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Question: What Was The Battle Cry Of The American Revolution?
What was the rallying cry for the American Revolution?
What was the American battle cry during the War of 1812?
What happened after the War of 1812 began?
Did the US win the war of 1812?
What was the battle cry of the colonists?
What is the Army's current slogan?
What was the most significant impact of the War of 1812?
Why do Marines say Hoorah?
Why do American soldiers say Hooah?
Who Really Won the War of 1812?
What was the American battle cry at the beginning of the War of 1812?
What is the Army's war cry?
What if the US lost the war of 1812?
Why did America lose the war of 1812?
Were there any atrocities committed during the war of 1812?
What is a Viking war cry?
Why did America invade Canada in 1812?
What is the purpose of a war cry?
Why should the war of 1812 be remembered?
What does the battle cry Rus mean?
What does Uraaa mean?
"No taxation without representation" — the rallying cry of the American Revolution — gives the impression that taxation was the principal irritant between Britain and its American colonies..
Of the 2,200 men killed in action during the war, nearly 20% occurred during the Battle of River Raisin. The battle became known as the River Raisin Massacre, and "Remember the Raisin" became a rallying cry for all Americans and drove a surge of enlistments; especially from Kentucky.
The invading British army was forced to retreat back into Canada. The American victory on Lake Champlain led to the conclusion of U.S.-British peace negotiations in Belgium, and on December 24, 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was signed, formally ending the War of 1812.
The Treaty of Peace and Amity between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America is signed by British and American representatives at Ghent, Belgium, ending the War of 1812.
The American Revolution gave rise to dozens of rallying cries—"No Taxation Without Representation;" "Join or Die;" "Don't Tread on Me"—but few had as significant an impact as "Liberty or Death." The phrase first appeared in a March 1775 address by Patrick Henry, which concluded with the immortal line, "I know not what …
It replaced the popular "Be All You Can Be" and was replaced in 2006 by the new slogan "Army Strong". The reason for the replacement, states Frank Luntz, is that the slogan "Army of One" is contrary to the idea of teamwork.
In fact, the war had a far-reaching impact in the United States, as the Treaty of Ghent ended decades of bitter partisan infighting in government and ushered in the so-called "Era of Good Feelings." The war also marked the demise of the Federalist Party, which had been accused of being unpatriotic for its antiwar …
The true popularization of the word came in the '80s and '90s, when it fully emerged from the murky secrecy of Marine reconnaissance through drill instructors and by other means into use by Marines around the world. "As far as I had been told, 'Oorah simply means 'let's kill,'" said Staff Sgt.
"Hooah," also spelled "huah," is ubiquitous in the conventional Army. Some say it stands for "Heard, Understood, Acknowledged," but it is often shouted to express determination and Army spirit. … "Hooah" is considered conventional Army slang, he said, and the Ranger community just never picked it up.
BritainBritain effectively won the War of 1812 by successfully defending its North American colonies. But for the British, the war with America had been a mere sideshow compared to its life-or-death struggle with Napoleon in Europe.
After a second mock volley, the re-enactors retire to the parking lot of one of the bloodiest battlefields of the War of 1812. On this ground, hundreds of U.S. soldiers died in a defeat so stinging that it spawned a vengeful American battle cry: "Remember the Raisin!" Today, almost no one does.
Hooah /ˈhuːɑː/ is a battle cry used by soldiers in the U.S. Army, airmen in the U.S. Air Force, and space professionals in the U.S. Space Force.
The United States did lose the war of 1812, the British just couldn't do anything with a victory. … The United states did not win the war of 1812, the American invasion was turned back and the British and Canadian militias burned their way all the way to the whitehouse before they turned for home.
The War of 1812 came to an end largely because the British public had grown tired of the sacrifice and expense of their twenty-year war against France. Now that Napoleon was all but finally defeated, the minor war against the United States in North America lost popular support.
There were, in fact, atrocities on all sides. In Canada, the great Native leader Tecumseh, hoping to stop westward expansion by the Americans, sided with the British. He was killed by American troops in battle on October 5, 1813. "Most American reports say they cut him up for souvenirs, razor strops," says Hill.
Before battle, the Vikings would often invoke their warrior gods to give them the strength and power to defeat their enemies. … Another common Viking battle cry was simply yelling out "Tyr!" — the name of the god of war.
In June 1812, the United States declared war on Great Britain, citing among its grievances the practice of removing sailors from American merchant ships and forcing them to serve in the British navy. … Almost immediately thereafter, U.S. President James Madison approved a three-pronged assault against Canada.
Battle cries are not necessarily articulate (e.g. "Eulaliaaaa!", "Alala"..), although they often aim to invoke patriotic or religious sentiment. Their purpose is a combination of arousing aggression and esprit de corps on one's own side and causing intimidation on the hostile side.
Although often treated as a minor footnote to the bloody European war between France and Britain, the War of 1812 was crucial for the United States. … Second, the war allowed the United States to rewrite its boundaries with Spain and solidify control over the lower Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico.
country or landAnswer: Rus in Latin means country or land. The whole movie was based on winning freedom. Fighting and dying to win them their home, their country. Arturius chooses Britain as his land and his countrymen to defend. So Rus in this context, being they are Roman, their battle cry means 'for country', not Rome but Britain.
"Urra" or "Hura", often mistaken for "Ura", is the battle cry of the Russian Armed Forces, as well the Soviet Armed Forces and Red Army that preceded it. Its usage dates back to the Medieval era, derived from the Mongolian phrase hurray, meaning "to move" or "to attack".
Quick Answer: How Do You Teach Students To Respect?
How do we show respect in school? To students:Showing
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How long does the average couple date before breaking up?
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How much time do psychiatrists spend with patients?
Which Function Gives Time Utility?
What are the four types of utility marketing?
Quick Answer: What Are The 4 Types Of Learning In Psychology?
What is Honey and Mumford Learning Style?
At What Age Did Einstein Start To Talk?
What is Einstein Syndrome? Einstein syndrome is a condition
Quick Answer: Is Feal A Scrabble Word?
Is Feal a word? feal adj. (Britain dialectal, Northern
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What is the biological theory of aging? Aging by Program
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What does it mean when someone has no shadow?
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What personal achievement means? A personal achievement
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What does it mean when you can't stop lying?
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Quick Answer: How Do I Stop Ruminating Thoughts?
Is OCD a form of autism? One of these children has


Do You Suffer from SOS – Shiny Object Syndrome?
S.O.S. – Shiny Object Syndrome shares the same initials as the international sign for distress at sea; save our ship!
One trick is to take a breath – step back from the heat of the moment, or the enthusiasm of your friend to reconnect with the reasons you are on your current path.
But if not – and if you get a lot of exposure to excited authors, entrepreneurs and mission-centered business owners like me that's going to be 90%+ of the time – then it may be Shiny Object Syndrome trying to draw you of course.
For example, if you're an aspiring author, actively working on a book. Your #1 priority should be (drumroll…) writing your book – and consistently writing and creating content first thing in the morning.
Not after diving into your inbox and responding to emails, getting sucked into other people's agenda for your most creative time.
Hope this is a helpful concept to keep you on track – Let me know how Shiny Object Syndrome has appeared in your life below and how – or if – you've dealt with it.
Shiny Object Syndrome can strike anytime and anywhere, Jesse. I'm lucky that because of my auditing background, I tend to question everything and look for evidence so manage to protect my time and money better.
Your advice to step back and assess the opportunity is valuable. Once the knee jerk moment has passed, it is easier to decide if a new activity is really going to provide some measure of value or if you are looking for an excuse to really get on with work that needs to be done.
My issue is that I still haven't had time / found time to settle on that one thing that I do want to do / can do that is my own, so right now EVERYTHING is shiny!
I feel like you wrote this article for me Jesse. I love how on point you were and how simple your tips are as well. What I got out of it is how things that matter most should never be at the mercy of the things that matter least.


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Ploonge – News, Technology, Health, Business, Science
News, Technology, Health, Business, Science
Science / Health
"A boy named Christmas" celebrates its festival premiere on Sky
December 17, 2021 Deepak Gupta	0 Comments
"A Boy Called Christmas" can be seen from December 25th on Sky and Sky Ticket. Henry Lawfull plays the 11-year-old boy Nikolas, who decides that he wants to make the world a happier place – and becomes Santa Claus. The book by the British bestselling author Matt Haig (46) "A Boy Called Christmas" (in German "A boy called Christmas") from 2015 was filmed with a star cast.
"A boy named Christmas": that's what it's all about
Santa Claus wasn't always a pot-bellied, gray-bearded man. Eleven year old Nikolas (Henry Lawfull) grows up in a small wooden hut in the middle of Finland. When his father Joel (Michiel Huisman, 40) leaves to visit the legendary village of Wichtelgrund, he leaves Nikolas behind, who is now looked after by his stubborn aunt Carlotta (Kristen Wiig, 48).
But the longing for his father is great, so that Nikolas sets off for the far north. An adventurous journey through the snow begins, the boy is accompanied by his best friend, the mouse Miika. On the way, the duo meets a mysterious elf, an angry troll, real imp and a flying reindeer, among other things. His fantastic encounters make Nikolas wonder whether he could not make the world a better, happier place.
The illustrious cast of "A Boy Called Christmas" also includes Jim Broadbent (72), Sally Hawkins (45), Toby Jones (55) and Maggie Smith (86). Directed by Oscar nominee Gil Kenan (45, "Monster House"). "A boy called Christmas" can be seen with the Sky Cinema subscription at no additional cost. It is also available with Sky Q and can be streamed with Sky Ticket.
The Christmas program on Sky
The Sky program for the festival has even more magical Christmas films to offer. "The Fabulous Mr. Blunden" can be seen from December 24th. In it, Jamie (Jason Rennie) and Lucy Allen (Tsion Habte) keep a mansion for old Mr. Blunden (Simon Callow) and meet two ghost children for whom they travel back in time to help them. In addition, "Little Roald Dahl and the Mouse" (from December 11th), "A Christmas Number One" (from December 12th) and "Last Train to Christmas" (from December 19th) as Sky Originals sweeten the Christmas season before domestic television.
On December 26th, the box office hit "Dune" can be seen, which only premiered on the big screen in September of this year. Sky also recently added the action blockbuster "Fast & 'Furious 9" to its program. In the film, which hit the big screen in July, a relative (John Cena, 44) appears who still has an unfinished business with Dom Toretto (Vin Diesel, 54).
(jom / spot)
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hi, I'm Katie and I am currently researching Esperanto for my high school senior project and part of what I would like to research is Esperanto's community. I would love to host a Google Hangout with Esperanto speakers, learners, or just people who are interested in the language to discuss the language and the people who learn and speak it. I don't have a particular date in mind yet, but I would like to hold it in early November if that is possible. Please let me know if you are interested!
I might be, depending on date and time.
You might want to have look around IRC.
On irc.freenode.net there is the Esperanto channel (##Esperanto), where people regularly chat in Esperanto.
I'm interested, availability will depend on time and date.
I am interested, as said in other post - my availability depends on time and date.


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You Are Here > OLY Home > Summer Games > 1968 Ciudad de México > Swimming > Men's 4 × 100 metres Freestyle Relay
Swimming at the 1968 Ciudad de México Summer Games:
Men's 4 × 100 metres Freestyle Relay
Swimming at the 1968 Summer Games: Previous Summer Games ▪ Next Summer Games
Events: Select Event Men's 100 metres Freestyle Men's 200 metres Freestyle Men's 400 metres Freestyle Men's 1,500 metres Freestyle Men's 4 × 100 metres Freestyle Relay Men's 4 × 200 metres Freestyle Relay Men's 100 metres Backstroke Men's 200 metres Backstroke Men's 100 metres Breaststroke Men's 200 metres Breaststroke Men's 100 metres Butterfly Men's 200 metres Butterfly Men's 200 metres Individual Medley Men's 400 metres Individual Medley Men's 4 × 100 metres Medley Relay Women's 100 metres Freestyle Women's 200 metres Freestyle Women's 400 metres Freestyle Women's 800 metres Freestyle Women's 4 × 100 metres Freestyle Relay Women's 100 metres Backstroke Women's 200 metres Backstroke Women's 100 metres Breaststroke Women's 200 metres Breaststroke Women's 100 metres Butterfly Women's 200 metres Butterfly Women's 200 metres Individual Medley Women's 400 metres Individual Medley Women's 4 × 100 metres Medley Relay
Host City: Ciudad de México, Mexico
Venue(s): Francisco Márquez Olympic Swimming Pool, Ciudad de México
Date Finished: October 17, 1968
Gold: United States
Silver: Soviet Union
Bronze: Australia
The last five world records in this event had been set by USA teams and it was really a matter of how much they would win by in Mexico City. The race was held on the first day of swimming at the 1968 Olympics. On the first leg of the final, [Zac Zorn] opened two body lengths on [Frank Wiegand] of East Germany and the race was over. [Steve Rerych], who had suffered from the tourista in Mexico City and had to withdraw from the 200 final, streaked 52.8 on the second leg and nobody was close. [Mark Spitz] increased the lead on the third leg and [Ken Walsh] brought them home in a world record 3:31.7 to win by 2.5 seconds over the Soviet Union.
View a Phase of this Event • Final Standings • Final • Round One
1 United States USA Gold
2 Soviet Union URS Silver
3 Australia AUS Bronze
4 Great Britain GBR
5 East Germany GDR
6 West Germany FRG
7 Canada CAN
8 Japan JPN
5 h1 r1/2 Spain ESP
5 h2 r1/2 Hungary HUN
6 h1 r1/2 Sweden SWE
6 h2 r1/2 Mexico MEX
7 h1 r1/2 Colombia COL
7 h2 r1/2 Puerto Rico PUR
8 h1 r1/2 El Salvador ESA
8 h2 r1/2 Philippines PHI


Eastern Washington is served by an extensive highway, rail, air and water transportation system. Vital commerce and passenger mobility within the state of Washington depends upon the continued efficient operation of this network. EWITS has developed information to help shape the multimodal network necessary for the efficient movement of both freight and people into the next century.
The completed, six year, $1.2 million study combined federal and state Department of Transportation funds for evaluating intermodal and transportation infrastructure and capacity needs in eastern Washington. This study has generated a multitude of research reports and working papers on a wide variety of topics related to eastern Washington transportation. These reports and working papers are now available at this site.


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COMMONWEALTH vs. LAWRENCE ZINSER.
Present: MARSHALL, C.J., GREANEY, IRELAND, SPINA, COWIN, & CORDY, JJ.
Practice, Criminal, Assistance of counsel, Appeal, New trial. Constitutional Law, Assistance of counsel. Waiver.
This court concluded that in circumstances where an appellate court could not have resolved a criminal defendant's claim on direct appeal from his conviction (a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel not based on facts that appeared indisputably on the trial record), and where the defendant raised his claim in his first postappeal motion for a new trial, the defendant did not waive the claim, and the motion judge should have addressed it on the merits and applied the standard under which such claims are ordinarily evaluated; accordingly, this court remanded the matter for further proceedings. [810-813]
INDICTMENTS found and returned in the Superior Court Department on February 19, 1997.
Following review by the Appeals Court, 51 Mass. App. Ct. 1105 (2001), a motion for a new trial, filed on May 26, 2004, was considered by Peter M. Lauriat, J.
The Supreme Judicial Court granted an application for direct appellate review.
Donald K. Freyleue for the defendant.
Loretta M. Lillios, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.
The following submitted briefs for amici curiae:
John M. Thompson for Massachusetts Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers.
Eric Brandt, Committee for Public Counsel Services, for Committee for Public Counsel Services.
CORDY, J. In 1998, Lawrence Zinser was convicted of armed assault with intent to kill, assault and battery by means of a dangerous weapon, and malicious destruction of property (two
indictments). After his convictions were affirmed on appeal, see Commonwealth v. Zinser, 51 Mass. App. Ct. 1105 (2001), Zinser moved for a new trial pursuant to Mass. R. Crim. P. 30 (b), as appearing in 435 Mass. 1501 (2001), on the ground that his trial counsel had provided ineffective assistance in failing to investigate adequately the possibility that Zinser suffered from a mental illness or impairment at the time of the offenses. The motion judge declined either to hold a hearing or to act on Zinser's motion (effectively denying it), on the supposition that the motion "raise[d] no issue which could not have been raised in his direct appeal from his convictions."
Zinser appeals, urging this court to adopt the holding of the United States Supreme Court in Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500 (2003), applicable to Federal courts, that a defendant can raise a claim of ineffective assistance in a collateral proceeding even if the claim could have been raised on direct appeal. [Note 1] We need not look to the Massaro Court for guidance on this proposition, as our law already permits what Zinser urges us to adopt. All claims, waived or not, must be considered. Commonwealth v. Randolph, 438 Mass. 290 , 293 (2002).
Zinser's reliance on the Massaro case is particularly unnecessary because his claim of ineffective assistance is not one that an appellate court could have resolved on direct appeal in the first instance. In the circumstances of this case -- where an appellate court could not have resolved Zinser's claim on direct appeal and where Zinser raised his claim in his first postappeal motion for a new trial -- Zinser did not waive the claim and the motion judge should have addressed it on the merits and
applied the standard under which such claims are ordinarily evaluated. [Note 2] Because the judge declined to do so, we remand the matter for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Background. The offenses of which Zinser was convicted arose from an incident that began when Zinser slashed the tires of an automobile parked at the home of a woman he allegedly had been stalking. In the course of this conduct, two male residents of the home confronted Zinser. A scuffle ensued, and Zinser stabbed and seriously wounded both men.
Although trial counsel was aware that Zinser had medical and mental health histories conceivably relevant to the case, his sole inquiry into the possibility of raising a defense based on mental illness or impairment apparently consisted of ordering copies of Zinser's records of his various hospitalizations and outpatient treatments. He did not petition the court for the appointment of a mental health expert to review the records, to examine Zinser, or to provide advice as to the viability of a defense strategy based on mental illness or impairment. Instead, counsel limited the defense at trial to one of self-defense. [Note 3]
After trial, new counsel was appointed to represent Zinser. On direct appeal, Zinser raised no claim of ineffective assistance but rather contended that the trial judge had abused his discretion in admitting evidence of certain prior "bad acts" and, by admitting testimony of a police officer regarding prior consistent statements made by the two victims, had created a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice. Rejecting those claims, the Appeals Court affirmed Zinser's convictions.
In May, 2004, Zinser filed the present motion for a new trial, raising for the first time a claim of ineffective assistance: that his trial counsel had failed to investigate adequately the possibility that Zinser suffered from a mental illness or impairment due to serious and permanent brain injuries suffered when he was struck by a hit and run driver in 1985. The motion was supported by an affidavit from a forensic psychologist. The judge denied the motion on the theory that the defendant could have raised his claim on direct appeal (and thus had waived it). Zinser timely moved for reconsideration, arguing that his claim could not have been raised in his direct appeal where the trial record was devoid of information material to Zinser's mental condition or the potential strength of a defense based on that condition, and that the Appeals Court would have had no way of knowing whether trial counsel's failure to pursue a defense premised on mental illness was the product of a tactical decision. The judge summarily denied the motion for reconsideration.
Discussion. We begin with the well-established principle that the preferred method for raising a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is through a motion for a new trial. See Commonwealth v. Saferian, 366 Mass. 89 , 90 n.1 (1974). Accord Care & Protection of Stephen, 401 Mass. 144 , 150 & n.4 (1987) (following Saferian and declining to address ineffectiveness claim raised for first time on appeal; "[a]bsent exceptional circumstances, we do not review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel for the first time on appeal"; court signaled that appellant could pursue claim in postappeal motion for new trial); Commonwealth v. Cosme, 398 Mass. 1008 , 1009 (1986) (remanding claim that counsel was ineffective for failing adequately to investigate defense of lack of criminal responsibility where claim could not be decided on trial record); Commonwealth v. Pires, 389 Mass. 657 , 663 (1983) (claims of ineffectiveness raised for first time on appeal "not properly before us"). See also Commonwealth v. McCormick, 48 Mass. App. Ct. 106 , 107 (1999), and cases cited ("recommended course" for raising ineffectiveness claim is "making a motion for a new trial accompanied by affidavits, with the potential for an evidentiary hearing and findings"; "[b]oth [appellate courts] have
long and consistently observed that claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, at least in the first instance, should be advanced in the context of a motion for a new trial"). Put another way, our courts strongly disfavor raising claims of ineffective assistance on direct appeal. See Commonwealth v. Peloquin, 437 Mass. 204 , 210 n.5 (2002) ("an ineffective assistance of counsel challenge made on the trial record alone is the weakest form of such a challenge because it is bereft of any explanation by trial counsel for his actions and suggestive of strategy contrived by a defendant viewing the case with hindsight"). Accord Commonwealth v. Henley, 63 Mass. App. Ct. 1 , 7-8 (2005); Commonwealth v. Ortega, 59 Mass. App. Ct. 217 , 221 (2003), S.C., 441 Mass. 170 (2004). [Note 4]
An exception to that rule is that a "claim of ineffective assistance may be resolved on direct appeal of the defendant's conviction when the factual basis of the claim appears indisputably on the trial record." Commonwealth v. Adamides, 37 Mass. App. Ct. 339 , 344 (1994). But this exception is narrow. See Commonwealth v. Anderson, 58 Mass. App. Ct. 117 , 124-125 n.8 (2003), quoting Commonwealth v. McCormick, supra ("This limited venue, which allows for review of ineffective assistance claims in special cases where the contested issue concerning the attorney's performance is clear on the extant record, is a narrow exception to the general principle that 'claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, at least in the first instance, should be advanced in the context of a motion for a new trial' ").
Here, the motion judge, in concluding that Zinser could have raised his claim of ineffective assistance on direct appeal, implied that Zinser's claim fell within that narrow category of claims that an appellate court can resolve on the trial record
alone, and thus effectively concluded that, because Zinser had not raised his claim there, he had waived it. Those conclusions are in error. Putting aside the question whether a defendant who fails to raise on direct appeal a claim that falls within the narrow exception discussed in the Adamides case is deemed to have waived it, see note 2, supra, Zinser's claim is not one for which the factual basis "appears indisputably on the trial record." On the contrary, his claim is of the sort requiring consideration of new facts -- at a minimum, consideration of the assertions made in the affidavit submitted by a forensic psychologist in support of Zinser's motion. Cf. Commonwealth v. Dunn, 56 Mass. App. Ct. 89 , 95 n.5 (2002) (in raising ineffective assistance claim on direct appeal, defendant "improperly submitted an affidavit to this court for the first time on appeal"). Zinser's claim is, therefore, not one that falls within the narrow Adamides exception to the general rule that defendants should raise claims of ineffective assistance in motions for a new trial.
Having found that Zinser's claim was not one that could have been resolved on direct appeal, we consider whether there was any other reason for the motion judge to have deemed it waived. We conclude that there was not. Zinser raised his claim in his first postappeal motion for a new trial. Therefore, this is not a case where we can say that his convictions are "firmly settled." Commonwealth v. Randolph, 438 Mass. 290 , 296 n.11 (2002) (court has sometimes declined to consider merits of appeal where defendant's conviction has, after multiple motions for new trial, been deemed "firmly settled").
Concluding that Zinser did not waive his claim, the standard under which it ought to be evaluated is the familiar standard articulated in Commonwealth v. Saferian, 366 Mass. 89 , 96 (1974). [Note 5] See Commonwealth v. Phinney, ante 155, 163 n.10 (2006) (where defendant in capital case raised ineffective assistance claim for first time in postappeal motion for new trial
and claim could not have been resolved on trial record alone, Saferian standard applied).
The case is remanded to the Superior Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
[Note 1] In Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500 (2003), the lower courts concluded that, by raising an ineffective assistance claim for the first time in a collateral proceeding that could have been resolved on direct appeal, the defendant's claim was barred by the principle of procedural default. Id. at 502-503. The Supreme Court reversed, establishing a new rule that ineffective assistance claims brought in collateral proceedings under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (2000) (the habeas corpus statute) are not procedurally barred even if the claim could have been resolved on direct appeal. Massaro v. United States, supra at 504. The Massaro Court made clear, however, that the preferred route in the Federal system for raising claims of ineffective assistance is not through direct appeal but by a motion in the trial court where facts often necessary to evaluate such claims can be sorted out. Id. at 504-507. Massachusetts shares that view. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. McCormick, 48 Mass. App. Ct. 106 , 107 (1999), and cases cited.
[Note 2] We do not decide whether a defendant waives even a claim of ineffective assistance resolvable on the trial record alone by failing to raise it on direct appeal. The occasions when a court can resolve an ineffective assistance claim on direct appeal are exceptional, and our case law strongly disfavors raising ineffective assistance claims on direct appeal. See Commonwealth v. Peloquin, 437 Mass. 204 , 210 n.5 (2002); Care & Protection of Stephen, 401 Mass. 144 , 150 & n.4 (1987); Commonwealth v. Pires, 389 Mass. 657 , 663 (1983); Commonwealth v. Henley, 63 Mass. App. Ct. 1 , 7-8 (2005); Commonwealth v. Ortega, 59 Mass. App. Ct. 217 , 221 (2003), S.C., 441 Mass. 170 (2004); Commonwealth v. Anderson, 58 Mass. App. Ct. 117 , 124 n.8 (2003). Even if a defendant in such a case were deemed to have waived the claim, he or she would (barring extraordinary circumstances) be entitled to review of the claim for a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice. See Commonwealth v. Randolph, 438 Mass. 290 , 293-295 (2002).
[Note 3] Trial counsel offered no defense to the malicious destruction charges.
[Note 4] Of course, no decision of our courts absolutely requires that defendants always raise claims of ineffective assistance in motions for a new trial. Cf. Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 508 (2003) ("We do not hold that ineffective-assistance claims must be reserved for collateral review. There may be cases in which trial counsel's ineffectiveness is so apparent from the record that appellate counsel will consider it advisable to raise the issue on direct appeal. There may be instances, too, when obvious deficiencies in representation will be addressed by an appellate court sua sponte. In those cases, certain questions may arise in subsequent [collateral] proceedings . . . concerning the conclusiveness of determinations made on the ineffective-assistance claims raised on direct appeal").
[Note 5] What is required is a consideration whether there has been "serious incompetency, inefficiency, or inattention of counsel -- behavior of counsel falling measurably below that which might be expected from an ordinary fallible lawyer -- and, if that is found, then, typically, whether it has likely deprived the defendant of an otherwise available, substantial ground of defence." Commonwealth v. Saferian, 366 Mass. 89 , 96 (1974).


A NYTimes article talks about the push to measure effectiveness to determine ROI in traditional media such as outdoor, TV, radio and print.
Looking for letterpress? Design*Sponge Letterpress Guide provides a working guide to some of the best letterpress studios in the country (as well as a few abroad).
Earlier this month, Guinness had a video floating around the web titled "Hands" by Michael Schlingmann. Now at Guinness.com you can create your own "hand" film. There's also behind-the-scenes footage to view.


Hebi is a sixteen year old who attends Kin Private Boys Academy. He has light brown hair and black eyes (...don't you dare say a thing, Kato-chan... ;P). His girlfriend is Densetsu Katori and eventhough they seem to argue every once and a while... they definately like one another. He is quicker to like his Knighthood than Raion... (because he wasn't the first... *grin*), so you won't hear him complain... much.
Hebi says this to transform into Terra Knight. Raising his green and black henshin stick, shafts of energy shoot out and surround him, forming his fuku. Which is a forest green shirt, with black pants and shoes, green choker and headpiece.
This is Terra Knight's only attack. A dark green ball forms in his hand, throwing it to the ground, it makes the ground shake, shocking the target frozen.
Hebi OR Terra Knight says this to transform into Silver Terra Knight. Same transformation as before, but his choker and headpiece have a golden pendant of his sign.
This is Silver Terra Knight's only attack. He glows with a dark green aura, which makes the ground shake harder than in Ground Shock, hard enough to knock people off their feet.
Hebi OR Silver Terra Knight says this to transform into Golden Terra Knight. Same transformation as before, but a jeweled dagger is weilded into his hand.
This is Golden Terra Knight's defensive attack. Rocks break free of their captive earth, and fly at the target, knocking them off their feet and smashing them to the ground.
This is Golden Terra Knight's offensive attack. Deadly as it might seem, the earth cracks below the target and boiling lava cooks them to a crisp. With the Sailor and Greek Senshi however, it heals any wounds, no harm from the lava.


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Computer Science: Programming with a Purpose
普林斯顿大学
240K 名學生已註冊
The basis for education in the last millennium was "reading, writing, and arithmetic;" now it is reading, writing, and computing. Learning to program is an essential part of the education of every student, not just in the sciences and engineering, but in the arts, social sciences, and humanities, as well. Beyond direct applications, it is the first step in understanding the nature of computer science's undeniable impact on the modern world. This course covers the first half of our book Computer Science: An Interdisciplinary Approach (the second half is covered in our Coursera course Computer Science: Algorithms, Theory, and Machines). Our intent is to teach programming to those who need or want to learn it, in a scientific context. We begin by introducing basic programming elements such as variables, conditionals, loops, arrays, and I/O. Next, we turn to functions, introducing key concepts such as recursion, modular programming, and code reuse. Then, we present a modern introduction to object-oriented programming. We use the Java programming language and teach basic skills for computational problem solving that are applicable in many modern computing environments. Proficiency in Java is a goal, but we focus on fundamental concepts in programming, not Java per se. All the features of this course are available for free. It does not offer a certificate upon completion.
Programming Principles, Computer Science, Algorithms, Java Programming
Excellent course, inface the best I found on any MOOC platform for a complete beginner to Java. Loved it. Would appreciate more coding assignments though. Only week 1 & 2 have those.
I liked this course very much. Good materials and perfect lecturers. Good structured and well explained material and interesting exercises ranging from very beginner to challenging.
Computing with a large sequence of values of the same type is extremely common. This lecture describes Java's built-in array data structure that supports such applications, with several examples, including shuffling a deck of cards, the coupon collector test for randomness, and random walks in a grid.
Basic concepts16:50
Typical array-processing code23:32
Two-dimensional arrays16:13
Robert Sedgewick
William O. Baker *39 Professor of Computer Science
Kevin Wayne
Phillip Y. Goldman '86 University Lecturer
選擇語言ptPt俄語(Russian)德語(German)意大利語法語(French)英語(English)西班牙語(Spanish)越南語阿拉伯語(Arabic)
Today we're going to talk about a Java language construct, that's going to help us write programs that process large amounts of data, and it's very easy to use. It's called the array. So, we'll begin with some basic concepts about what arrays are. Now this is adding to our basic building blocks for programming, we're up through conditionals and loops, and our next construct that we're going to talk about today is arrays. What that does, is give us the ability to store and process huge amounts of data. We're going to see lots of applications throughout this course. Fortunately, this is a very natural and easy construct to use. It's our first data structure. What's a data structure? It's an arrangement of data that helps us efficiently process it in a program. An array is defined to be an index sequence of values of the same type. We'll take a look at what each of those ideas mean. So here's an example of an array, it's 52 playing cards in a deck. That's the example that we're going to work with for a lot of this lecture. So, some cards in the first position, other cards in the second position, the ace of hearts in the third position, and so forth. Given an index then we can immediately get to the card that's in that position in the deck. But there's many other ideas where you might use an array. So, you might have a lot of students in an online class, and again, you can get to each one quickly through an index. We're going to look at digital images. There might be a billion pixels in a digital image, and we want to be able to quickly get to each one of them. Or Biologists studying DNA, there might be nucleotides in the DNA strand. Many other examples showing that you've got data, elements of the same type, and you have a huge amount of them, and you need to structure them so that you can process them efficiently. So, our main purpose of the array is to facilitate the storage and the manipulation of this kind of data. So, what does it mean about processing many values of the same type? So here's an example that we could write after the first lecture without using arrays at all. In this case, maybe we have 10 items of data, and we just named them a zero through a nine. If we want to refer to the fifth one, we can say a4 equals 3.0, or the ninth one a8 equals 8.0, and so forth, and even use them in arithmetic expressions. Now, but after a while, you can see that it would be very tedious and error-prone to have code of this sort. A much simpler way to do it, is using an array. This is equivalent code using an array. Instead of declaring all those things of the same type separately, we just declare in one statement that we're going to make an array. We'll talk exactly about how those first two statements work in just a second. Then if we want to refer to the fifth one, we just put that index inside square brackets, or the eighth one whichever one we want, and we can use those that array name followed by an index in square brackets just the same way we use any other variable of that type. Since they're all the same type, the Java compiler can keep track of them and check the type. That's convenient enough with 10 values, but what this does immediately, is it scales say to a million values. We have a huge amount of data. It would be indeed tedious to give them each one of them a different name. With an array, we have the shorthand where we just use the brackets to refer to individual pieces of the data. It scales to handle huge amounts of data. So, what's an array look like in the memory of your computer? Well, since an array is sequence of values of the same type, it makes sense to take advantage of the fact that the computer's memory is also an index sequence of locations, and we might as well we'll talk about this in a lot more detail later on, but it's easy to think of the memory of the computer as just a long sequence of locations. We're going to store the array contiguously in memory. Since every type value for primitive types like double and int for now, it's going to occupy a fixed number of locations. However, depending on the type of the data, if we store the array values in contiguous locations, that gives us what we need in order to be able to do efficient processing. The critical idea is, well, we start indices at zero, and that's just a convention that makes the computation a little bit easier. But the real critical concept is, if we have i, then we can quickly access the value of A of i. Just have to know how big the thing is, multiply by i, add it to the memory address of the beginning, and then we're there. Now for simplicity in this lecture, we're going to write the array name with an arrow pointing to where it begins. So, thinking of the array name as the memory address of the first location. Actually, in Java, it's just a tiny bit more complicated, and we'll get to that at some point later in the class. Now one way to, immediately one really critical concept that derives from this, if you're using a name to refer to the array, if you make an assignment b equals a, you're making them point or refer to the same array, and we'll look at that in more detail later on, but it's important to point that out right at the outset. So, you might think that it would copy the array the way that we do with values of variables of a primitive type, but it doesn't. Okay. So, let's look at Java has some built-in language support for arrays. They're so useful. There are some aspects of the Java language that are built into directly support arrays. So, declare an array. We have to declare a variable. We have to declare its type. In this case, we have to declare that its an array, and then we have to declare the type of all the values. So double size it's an array of double values in the brackets say it's an array. Now, how did we create an array? For variables of primitive types, we don't actually have to create anything, but for an array, we have to tell the system that it's time to find the memory for that array. So, what we do is use the keyword new. That keyword new says create us a new array, double is again the type, and then inside the brackets is the length of the array. So this variable a has been declared to be an array of doubles, and then this statement here creates an array of different length, and then assigns that to a. Referred an array entry by index, we already went through that. You just use the array name, and then in brackets, and then you can put anything that evaluates to an int. Refer to the length of the array, you just say a.length. In lots of programs that we write, we want to be able to refer directly to the length of the array. Now, the most complicated thing is getting started, and so we'll look carefully at each of the ways that you might want to initialize an array. One of the important features of Java to remember is that it'll default initialize array elements to zero for numeric types like double or int, short, or long. So, if you say a equals new double a 1,000, you get a brand new array that are all doubles, and all initialized to 0.0. So, you don't have to write code like with a for loop assigning each array value the value 0.0. In many languages, you need to write code like that. In fact, most of the time, we declare, create, initialize in just one statement just to make the code more compact. So, this one just like we do with variables, this one says double brackets. A says, a is an array of doubles, and then the right-hand side says create a new one of size 1,000 and initialize them all to 0.0. Now it's important to remember this is a compact statement but it takes time proportional to the length of the array, because Java has to go through and initialize everything to zero. So, certain points will have to be cognizant of that fact. You can write a small amount of code that might take a long time because Java has to go through and initialize everything to zero. So that's the language support, and that's really all the code that you need to know in order to be able to write an interesting and effective code that uses arrays. One other thing initialized to literal values, you can write that X as an array of doubles and then you can put a bunch of values inside curly braces and it'll create an array of exactly that length and initialize the array with those values and that's useful for arrays that aren't long or large to get them to get started. Okay so that's the language support that we need. Now, let's talk about this idea of copying an array. Now, if we have an array that's got some values in it and maybe we need a copy of that array because we're going to perform some operation on it, but we still are going to need the original values later on. What you need to do is create a new array. So, in this case, we create a new array b. We declare that it's going to be an array of doubles and then on the left hand side and the equal side we create a new one, how big should the array b be? It should be the length of a. So, we put a.length inside the brackets, create a new array of doubles of a double length doubles. So, it'll get initialized to 0.0 Didn't write those in because we're going to overwrite them immediately. So, what we're going to do is, for i from 0 to a.length, we're just going to say b of i equals a of i. So, we just assign the first, one that's b of 0, b of 1 and so forth. We go through and explicitly copy every value from a into b and then once we've done that, we have a new array. Again, if you write the code b equals a, it doesn't do that, it just makes b and a refer to the same array. You can write b equals new double a.length and it'll do that, but then, if you say b equals a, it just resets b to be the same as a and forgets about that new array that it created, that's copying an array. So, here's some typical examples of programming with arrays. Actually, we've already used one and that is accessing the command line arguments. There's a system array called args that contains the command line arguments that you type and we'd been accessing those just by putting the first one, a zero inside brackets and so forth. So, we use that in our gambler's ruin simulation last time. Now, for all of this code just to keep it brief, we're going to assume that the variable N got sent to a.length and b.length. So, here's copying an array, that's the code that I just gave with that caveat. Here's an array code that creates an array with N random values. We create a new array a of doubles and of size N and then for i equals 0 to N, we just fill it with math.random, different double for each array entry. Printing the array entries one per line, that's something that we do inside a for loop. So, very often with a for loop, running through an index i and then using that index i to access the ith element of the array. We're going to look at more complicated code later on, this is just to get used to the idea of using arrays. This code here computes the average of array values. So, its initialized sum at zero, go through the array adding in each array element and then declared a double variable average and that sum divided by N. This is similarly finding the maximum, initialize a variable max at a of 0 and then for the rest of them, if you find a bigger one then current maximum then reset max. So, these are typical examples of simple computations that you might want to perform with arrays just to get you used to the idea of writing this code. So, here's a quick pop quiz, study this code and try to figure out what it's going to print. We make a new array a, b and then we go through N_b of i equals i and print out the two things. This is again just a quick test about copying, I hate to overemphasize, but everybody gets burned on this. After you say b equals a, b and a are referring to the same array. So, no matter what you do to a, you're going to do the same thing to that array to b, because it's the same array and so that when you print it out, you're going to get the same thing, they point to the same array. Okay. So, typical bugs when we program with arrays. So, one is array index out of bounds. So, when you define an array of say, size 10, it's only creating 10 elements starting at zero. So, the index must be between zero and nine. If the index is not between zero and nine, then you're going to get an array index out of bounds error. In this case, i goes to 10 and there's no 10 in this this particular code it should go from zero less than 10 and then it would get the 10 elements with the right indices. So, array index out of bounds, if it's negative, if it's bigger, the length are bigger then, it's going to be out of bounds. Here's another error that we all get. We say in the first line that a is a variable declared to be an array of type of doubles, but that's all we do, we never actually create the array. So, in this code, we'll buggy because their reference a of either the array never got created. So, get an error message on that. Or, the other the other extreme is forgetting to declare the array and just say well, a equals new double N, it should know that what a is, but in Java everything its type every variable's type has to be declared before it's used. So, a compiler doesn't know what type of data a refers to in order to check that you're doing what you wanted to do. So, that's typical bugs that we have to get through and you're encouraged to type these in and take a look at the error messages that you get when you try to compile this code. It's always a good idea to look for error messages under controlled conditions rather than trying to figure out what they are when they happened to you unexpectedly. So, that's the basics on programming with arrays.


Recent advances in early detection and treatment of breast cancer have led to increasing numbers of long term survivors of breast cancer. There is a growing concern about the potential adverse effects of chemotherapy on cognitive functioning.
The current study examines the neuroanatomical correlates of late neurocognitive effects of chemotherapy in elderly breast cancer survivors who have survived more than ten years and were exposed to chemotherapy at the time of their cancer treatment.
The participants in this study are 30 women breast cancer survivors in the age range of 65-81 years. In this cross sectional design, regional brain volumes measured using magnetic resonance imaging were correlated with cognitive test scores using multiple regression analyses. The test scores from Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Trail Making Test B are used as measures of executive function. The test scores from the Letter Number Sequencing subset of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) are used for measures of working memory.
We found support for the hypothesized association between reduction in performance on specific neuropsychological tests and reduced volumes predominantly in the frontal, temporal and subcortical white matter regions. These results suggest that the frontal, temporal and subcortical white matter region are a neuroanatomical correlate of cognitive impairment seen in our study population.
Future research will be needed to discern whether the structural correlates of cognitive impairment seen in long term cancer survivors is likely to be developed as an imaging marker for cognitive evaluation and rehabilitation.
Hamsakutty, Haris. "Association between structural measures of specific regional brain volumes measured by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and neurocognitive performance in elderly breast cancer survivors exposed to chemotherapy." MS (Master of Science) thesis, University of Iowa, 2009.


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Capital Market Authority has issued East African Portland Cement (EAPC) with a notice requiring the cement maker to respond to more than five offenses arising from the acrimonious change of management two weeks ago.
In a letter dated December 30 and addressed to the acting managing director Mr Peter Korir, the cement maker has seven days to respond to the authority letter.
CMA action follows the move by acting Minister for Industrialisation, Amason Kingi, to suspend Eapcc board of directors and the managing director pending investigations.
"Note that the absence of a board of director to provide strategic guidance, lead and control the company and be accountable to its shareholders, constitutes a critical shortcoming on satisfaction of the listing requirements of the company," the CMA letter read.
Nairobi Securities Exchange on Tuesday last week suspended the Eapcc shares from trading pending official relay of the changes. The failure to inform the authority and NSE is also part of the charges.


Singita Castleton is an exclusive use lodge set within Singita Sabi Sand.
Formerly the family home of Singita founder Luke Bailes' grandfather, it was refurbished in 2013.
• Children of all ages are welcome. There are babysitting services available (to be booked in advance) and tailor-made activities to suit each family.
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I love your writing, I have to ask if you can tell us if you plan on taking the Safehold series all the way to defeating the Gbaba?? I would love to see this series turn into a space opera.
Although it's tongue-in-cheek, he already posted one (im)possible ending.
You can find it just here.
Eagleone 55 wrote: Hi David!!!
I have heard David speak to this question at cons. As a practical matter, he expects that he will not have time to carry the series that far. He does want to get into the next two generations of the Safehold advancement/ political situation / Charisian development / Charisian royal house. But when he started the series he only expected to spend maybe one book on Haarald and his kingdom (done), about 2 books on Caleb's reign (currently going on, what, 6?), 2 books on the ascension and reign of the princess, maybe 1 book on her offspring, and 1 timeskip book on getting into space & punching out the Gababa.
Now, since he wants to maintain focus on the current threads of techno-redevelopment, and on the somewhat hidden campaign for effective unification of the planet by the Merlin/Charisian cabal over the next ?30-70? years, he imagines that the resolution of the confrontation with the Gababa will become something like a long epilogue, perhaps the last third of the last book (however many it takes to get there - ?12 - 15 total? ). There will be a lot of character (?Merlin?) reflection about the last 100-200 years of history leading to the final confrontation.
Or the series could evolve entirely differently. It has defied his advance planning pretty consistently so far.
I believe there was already a discussion about this in the Safehold thread. IIRC, he said that he was going to spend another 2-3 books in the current situation before moving on to another 4-5 books for the space conflict, but I may be wrong the exact numbers.
I seem to recall that David's originally plan was for the series to run to 8 or 9 books. Obviously the Safeholdians have not cooperated by advancing their tech base sufficiently quickly for that to happen. I'm eagerly waiting for the next book which is due for release later in the year.
The last plans concerning Safehold that I read about was RFC telling at the time of book 6 (a few years ago) that he expects it to take another three books to defeat the Go4, and then two or three books on the "war of truth" when Charis makes the truth about Terra public.
Given the contents of the current book 8, I think he's still on that schedule for the defeat of the church.
If the next sequence really stays at those 2-3 books, no one knows yet - probably not even RFC.
The citizens of Safehold are advancing their tech at a feverish pace; besides the author can always have "decades" pass between books.


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Berkeley Castle (historisch manchmal auch Berkley Castle geschrieben) ist eine Burg in der Stadt Berkeley in der englischen Grafschaft Gloucestershire. Die Ursprünge der Burg gehen auf das 11. Jahrhundert zurück. Sie wurde von English Heritage als historisches Gebäude I. Grades gelistet.

Die Burg blieb seit ihrem Wiederaufbau im 12. Jahrhundert in Besitz der Familie Berkeley, mit Ausnahme einer Periode königlicher Eigentümerschaft durch das Haus Tudor. Dort soll König Eduard II. 1327 ermordet worden sein.

Bau

Die erste Burg in Berkeley war eine Motte, die William FitzOsbern im Jahre 1067, kurz nach der normannischen Eroberung der britischen Insel, errichten ließ. Diese blieb in der Folge drei Generationen lang in der ersten Familie Berkeley, deren Oberhäupter alle Roger de Berkeley hießen. Sie bauten sie in der ersten Hälfte des 12. Jahrhunderts wieder auf. Dem letzten Roger de Berkeley wurde 1152 das Eigentum an der Burg aberkannt, weil er im Konflikt der Anarchie seine Gefolgschaft dem Haus Plantagenet vorenthielt. Der Titel eines Baron Berkeley wurde dann Robert Fitzharding, einem reichen Bürger von Bristol und Unterstützer der Plantagenets, verliehen. Er war der Begründer der Familie Berkeley, die heute noch die Burg besitzt.

In den Jahren 1153–1154 erhielt Fitzharding die königliche Charta von König Heinrich II., die ihm erlaubte, die Burg wieder aufzubauen. Sie sollte die Stadt Bristol, die Gloucester Road, das Ästuar des Severn und die walisische Grenze schützen. Fitzharding ließ den runden Donjon in den Jahren 1153–1156 errichten, vermutlich an Stelle der früheren Motte. Es folgte der Bau der Kurtine, vermutlich zwischen 1160 und 1190, durch Robert Fitzharding und durch seinen Sohn Maurice.

Der größte Teil der restlichen Burg stammt aus dem 14. Jahrhundert und wurde für Thomas de Berkeley, 3. Baron Berkeley, gebaut: der Thorpe's Tower nördlich des Donjons, das innere Torhaus im Südwesten und weitere Gebäude der inneren Hofes.

Die Ermordung Eduards II.

Die Burg wurde 1326 von den Truppen von Hugh le Despenser, dem Favoriten von Eduard II., ausgeraubt. Anschließend, im Jahre 1327, wurde Eduard II. von seiner Gattin, Königin Isabella, und ihrem Verbündeten, Roger Mortimer, abgesetzt und unter die Obhut von Thomas de Berkeley und seinem Schwager John Maltravers gestellt. Sie brachten Eduard auf Berkeley Castle und hielten ihn dort fünf Monate lang, von April bis September, gefangen. In dieser Zeit griff eine Bande von Eduards Unterstützern die Burg an, eroberte sie und rettete ihn. Er wurde aber bald wieder gefasst und erneut eingesperrt. Möglicherweise brachten ihn seine Wärter dann von einer Burg zur anderen, um eine weitere Befreiung zu erschweren, bevor sie ihn im September wieder nach Berkeley Castle zurückbrachten. Einige Geschichtsschreiber stellten die Theorie auf, dass Eduards Flucht letztlich erfolgreich gewesen sei und ein Anderer an seiner Stelle später ermordet worden sei.

Eduard wurde vermutlich am 21. September 1327 in Berkeley Castle auf unbekannte Weise ermordet, obwohl sich populäre Geschichten über ein glühend heißes Schüreisen oder Erdrosselung halten. Die Zelle, in der er eingesperrt und ermordet worden sein soll, kann man heute noch sehen, zusammen mit dem angrenzenden, 11 m tiefen Kerker, in dem man jedes Jahr am 21. September Echos von den Vorgängen um den Mord hören können soll.

Die Erklärung, die man gegenüber dem Parlament damals abgab, war einfach, dass Eduard Opfer eines tödlichen Unfalls geworden sei. Sein Leichnam wurde einbalsamiert und verblieb einen Monat lang in Berkeley in der St.-Johannes-Kapelle im Donjon, bevor Thomas de Berkeley ihn zur Abtei Gloucester (heute: Kathedrale von Gloucester) zur Beerdigung geleitete. Thomas de Berkeley wurde später verdächtigt, ein Mordkomplize gewesen zu sein, aber er konnte beweisen, dass er nicht in der Burg war, als der Mord von Roger Mortimers Schergen begangen wurde. 1337 wurde er von allen Vorwürfen freigesprochen.

Spätere Geschichte

Im 14. Jahrhundert bekam der Rittersaal ein neues Dach und hier starb auch der letzte Hofnarr Englands, Dickie Pearce, als er von der Minstrel's Gallery (Balkon im Rittersaal) fiel. Sein Grab liegt im Friedhof von St. Mary neben der Burg. An den Rittersaal schließt eine von zwei originalen Kapellen an, in denen man bemalte, hölzerne Gewölbedecken und eine Passage aus der Bibel in Normannisch findet. In diesem Raum gibt es auch ein illustriertes Vellumbuch mit Canti Piani, die in katholischen Messen benutzt wurden, bevor die Familie im 16. Jahrhundert zum Protestantismus übertrat.

Im englischen Bürgerkrieg war die Burg immer noch so wichtig, dass sie 1645 von Colonel Thomas Rainsborough für die Roundheads eingenommen wurde. Nach einer Belagerung, bei der Kanonen auf Kernschussweite vom angrenzenden Kirchendach von Saint Mary the Virgin abgefeuert wurden, ergab sich die royalistische Garnison. Wie üblich, blieben die Burgmauern nach der Belagerung geschleift, aber die Familie Berkeley erhielt die Burg unter der Bedingung zurück, dass sie die Schäden an der äußeren Burgmauer und dem Donjon niemals reparieren werde. Diese Auflage, festgelegt durch ein damals beschlossenes Parlamentsgesetz, gilt noch heute. Laut den Pevsner Architectural Guides wurde die Bresche nur teilweise durch eine "moderne" Mauer gefüllt, die aber nur die Höhe einer niederen Gartenmauer erreicht und Leute vor einem Sturz von 8,4 Metern aus dem Burggarten, der ursprünglichen Motte, bewahren soll.

Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts ließ der 8. Earl of Berkeley Teile der Burg reparieren und umbauen. Er ließ eine Loggia im gleichen gotischen Stil wie der Rest der Burg anbauen. Eine der Änderungen war z. B. ein Jugendstilstück in einem mittelalterlichen Schlafzimmer.

Die Burg ist von Terrassengärten umgeben, wie z. B. das Bowling Green von Elisabeth I. und eine Kiefer, die aus einem Zweig, der bei der Schlacht bei Culloden 1746 von einem Baum abgeschnitten wurde, gewachsen sein soll.

Moderne Zeiten

Diese Burg ist nach dem Tower of London und dem Windsor Castle die älteste dauernd bewohnte Burg in England und die älteste, die dauernd in den Händen derselben Familie war. In ihr findet man ein altes Himmelbett, das das am längsten von ein und derselben Familie benutzte Möbelstück im Vereinigten Königreich ist. Die Familie Berkeley wohnt einen Teil des Jahres auf dieser Burg und einen Teil in Spetchley Park außerhalb von Worcester, das der Familie seit 1606 gehört.

Der größte Teil von Berkeley Castle ist seit 1997 der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich und wird von Berkeley Castle Charitable Trust verwaltet. Nur 15 % der Räume sind privater Nutzung vorbehalten. 2006 erfolgte ein Spendenaufruf, um die £ 5,5 Mio. zur Renovierung und Restaurierung des normannischen Gebäudes aufzubringen.

Zwei Schiffe der Royal Navy wurden nach der Burg benannt, ebenso eine Lokomotive der Great Western Railway.

Die Burg diente auch als Filmkulisse für viele Szenen der TV-Kinderserie The Ghost Hunter der BBC, ebenso wie für die erste im Fernsehen ausgestrahlte Version von The Other Boleyn Girl.

Weblinks

 Website von Berkeley Castle
 John Timbs: Berkeley Castle – Where King Edward II. was Murdered. Britannia
 Fotos auf Flickr
 Website von Saint Mary the Virgin

Einzelnachweise

Berkeley (Adelsgeschlecht)
Burg in England
Grade-I-Bauwerk in Gloucestershire
Erbaut in den 1150er Jahren
Bauwerk im Stroud District
Berkeley (Gloucestershire)
Burg in Europa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Open Access Primers
What does Open Access Mean?
Open Access and Reuse
Open Access and Research Data
Arguments and Reservations
Quality Assurance and Impact Measurement
History of the Open Access Movement
Subject-Specific Open Access
Research Funders and Open Access
Business Models for Journals
Business Models for Books
Putting Open Access into Practice
Publishing Open Access Journals
Operating a Repository
Implementing Open Access
Publishing Agreements
Legal Issues in Germany
Legal Issues in Austria
Legal Issues in Switzerland
Open Access Transition
Digital Focus Groups
Staff Weeks
Open Access Projects
Networking Offices
Train the Trainer Workshop
International Open Access Week
Project: open-access.network
Open Access in 60 seconds
Video about Open Access. (CC BY 3.0 DE)
Source: Brinken, Helene, Jonas Hauss, Jessika Rücknagel (2021). Open Access in 60 seconds, open-access.network. https://doi.org/10.5446/50832
The Key Takeaways From This Article Are
Open Access is an alternative (and better) type of scientific publishing.
There are various funding and licensing models for Open Access.
Open Access is a central aspect of Open Science.
In a nutshell: open access means free access to scholarly literature on the Internet. The most commonly invoked definition of open access comes from the so-called Budapest Declaration (2002).
Thus, the aim of open access is to make scholarly literature freely accessible and reusable for everyone – that is, free of charge and, as far as possible, free of technical and legal barriers. The Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities (2003) requires that, to qualify as open access, a contribution must not only be usable free of charge, but also users must be permitted "to copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution." (Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities, 2003).
"By open access to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribu&shyte, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited."
- Budapest Open Access Initiative Declaration, 2002; emphasis added
Why Open Access?
Open access offers numerous benefits:
Source: based on Brinken, H. (2021). 10 Gründe für Open Access. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4643859 (CC BY 4.0 International)
It is important to know that scholarly research is for the most part publicly funded. The results of this publicly funded research should therefore also be publicly accessible. Open access publications are immediately and easily accessible free of charge and reusable. This free and fast access to scientific findings expedites the scholarly communication process, thereby enhancing efficiency in research and innovation. This also fosters the international and interdisciplinary collaboration between and the networking of researchers. Open access significantly increases the citation frequency and thus also the visibility of research findings (Swan, 2010; Li et al., 2018). Another important factor is that, in the case of open access publications, authors retain their rights to exploit the works instead of assigning these rights exclusively to a publisher. Thus, an open access publication can be redistributed and reused easily by others.
Open Access Publication
Find an introduction here.
Finding Open Access Publications
Numerous search engines specialise in Open Access. Here is an overview of how to find free scientific literature.
Paths to Open Access
There are two basic strategies for implementing open access: green and gold. Gold open access refers to the publication of scholarly works as articles in open access journals, as open access monographs, or as contributions to open access collections or conference proceedings.
Green open access – also known as self-archiving – refers to making preprints or post-prints of works published with a publisher or in a journal available to the public by depositing them in a repository.
Source: based on Oberländer, A. (2020). Open Access – Es ist nicht alles Gold, was glänzt. In: Open Science. Von Daten zu Publikationen. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4018594 (CC BY 4.0 International)
Video about the funding of open access articles
Source: Brinken, H. (2020). Funding Open Access Articles, open-access.network. https://doi.org/10.5446/49536 (CC BY 3.0 DE)
Video about the funding of open access monographs
Source: Brinken, H. (2020). Finanzierung von Open-Access-Monographien, open-access.network. https://doi.org/10.5446/49535 (CC BY 3.0 DE)
Whereas open access publications are similar to conventional publications in many respects – for example, with regard to peer review – the big difference between them is the way they are funded. In the conventional publishing system, a publication benefits from public funds three times:
As mentioned above, researchers are usually paid from public funds.
During the publication process, works undergo quality assurance procedu&shyres, for example, peer review. Peer reviews are conducted by other resear&shychers, who are not as a rule paid for doing so by the publishers or journals.
And finally, libraries and institutes have to subscribe to the journals or purchase the books from the publishers in order to be able to make them available to their members.
By contrast, open access meets the demand to make the results of publicly funded research freely accessible for everyone. Researchers who work at institutions with more limited budgets also benefit from this, as do interested parties who are not affiliated with an institution. Because readers can use open access publications free of charge, these publications must be funded elsewhe&shyre. The so-called author-pays model, whereby authors pay article processing charges (APCs) or book processing charges (BPCs) for the publication of their works, is widely used. Many institutions now offer to pay these costs for their members, for example, via publication funds or participation in consortia. However, the majority of open access journals (over 70% of the journals indexed in the Directory of Open Access Journals, DOAJ) are free of charge both for readers and authors. These journals are financed, for example, via professional associations, academic institutions, or – in kind – by voluntary work (Morrison, 2018). Especially against the backdrop of the sometimes horrendous prices that conventional publishers charge for journal subscriptions, open access can make an important contribution to sustainably easing the pressure on strained library budgets, while at the same time considerably improving the literature supply.
In addition to toll-free access to scholarly findings, the second key component of open access is their widest possible reuse. It is up to the authors themselves to decide what degree of freedom of use of their works they wish to allow. By granting usage licences, authors specify the rights that third parties have when using their research findings. The now widely used Creative Commons (CC) licences are well suited for this purpose. The use of the CC BY licence is particularly recommended. It grants everyone a free, worldwide right of access to the publication as well as the right to reuse it, for example, by copying, distributing, transmitting, publicly displaying, or adapting it. Those who reuse content must give appropriate credit to the author of the work. Note, however, that it is not possible for authors to grant open licences if they have already granted the rights of use in question exclusively to a publisher.
How exactly do Creative Commons licenses work?
Source: Brinken, H., Hauss, J. & Rücknagel, J. (2020). Wie genau funktionieren Creative-Commons-Lizenzen?, open-access.network. https://doi.org/10.5446/53471 (CC BY 3.0 DE)
Political Standpoints
Find an introdution here.
Practical Tip
Scientists can actively support the change to open science through their own publishing behavior. This practical tip "Supporting Open Access" explains how.
Who Supports Open Access?
Open access is promoted and requested or demanded both by policymakers at European and national level (top down) and on the initiative of committed scholars and scientists, professional societies, infrastructure facilities, and publishers (bottom up). Thus, universities and research institutions have adopted open access policies in which they encourage their members to publish their works open access. Open access is also often enshrined as an obligation, or at least as a request, in the grant conditions of third-party funders. In a diverse landscape of open access journals, publishers, and repositories, most conventional scholarly publishers now offer open access models or are pursuing transformative aspirations.
Open access is an element of much of what can be subsumed under the umbrella term open science (Watson, 2015). Following Neuschäfer (2015), open science bundles strategies and procedures that aim to make all elements of the scientific process openly accessible, transparent, and reusable. This means that not only scholarly publications should be freely available in accordance with the open access model but also, among other things, research data (through open access and research data management), research software, and teaching materials (through open educational resources, OER). An exact description of the elements of open science can be found on the German-language website openscienceASAP. Open science is based on the principles of transparency, reproducibility, reusability, and open communication (Open Science AG, n.d.). Thus, open science is an important element of ensuring good scientific practice.
open-access.network (CC BY 4.0 International)
Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities. (2003). https://openaccess.mpg.de/67605/berlin_declaration_engl.pdf Budapest Open Access Initiative. (2002).
Budapest Open Access Initiative Declaration. (2002).
https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read
Li, Y., Wu, C., Yan, E., & Li, K. (2018). Will open access increase journal CiteScores? An empirical investigation over multiple disciplines. PloS One, 13(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201885
Morrison, H. (2018, January 31). DOAJ APC information as of Jan 31, 2018. Sustaining the Knowledge Commons / Soutenir Les Savoirs Communs. Open Access Scholarship / Littérature Savante En Libre Accès. https://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/2018/02/06/doaj-apc-information-as-of-jan-31-2018/
Neuschäfer, M. (2015, November 18). Mission Statement der deutschsprachigen Open Science AG. Ag-OpenScience.De. https://ag-openscience.de/ag-mission-statement/
Oberländer, A. (2020). Open Access – Es ist nicht alles Gold, was glänzt. In: Open Science. Von Daten zu Publikationen. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4018594
Open Science AG. (n.d.). Open Science. https://ag-openscience.de/open-science/
Swan, A. (2010). The Open Access citation advantage: Studies and results to date. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/268516/
Watson, M. (2015). When will 'open science' become simply 'science'? Genome Biology, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-015-0669-2
Suber, P. (2012). Open Access. The MIT Press. https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/open-access, Open Access unter https://archive.org/details/9780262517638OpenAccess
Last updated on 12. January 2023
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text:
NSA's discovery is the top story this week because it illuminates the
most effective technique for blocking targeted (APT) intrusions.
This week's second story (on the Senate Cyber Bill) will get more
general news coverage, but the rest of the story hasn't yet been
reported. It will tell how six people, getting paid, on average,
hundreds of thousands of dollars each year as government affairs
representatives for American technology industry groups and companies,
decimated a draft bill that would have been the first legislative step
toward turning the tide against the attackers. The six demanded so many
loopholes in the draft bill that it ought to be renamed the "Chinese
cyber espionage protection act," because it enables attackers while
hamstringing defenders; and they continue to demand more loopholes.
These six people, had they worked for the auto industry in Washington
in the 50s, would have said, "requiring seat belts in cars is government
over-regulation, but we are patriots here to protect the American
people, so we will support the bill, as long as it applies only to cars
with three wheels."
NSA's Application Whitelisting Breakthrough
Senate Cyber Security Bill to be Introduced This Week
Valve Says Encrypted Customer Payment Data Were Likely Stolen
TicketWeb System Hacked
CIA Website Attacked with DDoS
Google Blocking Use of Pre-Paid Cards With Google Wallet Until Flaw Addressed
Hackers Steal Data From Microsoft's Online Store for India
Mozilla Fixes Critical Bug in Firefox 10
AT&T Throttling Heaviest Data Users
US Air Force Plans to Use Tablets in Move to Paperless Cockpits
Iranian Government Blocking Encrypted Internet Traffic
Trojan Exploits Known Hole in Microsoft Office
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Plus Bangalore, San Francisco, Stuttgart, Boston, and Abu Dhabi all in the next 90 days. For a list of all upcoming events, on-line and live: https://www.sans.org/index.php
NSA's Application Whitelisting Breakthrough (February 10, 2012)
The National Security Agency (NSA) has developed an approach to application whitelisting that consumes considerably fewer resources to deploy than standard whitelisting techniques. Instead of purchasing expensive software and employing people to update whitelists, the NSA's approach focuses on specific areas of computers where downloaded applications are permitted to execute.
-http://gcn.com/articles/2012/02/13/nsa-whitelisting-apps-secure-systems.aspx
[Editors' Note (Ullrich, Paller): Application whitelisting still hasn't reached the mainstream adoption it deserves. If you thought it was too hard to implement because of false positives, consider this as a wake up call that (you have no idea what's running on your systems, and) you can stop rogue software and cost-effectively. Yes it has weaknesses (like in-memory scanning), but they are dwarfed by the benefits. Now someone please come up with a good whitelisting solution for OS X. ]
Senate Cyber Security Bill to be Introduced This Week (February 9 & 13, 2012)
A bill scheduled to be introduced in the US Senate on Tuesday, February 14, would grant the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) the authority to strengthen security standards for privately owned network that support the country's critical infrastructure. The bill would also allow companies from various economic sectors to appeal the need to comply with certain regulations. A hearing on the bill is scheduled for Thursday, February 16.
-http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/210349-senate-cybersecurity-
bill-would-let-firms-appeal-regulations
-http://www.federaltimes.com/article/20120209/IT01/202090309/1015/CONGRESS02
Valve Says Encrypted Customer Payment Data Were Likely Stolen (February 13, 2012)
Valve says that hackers have likely stolen encrypted payment information, including credit card numbers, belonging to users of the Steam online game distribution platform. The data theft occurred during an intrusion last year; the information was taken from a backup database. Valve acknowledged the intrusion in November 2011, and said at the time that there was no evidence of the payment card data having been taken. Valve notified Steam users of the situation by email before sending official breach notification letters. An investigation is ongoing, but UK authorities have a man in custody who claimed he had downloaded Steam usernames, passwords, and credit card information.
-http://www.csoonline.com/article/700059/hackers-probably-stole-steam-transaction
-data-valve-says
TicketWeb System Hacked (February 13, 2012)
Ticketmaster has acknowledged that hackers accessed a computer system at its TicketWeb subsidiary. The attackers used the compromised system to send TicketWeb customers email messages that contained links to malicious sites. The messages told the recipients that they needed to download the newest version of Adobe Acrobat. The company says that no financial data were compromised in the attack.
-http://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/news/2152067/hackers-target-ticketweb-customers-email-
database-hack
-http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/security-threats/2012/02/13/hackers-compromise-ticke
tweb-email-system-40095026/
-http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/02/13/ticketweb_email_lists_hacked/
[Editor's Note (Murray): "Click here to download the latest version of Adobe Reader" is my favorite bait message. Putting it on Ticketmaster strikes a little too close to home.
(Ullrich): This one could have been worse, and the attackers didn't play this well. The phishing email they sent could have referred to a prior order with Ticketweb to trick users into giving up credit card details. Instead, the attacker went for a rather lame flash update ruse. ]
CIA Website Attacked with DDoS (February 13, 2012)
The website of the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) came under attack late last week, and appears to be continuing to experience intermittent connectivity issues as of Monday, February 13. Anonymous initially claimed responsibility for the distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack, but later communications claimed, "If we report a hack or DDoS attack, it doesn't necessarily mean we did it."
Google Blocking Use of Pre-Paid Cards With Google Wallet Until Flaw Addressed (February 13, 2012)
Google has temporarily blocked the use of pre-paid cards through Google Wallet while it addresses a pair of flaws that could be exploited to steal funds from users' accounts. Until the problems are addressed, users will not be able to add money to their Google wallet accounts with pre-paid cards. The attacks, which have been released in the wild, can crack users' PINs.
-http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-57376429-83/google-wallet-disables-prepaid-card
-use-following-latest-hacks/
-http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/02/13/google_wallet_lock/
-http://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/news/2152199/google-moves-calm-fears-wallet-attacks
Hackers Steal Data From Microsoft's Online Store for India (February 13, 2012)
Microsoft's online store that serves customers in India has fallen prey to hackers. Microsoft's Store India has been taken offline while the problem is addressed. The attackers accessed the store's customer database. Someone connected with the group claiming responsibility for the attack said that they found unencrypted data on the site. The compromised information includes usernames and passwords. The information could be used to launch spear phishing attacks.
-http://content.usatoday.com/communities/technologylive/post/2012/02/hackers-brea
ch-database-of-microsofts-india-store/1
-http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-57376462-83/microsoft-online-customer-accounts-
hacked-in-india/
Mozilla Fixes Critical Bug in Firefox 10 (February 13, 2012)
Mozilla has pushed out a fix for a critical flaw in Firefox 10, just a week after the newest version of the browser was released. Firefox 10.0.1 fixes a vulnerability that could be exploited to crash the browser. Firefox 10 shipped on January 31; the update was pushed out on February 7. At the same time, Mozilla updated other products to address the same issue, releasing Firefox ESR 10.0.1, Thunderbird 10.0.1, Thunderbird ESR 10.0.1, and SeaMonkey 2.7.1
-http://www.h-online.com/security/news/item/Mozilla-closes-critical-security-hole
-in-Firefox-Thunderbird-and-Seamonkey-1433248.html
-http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9224192/Mozilla_patches_critical_Firefox_
bug?taxonomyId=85
AT&T Throttling Heaviest Data Users (February 13, 2012)
AT&T has begun cracking down on customers who are among the heaviest cellular data users by throttling their data speeds. The move is part of the company's new plan to manage network data usage. AT&T stopped selling unlimited data plans in 2010, but there are still 17 million customers who have plans that predate the change. The company warned users last year that the plan would be put in place.
-http://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/AT-T-customers-surprised-by-unlimited-data
-limit-3308535.php
US Air Force Plans to Use Tablets in Move to Paperless Cockpits (February 10, 2012)
The US Air Force is considering buying iPads or other similar devices for flight crew members. The tablets would be used to replace the bulky cases loaded with paper charts and manuals used by pilots and navigators. The bags can weigh as much as 40 pounds. The US Department of Defense's Air Mobility Command updates flight charts every 28 days. Some commercial airlines have already obtained Federal Aviation Administration approval to use iPads in their cockpits.
-http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-us-air-force-18000-ipads-201
20210,0,8910.story
-http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2012-02/air-force-buying-ipads-replace-
flight-bags
Iranian Government Blocking Encrypted Internet Traffic (February 9 & 10, 2012)
There are reports that the Iranian government has begun blocking encrypted Internet traffic. According to a post by an Iranian resident, the "government has shut down the https protocol." Another post said that "SSH has been disabled for a few months," and computer users in Iran are reporting seeing error messages that read, "According to computer crime regulations, access to this web site is denied."
-http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2012/02/iran-reportedly-blocking-encrypt
ed-internet-traffic.ars
-http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/iran-begins-blocking-access-to
-gmail-other-sites/2012/02/09/gIQAlZ0i1Q_blog.html
[Editor's Note (Murray): I think that is called cutting off one's nose to spite one's face. By the time that they have blocked the "low hanging fruit" they will have broken the WWW but the traffic that really offends them will continue. ]
Trojan Exploits Known Hole in Microsoft Office (February 9, 2012)
A Trojan horse program detected by Symantec researchers exploits a known vulnerability in Microsoft Office to infect computers. The malware has been detected in the wild and is being used in targeted attacks. The attack uses email messages with attachments that contain a Microsoft Word file with an embedded ActiveX control and an accompanying DLL file. Microsoft issued a fix for the flaw in September 2011, in bulletin MS11-073.
-http://www.scmagazine.com/trojan-appears-that-leverages-patched-microsoft-office
-flaw/article/227196/
"It has really been an eye opener concerning the depth of security training and awareness that SANS has to offer."
- Michael Hall, Drivesavers