text:
package org.wso2.carbon.esb.json;

import junit.framework.Assert;
import org.testng.annotations.AfterClass;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeClass;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
import org.wso2.carbon.automation.engine.context.AutomationContext;
import org.wso2.carbon.automation.engine.context.TestUserMode;
import org.wso2.carbon.automation.test.utils.http.client.HttpRequestUtil;
import org.wso2.carbon.automation.test.utils.http.client.HttpResponse;
import org.wso2.esb.integration.common.utils.common.ServerConfigurationManager;
import org.wso2.esb.integration.common.utils.ESBIntegrationTest;

import java.io.File;

public class ESBJAVA4781EscapeAutoPrimitiveTestCase extends ESBIntegrationTest {

  private ServerConfigurationManager serverConfigurationManager;

  @BeforeClass(alwaysRun = true)
  public void setEnvironment() throws Exception {
    super.init();
    serverConfigurationManager =
            new ServerConfigurationManager(new AutomationContext("ESB", TestUserMode.SUPER_TENANT_ADMIN));
    serverConfigurationManager.applyConfiguration(new File(getESBResourceLocation() + File.separator
            + "json" + File.separator + "autoprimitive" + File.separator + "synapse.properties"));
    super.init();
    loadESBConfigurationFromClasspath(File.separator + "artifacts" + File.separator + "ESB"
            + File.separator + "json" + File.separator + "autoprimitive" + File.separator
            + "FormatterEscapePrimitiveSequence_synapse_config.xml");

  }

  @Test(groups = "wso2.esb", description = "Check whether JSON field value auto primitive is escaped if field value starting region " +
          "is matched with replace regex after flowing through Staxon formatter in passthrough transport | matched starting region" +
          "will be replaced")
  public void testJSONEmptyArrayMissingNHTTPTransport() throws Exception {
    HttpResponse response = HttpRequestUtil.sendGetRequest(getApiInvocationURL("formatter/escapePrimitive"), null);
    String expected = "{\"testEscapePrimitive\":{\"integer\":1989,\"float\":1989.9,\"null\":null,\"boolean_true\":true," +
            "\"boolean_false\":false,\"string\":\"string\",\"integer_escaped\":\"1989\",\"float_escaped\":\"1989.9\",\"null_escaped\":\"null\"," +
            "\"boolean_true_escaped\":\"true\",\"boolean_false_escaped\":\"false\",\"string_escaped\":\"string\"}}";

    Assert.assertTrue("JSON field value auto primitive has not not been escaped from formatter" +
            " when if field value starting region is matched with replace regex.", expected.equals(response.getData()));

  }

  @AfterClass(alwaysRun = true)
  public void destroy() throws Exception {
    super.cleanup();
    serverConfigurationManager.restoreToLastConfiguration();
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
International Veterinary Students' Association – Kafr El-Sheikh
Award Category
Global - Student group
Nominee Website
The International Veterinary Students' Association – Kafr El-Sheikh (IVSA KFS) ran World Rabies Day campaigns in 2017 and 2018. For 2017, it ran an educational rabies campaign at the language school of Kafr Ash Shaykh. For 2018, it launched online and offline awareness campaigns. The online campaign targeted students, professors and animal lovers. Its Facebook page reached out to 5,000 people, with detailed explanations of rabies, and how to protect people and animals against the virus.
The offline campaign targeted the local medical unit, Al-Hamrawy village, a local girls' elementary school in Al-Hamrawy and Al-Rowad language school in Tanta city. IVSA KFS printed World Rabies Day flyers and distributed them to cover KFS and Tanta city. In Al-Hamrawy village it spread awareness about rabies among the local people of the village, who are mostly livestock farmers.
The school campaign in Al-Hamrawy village targeted elementary students with simple illustrations of the disease suitable for their comprehension. It also contacted the parents to ensure that content was delivered to them as well. Al-Rowad language school in Tanta hosted a campaign for students from elementary, middle and high school where they focused mainly on awareness with cat and dog behavior with explanations of rabies and how it affects both humans and pets. IVSA KFS illustrated procedures of correct animal handling using members' pets.
Through a partnership with IVSA Romania it donated rabies vaccines to CART shelter in Cairo. CART shelters about 500 dogs and cats.
(Adapted extract from nomination)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: using postmessage to refresh iframe's parent document I have a greasemonkey script that opens an iframe containing a form from a different sub-domain as the parent page.

I would like to refresh the parent page when the iframe refreshes after the form submission

I am at the point where I can execute a function when the iframe refreshes, but I cannot get that function to affect the parent document.

I understand this is due to browser security models, and I have been reading up on using postMessage to communicate between the two windows, but I cannot seem to figure out how to send a reload call to the parent with it.

Any advice on how to do that would be very helpful

thanks

A: Use:
window.parent.postMessage('Hello Parent Frame!', '*');

Note the '*' indicates "any origin". You should replace this with the target origin if possible.
In your parent frame you need:
window.addEventListener('message', receiveMessage, false);

function receiveMessage(evt)
{
  if (evt.origin === 'http://my.iframe.org')
  {
    alert("got message: "+evt.data);
  }
}

Replace "my.iframe.org" with the origin of your iFrame. (You can skip the origin verification, just be very careful what you do with the data you get).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Following last week's news that social-networking site MySpace was to lay off 400 employees, or 30pc of its staff worldwide, today brings news that a further 300 of its international staff will also get the axe.
This extra 300 represents two thirds of MySpace's international staff, which leaves 150 with their jobs, and according to TechCrunch UK, at least four offices outside of the US are closing, with offices in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, France, India, Italy, Mexico, Russia, Sweden, and Spain being reviewed right now.
MySpace China, which is locally owned and operated, as well as MySpace Japan, which is a joint venture, will not be affected by these closures, while the European and Australian activities will most likely be focused on London, Berlin and Sydney.
A letter sent to international MySpace staff yesterday outlined the company's plans to "streamline" operations abroad, in order to "rein in growth in staff and expenses that we cannot sustain".
MySpace added that future plans will involve regional partnerships and integration into a smaller number of territories.


text:
The Edens Professorship in Global Health
Wesley R. Edens and his wife, Lynn, established a $2 million endowed professorship in 2011 at Macalester College, a private, liberal arts college in St. Paul, Minnesota. The endowment will be known as the Edens Professorship in Global Health. The Edens chose Macalester due to the college's curriculum that infuses traditional liberal arts education that focuses on addressing global challenges.
Appointment to Professorship
In the fall of 2012, Eric D. Carter was given the Edens Professorship in Global Health appointment. Dr. Carter is a medical geographer whose research focuses on people-environment and historical geography. His focus is on Latin America, publishing works that include research on borders and political identity in Misiones province, Argentina, as well as a commemoration of Ernesto "Che" Guevara in Rosario, Argentina. His works also include an article on DDT and Malaria eradication in Argentina during the 1940s. Dr. Carter was given the professorship after an almost year-long search to fill the position.
About the Professorship
The endowed professorship was part of Macalester's growth in community and global health studies, and goes well with their international development and environmental studies curriculum. It is the eighth professorship created through the college's Step Forward campaign, which raised more than $20 million in faculty support. Macalester's Educational Policy and Governance committee helped provide the basis for the professorship, which accepts proposals for such positions that build on the strengths of the college, fill gaps in curriculum and provide innovation through links to the college mission. Faculty proposed a need for a colleague who would specialize in global health, something that is important to the Edens. Dr. Carter obtained his Bachelor of Arts from the University of California, Berkeley; his Master of Science and his PhD from the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
In addition to the professorship, the Edens also setup a research fun at Macalester. Through the research fund, six students will be have the opportunity over the summer months to conduct research relating to health and society with professors at the college. This allows students to not only benefit from the presence of professors on campus and the coursework necessary as part of the curriculum, but added opportunities to perform research related to global health.
The Edens
Wesley Edens, who is the co-founder and Co-Chairman of the Board of Fortress Investment Group LLC, also supports medical causes through the Chinook Charitable Trust, which he founded. Lynn Edens is the owner of Little Creek Farm LLC, and supports global health and equity initiatives through her own trust, Hoof Beat Charitable Trust. The couple also provides support to Partners in Health.
Macalister College
Founded in 1874, Macalester College has a full-time enrollment of almost 2,000 students and is nationally recognized for commitment to academic excellence, internationalism and civic engagement. The college has a strong multiculturalism focus as a national liberal arts school.
Wesley and Lynn Edens were and continue to be thrilled to fund an initiative like the endowed professorship at Macalester, as they are very interested in the subject of global health. The couple sees a need for higher education to guide students into addressing the challenges faced globally in regard to health topics.
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Categories:	Money News
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From the administrative staff at SayEducate.com. We hope you enjoy this managing your money and finances BLOG-magazine. Please forward any suggestions or comments regarding the posting or other elements of our site. Thank you.
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When making the decision to engage an outside Business Advisor, or consultant to help you in your own business it will be of great benefit to understand the differences between them. The decision to hire either one can be difficult to make, it can be both confusing, and challenging. But if your Profit & Loss Statement is lacking a sustainable Profit Margin, don't you want to know why? And then adjust it, to be the best it can be? Or, your Balance Sheet is it structured to support your business goals while maximizing your financial performance, even if your current market is experiencing slow periods?
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The Adungu. A nine-string arched (bow) harp of the Alur people of northwestern Uganda. It is very similar to the tumi harp of the neighbouring Kebu people.
The Zeze. A stringed instrument from Sub-Saharan Africa, also known by the names Tzetze and Dzendze, and in Madagascar is called Lokanga Voatavo or Lokango Voatavo.
The Endere. A flute of the Baganda people, the Omukuri of the Banyankore and the Bakiga people, the Akalere of the Basoga Iteso people.
The Ohangla drums. Consists of more than eight drums hit by a stick and a cylindrical shoulder slung drum played normally to the accompaniment of flute, Nyatiti or kinanda.


text:
Q: Perl - Repeat expect() until input is accepted I'm using Perl to automate a script on some Cisco routers. The basic implementation is that it connects to a given list of routers, one after the other and collects the needed information. Each time the script connects to a new router it requests a password, which is the same for all routers.
I have the following code to capture the password request and input the password:
    $session->expect(5,
        [ 'password:' => sub {
            $session->send("$password\r");
                #exp_continue;
            }]);

The problem is that sometimes the password isn't accepted the first time, for whatever reason. Is there a way to repeat the above code until the password is accepted?

A: Super simple implementation:
my $tries = 0;
my $max = 5;
while ($tries < $max) {
    $tries++;
    # do your stuff
    # assuming that you can assess the success of the password sending:
    last if <test for successful condition>;
}

You can set the maximum number of attempts to whatever is appropriate for your situation.


I had a conference call this morning with a colleague in Greece as well as a couple colleagues here in the States. It's 4 pm for him and 9 am for us, both times well within the accepted definition of the "work day". As some of our readers know, I have a 3 month old baby (birth story eventually coming, I promise). My husband has been staying home with him while I go back to work on campus, but today he needed some extra help, so I stayed home and connected to the conference call from my couch. Baby happily babbling and playing next to me.
I kept the microphone on mute, worried people would hear him and think it unprofessional for me to be on a conference call about an upcoming research project with a cooing baby in the background. I was careful not to look off screen too much or pay too much attention to my baby (even though he's amazingly adorable).
Some of you may remember a video that went viral about a year ago. The video was of political science professor doing an interview with the BBC about impeachment of the South Korean president. After the interview had started you see a baby in the background starting to play with a toy. The expert continues, trying hard to pay attention to the interview until finally a toddler runs in the room, stealing the show. A horrified mother runs in and grabs the babies, shuffling them out of the room. Opinions on this whole situation were widely varied (as always) but what it does show is that professionals are, out of necessity and out of desire, blending their work and personal lives.
After about half an hour into the conference call, the colleague in Greece waves and smiles to someone off screen. I assumed this was a faculty or staff member until a little girl runs over and sits on his lap. I then turned my laptop towards my baby, showing him off, and our babies cooed at each other from different time zones.
This experience got me thinking about how we, as professionals, students, teachers, across the globe are blending our work life and family life. Maybe these lives aren't even separate for some. Many academic couples work at the same university or even in the same department, blurring those lines completely.
Some of this is out of necessity. Sixty years ago it was within the realm of possibility (normalcy even) for one partner (usually the man) to work one job and support a family on a single income. This is no longer true for the vast majority of Americans. It is simply not an option to comfortably support a family on one income, even if that income comes after a decade of hard work and a prestigious title. Most families require two parents who work outside the home, whether full time or part time. Sometimes this work is inside the home in the form of a stay-at-home mom or dad. And I can tell you from my 12 weeks of maternity leave, this is not a task anyone takes on lightly. Staying at home with my baby, no matter how much I love him, was harder for me than my assistant professorship. That may not be true for everyone, but it is for me.
Some of this blending is out of a desire to do so. I will say that it was nice having that little girl run up to her dad on the call. For one, it lowered my anxiety about also being at home with my baby, trying to work at the same time. It also gave us an instant connection as parents and another way to relate to one another which, I think, makes collaborations easier and more successful. Being at home with my baby is fun sometimes and it's nice to have the option to bring my work home. It's also fun to bring my family to conferences and have colleagues get to know the most important people in my life.
Integrating families into work life, especially in academia, has become much more common. Just two years ago, a woman at the national conference I attend held her sleeping baby while she gave her presentation. It normalizes having a family and normalizes the struggles that come with having a family in academia. This is inherently harder for women because, even with all the strides and progress, we still end up doing most of the emotional labor as wives and parents. Men are, however, putting more time in at home and this can also lead to situations like the one in the video. Sometimes this isn't possible, though. I am taking both my husband and baby to conferences this first year because I'm breastfeeding. That's simply not a task my husband can take on, no matter how awesome it would be if he could help out in that arena. There are just certain things that having a family in academia brings up and having representation as a parent trying to keep everything together relieves a lot of anxiety.
This integration could bring about some negatives as well. Perhaps it's not the worst thing in the world to leave work at work and home at home. It's hard enough for academics to turn the email off and designate time for self care and family time. Blending these worlds together could make that even more difficult. And I'd be lying if I said I got as much work done at home as I do in my office. When I stay home to help out my husband, I can never really get fully into a project because I'm constantly distracted.
What are some other pros and cons you see in this trend of blending family and work lives together? We'd love to hear your thoughts!


The work of a Psychotherapist involves treating patients of psychological disturbances. These disturbances can manifest as thoughts, emotions and behaviours. Often over-agressiveness and shyness are reasons for seeking treatment.
To be a Psychotherapist, one must have the passion and concern for the wellbeing of others. He or she should possess a Degree related to pyschology. A Psychotherapist must also be well-balanced in order to treat others.
Psychotherapist may be employed in places like clinics, hospitals and schools. As this is a highly specialised profession, the number of persons working in this field is relatively low.


text:
Q: Why cant i resize my Ubuntu partition? I have a dual boot with Windows and Ubuntu. My Ubuntu was lacking space and free some from the Windows partition. Now I want to expand the Linux system, but GParted does not let me do it. How to expand it?

I logged in with Windows and tried to resize with the "EaseUS Partition Master 13.5" tool. Same. I could not do it.

A: Your partitions are locked because they are in use by a running system. You need to boot into a live environment and run GParted from there. You can do this with your Ubuntu install media.


Expenses, promotions, patterns, and availability may additionally vary. Our local shops do not honor on-line pricing. Charges and availability of services and products are situation to trade with out be aware. Errors might be corrected where determined, and lowe's reserves the proper to revoke any said offer and to correct any errors, inaccuracies or omissions which include after an order has been submitted. Disclaimer: facts in questions, answers, and other posts in this web site ("posts") comes from man or woman users, no longer justanswer; justanswer isn't liable for posts. Posts are for popular statistics, aren't intended to substitute for knowledgeable expert recommendation (medical, felony, veterinary, monetary, and many others.), Or to set up a expert-consumer dating. The web site and offerings are provided "as is" with out a warranty or representations by justanswer regarding the qualifications of professionals. To peer what credentials were established via a 3rd-party provider, please click on on the "validated" symbol in some experts' profiles. Justanswer isn't intended or designed for emergency questions which have to be directed at once by way of cellphone or in-character to qualified experts.
When you have a multimeter we can without difficulty check the transformer and the transfer for functionality. Im betting they each are functioning well, however it seems you've got run right into a compatibility issue your lights dont jive with the fancy transfer you've got so to speak. This transfer is extraordinarily sensitive and detects the weight. Leviton three way dimmer wiring diagram for maxresdefault jpg cute brilliant 3 transfer with, 3 manner occupancy transfer leviton dimmer 2 cord diagram on wiring, double pole dimmer switch leviton three way wiring light diagram lutron caseta movement 970x988 on, leviton three manner rotary dimmer wiring diagram tamahuproject org in with, 2 pole dimmer transfer maestro three way 3 with leviton wiring diagram, three manner switch dimmer wiring diagram and leviton dimmers, leviton 3 manner rotary dimmer wiring diagram timer in the course of in, three way transfer wiring diagram three led dimmer electric mild with leviton, ge three manner dimmer transfer wiring diagram within leviton to, 3 way dimmer wiring diagram in cord and leviton, leviton 3 manner dimmer wiring diagram and dsc09295 1b 800 jpg, cooper three manner dimmer transfer wiring diagram for leviton with, leviton 3 manner switch wiring diagram with gi1dc unmarried dimmer nice of for, maxresdefault for leviton three way dimmer wiring diagram, leviton presents how to deploy a three way transfer youtube within dimmer wiring diagram on three, leviton transfer wiring diagram collections inside dimmers for 3 manner dimmer, 3 pole dimmer switch leviton way lutron four cord unmarried wiring diagram for, leviton affords a way to install a decora virtual dse06 low spell binding 3 way dimmer switch wiring diagram on three, lutron three way transfer wiring diagram 1 in leviton dimmer, leviton three manner switch wiring diagram and jpg at dimmer with, gallery.


A common method of storing an RV is to park it and either yourself or someone else starts the engine and runs it for awhile every couple of weeks. This is meant to charge up the batteries, let it warm up and do who knows what else.
The fact is that this isn't necessary. Doing this only causes more wear and tear on the engine. You should only start a engine if you are ready to use it. Only start the engine if you are moving it both forwards and backwards. Ask what your dealerships do. They usually start and move cars around every few weeks or months.
Okay, you want to keep the batteries topped off but this isn't the way to do it. It's the most inefficient way to charge a battery. The starting battery will be fine in a few minutes after starting but you are most likely trying to charge the house batteries. Running the engine for a bit in the driveway isn't going to do much at all. You need to be running down the highway for a while to do a good charge from the engine. It is better to either plug in your RV to a hookup or hookup the batteries separately to a battery charger. Or for the best option, you can add solar panels and a good multi-charger to keep them in great shape all the time. We have much more on that in other posts.
What do you think? Do you do this common method and how does it work for you?


How Many Teeth Do Adults Have ?
Function: The primary function of the teeth in humans is to cut and crush the food material into small pieces to aid better digestion and assimilation. There are broadly four kinds of teeth in humans, the canines, the incisors, the premolars and the molars together forming the full range of 32 teeth found in an adult human. Each of the different kinds of teeth does a very specialized job such that no two can be interchanged. The canines tear the food, the incisors cut the food into smaller particles, the premolars and the molars together does the function of crushing the food. Each tooth is embedded in the upper or lower jaws and is covered by the gums. The teeth are one of the most hardy features of the human species and is found in two types. The milk teeth and the permanent teeth.
The Anatomy of a Teeth: At the very outermost layer is the crown, the part that functions as the contact during chewing. This crown is principally made of dentine and is a hardy and non-wearing part of the teeth. Protected by the crown is the soft inner fleshy layer, the pulp of the teeth. Like the crown, the part of the teeth that is within the gums is the root and is covered by the cementum. This cementum, is a lesser tougher material than the crown, but just as well serves the purpose of shielding the inner pulp and is composed of dentine.
The root most times would branch out into two or three, except for the canines and the incisors that have only a single root. It is the root of the teeth that holds the teeth in the socket. The lower portion of the root accommodates the blood vessels that serve to keep the teeth nourished and alive. The enamel the hardest part of the tooth is visible normally and is supported by the underlying dentine. This outer layer varies in color from grayish white to a pale yellow. This semi translucent dentine would allow the lower layers to show through giving color to the teeth. Composed of mainly minerals the dentine is very brittle by nature.
Dentin is what is found between the tooth pulp and the outer enamel. Composed of mainly minerals, the dentin serves as a cushion to the tooth and is secreted by the pulp of the teeth. Being softer than the enamel, it is succeptable to decay and must be protected by the outer enamel at all times. With porous tubules radiating outward the dentin is a transitional layer that keeps the pulp and the crown together. The dentine, when exposed tend to give a sensational feel or a sharp pain to the person.
The pulp of the tooth is the central part that covers the inner core of the tooth. Comprising of a network of capillaries and soft tissue, this is a living and growing part of the tooth. Nourishment is had from the blood vessels that come into the pulp at the same time the pulp, keeps the enamel and dentin healthy and growing.
The Development of Teeth: Through a complex process that involves the multiplication and the replacement of the cells, the tooth development takes place. For human teeth to develop healthy, this must start at the very early stages in the fetal stages. Any disruption in this early stage of tooth development would mean the inability to have good healthy teeth. Tooth development has been divided into the four stages, the bud, the cap, the bell stage and finally the maturation. Being a complex development, the progress in each section has not been that thoroughly defined.
The first of the baby teeth is set to appear a few months after birth and would keep erupting till the age of four. The set of permanent teeth starts erupting at typically the age of six onwards and will go throughout puberty and into the adult life. The molars, the wisdom tooth, appearing when into the twentieth year. Learn more about wisdom teeth and its removal here.
Tooth eruption is when the baby tooth is finally visible or at times just felt in the mouth. This is brought about by a combination of factors that bring into fruition the complex processes involved with the development of the teeth in humans. The first signs that a tooth is due is felt by the person, later is the top of the tooth visible to the outside. While the very first set of teeth in humans is meant to last a few years, the later occurring set of teeth, the permanent teeth, is to last the person the rest of his life time.
Tooth Decay: Plaque and caries decide on how many teeth do adults have. Not seen to discriminate between the ages, the two enemies of good teeth, plaque and caries do indeed decide the health of your teeth. Plaque is a thin bio film of bacteria that cover the tooth outer layer and consists of a multitude of bacteria. Frequent removal of this bio film does indeed help maintain good teeth. If left to itself the plaque would produce acids to melt away the outer enamel coating of the teeth, forming cavities. The yellow hard deposits, tartar is had with the buildup of plaque. Frequent and a good brushing does indeed keep plaque at bay. The composition and severity of plaque formation are decided by the person's food habits rather than anything else.
Caries is the softening of the tooth enamel to allow the pulp to be exposed to the food material. The outcome of this activity would be the loss of teeth in a person. Each individual has his own tolerance levels of caries. Some people, no matter how hard they try, can't simply keep caries at bay. A tooth severely infected by caries can indeed be repaired, with the extreme treatment of root canal filling a painful and unpleasant experience.
Care for your teeth: Giving good care to your teeth does go a long way in deciding how many teeth do adults have. Regular brushing along with dental flossing does keep plaque and caries at bay. Most dentists do indeed recommend that the person brushes twice a day. This practice if adopted early could help the person keep healthy teeth for years on end. It is advisable to pay regular visits to the dentist to do a thorough cleaning, removing tartar and deposits that would have built up over time.
The importance of brushing twice a day cannot be emphasized enough. This removes plaque before it develops into tartar. Also, any early signs of tooth decay are picked up early and can be attended to in its early stages. Dental flossing must be followed to remove the plaque buildup at the gum line. If possible, try and use a fluoridated toothpaste as it helps toughen the dentine, hence preventing tooth decay and disease. Spend two or three minutes each time that you take to brush your teeth, making a good job of it. Limit the acidic natured drinks like aerated and soft drinks; this only causes an acidic build up in the mouth, causing the erosion of tooth enamel and hence causes cavities. Sugary food items can only aid the plaque buildup by the bacteria in the mouth.
People taking part in sports should wear protective gear to cover their teeth as it will directly impact how many teeth do adults have. A good helmet or face guard does prevent physical damage to the teeth during these times. Avoid opening of bottle caps and other such unhealthy habits. This does only damage your teeth. And to cap it all pay regular visits to the dentist as any issue can be picked up very early in its development.
Overcoming tooth decay: If the worst were to come, then there is no other way out than to have a dental restoration. Teeth that are left uncared for and mostly teeth that do have a genetic tendency to decay does need to be taken care of restoratorily. Here a visit to the dentist is mandatory. The dentist would advise on the best available solution to how many teeth do adults have. Modern day dentistry does ensure keeping the decayed teeth to the maximum with the best available solutions to prevent tooth loss. Dental implant too are the order of the day, giving the client the most favorable of solutions available.
Saliva: A much ignored item in oral health has been often the role of the Saliva in the oral cavity. The Saliva prevents unhealthy build up acidic or harmful natured pH in the mouth. It acts as a buffer solution that keeps the mouth clean and lubricated. The initial stages of digestion start with the saliva. Plaque buildup is limited by the active intervention of the saliva and is the first line in protecting the enamel of the teeth.
A complete oral health program is incomplete without the mention of substances like cigarettes and alcohol consumption. These substances do indeed aid in the deterioration of the teeth health. Regular health checkup must be done even with healthy teeth as it will decide on how many teeth do adults have. Caries thus, can be detected at the very early start, when the damage would have been minimal. Despite the advances in medical sciences, there has never been a replacement to teeth that could match; let alone beat the natural teeth, in function and appearance.


There are few mental problems more frustrating than cognitive disorders. Devastating in their subtle and often not-so-subtle effects on the life of a victim and their family, these problems are seldom understood by outsiders. The false assumptions and some suggestions for how to help, only complicate an already complicated situation.
Few of us will go through life without experiencing some form of cognitive disorder, at some time and on some level of dysfunction. The most common root problems, amnesia, delirium, and dementia, can attack for so many reasons, with so many repercussions and so many variables of treatment and duration, than it is not incorrect to consider various aspects of these disorders as basic elements of the human condition.
Whether a patient suffers from cognitive disorder as a life-long heritage from birth, or because of illness, injury, chemical disruption, or physical breakdown, the problems that follow from the condition all lead to an impaired ability to process basic mental tasks reliably.
By attacking the fundamental ability of the mind to retain accurate information and process it appropriately, cognitive disorders threaten the ability of a person to function as an independent adult in society.
In some cases, there is very little that can be done to "cure" cognitive disorders. While progress is being made to repair difficulties brought on by imbalanced brain chemistry, those caused by genetic disorders, and various forms of neurological damage from injury, illness, chemical abuse, or such events as strokes, can do harm that doctors don't yet know how to repair.
However, therapy for cognitive disorders can help train those with durable problems in cognitive ability to compensate for many kinds of damage. By working to strengthen and enhance memory creation and retrieval, promote problem solving, and build responsible and reliable habits for dealing with the world around us, counselors can help ensure that victims of cognitive disorders lead the fullest lives possible.
Most treatments for cognitive dysfunction are based on regular counseling sessions focused on teaching skills, combined with sessions aimed at rebuilding damaged structures of thought and memory. In instances where a cognitive disorder is being expressed through a disruptive reaction caused by the damage – such as a phobia, or a problem with emotional control – a counselor may also add layers of personal counseling to further integrate new patterns and conditioning.
Current theories tend to favor a direct, non-psychological approach to cognitive skills, focusing not on aspects of personality development, but on more physical elements of illness, injury or physical erosion due to age. In spite of this, old methods of psychological counseling can prove more productive for some individuals.
Finding a trained, practicing cognitive therapist involves a real challenge. The training and skills involved are vast, and few of us are equipped to judge the strengths offered by a candidate. By making use of various forms of referral service, from hospital referrals to professional referral agencies, we can draw on the accumulated knowledge of individuals who deal with the issues we face.
The search for sound and reliable counseling isn't easy. While other resources can and should be tapped, including school referrals and referrals from your insurance support network or your pediatrician, a professional referral agency lives and dies by knowing the professionals in its areas of expertise.


text:
The base stock model is a statistical model in inventory theory. In this model inventory is refilled one unit at a time and demand is random. If there is only one replenishment, then the problem can be solved with the newsvendor model.

Overview

Assumptions

 Products can be analyzed individually
 Demands occur one at a time (no batch orders)
 Unfilled demand is back-ordered (no lost sales)
 Replenishment lead times are fixed and known
 Replenishments are ordered one at a time
 Demand is modeled by a continuous probability distribution

Variables

 = Replenishment lead time
 = Demand during replenishment lead time
 = probability density function of demand during lead time
 = cumulative distribution function of demand during lead time
 = mean demand during lead time
 = cost to carry one unit of inventory for 1 year
 = cost to carry one unit of back-order for 1 year
 = reorder point
, safety stock level
 = fill rate
 = average number of outstanding back-orders
 = average on-hand inventory level

Fill rate, back-order level and inventory level

In a base-stock system inventory position is given by on-hand inventory-backorders+orders and since inventory never goes negative, inventory position=r+1. Once an order is placed the base stock level is r+1 and if X≤r+1 there won't be a backorder. The probability that an order does not result in back-order is therefore:

Since this holds for all orders, the fill rate is:

If demand is normally distributed , the fill rate is given by:

Where  is cumulative distribution function for the standard normal. At any point in time, there are orders placed that are equal to the demand X that has occurred, therefore on-hand inventory-backorders=inventory position-orders=r+1-X. In expectation this means:

In general the number of outstanding orders is X=x and the number of back-orders is:

The expected back order level is therefore given by:

Again, if demand is normally distributed:

Where  is the inverse distribution function of a standard normal distribution.

Total cost function and optimal reorder point

The total cost is given by the sum of holdings costs and backorders costs:

It can be proven that:

Where r* is the optimal reorder point.

{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="90%" style="text-align:left"
!Proof
|-
|

To minimize TC set the first derivative equal to zero:

And solve for G(r+1).
|}

If demand is normal then r* can be obtained by:

See also

 Infinite fill rate for the part being produced: Economic order quantity
 Constant fill rate for the part being produced: Economic production quantity
 Demand is random: classical Newsvendor model
 Continuous replenishment with backorders: (Q,r) model
 Demand varies deterministically over time: Dynamic lot size model
 Several products produced on the same machine: Economic lot scheduling problem

References

Inventory optimization

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Automotive and Trucking Accidents
Coverage Issues
Environmental and Toxic Tort Litigation
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John R. Saalfield
Charles T. Shad
Joseph B. Stokes, III
Clemente J. Inclan
Richard M. Stoudemire
Susan M. Bird
Travase L. Erickson
Blake H. Cole
Kimberly G. Matthews
Stephen M. Armstrong
Joel Settembrini, Jr.
J. Brent Jones
Dino Jahic
Kelly Salgado
Angelica L. Inclan
Sarah Kiesow
Daniel G. O'Byrne
Emily Logue
Dane Jensen
Seth Roebuck
Brett A. Cole
skiesow@saalfieldlaw.com
Sarah Kiesow, an associate with the firm, practices in the areas of general civil litigation, premises liability, insurance defense, and retail and hospitality industry defense. Sarah also has experience with workers' compensation insurance defense.
Sarah is a Florida native from Tampa. She graduated from Florida State University in 2015 with degrees in History, Chinese Language, and International Affairs. She went on to attend Florida State University College of Law and earned her Juris Doctor in 2018. Throughout law school Sarah was an active member of Phi Alpha Delta and participated in the Veteran's Legal Clinic. Additionally, she volunteered at Legal Services of North Florida. After graduating law school, Sarah worked for more than two years as an associate attorney handling workers' compensation cases.
Sarah is an active member of the Junior League of Jacksonville and frequently does volunteer work through their organization. Outside of work she enjoys reading, traveling, cooking, and spending time with friends and family.
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Come see some of my Mail Art in Copenhagen!
I was invited by A Kassen (blogged about them here) to participate in Den Frie's Summer exhibition, which they curate.
On opening day there will be a performance by Simon Dybbroe Møller. In connection with the opening of LIFE CLOCK, we cordially invite you to our big summer-party at DEN FRIE Centre of contemporary art.
There will be food from Øbro Spisehus and beer on tap, all on Friday the 22. of June at 17-21.
Thank you to everybody who suffered my sometimes seemingly requests for parts, comments and know-how in preparing my works for this show. I will be blogging some of them here.
If you can't make it to the opening (but still are around some time until the exhibition closes in August), keep coming back. I will be sending new works to Den Frie until the beginning of August, which will be added to the ongoing exhibition.
I am looking forward to seeing works of all the other artists at the show on Friday. It sounds really promising.


My name is Farit aka Airsoul. My tracks and remixes supported by: Above&Beyond, Paul Van Dyk, Gareth Emery, Andy Moor.
Hi, I'm Adam and I'm an experienced engineer who's worked with many artists including Slash, Joe Bonamassa, Big Boy Bloater and many others. I'm constantly pushing myself and improving my craft to deliver the best product for artists and musicians.
The Earls Of Mars - E.P.


Want to find long-term love? Then you're attracted to men who want to be fathers, according to a recent study of college students published in a British scientific journal. More interestingly, you can subconsciously tell which guys fall into that category just by looking at their faces.
But if you're in search of a great mate, you can't let your subconscious do all the work -- you need to involve your conscious mind too. So we asked Michele Weiner-Davis to help us determine the single most important characteristic a woman should look for in a spouse. Here's what she had to say.
Okay, you romantics out there. Fasten your seat belts, 'cause it isn't pretty. Want to know what to look for in a man who'll be around for the long haul? It's his ability to deal constructively with the conflicts that will inevitably arise in your relationship. "Too mundane," you say? Well, here are the facts.


text:
Home / Europe / Southern Europe / Madeira Islands / Funchal / Averages / January
Funchal Weather January Averages, Madeira Islands
Temperature 16°C 61°F
High Temperature 18°C 64°F
Low Temperature 14°C 57°F
Day Temperature 17.3°C 63°F
Night Temperature 16.1°C 61°F
Sunshine Hours 5 hours
Rainfall 110 mm
Rainfall Days 13 days
Funchal Weather for January 2023
January Averages
Tenerife 99288
Bali 93223
Cancun 90626
Lanzarote 81691
Gran Canaria 76710
Malta 71705
Marrakesh 69442
Rome 65623
London 62786
Dubai 57142
Los Angeles 54014
Maldives 49984
Fuerteventura 49556
Punta cana 48838
Sydney 46424
Paphos 42031
Holidays in Funchal
Flights to Funchal
What's the Weather like in Funchal in January
January is one of the coldest, wettest months in Funchal, Madeira, but because the island enjoys a Mediterranean climate all year, the weather is still very mild. The days are long and, when it's not raining, sun-filled, and there are barely any crowds compared to the summer months meaning you get to explore in peace!
Average daily temperatures in January sit at around 16°C, but the mercury can rise to 18°C and above during the hottest parts of the day extremely pleasant for this time of year in Europe. Even at night the temperatures are fairly warm, hardly ever dropping below 14°C. You'll want to pack layers if you're visiting Funchal at this time of year lightweight clothing for the daytime and maybe a cardigan or two for when the temperatures drop. It's a good idea to pack some suncream as well, as the sun is still strong despite it being winter.
Winter time in Funchal is also the rainy season, and you can expect to see increased rainfall between October and March. January is the wettest month of the season, with around 110mm of rainfall spread across 13 days throughout the month. It's likely you'll experience some rain if you visit during this time, so come prepared with an umbrella and some waterproofs.
Sunshine Hours
Despite it being the depths of winter, January in Funchal sees an extended amount of sunshine for the time of year. Throughout the month, you can expect to experience around 10 hours of sunshine per day, leaving you plenty of time to get out and about and explore the city even if the rain does come and dampen your day.
January in Funchal may be the wettest and coldest month of the year, but it still boasts very mild temperatures and oodles of sunshine. It's a great time to visit if you want to avoid the crowds and experience some pleasant winter sun.
If you're looking for a weather forecast for Funchal, you are advised to visit this page.
Funchal Hotels in January
The Cliff Bay
The Cliff Bay is a luxury five-star resort set right against the beautiful backdrop of Porto Bay. It boasts a sophisticated design with muted tones and ornate furniture and every room has its own private balcony or terrace with spectacular views across the sea and beyond. There are no less than six eating establishments on site, from bars and lounges to gourmet bistros, and guests can enjoy the relaxing spa facilities and chill out in one of the two pools.
The Pestana Arms Ocean Aparthotel
The Pestana Arms Ocean Aparthotel is a quirky accommodation option right on the seafront. Its elevated position gives it amazing views across the coast, whilst the design evokes a mixture of the past and present contemporary wooden floors are combined with elegant chandeliers and renaissance furniture. There are three eateries for guests to enjoy, all of which boast great views, plus there are two pools overlooking the ocean.
Funchal Design Hotel
The Funchal Design Hotel is an upmarket boutique residence that features a stylish, modern decor with a number of contemporary sculptures and artworks dotted around. It's situated slap bang in the middle of the city and is surrounded by a range of great restaurants, shops, bars, and galleries. The rooms are a monochrome dream and each boast a kitchenette, but there's also an on-site restaurant that serves a delicious selection of Mediterranean and international cuisine.
Funchal Beaches for January
Madeira's beaches aren't necessarily up to tropical island standards with golden sands and palm trees. Instead, they feature unusual traits like black sand stemming from the island's volcanic landscape, pebbled coves, and quirky rock formations. Still, they provide great backdrops for sunbathing and swimming, though in January you may want to give the water a miss. At this time of year, they're best for taking winter walks along or enjoying a book in a sheltered spot in the midday sunshine.
Lido Complex
The Lido complex isn't exactly a beach, though it sits right on the water in front of the city. There is a large swimming pool and access to changing areas, toilets, and restaurants, as well as sun loungers and parasols. In addition, there are a couple of entry points into the sea via some stone steps.
Jasmine Tea House
The Jasmine Tea House is a beautifully secluded eatery in the heart of the hills surrounding the city. It boasts a sheltered outdoor area, perfect for catching the January rays of sunshine, and the views are amazing. It's popular with walkers on the lavada trail and there is a bus stop right outside which takes diners straight back to the centre of Funchal. Here, guests can refuel with a selection of hot drinks as well as pastries and sweet treats and a variety of light, lunch-style bites.
Armazem do Sal
The Armazem do Sal is a stylish, rustic restaurant boasting a cosy atmosphere with exposed-brick walls and low, ambient lighting. There is an intimate outdoor terrace area strung with fairylights and filled with greenery where you can enjoy the mild evening temperatures, and the menu is filled with a mouth-watering selection of Mediterranean dishes such as grilled squid, roasted salmon, sirloin steak, and roasted duck.
Things to do in Funchal in January
Pico de Ariero
The Pico de Ariero is Madeira's third highest peak and offers a selection of great walks and hikes. There is a footpath that heads towards Pico Ruivo, which is a particularly popular point for tourists as it offers both a rugged, wild backdrop, as well as amazing views out across the city, coast, and beyond. At the top there is a restaurant for hikers to catch their breath in and refuel, as well as a souvenir shop.
Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption
The Cathedral of Funchal, also known as the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption, is an impressive late 15th Century building and one of the only surviving pieces of architecture since the colonisation of the island. The Gothic-style exterior is worth the trip alone, but visitors can also peek inside where the history and the importance of the cathedral is made evident through a series of grand murals and designs.
Funchal Holiday News
Going for gold: marvellous Madeira
Marooned in the Atlantic, 280 miles from the nearest land, Madeira is its own world of fine wines, exotic flowers and mythical landscapes. Jack Pitts explores this idyllic island at one of the most enchanting and beautiful times of year Cámara de lobos, Madeira © J. A. Alcaide Lying on the same latitude as Casablanca, the Portuguese archipelago […]
Funchal IMAGES
Averages Map
Funchal 25 DAY FORECAST
Funchal Holiday Reviews
Funchal Annual Averages


text:
Coronavirus: Local teams more successful in Test and Trace than call centres and online
Thursday 6 August 2020, 7:27pm
Video report by ITV News Health Editor Emily Morgan
Local health protection teams continue to be more successful than call centre workers at reaching close contacts of people who have tested positive for coronavirus - but Boris Johnson maintains the system is "world-beating".
Test and Trace figures from the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) show that, for cases handled by local teams, 98% of close contacts of people who tested positive for Covid-19 have been reached and asked to self-isolate.
By contrast, for those cases handled either online or by call centres, 56.1% of close contacts have been reached and asked to self-isolate.
The figures were published amid concerns about the effectiveness of the operation, with experts warning that the NHS Test and Trace system must rapidly improve to cope with the pressures expected once schools fully return in September and as winter approaches.
50m face masks bought by Government in £252m deal cannot be used by NHS
Large rises in North West and Swindon as figures released for each local authority in England
Boris Johnson repeated his claim that the system was "world beating". The prime minister told reporters: "If you look at what we are doing, actually I think it certainly is – it certainly does fit that description of 'world beating'. "I think I'm right in saying that we are now testing more – per head of population – than virtually any other country in Europe, certainly, in America they are testing a huge number of people."
Meanwhile DHSC figures show 4,966 new people tested positive in England between July 22-29 - an increase of 17% in number of positive cases compared to the previous week.
The number of people tested has increased by 4% in the same time period.
There has been a consistent gap between local teams and call centres/online since the Test and Trace system launched.
How do the statistics break down?
In the first week, for cases handled by local teams, 99.7% of close contacts of people who tested positive for the virus were reached and asked to self-isolate, while for cases handled either online or by call centres the figure was 52.5%.
This trend has continued week-on-week, with similar percentages recorded.
Reports have suggested that some contact tracers working for the NHS Test and Trace programme in England are making just a handful of calls a month.
Some councils have taken matters into their own hands and launched local contact-tracing operations to supplement the national system.
Credit: PA Graphics
Calderdale Council, which covers Halifax and surrounding areas, is the second authority to make the move after Blackburn and Darwen said it was setting up a locally focused system to utilise community knowledge.
But senior officials insist that the Test and Trace programme is not at odds with local systems, and is working in partnership with local authorities and their local health protection teams.
Meanwhile, around three in four people (77.9%) who were tested for Covid-19 in the week ending July 29 at a regional site or mobile testing unit – a so-called "in-person" test – received their result within 24 hours.
This is up on 76.4% in the previous week, but down on 90.8% in the week to July 1.
Test and Trace needs 'scaling up' for schools to reopen safely and to avoid a second wave, study finds
Prime Minister Boris Johnson had pledged results of all in-person tests would be back within 24 hours. Credit: Evening Standard/Jeremy Selwyn
Mr Johnson had pledged that, by the end of June, the results of all in-person tests would be back within 24 hours.
He told the House of Commons on June 3 he would get "all tests turned around within 24 hours by the end of June, except for difficulties with postal tests or insuperable problems like that".
Since the launch of Test and Trace, 199,524 close contacts of people who have tested positive for Covid-19 have been reached through the tracing system and asked to self-isolate.
This is 82.2% out of a total of 242,749 people identified as close contacts.
The remaining 43,225 people (17.8%) were identified as close contacts, but were not reached.
The weekly figures show that 72.4% of close contacts were reached in the week ending July 29, down from 76.2% in the previous week, and down on the 90.7% reached in the first week of Test and Trace (week ending June 3).
Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer, during a visit to north Wales, said: "We don't need a world-beating track and trace system, we need an effective one and we haven't got it.
"This is vital to everything that happens. If this doesn't work it's very difficult to see how we're going forward."
Justin Madders, shadow health minister, said he is deeply concerned that "the numbers are heading in the wrong direction again this week", adding: "We now need a plan of action from ministers that sets out what they are doing to address these huge holes in the contact tracing system.
"If this means supporting local areas to establish their own local contact tracing systems and ending the failed contract with Serco – as Labour has been calling for, for some time – then ministers must get on and implement this without delay."
Fatigue and breathlessness among most common post-Covid symptoms
Elsewhere, the authors of a modelling study said that without appropriate levels of testing and contact tracing, reopening of schools together with gradual relaxing of the lockdown measures are "likely to induce a second wave that would peak in December 2020 if schools open full-time in September".
The study by researchers from UCL and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), published in The Lancet Child And Adolescent Health, warned that in a worst-case scenario a second wave could be 2.3 times higher than the first.
But its authors said that "with increased levels of testing… and effective contact tracing and isolation, an epidemic rebound might be prevented".
One of the authors, Chris Bonell, professor of public health sociology at LSHTM, said the key message from the modelling paper was that the "test, trace isolate system is critically important and getting better, but coverage must further increase".
Meanwhile in Scotland, bars, cafes and restaurants in Aberdeen were ordered to close over a coronavirus cluster in the area.
A five-mile travel rule has been put in place and residents are being told not to enter each other's houses.
First Minister Nicola Sturgeon said there were concerns about "a significant outbreak in Aberdeen that may include some community transmission".


Safeguarding is of paramount importance at Tatworth Primary School. If you have any concerns about a child please speak to one of the staff below.
As a school, we take an active role in our local safeguarding network in line with the contextual safeguarding recommendations of Keeping Children Safe in Education 2018.
We maintain a vigilant culture to build up as broad a picture as possible of factors affecting our children both in and outside of school. We work closely with other professionals either directly, or signpost support, so that we can meet the needs of our children and their family (if necessary).
Our vigilant approach, together with working with other professionals, enables us to target support through identification of any local social conditions that may affect children's welfare.


The passage of the ACA is a source of great pride for President Barack Obama's Administration, and the President undoubtedly hopes that the ACA will be his greatest legacy. 285 As a result, it is difficult to understand why, under his administration, HHS has relinquished its rulemaking authority to the states regarding the core guarantees of the Act. For the individuals living in states in which promised essential health benefits have not yet become a reality, HHS has offered a glimmer of hope. In 2012, the agency released a bulletin stating that it would "revisit" its approach of allowing states to define required insurance benefits for the 2016 plan year.286 Whether HHS will follow through on this assurance remains uncertain-so far, there are no signs of HHS making any changes, even though 2016 has arrived. What is certain is that until the agency follows through on this assurance, many of the ACA's core promises will remain unfulfilled.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Highly ionized gas is ubiquitous in galactic halos at high redshift.
This is known from the detection of \cf\ and \os\ absorption in
damped Lyman-$\alpha$\ \citep[DLA, i.e. systems with
log\,$N_{\rm H\,I}\!>\!20.3$;][]{Le98, WP00, Fo07a, Fo07b}
and sub-DLAs \citep[systems with 19.0$<$log\,$N_{\rm
    H\,I}\!<\!20.3$;][]{DZ03, Pe03, Pe07}.
These studies have found that \cf\ is present in every DLA where data
exists, and that \os\ absorption, tracing a hotter phase of gas, is
present in at least 40\% of DLAs. Detections of \cf\ and \os\
absorption have also been reported \citep{Be94, KT97, KT99} in Lyman
Limit Systems (LLSs), a lower \hi\ column density class of QSO
absorber that may be tracing the extended outer regions of
galactic halos.

Physically, there are two principal processes that are expected to
generate hot plasma in galactic halos. The first is star formation,
which leads to supernovae and the subsequent production of hot,
shock-heated interstellar gas, possibly in the form of winds
\citep{OD06, KR07, Fa07}. The second is accretion, which results in
the shock-heating of infalling intergalactic gas to temperatures of
10$^{5-7}$\,K \citep{Da01, FB03, Ka05}. Given the low metallicities and low
densities expected in these hot halo environments, the cooling times
will be very long ($\gtrsim10^{10}$\,yr for gas at $T=10^6$\,K, 0.01 solar
metallicity, and $n=10^{-3}$\,cm$^{-3}$), enabling metals to become
locked up. Indeed, approximately half of the metals produced in stars
by a redshift of two are yet to be observed \citep{Bo05, Bo06, Bo07,
  SF07}, and hot halos represent a potential harbor for these metals.

It has recently become apparent that sub-damped Lyman-$\alpha$\ systems
(sub-DLAs, with $19.0\!<\!{\rm log}\,N_{\rm H\,I}\!<\!20.3$, also known as a
Super-LLSs) play a significant role in the metal budget
\citep{Pe05, Pe07, Pr06, Ku07}, but
the contribution of the \os-phase in sub-DLAs has
not been studied before; indeed, we are aware of only one other
published detection of \os\ in a sub-DLA \citep{Si02}.
We present in this paper
observations and ionization modelling of a sub-DLA showing
a detection of \os.

\section{Observations}
The spectra of QSO \object{Q0331-4505} were taken with the
Ultraviolet-Visual Echelle Spectrograph \citep[UVES;][]{De00} at the
8.2m Very Large Telescope Unit 2 (VLT/UT2) at Paranal, Chile during
observing runs in 2003 and 2006. The data reduction was performed
using the UVES pipeline described in \citet{Ba00}.
The spectra were co-added in wavelength regions covered in both runs,
and have a spectral resolution (FWHM) of 6.6\,\kms\ ($R$=45\,000).

A strong Lyman-$\alpha$\ absorber exists in the spectrum at $z_{\rm abs}=2.65618$.
This redshift is measured using the velocity of the strongest component of
absorption in \ion{Si}{2} $\lambda$1304, and defines the
velocity zero-point in the following discussion.
Using a Voigt profile fit to the damping wings of the Lyman-$\alpha$\ line, we find
log\,$N_{\rm H\,I}=19.82\pm0.05$, identifying the absorber as a sub-DLA.
In Figure 1 we show the absorption line profiles of \oi, \ion{C}{2}}   \newcommand{\oi}{\ion{O}{1}, \siw,
\ion{Fe}{2}} \newcommand{\alw}{\ion{Al}{2}, \alw, \feth, \ion{C}{3}}   \newcommand{\siw}{\ion{Si}{2}, \sit, \ion{Si}{4}} \newcommand{\nf}{\ion{N}{5}, \cf, and \os, which all show
detections in the sub-DLA. No \ion{C}{2}$^*$} \newcommand{\alth}{\ion{Al}{3}, \alth, or \nf\ absorption is seen.
Both lines of the \os\ doublet display identical optical
depth profiles over a velocity range of 175\,\kms, verifying the
genuine detection of \os\ absorption, free from blending with the
Lyman-$\alpha$\ forest. Voigt profile fits were conducted
using the VPFIT software package\footnote
  {Available at http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/$\sim$rfc/vpfit.html},
and are included in Figure 1.
The fits to each ion were completely independent.
A summary of the key properties of the sub-DLA is given in Table 1.
\input{tab1.tex}

\begin{figure*}
\epsscale{1.2}
\plotone{f1.eps}
\caption{VLT/UVES spectra of neutral, low-ion, and high-ion absorption
  in the sub-DLA at $z_{\rm abs}=2.65618$ toward Q0331-4505.
  This redshift, where the strongest component of low-ion
  absorption falls, defines the zero-point of the velocity scale.
  Our overall Voigt component fits to each profile are shown with
  solid red lines. Vertical dashed lines illustrate the positions of the
  three low-ion components (C1, C2, and C3) and two high-ion
  components (H1 and H2).
  Note that in some panels, the profiles are shown over a limited
  y-range, for clarity.
  We have shaded the \cf\ and \os\ panels to highlight the different
  structure in the high-ion absorption profiles.}
\end{figure*}

We identify three principal components of low-ion absorption,
at $-$55, 0, and 20\,\kms, which we name C1, C2, and C3,
respectively. C2 is the strongest component. C3 is implied by the need to
fit the positive-velocity wing of the low-ion lines, but its
column density is relatively low, so we ignore it in the following
discussion. C1 and C2 are all seen in \oi, \siw, \alw, \ion{Fe}{2}} \newcommand{\alw}{\ion{Al}{2}, \ion{C}{2}}   \newcommand{\oi}{\ion{O}{1}, \ion{C}{3}}   \newcommand{\siw}{\ion{Si}{2},
\sit, and \ion{Si}{4}} \newcommand{\nf}{\ion{N}{5}, and \cf.
We also identify two components of high-ion absorption seen in
\os\ and \cf, at $-$100 and $-$60\,\kms, which we designate H1 and H2,
respectively. The \cf\ seen near $-$60\,\kms\ may have
contributions from both H2 and C1.

\section{Proximity to the Quasar}
Proximate absorbers separated from the background quasar by
d$v\!<$5\,000\,\kms\ [sometimes d$v\!<$3\,000\,\kms, where
d$v$=$c|z_{\rm qso}\!-\!z_{\rm abs}|/(1\!+\!z_{\rm abs})$] are
often removed from samples of intervening absorbers because they may
be either ejected or ionized (or both) by the QSO itself
\citep{We79, Fo86}.
We measured the observed wavelengths of the \ion{N}{5}, \ion{O}{1},
\cf, \ion{He}{2}, and \ion{C}{3}] QSO emission lines in the
\object{Q0331-4505} spectrum, and derived the QSO redshift by
accounting for the average velocities of these lines (relative to the
systemic redshift) as listed in \citet{TF92}.
This yielded $z_{\rm qso}=2.6785\!\pm\!0.0030$\footnote{Improving
  the estimate of $z_{\rm qso}$=2.6 by \citet{Ma93}.},
implying the sub-DLA is separated from the quasar by a velocity of
d$v=1\,820\!\pm\!250$\,\kms.
Assuming a WMAP 3-year cosmology
\citep[$H_0$=73\,\kms\,Mpc$^{-1}$, $\Omega_{\rm M}$=0.24,
$\Omega_{\Lambda}$=0.76;][]{Sp07},
we use the relation given in \citet{Ph02} to find that
the Hubble parameter at $z=2.65$ is $H(2.65)$=257\,\kms\,Mpc$^{-1}$.
Therefore, assuming the sub-DLA motion is
purely due to Hubble flow (i.e., ignoring peculiar velocities), we
find a separation of $\approx7.1$\,Mpc from the quasar.

Despite the proximity to the quasar,
several lines of evidence suggest this sub-DLA is \emph{not}
an intrinsic system arising near the central engine of the AGN:
(1) the metallicity is too low \citep{Pe94};
(2) \nf, which is expected in intrinsic systems \citep{Ha97}, is not
detected;
(3) no excited states (e.g. \ion{C}{2}$^*$ or \ion{Si}{2}$^*$) are
seen in absorption, as
would be detected in intrinsic absorbers \citep[e.g.][]{Sr00};
(4) there is no evidence of partial coverage of the background source,
which is found in intrinsic absorbers \citep{Ar05};
(5) there is no evidence for temporal variability between our two
observation epochs in 2003 and 2006.

\section{Metallicity and Photoionization Modelling}
We use the \oi/\hi\ ratio to determine the metallicity of the
gas. Under interstellar conditions, \oi\ is thought to follow \hi\
closely due to charge exchange reactions \citep{FS71},
implying that the \oi/\hi\ ratio accurately determines
O/H without having to apply ionization corrections.
Using a Voigt profile fit to \oi\ $\lambda$1302 and
$\lambda$1039, we find log\,$N$(\oi)=14.84$\pm$0.05
(total over the three components).
Coupling this with log\,$N$(\hi)=19.82$\pm$0.05, we find
[\oi/\hi]=[O/H]=$-$1.64$\pm$0.07\footnote{Throughout this paper we use
  the solar oxygen abundance (O/H)$_\odot=10^{-3.34}$ from
  \citet{As04}.}

To determine the ionization balance in the photoionized gas,
we ran a grid of CLOUDY \citep[version C06.02, described in][]{Fe98}
photoionization models to component C2 at different
ionization parameter $U\equiv n_{\gamma}/n_{\rm H}$.
The models assume the gas exists in a plane-parallel, uniform slab, and take
the metallicity [O/H] and $N_{\rm HI}$ as fixed inputs.
We assume the fraction of the total \hi\ column that exists in C2 is
the same as the fraction of the total \oi\ column in C2, which is 86\%.
To specify the radiation field, we take an unattenuated quasar
(QSO) spectrum, i.e. a power-law with the form
$F_\nu\propto\nu^{-1.5}$ at $\lambda\!<$1216\,\AA\ \citep{HM96}
normalized by the measured QSO
$V$-band magnitude of 17.9 and $z_{\rm qso}=2.6785$, which yield a total
QSO luminosity at the Lyman Limit
$L_{912}$=$1.2\times10^{31}$\,erg\,s$^{-1}$\,Hz$^{-1}$
when extrapolating the $V$-band flux as described in \citet{Gu07}.
Making use of the QSO-absorber luminosity distance of 7.1\,Mpc, we
then find that the flux of ionizing radiation from the QSO at the
absorber is
$F_{912}$=$2.0\!\times\!10^{-21}$\,erg\,cm$^{-2}$\,s$^{-1}$\,Hz$^{-1}$,
\emph{lower} than the extragalactic background (EGB) at $z$=2.65, which
has $F_{912}$=$9.6\!\times\!10^{-21}$\,erg\,cm$^{-2}$\,s$^{-1}$\,Hz$^{-1}$
\citep{HM96}.
The QSO radiation field contains more high-energy photons
than the EGB, boosting the production of \ion{Si}{4}} \newcommand{\nf}{\ion{N}{5}\ and \cf, so the
radiation field we use in the CLOUDY modelling includes both the EGB
and the normalized QSO contribution.

We found the value of log\,$U$ that matches the \ion{Si}{4}} \newcommand{\nf}{\ion{N}{5}/\siw\ column
density ratio measured in C2. This value, log\,$U$=$-$3.32$\pm$0.10,
also matches the observed \oi\ column density. We then found that
[C/O]=$-$0.3 was necessary to reproduce the column densities of \ion{C}{2}}   \newcommand{\oi}{\ion{O}{1}\
and (within a 2$\sigma$ error) \cf. Finally we checked that the model
is consistent with the \ion{C}{3}}   \newcommand{\siw}{\ion{Si}{2}\ and \sit\ lower limits. This model is
shown in Figure 2 and is characterized by a hydrogen ionization
fraction $x_{\rm H}$=0.64,
and an ionized hydrogen column density log\,$N_{\rm H\,II}$=20.00.
We assume the same conditions apply in C1 and C3, giving a total
log\,$N_{\rm Warm\,H\,II}$=20.06.

\begin{figure}
\epsscale{1.15}
\plotone{f2.eps}
\caption{CLOUDY photoionization modelling of component C2, assuming
  the radiation field has contributions from both the quasar and the
  extragalactic background. Each series of connected symbols shows the
  predicted column density of a given ion as a function of ionization
  parameter (or equivalently, gas density, which increases to the
  left). The observations are shown in red, plotted at the density
  of the best-fit model.}
\end{figure}

The ionization level we derive in the low-ion phase (64\%)
is no larger than the levels derived in intervening sub-DLAs by other authors
\citep{Pr99, Pe07}, reinforcing the idea that this sub-DLA does not
show unusual properties because of its proximity to the quasar.
The idea that many proximate DLAs (and by extension
sub-DLAs) may be representative of the intervening population has been
proposed before \citep[e.g.][]{Mo98}, though see \citet{Pr07}.

\section{A Highly Ionized Plasma Phase}
The \os\ and \cf\ profiles are clearly different from the low-ion
profiles, with the strongest high-ion component (H1) separated by
100\,\kms\ from the strongest low-ion component.
\os\ and \cf\ show similar profiles at $-$150 to $-$100\,\kms, but
the \os\ absorption is smoother and broader than the
\cf\ in the range $-$100 to 0\,\kms. This can be seen in Figure 3,
where we compare the apparent column density profiles of
the two ions.
The difference in the profiles implies that the \os\ and \cf\ are not
fully co-spatial, i.e. the two ions trace different temperature
regions of a multi-phase structure\footnote{Similar differences
  between the profiles of \cf\ and \os\ have been found before in many
  other environments, including the Milky Way halo \citep{Fo03},
  the Large Magellanic Cloud \citep{LH07}, LLSs \citep{KT97, KT99},
  DLAs \citep{Fo07a}, and some intergalactic absorbers \citep{Si02}.}.
We derive a lower limit on $N_{\rm H\,II}$ in the \os-bearing gas
using $N_{\rm Hot~H\,II}=N_{\rm O\,VI}/(f_{\rm O\,VI}{\rm O/H})$,
with an \os\ ionization fraction $f_{\rm O\,VI}=0.2$
\citep[the maximum allowed by collisional ionization models; see the
  Appendix in][]{TS00}
and assuming that O/H in the high-ionization gas is the same
as O/H in the low-ionization gas. This method yields
log\,$N_{\rm Hot\,H\,II}>$20.09 (total over H1 and H2).

\begin{figure}
\epsscale{1.2}
\plotone{f3.eps}
\caption{Comparison of apparent column density profiles of \cf\ and
  \os\ in the sub-DLA. Both ions show similar profiles at $-$150 to
  $-$100\,\kms, but the \os\ absorption is smoother and broader than the
  \cf\ in the range $-$100 to 0\,\kms.}
\end{figure}

To explore how the \os\ properties of our sub-DLA relate to other systems,
we investigated the only intervening sub-DLA with a published \os\
detection: the system at $z_{\rm abs}=2.439$ toward
\object{Q1442+2931} \citep{Si02}, and the previously unpublished
\os\ profile in the sub-DLA at $z_{\rm abs}$=2.139 toward \object{Q1037-270}
\citep{Sr01}. The three sub-DLAs are described in Table 2.
Following the same calculation as used here,
the ratio $N_{\rm Hot H\,II}/N_{\rm H\,I}$ takes the value
$>$12 in the \object{Q1442+2931} sub-DLA, and
$>$1.0 in the \object{Q1037-270} sub-DLA,
vs $>$1.9 for the sub-DLA in this paper.
From this we conclude that
(i) in sub-DLAs, there are more baryons in the \os\ phase than there
are in the form of \hi\ atoms, and
(ii) there is no evidence that radiation from the quasar is creating
more \os\ in the \object{Q0331-4505} sub-DLA than in intervening
sub-DLAs.

\section{Contribution of Sub-DLAs to $\Omega$}
The latest determination of the cosmic density in \hi\ atoms in
sub-DLAs is $\Omega_{\rm H\,I}^{\rm sub\,DLA}$=$1.5\times10^{-4}$
\citep{OM07}.
In order to fully account for the contribution of ionized gas in
sub-DLAs, it is necessary to determine the average ionized-to-neutral ratio
$\langle N_{\rm Total\,H\,II}/N_{\rm H\,I}\rangle$, where
$N_{\rm Total\,H\,II}=N_{\rm Warm\,H\,II}+N_{\rm Hot\,H\,II}$.
The value of $N_{\rm Warm\,H\,II}/N_{\rm H\,I}$ has been
investigated by \citet{Pe07}, who report a mean ionization fraction of
0.68 in 26 sub-DLAs modelled with CLOUDY, corresponding to
$\langle N_{\rm Warm\,H\,II}/N_{\rm H\,I} \rangle$=2.1.
The value of the $N_{\rm Hot\,H\,II}/N_{\rm H\,I}$ is not well
constrained: as discussed in \S5, the derived values in the three
existing sub-DLAs with \os\ are $>$1.0, $>$1.9 and $>$12.
Assuming that the mean $N_{\rm Hot\,H\,II}/N_{\rm H\,I}$ in sub-DLAs
lies somewhere between these measurements, we find that
$\langle N_{\rm Total\,H\,II}/N_{\rm H\,I} \rangle$ is between 3.1 and 14.
Thus, the total baryon content of sub-DLAs
$\Omega_{\rm H\,I+H\,II}^{\rm sub\,DLA}=
(1+\langle N_{\rm Total\,H\,II}/N_{\rm H\,I} \rangle)
\Omega_{\rm H\,I}^{\rm sub\,DLA}$ is between
$6.1\times10^{-4}$ and $2.2\times10^{-3}$.

The total contribution of sub-DLAs to the metal budget then follows
according to:
$\Omega_{Z,{\rm H\,I+H\,II}}^{\rm sub\,DLA}=\langle{\rm Z/H}\rangle
\Omega_{\rm H\,I+H\,II}^{\rm sub\,DLA}$.
Assuming a typical sub-DLA metallicity of
$\langle[{\rm Z/H}]\rangle$=$-$0.8 \citep{Ku07},
then $\Omega_{Z,{\rm H\,I+H\,II}}^{\rm sub\,DLA}$
is between $1.8\times10^{-6}$ and $6.7\times10^{-6}$,
i.e between 6\% and 22\% of all the metals produced by star formation up to
$z\approx2$ \citep*[using a value for the total $\Omega_Z$ from star
formation of $3.0\times10^{-5}$;][]{Fe05}.
For comparison, $\Omega_{Z,{\rm H\,I+H\,II}}^{\rm DLA}\approx6\times10^{-7}$
\citep*[including both the neutral and highly ionized phases;][]{Pr05, Fo07a}.
This calculation shows that globally there are at least three times
more metal atoms in sub-DLAs than DLAs, owing to both the higher mean
metallicity and the higher mean ionization level in sub-DLAs.

There are several reasons why this estimate of $\Omega_{Z}$ in sub-DLAs
could rise. First, recent detections of sub-DLAs
with super-solar metallicity \citep{Kh04, Pr06, Pe06} may imply
the mean sub-DLA metallicity is higher than $-$0.8.
Second, the typical temperature of the \os-bearing gas in sub-DLAs
may be above $3\!\times10^5$\,K, implying the \os\ ionization fraction will be
lower than 0.2 \citep{SD93}.
Finally, if the \os-bearing gas was generated by the accretion and
shock-heating of intergalactic gas, the ionized gas may have lower
metallicity than the neutral gas (increasing $N_{\rm Hot\,H\,II}$).
Each of these effects would serve to increase $\Omega_{Z}$ above the 6--22\%
level discussed here.

\acknowledgments
AJF gratefully acknowledges support from a Marie Curie Intra-European
Fellowship awarded by the European Union Sixth Framework Programme.
We thank Bart Wakker for help in implementing CLOUDY, and Robert Simcoe
for clarifying the properties of the Q1442+2931 sub-DLA.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Measurements at the Port of Gothenburg show that sulphur emissions from ships have fallen by 80 per cent since stricter rules came into force at the turn of the year.
Namely, the sulphur content in fuel was reduced from 1.0 to 0.1 per cent in the short-sea shipping area around Gothenburg (Baltic, North Sea and English Channel).
The measurements are being carried out using a 'sniffer' located at the Älvsborg Fortress, in the fairway leading in to the port.
The sniffer has been developed by Chalmers University of Technology with support from Vinnova, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and Gothenburg Port Authority. The sniffer measures the sulphur and carbon dioxide levels in the gas emissions, thus revealing the sulphur content in the fuel.
During the first few weeks of this year, the emission plume from around 200 passing ships was measured. It is estimated that 80 per cent of these were approved whilst for 20 per cent the sulphur emissions were too high.
"It is incredibly positive to see that the new rules are having such an effect and that sulphur emissions are falling. At the same time there is still uncertainty regarding the control system for vessels that are failing to comply with the rules. The industry has reason to be concerned that less serious shipping companies will not follow the rules and that this will lead to a distortion in competition," said Edvard Molitor, Senior Manager Environment at the Port of Gothenburg.
The Port of Gothenburg voiced hope that sniffer technology will be used to check compliance with the Sulphur Directive.
Posted on March 10, 2015 with tags Port of Gothenburg.


Last year, we recognized we were at a turning point to drive First Insight further ahead, transforming the company into a better version of itself. Part of this metamorphosis has been to re-evaluate how we interact with customers, prospects and the industry. This has culminated into a new brand identity, modern logo and responsive website, which better reflects our maturity, vision, strong partnerships, customer loyalty, and continual progress.
We consider ourselves an extension of our customers' practices and, equally important, we value our customers as an extension of our business. Our partnerships with our customers have made us stronger. The past few months, we listened to and solicited input from customers, industry partners, and our own employees to help move us forward and strengthen our bond.
We invite you to tour our new website and see the results for yourself.


text:
What's Going On in Idlib, Syria's Demilitarized Zone? By Stephen Lendman
17 October 2018 — Strategic Culture Foundation
In mid-September, Putin and Turkey's Erdogan agreed on establishing a 15 – 20 km-wide demilitarized zone in Idlib province along the Turkish border.
Russian and Turkish forces will control the zone, an offensive to liberate Idlib put on hold at least until later this year, maybe not until 2019.
Full withdrawal of US-supported terrorists was to be completed by October 15, the deadline missed because al-Nusra and allied jihadists refuse to disarm and leave – likely at the behest of Washington, their paymaster.
According to AMN News, Syria's military "demand(s) answers regarding the(ir) failed…withdrawal from the designated buffer zone," adding:
"(T)he Syrian Arab Army's High Command is in talks with the Russian military about the next steps to take in the Idlib, Aleppo, Latakia, and Hama provinces" in response to noncompliance with the buffer zone agreement – by US-supported terrorists.
A Syrian military source said jihadists in Idlib continue attacking government forces and civilians, explaining:
They're "strengthening their positions, digging new trenches and expanding their network of underground tunnels," digging in for continued battle.
Al-Nusra, its affiliate Guardians of Religion Organization, and the Turkistan Islamic Party of Syria intend remaining in their positions, including strategic high ground and nearby areas held, using them as platforms for continued shelling.
Idlib is the last major stronghold of US-supported terrorists in Syria, controlled by tens of thousands of jihadists.
On Monday, Syrian Foreign Minister Walid al-Moallem said Idlib's demilitarized zone agreement is untenable if al-Nusra and other jihadists fail to comply, saying:
"We cannot keep quiet about the continuation of the current situation in Idlib if the Nusra Front refuses to comply with this agreement," adding:
"After liberating territory east of the Euphrates River, freeing Idlib from terrorists' control is the next objective, stressing the province will be returned to Syrian sovereignty.
If the Russian/Turkish demilitarized zone isn't implemented, Damascus will take other options to eliminate al-Nusra and other terrorists in Idlib, he said.
"Because (millions of) Syrian citizens in Idlib, and it is not their fault, we said that the liberation of Idlib with reconciliation is much better than the bloodshed. Syria's support for the (Moscow/Ankara) Sochi agreement came from its desire not to shed blood," al-Moallem explained.
Commenting on US occupied territory in the country, he stressed the importance of liberating it from their presence, returning the entire nation to Syrian control.
"(W)e still consider Turkey a state that is occupying our territories. Therefore, our armed forces cannot participate with their forces in any operation east of the Euphrates," he stressed.
Head of Russia's reconciliation center in Syria Vladimir Savchenko blamed the Trump regime for the failure of al-Nusra and other jihadists to withdraw from Idlib's demilitarized zone, saying:
Because of US "inaction," they "establish(ed) control over a 20-kilometer strip on the Euphrates' east bank between the settlements of Hajin and al-Susa," adding:
US forces continue "simulat(ing)" fighting against ISIS terrorists they support. Days earlier, their fighters abducted 700 civilians during an attack on a refugee camp near al-Bahrah, holding them hostage as human shields.
On Tuesday, Iraqi General Dia al-Wakil blasted Washington, saying its so-called coalition supports the scourge of ISIS it pretends to oppose.
"I do not believe that the (US-led) international coalition wants to bring an end to terrorism in the region," he said, adding:
"Under the cover of the 'fight against terrorism,' US forces can remain and strengthen here. Behind this are economic goals. Americans need oil and arms sales contracts."
ISIS and other terrorists are deployed where the US wants them used. Their fighters are "simply transferred to a given point" from another, including from one country to another.
"We have already seen how terrorists moved throughout the region before the international coalition's very eyes," transported by Pentagon helicopters. It happens repeatedly.
ISIS "has not been destroyed, but will still be used in political struggles, especially amid instability in the Middle East." The same goes for al-Qaeda, its al-Nusra offshoot, and other terrorist groups.
Separately, Iranian Foreign Ministry official Jaberi Ansari said a massacre in Idlib by al-Nusra and/or other terrorists is Tehran's red line.
It would have "grave humanitarian and moral, as well as political costs, which is unacceptable," he said – no further elaboration added on how Iran might respond.
stephenlendman.org
Posted in: Syria | Tagged: al-Nusra, Erdogan
SYRIA EXCLUSIVE: Vanessa Beeley Meets the White Helmets and Armed Group Leader in Daraa Al Balad
Police raid on Mélenchon: The state attacks the Unsubmissive France party By Alex Lantier
Russia stood by Iran in showdown with US
Genocide Scholar Warns That the Groundwork for Genocide in the US Has Been Laid January 27, 2020
Associated Press Sees "Hundreds" Where Pictures Show Millions
Now Unidas Podemos Must Show It Can Deliver


text:
Does Government Land Turn Out to be Actually Cheaper?
Created on Saturday, October 14, 2017
Updated on Monday, July 02, 2018
You've wanted to invest in land for years, and people keep telling you that government land is cheaper to purchase. It's something that you may have spent a lot of time researching, but you cannot find an answer as to whether or not government land is actually cheaper.
In our opinion, government land is not cheaper, and we're going to tell you why.
First and foremost, there is no free or cheap land that is provided by the government. Yes, there is land that is available in certain cities that the local government is selling or giving away at rock-bottom prices. But we're talking about on the federal level – not on the local level. The U.S. is simply too vast of a country to determine if it would be cheaper to buy land locally from the government. And it's often hard to find this land available.
The Homestead Act of 1862 has been abolished.
Under the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, which was introduced in 1976, the government has taken over ownership of public lands, and the Homestead Act is no longer present. The Bureau of Land Management is in charge of over 264 million acres of land that was once public.
But this land may be sold under certain conditions in accordance with the Bureau. You'll find land in the following areas:
- Woodland
- Grassland
- Desert land
The government is rather smart when they sell land, and it's very difficult to find this land for sale in the first place. You'll need to look on both the local and federal levels in your area, and many land investors find that they need to relocate to actually use the land. If you're looking for grassland for farming, you may have to relocate across the country, which has its own inherent cost associated with it.
However, we have not actually presented the reason why land is not cheaper when you buy from the government. Under the law, the government needs to sell land at a fair market value. What does this mean? The government will look at the market value of the land in your respective area, and it will be in relation to the price that the market is currently set at.
If the average piece of land in Nevada is selling for $4,000 an acre, the government will sell government land at or around this price range.
This is done for a variety of reasons:
- The government has the responsibility of ensuring that any piece of public property is sold at a fair value that is fair to the taxpayers of the country. Wouldn't you be mad if the government sold every piece of land for rock-bottom prices, effectively wasting your tax money in the process?
- The government does not want to lower the value of the current market. If the government was to sell off all of the land under its control, roughly 1/8th of all land in the country, it would cause prices of land to plummet. This occurs because there would be so much land on the market that other sellers would have to reduce their prices accordingly.
It would not be fiscally appropriate to sell land for extremely cheap prices by the government. There also other factors that may be taken into consideration when buying land.
Factors That Increase the Price of the Land
In the event that you find government land is cheaper, there are a few considerations that should also keep in mind at this time. Let's take a look at an example:
- The government is selling a piece of land for $1,000. The lot would normally sell for $1,500.
In this case, you're saving 33% on the cost of the land. This is an exceptional bargain, and one that I would look into with an open mind. What you need to consider is that government land may or may not be cleared, it likely will not have road access or hookups available, and you will need to do a lot of digging to find this property.
You may even hire someone to find a property of this type available.
All of these will have their own intrinsic value. If, for example, you wanted to purchase the property and the price is simply too good to pass up, you also need to consider:
- Where the property is located?
- What are the costs of managing the property?
- What is the demand for land in the area?
- What is the farming industry or timber industry in the area like?
- What are the taxes in the area?
- What will it cost you to relocate to this area if that is your purpose for the land?
- How much will it cost to build a home in this area?
You need to consider all of these factors, and then compare your prices locally. It's easy to say that the piece of property is being sold at a much lower price, but then you also need to consider what needs to be done to either get to the property or find the property. If you're paying someone $500 to find you a piece of property, the price has been completely negated as a result of the $500 expenditure to find the property.
You also want to visit the property, and if it's across the country, this will also add to the cost of the actual purchase.
There are times when local governments will have exceptional deals. If you're brave and you want to go and live in Flint Michigan, you'll find the land prices are exceptionally low. But the crime rate is extremely high, and businesses have been leaving the area in droves.
The government also sells land in areas where the local economy is not doing well.
Kansas recently had a town that was giving away land if the person promised to build a residential property on the parcel. This is great, but the local economy is virtually non-existent, and you must abide by the restrictions of the land, which were to live on the property for two years.
In most circumstances, it is more reliable and cheaper to buy land at wholesale prices rather than going to the government to buy land.