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Odrysian
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Union of Thracian tribes and kingdoms (5th century BC to 1st century AD)
Odrysian Kingdom
c. 480 BC-30 BC
Labrys[a]
The Odrysian kingdom during its peak under king Sitalces
Seuthopolis
(c. 330-250 BC)
Common languages
Greek (writing, trade, administration)
Thracian polytheism
o Foundation
c. 480 BC
o Conquest by Philip II of Macedon
o Foundation of Seuthopolis
o Conquest of Odrysian heartlands by the Sapaeans
Preceded by Succeeded by
Prehistoric Balkans
Kingdom of Macedon
Getae
Thracian kingdom (Roman vassal state)
Today part of
The Odrysian Kingdom (; Ancient Greek: ?; Latin: Regnum Odrysium) was a Thracian kingdom that existed from the early 5th century BC at least until the 3rd century. It consisted mainly of present-day Bulgaria, spreading to parts of Southeastern Romania (Northern Dobruja), parts of Northern Greece and parts of modern-day European Turkey. Dominated by the eponymous Odrysian people, it was the largest and most powerful Thracian state. Before the late 4th century it had probably no fixed capital, as the kings may have preferred to have moved between residences.[2] The main royal residence was the city of Odryssa (assumed to be modern Plovdiv).[3]
The Odrysian kingdom was founded by king Teres I, exploiting the collapse of the Persian presence in Europe due to failed invasion of Greece in 480-79. Teres and his son Sitalces pursued a policy of expansion, making the Odrysian kingdom the largest state in the eastern Balkans. Throughout much of its early history it remained an ally of Athens and even joined the Peloponnesian War on its side. By 400 the state showed first signs of fatigue, although the skilled Cotys I initiated a brief renaissance that lasted until his murder in 360.
Afterwards the kingdom disintegrated: southern and central Thrace were divided among three Odrysian kings, while the northeast came under the dominion of the kingdom of the Getae. The three Odrysian kingdoms were eventually conquered by the rising kingdom of Macedon under Philip II in 340. A much smaller Odrysian state was revived in around 330 by Seuthes III, who founded a new capital named Seuthopolis that functioned until the second quarter of the 3rd century BC. After that there is little conclusive evidence for the persistence of an Odrysian state, although the Odrysian tribe continued to exist. Their heartland was eventually annexed by the Sapaean kingdom in the late 1st century BC, which was converted into a Roman province in 46 AD.
The Odrysians
Greek vase painting showing a Thracian woman with tattooed arms, c. 470 BC
The Odrysians (Odrysae or Odrusai, Ancient Greek) were one of the most powerful Thracian tribes that dwelled in the plain of the Hebrus river.[4] This would place the tribe in the modern border area between Southeastern Bulgaria, Northeastern Greece and European Turkey, centered around the city of Plovdiv[5] or Edirne.[6][7] The river Artescus[8] passed through their land as well. Xenophon[9] writes that the Odrysians held horse races and drank large amounts of wine after the burial of their dead warriors. Thucydides writes on their custom, practised by most Thracians, of giving gifts for getting things done,[10] which was refuted by Heraclides. Herodotus was the first writer to mention the Odrysae.
Thrace in the late iron age
Since the Thracians had no literature of their own one is forced to reconstruct the history of the region with archaeological and numismatic evidence as well as accounts of Greek historians.[11] In the late 6th century Athenian settlers interacted with a "king of Thrace" (and possible predecessor of the Odrysian kings?) residing north of the Gallipoli peninsula.[12]
Persian Thrace
A man from "Skudra" in a pose of submission as depicted on a royal Persian tomb in Naqsh-e Rostam, c. 480 BC. "Skudra" is traditionally identified with Thrace, although this is not undisputed.[13]
In around 513 BC, an army of the mighty Persian dynasty of the Achaemenids crossed the Bosphorus, after already having subdued the Thracians of Bithynia thirty years earlier. King Darius I' goal was a punitive expedition against the Scythians at the northern shores of the Black Sea. Most eastern Thracian tribes submitted peacefully, except of the Getai, who were defeated. More expeditions under the generals Megabazus and Mardonius as well as king Xerxes I followed, even though they only managed to secure the Aeagean coast.[14]
It seems most likey that the Achaemenids did not establish a satrapy (provincial administration) in Thrace,[13][15] even though the historian Herodotus claimed that the subdued regions had to pay taxes. As a matter of fact, there is no evidence for important administrative centers. Instead, Persian authority was merely exersiced through a couple of garrisoned forts, most importantly those of Doriskos and Eion.[13] Hence, the vast majority of Thrace remained unaffected by the Persian presence.[15] After the failed invasion of Greece in 480-79, the Persian foothold in Europe collapsed. By around 450, Persian authority in Europe, including Thrace, had vanished entirely.[16]
Foundation and early years (c. 480-431 BC)
Early tribal kingdom
Although the Persian presence in Thrace was short-lived, it probably stimulated trade and first state formations among the Thracians. Mintings of Thracian coins started around 500 and may be an indicator for a variety of early tribal kingdoms. It has been suggested that the Odrysian kingdom might have had its origins in this period, even though the name of the Odrysians is notably absent from the numismatic evidence.[17] The Odrysians eventually stepped into the light of history in the aftermath of the Persian failure in Greece, when they were mentioned by Herodotus, but without any further details.[15] The Odrysians had their core territory in the valleys of the Maritsa river and its tributaries Tundzha and Arda.[18] Like other Thracian polities, the Odrysian tribal kingdom attempted to fill the vacuum left by the Persian retreat.[19]
Expansion under Teres I
The first known Odrysian king was the expansionist Teres I, who is claimed by Thucydides to have been the first Odrysian king altogether.[15] Writing in the late 5th century BC, he wrote that Teres "was the first powerful king of the Odrysae" and that he "was the first founder of the great Odrysian empire, which he extended over a large part of Thrace, although many of the Thracian tribes are still independent."[20] Said independent tribes consisted of Thracians living along parts of the Aegean coast[21] and in parts of the Rhodope mountains and as well as the powerful[22]Triballi around the Balkan mountains.[23]
Teres most likely came to dominate central Thrace soon after 480 BC. Building his realm on a priviliged warrior aristocracy, he and his son Sitalces expanded the realm from the Danube in the north to the outskirts of Abdera at the Aegean Sea. He also expanded to eastern Thrace, although he suffered a setback at the hands of the Thynoi. In the north-east, he cemented the position of his realm by allying himself with the kingdom of Scythia under king Ariapeithes, who married Teres' daughter.[24] In conclusion, the Odrysians were the first to superseed the Thracian tribal system and establish a large state in the eastern Balkans.[25]
A typical Odrysian elite tomb: the Zhaba Mogila tumulus near Strelcha, 5th-4th centuries BC
Gold funeral mask from the Svetitsa tumulus near Shipka, second half of the 5th century BC
Around the middle of the 5th century, when Sitalces had not yet succeeded his father,[26] the Odrysians intervened in a Scythian civil war, seemingly on the side of the dethroned king Scylas against Octamasadas, who was a son of Ariapeithes and Teres' sister. When the two armies met at the Danube, however, Sitalces simply agreed to hand over Scylas (who was killed on the spot) for an unnamed brother of his who resided among the Scythians.[27] Another important event may have happened further east, in the Bosporan Kingdom, when a Thracian named Spartokos seized power in around 438. It is not unlikely that he was of Odrysian descent and that his takeover was instigated by the Odrysian royal house, although this must remain speculation.[28]
The early Odrysian elite in archaeology
Archaeological evidence confirms that by the middle of the 5th century, a new and powerful elite had emerged that accumalted a wealth of precious artifacts of both local and regional origin.[24] Burial practices were changing after the Persian withdrawal and a new type of elite burial emerged in central Thrace[29] in the form of tombs with ashlar masonry, sometimes with stone sarcophagi.[30] The tomb of Rouets from the late 5th century even contained traces of wall paintings.[31] The earliest of these new elite tombs can be found in the necropolis of Duvanli, with the oldest tombs dating to the mid-5th century.[32] Their inventory is exceptional not only by contemporary Thracian, but even Mediterranean standards.[33] According to the archaeologist Tonkova they contained "splendid sets of head and body ornaments, consisting of numerous hoop or boat-shaped earrings, pendants for earrings, a necklace, a torque, bracelets, finger-rings, chains with pendants and fibulae, and pectorals."[32] Most Thracian elite tombs have been identified as warrior burials as they contained weapons and gold pectorals. Two burials from Svetitsa (second half of the 5th century BC) and Dalakova (early 4th century BC) also contained finely crafted and rather impressive gold funeral masks.[32]
The Odrysians and the Peleponnesian war (431-404 BC)
Sitalces and his alliance with Athens
Teres, who is claimed to have lived 92 years, had died by the outbreak of the Peloponnesian war in 431. His successor was his son Sitacles, whose reign is mostly known thanks to the account of Thucydides.[18] Before the war he is known to have campaigned against the Paeonians in the west, subjugating some of the tribes living along the upper reaches of the Struma river.[34] Now, his influence extended over much of Bulgaria, Greek and Turkish Thrace and also parts of southeastern Romania: from the Struma and Iskar rivers in the west to the Black and Marmara Seas in the east as well as the Balkan Mountains and the mouth of the Danube (which was ruled by the tributary Getae) in the north.[35][36] According to Thucydides, the Odrysian state was "very powerful, and in revenue and general prosperity exceeded all the nations of Europe which lie between the Ionian Sea and the Euxine."[37]
In the south, much of coastal Thrace had passed under the rule of Athens, making them direct neighbours of the Odrysians.[38] The Athenians had already taken some interest in the Thracian interior before 431, but it was in said year when they concluded an alliance with Sitalces against Perdiccas II of Macedon in the west.[39] This pact was cemented by a dynastic marriage, as Sitalces would marry the sister of the Athenian ambassador, Nymphodoros of Abdera. Sitalces' son Sadokos was sent to Athens and was granted the Athenian citizenship.[36] Sitalces, apparently an experienced leader with political acumen,[40] would prove his commitment to the alliance in the next year, when he arrested a Peloponnesian embassy that tried to persuade him to join the Spartan side and handed it over to Athens.[36]
Greek vase painting showing Orpheus singing for two Thracian warriors, c. 430 BC
At the turn of the year 428, Sitalces raised a massive, multi-ethnic army to march against Macedon and insurgents on the Chalkidiki peninsula. His army consisted of a variety of Thracians (some, like those of the Rhodope Mountains were independent, but joined nonetheless), Getae and some Paeonians.[36] In total, this army was claimed to have numbered 150.000 men. While this number is probably inflated, there is still little reason to doubt that Sitalces' force was very large, even though most of these men were not professionals, but mere levies.[41] While Sitalces managed to subjugate some of the Thracian tribes of the lower Struma his invasion of eastern Macedon and the Chalkidiki was less successful, as his opponents avoided open combat and simply hid behind their walls. The Odrysian army had not the means to storm them, plus winter was approaching and food supplies were running out. Furthermore, the Athenian force that was promised to them never arrived, perhaps because Athens feared the might of the unleashed Thracian kingdom. After failed negotiations with Perdiccas II Sitalces reteated back home.[42] Thus, after only 30 days the Odrysian invasion had come to an end.[36]
Seuthes I
Sitalces was succeeded in 424 by his nephew Seuthes I after the former was killed while campaigning against the Triballi,[43] who resided north of the western Balkan Mountains.[44] Throughout his reign, the Odrysians did not inteverne in coastal Thrace, which had now become a contested battlefield between Athens and Sparta.[45] Athens for its part began to make heavy use of Thracian mercenaries acting as light skirmishers, the peltasts. Due to their success the Greeks soon began to raise peltast units of their own. Still, the Athenians eventually lost the Peleponnesian war and, for a few years at least, much of their influence in the northern Aegean.[46] Seuthes I was eventually succeeded by Amadocus I, also known as Medokos, in around 410[47] or 405 BC.[45]
First signs of decay and brief revival under Cotys I (404-360 BC)
The civil wars between Amadocus I and Seuthes II
Thraco-Phrygian bronze helmet with silver appliques. Pletena, first half of the 4th century BC
By the turn of the 4th century the Odrysian kingdom showed its tendecy towards fragmentation. Two rulers are known by 405: Amadocus I and Seuthes II.[48] The historian Diodorus Siculus even called both of them "kings of the Thracians", although this is most likely a misunderstanding: by 405 Seuthes II still considered Amadocus I as his suzerein.[49] Amadocus was the son of the previous king Seuthes I, while Seuthes II was the son of a Thracian chieftain named Maisades. Maisades was a descendant of king Teres, making Seuthes II and Amadocus I distant relatives. There was also an autonomous Odrysian prince in the western hinterlands of Byzantium named Teres.[47]
Initially raised at the court of Amadocus, Seuthes was sent to eastern Thrace several years before 405. By 405 he had managed to consolidate his position[50] over a realm stretching from Apollonia Pontica over the Strandzha to parts of the northern Marmara coast. In 400 BC he hired Greek mercenaries under Xenophon to expand his dominion at the cost of Teres and other rebels, forcing them to reaknowledge the authority of Amadocus.[51] Due to lacking funds they left his service already after two months. Seuthes II eventually rose against Amadocus, although little is known about this insurrection. In 389 the Athenian general Thrasybulus mediated between the two parties, resulting in Seuthes II, whom Xenophon called "ruler of the coast region", recognizing Amadocus' authority again.[52]
Amadocus, who had defied Seuthes' inscurrection probably due to his own popularity, died soon after 389.[53] His successor was Hebryzelmis, about whom very little is known, but who, like Amadocus, sought the good will of Athens. Seuthes II on the other hand allied with Sparta.[54] An Athenian inscription from the year 386/5[54] confirms that Hebryzelmis sent a delegation to Athens to legitimize his rule and/or gain an ally against Seuthes. However, the Athenians had little interest in another war in the region and thus limited themselves to kind words.[55] Meanwhile, Seuthes had risen yet again against the crown. This second war went badly, as he seemingly lost all of his domains before reconquering them thanks to a mercenary army led by Iphicrates. Iphicrates subsequently married the daughter of Seuthes' son, Cotys I.[54]
Renaissance under Cotys I
Silver coin of Cotys I, 383-360/59 BC
Cotys I succeeded Seuthes II in 383. The historian Michael Zahrnt described Cotys as "the right man to strengthen the run-down Odrysian realm, vigorous, and an artful diplomat [...]."[54] Indeed, it was under him that the kingdom reached its greatest might and became a considerable political factor in the nascent Hellenistic world. He was also the only Odrysian king whose character was excessively discussed by ancient scholars, although primarily in a rather unfavourable way.[56] While virtually nothing is known about the early years of his rule it is clear that he, together with his son-in-law Iphicrates, managed to conquer the domains of the deceased Hebryzelmis, thus uniting the Odrysian realm under his rule.[54] In 375 he faced an invasion of the Triballi, who devastated the western parts of the realm while marching towards Abdera at the coast.[57]
Cotys eventually set his eyes on the strategic Thracian Chersonese and the Hellespont, challenging the Athenian hegemony in the region.[58] The Athenians were more than ready to fight for the control of the Hellespont, as it was vital for Athens' grain supply from the northern Black Sea region.[59] An early invasion in 367 failed, but in 363/2 Cotys was more successful and repeatedly defeated several Athenian generals.[60] Thus, the Chersonese and the Hellespont had come under direct Odrysian rule. This achievement, however, proved shortlived:[58] much to Athens relief, Cotys I was eventually murdered in 360/59.[60]
Disintegration and conquest by Macedon (360-340 BC)
The three kingdoms
The peace treaty between Athens and the three Odrysian kings Cersebleptes, Amadocus and Berisades as recorded in a Greek inscription from Athens, 357/6 BC
The death of Cotys, almost contemporary to the coronation of the talented Philip II of Macedon, marked the beginning of the kingdom's downfall. The Odrysian state was divided among three competing kings: Cersebleptes, the son of Cotys, ruled the eastern parts beyond the lower Maritsa and Tundzha; Amadocus II, perhaps a son of Amadocus I,[61] ruled central Thrace between Maroneia and the Meritsa; Berisades controlled the western part from Maroneia in the east to the Struma in the west.[62][b]
Cersebleptes was the most ambitious of the three. He continued his father's war against Athens for the Chersonese, while also striving to reunite the Odrysian kingdom. His attempts proved futile, for Amadocus II and Berisades, who received support from Athens, resisted his attacks. In 357 he was forced to accept a peace treaty that sealed the division of the Odrysian state.[63] An inscription from Athens describes said treaty. First, Cersebleptes had to cease his hostilities in the Cheresonese. Second, all three kings and Athens agreed to share their tributes received from the Greek colonies along the Aegean and the Hellespont. Third, the kings promised to enter an alliance with Athens and both sides had to provide eachother with military support if tributary Greek colonies revolted. Cersebleptes, however, soon quit that treaty and continued his war in the Chersonese.[64]
Conquest by Philip II
Roman medallion of Philip II
As early as 359, the year of his coronation, Philip II of Macedon I contacted a "Thracian king" to persuade him to not harbour a Macedonian pretender to the thone. This king is probably to be identified with the western Odrysian king Berisades.[64] A year later he unified Macedon and subjugated the Paeonians to the northeast.[65] In these early years he did not bother much with Thrace yet, as he regarded the infighting Odrysian kingdoms as no threat for his rule.[62] A first push into the kingdom of Berisades and his successor Cetriporis occurred in 357/6, when he conquered Amphipolis and Crenides.[63] The latter was made into a garrison town called Philippi that was to serve as a launch pad for future invasions into the interior.[66] Cetriporis allied himself with the kings of Paeonia and Illyria, but Philip II defeated them one by one.[63] Cetriporis was allowed to keep his kingdom, at least for a few more years.[64]
Cersebleptes continued his attempts to unite the Odrysian kingdoms:[67] in 353/4 he and Philip discussed the invasion of the kingdom of Amadocus II and the Athenian domains in Thrace,[63] while around a year later he marched against the kingdom of Cetriporis.[68] Meanwhile, Athens feared a possiblle alliance between Philip and Cersebleptes and decided to make an example by conquering the town of Sestos and eradicating its population. Intimidated, Cersebleptes renounced his claims on much of the Chersonese and allied with Athens. This was unacceptable for Philip, who allied with Amadocus II and marched against Cersebleptes.[69] After besieging him in his residence in Heraion Teichos in 351, he forced the Thracian king to surrender and took his son as a hostage.[59] Around this time, Philip also abolished Cetriporis' kingdom[70] and deposed Amadocus II in favour of Teres II.[71]
The remains of ancient Cabyle in eastern Bulgaria, (re-)founded by Philip II during the final stages of the Odrysian war in 341 or 340 BC[72]
After these events, the Thracian front remained peaceful until 347 or early 346, when the Athenians again attempted to strengthen their presence in Thrace, which they probably did at the request of Cersebleptes. Macedon expelled the Athenian garrisons and defeated the Odrysians, preventing yet again a Thraco-Athenian alliance against him.[72] As a result of this campaign[73] Philip also put the Aeagean coast as far east as Acontisma (not the banks of the Nestos river as often assumed) under direct Macedonian administration.[66]
A few years later Cersebleptes allied with Teres II and invaded the Chersonese, which was now under Macedon's protection.[74] After asking the Persian king Artaxerxes III to cut the support of the Ionian towns for Cersebleptes,[75] Philip finally felt confident enough to begin his most ambitious project so far: the conquest of inland Thrace in the form of a large campaign that would last from 342 to 340.[72][76] Few details are known about this campaign.[72] It seems to have started in May or June, when Philip's army pentetrated the interior by marching upstream the Martisa river. The Odrysians resisted valiantly and confronted the Macedonians in many battles.[75] Philip faced several setbacks and even seems to have lost at least one battle. By the spring of 341, fighting was still raging and Philip was forced to call in reinforcements. Although detailed evidence is lacking he finally managed to improve his situation and defeated Cersebleptes and Teres at some point between the second half of 341 and the first half of 340.[72]
Rise of the Getic kingdom
A horseman on a Getic silver helmet from Agighiol, 4th century BC
The Getae, a northern Thracian people[77][78][79] located between the northeastern foothills of the Balkan mountain range and the lower Danube and the Black Sea, had been part of the Odrysian realm since Teres I, even though it is not clear how tightly they were actually incorporated into the state. When and how the Getae became independent is not discussed in the available sources.[80] Perhaps they became independent during the rule of Cotys I[81] or after his death in 360.[21] Rich funeral treasures from the second half of the 4th century, like those of Agighiol, Peretu or Borovo, attest to the increasing wealth of the Getic elite.[21] Several artefacts seem to have originated in the Odrysian kingdom and may well have been prestige gifts.[81]
By the middle of the 4th century there existed a Getic kingdom that was to thrive for a century.[82] The Getic capital was Helis, which has been identified with the archaeological site of Sboryanovo, which was founded in the 330's[83] or early 320's[21] and housed around 10.000 inhabitants.[84] It seems that the Getae also became active in Muntenia north of the Danube,[85][86] a region that would come to constitute a part of the "Dacia" of imperial Roman historiography.[87] The first Getic king to appear in the sources was Cothelas, who married his daughter Meda to Philip II,[21] thus concluding an alliance between the two states.[88] This probably happened during[89] or shortly after Philip's conquest of the Odrysians.[90] The kingdom survived two wars with Lysimachus[91] and the Celtic invasion in around 280, but eventually disintegrated a few decades later.[92] Helis/Sboryanovo was completely destroyed by an earthquake in the middle of the 3rd century.[84]
The rebellion of Seuthes and the kingdom of Seuthopolis (c. 330-second quarter of the 3rd century BC)
Macedonian Thrace
Southern Thrace as part of Philip's II empire
The conquest of the Odrysian kingdoms doubled the size of the domains ruled by Philip II,[90] even though inland Thrace was not transformed into a Macedonian province, but was put under the loose control of a Strategos. Local Thracian rulers who seemed trustworthy were allowed to rule on Macedonian behalf, granted that they would pay a tithe and provide troops.[93] Such troops, generally called "Thracians" or "Odrysians", participated in the Macedonian conquest of Persia under Philip's successor Alexander the Great[94] and were probably commanded by Odrysian noblemen.[95] Philip founded several towns in Thrace to ease Macedonian rule, most prominently Cabyle or Philippopolis.[96] The situation south of the Balkan Mountains remained largely stable for the next few years,[97] albeit even here, Macedon never managed to impose its rule over all Thracian tribes.[94] Macedon's rule was precarious and a potential Odrysian upstarter could count on the support of much of the disgruntled population.[98]
Seuthes III and the Odrysian revival
Left: Bust of Seuthes III, Kazanlak Right: Bust of Lysimachus, Ephesos
With Alexander's absence in Asia, the Strategoi of Thrace engaged in rebellions and failed expeditions against the Getae, greatly unsettling the country in the process.[99] At the end of the 330's or in the mid-320's (the dating is not entirely clear), a certain Seuthes, later known as Seuthes III, instigated a Thracian rebellion.[100] He seems to have been an Odrysian[101] and may have been associated with the royal house of Cersebleptes, although his social background must remain speculation.[102][103]
After Alexander's death in 323, one of his bodyguards named Lysimachus was appointed as the satrap of Thrace. Soon after his arrival he faced off with Seuthes, who had rallied much of Thrace around his banner.[104] Seuthes' goal seems to have been the revival of an independent Odrysian state.[105] A battle ensued between him and Lysimachus, which Lysimachus barely and by no means decisively won. Both sides prepared for a second conflict, but the primary source for this event, Diodorus Siculus, provides no details on its outcome.[106]
In any case, both parties eventually reached a settlement, restricting Seuthes to the interior and Lysimachus to the coastal regions of the Aegean and Black Sea.[104] There is no evidence for Lysimachus vassalizing Seuthes.[107] Thrace north of the Rhodopes probably remained outside of Lysimachus' reach,[108] as he may have regarded its pacification not worth the money and manpower.[107] In 313 Seuthes allied with revolting Greek towns on the western shore of the Black Sea, but Lysimachus defeated this alliance. It is possible that to guarantee the peace between the two opponents, Seuthes married a daughter of Lysimachus named Berenice. Afterwards, there is no evidence for another confrontation between the two.[109]
Coin of Seuthes III
Seuthes was keen to establish a Hellenistic kingdom,[110] although he avoided to label himself as king on his coins.[111] Perhaps already before his first confrontation with Lysimachus, Seuthes founded a town at the Tundzha river, near modern Kazanlak. He named it after himself: Seuthopolis.[112] The town was primarily based on contemporary Macedonian foundations and showed heavy Greek influences.[110][113] Seuthopolis probably acted as the capital of Seuthes' kingdom.[112] The size and power of this kingdom should not be overestimated, as its influence was most likely limited to the hinterland of Seuthopolis,[114][115] in particular the valley between the Rhodopes in the south to the Balkan Mountains in the north and the Stryama in the west to the upper Tundzha in the east.[116] Thus, his realm only covered the northwestern fringes of the former Odrysian empire.[101] Seuthes also only issued bronze coins, which were insufficient to challenge the Macedonian economic hegemony and its royal mintings in more precious metals.[117]
Fall of Seuthopolis
The Greek Seuthopolis inscription from the turn of the 3rd centuy. It mentions Berenice as the presumed widow of Seuthes III, their four sons and the king of Cabyle, Spartokos.
It is unknown when Seuthes III died, with estimations ranging from the end of the 4th century to the 280's.[118] Coins minted in his name include overstruck coins of Cassander (died 297) and Lysimachus (died 281), implying that his coins were produced until the early years of the 3rd century BC.[115] Seuthes was symbolically buried in the tumulus of Golyama Kosmatka, without his actual corpse.[119] It may well be that he had been killed in battle, perhaps fighting against Lysimachus[120] or with him as an ally.[121]
A long inscription from Seuthopolis attests to the decline of the fortunes of the town[122] and the trouble in Seuthes' household.[123] It mentions the wife of Seuthes, Berenice, and their four (probably underage) sons Hebryzelmis, Teres, Satocos and Satalas.[122] The document was issued in the name of Berenice and includes the phrase "when Seuthes was in good health", which implies that by the time of writing, he was either dead or dying[118] and that Berenice had taken the rule.[122] The inscription describes negotiations between Berenice and Spartokos, the ruler of Cabyle, a town once founded by Philip II.[114] Indeed, Cabyle had not remained a Macedonian fort for long, but began to mint coins[108] and developed into a city-state with considerable influence.[122] Although not mentioned in the Seuthopolis inscription and known only from a few coins and an inscription in a grave from Kazanlak, Seuthes seemed to have another son named Roigos, who eventually became king.[124] The fate of Seuthes' dynasty remains enigmatic.[111] Other Thracian monarchs recorded in sources from the 3rd century, like Cotys or Scostocus, can not be proved to have been Odrysian, even if they are often labelled as such by modern authors.[101]
Age of fragmentation (early 3rd century BC-1st century BC)
Later writers, royal coin issues, and inscriptions indicate the survival of this dynasty into the early 1st century AD, although its overt political influence declined progressively first under Persian, Macedonian and Roman encroachment. Despite their demise, the period of Odrysian rule was of decisive importance for the future character of Southeast Europe under the Roman Empire and beyond.
By 212 BC an army led by an Odrysian king Pleuratus destroyed the Celtic kingdom and its capital Tylis. The Odrysian kingdom had maintained continuity with its own kings, but had broken up into several kingdoms (including Canite and Odrissae) by the early second century BC. The kingdoms succumbed to complete Roman conquest by 146 BC.
In 100 BC a Thracian kingdom was restored, possibly by a son of Beithys, one of the last kings of the Odrissae. However, it is not clear if it was a vassal of Rome or entirely independent. Several years later, some Thracians and Celts overran the southern Balkans, Epirus, Dalmatia and northern Greece, and penetrated the Peloponnese.
A kingdom of another Odrysian bloodline had re-emerged in 55 BC (Sapei) and by 30 BC it conquered or otherwise controlled the other Odrysian kingdom (Antaea), although it, along with[clarification needed] other Thracian tribes, became a Roman proxy soon afterward. By 11 BC, the uncle of the Roman emperor Augustus was the Odrysian king, which led to the gradual Romanization of the region. The Odrysian king Rhoemetalces III was murdered by his co-ruler and wife Pythodoris II, and his kingdom was completely subjected to Roman rule in 46 AD.[125][126][127][128]
Ring from Ezerovo with a Thracian inscription in Greek letters, c. 400 BC
Odrysian crafts and metalworking were largely a product of Persian influence.[129][130]Thracians as Dacians and Illyrians all decorated themselves with status-enhancing tattoos.[131] Thracian warfare was affected also by Celts and the Triballi had adopted Celtic equipment. Thracian clothing is regarded for its quality and texture and was made up of hemp, flax or wool. Their clothing resembled that of the Scythians including jackets with coloured edges, pointed shoes and the Getai tribe were so similar to the Scythians that they were often confused with them. The nobility and some soldiers wore caps. There was a mutual influence between the Greeks and the Thracians.[132] Greek customs and fashions contributed to the recasting of east Balkan society. Among the nobility Greek fashions in dress, ornament and military equipment were popular.[133] Unlike the Greeks, the Thracians often wore trousers. Thracian kings were influenced by Hellenization.[134]Greek as a lingua franca had been spoken at least by some members of the royal household in the fifth century BC and became the language of administrators; the Greek alphabet was adopted as the new Thracian script.[135]
A golden wreath and ring from the burial of an Odrysian aristocrat at the Golyamata Mogila tumulus (mid-4th century BC
Residences and temples of the Odrysian kingdom have been found, particularly around Starosel in the Sredna Gora mountains.[136] Archaeologists have uncovered the northeastern wall of the Thracian kings' residence, 13 m in length and preserved up to 2 m in height.[137] They also found the names of Cleobulus and Anaxandros, Philip II of Macedon's generals who led the assault on the Odrysian kingdom.[137]
List of Odrysian kings
The list below includes the known Odrysian kings of Thrace, but much of it is conjectural. Various other Thracian kings (some of them perhaps Odrysian like Pleuratus) are included as well.[138] Odrysian kings, though called Kings of Thrace, never exercised sovereignty over all of Thrace.[139] Control varied according to tribal relationships.[140] Odrysian kings (names are presented in Greek or Latin forms):
Teres I, son of Odryses, (480[138]/450-430 BC[125])
Sparatocos, brother or son of Teres I (450 / 431-430 BC)
Sitalces, son of Teres I (431-424 BC)
Sadocos, son of Sitalces (425-424 BC)
Seuthes I, nephew/son of Sparatocos (424-396 BC)
Metokos/Amatokos I, son of Sitalces
Amadocus I, son of Teres I or Metokos (410-390 BC)[141]
Seuthes II, son of Maisades, Sparatokos, or grandson of Teres I, king in southern districts (405-391 BC)
Hebryzelmis, son of Seuthes I or brother (390-384 BC)
Maisades, father of Seuthes II (390-384 BC)
Cotys I, son of Seuthes II (384-359 BC)
Cersobleptes, son of Cotys I, king in eastern Thrace (359-341 BC)
Berisades, probable brother of Cersobleptes or a grandson of Seuthes I, king in western Thrace in Strimos (359-352 BC)
Amatokos II, brother of Cersobleptes, king in central Thrace in Chersonese & Maroneia (359-351 BC)
Cetriporis, son of Berisades, king in western Thrace in Strimos (358-347 BC)
Skostodokos, son of Berisades, king in western Thrace in Strimos (c. 351 BC)
Teres II, son of Amatokos II, king in central Thrace in Chersonese & Maroneia (351-342 BC)
Seuthes III, son of Cotys I (341-300 BC)
Cotys II, son of Seuthes III (300-280 BC)
Raizdos/Roigos, son of Cotys II (c. 280 BC)
Odoroes, alternative co-ruler (c. 280-273 BC)
Adaeus, alternative co-ruler (c. 280-273 BC)
Scostodos, son of Berisades, alternative co-ruler (c. 275 BC)
Orsoaltios, alternative co-ruler (c. 265 BC)
Kersivaulos, alternative co-ruler (c. 260 BC)
Cotys III, son of Raizdos (c. 260 BC)
Teres III, (c. 250 BC)
Rhescuporis I, son of Cotys III (240-215 BC)
Adaios, alternative co-ruler (c. 235 BC)
Seuthes IV, son of Rhescuporis I or of Teres III (213/215 - 190/175 BC)
Pleuratus,[142]alternative co-ruler (213-208 BC)
Ciroadas (c. 212-205 BC)
Amatokos III (until 184 BC)
Abrupolis, Sapei king (200-172 BC)
Teres IV, son of Amatokos III, or of Seuthes III (183-172 BC)
Teres V (172-148 BC)
Cotys IV, son of Seuthes IV (180/170 - 168/160 BC)
Diagil / Diygyles / Diygyles / Diegylos / Dyegilos / Diagylis / Tsizelmi (168/150 - 140 BC or 180 BC)
Biz / Byzas / Byses / Beithys / Tsizelmi (168/166 BC or 148/146 BC or 180 BC)
Sothimes (c. 163 BC)
Teres VI (c. 149 BC)
Amatokos IV, rebel (80-90 BC)
Odrysian treasures
Panagyurishte Treasure
Rogozen Treasure
Sinemorets Gold figurines
Vazovo Thracian Pegasus
Letnitsa treasure
Lukovit Treasure
Bronze Head probably of Seuthes III found in Golyamata Kosmatka
King Cotys I's Borovo Treasure
Thracians
List of Thracian tribes
Thracian language
Thracian mythology
Thracian kings
^ "In Hellenistic Thrace, the double axe was an attribute of Zalmoxis, the god of thunder. It is also depicted on coins of Thrace as the symbol of the kings of the Odrysae, who considered Zalmoxis the ancestor and protector of the royal house."[1]
^ The historian Peter Delev is less explicit while describing the realms of Amadocus II and Berisades: "Amadocus, probably a son of Medocus the Odrysian king in Xenophon's Anabasis, took the mountainous hinterland of Maroneia; while one Berisades established himself in the area around the lower Nestos. It remains unknown who of the three new kings took the rich inland plain of the Upper Hebros."[63]
^ Kouremenos 2016, p. 46.
^ Borza, Eugene (1992). In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00880-9.
^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898),"(Odrusai). The most powerful people in Thrace, dwelling in the plain of the Hebrus, whose king, Sitalces, in the time of the Peloponnesian War, exercised dominion over almost the whole of Thrace. (See Thracia.) The poets often use the adjective Odrysius in the general sense of Thracicus."
^ John Boardman; I. E. S. Edwards; E. Sollberger; N. G. L. Hammond (1992). The Cambridge Ancient History. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 605. ISBN 978-0-521-22717-9.
^ The Thracians 700 BC-AD 46 (Men-at-Arms) by Christopher Webber and Angus McBride,2001, ISBN 1-84176-329-2, page 5
^ Herodotus, The Histories (ed. A. D. Godley),4.92.1,"XCII. From there, Darius set out and came to another river called Artescus, which flows through the country of the Odrysae; and having reached this river, he pointed out a spot to the army, and told every man to lay one stone as he passed in this spot that he pointed out. After his army did this, he led it away, leaving behind there great piles of stones."
^ Xenophon, Hellenica, 3.2.1, But when the Odrysians returned, they first buried their dead, drank a great deal of wine in their honour, and held a horse-race; and then, from that time on making common camp with the Greeks, they continued to plunder Bithynia and lay it waste with fire.
^ The History of the Peloponnesian War By Thucydides,"For there was here established a custom opposite to that prevailing in the Persian kingdom, namely, of taking rather than giving; more disgrace being attached to not giving when asked than to asking and being refused; and although this prevailed elsewhere in Thrace, it was practised most extensively among the powerful Odrysians, it being impossible to get anything done without a present".
^ Zahrnt 2015, p. 35.
^ Porozhanov 2009, pp. 129-134.
^ a b c Vassileva 2015, pp. 322-323.
^ Vassileva 2015, pp. 320-322.
^ a b c d Archibald 1998, p. 102.
^ Vassileva 2015, p. 324.
^ a b Zahrnt 2015, p. 40.
^ Thucydides 1881, 2.29.
^ a b c d e Stoyanov 2015a, p. 254.
^ Strobel 2019, p. 135.
^ Archibald 1998, p. 105, note 51.
^ a b Archibald 1998, pp. 102-103.
^ Archibald 1998, p. 3.
^ Archibald 1998, p. 103.
^ Braund 2015, p. 361.
^ Meyer 2013, p. 138.
^ a b c Tonkova 2015, p. 213.
^ Archibald 1998, pp. 107-112.
^ a b c d e Zahrnt 2015, p. 41.
^ Thucydides 1881, 2:97.
^ Zahrnt 2015, pp. 39-40.
^ Archibald 1998, Fig. 4.2..
^ Sears 2015, pp. 312-314.
^ a b Archibald 1998, p. 122.
^ Archibald 1998, pp. 122, 123.
^ Kellogg 2007, pp. 60-62.
^ Kotova 2014, pp. 39-40.
^ a b Kotova 2014, p. 39.
^ a b Worthington 2014, p. 57.
^ Delev 2015a, pp. 48-49.
^ a b c d e Delev 2015a, p. 49.
^ a b c Archibald 1998, p. 232.
^ Worthington 2014, pp. 38-39.
^ Worthington 2014, p. 56.
^ Jordanov 1995, p. 153.
^ a b Jordanov 1995, p. 169.
^ Strobel 2019, p. 132, note 6.
^ Delev 2000, p. 399.
^ Delev 2000, pp. 393-394.
^ Stoyanov 2015b, p. 430.
^ a b Stoyanov 2015a, p. 255.
^ Delev 2000, pp. 395-396, 399.
^ Strobel 2019, pp. 149-150.
^ Delev 2015b, p. 63.
^ Loukopoulou 2011, p. 469.
^ a b Delev 2015a, p. 52.
^ Delev 2015a, p. 51.
^ Lund 1992, pp. 19-20.
^ Lund 1992, p. 20.
^ a b c Delev 2018, p. 192.
^ a b Lund 1992, p. 27.
^ a b Loukopoulou 2011, p. 472.
^ a b Delev 2015, p. 54. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDelev2015 (help)
^ a b Lehmann 2016, p. 43.
^ Lehmann 2016, p. 41.
^ a b Tzochev 2016, p. 783.
^ a b c d Delev 2015b, p. 62.
^ Dana 2015, p. 250.
^ a b Thrace. The History Files.
^ Kessler, P L. "Kingdoms of Greece - Macedonians". www.historyfiles.co.uk.
^ Kessler, P L. "Kingdoms of Greece - Sapes (Thrace)". www.historyfiles.co.uk.
^ Bosworth (1988). Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great. Cambridge University Press. p. 12.
^ Olivier Henry. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 11 April 2016, p. 2006
^ Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume Three: Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies by Daskalov, BRILL, p. 92
^ The World of Tattoo: An Illustrated History by Maarten Hesselt van Dinter, 2007, page 25
^ The Thracians 700 BC-AD 46 (Men-at-Arms) by Christopher Webber and Angus McBride, 2001, ISBN 1-84176-329-2, page 18, 4
^ The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology) by Z. H. Archibald, 1998, ISBN 0-19-815047-4, page 5
^ The Peloponnesian War: A Military Study (Warfare and History) by J. F. Lazenby, 2003, page 224, "... number of strongholds, and he made himself useful fighting 'the Thracians without a king' on behalf of the more Hellenized Thracian kings and their Greek neighbours (Nepos, Alc. ...
^ The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology) by Z. H. Archibald, 1998, ISBN 0-19-815047-4 page 3
^ "Bulgarian Archaeologists Make Breakthrough in Ancient Thrace Tomb". Novinite. 11 March 2010. Retrieved 2010.
^ a b "Bulgarian Archaeologists Uncover Story of Ancient Thracians' War with Philip II of Macedon". Novinite.com (Sofia News Agency). 21 June 2011. Retrieved 2011.
^ a b "Welcome to the SiteMaker Transition Project - Sitemaker Replacement Project" (PDF). sitemaker.umich.edu. [permanent dead link]
^ The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology) by Z. H. Archibald,1998, ISBN 0-19-815047-4, page 105
^ Smith, William (1867). "Amadocus (I)". In William Smith. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology 1
^ The History Of Rome by Livy, 2004, ISBN 1-4191-6629-8, page 27: "... Pleuratus and Scerdilaedus might be included in the treaty. Attalus was king of Pergamum in Asia Minor; Pleuratus, king of the Thracians;
Archibald, Z. H. (1998). The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace. Orpheus Unmasked. Clarendon. ISBN 978-0198150473.
Archibald, Zosia (2010). "Macedonia and Thrace". In Roisman, Jospeh; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 326-341. ISBN 978-1405179362.
Braund, David (2015). "Thracians and Scythians. Tensions, Interactions and Osmosis". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Thrace. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 352-365. ISBN 978-1444351040.
Dana, Dan (2015). "Inscriptions". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Thrace. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 243-264. ISBN 978-1444351040.
Delev, P. (2000). "Lysimachus, the Getae, and Archaeology". The Classical Quarterly. Cambridge University. 50 (2): 384-401. doi:10.1093/cq/50.2.384. ISSN 1471-6844. JSTOR 1558897.
Delev, Peter (2015a). "Thrace from the Assassination of Kotys I to Koroupedion (360-281 BC)". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Thrace. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 48-58. ISBN 978-1444351040.
Delev, Peter (2015b). "From Koroupedion to the Beginning of the Third Mithridatic War (281-73 BCE)". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Thrace. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 59-74. ISBN 978-1444351040.
Delev, Peter (2018). "Did a "Late" Odrysian Kingdom ever exist?". Atephanos Archaeological ad 80 annum professoris Ludmili Getov. St. Kliment Ohridski University. pp. 191-196.
Jordanov, Kiril (1995). "The Wars of the Odrysian Kingdom against Philip II 352-339 BC" (PDF). Balcanica. Institute for Balkan Studies. XXVI: 153-173. ISSN 2406-0801.
Kellogg, Danielle (2007). "The Athenian Decree Honoring Hebryzelmis of Thrace Reconsidered". American Journal of Ancient History (New Series 3-4, 2004-2005). Gorgias: 58-71.
Kotova, Dobriela (2014). "The Personality of Kotys in the Ancient Literary Tradition". Orpheus. Journal of Indo-European and Thracian Studies. 21: 37-62. ISSN 0861-9387.
Kouremenos, Anna (2016). "The double axe () in Roman Crete and beyond: the iconography of a multi-faceted symbol". Roman Crete. New Perspectives. Oxbow Books. pp. 43-58. ISBN 978-1-78570-096-5.
Lehmann, Stephan (2016). "Seuthopolis. Der hellenisierte Herrscher Seuthes III. (ca. 330-295 v. Chr.) und seine Residenzstadt im bulgarischen Rosental". In Fikentscher, Rüdiger (ed.). Wohnkulturen in Europa. Mitteldeutscher Verlag. pp. 36-48. ISBN 978-3-95462-713-4.
Loukopoulou, L.D. (2011). "Macedonia in Thrace". In Fox, Robin J. Lane (ed.). Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon. Brill. pp. 467-476. ISBN 978-90-04-20923-7.
Lund, Helene S. (1992). Lysimachus. A Study in Early Hellenistic Kingship. Taylor&Francis Ltd. ISBN 978-0415070614.
Meyer, Casper (2013). Greco-Scythian Art and the Birth of Eurasia. From Classical Antiquity to Russian Modernity. Oxford University. ISBN 978-0199682331.
Miron, Isabela (2013). "Roman Rule in The Odrysian Kingdom". Danubius. Muzeului di Istori Galati. XXXI: 7-14. ISSN 1220-5052.
Porozhanov, Kalin (2009). "King of the Thracian. Olorus in south-eastern Thrace. A Predecessor of the Odrysian King Teres I (between 516/514 BC and the end of the 6th/the beginning of the 5th centuries BC)". In Zanoci, Aurel; Arn?ut, Tudor; B, Mihail (eds.). Studia Archeologiae et Historiae Antiquae. Universitatea de Stat din Moldova. pp. 129-134. ISBN 978-9975-80-239-0.
Sears, Matthew A. (2015). "Athens". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Thrace. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 308-319. ISBN 978-1444351040.
Stoyanov, Totko (2015a). "Un centre de pouvoir gète: Hélis-Sboryanovo". In Jean-Luc Martinez (ed.). L'épopée des rois thraces des guerres médiques aux invasions celtes 479-278 av. j. c. Découvertes archéologiques en bulgarie. pp. 254-255. ISBN 978-2757209325.
Stoyanov, Totko (2015b). "Warfare". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Thrace. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 426-442. ISBN 978-1444351040.
Strobel, Karl (2019). "Südosteuropa in der Zeit von Republik und Principat. Vorgeschichte, Etablierung und Konsolidierung römischer Herrschaft". In Mitthof, Fritz; Schreiner, Peter; Schmitt, Oliver Jens (eds.). Handbuch zur Geschichte Südosteuropas. Band 1. Herrschaft und Politik in Südosteuropa von der römischen Antike bis 1300. De Gruyter. pp. 131-266. ISBN 978-3-11-064342-8.
Thucydides (1881). History of the Peloponnesian War. Book 2. Clarendon.
Tonkova, Milena (2015). "Adornments". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Thrace. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 212-228. ISBN 978-1444351040.
Tsiafakis, Despoina (2015). "Thracian Tattoos". In Bamberger, Günter; Shapiro, Alan; Wascheck, Frank (eds.). Bodies in Transition. Dissolving the Boundaries of Embodied Knowledge. Wilhelm Fink. pp. 89-118. ISBN 9783770558087.
Tzochev, Chavdar (2016). "Accounts from the Treasury of Seuthes III. Inscribed Silver Plate Found in the Tomb of the Golyama Kosmatka Mound". Hesperia. The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 85, No. 4: 779-794. ISSN 1553-5622.
Webber, Christopher (2001). The Thracians. 700 BC - AD 46. Osprey. ISBN 9781841763293.
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Zahrnt, Michael (2015). "Early History of Thrace to the Murder of Kotys I (360 BCE)". In Valeva, Julia; Nankov, Emil; Graninger, Danver (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Thrace. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 35-47. ISBN 978-1444351040.
Coordinates: 41°58?48?N 25°42?36?E / 41.9800°N 25.7100°E / 41.9800; 25.7100


Vietnam is a country in Southeast Asia, bordering China to the north and Laos and Cambodia to the west.
When people think of visiting Vietnam probably the first question is: where to start? A very popular destination among backpackers, Vietnam nicely combines the east and the west, offering the visitor beautiful beaches, interesting historical sites and incredible landscape.
Here are a few of the cities and regions most people visit in Vietnam, and why they are so popular.
Vietnam's capital, Hanoi mixes the western and eastern cultures in a really interesting blend, which has attracted tourists for centuries. The capital is filled with historical landmarks. Don't miss visiting the Old Quarter and the near-by Hoan Kiem Lake. For a taste of the country's history visiting one of the numerous museums.
Officially named Ho Chi Minh City, Saigon is a very popular city among tourists. They all flock to the city center, where most of the city's landmarks are crammed: Chinese temples, museums, buildings dating from the French colonial era and markets. Visit the Tourist Information Center to get free maps and ideas to spend your perfect vacation in Saigon.
Phan Tiet is a small fishing village located on the central Vietnam coast, midway between Saigon and Nha Trang. Walking is the perfect way to explore downtown Phan Tiet. The Mui Ne Cape area is just as popular as the town itself. The resorts area is magnificent and you'll be pleasantly surprised not to see concrete hotels for miles. The best time to visit is between November and May.
Located in Northern Vietnam, Ha Long Bay (Halong Bay) is famous for its rock formations. Bay of Descending Dragons (as its name is literally translated) is located at 165 km /102.5 miles from Hanoi (3 and ½ hours drive). The best way to get to the bay is by renting a car, although there are bus services offered by travel agencies in Hanoi. The tourists have to purchase a ticket to get to the bay and then opt between two possible routes. The area is packet with hotels, restaurants and Halong Night Market.
Nha Trang is a coastal city on the south central coast of Vietnam. The city is particularly known for the pristine beaches and perfect scuba diving locations. It's a magnet for backpackers exploring Asia. The city is famous for its seafood cuisine, Tran Phu Street running along the seaside, the annual sailing boat racing from Hong Kong as well as for the beautiful beach resorts.


text:
Women Breaking the Mold 2021: Marissa Hann-Banks
Jordan Vitick
Special Projects Editor
Plastics News Staff
Marissa Hann-Banks was the first person in her family to graduate from college and began the process of looking for school loans as a teen.
"I knew education would be a stepping stone to my future, and I wanted to make it happen," she said.
Hann-Banks has a bachelor's degree in communications and public relations from Kutztown University of Pennsylvania.
She started as a conference coordinator with Applied Market Information LLC.
"At the time, I did not know much about plastics, but I was attracted to the industry due to the global footprint and opportunity to see the world," she said. "By working with a variety of plastics professionals, I recognized the diverse range of expertise and backgrounds that make this industry so special."
Hann-Banks is now sales leader for Morristown, Tenn.-based color and additive concentrates maker Colortech Inc. in Philadelphia.
Career highlights for Hann-Banks include traveling to Europe for the first time in her first plastics job, simultaneously managing the East Coast and West Coast in the titanium dioxide sales role, growing from corporate event planning to senior sales management within 10 years and joining the Colortech team in 2018. She is one of the first female sales leaders for the company.
"As a sales professional, we are known as being 'road warriors,' and I found a comfort level with meeting customers face to face for impactful meetings," she said. "During the pandemic, we've had to get creative with Zoom, digital networking events and phone calls. I've been pleasantly surprised by how much we can achieve without spending hours in airplanes and cars."
Hann-Banks said her greatest achievement is raising two children with her husband. Her greatest career achievement has been finding a role with Colortech that "makes me excited to work every day."
"The plastics industry impacts almost every aspect of our daily lives," Hann-Banks said. "From the moment we wake up in the morning until we end our day, we can guarantee plastics played a vital role in our activities."
Hann-Banks was nominated by Erin Norris, marketing specialist for Colortech.
Q: What is your current challenge at work?
Hann-Banks: Recently I was promoted to my first management role, and I'm always trying to learn how to be better for my team.
Q: What job do you really want to have in the future?
Hann-Banks: I'd love to continue on the sales leadership trajectory. I hope to grow a successful team that finds fulfillment in their roles while positively impacting our company.
Q: What advice would you give to a person considering a career in the plastics industry?
Hann-Banks: The sky is the limit! Find a niche that interests you. Work hard and network, and the opportunities are endless. Continue to expand your knowledge and contacts by attending industry events, continue your education and find webinars to stay current on the market trends.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Do you have a lot of old photobook you have gathered for many years? Do not you enjoy going through the old images and the memories they bring up? It is fun decreasing memory lane, but the days of thumbing through photo physically is gradually going the method of the dinosaur.
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text:
History and Origins of Wicca
There is no exhaustive or authoritative source that traces Wicca back through ancient times. Wicca is mainly a 20th-century manifestation of ancient nature worship systems based out of northern Europe that existed thousands of years ago.
"Wicca is a religion rooted in the mists of Neolithic history… it is basically a fertility and agrarian society. It is a religion of nature worship and the subsequent interaction with nature that is dissented from that practice by the Celtic clans of Western Europe and the indigenous peoples of the British Isles, the builders of such monuments as Stonehenge."1
"Wicca originated among the Celts and other peoples who lived in the area now known as Great Britain. Wiccans celebrate the Earth and believe all living things have a spirit. They espouse pantheism and claim to see the divine in everyone. Most celebrate monthly rituals, or "esbats," centered on the lunar cycles, and eight annual Wiccan holy days, or "sabbats," centered around the solar cycles, solstices and equinoxes."2
These pagan oriented nature worship systems filtered down through history in countless ways, but were mainly practiced in secret (and still are today). The secrecy was especially necessary during the European dominance of the Roman Catholic Church.
Basically, these pagan traditions developed out of agrarian societies where the environment had a profound effect on survival. Those who studied the seasons and the stars sought to predict and understand the influences of the environment upon crops, cattle, rain, etc. and in so doing also desired to be able to influence these factors. It was the desire to understand and control nature that gave rise to the various pagan and earth-based worship systems. Therefore, we can see when we study ancient European pagan writings, that there are countless deities.
Additionally, an important aspect of nature worship deals with the woman. It is the woman who was able to give birth to continue the race. In cultures where offspring were needed to work the land, to hunt, and to care for the elderly, women were, of course, vitally necessary. Therefore, the female became, in some cultures, mystically endowed with special powers and this mystical endowment was transferred into the various theological pagan worship systems.
At first, there were a great number of cultures located all over the ancient European landscape. Since Europe is a large area and since weather patterns, terrain, water supplies, temperature variations, animal types, etc., varied in those areas, the development of nature worship (Druids, Celts,) also took on aspects that reflected those variables. Therefore, the ancient systems could be polytheistic, monotheistic, feminine focused, masculine focused, ritualistic, calendar based, hunter based, etc.
Because of the multifaceted and buried background, the nature-based worship systems were not codified and there is no "official" pagan tradition. Nevertheless, today's Wicca is based on these ancient and pagan roots.
The Burning Times
The Burning Times is roughly from the year 1000 to around the 1700s, where countless numbers of witches were killed through the misapplication of biblical texts. Perhaps the most commonly cited biblical verse supporting the killing of witches is found in Exodus 22:18, "You shall not allow a sorceress to live." The Roman Catholic Church, which was in power in the Middle Ages in Europe, was often very oppressive. Wiccans today often identify themselves with the time of the witch burnings and judge Christianity based on the atrocities committed by the Roman Catholic Church. Unfortunately, many Wiccans did not realize that the Roman Catholic Church also persecuted Christians, torturing many of them for not submitting to the authority and rule of Roman Catholicism. In Christianity, particularly in the Protestant Reformation, we refer to this time as "the Inquisition" which was begun by Pope Innocent VIII in 1484. The point is that the Roman Catholic Church does not represent Christianity, and its atrocities committed upon both pagans and Christians is not the true representation of Christianity.
Wicca Today
Aleister Crowley, an evil man involved in the occult, claimed to have channeled a book called "the book of the law." It focused on a new era of spirituality governed by the Egyptian God Horus. From this work, Crowley established the first group of modern witches.
It wasn't until recently that Wicca took formation as a loosely based system, mainly from the works of Gerald Gardner who formed the Wiccan tradition known as Gardnerian Wicca. Through Gardner the idea of the God and goddess were "solidified," and Wicca became a religious movement.
Wicca is now growing: "scholars have estimated that Wicca is the second-fastest-growing religion in the United States (after Islam)."3
1. Cantrell, Gary, Wiccan Beliefs and Practices, St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn Publications, 2004, p. 16-17.
2. Billips, Andrea, "What a Wicca Situation!" Insight on the News, Jan. 1, 2001, vol. 17, issue 1, 1051-4880.
3. Billips, Andrea, "What a Wicca Situation!" Insight on the News, Jan. 1, 2001, vol. 17, issue 1, 1051-4880; (2) "Religion Notes," Publishers Weekly, Aug. 28, 2000, vol. 247, issue 35; (3) http://www.pagangathering.com/historyofwicca.htm.
Wicca ›


Astrology Basics… What Can It Do For You?
Far more than a fortune telling device; astrology empowers a person by helping them understand who they are; where they've come from and how to best navigate the future in order to realize their potential.
The natal chart (horoscope) is a map of an individual, describing temperment, psychological makeup, career paths. Moreover, your chart is a unique blueprint; no two people have the same chart.
Why do you attract certain types of people to you?
Relationships mirror who we are; both our wounds and gifts. Astrology can help you understand your relationship patterns.
Furthermore, your future is not written in stone! Inevitably there will be cycles of change in our life; some challenging, some easy. Astrology can help you understand and get the most out of these cycles.
A natal chart is made up of 10 planets, 12 signs, 12 houses and various aspects the planets make to each other; which is why when reading about sun signs, it doesn't necessarily describe you.
However, the astrological chart of a business can indicate optimum times for growth, and assist an employer in hiring; and in having better employee relationships.
Nonetheless, Catherine Potter has been a professional astrologer; since 1986. To find out more about upcoming classes on Astrology, click here; or to book an astrology appointment, call 447-3667.
Consultations can be provided for individuals, couples and businesses. Phone consultations are also available for out-of-town clients.
~ Catherine Potter is an astrologer and hypnotherapist. She can be reached at The Center College 447-3667 for consultations, classes and talks.
Click here to move on to the next topic; which is about Marriage Researchers, Can it be Rescued?


PRICE IMPROVEMENT! Worman's Mill living awaits you in this lovely Frederick model with beautiful stone porch and patio. Split garages give lots of parking space - you can park up to 5 in the driveway! Inside, open floorplan combines living and dining areas into a sunny, open area with hardwood floors, gas fireplace flanked with built-ins and a two story ceiling for an upper level loft overlook! Kitchen has huge island perfect for food prep, gas cooktop and double ovens! Breakfast room is surrounded by windows for a sunny start to the day. Owner's suite has 2 walkin closets, super bath and separate sitting room that can be guest room if desired. Besides the open loft, there are also two spacious bedrooms with hardwood flooring, full bath and walk-in closet. Full, finished lower level has amazing space, with a family room with wetbar, cabinets and stairs to back yard, a large den office, a bonus room perfect for crafting or storage. Come live the good life!
I was searching for a Property and found this listing (MLS® #MDFR191652). Please send me more information regarding 805 Dunbrooke Ct, FREDERICK, MD, 21701. Thank you!
I'd like to request a showing of 805 Dunbrooke Ct, FREDERICK, MD, 21701 (MLS® #MDFR191652). Thank you!


Geo-Environmental Services Limited were commissioned by Angell Thompson & Partners Ltd on behalf of Kingston Hospital NHS Trust to provide information on ground conditions to support the design of piled foundations for a proposed generator and oil tank base at Kingston Hospital.
The primary purpose of the investigation was to look at the factors that may impact the design and construction of the foundations for the generator and oil tank base, as well as to identify any contamination in the development area.
The possible presence of trees and shrinkable soils was particularly targeted as these could have had a significant impact on the design and construction of the foundations.
At the time of the investigation, the areas all around the investigation area where in use and consideration was given to the health and safety of members of the public and hospital staff when planning the works. High utility levels where located in the area, so an appropriate risk assessment and method of cable avoidance where employed.
A total of two bulk samples were taken, one from cable percussive borehole, and one from window sampling borehole. The cable percussive borehole was located within the area of the proposed generator, whilst the window sampling boreholes was positioned within the location of the proposed oil tank.
The super heavy dynamic probe was positioned adjacent to the window sampling borehole and was employed to provide information on the geotechnical engineering properties of soil.
The Atterberg limit test results taken from the soil allowed us to define a preliminary pile design in our letter report, which also included advice on ground contamination levels and waste disposal.


Life's unpredictable, but your finances don't have to be. We're here to help during every life moment.
Options to consider when preparing to pay for your next trip.
Using a money belt, carrying cash and getting your accounts travel-ready.


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Cavaliers guard Ricky Rubio out for season with torn ACL
by: TOM WITHERS, Associated Press
UPDATE: Cavaliers guard Ricky Rubio has suffered a season-ending left knee injury. It's a devastating blow to a Cleveland team that he helped move into playoff contention. The Cavs said an MRI confirmed that Rubio tore his anterior cruciate ligament. Rubio got hurt late in Tuesday's loss at New Orleans. The 31-year-old Rubio has had a major role in Cleveland's turnaround. The Cavs have already won 20 games after going 22-50 last season. Rubio's injury is the second significant one to Cleveland's backcourt. Leading scorer Collin Sexton suffered a season-ending knee injury on Nov. 7.
CLEVELAND, Ohio (AP) — Cavaliers guard Ricky Rubio is scheduled to undergo an MRI after injuring his left knee on Tuesday night in New Orleans.
Rubio, who has had a major impact on Cleveland's turnaround in first season with the team, slipped as he planted in the lane on a drive and his knee buckled with two minutes left in the fourth quarter.
Temple, Jones rally Pelicans past Cavaliers after Rubio hurt
Rubio collapsed to the floor, grabbed his knee and was in obvious distress before being helped to his feet and walked to the locker room for evaluation. He was unable to put any weight on his left leg while being assisted by teammates Isaac Okoro and Kevin Love.
The Cavs have not provided a preliminary diagnosis on Rubio.
Before getting hurt, Rubio, who was starting at the point against the Pelicans because Darius Garland was placed in health and safety protocols, scored 27 points while adding 13 rebounds and eight assists.
The Cavs, who have 20 wins in 34 games after winning just 22 last season, fell apart after Rubio left and lost 108-104.
The loss of Rubio for any period is a significant blow to the Cavaliers. The 31-year-old has brought leadership, energy and served as a mentor to Cleveland's young players since arriving in a summer trade from Minnesota.
He's also had a positive effect on Love, his former Timberwolves' teammate, who is thriving in a reserve role.
"Him and I have such a history," Love said following the game. "I really care for him. I'm just praying that he's going to be OK. We don't know what the near future is going to hold for him. We're just completely gutted. He was having such a great season."
Rubio picked up where he left off after starring for Spain's Olympic team last summer in Tokyo. He's averaging 13.1 points, 6.6 assists and 4.1 rebounds in 34 games. Rubio is only under contract through this season.
As a rookie, Rubio tore his left anterior cruciate ligament during a collision with late Lakers superstar Kobe Bryant.
The Cavs play at Washington on Friday.
Omicron leaves US food banks scrambling for volunteers
Oscar-winning actress Regina King's son dies at 26
AP/Derick Hingle


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Tag Archives: Merengue
Legends El Chicano and Havana NRG! to perform at the 2018 Latino Heritage Fest in Desoto, Texas!
Posted on July 30, 2018 by creativejuiceonline	Leave a comment
Contact: Tyeshia Wilson, Special Events Manager
DeSoto Parks and Recreation
E: tyeshia.wilson@desototexas.gov
City of DeSoto To Kick Off National Hispanic Month With Second Annual Latino Heritage Festival
DeSoto, TX – September 8, 2018 – The City of DeSoto joins the nation in celebration of National Hispanic Heritage Month from September 15 to October 15. During this time, the City honors the history, culture and positive contributions Hispanic and Latino Americans continue to make to influence and strengthen the fabric of our community. To celebrate the month, the DeSoto Parks and Recreation Department is pleased to announce the date for its Second Annual Latino Heritage Festival on Saturday, September 8, 2018 from 6:00p.m. to 10:00p.m., at the DeSoto Amphitheater located at 211 E. Pleasant Run Rd in DeSoto, TX.
The 2018 Latino Heritage Festival will kick off National Hispanic Heritage Month, which celebrates and recognizes the immeasurable contributions made by Hispanic and Latino Americans. The festival seeks to draw attention to the cultural diversity of DeSoto and surrounding communities, and will feature traditional folkloric dance and musical performances by the Legendary El Chicano, Havana NRG, DJ Jammin Joe, arts and cultural exhibits, authentic food court, face painting, bounce houses, and plenty of family fun! Attendees are encouraged to wear their favorite Latino heritage fashions. The event is free and open to the public.
"The DeSoto Parks Department is extremely proud to host the 2nd Annual Latino Heritage Festival that seeks to educate and connect communities! Diverse communities are strong communities, rich with people from all walks of life. We hope that this event will continue to flourish and grow throughout the years, "said M. Renee Johnson, Managing Director for DeSoto Parks and Recreation Department.
"The Latino Heritage Festival is an opportunity for us to celebrate diversity, which is very important to this All America City! The beauty of living in a diverse community such as DeSoto is that we welcome all voices and celebrate all heritages– this festival serves as a platform to do just that! We hope that everyone in the community will come together to celebrate and experience the nuance and diversity of the Latino culture," said Mayor Curtistene McCowan.
The DeSoto Parks and Recreation Department is honored to have sponsor support for the 2018 Latino Heritage Festival from Atkinson Toyota, In & Out Burger, Bank of DeSoto, Republic Services, the DeSoto Economic Development Corporation, PlainsCapital Bank, and volunteers from Harvest Fellowship Church that are committed to making this event possible.
About National Hispanic Heritage Month
Each year, Americans observe National Hispanic Heritage Month from September 15 to October 15 by celebrating the histories, cultures and contributions of American citizens whose ancestors came from Spain, Mexico, the Caribbean and Central and South America. The observation started in 1968 as Hispanic Heritage Week under President Lyndon Johnson and was expanded by President Ronald Reagan in 1988 to cover a 30-day period starting on September 15 and ending on October 15. It was enacted into law on August 17, 1988. The day of September 15 is significant because it is the anniversary of independence for Latin American countries Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. In addition, Mexico and Chile celebrate their independence days on September 16 and September 18, respectively.
To learn more, visit https://hispanicheritagemonth.gov/about/
About DeSoto Parks and Recreation
The nationally accredited DeSoto Parks and Recreation Department (DPARD) is a local, regional and national award-winning department located in suburban Dallas. The DeSoto Parks and Recreation Department represents the heartbeat of a highly engaged, diverse community. DPARD thrives in promoting health, wellness, multi-cultural arts and entertainment programs. Entertainment, sports and arts programs are top tourist attractions, hosting thousands of residents and visitors to various special events at DeSoto Park destinations.
To learn more, visit www.desototexas.gov/parks
Havana NRG! to release hot Merengue Electronico version of classic "Ladies Night" 10/20/17 via Music Access, Inc.
Posted on October 17, 2017 by creativejuiceonline	Leave a comment
In the midst of crazy times we are currently living in the time is always right to add new, fun music to your catalog and Dallas based Havana NRG!, whom have always produced, performed their brand of Salsa, Merengue, Timba, Cha Cha Cha and other genres are set to release another hot Merengue Electronico remake of the Kool and The Gang classic "Ladies Night" this Friday, October 20, 2017 worldwide everywhere digital music is sold, distributed by Music Access, Inc./Music Access Latino. You can visit Amazon now and pre-purchase your copy now and it will download this Friday or visit iTunes, AppleMusic and more to come.
This fierce remake done in pure Merengue Electronico style has been performed by Havana NRG! for the past couple of months and the diverse crowds are loving it! Performed in English like their previous hot releases, "24K Magic" and "I Ain't Your Momma", it's no wonder how they have managed to maintain one of the most diverse and youthful audiences in the marketplace, from their weekly residence at Gloria's Addison to tours around the USA, they are the true definition of the New Rythym Generation, hence Havana NRG! The band has most definitely moved into a category of their own as Mariela Suarez, Band Director/Manager had this to say, "It was something we always wanted from the very beginning when we chose our name, to be the New Rhythm Generation and not continue with the same as in the past, but instead always inventing new sounds and ways to keep our fans wanting more, we as a band are so thankful to our fans for their loyal support over 15 years and we hope they love Ladies Night as much as we do!"
DaYou can see Havana NRG! each weekend at Gloria's in Addison, located in the Dallas area and it's always great to check in to see when they are there as demand is high for their tours, private events and concerts. Follow Havana NRG! via Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and for bookings contact Creative Talent at 214-549-1201.
Latin R&B Legends TIERRA return to the metroplex and HAVANA NRG! to join!
Last year the Latin R&B Legends TIERRA from Los Angeles headlined the Desoto Latino Music Festival and fans from around the metroplex were surprised to see a band of this caliber performing in Desoto, Texas. Well, after that performance it was a sure shot to have them return again and I am here to announce that on Saturday, September 9, 2017, TIERRA will return to the "Latino Heritage Music Festival" and Dallas' super hot HAVANA NRG! will be once again joining them on stage to set the party early on! By popular demand we added DJ Jammin Joe of Sirius XM/Dash Radio to get the dj mix party off early!
Tierra, the band named "Best R&B Vocal Group" by four leading magazines including Billboard. They started their career in East Los Angeles with a blend of rock, pop, jazz, R&B and salsa. The result was a Latin R&B rhythm which produced classics like "Together", "Gonna Find Her", "Memories" and "Zoot Suit Boogie". Founded in 1972, the band has performed internationally and continues to perform with their unique smooth and soulful sounds. Throughout Terra's history, Rudy Salas has been, and continues to be the leader of the band, record producer, and head of business affairs for Tierra. Tierra was the first Latino band to have four songs on the national chart and two simultaneously in the Top 100. They have performed in such prestigious shows such as Carnegie Hall, The American Music Awards, American Bandstand, and The Dorothy Chandler Pavilion.
HAVANA NRG!
Tierra is widely known to have played a role in opening doors for other Latino and non-Latino superstars of today, including comedian Paul Rodriguez, Arsenio Hall, Sheila E., Gloria Estefan, Los Lobos, Latino Comic of the Year, Rudy Moreno, and more.
Havana NRG! are celebrating their 15th Anniversary with their fans across the country and cannot wait to once again open for Tierra for this cultural event during Hispanic Heritage Month.
The TIERRA/Havana NRG! combo is becoming a very nice package in the area and who knows, maybe one day we'll pair them up for a tour, but rest assure, the time is approaching to make plans for the entire family for Saturday, September 9th as this is a FREE, FAMILY EVENT outdoors in the Desoto Amphitheater, 211 E. Pleasant Run Rd, Desoto, Texas. Event begins early 5pm and ends by 10:00pm. All ages allowed.
Olga Tañon, Merengue Superstar set to perform at The Bomb Factory
Posted on August 2, 2017 by creativejuiceonline	Leave a comment
Contact: Rikki Rincon 214-549-1201
(Dallas, Texas) Merengue superstar from Puerto Rico, Olga Tañon is set to perform at The Bomb Factory, Dallas, Texas, on Thursday, August 17th, 2017. Ms. Tañon will bring her orchestra and bring her power packed energy she is known for to her die hard fans.
In the first half of the 1990s, the Puerto Rican merengue singer Olga Tañón rocketed to fame behind a series of fizzy, kinetic, jubilant records. On albums like Mujer de Fuego and Siente el Amor, her band existed in perpetual forward motion, propelled by juicy lines from the hot-stepping horn section, bright spurts from the accordion and streams of single bass notes audibly high in the mix. Tañón skipped along, hovering above her musicians, reveling in giddy speed.
She drove dancers into a frenzy by issuing rough screams — see "Piel a Piel" and "Presencie Tu Amor," where it's as if James Brown suddenly popped into the studio during a merengue recording session — and cheerful interjections of onomatopoeic goofiness: "brrrrrrr!" And she was shadowed by precise, piquant backing vocalists, who sometimes echoed their leader, and sometimes engaged her in a vocal boxing match.
The combustible combination proved immediately successful — Tañón breached the top 20 on the Hot Latin Songs chart with her debut single, "Una Mujer Rota" — and durable: in April, "Asi Es el Amor," a collaboration with Wisin, cracked the top 10 on the Tropical Airplay Songs chart. It's her 27th top 10 on that chart, the most by any female singer, and a good omen for the release of her latest album, Olga Tañón y Punto, which hit shelves on Friday (May 12).
The arc of Tañón's career, in some ways, has paralleled that of Marc Anthony: both performers pumped a series of records onto the charts in the early 1990s, reinvigorating traditional forms — merengue for Tañón, salsa for Anthony. Both gradually moved away from the driving style of their early days to make room for stately, dramatic ballads later in the decade. And both eventually tacked back towards the hard-nosed music that initially won them fame.
Brought you by the Esparza Group and the Bomb Factory, this is an ALL AGES EVENT/21+ to drink. The Bomb Factory is located at 2713 Canton St, Dallas, Texas in the Deep Ellum District. You may visit http://www.thebombfactory.com and PRE-SALE TICKETS ON SALE NOW! at http://tinyurl.com/y6w4gpqz
Havana NRG! 24K Magic (Merengue Power Version) Friday, June 23rd!
(Dallas, Texas) The very hot Havana NRG! having just released their Merengue rework of Jennifer Lopez's "I Ain't Your Momma" on 6/9/17 worldwide are set to release another hot reworked power Merengue single originally brought you by Bruno Mars "24K Magic"! For those that have been seeing the group live have already experience the fire brought to this reworked production and the crowds are going wild!
The new 24K Magic Power Merengue rework project releases worldwide on Friday, June 23rd, 2017 everywhere digital music is sold! From Amazon, iTunes, Google Play, Spotify and Music Access, Inc. We recently received some great news that the "I Ain't Your Momma" single was added to full rotation to DFW's Ritmo 99.5FM and online radio station and The Surge DFW. This next single is to be added soon! All radio station programmers, mix show DJ's contact us today at r.rincon@musicaccessinc.com to get your copy. All media for interviews and coverage of Havana NRG! and hot new single call 214-549-1201.


They Said What, Quizzify or DMPC?
Don't miss a minute of the antics of workplace wellness, Obamacare's funny bone. If you're joining us now and want to binge-read to catch up, we recommend starting on the landing page, and segueing to This is Your Brain on Wellness...and then poring through the blog posts.
How much should you eat with medicines that say: "take with food"? Does Advil speed recovery...or slow it down? Should you go to the doctor if your ankles swell but you feel fine otherwise? How does a CT scan's radiation compare to an x-ray's? What is the difference between co-insurance and a co-pay? Should you get surgery for a meniscal tear? If you don't know the answers, neither do your employees. Quizzify provides a Jeopardy®-meets-health education-meets-Comedy Central education for everyone, approved by doctors at Harvard Medical School...and 100% guarantees savings.
Continue through to this site if you are considering a lawsuit against your vendor or consultant, want certification in Critical Outcomes Report Analysis, or are seeking a speaker.


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Easel TV's Curzon service now available on Amazon Fire
Easel TV, the multiscreen video software company, is celebrating a year of successful work on the Curzon Home Cinema service, with the addition of another media streaming device in the form of Amazon's Fire TV Stick.
Holly Ashford ⋅ Apr 27, 2015
Easel TV, the multiscreen video software company, is celebrating a year of successful work on the Curzon Home Cinema service, with the addition of another media streaming device in the form of Amazon's Fire TV Stick. The service will be showcased at the TV Connect exhibition and conference 28-30 April in EXCEL, London.
Fire TV Stick is a small, powerful stick that connects to the HDMI port on an HDTV for access to movies, TV shows, music, photos, apps, and games, including Prime Instant Video, Netflix, BBC iPlayer and Curzon Home Cinema. Fire TV Stick launched in the UK on 24th March, and has since become Amazon's fastest-selling UK device ever in the week after going on sale.
Easel TV designed and developed the Curzon Home Cinema website and applications for multiple connected devices using its Suggested TV platform – a cloud-based software-as-a-service solution for multi-screen content delivery with a televisual user experience.
Curzon Cinemas re-launched its Curzon Home Cinema service and delivered a video on-demand service in May 2014, giving viewers access to thought-provoking cinema at home or on the move.
The service is available on Freesat Freetime, Samsung Smart TVs, tablets, PCs, mobile devices, Amazon Fire TV and now Fire TV Stick.
At TV Connect, Easel TV co-founder Bill Scott (pictured) and director of Curzon Home Cinema, Phil Mordecai, will be presenting a case study with Amazon in the Connected Innovation Theatre at 12.10 on 29 April.
The Curzon Home Cinema service last week won the award for Best Content Delivery Service at Mediatel's Connected Consumer Awards. The awards are now in their third year and are held in celebration of those pioneering new advertising, technological and commercial opportunities in the connected industry.
Bill Scott, chief operating and commercial officer, Easel TV commented: "Over the last year we have worked closely with Curzon Home Cinema to develop and roll out increased functionality across multiple platforms including this month's successful Fire TV Stick launch. Curzon is able to further monetise its catalogue of independent film and help consumers find content they would be interested in watching."
www.curzonhomecinema.com
Tags ⋅ amazon fire ⋅ content ⋅ curzon ⋅ easel tv ⋅ film ⋅ news ⋅ TV ⋅ tv connect ⋅ tvbe ⋅ TVBEurope
Easel TV launches new Suggested TV platform
EE TV customers get Now TV
PayWizard's SMS enables pay TV platforms to monetise TV everywhere
Tesco and Wuaki.tv bring film and TV content to hudl
UPC Poland's Horizon TV available to all
Reuters unveils mobile TV service
Globecast provides VoD service for British Muslim TV
yes unveils Israel's first multiscreen TV service with Viaccess-Orca


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XIBALBA 'TIERRA Y LIBERTAD' LP
The third studio long-player from the Southern California-based hardcore unit, the Southern Lord-issued Tierra y Libertad doubles down on Xibalba's penchant for pairing Gatling gun shredding and guttural blasts of phlegm with beefy deathcore breakdowns, resulting in something that slightly resembles vintage L.A. punk-addled crossover metal that's been run through the meat grinder a few times. Faster and cockier than 2012's Hasta La Muerte, but no less punishing, Xibalba go deeper into death metal this time around, offering up a blistering, beatdown-heavy 11-track set that invokes names like Napalm Death, Morbid Angel, Nails, and Bolt Thrower. Shot through with a nervy metalcore sheen, Tierra y Libertad is at its best when it's about to go off the rails, and standout cuts like "Guerrilla," "Enimigo," and the savage title track go straight for the jugular, stacking thick, palm-muted riffage and apocalyptic gang vocals against a feeding frenzy of precision double-kick drumming. Luckily, Xibalba prefer brevity in the face of such violence, and with the exception of the epic, doom-crusted closer "El Vacío," the listener is rarely subjected to a shellacking that lasts more than four or five minutes.


To answer this question let's first discuss what happens when a burglary occurs at a home without a professionally monitored alarm system. Recent statistics show that 1 burglary occurs every 14.6 seconds. Over 60% of all burglaries occur between 6am and 6pm. This means most burglaries occur when you are not at home. Without an alarm system a burglary can occur without the homeowner's knowledge, which can lead to extensive damages to your property and harm to your family. In 2009 alone, U.S burglary victims lost 4.6 billion dollars in property. In many cases, family members or the homeowner confront the intruder(s) during the burglary.
If you could deter burglars and keep your family safe, would you? When you install a professionally monitored alarm system, a yard sign and decal for the windows are the first line of defense implemented to deter burglaries. In fact, having a security system reduces the chance of a burglary triple fold. If a burglary should occur, the alarm system siren will sound loudly, local police will immediately be dispatched, and our central station will contact the homeowner to advise them of the situation.
is my home at risk of burglary?
Recent studies show that 1 in every 4 homes nationwide will be burglarized over the next 3 years. Officials inform us that most burglars spend little, if any, time planning their break-in. Burglars target homes that look like easy marks.
Do you keep valuable possessions in your house?
Does your house lack privacy fencing?
Do you have electronic equipment?
Do you leave your home unattended for more than a few hours?
Has crime increased in your neighborhood?
Do you want more protection?
If you answered Yes to any of the above questions, you can benefit from the peace of mind a home security alarm system delivers. Contact B&D Security at 888-848-8988 for a free security evaluation with one of our expert security consultants. We can design a system that will protect you and your family!


In 2000, publisher Michal Zítko was charged under Article 260 for bringing out a Czech translation of Adolf Hitler´s Mein Kampf, but was freed on appeal. By May 2001, his internet bookseller has been found guilty of selling Mein Kampf under the same article, his case had not gone to appeal yet. In May, 2001 the American lawyer Edward Fagan, who criticised the nuclear power plant in Temelín, South Bohemia, was charged with "disseminating alarmist news" under article 199.
A final part of Jan Culik´s entry on Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic in the International Encyclopedia of Censorship, 2001.


A peaceful and very clever March for Science took place earlier today, one of 500 science marches around the world. Ours was one of the largest in the country protesting the Trump administration, which in its first 100 days has succeeded in alienating itself from a swath of the scientific community, which normally, to Trump's credit, takes a president years to do.
Photographer Steffi Victorioso took these photos at the march.