text:
C23C 22/00(2006.01)
H01F 1/147(2006.01)
PCT/JP2019/024234
(30) Priority: 31.07.2018 JP 2018143673
(71) Applicant: JFE Steel Corporation
Tokyo 100-0011 (JP)
TERASHIMA Takashi
KOKUFU Karin
WATANABE Makoto
TAKAMIYA Toshito
(74) Representative: Grünecker Patent- und Rechtsanwälte PartG mbB
Leopoldstraße 4
(54) INSULATING COATING TREATMENT SOLUTION, AND GRAIN ORIENTED ELECTRICAL STEEL SHEET HAVING INSULATING COATING FILM ATTACHED THERETO AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SAME
(57) [Object] To provide an insulating coating treatment liquid that can form a chromium-free insulating coating having excellent moisture absorption resistance and being capable of imparting a high tension to produce an excellent iron loss reducing effect, the insulating coating treatment liquid also inhibiting an appearance defect due to coating non-uniformities that may occur in a case where the insulating coating treatment liquid is applied to a steel sheet.
[Solution] An insulating coating treatment liquid, which is an insulating coating treatment liquid for forming a chromium-free insulating coating on a surface of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, the insulating coating treatment liquid including at least one phosphate salt selected from phosphate salts of any of Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Zn, Al, and Mn and including colloidal silica and particles of a metal-element-containing compound, wherein a content of the colloidal silica in terms of SiO2, on a solids basis, is 50 to 120 parts by mass, and a content of the particles of a metal-element-containing compound in terms of elemental metal is 5 to 60 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of the at least one phosphate salt; and the insulating coating treatment liquid has a thixotropic index (TI) of 1.00 or greater and 10.00 or less.
[0001] The present invention relates to an insulating coating treatment liquid for forming a chromium-free insulating coating on a surface of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet. In addition, the present invention relates to a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating and to a method for producing the same. The insulating coating is an insulating coating resulting from baking of the insulating coating treatment liquid and is disposed on a surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet.
Background Art
[0002] Typically, grain-oriented electrical steel sheets include a coating on a surface thereof. The coating is provided to impart insulating properties, stick resistance, corrosion protection properties, and the like. The surface coating includes an underlying coating and a top coating formed thereon. The underlying coating is formed during final annealing and includes forsterite as a principal constituent. The top coating is a phosphate-salt-based coating.
[0003] These coatings are formed at high temperatures and have a low coefficient of thermal expansion. Accordingly, these coatings produce the following effect: since the steel sheet and the coatings have different coefficients of thermal expansion, when their temperatures are reduced to room temperature, tension is imparted to the steel sheet, and, consequently, iron loss in the steel sheet is reduced. Accordingly, it is desired that the coatings impart as high a tension as possible to steel sheets.
[0004] To satisfy such a desire, various coatings have been proposed in the related art. For example, Patent Literature 1 proposes a coating that includes, as principal constituents, magnesium phosphate, colloidal silica, and chromic anhydride. Furthermore, Patent Literature 2 proposes a coating that includes, as principal constituents, aluminum phosphate, colloidal silica, and chromic anhydride.
[0005] On the other hand, in recent years, there has been an increasing interest in environmental protection, which has led to an increasing desire for products that do not contain toxic substances, such as chromium and lead. Hence, for grain-oriented electrical steel sheets, too, the development of a chromium-free coating (a coating containing no chromium) has been desired. However, chromium-free coatings present problems such as a significant reduction in moisture absorption resistance and a significant deficiency in the imparting of tension, and, therefore, it has been difficult to realize a chromium-free coating.
[0006] Proposals have been made for solving the problems mentioned above. Patent Literature 3 proposes a surface treatment agent that includes a dihydrogen phosphate salt, colloidal silica, and a colloidal oxide. Patent Literature 4 proposes an insulating coating treatment liquid that includes a phosphate salt, colloidal silica, and microparticles of a zirconium phosphate-based compound. Patent Literature 5 proposes a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet that includes a Ti compound, a Zr compound, and/or a Hf compound in a tension coating. Furthermore, Patent Literature 6 proposes an insulating coating that includes filler particles having a high Young's modulus.
[0007] These proposals have improved moisture absorption resistance, the iron loss reducing effect of the imparting of tension, stick resistance, and the like. However, it has been found that the following problem noticeably occurs in some cases: in high-speed roll coating in which an insulating coating treatment liquid is applied by a roll coater at an increased steel sheet feed speed, an appearance defect is exhibited after the insulating coating treatment liquid is applied and baked.
Citation List
Patent Literature
PTL 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 50-79442
PTL 3: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2000-169972
PTL 6: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication (Translation of PCT Application) No. 2017-511840
Summary of Invention
[0009] The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide an insulating coating treatment liquid that can form a chromium-free insulating coating having excellent moisture absorption resistance and being capable of imparting a high tension to produce an excellent iron loss reducing effect, the insulating coating treatment liquid also inhibiting appearance defects that may be exhibited after the insulating coating treatment liquid is applied to a steel sheet and baked. Another object is to provide a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating and a method for producing the same; the insulating coating is an insulating coating resulting from baking of the insulating coating treatment liquid and is disposed on a surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet. Solution to Problem
[0010] To solve the problems described above, the present inventors diligently conducted research to identify a cause of the post-application-and-baking appearance defect.
[0011] Liquids containing particles (dispersions), such as that of the present invention, have a viscosity having shear rate dependence and thus are so-called non-Newtonian fluids. That is, the viscosity is high in a low shear rate region, and the viscosity is low in a high shear rate region.
[0012] Typically, grain-oriented electrical steel sheets having an insulating coating are produced by applying an insulating coating treatment liquid to a surface of a steel sheet by using a roll coater and subsequently baking the insulating coating treatment liquid. In this instance, during the time when the insulating coating treatment liquid is applied to a surface of a steel sheet, a viscosity of the insulating coating treatment liquid at a high shear rate is important, and during the time when leveling takes place between the time of the application and the time of the baking, a viscosity of the insulating coating treatment liquid at a low shear rate is important.
[0013] If the viscosity of an insulating coating treatment liquid at a high shear rate is high, the surface of the liquid between the steel sheet and the roll becomes unstable, which increases the probability of the occurrence of a streak defect called a ribbing defect.
[0014] On the other hand, in a case where coating non-uniformities, such as a ribbing defect, resulting from the application can be corrected by leveling during the time before baking starts, appearance defects after baking can be avoided; accordingly, to promote leveling, it is important to ensure that the insulating coating treatment liquid has a low viscosity. Hence, improving leveling, in addition to correcting coating non-uniformities, is effective for ensuring a good post-application-and-baking appearance.
[0015] In any case, it is already commonly known that the viscosity of insulating coating treatment liquids needs to be sufficiently low not only at a high shear rate but also at a low shear rate.
[0016] However, in a case where the shear rate dependence of the viscosity of an insulating coating treatment liquid is high, if a deviation from proper application conditions occurs due to a speed change in a production line for an insulating coating, coating non-uniformities may be exhibited after the insulating coating treatment liquid is applied, and baking may be performed in a state in which sufficient leveling is not achieved, and, consequently, an appearance defect may be exhibited. To prevent this, it is important to ensure that the shear rate dependence of the viscosity of the insulating coating treatment liquid is not greater than a specific value. This is a finding that was made.
[0017] Specifically, a summary of the constitution of the present invention is as follows.
[1] An insulating coating treatment liquid, which is an insulating coating treatment liquid for forming a chromium-free insulating coating on a surface of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet,
the insulating coating treatment liquid including at least one phosphate salt selected from phosphate salts of any of Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Zn, Al, and Mn and including colloidal silica and particles of a metal-element-containing compound, wherein
a content of the colloidal silica in terms of SiO2, on a solids basis, is 50 to 120 parts by mass, and a content of the particles of a metal-element-containing compound in terms of elemental metal is 5 to 60 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of the at least one phosphate salt, and
the insulating coating treatment liquid has a thixotropic index (TI) of 1.00 or greater and 10.00 or less.
[2] The insulating coating treatment liquid according to [1], wherein the particles of a metal-element-containing compound are at least one type of particles selected from particles of an oxide and particles of a nitride, the oxide being at least one selected from oxides of any of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Mg, Zn, and Nb, the nitride being at least one selected from nitrides of any of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Mg, Zn, and Nb.
[3] The insulating coating treatment liquid according to [1] or [2], wherein the particles of a metal-element-containing compound are at least one type of particles selected from particles of any of TiO2, ZrO2, HfO2, MgO, ZnO, Nb2O5, V2O5, TiN, and ZrN.
[4] The insulating coating treatment liquid according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein the particles of a metal-element-containing compound have a particle diameter of 0.05 µm or greater and 1.0 µm or less.
[5] The insulating coating treatment liquid according to any one of [1] to [4], further including a cationic surfactant.
[6] The insulating coating treatment liquid according to [5], wherein the cationic surfactant is a quaternary ammonium salt-type cationic surfactant.
[7] The insulating coating treatment liquid according to [5] or [6], wherein a content of the cationic surfactant is 0.20 to 2.0 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the at least one phosphate salt selected from phosphate salts of any of Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Zn, Al, and Mn.
[8] A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating, the insulating coating being an insulating coating resulting from baking of the insulating coating treatment liquid according to any one of [1] to [7], the insulating coating being disposed on a surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet.
[9] A method for producing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating, the method including applying the insulating coating treatment liquid according to any one of [1] to [7] to a surface of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet and subsequently baking the insulating coating treatment liquid.
[10] The method for producing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating according to [9], wherein in a case where the insulating coating treatment liquid is applied to the surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, the insulating coating treatment liquid is applied to the surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet by using a roll coater while the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet is moved. Advantageous Effects of Invention
[0018] The present invention provides an insulating coating treatment liquid that can form a chromium-free insulating coating having excellent moisture absorption resistance and being capable of imparting a high tension to produce an excellent iron loss reducing effect, the insulating coating treatment liquid also inhibiting appearance defects that may be exhibited after the insulating coating treatment liquid is applied to a steel sheet and baked.
[0019] The insulating coating treatment liquid of the present invention inhibits appearance defects that may be exhibited after the insulating coating treatment liquid is applied and baked, even in a case where high-speed roll coating is performed or in a case where a speed change occurs in a production line for an insulating coating.
[0020] Furthermore, a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating that results from the application and baking of the insulating coating treatment liquid has excellent moisture absorption resistance and an excellent iron loss reducing effect and, in addition, has a uniform and aesthetically pleasing surface appearance in which coating non-uniformity marks due to the insulating coating treatment liquid are inhibited.
[0021] Reasons for the limitation imposed on each of the constitutional elements of the present invention will be described below.
[0022] Steel sheets of concern in the present invention may be any grade of steel provided that the steel sheets are grain-oriented electrical steel sheets. Preferably, an exemplary grain-oriented electrical steel sheet is produced by the method described below, for example.
[0023] First, a preferred chemical composition of the steel will be described. In the following description, "%" used to indicate the content of each of the elements means "mass%" unless otherwise specified.
C: 0.001 to 0.10%
[0024] C is a component useful for the formation of Gossoriented grains. In terms of enabling such a function to be exhibited effectively, it is preferable that a C content be greater than or equal to 0.001%. On the other hand, if the C content is greater than 0.10%, poor decarburization may occur in decarburization annealing. Accordingly, it is preferable that the C content be within a range of 0.001 to 0.10%.
Si: 1.0 to 5.0%
[0025] Si is a component necessary for increasing electrical resistance to reduce iron loss and for stabilizing the BCC structure of iron to enable a high-temperature heat treatment. It is preferable that a Si content be greater than or equal to 1.0%. On the other hand, if the Si content is greater than 5.0%, it becomes difficult to perform cold rolling. Accordingly, it is preferable that the Si content be within a range of 1.0 to 5.0%. It is more preferable that the Si content be within a range of 2.0 to 5.0%.
Mn: 0.01 to 1.0%
[0026] Mn effectively contributes to remedying the hot shortness of steel and, in addition, serves as an inhibitor against the grain growth by forming a precipitate such as MnS or MnSe in a case where S or Se exists. It is, therefore, preferable that a Mn content be greater than or equal to 0.01%. On the other hand, if the Mn content is greater than 1.0%, a grain diameter of a precipitate such as MnSe may become coarsened, and, consequently, the effect of serving as an inhibitor may be lost. Accordingly, it is preferable that the Mn content be within a range of 0.01 to 1.0%.
sol. Al: 0.003 to 0.050%
[0027] Al is a useful component because, in steel, Al forms AlN, which serves as a dispersed second phase and thus functions as an inhibitor. It is, therefore, preferable that sol. Al be included in an amount greater than or equal to 0.003%. On the other hand, if an Al content, in terms of sol. Al, is greater than 0.050%, AlN may form coarse precipitates, and, consequently, the function of serving as an inhibitor may be lost. Accordingly, it is preferable that the Al content, in terms of sol. Al, be within a range of 0.003 to 0.050%.
N: 0.001 to 0.020%
[0028] Similar to Al, N is a component necessary for forming AlN. It is, therefore, preferable that a N content be greater than or equal to 0.001%. On the other hand, if the N content is greater than 0.020%, blistering or the like may occur during the heating of a slab. Accordingly, it is preferable that the N content be within a range of 0.001 to 0.020%.
Total content of one or both selected from S and Se: 0.001 to 0.05%
[0029] S and Se are useful components because S or Se binds to Mn or Cu to form MnSe, MnS, Cu2-xSe, or Cu2-xS, which serves as a dispersed second phase in steel and thus functions as an inhibitor. It is, therefore, preferable to ensure that a total content of one or both of S and Se be greater than or equal to 0.001%. On the other hand, if the total content of one or both of S and Se is greater than 0.05%, the solid solution thereof during the heating of a slab may be incomplete, and, in addition, a surface defect of a product may be caused. Accordingly, whether one of S and Se is included or both S and Se are included, it is preferable that the total content of S and Se be within a range of 0.001 to 0.05%.
[0030] It is preferable that the basic components of the steel be as stated above. Furthermore, in the chemical composition, the balance, other than the components described above, may be Fe and incidental impurities.
[0031] Furthermore, the chemical composition described above may further include one or more added elements selected from Cu: 0.01 to 0.2%, Ni: 0.01 to 0.5%, Cr: 0.01 to 0.5%, Sb: 0.01 to 0.1%, Sn: 0.01 to 0.5%, Mo: 0.01 to 0.5%, and Bi: 0.001 to 0.1%. Adding an element that has a function of serving as an auxiliary inhibitor enables a further improvement in magnetic properties. Among such elements are the elements mentioned above, which tend to segregate at grain diameters or a surface. Each of the elements produces a useful effect when included in an amount greater than or equal to the lower limit of the content mentioned above. If the upper limit of the content mentioned above is exceeded, a secondary recrystallization failure tends to occur, and, therefore, the ranges mentioned above are preferable.
[0032] Furthermore, in addition to the components mentioned above, one or more elements may be included, which are selected from B: 0.001 to 0.01%, Ge: 0.001 to 0.1%, As: 0.005 to 0.1%, P: 0.005 to 0.1%, Te: 0.005 to 0.1%, Nb: 0.005 to 0.1%, Ti: 0.005 to 0.1%, and V: 0.005 to 0.1%. Including one or more of these results in an enhanced ability to inhibit the grain growth, which in turn results in consistent achievement of higher magnetic flux densities.
[0033] A method for producing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating will now be described.
[0034] Molten steel having a chemical composition as described above is prepared by using a refining process known in the art, and then the molten steel is processed by using a continuous casting method or an ingot casting-slabbing rolling method to form a steel starting material (steel slab). Subsequently, the steel slab is hot-rolled to form a hot-rolled sheet, which may be subjected to hot band annealing if necessary. The resultant is then subjected to cold rolling once, or twice or more with intervening intermediate annealing, to form a cold-rolled sheet having a final sheet thickness. Next, primary recrystallization annealing and decarburization annealing are performed. Subsequently, an annealing separator containing MgO as a principal component is applied, and then final annealing is performed to form a coating layer that includes forsterite as a principal constituent. Subsequently, an insulating coating treatment liquid is applied to form a glass insulating coating, and then a drying process is performed if necessary. Subsequently, flattening annealing in which baking can also be accomplished is performed. Thus, by using such a production method including a series of the steps, a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating can be produced.
[0035] An insulating coating treatment liquid of the present invention includes at least one phosphate salt selected from phosphate salts of any of Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Zn, Al, and Mn and includes colloidal silica and particles of a metal-element-containing compound. A preferred solvent of the treatment liquid is water.
[0036] In the insulating coating treatment liquid, the phosphate salt to be used is at least one selected from phosphate salts of any of Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Zn, Al, and Mn. Phosphate salts of an alkali metal (Li, Na, or the like) are not suitable because such phosphate salts have very low moisture absorption resistance. Typically, one of the phosphate salts mentioned above is used, but two or more of the phosphate salts may be mixed together and used. In cases where two or more of the phosphate salts mentioned above are mixed together and used, the physical property values of the insulating coating (coating) can be precisely controlled. It is preferable that the phosphate salt be a dihydrogen phosphate salt (biphosphate salt) because dihydrogen phosphate salts are readily available.
[0037] The colloidal silica is included in an amount, in terms of SiO2, on a solids basis, of 50 to 120 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the at least one phosphate salt selected from phosphate salts of any of Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Zn, Al, and Mn. If the content of the colloidal silica in terms of SiO2 on a solids basis is less than 50 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the phosphate salt, the effect of reducing the coefficient of thermal expansion of the coating is reduced, and as a result, the tension that is imparted to a steel sheet is reduced, and, consequently, an iron loss remedying effect due to the formation of the insulating coating (tension coating) is not produced. Furthermore, if the content of the colloidal silica in terms of SiO2 on a solids basis is greater than 120 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the phosphate salt, the moisture absorption resistance of the coating decreases. Preferably, the content of the colloidal silica in terms of SiO2 on a solids basis is greater than or equal to 60 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the phosphate salt. Furthermore, preferably, the content of the colloidal silica in terms of SiO2 on a solids basis is less than or equal to 100 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the phosphate salt.
[0038] The particles of a metal-element-containing compound are included to improve moisture absorption resistance, coating tension, corrosion resistance, and the like, which are degraded in the case of chromium-free coatings. The particles of a metal-element-containing compound are included in an amount, in terms of elemental metal, of 5 parts by mass to 60 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the at least one phosphate salt selected from phosphate salts of any of Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Zn, Al, and Mn. If the content of the particles of a metal-element-containing compound in terms of elemental metal is less than 5 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the phosphate salt, moisture absorption resistance, coating tension, and corrosion resistance are insufficient. On the other hand, if the content of the particles of a metal-element-containing compound in terms of elemental metal is greater than 60 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the phosphate salt, a viscosity of the insulating coating treatment liquid increases, and as a result, it is difficult to form a uniform coating free of appearance defects due to coating non-uniformities. Preferably, the content of the particles of a metal-element-containing compound in terms of elemental metal is greater than or equal to 10 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the phosphate salt. Furthermore, preferably, the content of the particles of a metal-element-containing compound in terms of elemental metal is less than or equal to 40 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the phosphate salt.
[0039] It is preferable that the metal element of the metal-element-containing compound be Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Mg, Zn, or Nb, from the standpoint of improving moisture absorption resistance. It is preferable that the compound be in the form of an oxide or a nitride.
[0040] It is preferable that the particles of a metal-element-containing compound be at least one type of particles selected from particles of any of TiO2, ZrO2, HfO2, MgO, ZnO, Nb2O5, V2O5, TiN, and ZrN. Using any of these particles facilitates enhancement of coating tension and corrosion resistance.
[0041] In the insulating coating treatment liquid of the present invention, the metal-element-containing compound is present in the form of particles (microparticles). It is preferable that a particle diameter of the particles of a metal-element-containing compound be 0.05 µm or greater and 1.0 µm or less, from the standpoint of improving coating tension. More preferably, the particle diameter of the particles of a metal-element-containing compound is greater than or equal to 0.10 µm. Furthermore, more preferably, the particle diameter of the particles of a metal-element-containing compound is less than or equal to 0.80 µm. The particle diameter is an average particle diameter of the particles (secondary particles (aggregated particles) in a case where the particles are aggregated) in the insulating coating treatment liquid and is the value measured by laser diffractometry. The average particle diameter is a volume-based 50% particle diameter, that is, the median diameter (d50) .
[0042] The insulating coating treatment liquid of the present invention has a thixotropic index (TI) of 1.00 or greater and 10.00 or less.
[0043] The thixotropic index (TI) is a value calculated as follows. By performing a measurement using a single cylinder rotational viscometer, which is a so-called B-type viscometer, as specified in JIS Z 8803, a viscosity η (L) [mPa·s], which is a viscosity at a liquid temperature of 20°C and a rotational speed of 6 rpm, and a viscosity η (H) [mPa·s], which is a viscosity at a liquid temperature of 20°C and a rotational speed of 60 rpm, are obtained. Accordingly, a calculation is performed using equation (1) below. It is preferable that the spindle to be used not be changed between the measurement at 6 rpm and the measurement at 60 rpm.
[0044] The TI value of 1.00 indicates that the insulating coating treatment liquid is a Newtonian fluid, which has a viscosity independent of shear rates. If TI is less than 1.00, the viscosity increases when the shear rate is increased, and a ribbing defect is very likely to occur. Accordingly, TI's of less than 1.00 are unsuitable. On the other hand, if TI is greater than 10.00, the rate of increase in viscosity increases excessively when the shear rate is reduced, and, therefore, leveling cannot be sufficiently achieved; consequently, the post-application-and-baking surface is not uniform. This tendency is prominent in a case where high-speed roll coating is performed and in a case where a speed change occurs in a production line for an insulating coating. Preferably, TI is 1.00 or greater and 8.00 or less. More preferably, TI is greater than or equal to 1.20. Furthermore, more preferably, TI is less than or equal to 6.00.
[0045] Note that η (L) is not particularly limited and is preferably 2.0 to 60.0 mPa·s. Furthermore, η (H) is not particularly limited and is preferably 2.0 to 30.0 mPa·s.
[0046] Methods for controlling the thixotropic index (TI) to be within a preferred range include various methods, examples of which include a method in which the pH of the insulating coating treatment liquid is changed and a method in which a surface charge of the colloidal silica is controlled by surface treatment. Examples of the method in which the pH of the insulating coating treatment liquid is changed include a method in which an inorganic acid or the like is added to the insulating coating treatment liquid. In particular, a method in which small amounts of a dispersant is added to the insulating coating treatment liquid to control TI is preferable because this method has the least influence on the properties of the insulating coating.
[0047] There are various types of dispersants, such as ionic surfactants and nonionic surfactants. In the present invention, it is preferable to add a cationic surfactant. A reason for this is as follows. It is believed that in the insulating coating treatment liquid, a surface of the particles of a metal-element-containing compound is negatively charged, and a cationic surfactant can be easily adsorbed onto the surface. Among cationic surfactants, quaternary ammonium salt-type surfactants, which have low foamability, are most preferable for use in the insulating coating treatment liquid of the present invention. While a content of the dispersant depends on the ratio of mixing of constituents, the content is preferably 0.20 parts by mass or greater and 2.0 parts by mass or less per 100 parts by mass of the at least one phosphate salt selected from phosphate salts of any of Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Zn, Al, and Mn. More preferably, the content of the dispersant is greater than or equal to 0.25 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the phosphate salt. Furthermore, more preferably, the content of the dispersant is less than or equal to 1.5 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the phosphate salt. Note that in a case where the dispersant is diluted in a solvent, the amount of the dispersant expressed in parts by mass does not include the amount of the solvent.
[0048] According to the present invention, methods for producing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating include a production method in which the insulating coating treatment liquid is applied to a surface of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, drying is then performed if necessary, and thereafter, baking is performed. In a case where the insulating coating treatment liquid is applied to a surface of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, it is preferable that the insulating coating treatment liquid be applied to the surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet by using a roll coater while the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet is moved. With the present invention, appearance defects that may be exhibited after the insulating coating treatment liquid is applied and baked are inhibited, even in a case where high-speed roll coating is performed or in a case where a speed change occurs in a production line for an insulating coating. Examples of the production conditions associated with the high-speed roll coating include a production condition in which a feed speed for the steel sheet during the application of the insulating coating treatment liquid to the surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet is 180 mpm (meter per minute) or greater. Furthermore, examples of the production conditions associated with the speed change include a production condition in which a difference of 50 mpm or greater is caused between the maximum steel sheet feed speed and the minimum steel sheet feed speed in a production line in which the insulating coating treatment liquid is applied to the surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet.
[0049] According to the present invention, a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating includes an insulating coating on both surfaces. The insulating coating is a coating formed by applying the insulating coating treatment liquid to the surfaces of a steel sheet, then performing drying if necessary, and thereafter performing baking. Since the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating of the present invention includes the insulating coating, the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet has excellent moisture absorption resistance and an excellent iron loss reducing effect and also has a uniform and aesthetically pleasing surface appearance in which irregularities due to coating non-uniformities associated with the insulating coating treatment liquid are inhibited.
[0050] It is preferable that the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating of the present invention have an iron loss of less than or equal to 0.88 W/kg. Furthermore, in the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating of the present invention, it is preferable that the tension (coating tension) imparted by the insulating coating to the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet be greater than or equal to 10.0 MPa. Furthermore, it is preferable that the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating of the present invention have a moisture absorption resistance corresponding to an amount of leaching of phosphorus of less than or equal to 100 [µg/150 cm2] . Note that the methods for measuring the iron loss, tension imparted, and moisture absorption resistance are as described below in EXAMPLES.
(Example 1)
[0051] A final-annealed grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having a sheet thickness of 0.20 mm was prepared. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet had a magnetic flux density B8 of 1.920 T. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet was pickled in phosphoric acid, and subsequently, various chromium-free insulating coating treatment liquids, shown in Table 1, were each applied such that a total coating weight for both surfaces after baking of 8.0 g/m2 was achieved. In this instance, the insulating coating treatment liquid was applied by using a roll coater while the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet was moved, with two levels of feed speeds, 120 mpm and 240 mpm, being used. Subsequently, a baking process was performed under the conditions of 820°C, 30 seconds, and a 100 vol% N2 atmosphere. Accordingly, grain-oriented electrical steel sheets having an insulating coating were produced.
[0052] In Table 1, the phosphate salt used for each of the samples was an aqueous solution of a dihydrogen phosphate salt, and the colloidal silica used was SNOWTEX-C, manufactured by Nissan Chemical Corporation. For both of these, the contents shown are on a solids basis. The particles of a metal-element-containing compound used were particles of TiO2, ZrO2, HfO2, Nb2O5, V2O5, MgO, or ZnO. In all instances, a particle diameter was within a range of 0.1 to 0.8 µm. The particle diameter of the metal-element-containing compound in the insulating coating treatment liquid was measured by using a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer SALD-3100, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation. The particle diameter is an average particle diameter and is a volume-based 50% particle diameter, that is, the median diameter. Furthermore, the contents of the particles of a metal-element-containing compound shown are contents in terms of elemental metal, on a solids basis. The surfactant used as a dispersant was QUARTAMIN 24P (a quaternary ammonium salt-type cationic surfactant), manufactured by Kao Corporation. The content of the surfactant shown does not include the amount of the solvent. A specific gravity of the insulating coating treatment liquid was adjusted to 1.180 by using purified water.
[0053] By using the methods described below, a measurement of viscosities of the insulating coating treatment liquid, an evaluation of the appearance of a surface exhibited after the insulating coating treatment liquid was applied and baked, and evaluations of iron loss, tension imparted, and moisture absorption resistance of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating were performed. The results are shown in Table 1.
(Viscosity of Insulating Coating Treatment Liquid)
[0054] Viscosities of the coating treatment liquid were measured by using a B-type viscometer with a No. 1 rotor, manufactured by Toki Sangyo Co., Ltd. Specifically, the viscosity η (L) at a liquid temperature of 20°C and a rotational speed of 6 rpm and the viscosity η (H) at a liquid temperature of 20°C and a rotational speed of 60 rpm were measured. Subsequently, the thixotropic index (TI) was calculated according to equation (1) below.
(Surface Appearance Exhibited After Insulating Coating Treatment Liquid was Applied and Baked)
[0055] A visual examination was performed to check the states of the surface, onto which the insulating coating treatment liquid had been applied by using a roll coater while the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet was moved, with two levels of feed speeds, 120 mpm and 240 mpm, being used, followed by baking. Evaluations were made as follows. In the following evaluations, the symbol "○" indicates "pass". No ribbing defect occurred under either of the conditions (120 mpm and 240 mpm): ○
A ribbing defect occurred under one of the conditions: Δ120 or Δ240 (Δ120 indicates that a ribbing defect occurred under the condition of 120 mpm, and Δ240 indicates that a ribbing defect occurred under the condition of 240 mpm) A ribbing defect occurred under both of the conditions: ×
(Iron Loss)
[0056] In accordance with the method specified in JIS C 2550, an iron loss (W17/50) was measured by using a test piece of 30 mm (width) × 280 mm (length) cut from the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating. When the iron loss (W17/50) was 0.88 W/kg or less, a rating of "pass" was given.
(Tension Imparted)
[0057] The tension (coating tension) imparted to the steel sheet was determined as follows. The tension was a tension in a rolling direction. A test piece of 30 mm (length in a direction perpendicular to the rolling direction) × 280 mm (length in the rolling direction) was cut from the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating. One surface of the test piece was masked with adhesive tape, and then the insulating coating on the other surface was removed by using alkali, acid, or the like. Next, a region extending 30 mm at one end of the test piece was fixed, and a portion of the test piece extending 250 mm therefrom was designated as a measurement length. Accordingly, a magnitude of deflection was measured, and the equation shown below was used. Note that the Young's modulus of the steel sheet was assumed to be 132 GPa. When the tension imparted was 10.0 MPa or greater, a rating of "pass" was given.
(Moisture Absorption Resistance)
[0058] A moisture absorption resistance was measured and evaluated as follows. Three test pieces of 50 mm × 50 mm, which were cut from the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating, were immersed and boiled in distilled water at 100°C for 5 minutes to leach phosphorus from the surface of the insulating coating. The amount of leaching [µg/150 cm2] was quantitatively analyzed by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. When the amount of leaching of phosphorus was 100 or less [µg/150 cm2], a rating of "pass" was given.
[0059] Table 1 indicates that the use of an insulating coating treatment liquid of the present invention enables the formation of a chromium-free insulating coating having excellent moisture absorption resistance and being capable of imparting a high tension to produce an excellent iron loss reducing effect and also inhibits appearance defects due to coating non-uniformities that may occur in a case where the insulating coating treatment liquid is applied to a steel sheet.
No. Phosphate salt (parts by mass) (solids basis) Colloidal silica (parts by mass) (solids basis) Metal-element-containing compound Surfactant Amount added (parts by mass) Viscosity of treatment liquid (mPa·s) TI Surface appearance Tension imparted (MPa) W17/50 (W/kg) Phosphorus leaching amount (µg/150cm2) Notes
Mg phosphate Ca phosphate Ba phosphate Sr phosphate Zn phosphate Al phosphate Mn phosphate Type Amount added (parts by mass) η (L) η (H)
1 100 - - - - - - 80 TiO2 2 - 36.2 4.1 8.83 ○ 6.3 0.90 400 Comparative example
2 100 - - - - - - 80 TiO2 5 - 63.5 5.9 10.76 Δ120 10.6 0.78 98 Comparative example
3 100 - - - - - - 80 TiO2 5 0.50 34.6 5.6 6.18 ○ 11.0 0.76 97 Invention example
4 100 - - - - - - 80 TiO2 10 0.50 38.0 11.8 3.22 ○ 11.5 0.75 38 Invention example
5 100 - - - - - - 80 ZrO2 30 0.50 55.7 23.6 2.36 ○ 12.0 0.74 32 Invention example
6 70 - - - - 30 - 80 ZrO2 40 0.50 63.4 28.4 2.23 ○ 12.3 0.73 28 Invention example
7 30 - - - - 70 - 80 Nb2O5 60 0.50 68.4 30.3 2.26 ○ 12.4 0.74 28 Invention example
8 - - - - - 100 - 50 Nb2O5 70 1.5 76.9 45.6 1.69 × 12.0 0.74 42 Comparative example
9 - - - - - 100 - 50 HfO2 10 0.20 37.4 10.4 3.60 ○ 11.5 0.74 39 Invention example
10 - - - - - 100 - 80 HfO2 40 0.25 68.9 23.9 2.88 ○ 12.5 0.87 32 Invention example
11 - - - - - 100 - 100 V2O5 5 1.0 24.6 5.3 4.64 ○ 10.8 0.78 90 Invention example
12 - - - - - 100 - 120 ZrO2 10 1.0 36.1 12.7 2.84 ○ 11.6 0.77 35 Invention example
13 - - - - - 100 - 150 V2O5 40 1.5 50.7 15.8 3.21 ○ 12.8 0.83 145 Comparative example
14 - 100 - - - - - 100 MgO 10 1.8 24.6 12.6 1.95 ○ 11.4 0.74 37 Invention example
15 - - 100 - - - - 100 MgO 40 2.0 38.6 29.2 1.32 ○ 12.3 0.75 26 Invention example
16 - - - 100 - - - 100 ZnO 10 1.0 26.4 12.0 2.20 ○ 11.3 0.74 39 Invention example
17 - - - - 100 - - 100 ZnO 40 2.0 32.1 29.3 1.10 ○ 12.6 0.74 27 Invention example
18 - - - - - 100 - 100 ZnO 60 2.0 35.6 33.6 1.06 ○ 12.6 0.75 24 Invention example
19 - - - - - - 100 100 V2O5 10 2.0 8.9 8.9 1.00 ○ 11.6 0.74 38 Invention example
20 70 - - - - - 30 80 ZrO2 5 0.80 32.1 6.2 5.18 ○ 10.9 0.79 35 Invention example
21 80 20 - - - - - 80 ZrO2 20 0.80 45.6 16.7 2.73 ○ 11.9 0.78 37 Invention example
22 50 - - - 50 - 80 ZrO2 20 0.25 60.3 18.3 3.30 ○ 11.9 0.79 36 Invention example
23 50 - - - 50 - - 100 ZrO2 20 0.25 58.6 17.5 3.35 ○ 11.8 0.77 39 Invention example
24 - - 50 50 - - - 100 ZrO2 20 1.5 40.6 13.6 2.99 ○ 11.9 0.78 34 Invention example
25 60 - - - - 40 - 100 HfO2 20 1.5 36.9 12.4 2.98 ○ 11.8 0.77 34 Invention example
26 30 - - - - 70 - 100 V2O5 1 - 2.2 2.3 0.96 Δ240 7.6 0.90 350 Comparative example
The underline indicates the value is outside the range of the present invention.
[0060] A final-annealed grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having a sheet thickness of 0.27 mm was prepared. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet had a magnetic flux density B8 of 1.928 T. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet was pickled in phosphoric acid, and subsequently, various chromium-free insulating coating treatment liquids, shown in Table 2, were each applied such that a total coating weight for both surfaces after baking of 12.0 g/m2 was achieved. In this instance, the insulating coating treatment liquid was applied by using a roll coater while the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet was moved, with two levels of feed speeds, 100 mpm and 300 mpm, being used. Subsequently, a baking process was performed under the conditions of 900°C, 30 seconds, and a 90 vol% N2 and 10 vol% H2 atmosphere. Accordingly, grain-oriented electrical steel sheets having an insulating coating were produced.
[0061] In Table 2, the phosphate salt used for each of the samples was an aqueous solution of a dihydrogen phosphate salt, and the colloidal silica used was AT-30, manufactured by ADEKA Corporation. For both of these, the contents shown are on a solids basis. The particles of a metal-element-containing compound used were NanoUse ZR-30AH, which is a ZrO2 sol manufactured by Nissan Chemical Corporation. The amount of addition, in terms of elemental metal (Zr), on a solids basis, was 20 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the phosphate salt. A particle diameter was 0.1 µm (measured as in Example 1). The surfactants used as a dispersant were SN dispersant 4215 (a quaternary ammonium salt-type cationic surfactant), manufactured by San Nopco Limited., and ACETAMIN 24 (alkylamine-type cationic surfactant), manufactured by Kao Corporation. The amounts of addition of the surfactants shown do not include the amount of the solvent. A specific gravity of the insulating coating treatment liquid was adjusted to 1.250 by using purified water.
[0062] As in Example 1, a measurement of a viscosity of the insulating coating treatment liquid and evaluations of iron loss, tension imparted, and moisture absorption resistance of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating were performed. Furthermore, an evaluation of the appearance of the surface exhibited after the insulating coating treatment liquid was applied and baked was performed by using the method described below. The results are shown in Table 2.
No. Phosphate salt (parts by mass) (solids basis) Colloidal silica (parts by mass) (solids basis) Surfactant Viscosity of treatment liquid (mPa·s) TI Surface appearance Tension imparted (MPa) W17/50 (W/kg) Phosphorus leaching amount (µg/150cm2) Notes
Mg phosphate Al phosphate Type Amount added (parts by mass) η (L) η (H)
1 100 - 40 SN4215 0.20 53.4 16.4 3.26 ○ 7.3 1.00 35 Comparative example
2 100 - 50 SN4215 0.25 42.6 15.8 2.70 ○ 12.0 0.86 32 Invention example
4 100 - 100 Acetamin 24 0.25 47.9 16.4 2.92 ○ 11.7 0.88 26 Invention example
6 100 - 150 Acetamin 24 2.00 24.1 12.7 1.90 ○ 10.8 0.90 190 Comparative example
7 70 30 40 Acetamin 24 0.20 67.9 18.4 3.69 ○ 7.2 0.97 36 Comparative example
8 50 50 50 Acetamin 24 0.20 68.3 18.6 3.67 ○ 12.0 0.87 37 Invention example
9 30 70 100 SN4215 1.00 37.4 10.4 3.60 ○ 10.9 0.88 39 Invention example
10 - 100 120 SN4215 1.50 25.4 12.2 2.08 ○ 11.1 0.88 34 Invention example
11 - 100 150 SN4215 2.00 23.4 11.8 1.98 ○ 10.6 0.92 220 Comparative example
[0065] A final-annealed grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having a sheet thickness of 0.23 mm was prepared. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet had a magnetic flux density B8 of 1.923 T. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet was pickled in phosphoric acid, and subsequently, various chromium-free insulating coating treatment liquids, shown in Table 3, were each applied such that a total coating weight for both surfaces after baking of 10.0 g/m2 was achieved. In this instance, the insulating coating treatment liquid was applied by using a roll coater while the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet was moved, with two levels of feed speeds, 150 mpm and 380 mpm, being used. Subsequently, a baking process was performed under the conditions of 950°C, 10 seconds, and an 85 vol% N2 and 15 vol% H2 atmosphere. Accordingly, grain-oriented electrical steel sheets having an insulating coating were produced.
[0066] In Table 3, the phosphate salt used was an aqueous solution of aluminum dihydrogen phosphate, and the colloidal silica used was AT-30, manufactured by ADEKA Corporation. For both of these, the contents shown are on a solids basis. The particles of a metal-element-containing compound used were particles of TiO2, ZrN, HfO2, or MgO. The amounts of addition shown are in terms of elemental metal, on a solids basis. A particle diameter of these in the insulating coating treatment liquid was measured as in Example 1. To control the viscosity properties of the insulating coating treatment liquid, the inorganic acids listed in Table 3 were each added in an amount shown in the table. The amounts of addition shown are amounts that do not include the amount of the substances other than the inorganic acid, such as a solvent. A specific gravity of the insulating coating treatment liquid was adjusted to 1.100 by using purified water.
No. Al phosphate (parts by mass) (solids basis) Colloidal silica (parts by mass) (solids basis) Metal-element-containing compound Inorganic acid Viscosity of treatment liquid (mPa·s) TI Surface appearance Tension imparted (MPa) W17/50 (W/kg) Phosphorus leaching amount (µg/150cm2) Notes
Type Amount added (parts by mass) Particle diameter (d50) (µm) Type Amount added (parts by mass) η (L) η (H)
1 100 100 TiO2 10 0.10 - - 113.0 8.9 12.70 × 10.6 0.82 38 Comparative example
2 100 100 TiO2 10 0.50 HNO3 1.00 36.4 10.5 3.47 ○ 12.6 0.77 36 Invention example
3 100 50 TiO2 10 0.50 H2SO4 1.00 34.6 12.4 2.79 ○ 11.9 0.78 34 Invention example
4 100 100 HfO2 10 0.50 HCl 1.00 37.6 11.6 3.24 ○ 12.3 0.78 33 Invention example
5 100 80 HfO2 5 1.00 HNO3 0.80 68.9 22.9 3.01 ○ 12.2 0.79 24 Invention example
MgO 15
6 100 120 ZrN 25 0.80 H2SO4 2.00 73.9 33.1 2.23 ○ 11.8 0.78 26 Invention example
7 100 90 HfO2 5 0.60 HCl 1.50 20.6 10.6 1.94 ○ 12.8 0.76 22 Invention example
TiO2 10
8 100 60 TiO2 5 0.70 HCl 0.50 11.2 11.2 1.00 ○ 11.6 0.80 64 Invention example
MgO 2
ZrO2 25
1. An insulating coating treatment liquid, which is an insulating coating treatment liquid for forming a chromium-free insulating coating on a surface of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet,
the insulating coating treatment liquid comprising at least one phosphate salt selected from phosphate salts of any of Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Zn, Al, and Mn and comprising colloidal silica and particles of a metal-element-containing compound, wherein
2. The insulating coating treatment liquid according to Claim 1, wherein the particles of a metal-element-containing compound comprise at least one type of particles selected from particles of an oxide and particles of a nitride, the oxide being at least one selected from oxides of any of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Mg, Zn, and Nb, the nitride being at least one selected from nitrides of any of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Mg, Zn, and Nb.
3. The insulating coating treatment liquid according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein the particles of a metal-element-containing compound comprise at least one type of particles selected from particles of any of TiO2, ZrO2, HfO2, MgO, ZnO, Nb2O5, V2O5, TiN, and ZrN.
4. The insulating coating treatment liquid according to any one of Claims 1 to 3, wherein the particles of a metal-element-containing compound have a particle diameter of 0.05 µm or greater and 1.0 µm or less.
5. The insulating coating treatment liquid according to any one of Claims 1 to 4, further comprising a cationic surfactant.
6. The insulating coating treatment liquid according to Claim 5, wherein the cationic surfactant comprises a quaternary ammonium salt-type cationic surfactant.
7. The insulating coating treatment liquid according to Claim 5 or 6, wherein a content of the cationic surfactant is 0.20 to 2.0 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the at least one phosphate salt selected from phosphate salts of any of Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, Zn, Al, and Mn.
8. A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating, the insulating coating being an insulating coating resulting from baking of the insulating coating treatment liquid according to any one of Claims 1 to 7, the insulating coating being disposed on a surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet.
9. A method for producing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating, the method comprising applying the insulating coating treatment liquid according to any one of Claims 1 to 7 to a surface of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet and subsequently baking the insulating coating treatment liquid.
10. The method for producing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having an insulating coating according to Claim 9, wherein in a case where the insulating coating treatment liquid is applied to the surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, the insulating coating treatment liquid is applied to the surface of the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet by using a roll coater while the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet is moved.
JP50079442A [0008]
JP2000169972A [0008]
JP2017511840W [0008]


Looking for a gaming build for a friend of mine that has a budget of $1,000 USD.
Already have the monitor. Need keyboard and mouse.
$700 USD? CAD? NZD? AUD?
I'm assuming he won't be overclocking?
What monitor(s) will he use with this system? Make and model, or at least resolution and refresh rate.
Anything else the system will be used for, or any examples of more demanding games he'll be playing?


Welcome to Funke's Virtual visit!
This section of the site contains an extensive array of pics we have taken around the range.
Come poke around the range through the magic of cyberspace!
For those who were familiar with our old site format areas have been moved to season. Mums would be in Fall, Christmas is now in the winter section.


text:
White House Interactive
USA Freedom Corps
Faith-Based & Community Initiatives
Home > Government
Jedd Medefind
Special Assistant to the President and Acting Director of the Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives
Jedd Medefind serves as Special Assistant to the President and Acting Director of the White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives.
In this role, Medefind leads the White House Office and its partner Centers in eleven major Federal agencies to strengthen the work of frontline nonprofits and social entrepreneurs and ensure their role as central partners in any Federal effort that addresses human needs — from addiction, homelessness, prisoner reentry and at-risk youth to global HIV/AIDS and malaria.
Prior to his current role, Medefind served as Deputy Director of the Faith-Based and Community Initiative (FBCI), managing the White House Office team and implementing Presidential priorities across the Federal government. He also served as Director of the FBCI Center at the U.S. Department of Labor, where he led efforts to expand the work of faith-based and other community groups in cutting crime and prisoner recidivism, boosting welfare-to-work efforts and helping individuals overcome poverty through successful employment.
Previously, Medefind filled a range of posts in the California State Legislature, including Communications Director and Chief of Staff in the State Senate and State Assembly. He also helped create and lead the California Community Renewal Project, which provides resources and training to organizations that serve the state's most challenged communities.
Medefind has worked, studied and served in more than thirty countries, including projects in Guatemala, Bangladesh, the Kingdom of Lesotho and a number of other countries. He also worked for Price-Waterhouse Russia in Moscow.
The book Four Souls, which he wrote with three close friends, explores questions of faith, poverty and community amid a journey around the globe. His most recent book, The Revolutionary Communicator, examines the grace and greatness of Jesus' approach to communication and leadership.
Jedd and his wife Rachel and their two daughters live in Washington, D.C.
History & Tours | Kids | Your Government | Appointments | Jobs | Contact |

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
6 celebrities you didn't know had OCD
By wpadmin | February 6, 2019
Amanda Seyfried, Charlize Theron and Jessica Alba are amongst the many celebrities with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), now highlighted by a new Channel 4 drama
Channel 4's fresh new TV drama Pure premiered last week, following 24-year-old Marnie, played by actress Charly Clive. Marnie has Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
The six-part drama is adapted on the acclaimed biography of Rose Cartwright, aka Marnie who decides to pack up and move to London, as she can no longer cope with her condition, Pure O (purely obsessional), a form of OCD. In London she discovers she is not the only lost soul and makes a group of new friends.
The drama focuses on Marnie's functionality and the complications that pure O can cause to a person's daily life. It also highlights the severity of the disorder and shines a new light on the scope of what OCD can encompass. For Marnie, it manifests as being hindered by obsessive sexual thoughts and compulsions with unseen mental rituals that deeply interrupt her life.
12 in every 1,000 people suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder
What is Obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, or most commonly referred to as OCD, is a severe anxiety condition. According to OCD UK, it is estimated that around three quarters of a million people are thought to be suffering from this debilitating condition. That's approximately 1.2 per cent of the population in Britain which accounts to over one million people dealing with this disorder each day. Recent research also suggests that OCD is more common in women than in men.
OCD is often associated with immaculate cleanliness, repetitive hand washing or even mild germ phobias. But the truth is this condition is far more complicated. There are two predominant factors of OCD. These are obsessions and compulsions.
Channel 4's new drama 'Pure'. Joe (Anthony Welsh), Marnie (Charly Clive) and Charlie (Joe Cole). Image from Channel 4.
The Symptoms
Obsessions 'are unwelcome thoughts, images, urges, worries or doubts that repeatedly appear in your mind,' says the mental health charity, Mind. This can result in the avoidance of certain people or places, sometimes even objects. Simply put, this is the cause of the anxiety.
Compulsions are the repetitive actions the person must do to tame their anxieties, this could include excessive checking of appliances, counting or repeating words in your head, or even washing your hands to the point they are red raw. This is the physical ritual.
More and more people are opening up about their battles with mental health. Now is the time to embrace them just like these six celebrities have done.
#1 Jessica Alba
Celebrities with OCD,Jessica Alba at the 'Mechanic: Resurrection' Los Angeles Premiere, 2016. Image from PR Photos.
The actress now turned businesswoman once stated that she had suffered from OCD. It was a need for control over her life. As a child she suffered from multiple health issues such as kidney problems, asthma and pneumonia, which sometimes hit her multiple times a year, as mentioned in Cosmopolitan. It was no wonder that she developed a need for control over her life and so developed an obsessive and controlling condition.
'I used to unplug every single appliance in my house. Or I'd double-check every door in my house to make sure it was locked at night,' as mentioned in ABC News. 'It was like a panic came over me and I had to do something, and once I did it, I was OK. … It was really me needing to control something.'
#2 Camila Cabello
Celebrities with OCD, Camila Cabello, The O2, Peninsula Square / London, UK, 2018. Photos by PR photos.
The 21-year-old singer recently admitted in an interview last year to her struggles with anxiety and OCD. Camila is one in a number of celebs that have come forward with their mental health difficulties.
'OCD is weird. I laugh about it now,' she says in an interview with E! Online. 'Everybody has different ways of handling stress. And, for me, if I get really stressed thinking about something, I'll start to have the same thought over and over again, and no matter how many times I get to the resolution, I feel like something bad is about to happen if I don't keep thinking about it.'
Once diagnosed with OCD, the disorder appeared to be more easily managed and Camila could finally cope with it. She explained to Teen Vogue 'I didn't know what it was and when I found out, and [learned] how to step back from it, it made me feel so much better,' she said. 'I feel so much more in control of it now. To the point where I'm just like, 'Aha! OK, this is just my OCD.'
#3 Amanda Seyfried
Celebrities with OCD, Amanda Seyfried at the 'Gringo' Los Angeles Premiere, 2018. Image from PR photos.
After filming Mean Girls in 2004, 19-year-old Seyfried took the step and moved to LA to continue her film career. Driving to one of her new sets she began to suffer from a panic attack, she tells Porter last year 'I got dizzy and had this crazy headache, so I pulled over onto the freeway ramp and called my mom: 'I'm going to die!' I was gasping.' It was soon apparent that she had OCD and once diagnosed found her 'whole life changed. It was so empowering.'
Now 33-years-old, Amanda told Porter that she was on medication, but that combined with her embracing motherhood has left her so busy that she never has enough time to worry
#4 Katy Perry
Celebrities with OCD, Katy Perry, Byron Allen's 2nd Annual Entertainment Studios Oscar Gala Viewing Party, 2018. Image by PR photos.
The 34-year-old American singer-song writer is not shy about opening up on her quirks, nor does it seem her mental health is out of bounds either as she honestly admits to suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder.
Speaking out in 2013, as noted in News24, she said 'I have OCD tendencies. I do strange things with buttoning everything up and colour coordinating it, hanging it in a certain way. When things are out of control in your childhood, you find things to focus on.' But that's not all, she has also admitted, as stated in the Cosmopolitan, that she brushes her teeth 'four to six times a day,' and takes twenty-six pills each day, but don't worry they're only 'vitamins and supplements.'
#5 Lena Dunham
Celebrities with OCD, Lena Dunham, 2017 Tribeca Film Festival "My Art" Premiere. Image from PR photos
Multi-talented director, actress, and writer, most notably known for her hit show Girls, Dunham is no stranger to the effects of anxiety. She is particularly open about her experiences and feels no stigma surrounding her struggles.
In a video exclusive to People she said, 'I have obsessive compulsive disorder and a generalized anxiety disorder that often leads to dissociative anxiety.'
Even as a child at the age of four, it was apparent that beneath her funny demeanor she was plagued by thoughts of worry which highly affected her schooling. She confessed in Vogue 'I missed 74 days of 10th grade,' which in turn lead to her to become avoidant and afraid to leave the comfort of her own home.
#6 Charlize Theron
Celebrities with OCD, Charlize Theron at The 24th Annual Critics' Choice Awards, 2019. Image from PR photos.
South African actress and mother of two spoke in 2012 to Australian radio show Kyle and Jackie O and confessed she has 'OCD, which is not fun.' She goes on to say, 'I have to be incredibly tidy and organized or it messes with my mind and switches off on me.' She has also professed how the worry of chaos often weighed upon her at night. Something that anyone with anxiety can relate too.
In 2017 she spoke to Ellen DeGeneres in an interview about the effect her children had on her condition. As mentioned in ET online, she says 'My kids definitely help me be less anxious about a lot of that stuff. There are certain rooms that I let go and I've given up on.'
You can now catch Pure every Wednesday on Channel 4 or you can catch all episodes on All 4.
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THE February 26 appeal decision by the Federal Court of Australia in Chowder Bay Pty Ltd v Paganin resulted in the valuer and the developer dodging a bullet by the skin of their teeth – and it's a lesson to all in the property industry according to Mullins Lawyers.
Six investors had sued the valuer on the basis his valuation of the project at $67.8 million was misleading and deceptive. Mullins Lawyers special counsel Gordon Perkins said this valuation had resulted in the bank advancing money to the developer, which in turn resulted in a loss to the investors.
The investors argued in court that if the valuation had been accurate (estimated at about $45.5 million), the bank would not have financed the development and they would have sold the undeveloped land and recovered their money.
The Chowder Bay project attracted 23 investors at $500,000 each to develop a former caravan park in Western Australia into a residential resort.
The court was told that the investors were to receive one residential apartment each on sale of the remaining development and the developer was to receive several apartments. The bank was to finance about 45 percent of the sale price of all of the apartments.
When arranging the valuation, the developer gave the valuer a list showing the sale prices of the apartments and the 23 apartments to be given to the investors as 'sold'.
Assessing the merits of the claim, the trial judge examined all of the circumstances surrounding the valuation and found that the bank was not misled or deceived as the assumptions and qualification by the valuer were clearly expressed. The bank's knowledge of the transaction and its sophistication as a user of valuations were factors in this decision as was the qualification in the second valuation to the effect that the valuer had not seen the presale contracts and that the bank should confirm them.
The Court of Appeal supported the Judge's reasoning in this regard and upheld the decision that the valuation did not mislead the bank. As a result, the case failed from an investor perspective.
Mr Perkins said there were several clear lessons from the case.
"Valuers need to consider to whom they are addressing their valuation and where appropriate to include sufficient explanation of unusual features and qualifications relevant to the degree of sophistication of the recipient," Mr Perkins said. "Financiers should be aware of the basis for assumptions made by a valuer and specifically check matters raised by the valuer in any qualifications to the valuation.
"In this instance the argument was narrow and focussed on the valuation. A similar argument could have been raised by the investors to the effect that 'they made a loss because the bank was negligent in making the loan. Had the bank been diligent and acted on the qualification they would not have made the loan and the investors would have recovered their money from sale of the undeveloped land'.
"Unfortunately the argument that 'the bank should not have lent me the money' arises too frequently for financiers to ignore this point. Developers, directors and their management must make sure that they fully and frankly advise valuers when instructing them.
"They should also ensure their financiers are fully and frankly advised of the nature of any special arrangements. Here the bank's risk was that the sale of the remaining units did not occur in time to repay the loan.
"Although there was sufficient equity to protect the bank, had the developer been diligent, the issue could have been dealt with before the loan was drawn and the outcome for the developer and investors would have been different," Mr Perkins said. "The developer and one of its directors misled the valuer by not advising the nature of the arrangements with investors described in the valuation as 'pre-sales'.
"They were aware of the issue by the time of the second valuation. It's possible they also misled the bank as to the nature of the 'pre-sales' to investors. This was not argued and nothing turned on the finding against the director and developer as the link with the loss claimed by the investors was broken (the valuer had not misled the bank).
"Had the outcome been different, the directors would have been liable for at least part of the loss. This scheme had more than 20 investors. If the investors each had paid less than $500,000 it would be a managed investment scheme requiring registration with ASIC.
"This was not relevant to the case above but we recommend that developers and others raising funds using trusts or other forms of investment vehicle check that their activities comply with the laws regarding managed investments," Mr Perkins said.


text:
JNNP 100
Stereotactic EEG-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy
James X Tao1,
Shasha Wu1,
Maureen Lacy2,
Sandra Rose1,
Naoum P Issa1,
Carina W Yang3,
Katherine E Dorociak2,
Maria Bruzzone1,
Jisoon Kim1,
Ahmad Daif1,
Jason Choi4,
Vernon L Towle1,
Peter C Warnke4
1 Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
2 Department of Psychiatry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
3 Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
4 Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Correspondence to Dr James X Tao, Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; jtao{at}neurology.bsd.uchicago.edu
Objective To determine the outcomes of combined stereo-electroencephalography-guided and MRI-guided stereotactic laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) in the treatment of patients with drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE).
Methods We prospectively assessed the surgical and neuropsychological outcomes in 21 patients with medically refractory mTLE who underwent LITT at the University of Chicago Medical Center. We further compared the surgical outcomes in patients with and without mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS).
Results Of the 21 patients, 19 (90%) underwent Invasive EEG study and 11 (52%) achieved freedom from disabling seizures with a mean duration of postoperative follow-up of 24±11 months after LITT. Eight (73%) of 11 patients with MTS achieved freedom from disabling seizures, whereas 3 (30 %) of 10 patients without MTS achieved freedom from disabling seizures. Patients with MTS were significantly more likely to become seizure-free, as compared with those without MTS (P=0.002). There was no significant difference in total ablation volume and the percentage of the ablated amygdalohippocampal complex between seizure-free and non-seizure-free patients. Presurgical and postsurgical neuropsychological assessments were obtained in 10 of 21 patients. While there was no group decline in any neuropsychological assessment, a significant postoperative decline in verbal memory and confrontational naming was observed in individual patients.
Conclusions MRI-guided LITT is a safe and effective alternative to selective amygdalohippocampectomy and anterior temporal lobectomy for mTLE with MTS. Nevertheless, its efficacy in those without MTS seems modest. Large multicentre and prospective studies are warranted to further determine the efficacy and safety of LITT.
temporal lobe epilepsy
anterior temporal lobectomy
drug resistant epilepsy
selective amygadalohippocampectomy
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2017-316833
JXT and SW contributed equally.
Contributors JXT, SW and PCW: study design, data analysis and manuscript writing. ML and KED: neurocognitive tests, data analysis and manuscript writing. SR, NPI, MB, JK and AD: data collection and analysis. JC: volumetric data analysis. CWY: brain MRI imaging analysis. VLT: electrode reconstruction.
Patient consent Obtained.
Ethics approval The University of Chicago Institutional Review Board (IRB, equivalent to local ethics committee) approved this study and a written consent was obtained in all studied patients.
© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.
Online: ISSN 1468-330XPrint: ISSN 0022-3050


Streamlining your financial matters while dealing with taxes can benefit you in the long-run. Individuals, as well as businesses, can use strategic tax planning to help reduce their tax bill. Planning everything well before the year ends gives you ample time; letting tax matters pile up will not only cause stress.
What Happens When Your Business Owes Back Taxes?
If you haven't filed your business tax return or paid your taxes by the deadline, then you will have to arrange some way to repay the debt to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
How to Become a Financial Auditor?
In the field of finance, accuracy, reliability and time management is given so much importance. That's why those people who work in this field are required to be responsible, accurate and attentive to the smallest detail. This is the same when it goes to being a financial auditor.
There are a large number of organizations who are taking the advantage of online accounting services. Due to the expanding businesses, many companies are outsourcing their accounting work to the other companies which are helpful in maximizing the returns on the core proficiencies.
As the anticipation of the tax season gets more real than anybody would like to, it's time to start gathering the financial files and think about enlisting the professional tax preparation support.
Heavy Vehicle Use Tax also referred as HVUT is the fee paid annually.
Generating handsome revenue out of your business is a pleasure, but when it comes to paying taxes, one cannot imagine the extent of strict rules and regulations. In the absence of productive strategic tax planning, tax compliance can easily deprive you of your hard earned dollars.


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As part of its massive investment in three-year-old kinder, a re-elected Andrews Labor Government will undertake our state's biggest early education build, with almost 1000 new and upgraded kinders across the state.
Already home to around 2400 services providing kindergarten programs, this investment represents a nearly 40 per cent bump in services across our state and is expected to create around 5000 construction jobs.
In order to kickstart work as soon as possible, a re-elected Labor Government will begin working with councils and communities on their local kinder rollout from day one.
Announced today by Minister for Early Childhood Education Jenny Mikakos and Member for Eastern Victoria Harriet Shing while visiting Goodstart Early Learning Centre in Morwell, the investment will help meet Labor's commitment to deliver a full 15 hours of three-year-old kinder for every Victorian child.
The reform, which gives kids an extra year of kinder before school, will create massive demand.
In Latrobe City, for example, around 450 extra kinder places will be created by 2029, equivalent to more than eight new early education services. In Baw Baw, more than 400 places will be created, equivalent to nine local services. In Wellington, about 244 new places will be created, equivalent to about six new centres.
This investment includes a massive injection of funds into our existing Children's Facilities Capital Program, which provides financial support to councils and community organisations to fund their own builds and upgrades.
It also represents good news for families struggling with the cost of living. Right now, many are forced to scrimp and save to cover the costs of three-year-old kinder – around $5000 a year for 15 hours – while the vast majority see their kids miss out. But under Labor's plan, around a quarter of Victorian families will pay nothing at all.


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Sentencing delayed for paraglider who delayed mountain rescue
An attempt to plead guilty by the paraglider who delayed an October rescue of a BASE jumper on a local peak will have to wait.
Greg Colgan
The red circle is where the BASE jumper got caught on the side of EEOR near Canmore on Sunday (Oct. 31). KANANASKIS COUNTRY PUBLIC SAFETY PHOTO
CANMORE – An attempt to plead guilty by the paraglider who delayed an October rescue of a BASE jumper on a local peak will have to wait.
Appearing in Canmore provincial court Thursday (Dec. 2), Hans Resendiz Pineda was facing charges related to when he launched and floated in the area of rescue helicopter air space on the East End of Rundle (EEOR), leading to about a 20-minute delay of a rescue of a BASE jumper clinging to a rock face.
He was set to plead guilty and pay a $6,000 fine, but Justice of the Peace Peter Roginski ruled the decision was outside his jurisdiction when taking into account the procedures regulation under the Justice of the Peace regulation when ruling on Provincial Parks Act offences.
"There's some laws that give me the power to do things and I'm limited in my powers," Roginski told Resendiz Pineda after a 10-minute discussion in court with Crown prosecutor Bev Shugg.
"I can't deal with everything I feel like dealing with or is brought before me. In this particular case, I don't think this is an offence I have the power to deal with," said Shugg.
The rescue had Kananaskis Country Public Safety (KCPS) airlift a man in his 40s after his parachute failed and he smashed into the rock face of EEOR.
When he deployed, the parachute twisted and had him hit the rock. The man fell down the mountain for about 175 to 200 metres from the jump location until his parachute caught the rock edge and left him dangling from his parachute.
A BASE jumper's friend called 911 and KCPS and Alpine Helicopters responded, attempting a heli-sling rescue. However, that was halted due to fears of the rotor wash blowing would unhinge the BASE jumper from the mountain.
KCPS and Parks Canada completed a high rope rescue to secure the man and heli-slung him to safety. He was then transferred to local EMS and STARS air ambulance flew him to a hospital in Calgary.
A BASE jumper is someone who jumps from either a building, antenna, span or Earth with a parachute.
The rescue attempt, however, was delayed for at least 20 minutes when a paraglider with a lime green canopy launched and floated in the area of the rescue air space.
Resendiz Pineda eventually landed at Quarry Lake, Shugg said, where he was met by conservation officers and RCMP officers later attended.
KCPS' public safety specialist Jeremy Mackenzie told the Outlook on Nov. 1 that having aircraft in the area of a rescue adds significant risk.
"We can't have other aircraft in the area in order to perform properly because we're focused on so many critical aspects of the work, you know, flying rescuers under a helicopter has a lot of inherent risks and we just want to remove all other distractions and all other potential hazards and limit what we need to manage," said Mackenzie.
"So it was unfortunate that paraglider decided to enter our working air space and it actually did cause a real delay in our rescue at that point. The patient was still not secured in any way, he was still hanging on by a thread of his parachute and then we were delayed by operations because this paraglider was in our way."
After Resendiz Pineda attempted to plead guilty and Shugg made her sentencing recommendation she had agreed to with Resendiz Pineda and his lawyer Mark Damm, Roginski adjourned the court for about 25 minutes to see if he was legally permitted to accept the decision.
When he returned, Roginski said he couldn't accept the plea since Part 19 of the procedures regulation under the Justice of the Peace regulation allowed him to rise under the Provincial Parks Act when a specified penalty is set out.
Since the act didn't have a specified penalty, he was unable to accept the guilty plea.
RELATED: Badly injured BASE jumper rescued on side of EEOR near Canmore
Shugg, a longtime Crown prosecutor, said she was "totally ambushed" by the decision, particularly since she said it was common for Justices of the Peace to accept such a recommendation.
"That would be news to me, sir, because we have done this in the past. … We've always done this," she said when Roginski said it was out of his jurisdiction.
Shugg said in jurisdiction of justices 3(1) Subsection N of the Justice of the Peace regulation, she felt there was a "clear division" between the Provincial Parks Act and the regulations.
"I've seen it interpreted in the past. I've been here since 2003 and I've seen your colleagues take this as an indication they can make orders under that section because of the Provincial Parks Act," she said.
However, Roginski had a different interpretation that wouldn't allow him to accept the plea.
"When I look at it, and I look at the rest and the Provincial Parks Act, it sets out very significant penalties in the general penalty section. … I believe it means I can only deal jurisdictionally with matters where there's a specified penalty.
"It's not that we're reluctant to deal with Mr. Resendiz Pineda, there's not much point in me making a dealing with this matter if I don't have jurisdiction. … I appreciate it other people have interpreted it differently, but I have to interpret it as I see the correct interpretation."
Had the guilty plea been accepted, $5,500 of the $6,000 would have gone to STARS Air Ambulance, which transported the BASE jumper to a Calgary hospital on Oct. 31.
When Resendiz Pineda spoke to Roginski, he noted his regret for delaying the rescue.
"I made a terrible mistake," he told the court. "I'm terribly disappointed in myself.
"I love paragliding, but I made a terrible mistake," he said, apologizing several times.
Resendiz Pineda, who said he is a system engineer in Calgary, also said he was working with the paragliding community to help educate people.
Resendiz Pineda declined comment to the Outlook after the court hearing.
"I want no part of this," he said.
Roginski directed the judicial clerk to have Resendiz Pineda appear in court in Calgary Dec. 8 due to it having a provincial judge.
About the Author: Greg Colgan
Greg is the editor for the Outlook.
UPDATED: Badly injured BASE jumper rescued on side of EEOR near Canmore


Remember, remember the fifth of November is now just days away - so get your diaries out.
The sky across Dover, Deal and Sandwich will sparkle with fireworks again as the region celebrates Bonfire Night .
Parks, pubs, clubs and community centres will be hosting bonfires and fireworks displays on and around November 5, when Britain commemorates the failed gunpowder plot to blow up the House of Lords and kill King James I.
Guy Fawkes - a member of the Catholic group behind the conspiracy to overthrow the Protestant government - was arrested on November 5, 1605, while guarding the explosives they planned to use.
Bonfire Night is also known as Guy Fawkes Night after him, while effigies named after him are thrown on the flames. Cheery.
But enough with the history lesson - here's where you can watch the fireworks in the Dover district.
All events are expected to be very busy and parking is limited around many of the sites, so try to use public transport if possible. And it goes without saying, but leave your dogs at home and out of earshot.
We'll be updating the list below as more events are announced so keep checking back if you don't see any near you yet. To add your event, leave details in the comments below or email lauren.macdougall@trinitymirror.com.
What: An packed day of track action, including supermoto, rallycross, sidecars, race cars, drift, solo scooters, superkarts, supernational hot rods and the chance to take your car out in the public track time session, followed by fireworks.
What: A Halloween fireworks night complete with refreshments, fairground rides, face painting and a children's fancy dress competition.
Cost: £5 for adults, £4 for children and £1 for pre-school children. Tickets are available at the school. Entry on the gate is £1 extra per person.
Cost: Adults £5, children £2.50, under 2 years go free.
What: A fireworks display with hot food and drinks available.


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text:
Opening Up the Black Box of Economic Development
Economic development offices around the country have a transparency problem.
Jim Russell
Youngstown, Ohio's Central Square. (Photo: Blue80/Wikimedia Commons)
Beware of certified professionals. Such presumed bona fides usually masks an exercise of throwing darts. If the results of efforts are obviously positive, then why does an economic development practitioner bear a testimonial certificate? A few years ago, residents of the Mahoning Valley in Ohio asked to see a cost-benefit analysis:
The Youngstown Office of Economic Development claimed to have created 553 jobs during the past five years. Salaries for three members of the YOED staff in 2009 totaled $144,589, including fringe benefits.
Sarah Lown, incentive manager for the YOED, could not provide the office's budgets from 2005 through 2008.
"We fold our budget into the finance office in our audited statement, so it gets watered down," she said via e-mail.
Lown said, in most cases, those 553 jobs are still in place in businesses such as Coronado Steel, DiRusso Sausage, Cedar's Lounge, Blackline Materials Inc. and A-1 Concrete.
"The city's strategy is to assist those companies who have already been vetted by the banks," she said. "The term 'job creation' is used mostly in follow-up monitoring."
The job creation numbers are as humble as the salary and benefits for the staff. But we still don't know if the YOED is worth the expenditure. The constituency complains and no one has satisfactory answers for them. The results of efforts are not obviously positive. Such is the nature of the economic development profession. Get certified here.
Economic development offices around the country do not have a certification problem. They have a transparency problem. Trot out those job creation numbers. Do another ribbon cutting. The emperor has no clothes and the people are wise to the shenanigans. What's an economic developer to do?
Before uttering "plastics" or some other petrochemical boondoggle, consider the decline of the Silicon Valley economy like the Detroit economy before it. For each next Silicon Valley, the real Silicon Valley economy diffuses. For each next Silicon Valley, the actual Silicon Valley economy dilutes. Some day soon we will ask if certain communities can bring back innovation as we hoped for manufacturing.
Burgh Diaspora
Starry, Starry Skies
California desert town takes back the night, wins rare "Dark Sky" award
What Is the Future of Paid Parental Leave in America?
The U.S. has a rough track record with how it treats new parents, but there are reasons to believe that this could soon be a thing of the past.
These Maps Show What Graham-Cassidy Would Mean for Your State
A new report concludes that the Graham-Cassidy proposal would reduce federal funding to states by $215 billion by 2026.
The Fault in Our Star Names
The International Astronomical Union has established a committee to finalize a list of official star names. Some companies offer unofficial naming rights for purchase. But the voices of certain communities are often left behind.
How Much Can Dietary Changes and Food Production Practices Help Mitigate Climate Change?
Food policy experts weigh in on the possibilities of individual diet choices and sustainable production methods.
Unseen America
Las Manos Jóvenes Que Nos Alimentan
Se calcula que 524,000 niños trabajan inimaginables largas horas en los agotadores campos agrícolas de Estados Unidos, y todo es perfectamente legal.


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