huddled by the fire, drinking coffee!
winner will be contacted via email and given 24 hours to respond. If no response is given, another winner will be chosen.
Oooooohhhhhh……I've really been wanting one of these! I have been hauling water from out of town for 32 years and am SO tired of it! Our city water is horrible. I never let my kids drink it growing up and we still don't drink it. I've been trying to find a way to purchase one of these, but the funds have just not been there. Thanks for the opportunity to try to win one! Great idea!!!
Nice!! I need a water filter like this one. I know that Berkey is a great product. Thanks for the chance.
I have a friend who has the large Berky and she is so proud of it!! The comfort and security it gives – knowing your family is safe from all that the pollution has done to the earth – is immeasurable!
What a great review and giveaway! We have thought about a water filtration system but haven't done anything yet. Sadly, since we don't do facebook and other social media, I can't enter the giveaway. Thanks for the review though!
We've used our Berkey for over 13 years, ever since prepping for Y2K. Ours is really way too small for a family of eight, so we are hoping to add another one soon so we don't have to be refilling it so often. We try to keep eight to 12 gallon jars full of filtered water as an emergency supply (we use old cider or vinegar jugs). We rotate the supply, using from the jugs and refilling them from the Berkey. In 13 years we've replaced the four filters twice. The second time was just last year so I imagine they will last another five years at least, and much more if we get a second Berkey.
I've been wanting one of these for a very long time! Thanks for the opportunity.
Wow, great review on the Berkey! It sure would be lovely to win one. I like how you broke down the cost and compared to your other water filtering costs. This was useful information!
I LOVE your blog and so appreciate other believers who are sharing their knowledge! Thanks for all you do and I pray a little prayer that I could win this lovely give away!! Thanks!
So cool. We were just thinking of investing in one. Thank you!!
How come of for US residents only if you (joybileefarm) are in Canada???
Because I'm not the person who decides these things. The sponsor decides where they are willing to ship to. And many of the American sponsors don't want the extra expense and legal hassle of shipping internationally. It's not as easy to ship internationally if you are a business, as it is if you are just private individual. There are huge legal issues, especially if you are shipping a "free" item. Government red tape adds to the cost.
I would love to have one of these to share with my son. He's a Deputy Sheriff on the bomb team (every mother's dream). They are starting their own "little farm" , and I think this would be a tremendous gift for them. I might even get a couple of brownie points also.
I LOVE your posts on FB.
Have wanted a Berkey for so long! Just has not been in the budget! But maybe I will get get lucky! A Berkey is the BEST!


The photo you see above is of Mars, folks.
Not what you'd expect of a photo of the Red Planet, is it?
The image was released yesterday by the European Space Agency after its ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter's camera captured a breathtaking view of Mars being bathed in sunlight.
The full photo (shown below) is of a swath of the planet that's about 40-kilometers in length, and was taken with the Orbiter's Color and Stereo Surface Imaging System, or CaSSIS.
It's actually a composite of three images taken nearly simultaneously in three different colors.
According to a press release from the European Space Agency, the plan is to fully automate the production of images from CaSSIS to expedite getting the image data to scientists for analysis.
Editor's Tip: Don't buy another lens before you read this guide on must-have prime lenses.
The full image shows the Martian surface bathed in glorious light.
The features you see include the Korolev Crater, which is located in Mars' northern hemisphere.
The light-colored areas of the photo are ice fields located on the rim of the crater.
It's often said in photography that one of the things that sets an image apart is the quality of light, and I think the European Space Agency certainly found some pretty awesome light!
What makes this photo even more special is that the Trace Gas Orbiter's job isn't to take breathtaking photos of Mars. Instead, it's job is to find gases that might indicate active geological or biological processes.
Nevertheless, this might be one of the best photos of Mars ever taken!
Learn more about the European Space Agency's ExoMars mission.


The Malaysian Medical Device Act 2012 (Act 737) was fully enforced as of the 1 July 2013. The regulation of medical devices in Malaysia is carried out by the regulatory authority called Medical Devices Bureau (MDB), Ministry of Health.
Parts of the execution and surveillance of a regulation task of the regulatory authority may be delegated to reliable private bodies called a CAB. BSI has been approved as a CAB.
Whilst the medical devices industry in Malaysia enjoys consistent growth over the past few years, many in the industry recognize that the Medical Device Act 2012 (Act 737) will further improve export quality of medical devices from Malaysia thus driving further growth across the country and region. This means that all medical device players in Malaysia now have to comply with the Regulation by registering their medical devices and obtaining an establishment license to import and distribute medical devices locally in Malaysia.
The regulation of medical devices in Malaysia is carried out by the regulatory authority called Medical Devices Bureau (MDB), Ministry of Health. Parts of the execution and surveillance of a regulation task of the regulatory authority may be delegated to reliable private bodies called CABs. These CABs need to be designated and within surveillance of the regulatory authority. BSI has been designated as capable of assessing to both QMS ISO 13485 and Good Distribution Practices for Medical Devices (GDPMD).
Working with a CAB is essential for any medical device organization to register their medical device products, be certified to a medical device quality management system (QMS) or to attain certification for their GDPMD.
A Simple - Low risk, surgical instruments, tongue depressor, liquid in glass thermometer, examination light, simple wound dressing, oxygen mask, stethoscopes and walking aids.
B Low – Moderate risk, hypodermic needles, suction equipment, anaesthetic breathing circuits, aspirator, external bone growth stimulators, hearing aids, hydrogel dressings, patient controlled pain relief, phototherapy unit and X-ray films.
D High risk, Pacemakers & their leads, implantable defibrillators, implantable infusion pumps, heart valves, neurological catheters, vascular prostheses & stents.
Please note: As of April 2016, Class A devices are exempt from conformity assessment in Malaysia. However, they must be registered with the MDA, and must continue to meet a number of other requirements, including post-market obligations.
There are three main stages for medical device registration which are outlined below.
Ensuring their products conform to the GHTF recommendations of Essential Principles of Safety & Performance of Medical Devices (EPSP).
Establish an appropriate/approved quality system for manufacturing their products.
The approved CAB will verify the evidence provided.
Manufacturers or local authorised representatives (LARs) of manufacturers apply to register medical devices and establishment licenses.
Importers and distributors are required to apply for an establishment license to import/distribute medical devices. Both must also ensure compliance to Good Distribution Practice & advertising requirements.
Establishments are required to monitor safety and performance of products and also carry out other post-market obligations including handling complaints, recalls and the GHTF recommendations – Medical Devices Post Market Surveillance: Content of Field Safety Notices.
Users of medical devices are expected to use, maintain and dispose medical devices appropriately.
Users of certain designated medical devices will need to apply for a permit to use and perate these products.
What is BSI's role in market access in Malaysia?
BSI is currently registered to assess Quality Management Systems to ISO 13485, and Good Distribution Practice for Medical Devices.
Learn more about the regulations in Malaysia.


In a in the New York Times, Natasha Singer detailed how leapt at the chance to sign her name to an article she had not written.
According to the Times, , a ghostwriting shop in Princeton, N.J., was hired by Wyeth around 1997 to help build a body of evidence in legitimate research journals about the benefits of post-menopausal hormone therapies like Wyeth's Premarin to treat hot flashes and other ailments, part of a two-year plan that would include 30 articles.
Wyeth had overcome fears in the 1970s that Premarin caused endometrial cancer. The company claimed that if Premarin were combined with another hormone called progestin - "combination hormone therapy" - it lowered the cancer risk. Sales shot back up. In the 1990s, the company turned the two-pill therapy into one, calling it Prempro.
term had higher rates of breast cancer, heart disease and stroke.
So DesignWrite had a bit of a mountain to climb in 2003 when it started putting together a paper touting hormones for treating menopausal hot flashes and night sweats. A DesignWrite ghostwriter produced a detailed, 14-page outline. In July, the company sent it to Bachmann, the associate dean for women's health at the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in New Brunswick, N.J. The company had to know that getting Bachmann to sign on to the article would be a coup. The board-certified gynecologist had published dozens of articles related to menopause and hormone therapy, and she had recently been given the President's Community Service Award from the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
"Outline is excellent as written. I would like to try for publication as a review article in Obstetrics and Gynecology. We would have to change the title of the manuscript to Vasomotor symptoms: evidence based treatment options - or a title that emphases [sic] the data driven writing style. Let me know if this is acceptable to you."
Pleased, no doubt, with both the enthusiasm and the deference, DesignWrite went to work on a draft of the article based on the outline, sending it to Bachmann in September 2003. Once again, Bachmann effused.
"I reviewed the entire article and it is excellent. I only had one correction, which I highlighted in red. I don't think that it needs any more drafts. It is the best article that I have come across on this topic. The table is definitely outstanding. Overall, this is an A article!"
Again, the DesignWrite ghostwriters had to have been grinning from ear to ear. Any health writer would cry if an editor sent them an email like that.
It described hormone drugs as the "gold standard" for treating hot flashes and was less enthusiastic about other therapies. The acknowledgments thanked several medical writers for their "editorial assistance," not disclosing that those writers worked for DesignWrite, which charged Wyeth $25,000 to generate the article.
"There was a need for a review article and I said 'Yes, I will review the draft and make sure it is accurate.'... This is my work, this is what I believe, this is reflective of my view."
The article states clearly at the bottom of the first page, "Financial Disclosure: The author has no connection to any companies or products mentioned in this article."
This statement would not be true, of course, if the true author of the piece had been named.
"'There was a need for a review article...'"
Passive voice. The first refuge of the scoundrel.


The Revolution Culture Movement is a movement that magnifies God through mobilizing people for maximum results. Located in Grand Rapids, Michigan, The Revolution exists to bring Christ to culture in a unique contemporary and non-traditional way.
The Revolution app provides up-to-date information of all things happening through The Revolution and provides a platform for you to connect with the movement.
* Cloud Based Journal: Your Pursue Journal is accessible online anytime at www.PursueJournal.com. This allows you to be able to add entries anywhere, anytime and they are automatically linked to your Revolution app.


CSQ contracts the services of Registered Training Organisations (RTOs) on an annual basis to deliver the contracted programs outlined in our Annual Training Plan.
If you have any further questions, please do not hesitate to contact our team.
What is 'Registered Training Supplier' status?
Registered Training Supplier (RTS) status is a method whereby suppliers of training services are assessed against predetermined criteria, with those suppliers who satisfy the registration criteria being placed on the CSQ Registered Training Supplier database for a three (3) year period up to 30 June 2021.
Registered Training Suppliers will receive an invitation-to-offer to apply for training procurement funding opportunities when they are released by CSQ.
As it is a competitive and open market, there are no guarantees that RTOs who are invited-to-offer will receive a contract with CSQ.
failure to lodge a funding application for two (2) consecutive funding rounds.
What is the benefit of an RTS system?
RTOs who obtain RTS status will not have to provide CSQ with financial, legal, insurance and general information for up to three (3) years (subject to that information remaining current and accurate from the time RTS status is granted).
This streamlines the information required to be submitted in response to future invitations-to-offer and provides CSQ with a register of pre-qualified suppliers and the regions where they can deliver training.
Who is eligible to become a Registered Training Supplier (RTS)?
Application for RTS status is open to all RTOs.
be able to deliver training and assessment services to the building and construction industry in Queensland.
What if I need help with my RTS application or tender?
If assistance is required with the eProcure portal, RTOs should refer to the help FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) on the portal.
For further assistance relating to the system, RTOs should contact the eProcure portal provider, TenderSearch, directly on 1800 377 628.
All questions relating to the RTS application are to be made online through CSQ eProcure portal.
What is the RTS approval process?
Registered Training Supplier (RTS) status will only be granted upon receipt, evaluation and approval of an RTO's application.
The evaluation and approval of applications will be ongoing, thereby allowing new RTOs to engage with CSQ at any time during the three (3) year period up to 30 June 2021.
Applications for RTS can only be made between 1 October and 30 June each year.
Applicants will be notified in writing electronically of CSQ's decision regarding their application.
What happens if the RTS application is not approved?
Applicants will be notified in writing electronically of the reasons why their application was not approved.
Where the RTS application is not approved, RTOs are unable to make another application until the reasons for the non-approval have been rectified. Once rectified, RTOs can re-apply by completing and submitting another online RTS application form.
Where the reasons for the non-approval are such that rectification is not possible, RTOs will not be able to re-apply and will be notified accordingly.
What happens after the RTS status approval period expires?
Prior to the end of the RTS approval period, CSQ will conduct a review of all RTOs holding RTS status to determine if they will be renewed for a further period.
CSQ may request RTOs to make application again via the CSQ eProcure system.
RTOs holding RTS status who have not made an application for funding for the past two (2) years will have their RTS status revoked and will have to reapply for RTS if they wish to make future funding applications.
Renewal of RTS for a further period will be dependent upon performance and compliance with the terms and conditions associated with CSQ funding contracts and continuing to meet the mandatory requirements to achieve RTS.
Providers will be notified electronically by CSQ of the outcome of the review of their RTS status prior to 30 June.


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1. Strive to be helpful.
People turn to the internet to search for answers. If you are able to produce genuinely helpful content, you will find that your target audience will return to your website or blog time and time again for information. So don't get caught up in trying to make your content sound interesting to a broad audience. Instead, focus on creating highly educational content that will appeal to your buyer personas.
2. Drop the corporate voice.
Brands today have less and less face-to-face interaction with customers. Often, the only interaction that today's consumers have with brands is over the internet via a website, blog, or social media page. With this in mind, brands that sound too corporate and use too much "business babble" in their content will come across as boring. Write like you speak. This will help to give your content a conversational tone and your brand a much more personal voice.
3. Write to your specific buyer persona(s).
Brands get themselves in trouble when they try to cater each piece of content that they create to too broad of an audience. It's likely that your company has several different buyer personas, and each of these groups has different pain points that should be addressed. If you create content directed toward a more specific buyer persona, you'll find that you are more able to make a connection with your audience, therefore making even the most mundane topics interesting to this group of people.
This is especially important if you're trying to simplify an idea that is both complex and traditionally boring to talk about. So, for example, while business blogging might not be the most exciting thing in the world to talk about, a business in the inbound marketing industry could make the analogy that blogging is like jogging--the more often you do it, the faster you will see results.
5. Take advantage of visuals to help tell your story.
Did you know that the brain processes visual content 60,000 times faster than text? This reason alone should encourage you to incorporate high quality visuals into your content. Mixing in images, video, and GIFs can help you to capture your audience's attention and communicate concepts in the least boring way possible.
So if you happen to be in one of those industries that may not sound particularly interesting on the front end, take advantage of these 5 tactics when creating content so that it is more appealing and resonates better with your audience.


The Bug is coming! We've spotted an ad of the new Volkswagen Beetle on auto classifieds site oto.my. Placed by a Volkswagen salesman from Penang, the new (not New) Beetle is listed as having two engin.
Calculate your Alberta car insurance. Consumers contemplating purchasing car insurance can utilize an Alberta car insurance calculator to help.
Now, a tough new test by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety has given a black. mimic the most dangerous sort of frontal crash — when a vehicle strikes another car or an object, such as a t.
CarInsurance.com's average car insurance rates tool provides average auto insurance rates for nearly every ZIP code. Car Insurance Estimator Calculator.
Audi, BMW, Ford (F), General Motors (GM), Mazda, Mercedes-Benz (DDAIY), Tesla (TSLA), Toyota (TM), Volkswagen (VLKAF. Safety Administration and the private Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, a.
The insurance and road tax calculators. This means a car buyer that is reading about a car such as the Volkswagen Golf on Malaysia's number 1 car news and review website paultan.org site will also.
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An ad for the yet-to-launch Mazda 6 on oto.my has yielded information on equipment and specs for the D-segment sedan and estate. There are indeed going to.
Car insurance can be a combination of several separate insurance policies. Liability insurance. Liability insurance is a type of insurance that all car.