text:
What's Exceptional About American Exceptionalism?
The nation was founded on natural law and natural right, not myth or tribal legend.
Allen C. Guelzo
Americans like to believe that they are an exceptional people. We speak of ourselves as a nation lifting our light beside the golden door, a people who "more than self their country loved and mercy more than life," in the words of "America the Beautiful." The first person to apply the term "exceptional" to Americans was a Frenchman, Alexis de Tocqueville, in his prophetic survey of American life in the 1830s, Democracy in America. But the germ of the idea had been around even longer, and it has never lost its grip on our imagination. Rallying Americans to his program for a new "Morning in America," Ronald Reagan described America in almost mystical terms as a "shining city on a hill." The light it shone with was like none that lighted any other nation. "I've always believed that this blessed land was set apart in a special way," Reagan said in 1983, "that there was some divine plan that placed the two great continents here between the oceans to be found by people from every corner of the Earth who had a deep love for freedom." In his 2012 presidential bid, Mitt Romney hailed America as "an exceptional country with a unique destiny and role in the world." By contrast, the man who defeated Romney pointedly spoke of America in unexceptional terms, explaining to the Financial Times that if America was exceptional, it was only in the same sense that "the Brits believe in British exceptionalism and the Greeks believe in Greek exceptionalism." American exceptionalism has almost become a modern political litmus test.
But what is "American exceptionalism"—and what is exceptional about it? Reagan's invocation of the "shining city on a hill" echoed what many commentators have assumed is the basic statement of American exceptionalism: John Winthrop's layman's sermon, "A Model of Christian Charity," which he delivered to the colonists he was leading to find refuge for English Puritans in Massachusetts in 1629. But none of the British North American colonies—not even Winthrop's Massachusetts—saw itself as an exception to the basic European assumptions about how a society should be organized. All the colonies, in varying measures, believed that societies were organized as hierarchies—pyramids, if you will—with the king at the top, the lords and nobility beneath, and the common folk on the bottom. Like all good pyramids, the colonial one was supposed to be static; each layer was to work reciprocally with the others, not in competition. The idea that people could start small and poor and work their way up to the top was considered dangerous. Those who did make it to the top did so, not through work but through the patronage of those already there. There would remain differences between England and its colonies—as native-born Englishmen would remind their colonial brethren—but those distinctions existed within the same recognizable European hierarchy of kings, lords, and commons.
That might have been the way America developed, too, if not for two events. The first was the Enlightenment, which proposed a radically exceptional way of reconceiving human societies. The Enlightenment began as a scientific movement, and especially as a rebellion by scientists like Galileo and Isaac Newton, against the medieval interpretation of the physical world. Medieval thinkers viewed the physical universe as no less a hierarchy than the political world, with Earth at the bottom, and ascending in levels of perfection through the moon, the planets, the stars, and finally, the heavens. This structure had already begun to come apart in the 1500s, when Niklaus Copernicus insisted that viewing the solar system in this way was contradicted by observing the motion of the planets themselves. But it took its greatest blow from Galileo, who trained the newfangled telescope on the moon and observed that nothing about it looked like the next step up in a hierarchy from Earth. It remained for Isaac Newton to show us that the various parts of the physical world were not related by order or rank but by natural laws and forces, like gravity, which were uniform and equal in the operation.
Eventually, people wondered whether the new rules that described the operations of the physical world might have some application to the political world, too. Taking their cue from the revolution in the physical sciences, philosophers sought to describe a natural political order, free of artificial hierarchies such as kings, lords, and commons. They dared to talk about equality rather than pyramids, about universal natural rights rather than inherited status, about commerce rather than patronage, and to question why some half-wit should get to wear a crown, just because his father had done so. But all the Enlightenment's political philosophers could offer as alternatives were thought experiments about desert islands or ideal commonwealths, and the kings continued to sit undisturbed on their thrones.
The second event was the one that really gave birth to American exceptionalism: the American Revolution. For in one stupendous burst of energy, Americans overturned the entire structure—political, constitutional, legal, and social—of hierarchy and applied the Enlightenment's thought experiments about equality and natural rights to practical politics.
The confidence that Americans displayed in the existence of a natural political order based on natural rights and natural law was so profound that Thomas Jefferson could describe the most basic of these rights—to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness—as "self-evident." The Virginia Declaration of Rights—another product of the year 1776—explained that "all men . . . have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety." Americans did not merely demand a corrected version of British common law or Britain's hierarchical society; they proclaimed that they were creating a novus ordo seclorum. Their voice, said Frederick Douglass, "was as the trump of an archangel, summoning hoary forms of oppression and time-honored tyranny, to judgment. . . . It announced the advent of a nation, based upon human brotherhood and the self-evident truths of liberty and equality. Its mission was the redemption of the world from the bondage of ages."
"The idea that people could start small and poor and work their way up to the top was considered dangerous."
Creating a new politics in America that broke decisively with the past proved surprisingly easier than we might have expected. Whatever lip service they had paid to the old theories of hierarchy during the century and a half before 1776, the colonists, in everyday practice, had developed their own consent-based civil society, created ad hoc legislatures, written their own laws, and spread landownership so broadly across the North Atlantic seaboard that, by the time of the Revolution, 90 percent of the colonists were landowners. Benjamin Franklin remembered that his father, a tallow chandler in Boston, had no particular education, "but his great Excellence lay in a sound understanding and solid judgment in prudential matters, both in private and publick affairs. . . . I remember well his being frequently visited by leading people, who consulted him for his opinion in affairs of the town or of the church he belonged to, and showed a good deal of respect for his judgment and advice: he was also . . . frequently chosen an arbitrator between contending parties." Americans like Franklin's father were, in effect, already desert islands and ideal commonwealths; the political philosophy of the Enlightenment gave them a theory that matched the realities they had been living.
The American mix of Enlightenment theory and practical experience in government produced a result that was seen from the first as—there is no other word for it—exceptional. In revolutionary America, reveled Tom Paine, Americans are about "to begin the world over again. . . . The birthday of a new world is at hand, and a race of men, perhaps as numerous as all Europe contains, are to receive their portion of freedom from the events of a few months." That "portion of freedom" would be a political order with no ranks, no prelates, no hierarchy; a government that limited itself, and confined itself by a written Constitution; and an identity based not on race or blood or soil or ancestry or even language but on a single proposition as relentlessly logical as it was frighteningly brief, that "all men are created equal."
In European eyes, this was folly. The American decision to license equal citizens to govern themselves invited anarchy. Too many areas of public life, argued Otto von Bismarck in 1870, required an authoritative government to intervene and direct, and the more that authority was based on hierarchy and monarchy, the better. "Believe me," prophesied Bismarck, "one cannot lead or bring to prosperity a great nation without the principle of authority—that is, the Monarchy."
Americans compensated for whatever vacuum was made by limiting government through the invention of private, voluntary associations, "little communities by themselves," as Pennsylvania leader George Bryan called them, to manage their affairs, without the need for a swollen imperial bureaucracy 3,000 miles away. And so they did: in Philadelphia alone, newly independent Americans created the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and for the Relief of Free Negroes, the Guardians of the Poor of the City of Philadelphia, the Female Society of Philadelphia for the Relief and Employment of the Poor, the Hibernian Society, the Magdalen Society for the Shelter and Reformation of Fallen Women, the Society of the Free Instruction of Female Children, the Philadelphia Society for the Free Instruction of Indigent Boys, the Indigent Widows and Single Women's Society—all without government sanction. Americans took association to the level of an art. Tocqueville surveyed the proliferation of American self-help groups and concluded that "the extraordinary fragmentation of administrative power" in America was offset by the multiplicity of "religious, moral . . . commercial and industrial associations" that substituted themselves for European lords and chancellors.
Thus, American exceptionalism began as a new kind of politics. Americans had not merely done something different; they had captured in living form a natural order that made the old political systems of Europe look as artificial and irrational as fully as Newton's laws had made medieval physics irrelevant. "We Americans are the peculiar chosen people," wrote Herman Melville, "the Israel of our time; we bear the ark of the liberties of the world."
But establishing a novel political framework was to create only the first leg of what became a three-legged stool of American exceptionalism. If it was not inherited rank and titles that gave authority in society, then it was up to the free initiative of citizens to make of themselves what they wanted, and with government itself so deliberately self-limited, their energies would run instead in the direction of commerce. They would create not only a new politics but also a new economy—the second leg.
"What, then, is the American, this new man?" asked transplanted Frenchman Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur in 1782. "He is an American," Crèvecoeur replied, who has stopped doing what others tell him he must do. He has escaped "from involuntary idleness, servile dependence, penury, and useless labour" and has "passed to toils of a very different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence." Inside the stiff boundaries of hierarchy, Europeans looked down upon labor as slavery and trade as the unsavory pursuit of the small-minded bourgeoisie—in America, there was almost nothing except a bourgeoisie, and it gloried in labor and commerce. British novelist Frances Trollope was appalled to listen to Americans "in the street, on the road, or in the field, at the theatre, the coffee-house, or at home," who never seemed to talk "without the word DOLLAR being pronounced between them." But other Europeans were enchanted by the liberty of American commerce. J. C. Loudoun's Encyclopaedia of Agriculture recommended that its British readers emigrate to America, since the American "form of government" guaranteed that "property is secure, and personal liberty greater there than anywhere else . . . and both maintained at less expense than under any government in the world." In America, wrote the French evangelical pastor Georges Fisch, in 1863, "There is no restraint whatever on the liberty of business transactions." Nor did it matter much who succeeded on a given day and who didn't, because the next day those who were down were likely to be up.
Abraham Lincoln captured this dynamic when he said that in America, "every man can make himself." There would always be extremes of wealth and inequalities of enterprise. What mitigated those inequalities was an incessant tumbling-up and tumbling-down, so that one man's wealth achieved at one moment could pass into the hands of others at another. "The prudent, penniless beginner in the world," Lincoln said in 1859 (with his own history in mind), "labors for wages a while, saves a surplus with which to buy tools or land, for himself; then labors on his own account another while, and at length hires another new beginner to help him." This, Lincoln believed, represented a "just and generous, and prosperous system, which opens the way for all." Not all would prosper, but that was no argument against the "system" as a whole.
Significantly, the energy with which Americans threw themselves into unfettered commercial exchange was soon seen as a primary obstacle in the path of a newer enemy of hierarchy—socialism—which emerged out of the self-inflicted wreckage of nineteenth-century aristocracies. Socialism's great architect, Karl Marx, believed that every society would move out of the old world of hierarchy into capitalism; inevitably, capitalism would yield to socialism; hence, the more advanced a nation becomes in capitalism, the closer it must be to embracing socialism—and eventually Communism.
But Marx was baffled by how the United States defied this rule. No nation seemed more fully imbued with capitalism, yet no nation showed less interest in becoming socialist. This became one of the unresolved puzzles of socialist theory, and it gave rise to frustrated socialists (like Werner Sombart) who struggled with the question: Why is there no socialism in America? Sombart blamed it on the drug of material abundance: socialism, he complained, had foundered in America "on the shoals of roast beef and apple pie." But another socialist, Leon Samson, had seen better than Sombart that the real enemy of socialism was exceptionalism itself, because Americans give "a solemn assent to a handful of final notions—democracy, liberty, opportunity, to all of which the American adheres rationalistically much as a socialist adheres to his socialism."
Actually, Marx and Sombart were wrong. There had been an American socialism; they were reluctant to recognize it as such because it came not in the form of a workers' rebellion against capital but in the emergence of a plantation oligarchy in the slaveholding South. This "feudal socialism," based on race, called into question all the premises of American exceptionalism, starting with the Declaration of Independence. Nor were slavery's apologists shy about linking this oligarchy to European socialism, since, as George Fitzhugh asserted in 1854, "Slavery produces association of labor, and is one of the ends all Communists and Socialists desire." What was extraordinary about this vast step away from American exceptionalism was the titanic effort that Americans made, in the Civil War, to correct it. That struggle—a civil war that (as Lincoln said) understood the American republic to be "conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal" and aimed at the completion of the project of political equality for all its people—may be the most exceptional moment in all of American history, for there is no record of any other conflict quite like the war that Americans waged among themselves, to "die to make men free." And everyone, down to the slaves themselves, knew that freedom and equality were means toward social mobility and economic self-transformation, not a frozen egalitarianism. "We have as a people no past and very little present, but a boundless and glorious future," said Frederick Douglass, himself once a slave—one who nevertheless believed that American opportunity was without a copy anywhere else. "America is not only the exception to the general rule, but the social wonder of the world."
The third leg of the exceptionalist stool was the attitude and relationship that the United States was to adopt toward the rest of the world, where hierarchy still ruled. This has proved a wobbly leg—it divides even exceptionalists—if only because Americans' notions of what exceptionalism dictates in terms of policy toward other nations have changed since the Founding.
The novelty of exceptionalism's first two legs—politics and economics—was so great that it was hard for Americans not to see them as part of a deliberate plan. Even before the Revolution, Jonathan Edwards, the architect of American religious revivals, had viewed America as the linchpin of a scheme of divine redemption for the world. "We may well look upon the discovery of so great a part of the world as America, and bringing the gospel into it," he wrote, "as one thing by which divine Providence is preparing the way for the future glorious times of the church." Timothy Dwight, Edwards's grandson, took to poetry to translate these expectations about America's role in redeeming Earth from Satan into a sacred mission to proclaim an American political gospel:
As the day-spring unbounded, thy splendor shall flow,
And earth's little kingdoms before thee shall bow;
While the ensigns of union, in triumph unfurl'd,
Hush the tumult of war, and give peace to the world.
But if God did have a special role for America, it was one that America was strictly charged to keep safe on its own shores; its role would be passive and self-protective. Far from any desire to share their nation's redemptive culture, Americans tended to regard the rest of the world as a potential threat, eager to strangle the American experiment by the reimposition of empire or by association with more unstable attempts at revolution—as in France. "Wherever the standard of freedom and independence has been or shall be unfurled, there will [America's] heart, her benedictions, and her prayers be," promised John Quincy Adams in 1821. "But she goes not abroad in search of monsters to destroy. She is the well-wisher to the freedom and independence of all. She is the champion and vindicator only of her own." So when the Hungarian revolutionary Louis Kossuth came to America in 1852 to drum up support for his rebellion against the Austrian Empire, Lincoln spoke of him cordially, based on "our continued devotion to the principles of our free institutions." But Lincoln made it plain that "it is the duty of our government to neither foment, nor assist, such revolutions in other governments."
We were not, however, always consistent in this. The outsize influence of Southern slaveholding interests in American politics in the 1840s helped drag us into a war with Mexico, for no better reason than to acquire large stretches of territory that Southerners hoped to convert into slave states. We half-blundered into the Spanish-American War in 1898 and found ourselves with a colonial empire on our hands, in the form of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and, for all practical purposes, Cuba. And in 1917, we thrust ourselves into World War I behind President Woodrow Wilson's notion that American democracy ought to be exported to Europe. These attempts to convert American exceptionalism into a missionary endeavor nearly always met with sabotage by other nations, which resented our claims to some unique political virtue; and they met with serious criticism by other Americans—even outright rejection, as when America declined to join the League of Nations.
But even those criticisms disappeared after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, which not only thrust us again into a worldwide conflict but also presented the question of how we could prevent such world crises from erupting. It had been demonstrated one too many times to American policymakers that the European states, left to themselves, were incapable of establishing a peaceful continental order; so we have found ourselves, ever since, forced into the role of savior of civilization, whether through the Marshall Plan, NATO, NAFTA, the Security Council, or sometimes through simple unilateralism.
We have accepted this role since World War II, often because we believed we had little choice. But this role has had an adverse effect on American exceptionalism by repeatedly involving the United States in foreign-policy projects that do not yield easily to American solutions—and that then raise doubts about the exceptionalist assumptions behind those solutions. When we have turned to multilateral or multinational solutions, we find ourselves yoked to European and other allies, which, even if they have long since shucked the mantle of aristocracy and inherited hierarchy, have often replaced it with vast social bureaucracies that serve much the same purpose. If we act unilaterally, we find ourselves hounded by international condemnations of American claims of arrogance based on exceptionalism. If we fail to act, we are accused of isolationism.
The third leg is not the only one to suffer the wobbles. We are, for one thing, becoming less reliant on voluntary associations to accomplish the tasks of American society. We often see this illustrated in statistics showing how millennials have staged an unprecedented withdrawal from American churches, so that the share of Americans who refuse any religious affiliation has risen from one in 20 in 1972 to one in five today. But this is only part of a larger American withdrawal from a broad range of voluntary associations, from the PTA to bowling leagues. Between 1973 and 1995, the number of Americans who reported attending "a public meeting on town or school affairs" fell by more than a third; PTA membership fell from more than 12 million in 1964 to barely 5 million in 1982. Even mainline civic organizations, such as the Boy Scouts and the Red Cross, have suffered declines since the 1970s. In the most general sense, Americans' trust in one another has declined from a peak in the mid-1960s (when 56 percent of survey respondents affirmed that "most people can be trusted") to a low today, in which only one in three Americans believes that "most people can be trusted." Among millennials, it's as low as one in five.
In the place of voluntary association, we have come to rely on state agencies and administrative law. This development has roots leading back to the Progressivism of the past century, which believed that American society had become too complex to be left to ordinary citizens, who lack the expertise to make government work efficiently. The same conviction animates modern progressives, as illustrated by the notorious 2012 campaign video The Life of Julia, which casts the life of one American as an utterly unexceptional progress through one European-style bureaucracy after another.
We have also seen the rise of identity politics, which has made us shy of asserting the old exceptionalism because every identity is now considered exceptional in itself. One's identity as an American fades—even becomes optional—beside one's identity as part of an ethnic, racial, religious, or cultural minority. This moves us a world away from Lincoln's belief that the proposition set out in the Declaration trumped all other identities.
We're no longer even sure that the Declaration has persuasive power. We are, writes Peter Beinart, "products of an educational system that, more than in the past, emphasizes inclusion and diversity, which may breed a discontent with claims that America is better than other nations." Even conservative jurists like the late William Rehnquist allowed that U.S. courts should "begin looking to the decisions of other [nations'] constitutional courts to aid in their deliberative process."
But nothing in our national life has so undermined confidence in American exceptionalism as the erosion of economic mobility. From the time we began measuring gross domestic product in the 1940s until 1970, American GDP grew at an average annual rate of 2.7 percent; from 1970 to 1994, it slid to a growth rate of only 1.54 percent, recovered briefly to 2.26 percent, and then began sliding to its pre-Trump level of 1.21 percent. From 1948 until 1972, Americans in the lower 90 percent of income-earners saw their incomes rise by 2.65 percent annually—almost twice the income growth experienced by the same group between 1917 and 1948. Since 1972, though, the growth rate for the 90 percent has collapsed—in fact, turned negative—and middle-class workers who began their careers in the center of the earnings curve have seen their fortunes decline by 20 percent since 1980. The United States has become as economically immobile as the United Kingdom, where the top 10 percent calcify into a self-perpetuating aristocracy that sees itself as part of global networks of communications and exchange and feels little sympathy for those left behind.
"Nothing has so undermined confidence in American exceptionalism as the erosion of economic mobility."
Is American exceptionalism merely an artifact of an earlier, more confident time in our history, which should now yield to the blandishments of globalization and conformity to multinational expectations? Only, I think, if we regard the ideas of the American Founders as being mere historical artifacts, too. What made the American experiment exceptional was precisely that it was not founded (like other national identities) on some myth or tribal legend but on the discovery of natural laws and natural rights as unarguable as gravity and born from the same intellectual source. Unhappily, natural law philosophy has been bumped from its place as the American philosophy by the pragmatism of William James and his heirs, and even more by the values pluralism of John Rawls and literary postmodernism. These approaches were supposed to liberate the mind from the restraint of fictitious narratives of honor, truth, and law—but overthrowing these principles merely became a platform for egotism and unfettered lust for power.
To discount American exceptionalism is to suggest that the American political order itself was only a figment of one nation's imagination, at one time. If there is no such natural law, then, yes, let us discard exceptionalism; but let us then say that neither the old hierarchy nor the new bureaucracy is wrong, either, and accept that all politics is merely an arena in which power, rather than law or right, determines our future.
I believe that the American experiment, based on the Declaration and embodied in the Constitution, belongs to an exceptional moment in human history, and remains exceptional. I believe that the U.S. economy is flexible enough to recover its mobility and astonish the world with its capacity to disrupt artificial barriers. And I believe that we can repair the deviations we have sustained from an overconfident mission-mentality without needing to accommodate ourselves to the mores of globalization. Globalization, after all, has been no great success; its main accomplishment, as Christopher Lasch reminded us in his final book, The Revolt of the Elites, has not been international peace or prosperity but "the cosmopolitanism of the favored few . . . uninformed by the practice of citizenship."
The task of restoring confidence in our exceptionalism will nevertheless be a daunting one. Exceptionalism will have to become what Lincoln called a "civil religion," to be "breathed by every American mother, to the lisping babe, that prattles on her lap . . . taught in schools, in seminaries, and in colleges . . . written in Primmers, spelling books, and in Almanacs . . . preached from the pulpit, proclaimed in legislative halls, and enforced in courts of justice." The task will require a determined pushback against progressive unexceptionalism and the idea that only government can ensure efficiency and happiness. It will involve the revival of the rule of law (rather than agencies), the rejuvenation of our voluntary associations, and the celebration of their role in our public life. And it will force us to lift the burden of economic sclerosis, not merely with the aim of producing simple material abundance but also with the goal of promoting a national empathy, in which, as Georges Fisch saw in 1863, Americans rise and fall, and rise and fall again, without the stigma that consigns half the nation to a basket of deplorables.
Can this, realistically, be done? Can we disentangle our public life from the grasp of the new hierarchy of bureaucrats and, overseas, pull back from foreign-policy crusades? Can we, in short, recur successfully to our first principles?
Well, we did it once before.
Allen C. Guelzo is the Henry R. Luce Professor of the Civil War Era at Gettysburg College and the author of Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President and other books.
Top Photo: A scene from the American Revolutionary War, as depicted on the Washington Monument (PHAS/UNIVERSAL IMAGES GROUP/GETTY IMAGES)
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WINSFORD schoolchildren were rewarded for their good behaviour with a 'Catch of the Day' event organised by Weaver Vale Housing Trust and Greenfields Primary School.
The 11 youngsters, nominated by their teachers, went on a day-long fishing trip to Holmston Hall, Wettenhall, with each pupil paired with a trust employee.
The anglers were joined by PCSO Kevin McShane and community safety wardens Alan Melbourne and Kim Peachey to help run the competition throughout the day.
WVHT surveyor Ken Hilditch said: "It was an absolutely brilliant day, which was enjoyed equally by the children and adults.
"It was a great opportunity for the children to get out in the countryside. Hopefully we passed on our enthusiasm for fishing through some one-on-one time with the children.


The technical use of adsorption processes reached increasing importance during the last decades. The applications are widely diversified, ranging from biogas processing to medical technology or gas storage. The manometric method is a well established technique to measure adsorption isotherms. Major advantages of manometric instruments are short measurement times and a high grade of automation. October 2016: Relase of our manometric instrument in an new compact design!
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Rails ripped up in Coldstream
COLDSTREAM – The idea of a rail trail along the former CN tracks between Kelowna and Coldstream started out as a pipe dream but now looks more and more like it will soon become a reality. Local governments bought the land last year and work to get rid of the old rail line is progressing.
This weekend some Coldstream residents watched as crews removed the metal rails in their area. Rail trail supporters like Debbie Clarke see it as a sign of progress.
"We're just excited because it is one milestone towards this eventually becoming a rail trail," she says.
Before their trail dreams can become a reality, CN needs to finish their work to clean-up the former rail line and money will have to be found to develop the trail. The Okanagan Rail Trail Initiative, which has been pushing for a trail, says it is planning to help raise that money.
The rail trail group originally expected fundraising to start last fall. That didn't happen. The group says it is waiting for more information before launching its fundraising campaign. That could happen as early as this spring.
"The municipalities, that is the owners of the track, want to have a really good idea of what the total package is going to be, what it is going to look like [and] what it is going to cost. They want to develop that first. It is very difficult to start raising funds unless you know exactly what you are raising funds for," says member Duane Thomson.
Rail trail supporters argue the development of a trail will bring tourists to the area and provide a unique recreational opportunity for locals.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Too Slow after Upgrading from 13.10 to 14.04 LTS I have recently upgraded from 13.10 to 14.04 Ubuntu. Speed has drastically gone slow, don't know why. Since I am new to Ubuntu, not much aware, what could be the possible reasons. Please help me out.

A: For me it worked to toggle the Window Animations in Unity Tweak Tool (install this if you haven't got it already). You find the settings in Unity Tweak Tool under Window Manager->General.

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Sexual predators, living wills among new laws
Norma Love, Associated Press, December 29, 2006
First-time child molesters could be locked up for a
minimum of 25 years in prison -- and potentially indefinitely afterward -- under a tough new law taking effect Jan. 1 [2007].
The new sexual Predators Act will pressure judges to impose a 25-year minimum sentence on people who sexually assault children under 13, but the sentence will not be mandatory. When judges choose a shorter sentence, they will have to explain, taking into account
such factors as the age of the victim, the use of force and the relationship between victim and assailant.
Second offenders who rape young victims or hurt them badly will face life without parole. Predators who murder children will face 35 years to life.
The law will make it easier to keep violent sex offenders in a secure psychiatric facility if they are mentally incompetent or still considered dangerous after they complete their prison sentences. Commitment orders would be reviewed at least every five years. State officials say that provision could cost millions of
dollars for new facilities, housing and treatment.
The law will have more stringent requirements for sex offenders to register and new penalties if they fail to follow the rules.


text:
Where did the cartoonish bomb originate? The black sphere with a short wick?
Was Hitler democratically elected?
There are a couple of pieces to this question. The first is where the image of a spherical bomb with a lit fuse came from, and the second is how that image became entrenched in the visual lexicon of American cartoons, and from there became so ubiquitous that we can all recognize it.
The spherical bomb is in essence a mortar bomb or case shot that was a common type of projectile of artillery in use in the early to late 19th century. Case shot was a hollow cast iron case filled with black powder from a small opening. Artillerists would close the hole with a plug, which held a fuse. Plugs and fuses came in a variety of shapes and types, but a common fuse was the "quick match," a type of coated cord that burned at a consistent rate. It's important to point out that artillery fuses were highly unlikely to be a piece of quick match, as the fuses were generally quite complicated to avoid the shell exploding in the barrel, but quick match in various forms as well, and was a precursor to another explosion-based cartoon classic, the electric pump-handle primer.
Simple and somewhat crude, case shot was intended to explode above formations of men at ranges far longer than the even simpler canister or grape shot could reach. In order to have any hope of accuracy, a gunner would have to accurately estimate the range, the projectile's time to reach that range, and prepare the fuse to burn for exactly that length of time. Once prepared, it would be combined with the plug, screwed or wedged into the case's opening, and loaded with the rest of the powder. The fuse would ignite when the cannon was discharged. A mortar bomb was more or less the same, but mortars tended to be far larger than most field artillery.
The classic cartoon bomb is a combination of a couple of things; the case, and the fuse. While an artillerist preparing a shot for their cannon wouldn't ever have a long string of quick match sticking out the top of the case, the difficulty of timing things exactly right could lead to unexploded shells lying or rolling on the battlefield or inside forts with their fuses still lit.
In any event, the combination of spherical iron case and lit, trailing fuse was widely understood in the mid 19th century and would have been recognized even by non-military audiences. A cartoon from 1863 shows Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America, staring down at a classic bomb while confronted with Confederate setbacks. The imagery was fairly commonplace in political cartoons, so it's likely that this is the path by which it made its way into the popular American cartoons of the early to mid 20th century.
1. Written by u/PartyMoses.


Our Victoriana Glass Fibre Composite (GFC) Grit Bin is the toughest available and is manufactured with a lightweight core encapsulated in 20mm high impact strength glass fibre composite. The decorative gold / silver painted band around the bin gives it an attractive Victorian-style appearance that is ideally suited to heritage sites and towns / cities.
With a capacity of 308 litres (308kg), it features a hinged lid that allows for easy access.
Hard-wearing, tough and vandal-resistant, it is popular among councils and local authorities.
Unaffected by extreme weather, this GFC grit bin is suitable for outdoor environments year-round.
Ideal for use in residential areas, schools, colleges, car parks and by the roadside, this bin comes with an optional hasp and staple for extra security.
With this grit bin there is an option of either a closed or open front (at an additional cost) - this allows for easy access to the grit with a shovel rather than from the top opening. There is also an addition option of forklift runners which will make the bin easier to move and position even when full of rock salt.


Our removal business covers homes and businesses in Wimbledon Chase, so if you are looking for a trustworthy business to undertake your removal please give us a call.
We move boxes and all types of furniture and white goods. We can supply you with crates and masses of bubble wrap – or you can ask us to pack for you. We will even dissemble flat pack furniture and reassemble it when you are in your new home.
Without any obligation! While we can give rough estimates if you provide details of you move on our contact page, we much prefer to visit customers at a convenient time for them, so that we can view the items needing moving, taking measurements and offering house moving advice. We can do this during the day or in the evening and even weekends. To arrange an appointment, click to call us now Tel: 020 8945 7841.


The landlord might need to visit the rented property from time to time to do their own mid term inspection, or complete their own maintenance. A tenant must allow access to the landlord but they have to give you 24 hours notice. The landlord will probably have a spare set of keys to the property for emergencies, but would never make access without prior notice. This has to be in written form and at least giving 24 hours notice.
For what purpose can a tenant use a residential rented property?
A residential property agreement is solely for residential purposes. Tenants are not allowed to run a business from their rented accommodation as this could be detrimental in relation to local by laws for the landlord.
Do I have to rent a property for a certain amount of time?
Yes, as a tenant you are legally required to pay the rent for the allotted time of the contract, 6, 12 months. The tenancy agreement AST is a legally binding contract and is signed by the tenant(s) and the Landlord/Agent.
We always advise you to seek legal advise and help before signing any binding contract, the tenancy agreement will point out the rent required each month, the length of contract and the notice period that you have to give. It will also have any provisions that you have to abide to in reference to the property. Ie: decorating the property etc.
If you have signed a 6 month agreement and you only intend to stay for this length of time, you will have to correspond this one calendar month before vacating the property. Otherwise the contract runs into a month to month rolling contract. If the contract runs into a rolling contract, the landlord is required within the law to give 2 months notice.
Council Tax and utility bills who pays?
As the tenant(s) it is your responsibility for all utility bills in the property, gas, water, & electricity. You will also have to pay the council tax (unless otherwise stated in the agreement) or you are exempt through local housing allowance. If you have a TV at the property you will also have to report this to the authorities.
It is important to note that if you have a TV license at a previous address and you don't notify the authorities you have moved, it will be classed as an un-licensed property and could result in a £1000.00 fine. Anyone who watches TV without a license could find themselves with a large fine.
When renting, is the landlord or tenant responsible for property repairs?
If something is broken or damaged on the rented property during the tenancy it is your responsibility to get this rectified. If the property isn't the same as the check in signed document when the inventory company do their midterm inspection, you will have a 10 day window period to get the repair fixed. If there is any problems with the property ie: Boiler or the cooker breaks down these types of repairs will be up to the landlord. We usually have a maintenance limit set with the landlords prior to you moving in so we can send our maintenance teams to the property for work under £180.00. Over and above this amount we will consult the landlord.
What do the terms in the tenancy agreement, 'jointly and severally' mean?
If there is one or more person(s) on the tenancy agreement, this phrase will appear in the tenancy agreement. Both parties are responsible for making sure the tenancy rules are abide and the rental amount is a full amount and if one party fails to pay this should not effect the agency or the landlord receiving the rent. If one half of the tenant fails to pay the other tenants are legally responsible for shortfall in rent.
Are we allowed pets at the property?
For many landlords, their rented property is a very valuable asset, usually a long term investment. More often than not it is also a very emotional attachment to them. It is a big decision to become a landlord and if this is at the start of their portfolio they are very protective.
The simple answer is do they allow pets, yes. Before you move in if you have any pets cats or dogs, or anything else it's best to check with the agent first. If you are living at the property and you decide to invest in an animal you would need to have written consent from the agent. If you went ahead and was not given notice, you would be in breach of the tenancy rules part of the tenancy agreement and this could be detrimental to you deposit.
When the property is let what access does the landlord have?
This is a question we get asked quiet a lot, there are many stories about landlords knocking on the door and wanting to have a look at the property.
If we are managing the property the landlord is allowed entrance but we would write to you and give you 24hrs notice. If there is access needed for a Gas safety check, or electrical appliance checks. If sufficient notice is give a tenant(s) must allow a landlord access. The landlord will have a set of keys to the property, but they should never use these without the tenant's consent, except in an emergency.
Are tenants allowed to smoke in the property?
All of the properties we let have a strict NO SMOKING POLICY. This is clearly stated in the property rules, and if you are in breach of this, this will again negate your deposit as the property will have to be decorated throughout. No means NO.
Valuation request What is your property worth?


text:
require 'bio-ucsc'
describe "Bio::Ucsc::Hg18::EncodeGencodeRaceFragsPrimer" do

  describe "#find_by_interval" do
    context "given range chr1:1-150,000,000" do
      it 'returns a record (r.chrom == "chr1")' do
        Bio::Ucsc::Hg18::DBConnection.default
        Bio::Ucsc::Hg18::DBConnection.connect
        i = Bio::GenomicInterval.parse("chr1:1-150,000,000")
        r = Bio::Ucsc::Hg18::EncodeGencodeRaceFragsPrimer.find_by_interval(i)
        r.chrom.should == "chr1"
      end
    end
  end

end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I am a permanent researcher in high-performance computing (HPC) at the Inria Nancy but in the CAMUS team located near Strasbourg. I got my PhD from HiePACS team at the Inria Bordeaux, under the supervision of Olivier Coulaud (Inria) and Guillaume Sylvand (Airbus).
You can find the pdf of my thesis here, and the slides here.
My research interests are centered around HPC, optimizations, complex algorithms, accelerators, software engineering for HPC, scientific computing, runtime systems, scheduling, and tools for automatic vectorization/parallelization.
I have contributed to the development of various HPC libraries, and especially advanced parallelization strategies for the Fast Multipole Method (FMM) that are included in ScalFMM.
I worked on a BEM solver for the wave equation in the time domain (not public), and in my previous postdoc at the RZG/MPCDF at the Max Planck Institute near Munich, I developed a bio-physic code for protein simulation (using REMC) and a turbulence simulation application.


text:
Five Awesome Activities For Families This Half Term
6 February 2019 | Billie Manning
Didn't we just have Christmas? Well, get geared up because we're about to have another little break from school, and there are activities galore to be explored. No need to worry about yawning your way through another round of the same old nursery rhymes as well – these fun-filled activities will have you smiling just as much as your little ones.
Knight School at the Tower of London
Get ready for a swashbuckling time, because the ever-popular Knight School is returning to the Tower of London this half-term. Your kiddos can join the Tower's own team of medieval tutors as they teach you the 'knightly' ropes: from manners, etiquette and entertainment, to martial skills of combat and fitness. Training will even culminate in a knighting ceremony – no real swords allowed, though.
Knight School, 16 - 24 February, Tower of London
Southbank Centre's Imagine Children's Festival
The Imagine Festival turns 18 in 2019 - but it's nowhere near growing up! The festival is packed so full of fun events, shows and activities for children and their grownups – over half of them completely free of charge – that we couldn't possibly start to name them all, but favourites include a very first concert with Peppa Pig and a chat with eternal stars of children's lit Malorie Blackman and Jacqueline Wilson.
Imagine Children's Festival, 13 - 24 February, Southbank Centre
Julia Donaldson and Axel Scheffler's Zog at Rose Theatre Kingston
If your little ones like the Gruffalo, they'll love Zog. Based on the book by Julia Donaldson and Axel Scheffler, Zog tells the story of a keen little dragon eager to win a golden star at Madam Dragon's school, and his friendship with the plucky Princess Pearl – no damsels in distress to be seen here.
Rose Theatre Kingston, 14 - 23 February 2019 (prior to a UK Tour)
Oily Cart's Hippity Hop
This show is one that isn't too cool for pre-school: Oily Cart's Hippity Hop is a fully interactive, multi-sensory hip-hopera. There will be a live MC, live musician, puppetry, movement and lyrics. It had sellout success at the artsdepot and is now embarking on a UK Tour, telling the story of The Runaway Pram. The audience will help a lost baby to find her mum, in a perhaps all-too-relatable tale. Suitable for ages 3-5, with a relaxed/enhanced version also available at certain venues for youngsters up to the age of 8.
Hippity Hop, 8 - 9 February, Stratford Circus Arts Centre, and 13 - 17 February, Imagine Children's Festival
Britain's Got Magic at Millfield Theatre
If you fancy adding a bit of magic to the holiday, Britain's Got Talent 2016 finalist and comedy magician Christian Lee takes the stage in Edmonton this half term. Combining close up tricks, illusions and full stage productions with his tongue in cheek humour, the show will be sure to put a smile on the face of even the grumpiest teenager.
Britain's Got Magic, 20 February, Millfield Theatre, Silver Street, Edmonton N18 1PJ
Family Day at Royal Opera House
Royal Opera House is putting on a day of fun for kids of all ages this half term, where they can dance, sing and create. All inspired by Romeo and Juliet, there is a positive plethora of workshops for families who love to get making. Parents and kids can craft swords, perfect their pliés, learn how to battle like Montagues and Capulets and even direct their own orchestra.
Family Sunday: Romeo and Juliet, 17 February, Royal Opera House


text:
Biografia
Dopo il diploma di pianoforte, conseguito presso il Conservatorio di Torino nel 1988, e gli studi di composizione sotto la guida di Felice Quaranta, Antonio Rostagno si laureò in lettere con tesi in storia della musica all'Università di Torino con Giorgio Pestelli. Addottoratosi poi all'Università La Sapienza di Roma (tutor Pierluigi Petrobelli), Rostagno si distinse inizialmente come studioso di Robert Schumann e dell'Ottocento italiano musicale (Giovanni Sgambati e Giuseppe Martucci per quanto riguarda la musica strumentale, Doninzetti, Verdi e Boito per quanto riguarda il melodramma). Successivamente si occupò di musica del Novecento, in particolare di autori quali Gian Francesco Malipiero, Casella, e Petrassi. Tra i suoi ambiti di ricerca anche la storia dell'interpretazione musicale, i rapporti fra musica e letteratura (negli ultimi anni si interessò soprattutto al rapporto di Dante Alighieri e la musica, avendo un occhio di riguardo alla Divina Commedia) e le musiche contemporanee, soprattutto delle avanguardie novecentesche (Berio, Ligeti, Kurtág). Come divulgatore collaborò con gli Amici della Scala e Lingotto Musica. Organizzò convegni e giornate di studio dedicati, tra gli altri, a Martucci, Sgambati, Liszt, Rota e Verdi. È stato anche condirettore artistico del Festival Internazionale di musica da camera di Cervo (Imperia) https://cervofestival.com/cervo-festival-2022/                                                                                Fu per anni docente di Storia della musica presso la Sapienza di Roma.

Pubblicazioni principali

 Kreisleriana di Robert Schumann, Roma, NeoClassica, 2017.
 La musica italiana per orchestra nell'Ottocento, Firenze, Olschki, 2003.
 Musica riscoperta. Violinisti-compositori a Roma nel secondo Ottocento, Roma, Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, 2010.
 Musiche nella storia. Dall'età di Dante alla Grande guerra, Roma, Carocci, 2017 (con A. Chegai, F. Piperno, E. Senici).

Collegamenti esterni

Studenti dell'Università degli Studi di Torino
Professori della Sapienza - Università di Roma

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Middle-click in editor preview pastes in Chrome When I click the middle mouse button on a link in the preview area of the editor, in Chrome, this opens the link in a new tab and pastes the clipboard content at the cursor position. The expected behavior would be to open the link in a new tab, only: a middle-click in the preview area should never paste. A middle click not on a link does not paste.
Observed in Chrome 27.0.1453.93 and 28.0.1500.95 under Linux (Debian wheezy, Ubuntu 12.04) and in some prior versions, I've forgotten when this started but it isn't new. Reproduced in incognito mode, not logged in and with no extensions. In my tests, this happens systematically when the editor is in a separate tab (whether I'm editing my own post or suggesting an edit), but not when the editor is inline. Not reproduced in Firefox.

A: Added a check for middle clicking on the preview.
Code was always refocusing into the textarea - for middle clicking that will no longer happen.
With you in the next build.


Charles Oliver Jordan was born on November 28, 1956. He passed away quietly on April 14, after a lengthy illness. He leaves a host of family and friends to mourn his loss. A private memorial service for his immediate family is planned for Saturday 10 am in the chapel of Fitchett Funeral Home, 1821 Liberty Street. Please keep his family in your prayers.
Mr. Richard Brazil was born on June 4, 1943 in the state of Massachusetts. He was married to his beautiful wife for over 30 years. They had a beautiful life together. He passed away quietly on the morning of April 13, with his loving wife and family by his side. We ask that you keep the family in your prayers. Services for Mr. Brazil will be private.
Please keep this beautiful family of Edward Blais, a father, grandfather, brother, uncle, cousin and friend in your prayers. Funeral services are pending.
Mary Anne slipped away quietly after a brief illness on March 10, 2019 with her family by her side. She leaves to cherish her memories her faithful and loving husband, of many years and her children, many other relatives and many friends. Please keep her family in your prayers during this very difficult hour. Her services will be private.


On each dealing day, you can acquire fund units at the unit offer price.
A fund's unit NAV is calculated each dealing day, while the offer spread (imposed by the service provider, i.e. the trustee or its investment manager, depending on their agreed-upon charging mechanism) is generally waived for most MPF schemes.
On each dealing day, you can redeem your fund units at the unit bid price.
The bid spread is imposed by the service provider, i.e. the trustee or its investment manager, depending on their agreed-upon charging mechanism. Like the offer spread, this charge is generally waived for most MPF schemes.
Changing your investment mandate of future contributions allows you to set a new fund allocation instruction that affects only new contributions, while keeping the fund investment allocation of your existing accrued benefits intact.
On 5 February, you receive a HK$2,000 contribution for January from your employer.
*For simplicity, the above example is based on the assumption that all fund prices remain constant throughout the quoted timeline. In reality, the balance of the fund investment of your existing accrued benefits may vary should the prices of the funds fluctuate.
acquisition of units in the second constituent fund.
Some trustees may set a limit on how many times you may do fund switching per year. Your fund switching form and scheme's offering document will have more detailed information.
(I) Fund switching changes the fund investment of your existing accrued benefits by redeeming all or part of your accrued benefits in one or more constituent funds ("switching out") and investing the respective proceeds into one or more other constituent funds ("switching in").
Switch in all the relevant proceeds from the redemption of Equity Fund A equally to MPF Conservative Fund C and Bond Fund D.
*For simplicity, the above example is based on the assumption that all fund prices remain constant before and after the asset switching instruction. In reality, the balance of the fund investment of your existing accrued benefits may vary should the prices of the funds fluctuate after the instruction.
(II) Rebalancing changes the fund investment of your existing accrued benefits according to a new fund allocation instruction. This instruction first redeems a portion of your existing accrued benefits and then reinvests them to achieve your desired mix of funds. It is a reorganizing of your accrued benefits by changing the balance in the resultant mix of constituent funds.
*For simplicity, the above example is based on the assumption that all fund prices remain constant before and after the rebalancing instruction. In reality, the balance of the fund investment of your existing accrued benefits may vary should the prices of the funds fluctuate after the instruction.
self-employed person changing scheme - you are a self-employed person and you want to transfer your MPF accrued benefits to another scheme.
Your trustee, be it the original trustee (whose scheme you are transferring your MPF accrued benefits from) or the new trustee (whose scheme you are transferring your MPF accrued benefits into), will require you to follow some administrative procedures for their processing of the transfer.
5. The employee receives the transfer statement from the original trustee and the transfer-in confirmation from the new trustee.
After receiving a fund transfer request, the new trustee needs to verify the information (including whether you have enrolled in an MPF scheme of the new trustee, the name of the scheme and scheme number) before sending the information to the original trustee for verification. The original trustee will verify your information (e.g. notice of termination, if applicable) and redeem the fund units belonging to you in the old scheme. After that, the original trustee will transfer the proceeds of the redeemed accrued benefits to the new trustee. The new trustee will then acquire fund units in the new scheme according to the employee's instruction.
According to the law, the new trustee is required, as soon as practicable after receipt of a fund transfer request from a scheme member, to give written notice of the request to the original trustee. On the other hand, the law requires the original trustee to take all practicable steps to ensure that all the accrued benefits concerned are transferred within 30 days after being notified of the fund transfer request by the new trustee.
small balance of your MPF account.
The fund unit redemption process for withdrawing your benefits is the same as the process used for a fund transfer. Please note that before the fund units are redeemed, it takes time for the trustee to verify your application and complete certain administrative procedures, including checking the identity of the applicant and relevant documents which prove that the applicant fulfils the condition for withdrawal. Also during the course of processing, the market may fluctuate and the final price of units redeemed may be higher or lower than that at the time you placed the withdrawal request.
Forward pricing means the trading price, and hence your subscription units / redemption amount, will be calculated based on the net asset value of the fund when the market closes on the day (or the next trading day if the instruction was placed after the dealing cut-off time of that day) after you place your instruction. As such, it is impossible for trustees or scheme members to know the exact trading price of a fund at the time the instruction is placed.
The fund price for Day Two will be calculated after the relevant markets close on Day Two. Your switching/redemption order will be based on the fund price of Day Two (i.e. $10), instead of Day One (i.e. $8).


text:
West Ham United vs. Chelsea, EFL Cup: Team news, kick-off time, TV schedule, live stream
EFL Cup fourth round action.
Share All sharing options for: West Ham United vs. Chelsea, EFL Cup: Team news, kick-off time, TV schedule, live stream
Time to step away from the delightful way things are going suddenly in the Premier League — Chelsea in fourth, just one point off the top! — and take care of some business in the League Cup. Sure, go ahead, call it EFL Cup, if you want. Hipster.
Yes, that's right, it's a midweek diversion in a season of very little midweek action. And it's over on the other side of London, in some silly stadium, fraught with all sorts of issues, including one of ticket allocation and one of policing, which may or may not have been exaggerated in the build-up to it. "Robust policing plan," it's been announced in grave tones (or at least I read it in grave tones), while Chelsea have asked supporters without tickets to refrain from traveling to the game. Supporters looking to cause trouble will surely take heed after such a stern warning on the official website.
I don't mean to make light of any real issues of course, but if there's one thing I know, it's that people who are looking to cause trouble won't be deterred by half- or quarter-measures, or even full-on measures at times. The banning orders threatened by Chelsea, and rightly so, might have a stronger effect.
In any case, hopefully there won't be any trouble on the night, either outside the stadium or inside, or, for that matter, on the pitch for the boys in Blue taking on our London rivals.
Date / Time: Wednesday, October 26, 19:45 BST; 2:45pm EDT; 12:15am IST (next day)
Venue: London Stadium, Stratford, London, England
Referee: Robert Madley Craig Pawson
Forecast: Dry. Cool.
On TV: none (UK); none (USA); TEN 1 (India); elsewhere
Streaming online: beIN Sports Connect (ch.3) — this should also be available via fuboTV (cut the cord!) though the process is a bit complicated and I recommend watching this tutorial first (USA); TEN Sports Live (India); BBC 5 Live, Chelsea TV (radio only; UK)
West Ham United team news: After winning just 2 of the first 9 games in all competitions to start the season (including the 2-1 loss at Stamford Bridge on opening day), West Ham have won 3 of their last 5, including two in a row, all by a 1-0 scoreline. Then again, two of those wins were against Accrington Stanley (who play in god knows what lower division) and Sunderland (who should be playing in probably the same division as Accrington Stanley). Incidentally, the Hammers have yet to win a game this season in which they've given up a goal.
West Ham have a veritable caravan-load of injuries, including Andy Carroll (duh), summer signing Andre Ayew (who got hurt in the Chelsea game to start the season), ex-Chelsea boy Gokhan Tore, and the dangerous Diafra Sakho. Not helping matters is the fact that so far this season, they have zero goals from their forwards — who include former Chelsea transfer target Jonathan Calleri and Simone Zaza, who helped screw Conte out of progressing further at Euro 2016 with his comedy penalty kick routine.
Zaza may not even play of course, while West Ham's actual threats like Dimitri Payet, Manuel Lanzini, and Michail Antonio may be rested as well as Slaven Bilic tries to avoid getting dragged back down into the relegation zone in the league.
It's unclear whether the team have gotten any better since our first meeting, so if you need a refresher with Rob's funny and scathing opposition analysis, you should read it again.
View from the enemy: Brace The Hammer (they're a week old, give them a click!)
Chelsea team news: Like the proverbial blue flags, the Blues are flying high after back-to-back-to-back victories of ever increasing impressiveness — 2-0, 3-0, 4-0 ... so, 5-0? Whether Conte keeps the 3-4-3 for this game or switches to something more mundane remains to be seen of course.
Cesc Fàbregas and Vice-captain Branislav Ivanović remain out (though the latter's back in training), but Captain John Terry should be back in the starting lineup. Hopefully there's also some minutes to be had for youngsters Chalobah, Aina, and Batshuayi.
Previously: Conte begins.
Layvin Kurzawa offered to Chelsea; Chelsea not particularly interested — reports


text:
Posted on October 26, 2019 by fastdrive Racing
Red Bull Racing keeps on popping champagne bottles in Asia: two Sundays ago with the celebration of the World Drivers's Championship clinched by the German, and this past weekend after the World Driver's Championship was won. Far from relaxing after clinching his the World Drivers' Championship at Japan on October 9, and becoming the youngest driver in Formula 1 history to win two titles in a row, Sebastian Vettel demonstrated at the Korean Grand Prix held last Sunday in South Korea that his thirst for glory wasn't quenched yet. The 24-year-old German driver, who qualified in second place, wanted to win his tenth race of the season there, and since lap 1 he snatched No. 1 from McLaren's British driver Lewis Hamilton, position that he defended until the end without setbacks. With this victory Vettel reached 349 points that combined with his teammate Mark Webber's 209 pts, who finished in third place at Korea, secured Red Bull Racing's second World Constructor's title in a row, which confirms their hegemony in the F1. For the 35-year-old Australian driver this title is "a massive thing," but he didn't hide his disappointment for not finishing in second place. While for the German it was "good to see that the whole team keeps on pushing." Vettel is only three victories away from tying Michael Shumacher's record for most wins in a season with 13, set in 2004 after 18 races. And only two pole positions are keeping him from matching the all time record signed by Nigel Mansell in 1992 with 14 poles in 16 races.
Therefore don't expect the German to slow down his pace during the last three events of the years, because despite having won all the titles in dispute with Red Bull, he still has an ego to feed. A good example of his ambition was seen during the last lap at Yeongam on Sunday, when he pushed his car to the limit in order to sign his second fastest lap of the season after the one achieved at the European Grand Prix on June. Risking at the end of a race that he had controlled was "really stupid," like Vettel himself admitted, but he then explained that it had to do "with the ego because there are no more points." Therefore don't expect any less that his best effort in India, Abu Dhabi and Brazil. Getting ready for India The Indian Gran Prix will be held on October 30 at the Buddh International Circuit, and will become the first F1 event to take place on the Indian Subcontinent. There the battle for No. 2 will live another epic chapter, since only 26 points separate those competing for that position: British Jenson Button from McLaren has 222 points, followed by Ferrari's Fernando Alonso with 212 pts, Webber with 209 pts and Hamilton with 196 pts. Like Vettel these four drivers are also fueled by their egos, which guarantees a good show for the inaugural event at Buddh International Circuit that already "has full support from the government and the sports ministry," according to the organizers: Jaypee Sports International.
danpaati.com
Running Techniques in Half Marathon
Posted on July 16, 2019 by fastdrive Racing
One does not simply stand up and go running a marathon whether it is a full or half marathon devoid of any adequate preparation even for a small period of time. An individual should train in running ahead of start such job so as to prevent any injury. Running marathon is quite challenging. Typically a runner has to possess a technique in running particularly if he or she is out to win the competition. There are a few numbers of techniques in correct running.
A few runners assume the running techniques thinking that this is not vital. In fact whether one is a beginner or a seasoned runner in marathon he or she has to know and employ the right running techniques in sequence to build one full potential. Employing the correct and appropriate running techniques can aid a runner avoid injuries. It can as well assist builds the pace of the runner, his or her strength and staying power with the least quantity of effort exerted. The most vital techniques of a good running form are the following: good stance, relaxation, competent pace length, excellent body technicalities, right knee lift and good arm movement.
The top seasoned runners handled to run devoid of appearing to be applying too much effort. They are similar to running in the air. This is because their stances are balance and identify where the center of their seriousness is. To be able to execute this beginner runner should attempt to seem for his or her center of seriousness and practice building an ideal stance balance. This should be at ease, normal stance and it is stress-free with a small forward tilt. The shoulders should be pulled back, hips pushed forward to prevent the feet from directing the body and the chest out while maintaining the upper body balance in relative to the hips.
A few runners use the pose running method which is about building a forward movement while not applying too much power and effort but becoming efficient and competent. Ahead of, during and after a competition, a runner should rest his or her muscles to boost pace and prevent any possibility of injuring oneself. A runner should have an exact and competent pace in sequence to land his or her foot straightly under the center of seriousness of his or her body.
The body of a runner should be directed forward and must reduce or nice yet remove any interlacing, twisting or any needless motions since these add pressure to the joints, employs power reserves and may loss one time. The knees should never be raised up so elevated unless we are close to the finish line or we are a runner. A half marathon runner must understand how to glide with pace and competence. The arms should be kept seal on the sides and calm. Running whether for half marathon or not would assist an individual have a physically powerful body, fine conditioning, an excellent stance, and confidence.
Steve Ventre Has Participated In NASCAR Racing
Posted on April 16, 2019 by fastdrive Racing
Steve Ventre is a motor sport enthusiast and loves thrill and excitement in life. He has participated in Indy car racing, NASCAR racing and off road racing as well. He believes that a person who wants to become a successful racer should be physically, mentally and emotionally fit so that he can successfully overcome the tough aspects of the sport. He also says that a focused presence of mind helps racers while driving on the race course. Practice, determination will power, focus and confidence are some of the factors responsible for his success in racing circles. Steve Ventre is passionate about car racing and is not afraid of taking risk in life. All through the years, he has won praise and respect from his friends and peers.
Steve Ventre is also a golf player and often finds time from his busy schedule for playing golf with friends and colleagues. He shares some useful tips which help players in improving their performance in a game. A balanced diet along with regular exercise is highly beneficial for golfers. Steve Ventre suggests that golf players should avoid eating food in large quantities at one time. His personal experience has helped him understand the effect of a balanced and nutritious diet on one's performance. Drinking lots of water also helps in providing energy during long hours of the play. Another important aspect which requires due consideration by the golf players is the choice of quality equipment for playing golf. Quality equipment does not mean that golfers need to spend heavily on expensive clubs but one should choose equipment that one feels most comfortable with.
Steve Ventre has studied business at USMC National University and was decorated with high honors and discharged honorably from the university. Apart from playing golf and racing, he regularly donates to several charities and non-profit organizations working for the welfare of women and children.
Why WRC Would Work In India
Posted on January 16, 2019 by fastdrive Racing
The World Rally Championship has taken a beating in recent years, not least with the formation of the Intercontinental Rally Challenge, or IRC, taking away a lot of teams and host countries. In such a scenario, it is in the best interests of the FIA to look at bringing the World Rally Championship, or WRC as it's known, to India.
Here's why it would work:
Firstly, India has a rich rallying heritage. Lets never forget the Great Desert Himalayan, a stellar event through the 1980s which attracted top talents from across the globe, for its combination of unpredictable conditions, varying topography and of course the lure of the mystique of India, which saw many teams staying on after the event to savour the sights and sounds of all India has to offer. The Raid de Himalaya and Desert Storm do continue the tradition somewhat, but a raid is a little bit different from the WRC format.
In the WRC, the distances are limited, with the special stages accounting for a competitive distance of about 300 kilometres. Also, a super special stage, usually run in a controlled environment like a stadium with high spectator attendance is part of the event.
Call it personal preference if you will, but watching a rally car in full flight is one of the most thrilling sights in motorsport. That the cars externally resemble road cars is an added advantage to the manufacturers actually, since the layman can make an immediate visual connect to the cars he sees on the road.
With India's burgeoning car market, notably the B-segment, and some big ticket sponsors like telecoms and petroleum companies, the WRC would do well in India. Skoda already has a rally version of the Fabia, VW are working on a Golf / Polo WRC, Hyundai has rally experience with the Accent, and could prepare an i20 WRC, Ford already has the new Fiesta WRC ready to go, Suzuki has rallied the SX4 previously.
Yes, international rallying has been tried before, with the APRC, and yes, it didn't go off particularly well, but the lessons have been learned. It is up to organizers to ensure the event is conducted to the best international standards.
In this decade, the time is ripe for World Rallying in India. And with promising young Indians already making waves on the world stage, it would be tragic if the opportunity were lost.
Go Karting – Best For Aspiring Formula 1 Drivers
Formula 1 is the most thrilling motor racing sport the world has witnessed till now. In Formula 1 the drivers steer their cars at a speed ranging from 250 to 350 Kmph. However, to attain that much of a speed, the driver must be experienced enough to balance the car. Though, everything comes only and only through practice, still for aspiring Formula 1 drivers, it is always better to try their hands at Go Karting first.
In fact, Go Karting is considered as the first and foremost step towards a career in racing, as the format of this sport is almost the same that is used in Formula 1. It was in the year 1956, when the first ever Kart was built by the Kurtis Kraft in Southern California. Since then, it has come a long way, and people belonging to all age group be it a 14 year old kid or a 60 year old man, loves to explore the zigzag racing tracks. Moreover, it is also one of the most economical motor racing sports, and anyone can experience the fun it brings into their lives.
In Go Karting, the aspiring racers will learn how to control the car, when it is in great speed, how to overtake other racers, types of flags and what they stand for, basic rules and regulations, which are to be followed in any racing sport. And, to promote Go Karting in the Los Angeles and Ventura County, MB2 Raceway has built two of the most fascinating indoor Go Kart racing tracks based in Sylmar and Thousand Oaks respectively. Here, people can go in small and large groups, or even an individual can go and begin his/her race straightaway.
The Karting Tracks
MB2 Raceways tracks in both Sylmar and Thousand Oaks locations have been built according to the international norms. When it comes to the number of turns in the tracks, the Sylmar track possess 12 turns, while the Thousand Oaks has got 11 turns, which eventually help the drivers to attain expertise in turning the karts at high speed. Moreover, the both tracks are ?? miles long and their surface area is made up of Etched concrete, which has also got the drifting capabilities.
The Electric Go Karts provided by MB2 Raceway deliver high performance, as they all are made in Europe, and manages to attain the high speed of up to 45 mph (maximum). Additionally, for kids kart racing, it provides junior karts, whereas for the adults the karts are different, but still both types of karts are capable of giving an enthralling experience to the race drivers.


A surprise, this big church in its wide unfenced graveyard, in the centre of a large village. It has all the greater presence here in high Suffolk, surrounded as it is by villages with smaller churches. Around these parts, only Eye is more imposing. What a pity then, that unlike most of its neighbours it is kept locked. So I wrote ten years ago, and coming back on a stunning, hot day in early June 2010 I found that little had changed.
I had cycled down from Diss, then on through Eye and out to quiet Redlingfield. After the peace of that intensely rural spot, I had cut back through busy Occold and then on into Thorndon. It is still a substantial village set along its long street, home to the local health authority's Kerrison conference centre, the nearby pub playing host to the village shop. The strange south tower of All Saints still imposes, and the church is still ordinarily kept locked, I am afraid, although there is a keyholder notice now.
The south tower is massive, forming an entrance, and the nave stretched either side of it beyond creates the impression of a gatehouse to a baronial castle, possibly in the Highlands of Scotland. The tower is about a century later than the 13th century nave against which it stands. In the south wall behind a later tombchest is a curious tomb alcove. It was probably the last resting place of Nicholas Bockland, the donor of the chancel. Why was the tower built to the south and not to the west? Suffolk has some thirty-odd south towers, but they are mainly in the south-east of the county. It may have been that the ground was too soft to the west, or that there wasn't room then, although the graveyard stretches widely to the west today. Perhaps they simply thought it looked better that way.
I was rather pleased and intrigued that, on this Friday morning, a car was parked immediately outside the entrance, and the church itself was open. I stepped down into the porch, and then for the first time, through the double doors into the church itself. A cheerful lady was inside doing the flowers, and was very happy for me to come in and have a look around. She even offered to make me a cold drink, not least because she was proud of the church's recent reordering of the west end, with the pleasing woodwork of the kitchen and meeting room subtly integrated against the western wall of the nave. She also told me that the church was now open one morning a week so that local people could come in for as cup of tea and a chat, which seemed a step in the right direction.
The interior of All Saints is almost entirely the work of Richard Phipson, in 1870. This was one of his last jobs before his appointment as Diocesan architect, and must have been a pretty good testimony. As usual with him, it is mostly safe and sensible, if unexciting. His crisp use of encaustic tiles in the sanctuary prefigures those of his masterpiece, Ipswich St Mary le Tower. The reredos is also his design; Mortlock tells us that it was paid for by the Poet Laureate Robert Bridges, and carved in Belgium. Phipson's, too, are the roofs, and most of the furnishings.
There are a few medieval survivals. The traditional East Anglian 15th century font is a good one, though largely recut. The lions around the stem appear to be stalking the pendant angels below the bowl. The scattering of medieval glass in the north chancel is intriguing. Set among it is a roundel of 16th century Flemish glass depicting the stripping of Christ. The two thieves who will be crucified with him sit and look on. Another piece of continental glass depicts St Peter. There is also a roundel in the continental style depicting the crucifixion, but this is actually modern. I think it probably dates from the 1920s, suggesting a date for the resetting of this glass, and may be the work of the Norwich-based King workshop. It appears to be signed at the foot of the cross.
Perhaps the most interesting thing here is the brass inscription set in the north wall. It comes from the redundant church at Rishangles, a couple of miles away. That was was sold off for domestic use, and is now being refurbished after a period of dereliction. But the brass was moved here. It is to Richard Grimeston, and dated 1599.
Looking back at his life over that theologically eventful century, it reords that by twice two kings and queens his life was grac't, but one religion held from first to last. This intrigued me, deep as I was into Hilary Mantell's Wolf Hall: is it a proud boast of his Protestant pedigree? Or a quiet hint that he remained loyal to the Catholic Church through its darkest days?


The use of special software to control the execution of tests and compare the expected results with the outcome provided by the tests, is called test automation.
With automated tests we can automate repeated actions which are time-consuming when performed manually, and ensure the functionality of our code. Test automation is critical for software development teams which produce software in short cycles in order to ensure that the software can be reliably released.
What are the advantages that automated tests offer?
This is a valid question that some may think of. There are several reasons why, most of the time, automated tests should be used. First of all, automated tests are less time-consuming; once the tests are written, the automated tests are performed much faster than the time it takes to perform the corresponding manual tests. This is a significant time-saving that translates directly into cost savings. Moreover, automated tests are more reliable; once a test is written and added to the test suite, it will be executed each time that the suite runs and will not be forgotten. On the other hand, a manual tester may forget to perform some tests or intentionally skip them considering that the updated code hasn't affected those tests. Finally, automated tests relieve software testers from highly repetitive, low-value test work. However, we should mention that not all tests can be automated and that automated tests can't fully replace software testers.
Codebender uses Selenium tests for testing the functionality of the codebender website. The tests are written in Python 2, utilizing [pytest] (http://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/) as a testing framework and Selenium for browser automation.
Selenium is an open source project that contains a variety of tools and libraries enabling web browser automation for testing web applications more efficiently. One of the most important advantages that Selenium has is the capability to operate across different browsers and operating systems.
This is a Firefox plugin that lets testers record their actions as they follow the workflow that they need to test.
Selenium RC was the main Selenium framework, before the Selenium WebDriver tool. It is a testing framework that allows more than simple browser actions and makes use of the full power of programming languages (such as Java, C#, PHP, Python, Ruby, and PERL) to create more complex tests.
It is the merge of Selenium Remote Control with Webdriver, that resulted in Selenium WebDriver. This is the successor to Selenium RC which sends commands directly to the browser and retrieves results.
This is a tool used to run parallel tests across different machines and different browsers simultaneously which results in minimized execution time.
Selenium tests suite that is used to test codebender, uses Selenium Webdriver tool.
Launch the browser and open codebender.cc site.
Click on the Log in which opens the login form.
Verify that you are in your user's homepage.
In order to be able to run Selenium tests written in Python, you need to install Python, pip and Selenium programs.
You are ready to move on!
All tools needed are now installed and you can start writing your test code.
Now let's get to the most interesting part; the implementation of a code that will check the login process in the codebender site. In our example we will use Python language, which is the one used in all codebender's Selenium tests suite.
from selenium import webdriver : The selenium.webdriver module provides all the WebDriver implementations required to instantiate a new web browser.
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys : The Keys class provide keys in the keyboard like RETURN, F1, ALT etc.
driver = webdriver.Firefox() : The instance of Firefox WebDriver is created.
driver.get("https://staging.codebender.cc/") : A fresh webdriver instance is launched and is redirected to the application URL.
login_button = driver.find_element_by_id('login_btn') : WebDriver offers a number of ways to find elements using one of the find_element_by_* methods. For example, here the element is located by its id.
verify_login = driver.find_element_by_css_selector('.navbar-text') : In this case the element is located by a css selector, it's class.
login_button.send_keys(Keys.ENTER) : The send_keys comand is used to enter/type the specified value (within the parentheses ) in the textbox.
assert 'Logged in as' in verify_login.text : The next line is an assertion to confirm that element verify_login contains 'Logged in as' text in it.
driver.close() : The close() is used to close the current browser window.
print ("Test success") : This prints "Test success" on the terminal from which the test was run.
In this blogpost we have just explained the basics of a simple Selenium automated test. There is much more that someone can explore and experiment with. Thanks for stopping by and reading!


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Q: How to implement thread comment in Rails? I want to develop a thread comment list like this: http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/gbmg3/ama_request_a_jersey_shore_cameraman/
Is there any opensource gem for it ?

A: It is quite simple. I prefer to use nested_sets. Check out this awesome_nested_set GEM. Some folks like acts_as_tree GEM. But nested_sets fits better your problem.


Creola City Councilman Harold Martin was acquitted of a misdemeanor menacing charge at a Dec. 3 bench trial after prosecutors chose not to call on a man once thought to be a crucial witness.
Martin was accused of brandishing a gun during a heated conversation with fellow Councilman Ralph Avis Walker outside the Creola Police Department last November. Martin and Walker both agreed in court that the subject of their Nov. 30, 2017, conversation was Martin's wife.
On the stand, though, Martin maintained he never touched a gun while speaking with Walker that day, and added, while he is a gun owner, he doesn't own the kind of nickel-plated .22 caliber pistol Walker described in court and wouldn't keep it stowed in his pocket if he did.
No physical evidence was ever submitted to the court, and there was also no security camera footage available from outside the police station on the day of the incident.
According to Creola Police Chief Harold D. Kirkland's testimony, it would have long been recorded over by the time it was requested in a subpoena from Martin's lawyers, and even if the footage had been preserved, the cameras wouldn't have caught the incident clearly.
After about an hour of testimony, Mobile County District Court Judge Jill Phillips found Martin not guilty because, according to her, the state ultimately failed to meet its burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
He later said it "made me a little angry." However, when Jordan pressed the issue further, it caused a particularly heated exchange during Walker's cross-examination.
"I'm not interested in answering your questions anymore," Walker told Jordan at one point.
After being reminded by Phillips he was a sworn witness in a criminal trial and had to answer questions, Walker told the court: "No, I wasn't scared of Martin." He also testified he'd regularly attended council meetings since the incident occurred.
While the trial wound up being one man's word against another's, that wasn't always supposed to be the case. Former Creola Police Sgt. Donald Turberville was, at one point, a potential witness for the prosecution because he signed the criminal complaint against Martin leading to his criminal charge. But while Turberville attended the trial, he was never called to testify.
Stepan did not take questions after the verdict was handed down, but Jordan told reporters he believes prosecutors realized Turberville would not have been a credible witness because of recent accusations that he fabricated a report about being shot at in the line of duty.
Turberville reported being fired upon by an unidentifiable motorist during a traffic stop in Creola in the early hours of Nov. 12. However, an external investigation by the Mobile County Sheriff's Office immediately raised questions about Turberville's claims.
While he initially stuck by his story after refusing two chances to take a polygraph test, days later Turberville admitted things "did not happen the way [he] said" they did. He resigned from his position with the Creola Police Department late last month.
Trial testimony also raised issues about the veracity of Turberville's claims against Martin.
In Alabama, an officer can only arrest someone for a misdemeanor if it occurs in the officer's presence. Given that he signed a sworn complaint and then later told reporters he witnessed the Nov. 30, 2017, incident, Turberville was long believed to have been an eyewitness.
However, according to Walker, Turberville was not present at the truck when Martin allegedly pulled a gun on him that day and only found out about it when he told him afterward. Walker said he was asked if he wanted to press charges against Martin at the time but declined.
In all, Jordan said the case brought against Martin has been one of the strangest he's handled in his legal career.
Martin didn't personally take questions from reporters after the trial, while Walker spoke briefly t0 say he still "can't believe" Martin's behavior on the day in question. Walker said he wouldn't let the incident or the trial impact city business, but added he'd be keeping his distance from Martin.


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Q: Re-use Amazon Elastic MapReduce instance using aws java sdk This link (Re-use Amazon Elastic MapReduce instance) provides a way to re-use an instance like this elastic-mapreduce --jobflow job-id \
    --jar s3n://some-path/x.jar \
    --step-name "New step name" \
    --args ...
but how can I do the same in a Driver program to run the job i.e. by using aws java sdk to run another job . I thought there must be some method in JobFlowInstancesConfig class for setting the id but I couldn't find any thing. http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSJavaSDK/latest/javadoc/com/amazonaws/services/elasticmapreduce/model/JobFlowInstancesConfig.html
Any help is appreciated.

A: Actually I wasn't going to answer because of the downvotes I got initially .
 I did something like this (I have not added the entire code here but the link following it may help)
static AddJobFlowStepsRequest AJFSrequest;
List <StepConfig>steps = new LinkedList();
AJFSrequest = new AddJobFlowStepsRequest();
AJFSrequest.setJobFlowId("j-VKJMSIU34SFQ");

HadoopJarStepConfig jarConfig = new HadoopJarStepConfig(S3N_HADOOP_JAR);
jarConfig.setArgs(ARGS_AS_LIST);
StepConfig stepConfig =new StepConfig(S3N_HADOOP_JAR.substring(S3N_HADOOP_JAR.indexOf('/') + 1),jarConfig);

String lastState = "";
steps.add(stepConfig);
AJFSrequest.setSteps(steps);
emr.addJobFlowSteps(AJFSrequest);

http://chathurah.blogspot.in/2010/03/programmatically-launch-elastic-map.html