text:
Illustrating Chinese Exclusion
Master of Arts Liberal Studies
Why Thomas Nast?
Chinese Cartoons – Timeline
Chinese Immigrant Legal History in U.S.
Chinese Population in the U.S.
Influence of Harper's Weekly
"Something That Will Not Blow Over" – 29 July, 1871
"Bravo, Bravo" – Thomas Nast Cover – 29 July, 1871
"The American River Ganges" – 30 September, 1871
Irish Stereotype
Nast and the New York Draft Riots of 1863
William M. Tweed
"Emancipation of Negroes" 24 January, 1863
Uncle Sam's Thanksgiving Dinner – Two Coasts, Two Perspectives
Early influences on Thomas Nast
Fiona Deans Halloran
West Coast Cartoons
George F. Keller Gallery
The San Francisco Wasp
George Frederick Keller
Bibliography/Resources
Five Point Maps
New York City Map 1846
New York City Neighborhoods
The Burlingame Treaty of 1868
Tag Archives: Thomas Nast
Thomas Nast (1850-1902) was a featured illustrator for Harper's Weekly magazine. He is known as the "Father of the American Political Cartoon" and best known for his caricatures of William M "Boss" Tweed and other political figures.
Biography, Thomas Nast
Thomas Nast's passport
December 27, 2016 Michele Walfred	Leave a comment
I came across this fascinating site from Princeton University's Graphic Arts blog.
They got a hold of Nast 1860 European passport. Before the Civil War and employment with Harper's Weekly Nast and as the passport stamps and registry shows, traveled extensively in Europe.
"In 1859, Nast was hired by the New York Illustrated News but this passport was issued on 17 May 1860 so he could travel to Sicily representing The Illustrated London News and report on Giuseppe Garaibaldi's military campaign to unify Italy. Mott notes that "Nast had not been paid by his employer, and had no money to make his Italian trip until Heenan, the American pugilist, lent him the necessary funds. Nast followed Garibaldi from Sicily to Naples, right through the battle of Volturno, October 1-2, and his articles and illustrations covering the war captured the American imagination."
Terrific images!
https://graphicarts.princeton.edu/2015/02/03/thomas-nasts-passport/
passportpre-fameThomas Nast
Chinese Exclusion
"Political Capitol and Compound Interest" 1880
Image December 22, 2016 Michele Walfred Leave a comment
"Political Capitol and Compound Interest" – 31 January 1880 by Thomas Nast for Harper's Weekly. Source: UDel-Walfred
Like the year before, 1880 was not a good one for presidential hopeful James G. Blaine. Thomas Nast went after the Republican senator from Maine with a visual vengeance. Nast broke his allegiance with his beloved party of Lincoln, and took on Blaine with a relish comparable to his attacks on William. M. Tweed more than a decade earlier.
Blaine aspired for national office. He sought to win votes in California and made a decision to break from his party and earn votes by siding with anti-Chinese Denis Kearney and the Workingmen party. Kearney's war cry, most notably delivered in vacant Sand Lots, coined the phrase "The Chinese Must Go" which he delivered with charismatic zeal before and after each speech.
In this alternative reality cartoon, it is the Chinese who demand that Kearney, and his supporter from Maine leave. The Chinese figure is confident and defiant and taunts Blaine behind his back. He removes his hat to expose his shaven head, except for the braided queue grown from his crown. He dangles the braid toward Blaine, who doesn't appear to know quite what to make the behavior. Chinese were typically thought to be docile, but this Chinese man feels emboldened to lash out at the august senator. Blaine's expression is not one of appreciation.
On February 14, Blaine is reported to have been asked, "Ought we to exclude them?" His reply: "The question lies in my mind thus: either the Anglo-Saxon race will possess the Pacific slope or the Mongolians will possess it" (qtd. Gyory).
Nast taunts his nemesis as well with the visual question, how does it feel to have done to you what is being done to the Chinese?
The Chinese man craves an answer to the same question. He wants Blaine to experience what it feels like to be an outcast and to be excluded. The Chinese were legally prohibited from becoming citizens and could not vote. Nast identifies the Chinese man as a"Non Voter" who exclaims: "Now Melican Man know muchee how it is himself."
Above the Chinese man's head, a sign shows a trans-Atlantic handshake between Democrats in California and Republicans (led by Blaine) in Maine. The handshake is a fusion of interests and with Maine breaking with the Republican Party, a change in immigration policy.
This sign, as well as top banner, plays on the word "fusion." Nast adds the preface "con" to indicate the tumult his Republican Party is experiencing.
Another sign reads, "Denis Kearney is ready to lead a gang of men to Maine, to make the Republicans GO." Although Blaine clearly jumped the Republican ship on the Chinese issue, Kearney had not converted the rest of the Republican Party. The signs on the wall warn Republicans that with Kearney in control, and along with the Chinese, the Republicans were next on his Exclusion list. Blaine, hat in hand, is appealing to stay. With his break in philosophy, the Chinese see Blaine as a traitor.
In California, Republicans sided with the capital interests of labor and soon fell out of favor once Kearney began his campaign to oust the Chinese. Kearney and the Democratic Party soon dominated California politics, and politics there clearly fixated on removing the Chinese.
Harper's editorials had previously lamented the abrogation of the treaties and Blaine's role in the treaty's demise and decried that presidential politics had trumped common sense:
CONGRESS has announced to the world that the United States intend to break treaties at their pleasure. The peremptory abrogation of the Chinese treaty is a flagrant breach of public faith which sullies the good name of the country, and puts every other nation upon its guard in under-taking any dealings with us which depend upon our honor… But to argue that the presence of a hundred and ten or twenty thousand Chinese upon the Pacific coast is such an imminent peril to American society and civilization as to justify the peremptory abrogation of a treaty, without notice or attempted friendly modification, is insulting to common-sense. (Harper's Weekly, March 30, 1879).
Additional reading: Andrew Gyory, "Don't think Trump will ever pass a Muslim Exclusion Act? Just ask Sen. James G. Blaine," The Washington Post, December 8, 2015
BlaineDenis KearneyThomas Nast
Chinese Exclusion, Chinese Immigrants, Thomas Nast
"A Distinction Without a Difference" 1882
February 11, 2016 Michele Walfred	Leave a comment
A Distinction Without A Difference, by Thomas Nast for Harper's Weekly. 19 August 1882. Source: Museum of Fine Arts Houston, public domain license
A few months after the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act (May 1882), this small square cartoon shows a U.S. Customs House official scrutinizing his law books in an attempt to define or clarify the ethnicity of four Asian men appealing for entry into the United States.
Three would-be immigrants are huddled behind a spokesperson, who denies he Chinese, and testifies he is instead Korean (Corean). Above their huddle, a banner testifies to the United States "treaty with Corea." The sign also says, "Coreans may live at their option throughout America," a privilege the Chinese once enjoyed under the protection and promise of the Burlingame Treaty.
Above the U.S. emblem reads, "E. Pluribus. Unum. Except Chinese."
In addition to volumes on duties and antiques, behind the official is a "Vol. 1 on Bribes."
The official, wearing a bicorn hat (Denis Kearney?)*consults with an open volume which describes the characteristics that distinguish a Chinese national from a Korean one. The volume refers to "color and pigtails." The men attempting to enter the United States are wearing the Manchurian queues for which the Chinese were well known in America.
The Customs House guard raises his spyglass for a closer look at the petitioners, who exclaim,"You no stoppee me! me no China manee, me Corea manee; allee samee Melican manee."
The gaggle of Chinese men behind their spokesperson appears to find the claim amusing.
This cartoon is familiar in theme and tone to "E. Pluribus Unum (Except the Chinese)" drawn four months earlier.
*Denis Kearney was a self-described soldier against the Chinese immigrants. In California, San Francisco Wasp illustrator George Keller frequently depicted Kearney wearing military garb, and in particular, a bicorn hat. Nast also picked up the symbolism when referring to Kearney, though it cannot be determined this was his intent for this specific drawing.
Chinese ExclusionImmigrationKorearaceThomas Nast
"More Protection in a Free Country" 1882
"More Protection in a Free Country" 9 September, 1882 by Thomas Nast.
On the eve of the Chinese Exclusion Act's passage, Nast drew this smaller cartoon, clearly illustrating the hypocrisy and irony of one immigrant, an Irishman, commenting that another immigrant, the Chinese, must go.
The dapper clothes of the Irishman do not erase the crudeness of his face. Not simply "brutish" Nast draws the speaker as a fully formed ape. Nast reminds readers that this man is an "adopted citizen" and while his station as an immigrant has advanced to that of a business owner, he has risen to a place where he is more than willing to pay the price to get rid of the Chinese.
The Irishman is more than pleased to pass off the Chinese problem to the British. Because of this unreasonable, hypocritical prejudice, Nast points out, that the UK's John Bull and not Uncle Sam will benefit from the economical benefit derived from Chinese labor.
The Irishman's pose is unique and suggests delight — a playful confidence. His knees are bent and pursed together, set to leap or dance. His right arm is extended and holds a baton. The left hand lands on the shoulder of Uncle Sam, implies he possesses the power of familiarity.
Nast draws Uncle Sam as a lanky and stern American Eagle. His gaze is steely and down turned. This Uncle Sam is not fatherly. He displays no joy. With his hands folded behind his back, a position they would be in if his hands were tied. He is deep in thought, but it is unclear how he feels about the Irishman or this turn of event. America's wealth, shown as bags of gold are leaving the country along with the Chinese. That England is now the sanctuary for the oppressed must rankle.
Chinese ExclusionThomas Nast
"The Youngest (America) Introduces the Oldest (China)" 1868
February 13, 2014 Michele Walfred	1 Comment
"The Youngest Introducing the Oldest" 18 July, 1868 by Thomas Nast for Harper's Weekly. Source: UDel-Walfred
In his contemporary biography of Thomas Nast, Albert Bigelow Paine describes Anson Burlingame, seen seated right behind Columbia, as "one of America's noblest diplomats" who served the U.S. as Minister to China. In the late 1860s, Burlingame, at the behest of Prince Kung of China, undertook a role as special ambassador charged with the mission to introduce China to other nations of the world.
At the conclusion of the Civil War, the United States had its eye on technological and manufacturing advancements and territorial expansion. New York, as a major port city, would soon become an economic and cultural center.
As historian John Kuo Wei Tchen explains, the Chinese were forced by the Opium Wars to accept certain international markets, and "sought to gain reciprocal rights for the Chinese in the United States" (168). The result was a diplomatic envoy led by a New England lawyer, Anson Burlingame, who ultimately negotiated the treaty named in his honor, The Burlingame Treaty in 1868.
In Nast's highly detailed wood engraving, Ambassador Anson Burlingame, assumes a modest role, content to allow Columbia to offer the international introductions. A photograph of the meeting served as a resource for Nast's first depiction of the Chinese diplomat. The diplomat would become prototype for Nast's symbol of China, as Columbia was for America. "John Chinaman" or "John Confucius" subsequently appears in many future cartoons. In this depiction, he shares the stage and equal ground with Columbia.
And not this man? Columbia argues for Civil Rights for a wounded African American veteran. Harper's Weekly, August 5, 1859. Library of Congress
Columbia extends an affectionate gesture, and touches the Chinese man on the shoulder. It is reminiscent of her poignant request of the American people during Reconstruction to consider the African American Civil War veteran into the American community – an image Nast drew three years earlier.
As a whole, world leaders approach the Chinese guest with respect. But Victoria and Albert, representing Great Britain, stand in the back of the group, on the right and in the shadows. They appear apprehensive. A fearful looking pontiff represents the Vatican. He is shocked by the heathen's presentation to civilized society. The Pope hides behind a giant column.
As the voice of America, Columbia steps up to remind the assemblage that China is an ancient and civilized nation worthy and entitled to full respect. Columbia is the bridge across fear, and the agent of cultural exchange as she declares, "Brothers and Sisters, I am happy to present to you the oldest member of the Family, who desires our better acquaintance."
The "Family" includes other European leaders. In addition to England and the Vatican, Germany, France, Italy, Spain and a representative from the Ottoman Empire, suggested by the Fez, all step up to approach the Chinese diplomat. They extend all due diplomatic courtesies. The Chinese man wears a hat of the Manchu court, a skull cap with a wide, upturned brim and a mandarin-styled tunic with a large crest or seal. In his left hand he carries a partially opened fan. His right hand grips Columbia's right hand. A star-like halo glimmers atop Columbia's tiara. She is the enlightened one in the room.
Out of respect, almost everyone has removed their head coverings, with the exception of the Catholic pontiff, Queen Victoria and the Ottomon representative at rear, left – all of whom have yet to emerge from the back of the group for a closer look. An Irishman can be seen far right, his top hat placed upon his chest. His smile is pleasant. Everyone else basks in the novelty and significance of the event, albeit with mixed looks of curiosity and anticipation.
A brief editorial ran with the illustration. The editor acknowledged the perception of China as a backward country, yet felt that China deserved of all the rights extended to other nations,
It is, as our picture in this issue shows, the youngest nation introducing the oldest to the friendship of Christendom. It is, indeed, strange to hear a Yankee speaking for China, and claiming for her that kind of regard and respect which the world has not been accustomed to feel for the old empire.
Despite all that we hear and know of its ancient and elaborate civilization, there is still the feeling that it is the most grotesque of barbarous nations, and that there is wholly wanting that plane of common interest and knowledge and sympathy upon which the nations of Christendom are accustomed to meet. The popular image of China is an enormous country surrounded by a high wall, probably with broken bottles strewn along the top, where the people wear their hair in a long tail, squeeze the feet of the women into deformity, cultivate tea, and eat rats and dogs. The world at large has much the same feeling toward China that the genuine cockney John Bull of eighty years ago had toward France. It was a country in which the people spoke a vile lingo that nobody could understand, wore wooden shoes, and ate frogs.
This introduction of the Chinese to the world's civilized nations served as a respectful way to introduce China to Harper's Weekly's readers. The magazine attempted to counter some misconceptions and feelings of "otherness" which swirled around American perceptions of Chinese people. Nast and Harper's Weekly made an effort to show America that China while different, possessed a history and tradition that afforded China with recognition as "most favored nation" status expressed in the Burlingame Treaty of 1868.
1868Anson BurlingameChinese diplomatsColumbiadiplomacyPopeThomas Nasttreaty
"If We Were Enough of a Nation to Demand, – We ought to Be Enough of a Nation Now to Pay" 1886
"If We Were Enough of a Nation to Demand – We Out to be Enough of a Nation Now to Pay" 20 March 1886 by Thomas Nast. Source: Museum of Fine Art Houston, shared under Public Domain license
ChinesereparationsThomas NastUncle Sam
"The Union Altar – The Animal Sacrifice That Cheers Many Hearts" 1885
"The Union Altar – The Animal Sacrifice That Cheers Many Hearts" 28, November, 1885. by Thomas Nast for Harper's Weekly; Source: UDel-Walfred, Public Domain
1885stereotypeThanksgivingThomas NastUncle SamUnion
Chinese Exclusion, Chinese Labor
"Eastward the Star of Empire Returns" 1880
January 12, 2014 Michele Walfred	Leave a comment
"Eastward the Star of Empire Returns" – 27 March, 1880 by Thomas Nast for Harper's Weekly. Source: UDel-Walfred, public domain
This cartoon depicts relics of the once-influential Republican and pro-capitalist interests being driven out of the West alongside Chinese laborers, whose much needed services were boycotted in California.
Beginning in 1877, Denis Kearney an Irish-American immigrant, built steady and passionate support for his anthem, "The Chinese Must Go" a statement that began and concluded every charismatic speech Kearney typically delivered on the empty Sand Lots of California where large crowds could gather. A mixture of Sinophobia and severe economic depression provided a ripe environment for Kearney to stoke fear and rally white labor to reclaim all labor opportunities for themselves. While the industrial North and the large plantations of the rural South welcomed and recruited the hardworking Chinese, West Coast voices demanded that the "Chinese Must Go."
Kearney made steady progress toward his cause and politicians paid attention. His influence was felt in elections and through a battery of local, state and federal legislation, ultimately leading to the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
1880Chinese ExclusionDenis KearneysandlotssinophobiaThomas Nast
Chinese Immigrants, Chinese Stereotypes, Columbia
"Church and State – No Union Upon Any Terms" 1871
January 12, 2014 Michele Walfred	1 Comment
"Church and State – No Union Upon Any Terms" 25 February, 1871 by Thomas Nast. Source: Library of Congress
Nast and his publisher Harper's Weekly strongly believed in the separation of church and state. No other issue rankled Nast more than the public school issue and no other issue called to define where the line to separate church and state should be drawn. William M. "Boss" Tweed supported Irish Catholic demands for public funds to establish their own sectarian schools. If allowed to stand unchecked and unchallenged, Nast feared the repercussions of all groups and religions dragging their special interests before the state for favors and custom dispensations.
In this marvelously detailed drawing, the scene Nast so feared is put into reality. Each figurehead of a religious state is pulling from behind a pull toy representing their church (or non-church). They approach Columbia at the foot of the state building. Elevated to emphasize her wisdom and revered status, Columbia will entertain none of their appeals, she shoos them away with her hands. Above her head enlightenment and wisdom glows.
On the right, most of what is in tow are miniature churches or religious buildings that resemble playhouses.
A German and Chinese delegation approach together on the left. They are the only two who have brought people, not buildings with them as examples of need. A German smokes a pipe while he waits for his audience with Columbia. He totes a beer-drinking, august regent who sits upon a barrel and raises his foamy mug in the air. Next to him is a Chinese diplomat who has brought along a "Heathen Chinee" kneeling on a padded four-wheeled cart. His posture is erect, and he is naked from the waist up. His long queue falls past his back and behind the cart. The face of the kneeling figure is highly stylized. By mentioning the Chinese as heathen, Nast acknowledges the rights of believers and non-believers to equally petition the government, even if the answer is "no."
All religions, non-religions (heathens) and factions are on the same level of their appeal – each represents a desire to advocate for their cause and constituency. Columbia rejects their pilgrimage. Columbia rests on her principles, and will not grant or refuse favors on an individual basis. All are accorded the same consideration. All religions are separate from the state.
To the right, Nast draws an array of cupolas, domes spires and steeples and the plain A-frame roof of Mormonism gathered to receive official favor. A Native American stands among the congested crowd of churches, waiting to be anointed with the approval of the state in the same way New York City had blessed the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church at center right, displays the most elaborate replica of a house of worship.
At the center, a Union soldier, and what appears to be a man wearing a Tam o' Shanter cap, bars the entry to the state steps with crossed rifles.
Nast signed his name at the foot of the Chinese diplomat.
ColumbiadiversityHeathen ChineeNast signaturereligionThomas NastUnion
Catholics, Irish Stereotype, New York City Politics, Thomas Nast, Tweed
"The American River Ganges" 1871
January 4, 2014 Michele Walfred	1 Comment
The concern of Roman Catholic interference in public education is brilliantly rendered in what many scholars regard as Nast's most famous, and well-executed anti-Catholic image. The image was published twice in Harper's Weekly. The first, on September 30, 1871, implicated Tweed, and reprised on May 8, 1975, with Tweed removed.
href="https://thomasnastcartoons.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/american-river-ganges-sept-1871.jpg"> The American River Ganges, Harper's Weekly, September 1871 by Thomas Nast. The original image of Nast's most famous anti-Catholic image, Tweed was safely out of the picture, , literally and figuratively when the image was republished on 8 May 1875 along with other minor modifications. Library of Congress[/
The image is a tour de force of imagination and caricature technique. Nast dehumanized the Catholic bishops by turning them into reptiles. They emerge from the water toward New York's shore. Two clergies in the foreground have stereotype Irish faces. Slithering out of the water on all fours, their ornate, jewel-encrusted bishops' mitres (there are three types, one plain and two that are more elaborate), specifically the pretiosa, worn on Sundays or feast days, are drawn as salivating crocodile jaws ready to devour, or feast if you will, on school children. A Protestant minister or teacher, with his Bible, tucked in his waistcoat, and his saucer hat tossed to the ground, stands defiant, guarding several fearful children who are shivering, praying and cowering as certain death approaches. In the middle of the scene, several bishops have come ashore, ready to clamp down on defenseless, and dispensable non-Catholic students.
A Chinese boy on his hands and knees attempts to flee and Native American and African American children press up against the cliff with nowhere to escape. Nast shared a Republican, utopian vision that public schools should be open to all children, regardless of race, creed or ethnicity, and he drew many images of an idealized public school system that included a diverse student body learning in harmony. With the Catholic initiative to create their own schools with the support of public funds expressly underway with support from Tweed, Nast feared separate sectarian schools for all ethnic and racial groups.
"Nast believed that bringing children together into the public sphere, under democratic control, muted their religious and racial differences and molded a unified, multiethnic [sic]American society" (Justice 174). Tweed and the Roman Catholic Church interfered with that vision.
"https://thomasnastcartoons.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/detail-american-river-ganges.jpg"> Detail from above, Tweed and his Ring cohorts lower a Protestant child to be ravaged by Catholic clergy[/captio
Perched atop the cliff, Tweed and members of his political machine lower Protestant children to the feeding grounds below. Columbia, Nast's ever- faithful symbol of American compassion and justice, is bound and led away to a hangman's gallows.
ps://thomasnastcartoons.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/tammany-hall-church.jpg"> Tammany Hall with Irish Flags assumes Catholic Church architecture
[/caption]At the center top of the image, a U.S. Public School is seen crumbling and an inverted American flag, a sign of distress, flies prominently. On the other side of the river, stands a Vatican shaped "Tammany Hall" (This was changed in 1875 to read "Political Roman Catholic Church.") Flags of the Papal Coat of Arms, and the Irish harp, fly atop the side domes. Attached to the right of the RC Church is the "Political Roman Catholic School."
In Harper's Weekly, the image was accompanied by an essay written by Eugene Lawrence, a nativist and frequent contributor to the periodical. Lawrence blamed the Catholics for the end of the public school system and the Catholic aim "to destroy our free schools, and perhaps our free institutions has been for many years the constant aim of the extreme section of the Romish Church." The essay continues its attack on Jesuits and the daring aggressive spirit of the ultramontane Irish Catholics who govern New York. The author also touts brave European governments who have dared to challenge Roman Catholic influence of their schools and other institutions.
The institutions that managed New York Public Schools claimed their schools provided non-sectarian education. Catholics disagreed, noting Protestant-based libraries, textbooks and "the daily reading of the Protestant version of the Bible" in classrooms as an unsatisfactory environment for learning (Heuston 54).
"The establishment of a new state school systems in the United states seemed to substantiate Catholic fears that the attitudes of European secularists were taking root in America" (Heuston 169). Prior to the Civil War, Catholics wanted to participate in the public school system without endangering their faith. Catholics were encouraged to pursue the issue after New York Whig Governor William Seward suggested in 1840 that state aid might be given to Catholic schools (53). Henceforth, New York's Catholic Church, led by Archbishop John Hughes, began strategies to thwart the new school system by working through their political contacts, but these attempts were unsuccessful. A preoccupation with the Civil War and its aftermath diverted attention from the issue of public education and the topic would not surface again until the close of the 1860s.
Catholics once again picked on the issue and "Republican Party and Catholic Church leaders in the late 1860s and early 1870s joined a bitter battle of words over the future of public education" (Justice 171).
Justice suggests the American Public School became a metaphor for the northern lifestyle; "the public school evoked the small-town Protestant backbone of the Republican Party" (180). In 1869, Tweed as head of Tammany Hall and acting State Senator, "snuck a provision in the annual tax levy bill for the city through the state legislature" that provided 20 percent of the city's excise tax be earmarked to Catholic schools (Justice 182). Tweed's crafty maneuver set Republicans to outrage in motion and solidified scrutiny by the Republican-based press, such as The New York Times and by Harper's. Nast's crusade against Catholic interference in the public school system coincided with his attacks on Tweed's other political malfeasances. His attacks on Tweed tripled Harper's Weekly circulation (Hess 100).
Nast's principal opposition to the Catholic Church rested on what he feared was its aim to subvert the nation's public school system by diverting public funds to sectarian schools (St. Hill, 70). Benjamin Justice's research on Nast's feelings about Catholic interference in the public school system provides valuable insights. Justice feels that American antagonism toward Catholics resulted from its rapid rise due to immigration and the American Catholic Church's adoption of conservative ultramontane Romanish leadership, which "increasingly insisted on separate, publicly-funded schools, made it incompatible with republican government and unfit to offer mass education at public expense" (175).
Justice surmises Nast's vicious blasts at the public school issue were a part of a broader attack on the relationship between Tammany Hall and the Catholic Church and were pointed objections to "Catholic political ascendency over the state" rather than an attack on Catholic culture or Catholics as individuals (183).
The image is often used as evidence by Catholics to prove Nast hated Catholics. He did not. After all, it was the faith of his family. Nast produced many similar images, but all of his Catholic cartoons hover over two issues – The New York Catholic Church's demand for public funds to create their own sectarian schools (which they got thanks to their alliance with Tweed) and the conservative Catholic (ultramontane) concept or doctrine of papal infallibility, wholly adopted by the New York Catholics.
Blind allegiance to an infallible monarch figure perplexed Protestants Republicans. They viewed American Catholics allegiance to the religious figurehead across the ocean as un-American. As Heuston and others have made clear, the Irish-Americans' devotion to a pope was clear evidence that American Catholics had no desire to assimilate into American culture and behave as independently-thinking individuals.
Most Protestants misunderstood papal infallibility to mean that the pope could not sin. [See Catholic definition] Nast, whose family and religious culture in Germany had aligned with reformed Catholicism, could not fathom that any Roman pontiff could see to be beyond human error. Nast believed what other Republicans and Protestants believed of papal infallibility – that the pope could do no wrong, not make mistakes, and whose word or orders must be carried out by the Irish-Catholic flock. For Nast and most Republicans, it was a doctrine and philosophy with the potential for extreme abuse.
Nast's campaign against Catholic interference in public schools equaled if not rivaled his obsession with Tweed. Nast saw Tweed and the American Catholic Church in New York as symbiotic and co-dependent. This particularly rankled Nast.
animal symbolismCatholic clergyCrocodilesNY Public SchoolsNYC EducationThomas Nast
Chinese Exclusion, Chinese Immigrants, Chinese Labor, Irish Stereotype, Labor
"Which Color is to be Tabooed Next?" 1882
Image January 3, 2014 Michele Walfred Leave a comment
"Which Color Is To Be Tabooed Next?" 25 March, 1882. Library of Congress
Fritz, a German and Pat, an Irishman, discuss what race should be tabooed next. The Germans and Irish were often adversarial rivals for jobs, but by the late 1870s and 1880s were more unified as white men as the "Chinese Question" hovered over their economic future. Increasingly Euro-centric whites affiliated with groups like the Workingmen's Party, whose goal to drive out all labor competition, particularly from the Chinese Chinese were often viewed incorrectly, as "coolies" workers who were brought to the United States under duress, or tricked into contract labor.
The caption, "Fritz (to Pat). "If the Yankee Congress can keep the yellow man out, what is to hinder them from calling us green and keeping us out too?""
As these men ponder their victory, they also dwell upon the repercussions of their victory over the Chinese and the passage of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, which had in place, a 20-year option to renew.
Nast's square jawed Irishman in top hat and vest had more to worry about than the German. The Irish had long been considered by other white people as not fully white – a separate race of people who sat on the evolutionary scale above the African American, but below Caucasians. By 1882, the Irish American had made great political gains, but this cartoon infers a certain irony, that people hadn't completely forgotten earlier perceptions. Seventeen years later, Harper's Weekly published this scientific-based cartoon.
Harper's Weekly, 1899. Artist Unknown, Misusing Darwin's science theories as a basis, the idea of the Irish as less than fully white persisted. This cartoon showing the notion that the Irish were physically and scientifically different still persisted 17 years after Nast published his cartoon in 1882.
Fritz the German (smoking a Meerschaum styled pipe and holding a mug of German beer) has a good inkling of who might be next in the pecking order. He directs his question and emphasizes it with a slight touch to the Irishman's arm. We can see the Irishman is considering the implications.
A common Nast technique placed proclamations on walls behind his subjects, in this case language direct from the Exclusion Act, on the wall behind the two men as they reflect their future in America. A looming possibility hovers over their casual moment and invades their enjoyment of a legislative victory against the Chinese in America.
Chinese ExclusionGermansIrish and ChineseIrish StereotypelaborThomas Nast
African Americans, Chinese Exclusion, Chinese Immigrants
"Difficult Problems Solving Themselves" 1879
December 3, 2013 Michele Walfred	2 Comments
Modern sensibilities and commentary have at times criticized Nast's "John Chinaman" or "John Confucius" representation as an example of Chinese stereotype. Certainly, Nast could have varied facial expressions and dress. Many Chinese in America had assimilated, particularly in New York City and other East Coast port cities. In repeating his imagery, one might argue that Nast helped to perpetuate and anchor the stereotype which stressed their exotic dress and long hair. For Nast, it was likely a combination of artful economy and providing a recognizable figure for general public identification.
Difficult Problems Solving Themselves, Harper's Weekly, March 18, 1879, Library of Congress
Difficult Problems Solving Themselves shows the balance of Nast's work and his intention to portray the Chinese in a fair, if not superior light. Here, John Chinaman is leaning against a directional signpost pointing eastward. He is literate. He is reading, in English, the San Francisco Hoodlum's headline cries to "Go East Young MAN." He is juxtaposed against another victim of racial discrimination, "A. Freedman" an African American forced or bull-dozed to move westward. Alongside the African American is a mother covered in a shawl and holding a young infant. Alongside of her, is a young boy. The woman and two children appear to be white. The older child appears to wear a tunic instead of a western-style shirt and pants. On his head is a white kufi, a traditional Islamic head covering for males.
The signpost divides the scene and the two travel paths dominate the cartoon. Unlike a regular signpost buried in the ground, this post emerges from roots. The division is firmly planted in the American soil. The signpost occupies the middle ground and blocks compromise. The post is is deeply rooted, like a tree.
In splitting the image the signpost depicts a nation with strong and divided social and political ideologies. The Chinese man's queue runs parallel to the embedded signpost, and is nearly as long, suggesting a cultural devotion to the queue, but Nast acknowledges the hairstyle's divisive role in separating Chinese from American. Both African American and Chinese travel toward a region of promise, but the stark reality is that each is merely switching locations with the other. While buildings in the background offer a "welcome" it is unlikely that any region purging one non-white race will likely accept another.
This image could be indicative of a pattern where Nast places his signature in a cartoon and what that placement might suggest. Instead of signing in ample blanks spaces to the left or to the right, Nast signs his work vertically up the signpost. It is the most neutral location and likely purposeful, since it is atypical of Nast's usual signature placement. See ""The Nigger Must Go" and "The Chinese Must Go""
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Biography, Catholics, Thomas Nast
Thomas Nast's religious (and Catholic) background
Thomas Nast was born on September 27, 1840 in Landau in der Pfalz, then an autonomous region of what is now modern Germany. His homeland is also known as the Rhineland-Palatinate, a region that had historic links and union with Bavaria. He and his siblings were baptized at Roman Catholic Church of Sankt Maria (Saint Mary's) in Landau (FamilySearch.org). Landau was a Protestant and Catholic region close to the French border. Religious tensions existed – most notably among Catholics. "When the Nast family left Bavaria in the 1840s, events in Europe pitted the Pope and Catholic orders –especially Jesuits–against liberal reformers and radical revolutionaries" (Justice 175). The Jesuits adhered to a traditional or ultramontane dogma that acknowledged papal infallibility and advocated a strong Roman Vatican control over its flock. Though it cannot be firmly established, Nast's art deriding the Pope's inability to commit human error, suggests the Nast family sympathized with the reformist camp of Catholics practitioners.
In America, Nast was not a good student, with a language barrier being an early obstacle. His official biographer, Albert Bigelow Paine, suggests that Nast's was educated in Catholic schools and that the strictness and "rod and ruler" punishment disturbed Nast and did little to encourage his study habits. There are references to stern-faced female principles, but it is not expressly stated these women were nuns. Nast's Catholic education came to a close at the age of 13, when "he left when required to confess, regarding his sins as too many and too dark for the confidences of the priest's box" (13). What dark sins could a boy of 13 have? The passage is ambiguous and an active imagination might draw inferences of abuse. If some level of abuse existed it would explain the origin of negative feelings toward Catholicism or clergy. Harper's also confirms Nast's Catholic education in a short biographical profile, written at the height of his popularity and his anti-Catholic attacks (HW Aug. 26, 1871).
The Nast family arrived in New York City in 1846, just before the largest numbers of Irish Catholics arrived to escape the Famine. Nativism, an anti-foreign sentiment felt by many American-born Protestants toward new immigrants, was in full swing. Nativism grew as a direct response to increased immigration to America and peaked, when immigration did, during the Famine era. Between 1845-1855, an estimated one and a half million Irish, most of whom were Catholic, flared nativist concerns of Catholic takeover and prompted nativists to organize into secret societies, such as the Know Nothings.
When the Nast family established their American home, distrust of foreigners in general had narrowed to fears of Irish Catholics in particular. The Nast's family's attitudes for or against the Irish cannot be established. If they were reformist Catholics, the conservative brand of American Catholicism would not have been to their liking. There are other circumstances to consider as well.
Historians William Meagher, Kerby Miller and others agree that German immigrants fared better than most of their European counterparts at the time, possessing education or skills in trades that enabled them to quickly find employment and better living conditions in New York City. Paine makes a point to describe the first Nast family dwellings in New York City as being on west side and "respectable." Most new immigrants occupied the Lower East and Lower Central part of Manhattan.The Nast family may have considered themselves in a higher class, than Irish who, as immigration progressed, arrived with less skills and options, and were forced to live in destitute conditions in notorious neighborhoods.
If the Nast family were reform-minded Catholic practitioners, they may found the Episcopalian faith an attractive alternative to practice and a means to distinguish themselves from Irish Catholics who observed a more conservative or ultramontane doctrine. Immigration historian Kerby Miller theorizes many early Catholics made the religious change in order assimilate into dominant Protestant culture in America.
A clue to their religious shift might be indicated in burial place of Nast parents, who are interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx (Hayes 4). "The fact that she [Nast's mother] is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery, a non-sectarian cemetery might be somewhat of a clue," wrote Father Morris of the New York Archdiocese, "It was rather rare, at least until prior to the Ecumenical Council for Catholics to be buried in unconsecrated ground. If so, special dispensations were required" (Email 30 Apr. 2012).
According to research done by Benjamin Justice, when Thomas Nast and his wife relocated to Morristown, New Jersey in 1871, they became members of the St. Peter's Episcopal Church and their children were christened in that faith.
Whatever his religion was at the time, Nast began his professional career at the age of 15. In New York City, the most notable weeklies were Frank Leslie's Illustrated News, the New York Illustrated News, and the most respected and prominent, Harper's Weekly. Nast had worked for them all–and in that order– but happily achieved his goal to work full time at Harper's in 1862 (Paine 28).
Established press organizations in the northeast promoted Protestant-based, pro-Republican ideals, and during the Civil War, adopted a pro-Union stance in their editorial positions. The two leading daily papers, The New York Tribune and the New York Times, were Radical Republican and mainstream Republican." The publishers and staff of Harper's Weekly, including cartoonist Thomas Nast, were mainly Protestant or secular liberals" (Kennedy, HarpWeek). The more progressive Tribune led as an early advocate for abolition and "attacked Lincoln daily, demanding emancipation" as a cause for Lincoln to adopt (Paine 79). Other media followed suit. Harper's was "strongly Methodistic in trend" (Mott 86) and part of a publishing center that "loathed the political culture and style of the Democrats and resented their control of the metropolis," (Fischer 8).
Northeastern Methodists joined other Protestants in a strong alliance of moral authority and civic duty that sought freedom of slavery. "No single issue had greater power than slavery to shape Methodist political responses," (Carwardine 597) and Northeastern Methodists, like most Protestants in that region, were Lincoln supporters. In 1861, a year before he began as a staff artist at Harper's, Nast married Sarah Edwards, the daughter of English-born parents. Nast figuratively and literally, as historian Robert Fischer suggests, "married into old-line Yankee culture and embraced it with the fervor of the prodigal son come home" (29). His background, the culture of his employers (cartoon historian Donald Dewey writes that the Harper family had an established anti-Catholic bias) the American Catholic stance against abolition, and marriage into an Anglican family all coalesced to shape Nast's Republican views, steering him to a conviction of Protestant superiority.
For his book, Paine interviewed Nast toward the end of his life. His anti-Catholic drawings are not discussed in detail in the large biography. But in an effort to explain away the anti-Catholic reputation that had obviously followed Nast, Paine echoed an earlier Harper's profile piece and wrote, "He was inspired by no antagonism to any church–indeed he was always attracted by Catholic forms and ceremonies" (150).
Outrage over Nast's treatment of Irish Catholics continues to permeate in modern Hibernian societies and is the primary reason that "the Father of the American Political Cartoon" has been kept out of New Jersey's Hall of Fame.
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Biography, Catholics, Immigration, Thomas Nast
Thomas Nast was born and raised Catholic
April 7, 2013 Michele Walfred	1 Comment
In almost every biography or reference to Thomas Nast, he is described as a Protestant – and in some cases more specifically as a Lutheran. One scholar, Roger A. Fischer, deviates from this mold. In his book Them Damned Pictures, Fischer writes:
"Nast, born a Catholic in Bavaria and raised Catholic in a German neighborhood in New York City, converted to the Protestant faith as an adult." Fischer speculates that Nast's marriage to Sarah (Sallie) Edwards was an entry into old world Yankee culture and embraced it (29-30).
I decided to do some of my own checking, and indeed, found Nast was baptized in Sankt Maria (St. Mary's) Roman Catholic Church in Landau, Germany. To view the German family archives site click here.
Fischer also credits Charles Press and Draper Hill for also acknowledging Nast's Catholic roots. Most reporting on this has been lazy, with researchers repeating Nast's Protestantism while overlooking his original family faith and traditions.
The American River Ganges, Harper's Weekly, September, 1871 by Thomas Nast. Original image of Nast's most famous anti-Catholic image, Tweed was safely out of the picture,literally and figuratively when the image was republished on 8 May, 1875 along with other minor modifications. Library of Congress
But if we are to fully understand Nast's anti-Catholic drawings, his religious roots should not be overlooked, for this was the faith of his parents.
In nineteenth century America there were many reasons for Catholics to convert. Love may certainly have been one of the reasons. In my own family history, the reverse seems to have been true. My paternal great grandparents, Bavarian Lutherans, were very upset that their daughter (my grandmother) fell in love with, and at the turn of the twentieth century, decided to marry an Irish Catholic and convert to Catholicism.
Without precisely knowing when Nast converted, likely, there was more to it than just amoré. Nast emigrated to New York City in 1846, about the same time the potato crop was failing in Ireland. The Irish had been coming to America long before then – but most Irish emigrants in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (about 70 percent) were Presbyterian (Scots or Ulster Irish) and 30 percent percentage were were other Protestants, such as Anglicans or Dissenters (Baptists or Quakers, William Penn being the most famous of the latter). Kerby Miller's research indicates Roman Catholics comprised a small minority of Irish emigres, and there were social, cultural and economic pressures for pre-Revolutionary Catholic emigrants to convert to Protestantism, typically to the very similar Episcopalian faith. As the American colonies were still very much under the influence of England, Catholics were afforded few property rights, an exception being Maryland and small parts of Pennsylvania.
After the Revolution and the enactment of The Bill of Rights, Catholics in American could relax. After the Napoleonic Wars, Irish immigration to America picked up. From 1815 to 1840, a second wave of Catholics left Ireland for better opportunities. These Catholics, generally speaking, saw the writing on the wall as their native Ireland fell sway to British oppression. Increases in tithes and taxes and decreases in land ownership rights, particularly for Catholics, fueled their immigration to America, and also to Canada and Australia. Emigration to the latter two countries was encouraged by the British government who often underwrote the travel expenses.
These pre-Famine Irish Catholics arrived in America with agrarian skills and a bit of money in their pockets, poor, but not destitute. This small distinction enabled them to move out of East Coast port cities toward opportunity in the American West (at that time east of the Mississippi), and to the South. They did not congregate in large cities as the Famine immigrants were forced to do. Whether they converted or not, Miller suggests this second wave of Irish immigrants, were for the most part, accepted into American mainstream, in part because population numbers did not make them conspicuous. They did not stand out or appear to have congregated in large enough numbers to be alarming to the Protestant status quo which still dominated in the expansive American West.
This perception changed with the Great Famine and its aftermath. While historians like Kirby Miller estimate about a million Irish of mixed faith came over from 1815 to 1845, they did so over a 30-year span and spread out all over the country. During the Famine years of 1845-1855, one and a half million destitute and desperate Irish emigrated to the Northeast region of the U.S., usually New York City, and there they conspicuously remained. Almost entirely Roman Catholic, the third wave of new arrivals had no money, nowhere to go, and few relatives to claim them. The first impressions these Irish Catholics left upon the New York and Protestant status quo was anything but positive.
They came to be known as the "shanty Irish" who are depicted in Gangs of New York (book and film) Sante's Low Life and also Tyler Anbidner's excellent, factual account of Five Points neighborhood, the most notorious of the the quickly built, inadequate tenements of the Fourth and Sixth Wards. Most Irish had little choice but to call the city tenaments home. They lived in slums under the most horrible of conditions with few skills or opportunities to improve their lot. As a result, many were forced to adopt vice and crime as a means of survival. If the Irish Catholics did find honest work, it was the most demeaning and menial of work as domestic help or as low paying textile workers and shirt makers. From a Protestant perspective, the Irish arrivals practice of a strange, cultist form of Christianity, and their inexplicable worship a foreign man on a Roman throne, further solidified the notion that the Irish stuck together like glue and didn't want to assimilate or become "American."
Consequently, the terms "Irish" and "Catholic" became synonymous —absolutely interchangeable and derogatory in usage.
As a result, Protestant Irish no longer self-identified as Irish, preferring to make the distinction as "Scots/Scotch Irish" or" Ulster Irish" and some affiliating as "Orangemen" in honor of William III of Orange who subdued Catholic James II at the Battle of the Boyne, or better yet, just plain American. They did not want their Protestant Irish ancestry associated with the slum Irish. The Germans immigrants who arrived before and around the same time as the Famine Irish, emigrated mostly for political reasons and left their homelands with money as well as useful skills — artisans with a trade which advanced their livelihood and living conditions in America. Although many nationalities and races were present at Five Points, the majority of skilled Germans lived in neighborhoods on the west side, in areas that are today known as Greenwich Village and Tribeca.
Nast's biographer, Albert Bigelow Paine (also Mark Twain's biographer) makes a point to place the Nast family in a "respectable" house on Greenwich Street. Paine does not mention the Nast family faith at all, but early on provides a hint of where Nast's Catholic problem may have had originated:
His [Nast] early religious impressions were confusing. There were both Protestants and Catholics in Landau, and once at a Catholic church he saw two little girls hustled out rather roughly for repeating some Protestant prayers. This incident disturbed him deeply. He resented the treatment of these little girls. It may have marked the beginning of a bitterness which long after was to mature in those relentless attacks upon bigotry which won for him the detestation, if not the fear, of Pope and priest (6).
In New York City, Nast was educated in the Catholic faith, at least until the age of seven. Never a promising student, his parents moved him to different schools to see if an academic spark would ignite. Paine continues,
A little later, by advice of his father he attended a German school though only for a brief period. He left when required to confess, regarding his sins as too many and too dark for the confidences of the priest's box. A brief period at another German school followed, and a term at a Forty seventh Street academy, considered then very far uptown. It was all to no avail. (14-15).
The mid-nineteenth century (1840-1860) saw a fervent rise in nativist sentiment and anti-Catholic rhetoric. The Know-Nothings rose and gained political power by essentially feeding into a growing anti-foreign, anti-Catholic paranoia.
"Catholic traditions continued to look dangerously un-American partly because they did not harmonize easily with the concept of individual freedom embedded in the national culture" (Higham 6).
They also drew very strong political lines — and politics would play a huge part in defining the anti-Catholic sentiment. Aside from their strange faith and odd practices and preoccupation with politics in their native Ireland, Catholics were successfully recruited by and subsequently aligned with the Democratic Party, which among other things, was staunchly anti-abolitionist. The Catholic Church took the unpopular position of not wanting to rock boat in their new home, on the issue of slavery. The Catholic Church was very keen to earn headway and inflfuence in the U.S. They believed in the law of the land and that law included slavery. The official position of the church was to let slavery continue.
Republicans, the Know Nothing factions among them, found the Catholic position on slavery reprehensible. During the Civil War, the Democratic Party affiliated and aligned with the Confederate South, and despite exceptions and Union loyalists, the majority of Irish and Catholics sympathized with Confederate side.
These pressures may have propelled a young Thomas Nast, and others like him, to convert. It may have been in pursuit of love (his intended was Espicopalian), the taint of Irish Catholicism, or from a desire to ascend and better assimilate in New York society. Given Nast's staunch abolitionist views, it is not unreasonable to assume the American Catholic Church's position on slavery had a lot to do with his conversion and continued skepticism of Irish Catholics in New York.
Nast did not hide his Catholic roots however. At the height of his fame during the Tweed era, Harper's Weekly introduced their star artist to readers with a brief biography and engraved photo. Nast was described as Catholic, a fact that Harper's clearly felt bolstered Nast's integrity and the real purpose of his attacks on the American Catholic Church's relationship with Tweed and New York City finances. It was the issue at hand, and not the people or faith that Nast attacked.
The pro-slavery position of Northeast Catholics during this time is not something that is well known among today's Catholics. Modern Catholics might find the revelation of their history on this issue in America shocking. Certainly, it is not a part of a history that American Catholics choose to highlight and brag about. Nonetheless it is an ugly part of the American Catholic past that did factor into perceptions of the time. The Democratic Party was on the wrong side of a pressing moral issue. Irish Catholics strengthened the Democratic Party and therefore had a indirect role in blocking the progress for civil rights. Abolition attitudes ran very strong in Republican and Protestant circles, and may have contributed to social and moral pressures for Nast to abandon his ancestral family faith, and view American Catholics – Irish Democrats with increased scrutiny.
Nast's images about Catholicism are brutal, but they erupt from specific issues (public school funding) and the social policies of dominant political figures (Tweed). The Irish's persecution of Chinese Americans likely factored into Nast's attention and sarcastic scrutiny.
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Catholics, Columbia, Irish Stereotype
"Something That Will Not Blow Over " 1871
June 2, 2012 Michele Walfred	Leave a comment
Thomas Nast drew Something That Will Not Blow Over, a double-paged illustration in Harper's Weekly, in direct response to the Orangemen's Riots of July 1871. It features a large central drawing, with various smaller vignettes surrounding the main picture.
Like many of Nast's larger images, good and evil is divided, shown in the left and right images respectively.
In the mid to late nineteenth century, for the Protestant ruling class in New York City, percieved "Irish" and "Catholics as synonymous terms. Irish meant Catholic and Catholic meant Irish. Italians and eastern European Catholics also arrived in New York, but were not as visually prominent as the Irish. German immigrants, the second largest immigrant group, tended to reside alongside other Germans from the same region. German Catholics worshiped separately from Irish Catholics, and had their own Catholic churches and communities (Nadel, 29, 37-39).
At first, the Nast family did not live near the largest German community, Little Germany or kleindeutschland, located on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, but resided further west on Greenwich Street. Bavarian immigrants were scattered across several wards in New York (Nadel 37). Later the Nast family moved to William Street in the Fourth Ward, closer in proximity to the Sixth Ward that included a large Irish constituency. Irish American historian Timothy Meagher asserts that the Irish often tangled with Germans, and anyone they saw as competitors (223). Nast's attacks against Catholics may have grown from this experience, but more likely formed from his observations of the Irish and their political positions. As his biorgrapher Paine suggests, Nast appears to single out the Irish "for the reason that a large percentage of the foreign immigration–an important political factor–professed that creed" (Paine 150). Tweed was the thread that wove many Irish and Catholics together in what Republican Protestants viewed as one neat, corrupt package.
For Nast, the Orangemen's riots of July 11-12, 1871 confirmed the violent Irish stereotypes that his German culture and neighborhood may well have believed and pre-disposed him to adopt. The 1871 street riots provided Nast with the excuse to not reprise his 1863 draft riot imagery, but strongly reinvent or embellish it.
For several years, Irish Catholics in New York City celebrated St. Patrick's Day with an annual parade. New York City's Protestant Irish, calling themselves "Orangemen" — members of the Loyal Order of Orange named in honor of British King William III, Prince of Orange. William III had defeated a Catholic James II for dominion over Ireland, wanted an equivalent celebration. The Protestant Irish insisted their own parade to celebrate their own history. In 1870, they had gotten their wish, a parade of Protestant Orangemen-Irish. This first parade resulted in mild disturbances — and future Orangemen parade permits were banned.
Nevertheless the Orangemen petitioned for another public celebration for the summer of 1871. A permit was extended. Irish Catholics were outraged. Tweed succumbed to his constituents' demands and ordered Mayor A. Oakley Hall to retract the permit for the Orangemen to celebrate.
The vacillation of official approval only proved to stoke Orangemen's desire to exert their rights.
After Protestant outcry and pressure, Governor Hoffman issued Order 57, allowing the Orangemen to publicly march in the streets of New York City. The July parade would go on, and like its predecessor a year prior, the parade was not a peaceful assembly. Several hundred Irish Catholics heckled the paraders and disrupted the procession, hurling bricks, stones, clubs, and shot at women and children waving to the parade from their homes. The violence escalated to murder.
Referring to the incident as the Tammany Riots, Harper's reported that two soldiers and one policeman with Irish surnames protected the parade participants and were killed along with 44 civilians. But the New York media could not help but fixate on the apparent hypocrisy that Irish Catholics could have a parade, but Protestants could not. Along with the 46 fatalities, anadditional 26 police and soldiers and 67 civilians were wounded (Harper's July 29, 1871 p. 564).
Nast relied on his arsenal of elaborate visual commentary and symbols to convey the layers of complexity and political maneuvering that surrounded the incident Like his Emancipation drawing of African Americans in 1864, Nast used a montage to depict the ancillary events that culminated in the central image. On important occasions or events of conflict, such as this riot, Nast called upon the imagery of Columbia as America's advocate of fair play, morality, and when appropriate, admonition to wrong doers.
As an Irish Protestant-Catholic conflict. racial prejudice were did not contribute to the Orangemen's riots. Religious, not racial tensions were involved in the argument or the violence that ensued. Nevertheless, Nast resurrected the images of the 1863 draft riot lynching and violence as the central ingredient in which to examine a completely different incident. Nast's 1871 revision hardly resembled his original eyewitness account of 1863, where he is ambiguous about Irish involvement on Clarkson Street, a scene of racial lynching in 1863. By linking the Orangemen's riots to the draft riots, Nast loses the ambiguity of Irish and Catholic involvement in the public violence. In the eight years that elapsed, Nast's views against Irish Catholics changed and intensified. Something That Will Not Blow Over is a strong condemnation of the Irish and the Catholic religious hierarchy whom Nast viewed as meddlesome instigators. What had changed in the transpiring eight years that led Nast to strongly implicate Irish Catholics? Politics. William M. Tweed entered Nast's arena and dominated three years of his artistic and professional life, beginning in 1869.
Something That Will Not Blow Over exposed what Nast perceived as a destructive trinity of Tweed-Irish-Catholic partnership. Nast laid the blame squarely upon all three. The cartoon ran at the climax of his three-year tirade against Tweed.
In the center image, an African American hangs lifeless under a lamppost marked with the date of the draft riots. The Colored Orphanage that was destroyed during the 1863 riots once again smolders in the background. A mob bearing raised weapons shout in outrage. To the lower right of the murdered African American, a Roman Catholic cleric faces his flock. His hat designates he is Monsignor or a Bishop. He does not give a blessing to the soul hanging by a rope nor to the dead and injured piling up on the ground. He is not heading off the crowd. This priest is not a figure of comfort. He clutches his crucifix close to his body and his posture, with his head down-turned, face unseen, and his shoulders raised in a hunch, suggest a devious and cowardly role in the midst of the melee. The mob is his congregation, his faithful, and he does nothing to stop their attack.
Detail. Walking away from the rioters
To the right, a diverse group of people walk away from the mob scene. Uncle Sam, a symbol of the federal government, is front and center, but he is withdrawn, either putting away his sword or is second guessing his impulse to draw it forward. The wiser course may be not to engage or incite the mob, but defuse them by walking away. Only the Chinese man, on the right, flees from a sense of fear. The rest of this crowd turns away from the mob, and looks back at the instigators as they do. Their faces and body language show dejection rather than fear. They are not making a hasty retreat. The feathers of a Native American Indian, Kaiser helmets, Italian fedoras, a saucer cap and queue of the Chinese man are all part of Nast's Republican "come one come all" symbolism used in other cartoons that advocate a utopian vision where different races and cultures can live together in harmony. Nast included heads of state, such as a morose Queen Victoria, to help to express his view that the whole world might be ashamed by the Irish-American state of affairs in New York City. A violent outburst like this would never have been allowed to happen in her country. No wonder Victoria looks so dejected.
In the back of the crowd to the right, two banners are visible, one reads "Liberal Catholic Dollinger and Hyacinth." It is important to note that Nast placed a Catholic element on the positive side of his drawing. Ignatius von Döllinger, a progressive Catholic scholar and priest from Nast's native Bavaria, vehemently and publicly opposed the dogma of papal infallibility. He was excommunicated by the Pope, which raised him to the rank of exalted hero at Harper's (June 17, 1871) and in several Nast images (July 17, 1871). A courageous, independent thinker was a Catholic to be admired! Only a month before the Orangemen riots, Harper's had saluted Dollinger's moral courage and position as moderate Catholic, "Dr. Dollinger declared that the dogma of papal infallibility contradicted both Bible and tradition, and would create interminable conflicts between state and church" (Harper's June 17, 1871).
In Nast's view, heroes like Dollinger were a rarity. Conservative, ultramontane Catholics set policy in the Vatican. On the left side, the American flag is upside down, a clear signal that the nation is at peril. The overarching statement, "Has no caste, no sect, any rights that respect the infallible ultramontane Roman Irish Catholic is bound to respect" reinforced the widely held Protestant notion that the Irish did not have minds of their owns, nor did they respect any tenets except those preached by the Catholic Church. Directly opposite, a Catholic flag, adorned with the Irish harp, a very Irish looking Tammany Tiger, Nast's animal symbol for the political power of Tweed's machine, and the papal standard, fly high over the land. Here, Nast suggests that the menace will become transcontinental – what starts on the East Coast will soon blow westward. Beware California, the Irish Catholics are coming! Public schools are seen crumbling on the Irish side, Nast's snide reminder of the municipal funds which poured into Catholic schools at the behest of Tweed and at the expense of public interest. To the right, the Protestants must contend with the spires and steeples of Catholic cathedrals, churches, and schools supported by tax dollars.
Other smaller scenes show the series of events that led up to the Orangemen's riot. The top right image's theme is honor or lack thereof. King William III, Prince of Orange, with two police escorts, shows his written permission to parade to St. Patrick, the patron saint of Irish Catholics. It is not offered meekly, slipped across the floor as Tweed has done with his documentation (see lower left and right images). King William's authorization is placed on a pedestal. William is trying to reason as one leader to another. He offers a compromise – a quid pro quo – promising that the Protestants will abandon their parade if the Catholics will do the same. He asks for fairness as if to say, we will give up our rights, but will you? Despite any animosity, he is approaching his adversary as an equal. Nast does not extend any artistic courtesy toward St.Patrick. Nast laid an array of stereotypes upon St. Patrick. Nast creates an obstinate figure who will not listen to reason. Despite his higher position he delivers his "Nivir" in heavy Irish brogue. Although he wears the robe of Catholic hierarchy, he looks like an ape. His attitude is anything but saintly. Hands on hips, exposing his vestments and crucifix, he turns away from William, according him no respect.
Detail from lower right. A uniformed Irish thug raises a sword to the kneeling Tweed ring
Below, Tweed grovels on the ground. He and his cowardly cohorts take orders from their beastly Irish masters. The Irish are not afraid to fight for their cause. The Irishman's saber is central to the image. He stares down his subordinates. Finally, the lower center image shows a dejected, perplexed, and once powerful Tammany Ring; Boss Tweed, Sweeney, Connolly and Hall, are on the ground trying to figure out what went wrong. Tweed can't win. He and his cohorts are losing ground. Over them hovers a rhetorical question, "Well, what are you going to do about it?"
Harper's represented two perspectives in the form of prose. The author(s) are unknown, but they were likely written by the editorial staff.
And Pat's Complaint:
At the top left of the image, Columbia places laurels on the heads of New York City policemen, presumably some of whom are Irish, for their valor and adherence to law during the riots.
Columbia appears as Nast's voice. Columbia freely rewards valor, shames cowardice, and highlights hypocrisy. She does not suffer fools, particularly Tammany fools, lightly. Put into service by Nast, she will do his bidding, rising to a noble call to defend her country without hesitation. While these vignettes are important,Nast's deployment of Columbia on the issue's cover image, Bravo Bravo, deserves special attention.
Complimenting Harper's reports of Irish policemen serving valiently during the riots, Columbia places laurels upon the heads of the police who aimed to keep the peace between the warring factions. Are these public servants Irish? They could be.
If so, the image defies the allegation by some scholars that Nast always drew the Irish as beasts and thugs. It is easy to pick out the Irish that Nast criticizes. He uses stereotype and caricature to call out their crimes. How does Nast show an Irishman in a favorable light? Policemen in uniform would not be wearing the waistcoat or a top hat. In the line of civic duty, It could be argued that whenNast drew Irish policeman, he drew them to look like any other American from a European ancestry. It is easy to prove a negative. Far more difficult to spot the everyday ethnicity, including Irish, whom Nast felt behaved admirably.
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text:
Family: Polypodiaceae J.Presl & C.Presl
Genus: Polystichum Roth
Polystichum jamunae Fraser-Jenk.
This species is accepted, and its native range is W. & Central Himalaya.
Full Distribution Listing
Native to:
Nepal, West Himalaya
Polystichum jamunae Fraser-Jenk. appears in other Kew resources:
First published in Aspects Pl. Sci. 13: 278 (1991)
Fraser-Jenkins, C.R. & al. (2018). An Annotated Checklist of Indian Pteridophytes 2: 1-573. Dehra Dun : BSMPS.
Roskov Y. & al. (eds.) (2018). World Ferns: Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Kew Backbone Distributions
© Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
() é um vilão fictício da DC Comics. O Penumbra tem uma bengala com o poder de controlar sombras (em algumas versões, o poder parte dele mesmo). Ele foi um inimigo primariamente do Flash. Primeira aparição em Flash Comics #33 (1942). Criado por E. E. Hibbard, reformulado por James Robinson em 1994.

Foi eleito pelo portal IGN como o 89º maior vilão de histórias em quadrinhos de todos os tempos.

Carreira
O Penumbra foi um conhecido membro de diversas encarnações da Sociedade da Injustiça. Nos anos 50, ele juntou forças com o Pensador e o Violinista a fim de manter a inteira Keystone City, a cidade do Flash (Jay Garrick), sob animação suspensa à parte de nossa dimensão. Por anos, ninguém sabia o que aconteceu com a cidade de Keystone; lá, o trio de vilões reinava absoluto, sem nenhum herói para atrapalhar. Somente quando o Flash (Barry Allen) atingiu outra dimensão, e constatou a localidade de Keystone, ele pôde encontrar Jay Garrick e libertá-lo da animação suspensa. Juntos, a dupla libertou Keystone dos vilões e devolveu a cidade a seu local de origem. (Secret Origins #50)

O Penumbra estava também entre os vilões que Rei Kull manipulou a fim de tentar conquistar a Terra 1, a Terra 2 e a Terra S (este evento é desconsiderado após Crise nas Infinitas Terras). [Justice League of America (versão 1) #135 a 137]

Alguns anos depois, o Penumbra, o Dardo de gelo e o Violinista foram contatados pelo espírito de Darkseid, que logrou os vilões a ressuscitarem seu corpo. O Pai Celestial e outros Novos Deuses de Nova Genesis contataram a Liga da Justiça e a Sociedade da Justiça, de modo que acabaram com os planos de Darkseid (fundir a Terra 1 e Terra 2), e salvaram o trio de vilões, que já não servia mais aos propósitos do soberano de Apokolips. [Justice League of America (versão 1) #183 a 185]

Origem
Um retcon apresentado na revista Starman estabeleceu que o Penumbra é Richard Swift, um cidadão inglês que ganhou poderes sombrios e imortalidade através de magia, e que seus poderes não vem de sua bengala, mas de si mesmo (embora que ele ainda a use). O retcon também estabeleceu que O Penumbra é apaixonado por literatura e sente-se bastante confortável na cidade de Opal City, que lembra sua terra natal, e até mesmo ajudou o Starman Jack Knight a combater o Névoa, que atormentava a cidade. De modo que se antes, numa versão mais maniqueísta, o Penumbra era exatamente um vilão, após o retcon essa diferença não é tão clara.

Outras mídias
O Penumbra apareceu num time de vilões liderados por Lex Luthor em Liga da Justiça. No Brasil, seu nome foi adaptado para Sombra. Lá, era apresentado com base na versão mais antiga (apesar do retcon já tendo sido publicado naquela data). O Penumbra no desenho só ligava para lucro pessoal, perguntando repetidamente a Luthor quando eles iriam receber seu pagamento.

Ele aparece na terceira temporada de The flash, no episódio que leva seu nome do título, "Shade", em The Flash ele é um meta-humano que pode vibrar suas moléculas em uma freqüência tão alta que ele parece ser uma sombra.

Poderes e habilidades
A origem e fonte dos poderes de Penumbra variam de acordo com a versão. Entretanto ele foi visto manifestando os seguintes poderes:
Projetar um campo de escuridão, onde só ele pode enxergar mediante óculos especiais;
Criar construtos e seres vivos de sombras;
Criar portais com sombra, de modo a poder realizar viagens instantâneas de um ponto a outro por atravessar estes portais;
Criar campos de força com sombras sólidas;
Imortalidade (somente após o retcon).

Terra 2
Sociedade da Justiça
Vilões da DC Comics
Flash
Personagens que podem se teletransportar
Personagens com umbracinese

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Local Class A Drivers Wanted No Touch Freights PLUS Home EVERY NIGHT!
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update: the new version is still in change !
please wait until its some kind of stable.
Hi there is a new version including multiplayer support.
If you have some time it would be nice if you build an installer.
There are some players (especially on ubuntu) who whould be very happy to see an installer for this.