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Journal Management Strategies for Leading through Times of Change
Strategies for Leading through Times of Change
Fourteen Effective Patterns to Ease an Organization through Change
By Mary Lynn Manns, PhD and Linda Rising, PhD
Leading change is difficult. Therefore, much is written on the topic. This article is based on a study that took the unique approach of listening to stories from leaders in a variety of sizes and types of organizations and documenting their recurring, successful solutions to common problems found in change initiatives. Their strategies, or "patterns," provide a resource for anyone who struggles with introducing a new idea into an organization.
[powerpress http://gsbm-med.pepperdine.edu/gbr/audio/spring2010/change.mp3]
Management, Organizational Behavior
We are living in a world in which the word "change" defines the new work order. Organizational leaders no longer have the luxury of contemplating if they will make changes, but rather must decide how they can transform their organization in order to survive a rapidly shifting environment. A recent issue of Business Week reports: "… there's no question that the game has changed for business. The tools managers once used with great success … are being reevaluated." In this same issue, Cisco CEO John Chambers cautions, "Without exception, all my biggest mistakes occurred because I moved too slowly."[1]
The process of change can bring stress to even the strongest organization. Leaders will struggle and so will the people they are trying to convince. A recently published book, Change or Die [2] explains why the odds are nine to one that individuals will not alter behavior even when faced with the likelihood of dying prematurely as a result of bad habits. Business leaders who see this statistic might question their chances for success in leading less threatening initiatives in their organization. Surrounded by the pressure to respond to a rapidly shifting world, leaders need tools to address the many challenges in building and maintaining new initiatives, so that they are never caught off-guard. This study provides some of these tools.
There is much written about organizational change theory and the recommendations it yields. This study took the unique approach of documenting common problems and successful solutions in an array of change initiatives. To do this, numerous stories and experiences of facilitating change were gathered from people leading transformations in their organizations throughout the world. The leaders represented diverse backgrounds, ages, experiences, and job titles and came from a variety of sizes and types of organizations, both large and small, profit and not-for-profit. From their stories, observations were documented and merged with other research findings on the topics of change and influence. Accounts of successful change agents throughout history were also included. During this process, the findings were continually exposed for comment and feedback at conferences and with reviewers experienced in leading change.
When the investigation uncovered a recurring and effective strategy for leading change, it was documented as a "pattern." Just as the name suggests, a pattern captures a strategy that has occurred more than once. Christopher Alexander used this method of documenting patterns to record successful design practices in the architecture profession. His focus on proven solutions rather than new and unique ones was motivated by his observation that modern-day buildings and towns did not approach the beauty of the historical past. Unlike an idea or well-planned proposal that may or may not work, Alexander showed how a pattern describes a solution that has been applied successfully over the course of time in many different circumstances.[3] While an individual pattern documents a successful solution to one recurring problem, building relationships between them into what is known as a "pattern language" provides a resource to handle truly complex problems, such as leading change in an organization.
To date, this organizational change study has uncovered 58 effective strategies, or patterns, that anyone at any level within an organization can use for leading change. Each one takes its form from Alexander's work, containing the following sections: opening story, abstract, context, problem, forces, solution, resulting context, and known uses. Because each pattern is named, the collection provides a vocabulary for change agents to have constructive conversations about their problems and solutions. There are 14 patterns introduced in this article. Full descriptions of all the sections in each pattern can be found in Fearless Change: Patterns for Introducing New Ideas by Manns & Rising[4] and short summaries are available in Table I.
Agents of change, whether the CEO or a young, new employee, often feel like "powerless leaders" because changing people's minds is rarely easy. As Machiavelli has pointed out, "… there is nothing more difficult to carry out, nor more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to handle than to initiate a new order of things." Therefore, some leaders may think it is easier to demand that a change happens""they may drive it from the top without significant across-the-board participation. While this may appear to be faster than a grassroots, emergent effort, it's likely to result in disgruntled compliance, rather than involvement and satisfaction among the individuals the leader is attempting to change.[5] In contrast, this study shows how leaders who make use of patterns when encountering challenges along the way are more effective in engendering "buy-in," carrying out a change initiative that intrigues and interests others to the point that they want to change.
The Starting Point
The pattern that describes the person who will lead the change is titled Evangelist because the change agent must have faith in the new idea and passion for the work it will take to convince others to follow. This attitude will carry the leader through the inevitable frustrations along the way. The change leaders who were interviewed revealed that a sincere belief in the value of their idea for their organizations is necessary before the leader will have the ability to convince others.
However, the Evangelist must understand that patterns are not "silver bullets." Using a pattern wisely means understanding the right context for its use and the consequences of application. All strategies have both positive outcomes as well as negative. The Evangelist pattern guards against being overzealous because, while passion will encourage people to take notice, fanaticism can turn people off.
Widening the Circle
Being an Evangelist for change takes time and energy, but it is even more difficult when the leader attempts to do it alone. Therefore, the pattern named Ask for Help can lighten the workload. In addition, it can build support from people who provide the help and then begin to feel part of the change effort.
When asking for help, it is useful to start by finding people in the organization who get excited about new things. These types of people are described in the pattern Innovator. They can help test the new idea and provide early feedback. However, their strength can also be seen as a downside because their enthusiasm for new ideas often causes them to quickly move from one initiative to another.
The pattern named Early Adopter can help with this. Unlike an Innovator, the Early Adopter will respond to a new idea with more questions and careful consideration. This allows them to be viewed as sensible decision makers and, as a result, they can serve as effective opinion leaders.
The individuals an Evangelist identifies as Innovators and Early Adopters may be interested in helping to apply the Just Do It pattern""integrating the new idea into a current project in order to understand its benefits and limitations. Once there are some success stories, they can share their experiences in an informal, interactive session, or a Hometown Story. This pattern is effective because individuals are often convinced when they hear from others "just like them" who are having success with a new idea.[6]
At the same time, the Evangelist must recognize that people take change personally. Presentations and e-mail messages will arouse curiosity and some interest, but old habits will not die without effort. The Personal Touch pattern recommends that change leaders look for opportunities to talk with individuals one-on-one about how the new idea can be personally useful and valuable to them. Therefore, rather than pushing the solution, Personal Touch allows the Evangelist to build relationships and encourage others to discuss the new idea in the context of their individual roles and problems.
Example: Evangelist, Just Do It, Hometown Story, Personal Touch, Step by Step
Charles, a contractor in a large media research company, is one Evangelist who shared his story for the study. His experience introducing a new programming language into an organization that had concerns about performance and scalability shows how he used the patterns to reach his goal. The vice president said the language choice could be a career-killing decision for Charles, but his passion caused him to believe it was worth the risk. He needed more than faith, so he built a team that was willing to help gather data. They built two similar systems, one in an older language used throughout the organization and one in the new language (Just Do It). They shared their results with others (Hometown Story) and demonstrated that the new language was better able to meet the performance and scalability requirements and could therefore be used in an upcoming two-year development project.
Charles also applied the Just Do It and Hometown Story patterns when introducing software testing tools a short time later. He utilized the tools in his own work and documented the benefits. Once there was something to show, Charles held an information session to explain what he had learned. He also kept his ears open for opportunities to help those who showed an interest in his work and was quick to lend a hand when he found individuals who were having a problem that his testing tools could solve (Personal Touch).
Charles and other change agents reported they had to recognize and accept that change starts slowly and evolves over time. This reality is implicit in the Step by Step pattern. Because life and people are unpredictable, a master plan for change is not going to be as effective as a vision with short-term goals and a willingness to adjust plans along the way. John Kotter, a widely published author on the topic of change leadership, agrees that new developments should spread quietly at first so that leaders can learn from failures and build on successes.[7]
Charles' use of these and other patterns in a Step by Step manner allowed him to gradually earn credibility. He stressed that this is vital in becoming a good change agent, noting that people may not always agree with you, but if you slowly and deliberately build credibility, most will be willing to listen and consider the merit in what you have to say.
However, not everyone will react this way. The study also examined what an Evangelist can do when people don't react with trust or a willingness to listen. All ideas, no matter how wonderful, will encounter a certain amount of resistance.
In order to make progress, an Evangelist will often have to put some effort into dealing with skepticism from others. One of the more interesting findings in this study was the realization that it is not efficient to spend a great amount of time trying to convince the resistors, but listening to them is highly advised. It is not easy to hear about potential shortcomings, so one common reaction is to fear the criticism and avoid the person who is delivering it. Although it may seem more comfortable for ideas to be welcomed without examination, there are penalties in this attitude, especially in the beginning when there is still much to learn. The Fear Less pattern suggests that the change leader Ask for Help from the skeptics by listening to them with the intent of learning more about the idea, about how it will fit into the organization and about the change initiative. The aim is not to convert resistors but rather to respect their opinions and bring to light the limitations in the innovation so that these issues can be addressed frankly and honestly.
Another type of resistance can occur when the opposition is not as much against the idea as it is against the Evangelist. In this case, the Bridge-Builder pattern recommends finding someone who has credibility in the eyes of the resistors and can make the case for the innovation. By letting others do the speaking, the skeptic is likely to become more open to change because the message comes from someone who is viewed with more trust.
When the Evangelist encounters a skeptic that is also a strong opinion leader in the organization, the pattern Champion Skeptic describes a special role that allows this person to be the official "finder of faults" and "sounder of warnings." For example, the Champion Skeptic can be given a few minutes at the end of each appropriate meeting to summarize negative observations and keep others from moving ahead too hastily. This strategy will honor the resistance and give it a proper place in the planning.
The study also found that it is important to anticipate resistance when entering a gathering where a decision will be made about the new idea. If the Evangelist does not anticipate what the resistors are thinking, the meeting can become consumed with questions and conclude with an unfavorable outcome that may be impossible to remedy later. Therefore, the pattern named Corridor Politics recommends that, before everyone gathers for the vote, the Evangelist and other supporters speak privately with the "fence-sitters" to answer questions and address their concerns. As they are won over, their support can be used to convince others who might be more challenging to influence.
Finally, the Whisper in the General's Ear pattern addresses resistance at the executive level. High-level decision makers are often uncomfortable about admitting they don't understand something in front of others and are sometimes hard to convince in a group setting. Therefore, it is helpful to arrange a short meeting with an executive to answer questions and address any concerns over the innovation and the effort to introduce it. This will maintain the executive's dignity while giving the Evangelist a chance to get the case heard.
Implications for Leading Change
The interviews with the change leaders in this study support the observation that leading change is not a science. Rather, it is a gradual process of discovery that prompts the leaders to react to problems, setbacks, and small successes along the way. Therefore, it is not possible to prescribe one specific way to apply the patterns introduced in this article. Even though each one captures one valuable strategy, the collection of 58 is a powerful resource to use in the appropriate context of the change initiative. For example, some of the Evangelists began with the Ask for Help pattern while others initially worked alone with Just Do It, followed by a Hometown Story to capture more interest. Still others immediately encountered vocal skeptics and had to begin with Fear Less and other patterns for handling resistance.
Therefore, to make use of the patterns in the most appropriate way for an individual organization, the specific problems within the change initiative must first be identified. The patterns then supply solutions that have been shown to work for other leaders of change.
The prevailing observation is that a leader of change needs at least three things to introduce a new idea into an organization: a belief in the idea, the determination to act on the belief, and some information on how to bring the idea into the organization. The leader must supply the first two, while the patterns uncovered and documented in this study can assist in implementing the third.
Additional information about these patterns for leading change can be found at: http://www.fearlesschangepatterns.com
Name Summary
Ask for Help Since the task of introducing a new idea into an organization is a big job, look for people and resources to help your efforts.
Big Jolt To provide more visibility for the change effort, invite a high-profile person into your organization to talk about the new idea.
Bridge-Builder Pair those who have accepted the new idea with those who have not.
Brown Bag Use the time when people normally eat lunch to provide a convenient and relaxed setting for talking about the new idea.
Champion Skeptic When a strong opinion leader is skeptical of your new idea, ask them to play the role of "official skeptic." Use their comments to improve your effort, even if you don't change their minds.
Concrete Action Plan To make real progress toward your goal, take the time at each implementation step to say what you will do and where and when you will do it.
Connector To help you spread the word about the innovation, ask for help from people who have connections with many others in the organization.
Corporate Angel To help align the innovation with the goals of the organization, get support from a high-level executive.
Corridor Politics Informally work on decision makers and key influencers before an important vote to ensure they understand the consequences of the decision.
Dedicated Champion To increase your effectiveness in introducing your new idea, make a case for having the work become part of your job description.
Do Food Make an ordinary gathering a special event by including food.
e-Forum Set up an electronic bulletin board, distribution list, listserve, or writeable website for those who want to hear more.
Early Adopter Win the support of the people who can be opinion leaders for the new idea.
Early Majority To create commitment to the new idea in the organization, you must convince the majority.
Elevator Pitch Prepare a couple of sentences that you have ready to introduce others to your new idea.
Emotional Connection Connecting with the emotional needs of your audience is more effective in persuading them than just presenting facts.
Evangelist When beginning to introduce the new idea into your organization, do everything you can to share your passion for it.
External Validation To increase the credibility of the new idea, bring in information from sources external to the organization.
Fear Less Turn resistance to the new idea to your advantage.
Go-To Person Identify key people who can help at critical points in your change initiative.
Group Identity Give the change effort an identity to help people recognize that it exists.
Guru on Your Side Enlist the support of senior-level people who are esteemed by members of the organization.
Guru Review Gather anyone who is a Guru on Your Side and other interested colleagues to evaluate the new idea for managers and other developers.
Hometown Story To help people see the usefulness of the new idea, encourage those who have had success with it to share their stories.
Imagine That! To move your change initiative forward, engage people in an exercise to imagine future possibilities.
In Your Space Keep the new idea visible by placing reminders throughout the organization.
Innovator When you begin the change initiative, ask for help from colleagues who like new ideas.
Involve Everyone For a new idea to be successful across an organization, everyone should have an opportunity to support the innovation and make a unique contribution.
Just Do It Prior to spreading the word about the new idea, work with the new idea on your own to discover what the benefits and limitations are.
Just Enough To ease learners into the more difficult concepts of a new idea, give a brief introduction and make more information available when they are ready.
Just Say Thanks To make people feel appreciated, say "thanks" in the most sincere way you can to everyone who helps you.
Local Sponsor Ask for help from first-line management. When your boss supports the work you are doing to introduce the new idea, you can be more effective.
Location, Location, Location To avoid interruptions that disrupt the flow of an event, try to hold significant events off site.
Mentor When a team wants to get started with the new idea, have someone around who understands it and can help them throughout the project.
Myth Buster There are always myths around every change initiative. Document those and address them in a timely and forthright manner.
Next Steps Take time near the end of an event related to the new idea to identify what participants can do next.
Personal Touch To convince people of the value in a new idea, show how it can be personally useful and valuable to them.
Pick Your Battles Spend your energy in conflict only when it's important. Fight for the things you believe in, but don't fight if it's not worth it.
Piggyback Look for a way to piggyback your change initiative on an existing practice in your organization.
Plant the Seeds To spark interest, carry materials (seeds) and display (plant) them when the opportunity arises.
The Right Time Consider timing when you initiate the change, schedule events, and/or ask others for help.
Royal Audience Arrange for management and members of the organization to spend time with a special "Big Jolt" visitor.
Shoulder to Cry On To avoid becoming too discouraged when the going gets tough, find opportunities to talk with others struggling to introduce a new idea.
Small Concession To address the concerns of someone who is resistant to your cause and making a lot of noise, consider a small concession that will show you acknowledge their point of view and contribution.
Small Successes To avoid becoming overwhelmed by the challenges and all the things you have to do when you're involved in an organizational change effort, celebrate even small success.
Smell of Success When your efforts produce a visible positive result, people will come out of the woodwork to talk to you. Treat this opportunity as a teaching moment.
Stay in Touch Once you've sparked some interest in people, don't forget about them and make sure they don't forget about you.
Step by Step Relieve your frustration at the enormous task of changing an organization by taking one small step at a time toward your goal.
Study Group Form a small group of colleagues who are interested in exploring or continuing to learn about a specific topic.
Sustained Momentum Take a proactive approach to the ongoing work of sustaining the interest in the new idea in your organization.
Tailor Made To convince people in the organization of the value they can gain from the new idea, tailor your message to the needs of your audience.
Test the Waters When a new opportunity presents itself, see if there is any interest by using it and then evaluating the result.
Time For Reflection To learn from the past, take time at regular intervals to evaluate what is working well and what should be done differently.
Token To keep a new idea alive in a person's memory, hand out tokens that can be identified with the topic being introduced.
Town Meeting As early as possible in your change effort and regularly throughout, gather as many participants as possible to solicit feedback, build support, get new ideas, and bring in newcomers.
Trial Run When the organization is not willing to commit to the new idea, suggest that they experiment with it for a short period and study the results.
Wake-up Call To encourage people to pay attention to your idea, point out the problem that you believe has created a pressing need for change.
Whisper in the General's Ear Managers are sometimes hard to convince in a group setting, so meet with them privately to address any concerns.
Table I: Short summary of 58 patterns
[1] McGregor, Jena,"Smart Management for Tough Times: Breakthrough Management Ideas for a World in which the Game Will Never be the Same,"BusinessWeek, March 23, 2009. 30-34.
[2] Deutschman, Alan, Change or Die, (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2007).
[3] Alexander, Christopher, A Pattern Language:Towns, Buildings, Construction, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977).
[4] Manns, M.L., L. Rising, Fearless Change: Patterns for Introducing New Ideas. (Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2004).
[5] Green, G.C., A.R. Hevner, "The Successful Diffusion of Innovations: Guidance for Software Development Organizations," IEEE Software 17, no. 6 (Nov/Dec 2000): 96-103.
[6] Rogers, E.M., Diffusion of Innovations, (New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 2003).
[7] Kotter, J.P., "Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail," Harvard Business Review (March-April 1995): 1-10.
Authors of the article
Mary Lynn Manns, PhD
Mary Lynn Manns, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Management and Accountancy at the University of North Carolina – Asheville where she teaches courses in management information systems, quantitative analysis, and change leadership. She earned her master's degree from the University of Colorado and her PhD from De Montfort University in England. She is co-author of Fearless Change: Patterns for Introducing New Ideas, which documents successful strategies used by leaders of change in many different types of organizations throughout the world. Published in 2005 by Addison Wesley Publishing Co, the book continues to receive outstanding reviews with a "best book" award and a place on the Amazon.com "12 Books that Changed My Career" list. Manns does numerous presentations and consultations on the topic of leading change in organizations in and outside the U.S.
Linda Rising, PhD
Linda Rising, PhD, has a PhD from Arizona State University in the area of object-based design metrics. Her background includes university teaching as well as work in the industries of telecommunications, avionics, and strategic weapons systems. She is an internationally known presenter on topics related to patterns, project retrospectives, and the change process. Rising is the author of numerous articles and has published four books: Design Patterns in Communications; The Pattern Almanac 2000; A Patterns Handbook, and her most recent, Fearless Change: Patterns for Introducing New Ideas.
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Home > Blog > CAPRICORN ❓❤ THIS PERSON ON YOUR MIND RIGHT NOW FEELS THAT….🤯 JANUARY 2023 LOVE MONEY TAROT
CAPRICORN ❓❤ THIS PERSON ON YOUR MIND RIGHT NOW FEELS THAT….🤯 JANUARY 2023 LOVE MONEY TAROT
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Hello earth science Virgo tourism Capricorn welcome to my channel my name Is Chelsea in this reading we're going To find out how does a person on your Mind feel about you right now and for Those of you who like to book a personal Reading with me information is in the Description box below today is the 22nd Of January 2023 time here in Bali Indonesia is 8 21 a.m please bear in Mind that this is a collective reading For earth science and if you were to Finally got it to watch this video this Message is meant for you even if you're Dealing with the same person okay now Let's get your reading started Spirits and Angels please show me for Earth science Virgo Taurus and Capcom Their person on their mind right now how Do they feel about our science Strength at the bottom of the deck your Person on your mind could be a Leo could Be a Sagittarius leverage of night Chris Aries can be any sign for vocab Contours With the Pentacles but um a strong fire I would say strong fire and strong air So hmm Your person feels this is super hard They're sad through swords they're Heartbroken for some reason 601 some of Those because they cannot get what they Want or that they cannot achieve what They want from this connection Maybe because
Either they feel really low really down Or that maybe They feel like you're not giving them Enough attention It's not that I kind of feel like for Different groups of you are signs six of Wands in my verse can indicate they Don't feel really good they don't feel On top of the world your person doesn't Feel either appreciated or respected or Admired Or that if it's not that well that they Don't know how to get through this Battle it feels like it's a battle like It's not easy because the sixer ones I'm Holding it in my first because it came Out in my first means you know if it's In the right position that means this Person just came back from war from a Battlefield and he won So these other ones are the supporters And they're cheering him on as he's Coming home coming back victoriously After a war so when it's a movers they Feel heartbroken that either they can't Get you or that they can't give you what You want that they can't get what they Want or that they feel like a loser like They're losing in this whole situation As though they can't win okay that's the Energy I'm sensing right now and the King of Swords here in one first They don't feel good they feel unclear They feel confused either they feel like
They're not you're not they are not up To your standard Or that you don't really respect them All that you don't see them how they Want you to see them okay So follow ones and one first seven of Swords in my first and the moon this Person is very insecure I have to say Earth science your person is very very Insecure About if you like them if you care about Them are you attracted to them Or are you still attracted to them if This is somebody you separated from Somebody maybe you're separated from This person some of you maybe this is a Current person you could be dealing with But just take what resonates with you First They feel like their plan didn't work Out Because the King of Swords King of Swords is a strategic King so Something about their plan not working Out or if there is a plan will it work Out so they're not sure right the moon Kind of get doubts as well the 501s Among first They don't know if they can fight this They don't know if they can win this Again but once it's like a competition It could be a competition with Themselves competition with you all can Come or in competition with other
Options We've got the five of Pentacles here a Person misses you your persons feel you Know of course sad misses you and Feeling like this is so hard this is so Hard Dana is struggling two of Cups they feel Like they need to make a choice but the Lovers to get them up first in regards To this connection Maybe for some of them I don't know if you do know your person On your mind right now has another Friend has another option or if it's a Love triangle if that's the case they Feel like unsure who to choose unless You're the one putting this person in a Third party situation Um you know again this can be a friend This can be a love interest can be a Family member can be anybody The two of Cups it feels like they do They do care about you they do love you But they just feel like there's so many Obstacles like it's really really hard And that they need to make a decision Or if they've already made a decision They wonder if they made the right Decision Because again the moon indicates doubt And it's it's a major kind of the Strength here they're trying to be Strong they're trying to hold back they Try they're trying to deal with the
Situation very tactfully or that they Could be feeling like You're the one holding back Um let's see more Five of Swords and my first is cup Someone first It's like they try to hang on as long as They can Um they're heartbroken they're sad maybe They feel rejected by you maybe they Feel like this is a lost Um What do you call what's that word again It's like a sense of defeat right on so Many cards that indicates that I'm Feeling like my plan didn't work I feel defeated Like it's a lost cause that kind of an Energy then we've got the three cups Remember it's a devil and then I've got The Six of Swords here Either they feel like They want to make peace with you they Want to move towards you or maybe there Could be some issues with distance for Some of you if it's not that Six of Swords it's them feeling like maybe I Should move on from this or it's just Hard I don't know it looks like there's So many struggles so many obstacles the Devil emo first they feel like maybe They need to release this And three cups in one voice That
And the Justice summer versus just not Fair they feel like this is not fair Your circumstances with this person is Just not fair And they're sad because it's not It's it doesn't it feels like it's not What they want But it's happening Or that they could be predicting this is Gonna happen if it hasn't yet But a lot of sad cards I feel they're Kind of depressed Like they plan didn't work out for some Reason There's a sense of defeat that maybe I Should walk away from this or the moon Here I don't know what to do it's like a Confused energy too right I don't know How to fight this War I don't know how To fight this battle I don't know how to get it done I don't Know how to get what I want from this Connection I feel like they've They're trying to be strong though with The strength card here They may put a front as if It doesn't face them like they're okay But deep down I don't think they're okay And then the lovers in my first they Feel like Maybe again that they need to make a Choice or There is a Discord between the two of You
Differences Again it could be a Difficulties struggles obstacles Could be due to external factors or Internal factors external factors with The party could be location issues or Family whatnot but Hmm They feel pessimistic the moon here but No doubt they love you they care about You two cups they feel like all of your Men to be each other should be with each Other but It's just going to be a tough long road That's what they're feeling right now Okay earth science Virgo tours in Capcom Is your reading I hope you resonated in Some way shape or form if you did please Hit like share and subscribe if you want To watch more videos that I've posted Which I post every single day twice a Day so they are fresh very new with Different questions and different topics There could be some other readings that Might interest you or could be useful For you I just don't want it to go to Waste because I post them at odd timing So Um you might have missed it so if you Would like to check it out yeah you can Click on the daily readings Um playlist and you'll find all the Videos there and also another playlist I'm Gonna Leave You on the screen right
Now it's from my second channel it's a Travel Vlog Channel Um I haven't posted in I don't know Eight months nine months but all my Travel Vlogs are there if you want to Check it out too Um and Earth Science Um I'm open for personal readings I've Added a few Options For your convenience because it has been Requested over and over again and Finally I'm implementing it so check it Out if you want to book me for personal Reading just send me an email alright Take care science hope to see you back Here again later or tomorrow bye
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text:
Missionary Society of the Anglican Church of Canada 1
Robinson, Dorothy Lydia, 1916-1998 1
Lac La Ronge (Sask.) 1
Anglican Church of Canada. Anglican Church Women 1
Indian Girls Drawing Flowers. Victoria, Olive and Peter are some of the students.. - 1916
http://archives.anglican.ca/en/permalink/graphics8015
W.A. Missionaries photograph collection
Main Access Point
All Saints Indian Residential School (Lac La Ronge, Sask.)
1 photoprint : b&w. ; 12 x 9 cm
Photo consists of boys and girls sitting at their desks drawing, while a teacher stands in the background. Victoria is on the far left, then Olive, and Peter is the boy just right tof the middle. "This school was burnt", is written on the back of the photo.
http://archives.anglican.ca/en/permalink/microforms122
11 reels
Preceded by Monthly Letter Leaflet, the Letter Leaflet was established November 1888 and ran until October 1922. The Monthly Letter Leaflet was the newsletter of the Church of England's Woman's Auxiliary to Missions. It was renamed The Letter Leaflet when the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society was formed and ran under that title from Feb. 1893 until December 1922. It was followed by the Living Message, 1923 to May 1986, and then the Anglican Magazine, Jan. 1987-Dec. 1991. Volume numbering was continuous.
Microfilm consists of :
Reel 1 - Letter Leaflet, 1889-1895 [on Reel 6 of Mf 83-9]
Reel 2 - Letter Leaflet, Jan. 1896-Dec. 1904
Reel 3 - Letter Leaflet, Nov. 1904-May 1914
Reel 4 - Letter Leaflet, June 1914-Dec. 1916
Reel 5 - Living Message, Jan. 1923-Dec. 1925
Reel 9 - Living Message, Jan. 1952-Sept. 1961
Reel 10 - Living Message, Oct. 1961-Dec. 1973
Reel 11 - Living Message, Jan. 1974-Dec. 1982
Church of England's Woman's Auxiliary to Missions
Woman's Auxiliary to the Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada
Woman's Auxiliary to the Missionary Society of the Anglican Church of Canada
Anglican Church of Canada. Periodicals
Anglican Church of Canada. Woman's Auxiliary
Originals and Reproductions
GSA has copies of the originals. See Periodicals Database
Mf 83-10


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The paper proposes applying the population-learning algorithm to solving both the single-mode and the multi-mode resource-constrained pro-ject scheduling problems (denoted as RCPSP and MRCPSP, respectively) with makespan minimization as an objective function. The paper contains problem formulation and a description of the proposed implementation of the population learning algorithm (PLA). To validate the approach a computational experiment has been carried out. It has involved 1440 instances of the RCPSP and 3842 instances of the MRCPSP obtained from the available benchmark data sets. Results of the experiment show that the proposed PLA implementation is an effective tool for solving the resource-constrained project scheduling problems. In case of the RCPSP instances the algorithm in a single run limited to 50000 solutions generated has produced results close to the results of the best known algorithms as compared with average deviation from critical path. In case of the MRCPSP instances the proposed algorithm in a single run has produced solutions with mean relative error value below 1.6% as compared with optimal or best known solutions for benchmark problems.


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1 1 5. Iterative Deepening and Move Ordering Jonathan Schaeffer [email protected] 9/9/02 2 Depth-first Search  How do you know how deep to search?  Search to terminal nodes?  Could be too deep!  Search to a fixed depth?  Bad move ordering could make this a big search  What if the search depth is set too large?  What if the search depth is set too small? 9/9/02 3 Iterative Deepening  Iterate on the search depth  Search to depth 1, then 2, then 3, until resources run out  The advantage is that you get the deepest possible search depth given the resource constraints  Nice property for real-time search   The disadvantage is wasted search 9/9/02 4 Disadvantage: Extra Search?  ID seems impractical because of all the repeated work:  Assume a growth rate of b and search depth d  Size = b + b 2 + b 3 + … + b d-1 + b d  Aren't all the early iterations wasted search?


Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukone and their Marriage Gossip. Are They ready to take the next big step?
The couple holiday together quite often and guess what? Their families join them too on their annual vacation. Their favourite destination is the Maldives. An upscale resort in the archipelago offers them the much-needed privacy along with some cool adventure sports.
More recently, the couple rung in New Years along with their families in the Maldives that got the rumor mills abuzz with the news of their possible engagement. However, the engagement story turned out to be just rumors and the couple is back in the Bay awaiting the release of their next magnum opus.
Ever since the couple purchased their love nest in Goa in an upscale locality, the media and the public alike have been waiting for the couple to speak about their future plans. But they have been mum on their purchase and their plans for their future.
Their sprawling property in Goa is said to be a plush bungalow with close proximity to Sunil Gavaskar's property. Though buying a property sends out the signal theta they are ready to get hitched, Ranveer's team has dismissed these reports.
From visiting friends' houses to more recently paying a visit to Ranveer's grandmother, the couple has been out and about together tuning out the paparazzi. Through tumultuous times like the Padmavaat agitations, they have held each other's back.
In a recent interview, when asked about marriage, the actress had mentioned that she is no hurry and she instead wants the relationship to grow on itself. The actress also mentioned that when she is with Ranveer, they do not need anyone else and they keep each other grounded.
Irrespective of their decision to get hitched or not; the two successful actors are giving us some major couple goals.
Earlier, patch-ups and break-ups were issues for which one would go out of the way to get the people back in ones lives however nowadays it's a passé .
Prakash Jha To Play an Important role in Saand Ki Aankh.


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Take a look at our 2 ShopTronics coupon codes including 2 sales.
ShopTronics offers a 30 day money back guarantee on everything they sell. Shop their Huge Deals link on the left side of the homepage for drastic reductions on select items. Sometimes a popup will appear on the website offering a percentage off your order if you checkout within the next 5 minutes or so. For more offers, discounts and coupon codes from ShopTronics, visit Coupons.com.


Historical milestones and a variety of achievements characterize our company's journey: from a merchant's company selling one product to the global player we are today. Throughout the decades, we have seen many product launches, a steady flow of innovations, and continuous expansions through organic growth and acquisitions. During this time, the Henkel family and thousands of employees all over the world have contributed to our success, which is marked by numerous awards and excellent third-party rankings.
Discover our corporate history from the company's foundation by Fritz Henkel in 1876 until today.
Explore our 140 years jubilee timeline!
This section highlights some of the recognitions Henkel has received from customers, distributors, institutes, and other stakeholders in recent years.


Lacklustre Sherwood Court in Lewisham, South West London was transformed into a home-from-home boutique student residence as part of the Town Council's regeneration project.
Reynaers products have enhanced both the aesthetic and performance of the building using the Concept System 68 Aluminium Door and Concept Wall 50 'High Insulating' aluminium curtain wall. Fabricated by Aluminium Glass Facades Ltd (AGF) and installed by Century Facades Ltd, the products ensure maximum daylight floods both student bedrooms and communal spaces as well as offering optimum insulation and security.
This stunning 611-unit student building and accompanying urban domain have been constructed by modular assembly methods using industry-leading pre-fabricated units. The pioneering concept has not gone un-noticed, having scooped the renowned prize in the ''Best Multiple Residence for London'' in the International Property Awards.
Vision Modular Systems, based in central England, constructed the units before delivering them to site. The pre-fabricated system offered a minimised erection period of just three months as well as dramatically reducing on-site waste, associated traffic, dust and CO2 pollution.
Elegantly landscaped gardens encircle the building and accentuate the existing trees and foliage. Situated next to the towns' railway line the project complies with the UK national planning policy favouring growth around transport hubs. It is in place to encourage the use of public transport as well as the inclusion of green spaces.
Reynaers Aluminium products have enhanced both the aesthetic and performance of the building using the Concept System 68 Aluminium Door and Concept Wall 50 'High Insulating' aluminium curtain wall.


text:
Famous People Who Suffered during Historic Disease Outbreaks
Larry Holzwarth - April 22, 2020
Walt Disney contracted Spanish Flu while training as an ambulance driver. Wikimedia
9. Walt Disney and Spanish Flu
In September 1918, an adventurous 17-year-old Walt Disney expressed his desire to join the American forces heading to Europe. Accompanied by a friend who had been rejected for service in the US Navy, Disney enrolled in the Red Cross Ambulance Corps, hoping to be deployed to France. Sent to a training center in Chicago, Disney contracted the Spanish Flu then raging across America. At the time, Disney's parents resided in Chicago, and the young man returned to his family's home to recuperate. Ill for several weeks, he recovered, and after regaining his strength he resumed his training with the ambulance corps.
In November, following the armistice which ended the fighting in Europe, Disney finally shipped overseas. The ambulance service still had work to do, but for the most part, Disney was bored with the lack of activity. To alleviate the ennui, he began to decorate the sides of ambulances with cartoons. His creativity drew the attention of editors at Stars and Stripes, the military newspaper, and some of his cartoons and characters appeared in the paper in early 1919. In autumn of that year, Disney returned to the United States, settling first in Kansas City, Missouri, where his career as an animator began in earnest.
Self-Portrait with Spanish Flu, by Edvard Munch, 1919. Wikimedia
10. Edvard Munch and Spanish Flu
Norwegian artist Edvard Munch is perhaps best known for his 1893 painting he titled Der Schrei der Nature (The Scream of Nature), popularly referred to simply as The Scream. Four known versions of the painting exist, one of which bears the inscription "Can only have been painted by a madman", placed there by Munch. The painter survived a grim childhood and spent most of his life dealing with emotional stress and the fear of mental illness which ran through his family. He drank heavily in his early life, reflected in his work, though in 1908 a mental and physical breakdown forced him to give up alcohol, at least in public.
Munch practiced what he called "soul painting", transferring to canvas or other medium his feelings as a form of self-therapy. He strove to capture the suffering of people in his work, and his paintings included those of children ill with tuberculosis and the anguish of their parent/caretaker. In 1918, after a lifetime of poor health, Munch contracted Spanish flu. He chose to paint a self-portrait which he titled Self-Portrait with the Spanish Flu. It depicted him sitting in isolation, alone in a room with an unmade bed in the background, a haggard, suffering expression on his face. It became symbolic of the illness. Munch, to his own surprise, survived the flu outbreaks and continued to work producing copies of his paintings until his death in 1944 in Nazi-occupied Norway.
Elizabeth I recovered from smallpox, but it altered her appearance and led to other health issues. Wikimedia
11. Queen Elizabeth I and smallpox
On October 10, 1562, then 29 years old Elizabeth I of England became ill with what the royal attendants believed a cold. Within a few hours, the Queen developed a high fever, and it became evident to the court she had contracted smallpox. A week later, they feared for her life. One attendant to the Queen, her close friend Lady Mary Sidney, contracted the illness from her patient, and though both recovered, Mary was disfigured by the disease. According to Mary's husband, Henry Sidney, his wife retained the "scars of which have done and do remain in her face", and she remained in isolation from the world following her recovery, hiding the ravages of the disease from others.
Elizabeth recovered without suffering undue scarring, though she did bear some pockmarks as a reminder of the disease. For the rest of her life, Elizabeth masked the pockmarks through the application of makeup which contained lead. The lead withered her skin, accelerated the formation of wrinkles, and thus drove the application of ever-increasing layers of the paste to cover the damage it caused. The smallpox likely accelerated her loss of hair as well, and in her thirties Elizabeth wore wigs in public appearances, to hide her baldness from her courtiers and subjects.
Wilma Rudolph went from wearing a heavy metal leg brace to Olympic Gold. Wikimedia
12. Wilma Rudolph and polio
In 1945, Wilma Rudolph contracted infantile paralysis, an often crippling disease caused by the poliovirus. Prior to her bout with polio, Wilma recovered from both pneumonia and scarlet fever outbreaks. Polio struck her at the age of five, and though she recovered from the initial symptoms of high fever and partial paralysis, the disease left her with a left leg and foot severely weakened. At six, Wilma was forced to wear a heavy brace on her leg to stand and walk. For the next several years, Wilma and her mother traveled from their Clarksville, Tennessee, home to Nashville, for treatments on her weakened leg. The trips were by bus. At home, she received treatments including massage and strengthening exercises several times each day.
By the time she was ten, Wilma walked with an orthopedic shoe and continued multiple daily exercises and therapies. By the time she was twelve, she walked without the need of orthopedic support shoes. When she entered high school, Wilma ran track and played basketball. In the 1956 Summer Olympics, Wilma was one of four women who shared the Bronze Medal for the 4 X 100-meter relay. Four years later Wilma Rudolph became the first American woman to win three Gold Medals in a single Olympiad, earning the nickname of the "Tornado", lauded as the "fastest woman on Earth". United Press International named Rudolph the Athlete of the Year in 1960, fifteen years after she contracted the disease which paralyzed so many people before vaccines were developed to contain it.
Dr. Jonas Salk in 1959. Wikimedia
13. Jonas Salk and polio
In the mid-twentieth century, polio reigned as a frightening disease, often at outbreak proportions around the globe. The number of famous persons who contracted the disease is enormous. Actors Alan Alda and Donald Sutherland both suffered from polio as children; interestingly both later portrayed the same character, Hawkeye Pierce, in the television program and film M*A*S*H. Violin virtuoso Itzhak Perlman suffered polio as a child, leaving him to walk with crutches for most of his life. Golf legend Jack Nicklaus recovered from polio as a child. People feared polio for its terrifying effects, its seemingly random nature concerning when and whom it attacked, and for the lack of a cure, or even effective treatment.
The 1952 polio outbreaks alone killed 3,145 people and left over 21,000 with some form of disability, the majority of them children. In 1955, virologist, Jonas Salk, produced an effective vaccine against poliovirus, following an extensive testing program including over 200,000 volunteers. Salk refused to patent the vaccine, which eventually cost him unknown millions of dollars. He obtained most of his research funding through the March of Dimes, itself created by polio survivor Franklin Roosevelt, and dedicated two and a half years of his life to develop the vaccine. Salk's vaccine was joined by an oral vaccine developed by Albert Sabin and tested in the late 1950s. Together, the vaccines all but eliminated polio by the end of the 20th century.
The Father of the American Political Cartoon, Thomas Nast. Wikimedia
14. Thomas Nast and yellow fever
Thomas Nast achieved fame as a political cartoonist and caricaturist. Born in Germany, he moved to New York City as a child with his mother and sister while his father served an enlistment on first a French, and later an American warship. Throughout his lifetime outbreaks of yellow fever occurred seasonally in the United States, leading many of the larger cities to be avoided by Americans wealthy enough to do so. Doctors and scientists were unaware of the viral nature of the disease, nor that its primary means of transmission was through the bite of female mosquitoes. Nast spent his career lampooning politicians, exposing corruption, and acting as a propagandist for causes he supported. Contrary to popular belief, he did not create the image of the jackass for the Democratic Party, nor was he the first to draw the iconic Uncle Sam.
In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt, a long-time acquaintance and admirer of the cartoonist, appointed him as Consul General to Guayaquil, Ecuador. Nast arrived at his post in July, just as an outbreak of yellow fever began. Several diplomatic missions and business entities arranged to leave the area during the outbreak, as was customary at the time. Nast chose to remain at his duties, assisting others fleeing the yellow fever outbreaks. Yellow fever caught up with Nast in the fall. Treatments consisted of attempts to ease the symptoms, which proved ineffective, and Nast died of yellow fever in the first week of December. In 1927, the virus which causes yellow fever became the first human virus to be isolated.
Daniel Defoe based his fictional Robinson Crusoe on Alexander Selkirk. Wikimedia
15. Alexander Selkirk and yellow fever
Alexander Selkirk served as the basis of Daniel Defoe's fictional castaway, Robinson Crusoe. Selkirk's career included time as a naval officer, a privateer, and as an outright pirate. In 1704, while on a voyage as a privateer, Selkirk argued with his commanding officer over the seaworthiness of their vessel, the Cinque Ports. When the vessel lay off Juan Fernandez Islands the argument grew impassioned, and Selkirk rashly announced he would remain on the island alone rather than sail further. The captain took him up on the offer, and Selkirk found himself marooned, alone on the island, with meagre supplies. Cinque Ports did sink on the ensuing voyage, though the crew survived to be imprisoned by Spanish troops in Lima, Peru.
Selkirk was eventually rescued by a privateer expedition in 1709, after four years and four months of living alone on the island. He did not return to England until 1711, and the following year published an account of his adventures as a privateer and castaway, gaining a measure of celebrity. In 1717 he returned to the sea, probably to escape legal authorities, by joining the Royal Navy. In 1721 he served aboard HMS Weymouth on an anti-piracy cruise off the western coast of Africa. Frequent landings on the coast for firewood and water exposed the men to hordes of mosquitoes, and yellow fever outbreaks ravaged the crew. Selkirk joined the growing list of victims, dying on December 13, 1721, according to the ship's log.
The Continental Army suffered epidemic levels of venereal disease during the Revolutionary War. US Army
16. George Washington and sexually transmitted disease
During the American Revolutionary War, sexually transmitted diseases, primarily syphilis, ran rampant in the Continental Army. The only known treatment widely employed used mercury, itself toxic, and though it worked against presented symptoms it did not cure the disease. Washington ordered punishment for those diagnosed with sexually transmitted diseases, which led to men afflicted refusing to report their illness, further weakening the ranks of the army. Others sought treatment from nearby civilian communities, which often led to secondary infections and death. During the Revolutionary War, about 25% of men who suffered combat wounds died of secondary infections, and many more died of infections inflicted by medical care providers.
Washington imposed fines on those in his army found to be suffering from sexually transmitted diseases. Officers faced fines of $10 and were cashiered for repeat offenses. Enlisted men paid fines of $4, and if non-commissioned officers, were reduced in rank to private. Washington established the amounts of the fines in his General Orders, and directed the proceeds be used to purchase much-needed medical supplies, including bandages, bedding, and what medicines were available at the time. They did little good. Venereal disease outbreaks remained a problem in the Continental Army throughout its existence, a misfortune which continued in the American Army and Navy through the War of 1812.
The John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge at Cincinnati, Ohio in 1907. Wikimedia
17. John A. Roebling and tetanus
Tetanus is not an infectious disease which can be transferred among people, or from the bites of mosquitoes, but it has been a serious killer since the beginning of time. The Greek physician Hippocrates described the disease in the 5th century BCE. As recently as 2015 there were over 200,000 cases reported worldwide, with well over 50,000 deaths as a result of contracting tetanus, despite the existence of vaccines against the disease. It develops from bacteria which enter the body through a break in the skin. If left untreated serious muscle spasms occur, along with fever, high blood pressure, and an accelerated heart rate.
John Augustus Roebling's experiments with and manufacturing of wire ropes changed the face of American industry and travel. First used in mines, railroads, and canals, wire ropes allowed for the building of ever longer suspension bridges. While surveying a site for a bridge between the cities of New York and Brooklyn in June 1869, Roebling's foot was crushed by an arriving boat. The injury required the amputation of the toes, but an infection soon set in, and Roebling's overall condition deteriorated rapidly. Less than a month following the accident Roebling suffered the serious symptoms of tetanus, and died on July 22, 1869. Vaccines against tetanus arrived in the 1920s.
Louis Pasteur broke French law to develop and test a vaccine against rabies. Wikimedia
18. Louis Pasteur and rabies
Louis Pasteur's work saved uncounted millions of lives throughout the world, simply by encouraging health care workers to frequently wash their hands and to sanitize them and equipment prior to examining patients. Prior to Pasteur's work with germs and microbes, few doctors bothered to wash their hands between patients. Pasteur developed vaccines for animals and human beings, including a vaccine against anthrax, and for rabies. Pasteur created the first rabies vaccine for humans in the 1880s, growing the live virus he used in rabbits. In July 1885, Pasteur successfully used the vaccine on a 9-year old boy who had been bitten by a rabid dog days before.
Pasteur was not a licensed physician in France, where the vaccination took place. Over the course of eleven consecutive days, Pasteur administered 13 inoculations to the boy. The boy did not develop rabies despite the fact that he had been bitten by a rabid dog. Pasteur later tested the vaccine on other patients, and in 1886 administered 350 vaccines to people, only one of whom developed rabies. Had any of the patients pursued legal action Pasteur faced prosecution for practicing medicine without a license. None did, and Pasteur basked in the acclaim awarded him as a national hero in France. He left strict instructions to his descendants to never reveal his personal notebooks and diaries. Not until 1964 did his papers appear in the French National Library, with severely restricted access until 1971. Numerous controversies over Pasteur and his methods have emerged since access to the papers loosened in the 1980s.
Carlos J. Finlay proved yellow fever was transmitted by the bites of infected mosquitoes. Wikimedia
19. Carlos Finlay and yellow fever
History books, particularly American textbooks, give the credit for identifying mosquitoes as culprits in seasonal yellow fever epidemics to Walter Reed, a US Army surgeon. Reed himself gave the credit to Carlos Finlay, who first presented the theory of mosquito-borne spread of the disease in 1881. For the remainder of the decade, Finlay presented a wealth of proofs supporting the theory. Reed arrived in Cuba in 1900, charged with examining several of the tropical diseases which afflicted American troops in the region. Reed used human volunteers for several experiments, which disproved many established beliefs regarding the disease and how it spread.
It also established Finlay's hypothesis regarding the spread between humans via mosquitoes as correct. Reed cited Finlay's work in his own papers, and in private and professional correspondence, though he became famed as the man who made the discoveries ending the yellow fever outbreaks through mosquito abatement. Reed returned to the United States in 1901 and lectured widely on yellow fever and the discoveries made by the American team he had led in Cuba. In November 1902, he suffered a ruptured appendix, developed peritonitis, and died at the age of 51. The United States Army honored him with several facilities in his name, including the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In America, Carlos Finlay is all but forgotten.
Sir Ronald Ross applied Finlay's theories to address the spread of malaria. Wikimedia
20. Sir Ronald Ross and malaria
Malaria, like yellow fever, was for centuries viewed as a seasonal illness, the product of pestilential air during the warm and humid months. In addition to smallpox, George Washington suffered from malaria in his youth. Not until Carlos Finlay identified the mosquito as the vector which delivered yellow fever to humans did scientists and researchers eye the same mode of transmission for malaria. Ronald Ross worked at the Presidency General Hospital in Calcutta (Kolkata), applying Finlay's findings to malaria in India, which occurred at exponential rates annually. Ross proved the life cycle of the malaria virus in mosquitoes, and the transfer of the virus to and from infected birds in 1897.
Ross's discovery received further support when Walter Reed's board confirmed the work of Carlos Finlay in 1900. The relationship between mosquitoes and the two greatest of the tropical killing diseases, yellow fever and malaria, offered new means of battling their annual outbreaks. Mosquito abatement through pesticides and the issuance of mosquito-proof clothing and nettings offered protection against the diseases. The first vaccine against yellow fever appeared in 1938. Vaccines against malaria continued to elude researchers into the 21st century. Malaria continued to be treated with quinine, and mosquito abatement efforts continue in areas where malaria is likely to appear in the 21st century.
Edward Jenner inoculated against smallpox using cowpox. Wikimedia
21. Edward Jenner and smallpox
Edward Jenner gave the world the words vaccine and vaccination, developed from the term he created for smallpox of the cow, Variolae vaccinae to describe cowpox. In 1798, Jenner produced a work he titled Inquiry into the Variolae vaccinae known as the Cow Pox, in which he described his finding that cowpox protected against the more lethal smallpox. Smallpox was lethal indeed in Jenner's day, killing up to 10% of the British population annually, with localized outbreaks often reaching death rates as high as 20%. Other British physicians observed that cowpox appeared to protect against smallpox before Jenner, and inoculation was practiced by some before he did (using weakened smallpox), but Jenner made the procedure widespread. He noted the commonly accepted phenomenon that milkmaids often did not develop smallpox during outbreaks.
Jenner postulated the milkmaids were exposed to pus from the blisters caused by cowpox on the cows they milked, and were thus immunized from smallpox. Jenner scraped pus from the hands of a milkmaid with cowpox and inoculated the eight-year-old son of his gardener. He later injected the boy with weakened smallpox virus, the standard method of immunization at the time. The boy should have reacted with a weak case of smallpox, but no smallpox presented at all. Despite initial resistance from the medical community, eventually, inoculation using smallpox was banned and in 1840 the British government authorized the free distribution of inoculation using cowpox. In 1979 the World Health Organization listed smallpox as an eradicated disease. The world no longer need fear smallpox outbreaks.
Alexander Fleming developed the world's first true antibiotic, and warned against its overuse. Wikimedia
22. Alexander Fleming and antibiotics
Of his discovery of the world's first antibiotic, benzylpenicillin (penicillin G), Alexander Fleming wrote, "One sometimes finds what one is not looking for". Fleming discovered penicillin through fortuitous circumstances while researching staphylococci. The ability of some forms of mold to combat infections had been known by the ancient Egyptians and in pre-Columbian America, but Fleming was the first to discover why. His study and testing of penicillin led to its identification as effective against the causes of scarlet fever, diphtheria, meningitis, and other infections. Nonetheless, after publishing his work with the new antibiotic Fleming largely abandoned it, convinced that it would not retain its effectiveness in the body long enough to work against any but surface infections.
In the 1930s Fleming's pioneering work led others at the Radcliffe Infirmary to study the ways of making penicillin an effective antibiotic, easily mass-produced. Using money provided by the British government, supplemented with funding from the United States, and led by Ernst Chain and Howard Florey, they developed the means of mass-producing the drug in the late 1930s. Mass production of penicillin began shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor, primarily in the United States, with the product routed to the Allied troops. By the end of the war penicillin was widely available, hailed as a wonder drug. Fleming also pioneered research into microbes developing resistance to penicillin and other antibiotics, and cautioned against its overuse by physicians.
Rock Hudson, with Nancy and President Reagan in May, 1984. Wikimedia
23. Rock Hudson and AIDS
During the 1980s the AIDS outbreak swept a frightened gay community, though it affected others as well. American movie and television star Rock Hudson received his diagnosis of having Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in June, 1984. Despite his increasingly gaunt appearance and his deteriorating speech, he kept the diagnosis secret as he traveled to other countries to seek treatment and the elusive cure. He searched in vain. Hudson collapsed in a French hotel room in July, 1985, leading his publicist to announce the star suffered from liver cancer, and denied he had contracted AIDS. Four days later, a French publicist working for Hudson announced the star did have AIDS. Hudson was the first international celebrity confirmed with AIDS during these outbreaks.
In late August, 1985, after a month of hospitalization in Los Angeles, Hudson retired to his Beverly Hills home for private hospice care. He died at his home on October 2, 1985. Following his death, his sexual orientation and the disease which killed him became a subject of open discussion among the celebrities that knew him, sympathetic for the most part. Hudson's admission of having AIDS brought it to the forefront of mainstream public attention, and private donations for AIDS related research more than doubled following his announcement and subsequent death. Hudson's death did not completely erase the stigma associated with the disease, but it remains an important milestone in the battle against the worldwide pandemic.
President Barack Obama and Magic Johnson in the latter's trophy room at his home in 2013. Wikimedia
24. Magic Johnson and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
On November 7, 1991, Earvin "Magic" Johnson abruptly announced his retirement from professional basketball, due to a diagnosis of him having acquired HIV. The announcement came 45 days after his marriage to his wife, Cookie. At the time of Magic's announcement, a relatively small percentage of heterosexual men in the United States tested positive for HIV, the virus which leads to AIDS. Johnson's diagnosis, and his frank public disclosure, led to increased awareness that HIV could be contracted through heterosexual relations. His announcement and the subsequent public discussion removed the stigma of HIV and AIDS as the "gay cancer" it carried at the time.
Johnson admitted a premarital life of multiple sexual partners, though he denied rumors of bisexual and homosexual partners. His openness increased public awareness and the need to exercise caution with partners. Johnson returned to the NBA for the 1995-96 season, playing in 32 games for the Los Angeles Lakers. He considered returning for the following season before retiring permanently, though his appearance did much to display to the public that HIV diagnosis no longer meant a death sentence. He established the Magic Johnson Foundation to fund the fight against AIDS, later expanding it into other charitable activities. Johnson remains an activist against the spread of HIV and AIDS outbreaks in the 21st century, having fought the outbreak for nearly three decades.
"Smallpox". Article, George Washington's Mount Vernon. Online
"Traitor to his Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt". H. W, Brands. 2009
"Medical mystery: A president, an epidemic, and a grand tour cut short". Allan Schwartz, The Philadelphia Inquirer. December 21, 2018
"1918: The Year Major League Baseball – and Babe Ruth – Faced a Flu Epidemic". Patrick Saunders, The Denver Post. March 28, 2020
"The Wright Brothers". David McCullough. 2016
"Lincoln came near death from smallpox: researchers". Article, Reuters. May 17, 2007. Online
"The Frightening Legacy of Typhoid Mary". Veronique Greenwood, Smithsonian Magazine. March, 2015
"The Animated Man: A Life of Walt Disney". Michael J. Barrier. 2007
"The Life of Edvard Munch". Article, Munchmuseet.no. Online
"Unhealthy Times of Queen Elizabeth I". Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Oxford University. October 17, 2018. Online
"Wilma Rudolph". Arlisha R. Norwood, National Women's History Museum. 2017. Online
"About Jonas Salk". Article, Salk Institute. Online
"The Life and Death of Thomas Nast". Thomas Nast St. Hill, American Heritage Magazine. October, 1971. Online
"The Real Robinson Crusoe". Bruce Selcraig, Smithsonian Magazine. July, 2005
"Disease in the Revolutionary War". Article, George Washington's Mount Vernon. Online
"The Rabies Vaccine Backstory". Catherine Offord, The Scientist Magazine. May 31, 2016. Online
"Why There's No Way Brooklyn Bridge Will Be Better Than The Brooklyn Bridge". Article, Bruce Watson. Esquire Magazine. Feb 5, 2014
"Carlos J. Finlay". Article, Encyclopedia Britannica. Online
"Malaria, mosquitoes, and the legacy of Ronald Ross". Robert E. Sinden, World Health Organization. Online
"Edward Jenner". Article, BBC History. Online
"Sir Alexander Fleming Biographical". Article, Nobelprize.org Online
"Benzylpenicillin". Article. Chemistry for Life. Online.
"The Hollywood Star Who Confronted the AIDS 'Silent Epidemic'". Kat Eschner, Smithsonian.com. October 2, 2017. Online
"How Has Magic Johnson Survived 20 Years With HIV?" Adam Hadhazy, Live Science. November 7, 2011. Online
Outbreaks, outbreaks, outbreaks: A History of Outbreaks


The conditions of film formation and of film separation are examined experimentally and theoretically in a line Hertzian contact when the inlet region is partially filled with oil, in steady state hydrodynamic regime, for both rolling and sliding conditions. It is shown experimentally that the importance of the parameter μU/T (viscosity and speed/surface tension) differs at inlet and exit. At contact exit the influence of μU/T is dominant and the film divides to form a meniscus which can be stable or unstable. The validity of the Coyne and Elrod model is confirmed. At contact inlet when reverse flow disappears, a meniscus is also formed with a downstream circulation zone. The instability of the exit air-oil meniscus is studied theoretically using the linearized perturbation method with the thin film assumptions. A simple and complete analytical solution yields both a stability criterion and the wave number for the linear contact geometry. These results which are compared with experiments for thin film and for 0.01 < μU/T < 1 show the validity of the stability criterion and that best agreement is obtained with the wave number of maximum amplification.
Dalmaz G. Formation and Separation of Thin Viscous Film in Hertzian Line Contacts. ASME. J. of Lubrication Tech. 1980;102(4):466-477. doi:10.1115/1.3251582.


Charles Ross & Son Company, Vice President of Corporate Operations, Joe Martorana announces the relocation of Ross Process Equipment (RPE) into a new state-of-the-art plant in Pune, India tripling the size of its previous facility. A fast growing company, RPE manufactures many Ross product lines including Tumble Blenders, Ribbon Blenders, Planetary Mixers, Multi-Shaft Mixers, High Speed Dispersers, High Shear Mixers, as well as pressure vessels, tanks and other fabricated equipment.
Fully supported by US-based Ross engineers, RPE designs and builds Ross equipment based on standardized technology and quality control measures. Ross's 170 years of experience in the niche market of specialty mixing and blending equipment makes it a unique resource of technical know-how.
Ross operates five other manufacturing facilities in the US and two in China. RPE is the company's newest venture which opened in 2007 to service the process industries in India and the neighboring Asian countries. The booming market in this region has driven the rapid expansion of RPE.


Vaude Bernina Gaiters - SPECIAL PRICE!
Vaude Bernina Gaiters are snow-proof with a wide velcro closure. Light in weight and are well suited for Walking, Hiking, Trekking & Ski Tours. They have a velcro fastener calf zip, stowable drawcord and neoprene instep straps with buckle. They are adjustable to two different sizes at the top with press stud adjustment.
The Vaude Bernina Gaiters are snow-proof with a wide velcro closure. Light in weight and are well suited for Walking, Hiking, Trekking & Ski Tours. They have a velcro fastener calf zip, stowable drawcord and neoprene instep straps with buckle. They are adjustable to two different sizes at the top with press stud adjustment.
A well designed gaiter will prevent small stones and twigs working into the boots and causing discomfort and possible damage to boot linings.


You're bursting with new ideas and creative energy this month, aquarius. With mars in friendly gemini, you want to use your imaginative prowess to its full potential. If your fitness routine has been growing a bit stale, now is the time to shake things up. Create a new playlist, buy a hula hoop, or drag your friends to a salsa class. Tackle everything with your zany brand of energy. Jupiter's retrograde starting on april 10 puts you in your element. Follow the beat of your own drummer and you won't believe who will follow you. Mercury in aries on the sixteenth can help you make friends in the strangest places. Prepare to become bffs with the people in your yoga class, on the treadmill, or even in the locker room. Your passion and friendliness are most welcome. Venus in aries on the twentieth will bring back your passion for working out. You're throwing out all your worn-out routines and doing whatever makes you feel good. If you don't feel like working on your abs? Skip it. Focus on what brings you joy and you'll smile the biggest smile at the gym.


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The objective of this investigation is to analyze and model pulp and handsheet properties using two different approaches based on a reduced set of binomial coefficients for small data sets and constrained linear functions for larger data sets. The properties are linked to process data from the daily CTMP operation in a CD-82 refiner. From a laboratory test program perspective, the test series was extensive and covered 80 pulp samples at different process conditions. In this paper, external variables (dilution water feed rate, specific energy and plate clearance) are compared with internal variables (consistency and fiber residence time) as predictors. It is shown that internal variables as predictors seem to outperform the external variables when estimating CSF Freeness, sheet density, tensile strength, tensile index, elongation to rupture, tensile energy absorption, tensile energy absorption index, tensile stiffness, tensile stiffness index, tear strength, tear index, short-span compressive test index, ISO brightness, Scott-Bond, Z-strength, shives(>= 0.3mm), long fibers and fines. It is important to cover all important dynamics to select the best possible models. Here, the absolute differences between the measured and estimated pulp and handsheet properties are ranked in ascending order, followed by a selection procedure before the polynomial fitting. Moreover, three different sets of chip mixtures were analyzed, and the results shown in this paper indicate that only one model is required for each pulp and handsheet property when using internal variables as predictors. Finally, at a given threshold of shives, it is shown that both Scott-Bond and sheet density can be optimized by changing the consistency and fiber residence time in the refining zones individually. This opens for implementation of new control strategies based on soft sensors.


text:
CHOICES_KINGDOM = (
("Animalia", "Animalia"),
)

CHOICES_PHYLUM = (
("Chordata", "Chordata"),
)

CHOICES_CLASS = (
("Mammalia", "Mammalia"),
("Reptilia", "Reptilia"),
("Pisces", "Pisces"),
("Aves", "Aves"),
("Amphibia", "Amphibia"),
)

CHOICES_ORDER = (
("AFROSORICIDA","AFROSORICIDA"),
("ARTIODACTYLA", "ARTIODACTYLA"),
("CARNIVORA", "CARNIVORA"),
("PERISSODACTYLA", "PERISSODACTYLA"),
("PRIMATES", "PRIMATES"),
("PROBOSCIDEA", "PROBOSCIDEA"),
("RODENTIA", "RODENTIA"),
("AFROSORICIDA", "AFROSORICIDA"),
("CETACEA", "CETACEA"),
("CHIROPTERA", "CHIROPTERA"),
("CINGULATA", "CINGULATA"),
("DASYUROMORPHIA", "DASYUROMORPHIA"),
("DERMOPTERA", "DERMOPTERA"),
("DIDELPHIMORPHIA", "DIDELPHIMORPHIA"),
("DIPROTODONTIA", "DIPROTODONTIA"),
("ERINACEOMORPHA", "ERINACEOMORPHA"),
("HYRACOIDEA", "HYRACOIDEA"),
("LAGOMORPHA", "LAGOMORPHA"),
("MACROSCELIDEA", "MACROSCELIDEA"),
("MICROBIOTHERIA", "MICROBIOTHERIA"),
("MONOTREMATA", "MONOTREMATA"),
("NOTORYCTEMORPHIA", "NOTORYCTEMORPHIA"),
("PAUCITUBERCULATA", "PAUCITUBERCULATA"),
("PERAMELEMORPHIA", "PERAMELEMORPHIA"),
("PHOLIDOTA", "PHOLIDOTA"),
("PILOSA", "PILOSA"),
("SCANDENTIA", "SCANDENTIA"),
("SIRENIA", "SIRENIA"),
("SORICOMORPHA", "SORICOMORPHA"),
("TUBULIDENTATA", "TUBULIDENTATA"),

)

CHOICES_RANK = (
('tclass', 'class'),
('order', 'order'),
('family', 'family'),
('subfamily', 'subfamily'),
('tribe', 'tribe'),
('genus', 'genus'),
('species', 'species'),
('subspecies', 'subspecies'),
('infraorder', 'infraorder'),
('subgenus', 'subgenus'),
('suborder', 'suborder'),
('superfamily', 'superfamily'),
)

CHOICES_tribe = (
("Tragelaphini", "Tragelaphini"),
("Cephalophini", "Cephalophini"),
("Bovini", "Bovini"),
("Hippotragini", "Hippotragini"),
("Reduncini", "Reduncini"),
("Alcelaphini", "Alcelaphini"),
("Antilopini", "Antilopini"),
("Aepycerotini", "Aepycerotini"),
("Neotragini", "Neotragini"),
("Colobini","Colobini"),
("Papionini","Papionini"),
("Hominini","Hominini"),
("Boselaphini","Boselaphini"),
("Caprini","Caprini"),
("Giraffini","Giraffini"),
("Palaeotragini","Palaeotragini"),
("Sivatheriini","Sivatheriini"),
("Kubanochoerini","Kubanochoerini"),
("Nyanzachoerini","Nyanzachoerini"),
("Phacochoerini","Phacochoerini"),
("Potamochoerini","Potamochoerini"),
("Homotheriini","Homotheriini"),
("Metailurini","Metailurini"),
("Smilodontini","Smilodontini"),
("Enhydrini","Enhydrini"),
("Protoxerini","Protoxerini"),
)


text:
The Sports Despatch
Real Fans, Real Opinions
FeaturedWomens Football
England women break viewing figures record
By Kieran Harm
Combat SportsAdam Nisbet - 29th January 2020
UFC rankings are useless
At this point, the state of the UFC's rankings is something that fans have been aware of...
FootballKieran Harm - 28th January 2020
Arsenal move for Brazil defender collapses… or does it?
According to ESPN, Arsenal have reportedly failed in their attempts to sign Brazilian defender Pablo Mari from...
NFLRay Burton - 28th January 2020
Super Bowl 54: Chiefs look to 'Get One' for HC
As the media frenzy builds ahead of Sunday's Super Bowl 54 in Miami, the Chiefs players are...
Kieran Harm
Football and NFL Writer. Specialising in the Premier League and Bundesliga
As I'm sure you're all no doubt aware by this point, England and Scotland faced off against each other in their opening Women's World Cup match yesterday evening. The game was a fiercely contested match which saw England scrape a 2-1 win over Shelley Kerr's side – you can read more about it here.
With it being a World Cup match, it was always going to draw in a large crowd, but as it was two home nations playing each other, the crowd grew even bigger. This morning, the BBC announced that not only were the viewing figures big, but record breaking. In a media alert, the BBC wrote:
"England v Scotland breaks UK TV viewing figure record. England's victory over Scotland in their opening game of the Women's World Cup yesterday attracted a peak of 6.1m watching on television and 37.8% share of available audience making it the UK's most watched women's football game of all time."
England striker Ellen White celebrates her decisive goal against a formidable Scottish team
It just goes to show that no matter what @SteveCook60 or your typical old donkey says on Twitter, people DO in fact care about women's football. The game is bigger than its ever been before and it's only going to keep on growing. This world cup is four days old and it's already set up to be the best there's ever been.
With more and more professional women's divisions popping up around the globe, expect the next one in 2023 to be even bigger – then bigger again in 2027. For now though, lets just continue to watch and enjoy what has been an very entertaining tournament so far.
It continues with Argentina v Japan which you can catch on BBC Two at 5pm this evening.
Reasons For Every NFL Play Off Absentee To Be Hopeful
Andy Davies - 28th January 2020
So it's official, we now know who will be playing in Super Bowl 54 in Miami. The Hard Rock Stadium will host...
Tributes pour in as Kobe Bryant is killed in helicopter crash
Kieran Harm - 26th January 2020
According to TMZ, basketball legend and sporting superstar Kobe Bryant has died in a helicopter crash at the age of just 41....
NFL Pro Bowl: What's the point?
Adam Pettit - 25th January 2020
With the Pro Bowl gaining less and less fan and media attention, what is the point of it?
Super Bowl 54: your guide to San Francisco 49ers vs Kansas City Chiefs in Miami
Katie Feehan - 24th January 2020
If you're heading to a Super Bowl party but don't know your touchdowns from your touchbacks, this is for you
A dying dynasty: How do New England recover?
Adam Pettit - 23rd January 2020
After a disappointing season end, and an ageing franchise QB at the end of his contract, how do the New England Patriots...
Delonte West highlights mental health failings
Ray Burton - 22nd January 2020
Former NBA star Delonte West was involved in a violent altercation yesterday that left him bloodied and beaten lying in the middle...


text:
Q: bash code to first ping internet and if fails then reboot modem automatically I am completely new to bash scripting. Searching and found the  bash code to reboot my modem via telnet. Now I want that  the code first check the internet connectivity then if ping fails run the rest of the script to reboot the modem.
here is the code to reboot modem via telnet (first you have to install expect )
 set  timeout 60
    set user  xxxxx
    set  password  xxxxx
    spawn /usr/bin/telnet 192.168.1.1
    expect  "Username:"  {send  "$user\r"}
     expect  "Password:" {send "$password\r"}
    expect "*"  {send "reboot\r"}
    interact

A: Use run command as test condition for ping check:
if ping -q -c 1 192.8.8.8; then
    echo "OK"
else
    echo "Fail"
fi

A: You have to using shebang "#!/usr/bin/expect" instead "!/bin/bash" or do like this:
#!/bin/bash

SRV_ADDR="example.com"
SRV_PORT="80"

if ping -q -c 1 192.8.8.8; then
    echo "OK"
else
    echo "Fail"
    expect -c "
    spawn telnet ${SRV_ADDR} ${SRV_PORT}
    expect \"Escape character is '^]'.\"
    send \"HEAD http://www.example.com/ HTTP/1.0\n\n\"
    interact
    "
fi

In your case it might be:
#!/bin/bash

USER="xxxxx"
PASSWORD="xxxxx"

if ping -q -c 1 192.8.8.8; then
    echo "OK"
else
    echo "Fail"

    expect -c "
    spawn telnet 192.168.1.1

    expect \"Username:\"
    send \"${USER}\n\"

    expect \"Password:\"
    send \"${PASSWORD}\n\"

    expect \"reboot\n\"
    interact
    "
fi

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