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Rome, Lazio
Museums in Rome
National Museum of Castel Sant'Angelo
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Lungotevere Castello, 50 - Rome, Lazio, Italy open
Lungotevere Castello, 50
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The Monument of Castel Sant'Angelo, or Mausoleum of Hadrian, is located on the right bank of the Tiber, opposite the Ponte Sant'Angelo and not far from the Vatican.
Castel Sant'Angelo had an atypical destiny in the historical-artistic panorama of Rome. Built around 123 AD as a sepulcher for the emperor Hadrian and his family, while all the other monuments of the Roman era are overwhelmed, reduced to ruins or quarries of bare materials to be recycled in new, modern buildings, Castel Sant'Angelo - through an uninterrupted series of developments and transformations that seem to slide seamlessly into one another - it accompanies the fate and history of Rome for almost two thousand years.
From a funerary monument to a fortified outpost, from a dark and terrible prison to a splendid Renaissance residence that sees Michelangelo active within its walls, from a Risorgimento prison to a museum, Castel Sant'Angelo embodies in the solemn Roman spaces, in the mighty walls, in the sumptuous frescoed rooms, the events of the Eternal City where past and present appear inextricably linked.
Since its establishment in 1925, Castel Sant'Angelo has undergone numerous transformations and interventions, establishing itself in the Capitoline cultural reality as an active pole, able to catalyze the interest of the millions of visitors who flock to its spaces every year to visit its evocative rooms, admire the precious collections of paintings and artifacts, enjoy the numerous exhibitions and temporary exhibitions that take place inside the Castle throughout the year.
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Please remind that booking your visit online involves the cost of the pre-sale services applied by the museum's official provider. To purchase the ticket you will temporarily exit Artsupp.
Discover all the locations: Direzione musei statali della città di Roma
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What you can find on Artsupp
Artsupp is the museums' portal through which it's easy to discover art, exhibitions and artworks. Now museums in France, the UK, the Netherlands, Germany and Spain can also share their activities with users
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BB&T Corp. announced that it will soon close a deal to purchase SunTrust Banks Inc. for $28.2 billion in hopes to better compete with larger consumer lending banks such as JPMorgan Chase & Co. and Bank of America. Despite the positive synergies in technology innovation that this merger will create, the deal faces scrutiny from US Senators who are critics of Wall Street.
Trump announced that he is open to revisions to the SALT cap which limits to $10,000 the amount of state and local taxes including property taxes that taxpayers can deduct each year on their federal returns. Lifting the cap would cost $ 673 billion over a decade.
Senator Lamar Alexander, a republican from Tennessee proposed withholding monthly student loan payments from employed citizens' paychecks. How likely is it that Senator Alexander's proposal will pass and become reality?
As more and more investors turn to fixed income securities for a safety net given the projected slowing global economy, the mortgage rates took a different trajectory, decreasing with the 10 year treasury rate. The upside is that monthly mortgage payments will decrease for the average home owner.


1. 上門安裝前客戶須提供相關資料,如:使用 device 數量、單位大小及 port 位等,以便 Original 評估 Velop 所需的數量。 2. 服務詳情有可能受現場實際環境及顧問給予之意見而改變,以最終安裝後確認。 3. Wi-Fi 覆蓋視乎單位間隔、建築材料及其他外在因素、客戶的要求範圍及顧問給予之意見而定。 4. 測試及安裝成功須現場以信用咭 (只適用於Visa或Master) 付款。 5. Original 同事穿著制服入門安裝。 6. 不包括鑽牆,加 port 位及其他服務。 7. 安裝前須先準備由電訊供應商提供之互聯網帳號及密碼,以便同事安裝。 8. Linksys Velop 所使用的插頭為 "I 制式",若客戶所用其他制式插頭,須自備轉插器。 9. "一條龍安裝服務" 只適用於澳門特別行政區境內的地方。 10. 在安裝途中,客戶應小心保管個人財物,若發生失竊事件,本公司將不承認任何責任。 11. 如有任何爭議, Original 擁有最終決定權。 1. Customer is required to provide related information e.g. quantity of devices, size of house, quantity of ports etc. 2. Service details and installation plan may be changed in accordance with environmental factors and the advice from Original Team when visiting your home. 3. Wi-Fi coverage depends on factors such as size of house, layout of the premises, nature of construction materials, other extraneous factors, as well as area of coverage specified by customer and advice from Original Team. 4. All payment must be paid by credit card (only applicable to Visa and Master) once the installation and testing is completed successfully. 5. Original Team will wear uniform with company logo. 6. The above service is excluded drilling, additional ports and other services. 7. Wi-Fi account and password is required to provide for installation. 8. The plug of Linksys Velop is "I mode". Own adapter is needed if other types of plugs are using. 9. The above service is only applicable to the district of Macau SAR. 10. Customer has to take care of own belongings and precious things at home. Original will not bear for any loss and damage during the installation. 11. Original reserves the right to amend these Terms & Conditions and to terminate this service without prior notice. 12. Should any dispute arise, the decision of Original shall be final.
Thank you for your registration, we will contact you shortly!


As in recent years, we make an overview of the recipes you liked most in 2018. Snacks and oven dishes were hot, but also some older recipes remained very popular and attracted lots of visitors.
The easiest healthy Easter snack was the most popular recipe from 2018. I like this a lot, because it is exactly what surprising recipes stands for: easy but surprising combinations in reach of everyone.
Oven dishes are very popular at the moment and I like to make them also. This delicious Pangasius oven dish has a well deserved second place in the overview for 2018. Make it and enjoy it!
Fiskasúpa was the second most popular recipe in 2017 and continued to remain popular in 2018. After a second place the year before it continued to attract visitors and ended only one place lower in 2018. I love this soup, as well as Iceland.
In fact this is a very old recipe from my Dutch blog. but only last year I translated it into English. Easy, bitter, sweet, spicy and surprising. Perfect for this blog.
A typical summer recipe for a hot summer day that adds perfectly to a barbecue. I get water in the mouth from just looking at the picture.
Almost as many visits as the potato-egg salad hd this pasta with green beans and tuna. These two recipes are a reminder of the long hot summer we had this year.
Another easy snack I made with Easter last year. In combination with apple and smoked halibut it makes an easy, healthy and surprising snack to start a great meal.
Another snack that has everything easy and surprising: North African dates with Icelandic Skyr and smoked mackerel.
I am very pleased that my personal favourite oven dish also made it in the top 10. For Sylvester, I made it once more for friends, and they were very delighted.


We've got our Xmas decor up in the office! Our beautiful wreath is from Floweret Co.
You know it's Christmas in Singapore when "Jingle Bells" plays on repeat in the supermarkets and Orchard Road is all lit up. But there's nothing that can get you in the festive mood quite like seeing your home all decked out like a winter wonderland – big fir tree, twinkly lights, shiny baubles, boughs of holly, and all that. And with the big day looming ever closer, now is the time to get started on the Christmas decorations to get your home looking its yuletide best.
Want something less predictable? Show some love to Singapore by dressing up your tree with some merlion ornaments! We reckon this would be a good trinket to give to non-local friends as a souvenir too.
Marks and Spencer is at the top of the bauble game. Alphabet baubles to spell out your Christmas wishes, glass baubles with foliage and fake snow trapped inside, and even ones shaped like unicorns and for fans of the tropics, pineapples.
Marks and Spencer, multiple locations including Marina Square and Parkway Parade.
If you haven't already visited Crate & Barrel's flagship store, you need to. A mammoth five-floor space at Orchard Gateway, it is a Christmas treasure trove of gorgeous ornaments, wreaths, baubles and decorative touches with various themes to choose from: folk art-inspired, metallic, traditional red and green. Don't forget to pick up a Christmas wreath too – they come in a basic faux fir with pine-cones ready for you to add natural touches to your abode.
Crate and Barrel, Orchard Gateway@Emerald, 218 Orchard Road, Singapore 238851, p. 6634 4422.
One of the most magical department-store-to-Christmas-wonderland transformations has to be Robinsons The Heeren. If you're not feeling Christmas-y yet, try wandering through its Christmas corner for a dose of the festive spirit – but we challenge you not to buy anything from its range of oversized baubles that your tree will just look naked without.
Robinsons The Heeren, 260 Orchard Road, Singapore 238855, p. 6735 8838.
Love it or loathe it, Ikea fills a gap in the market all year round and Christmas time is no exception. Get in soon for its latest range of decorations and festively-coloured table and homewares, as well Christmas-themed wrapping paper (you will have to face the gift shopping eventually!), cooking utensils and textiles – and all at cheap prices that means you can do it all over again next year. Kill two birds with one stone and pick up some pressies for the kids while you're there – Ikea's toys and art and craft materials are surprisingly good quality and value.
Ikea, 317 Alexandra Road, Singapore 159965 and 60 Tampines North Drive 2, Singapore 528764.
What do you get when you cross stripped back wood and tarnished metals with white ceramics and intricately folded paper? Make Room's range of Christmas decorations, of course. But if that description didn't do them any justice, take a look for yourself.
Make Room, 315 Outram Road, #10-01, Tan Boon Liat Building, Singapore 169074, p. 9113 1274.
For an easy shop, look no further than Mason's. It's got a dedicated section for all Christmas goodies, including quality wreaths, ornaments, home decor, fairy lights and party supplies. Prefer getting them all at once? Its value bundle comes with a Christmas tree, LED lights, baubles and a star tree topper. It's even got snow leaves to turn your tropical home into a winter wonderland — let it snow, we say!
Masons Home Decor, #03-01C, 39A Halycon Building, Singapore 577183.
This treasure trove is our go-to furniture store for stylish home accessories. Add personality to your trees with its range of hanging ornaments in the shape of elephants, hearts and globes, as well as glass baubles in red rice motif and palm tree designs for a tropical-themed festive holiday. Explore its collections further and shop glass wreaths, glass Christmas trees and balance toys featuring Santa on his sleigh or reindeer.
Singapore Trading Post, Tan Boon Liat Building, #07-01, 315 Outram Road, Singapore 169074, p. 6274 0511.
Get the glass baubles if you're careful, or the paper ones if you're not. Either way, kikki.K's Christmas decorations are as pretty as the stationery that you know the brand for. Think glittery embellishments that'll make your tree pop – who wouldn't want that?
kikki.K, multiple locations including Ion and Vivocity.
Sure you might think you've seriously outgrown Typo, but we're coming out as kidults here… Potterheads will be pleased to know that Typo's recent collection pays homage to the incredibly popular series, with Christmas tree ornaments that you can use to declare allegiance to your house. Alternatively, pick up one of the quirky pieces (can we interest you in a pug-riding santa?) for something that'll make your guests look twice.
Typo, multiple locations including Suntec and Bugis.
If monochrome is your vibe, we recommend checking out the stylish black and white stars from Stylo Deco to top off your tree. Plus, pick up one of the paper gift rolls to sort out your presents! And can we talk about the geometric lantern with brass finish? It's not exactly specific to Christmas but we sure want it in our homes.
If your love for Scandi minimalism extends to your festive decor, you'll be happy to know that Bungalow 55 has got you covered. This home decor boutique also stocks Christmas crackers and gold candles to add to the celebratory mood.
We all know that our small Christmas revellers (aka the kids) can spell trouble with any expensive and breakable decorations around the house. So why not head to Spotlight for a dose of disposable dapperness that will do the job just nicely? Or if your little tots aren't really at that hands-on stage yet, you can always grab some craft gear and set your own style this Christmas.
Spotlight, Plaza Singapura, 68 Orchard Road, Singapore 238839, p. 6733 9808. Open daily 10am-10pm.
Nobody puts you in the holiday mood better than Tangs. Besides its Christmas playlist and looking like a winter wonderland, this department store stocks festive home accessories, gorgeous wreaths and beautifully designed ornaments inspired by Asian heritage. If you're feeling patriotic, it's even got handcrafted baubles decorated in the Singapore flag (more flag baubles available!). Take home with you more candles, fairy lights, colourful tinsels and table decorations featuring reindeers and Santa himself!
Tangs, Tang Plaza, 310 Orchard Road, Singapore 238864, p. 6737 5500.
We can't ignore this one. If you're looking to bag Christmas decor without breaking the bank, dive into the $2 heaven, where you always find what you never knew you were looking for. Loaded with super affordable seasonal goodies, including Christmas decorations such as snow globes, Santa balloons, Christmas wreaths, shiny tinsels and even giant socks to fill your presents in. And if you're looking for disposable party supplies for your Christmas dinners, Daiso stocks some really pretty ones too!
Daiso, various outlets islandwide including Plaza Singapura and ION Orchard.
Vanda Win is a little under-the-radar but this store does the classics right: frosted baubles, snowflakes and reindeer ornaments are all part of the selection. Perfect for dressing up your new tree!
This mother-son team had us gushing over its range of charming Christmas-themed decorations featuring snowmen, reindeers and stars that are created by co-owner Ryan Koh, an extraordinary young man who doesn't let autism get in the way of creating gorgeous wares. Besides empowering people with special needs, Mustard Tree also offers handmade keychains, charms, bags and art — perfect for getting into the spirit of giving!
Mustard Tree, available online and in-store, #02-16, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, 1 Jurong East, Street 21, Singapore 609606.


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Q: How to check if LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER is available? How to check if LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER is available?
I enabled in AndroidManifest.xml but I need to check that in code and if is not available to use GPS_PROVIDER. Can someone help me ?

A:
How to check if LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER is available?

Use this Part to check whether Network Provider is Enabled or Not :
network_enabled=locManager.isProviderEnabled(LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER);

This will return a boolean values :
true- if enabled.
false - not enabled.
additionally for checking if GPS Provider Enabled :
gps_enabled=locManager.isProviderEnabled(LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER);

This will return a boolean values :
true- if enabled.
false - not enabled.
If you want the user to Enable Network or GPS Provider use this code to redirect user to Settings Page :
startActivityForResult(new Intent(android.provider.Settings.ACTION_LOCATION_SOURCE_SETTINGS), 0);

A: here is the code for getting the location using Network provider and/or GPS provider
private Location getLocation() {
        Location gpslocation = null;
        Location networkLocation = null;

        if(locMan==null){
          locMan = (LocationManager) getApplicationContext() .getSystemService(Context.LOCATION_SERVICE);
        }
        try {
            if(locMan.isProviderEnabled(LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER)){
                locMan.requestLocationUpdates(LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER,1000, 1, gpsListener);
                gpslocation = locMan.getLastKnownLocation(LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER);

            }
            if(locMan.isProviderEnabled(LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER)){
                locMan.requestLocationUpdates(LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER,1000, 1, gpsListener);
                networkLocation = locMan.getLastKnownLocation(LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER);
            }
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
            //Log.e(ErrorCode.ILLEGALARGUMENTERROR, e.toString());
            Log.e("error", e.toString());
        }
        if(gpslocation==null && networkLocation==null)
            return null;

        if(gpslocation!=null && networkLocation!=null){
            if(gpslocation.getTime() < networkLocation.getTime()){
                gpslocation = null;
                return networkLocation;
            }else{
                networkLocation = null;
                return gpslocation;
            }
        }
        if (gpslocation == null) {
            return networkLocation;
        }
        if (networkLocation == null) {
            return gpslocation;
        }
        return null;
    }

here it will check whether the GPS provider enable then get the location to gpsLocation if also getting the location using Network provider then check the time which was the fast that location object will return
if one of the provider is enable then that location object will be return

A: because here its always a little strange ;=)
i wrote some own piece of code to check for network provider availability:
put this in your onCreate() Method:
checkIfNetworkLocationAvailable(mContext_);

and this somewhere else in your code ;=)
/**
 * checks if NETWORK LOCATION PROVIDER is available
 */
private void checkIfNetworkLocationAvailable(Context context) {

    LocationManager locationManager = (LocationManager) getSystemService(Context.LOCATION_SERVICE);
    boolean networkLocationEnabled = locationManager.isProviderEnabled(LocationManager.NETWORK_PROVIDER);

    if(!networkLocationEnabled){
        //show dialog to allow user to enable location settings
        AlertDialog.Builder dialog = new AlertDialog.Builder(context);
        dialog.setTitle(mContext_.getString(R.string.txtTip));
        dialog.setMessage(R.string.msgLocationServicesDisabled);

        dialog.setPositiveButton(mContext_.getString(R.string.txtYes), new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
            public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
                startActivityForResult(new Intent(android.provider.Settings.ACTION_LOCATION_SOURCE_SETTINGS), 0);
            }
        });

        dialog.setNegativeButton(mContext_.getString(R.string.txtNo), new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {

            public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
                //nothing to do
            }
        });

        dialog.show();
    }

}

have fun, hope this helps someone :)
was searching for exactly that piece of code :=)
cheers :)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Style Lush TV | Mondo Guerra and his new YEE-HAWT presentation! Catch our interview.
25 Mar Mondo Guerra and his new YEE-HAWT presentation! Catch our interview.
If you weren't at The McNay last night for Mondo Guerra's YEE-HAWT presentation, where were you? From the disco balls illuminating the room to the 90s geometric steps that showcased incredible work by Project Runway All Stars-Season 1 winner, the room was electrifying.
When asking Mondo about his collection and what inspired him to create this outstanding presentation of western cowboy chicness he responded simply by saying himself. His experiences growing up in the 90s and love for everything outside the box lead him to create these amazing looks.
Details, details, & more details. Mondo's incorporation of feathers, denim, rhinestones, cow print, and neon colors bring forth his vision of a Western 90s. Whoever said Western wear couldn't be fab obviously didn't know of Mondo Guerra.
For more insight on the inner workings of Mondo Guerra on his pathway throughout his career and in forming this collection watch our personal interview with him below.


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Alex Jones says 'form of psychosis' made him believe events like Sandy Hook massacre were staged
Broadcaster and conspiracy theorist Alex Jones said it was a "form of psychosis" that caused him to believe certain events --- like the Sandy Hook massacre -- were staged.
Posted: Mar 31, 2019 2:00 AM
Updated: Mar 31, 2019 2:00 AM
Posted By: By Christina Maxouris and Elizabeth Joseph, CNN
On December 14, 2012, 20 children and six adults were killed by 20-year-old Adam Lanza in Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut.
Jones, who founded InfoWars.com and hosted a three-hour news-talk radio program which he said was carried on more than 160 stations, had repeatedly suggested in the past that the Sandy Hook shooting was a "giant hoax" carried out by crisis actors on behalf of people who oppose the Second Amendment.
InfoWars has also suggested the September 11 attacks were an inside job orchestrated by the US government.
This week, Jones acknowledged the shooting was real during a sworn deposition he made as part of a defamation case brought against him by Sandy Hook victims' families.
"And I, myself, have almost had like a form of psychosis back in the past where I basically thought everything was staged, even though I've now learned a lot of times things aren't staged," he said. "So I think as a pundit, someone giving an opinion, that, you know, my opinions have been wrong, but they were never wrong consciously to hurt people."
He said it was the "trauma of the media and the corporations lying so much" that caused him to distrust everything, "kind of like a child whose parents lie to them over and over again."
"So long before these lawsuits I said that in the past I thought everything was a conspiracy and I would kind of get into that mass group think of the communities that were out saying that," he said. "And so now I see that it's more in the middle... so that's where I stand."
The lawsuits against Jones
The broadcaster faces multiple lawsuits from families of students and educators killed in the Sandy Hook shooting. Two lawsuits were filed in April 2018 by three parents whose children were killed, and a month later, he was sued by the families of six victims, who were joined by an FBI agent who responded to the shooting.
The first two lawsuits each sought at least $1 million in damages for "a severe degree of mental stress and anguish" and "high degree of psychological pain" that the parents suffered as a result from Jones' coverage of the shooting, in addition to past and future damage their reputations may suffer.
"Defendants' defamatory publications were designed to harm the Plaintiffs' reputation and subject the Plaintiffs to public contempt, disgrace, ridicule, or attack," the lawsuits allege. "Defendants acted with actual malice. Defendants' defamatory statements were knowingly false or made with reckless disregard for the truth or falsity of the statements at the time the statements were made."
The May lawsuit names Jones as the "chief amplifier for a group that has worked in concert to create and propagate loathsome, false narratives about the Sandy Hook shootings and its victims, and promote their harassment and abuse." The suit also names six companies, including entities tied to the InfoWars website.
"We've clearly got people where it's actors playing different parts of different people," the lawsuit quotes Jones as saying in March 2014. "I've looked at it and undoubtedly there's a cover-up, there's actors, they're manipulating, they've been caught lying and they were pre-planning before it and rolled out with it."
But Jones later addressed the claims on his website saying it was "all out of context," and that it wasn't "even what I said or my intent." He has described the suit as an attack on him and the First Amendment.
Last year, major social media platforms like YouTube, Facebook and Twitter all said they had removed content from Jones or InfoWars because it violated their policies. YouTube removed many channels associated with InfoWars -- including The Alex Jones Channel , which had 2.4 million subscribers and videos that had been viewed over 1.5 billion times.
"When users violate ... policies repeatedly, like our policies against hate speech and harassment or our terms prohibiting circumvention of our enforcement measures, we terminate their accounts," a YouTube spokesperson had said.
Parents of Sandy Hook victims file lawsuit against Alex Jones
Parents of Sandy Hook victims sue Alex Jones
Six more Sandy Hook families sue broadcaster Alex Jones
'Dignitaries' trampled evidence after Sandy Hook massacre, state police say
Alex Jones, InfoWars accused of destroying evidence related to Sandy Hook suit
Alex Jones' bid to throw out Sandy Hook defamation lawsuit denied
Is Jones calling Sandy Hook a hoax free speech?
How Sandy Hook changed mass shooting responses

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Always use in a well-ventilated area. The Cable Cooker™ chassis top can get warm when breaking in speaker cabling and power cabling. For safety purposes, do not place the Cable Cooker™ on carpeting, or any other combustible material when operating the device.
Always turn off the Cable Cooker™ when removing and/or installing cables.
Use only the supplied switching power supply with the Cable Cooker™.
Interconnects (BNC, RCA, XLR) always connect from left (output) to right (input).
Speaker cables (in stereo pairs) connect from the top A binding posts (amp end) to the bottom B binding post (speaker end). Left A to left B, and right A to right B.
Power cables, with the supplied adaptors, connect from the top left A binding post (with wall plug adaptor) to the bottom right B binding post (with IEC adaptor).
Single center-channel speaker cables connect from the top left A binding post (output side) to the bottom right B binding post (input side).
Bi-wire speaker cables are connected in the same manner as stereo pairs, but require alternating the tweeter leads and woofer leads for identical break-in periods (such as X hours on the tweeter leads and X hours on the woofer leads).
If you are not using the custom audiodharma speaker cable adaptor boxes, carefully cover each of the unconnected leads with electrical tape to avoid potential shorts that can damage the Cooker circuitry.
This LED, in addition to showing contact upon connection, can also act as a continuity test of each individual attached cable.
Many units will experience a flickering of the green LED due to the nature of the extended-frequency sweep powering through the circuitry. This is normal. Many units also produce a cyclic "chirping" sound (under speaker and/or power cable load). This is also normal.
Please note that it is possible to "overcook" your cables. This will not harm the cables, but they will require additional time in a music system to "settle in" and reach optimal performance. Contact audio excellence az for more specific information, if needed.
In all cases, the Cable Cooker™ should be turned off when installing or replacing cables for conditioning.
The bridging switch should always be in the down, or "normal" position when conditioning cables, UNLESS you wish to break-in power cables AND speaker cables simultaneously.
The wall plug adaptor (or Schuko, or UK13) should be inserted into the BOTTOM LEFT "B" binding posts, and the IEC adaptor should be inserted into the UPPER RIGHT "A" binding posts.
After the above installation of the power cable adaptors and speaker cabling, flip the bridging switch (located on the rear panel) into the "special" position, and turn the power switch "on" to operate the Cable Cooker™ and begin the conditioning process.
Note: interconnects may always be conditioned with speaker cabling, and/or power cabling, whether the bridging switch is in the "normal" or "special" position.


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Treatment is Key to Prevention of HIV/AIDS, Doctors Say: UCSF, June 2011
June 6, 2011 May 21, 2012 SimonMy Writing
UCSF's Diane Havlir, MD
This story was my contribution to a UCSF package on the 30th anniversary of the discovery of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
Treatment is Key to Prevention of HIV/AIDS, Doctors Say
Doctors fighting HIV/AIDS have a new strategy working for them: Use the treatment of the disease as a way to prevent it – a strategy borne of the growing effectiveness of that treatment in the three decades since the disease first emerged.
"Treatment revolutionized AIDS," says Diane Havlir, MD, professor of Medicine at UCSF and chief of the AIDS program at San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center. "Treatment changed AIDS from a uniformly fatal disease to a chronic disease."
And now, Havlir says, "today's treatment is also prevention." Timely treatment can stop the spread of HIV/AIDS in many ways. In patients, it stops the virus from progressing into AIDS, and it prevents damage to organs such as the heart, liver and kidneys, which occurs in untreated AIDS. Treatment also greatly reduces the risk of HIV transmission.
Havlir cites the most encouraging news to date, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases – HPTN 052 study, released in May 2011, which reported a 97 percent reduction in HIV transmission among discordant couples – couples in which one partner is HIV-infected and the other is HIV-negative – when the HIV-infected partner is treated with antiretroviral therapy relatively early in the course of HIV infection.
The so-called 052 study – conducted by the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) – released its results four years early because the prevention effectiveness of the antiretroviral drugs now commonly used to treat HIV infections was so clear-cut.
That news put one more arrow in the quiver of scientists and doctors looking not only to attack HIV, but to stop it.
"Certainly we're hoping that the next 30 years of HIV can be the last 30 years, especially in San Francisco, where we have the community resources and knowledge to put an end to the epidemic," says Grant Colfax, MD, director of the HIV Prevention and Research Section in the San Francisco Department of Public Health AIDS Office. Colfax, who trained at UCSF, is adjunct faculty at the university today.
"We have very good data now that show that when you know your HIV status, and you get treatment if you're HIV positive, combined with psychosocial supports that decrease stigma, there's a dramatic decrease in HIV as a result of testing and treatment," Colfax says.
Employing New Tools, Tactics
Preventing transmission is key to the epidemic in the U.S., where 50,000 new infections per year are still reported. Some of the exciting new tools and tactics employed in the war on HIV and AIDS include:
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The National Institutes of Health announced in November 2010 that high-risk gay men who take retroviral medication (tenofovir) before they're infected can prevent HIV infection. While such a strategy is costly, and could be difficult to sustain depending on whether people consistently take the medicine, Colfax hails the study results as "momentous" and says San Francisco is moving forward to test the practicality of this approach.
CAPRISA microbicides. CAPRISA (the Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa) announced in July 2010 that when women used an antiretroviral microbicide (tenofovir gel) before intercourse, they significantly reduced their chances of getting HIV. The study was particularly significant because 60 percent of new HIV infections in Africa occur in women and girls. "Microbicide has particular potential among women who may not necessarily be empowered to negotiate condom use with a partner," Colfax says.
052. In the 1990s, when Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, or HAART, came into use, the side effects of the drugs was so severe that they weren't given to people unless they were very ill or had a low level of immunosuppression, as measured by low CD4 count or viral load. The drugs have improved so that now they can be given to people much earlier in the course of the virus. The new HPTN 052 study showed the drugs can also be effective when given to infected people while their immune systems are still relatively healthy. The study was the first randomized study to find that giving antiretrovirals to someone can reduce the risk of sexual transmission of HIV to an uninfected partner.
Male circumcision. In Africa, as governments begin to promote male circumcision, infection rates are starting to drop, according to Craig R. Cohen, MD, MPH, a UCSF professor and director of Family AIDS Care and Education Services (FACES), an HIV/AIDS care and treatment program in Kenya. Several trials of male circumcision "demonstrated a 60 percent reduction in the number of new infections in men," Cohen says. World Health Organization guidelines promote voluntary male medical circumcision, and Kenya encourages it as well.
Condoms Cornerstone of Protection
Despite the new tools, some of the best forms of prevention remain the tried and true: Use a condom, and don't share needles. "Condoms remain a cornerstone of HIV prevention," Colfax says. "The goal is to provide people with as many prevention options as possible."
Even people participating in PrEP and other prevention trials receive condoms and risk reduction messages, he says.
Additional prevention strategies include frequent HIV testing, and if found to be positive, early treatment.
As the stigma associated with AIDS lifts in many regions, more people are willing to take those steps. But in some places, from rural America to Africa, the stigma persists. Many HIV-positive patients show up at the doctor's office or clinic with late-stage disease, which severely limits the efficacy of treatment.
In San Francisco, "we started a universal HIV treatment program," says Havlir, whose many hats include director of the AIDS Services, Prevention, Intervention, Research and Education (ASPIRE) Program at UCSF. "We were the first in the world to do this. As soon as an individual is identified with HIV, we are offering treatment for the individual's benefit."
Models by UCSF investigators Edwin Charlebois, Moupali Das, Travis Porco and Havlir show that more than just the individual will potentially benefit. "If we treated all persons with HIV currently in care in San Francisco, we'd have a 50 percent reduction in new infections in five years," Havlir says.
The strategy can have impact well beyond San Francisco.
"African countries struggling with high rates of untreated AIDS stand to benefit enormously from universal treatment," she says. "Untreated AIDS has massive social and economic collateral damage. People drop out of the workforce, and kids drop out of school to work and support the family. We see all these damages of AIDS and HIV, which our group is postulating can be reversed with universal use of antiretroviral therapies."
"Everyone says, 'Oh, antiretroviral therapy is so expensive,'" Havlir says. "Our hypothesis is that it may be the least expensive option, because you get all these benefits. We are working on that with the World Bank, the World Health Organization and others."
Cohen sees the same thing. "There was a large trial in Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania testing people for HIV – the whole community," he says. "Once someone tested positive, they immediately started treatment, and did not wait for their CD4 (white blood cell) count to go down. If you bring down a community's viral load, you can decrease the rate down to almost zero."
Tests like that show such a strategy may be feasible as well as cost-effective, he says. "You can prevent not just HIV, but potentially other diseases like TB and malaria. And it could improve economic performance in a community where, if someone is infected with HIV, the economic performance goes down."
The rapid pace of new strategies emerging inspires the researchers to believe that progress will continue, perhaps even pick up speed. "Treatment is prevention," Havlir says. "We've seen it work and it's a critical part of the strategy to end the AIDS epidemic."
Tagged UCSF
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text:
Lithuanian prosecutors open probe into 'possible terrorization' of health minister
VILNIUS – Lithuanian prosecutors said on Monday they have launched a pre-trial investigation into "possible terrorization" of Health Minister Arunas Dulkys.
The chief prosecutor of the region of Vilnius decided to open the probe based on the minister's statement, according to the press release.
Dulkys said earlier that he had complained to the police about threats he was receiving because of his decisions in managing the coronavirus pandemic.
"At first, we tried to take it easy in the family, as a game. But as time went on, it became less and less like a game, and we saw organized actions," the minister told Delfi.lt news website in an interview published on Monday. "I have already turned to the police because of some cases."
Dulkys said he was receiving direct threats in his official email.
"And although people are hiding under various fake names, I want to say that I will not tolerate such things," he said.
According to the prosecutors, the probe is based on the Criminal Code's article that provides for punishment for "any person who terrorizes a person by threatening to blow him up, to set him on fire or to commit another act dangerous to his life, health or property or who systematically intimidates the person by using mental coercion".


This Whisk (Chasen) is specially designed for Matcha. It has 120 Prongs and is handmade from golden bamboo by skillful craftsmen in Zhejiang province, China.
Made from Jin Bamboo (golden bamboo), unlike the other Bai bamboo (white bamboo). These Chasen bristles won't get twisted easily and the chasen is very durable.
This 120 prong Chasen is extremely good at making frothy thin Matcha (Usucha) for Japanese tea ceremony or your daily matcha drink.
Use only a bamboo whisk – not only traditional but also most effective since the prongs are flexible and will increase the motion generated during whisking. Use a cup or bowl that is large enough to fit the whisk with a bit of room to spare. After the cup/bowl has been pre-warmed, add in the matcha powder and whisk vigorously.
Usucha where you whisk briskly in a "W" motion using your wrist (not arm) until the matcha has a thick froth on the surface.
Koicha that uses a slower kneading action from left to right, up and down, and a gentle 360° circular motion to make a thick consistency that is smooth and has no froth.
Teapot - Chinese Traditional Calligraphy Design - 450cc cap.


Ancelotti Talks Bale... And Agents!
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Michael Sheen Wishes Pupils Good Luck!
Euro 2016 Fans Facing Booze Ban!
Swansea Lotto Winner Still Out There!
Spotlight On Cost Of Hols!
Wales Euro 2016 Song Out!
Can You Help Steel Expert?
There's a NEW Busted Baby!
Can Swans Beat Hammers Away?
UKIP Secure First Ever Assembly Seats!


text:
Sony's backdown sets a worrying precedent.
You couldn't make it up. A satirical movie about a plot to assassinate the Leader of North Korea Kim Jong Un, leads to a cyber attack on Sony Pictures and generates a wider debate on freedom of speech.
What started off as a bit of a joke story has now become serious with America vowing to hit back at North Korea who are believed to be behind the cyber attack.
I agree with President Obama when he said Sony had made a mistake by cancelling the release of The Interview. He said:
"We can't have a society in which some dictator some place can start imposing censorship here in the United States." Exactly! Thank you!
If Sony are prepared to back down over threats about the film being shown where could this lead us?
Film makers could potentially avoid making films on sensitive and controversial subjects in case political leaders in other countries take offence.
We'd be allowing all sorts of weak states around the world to dictate to free and democratic countries what can and cannot be discussed in public. This is wrong!
North Korea really is a ridiculous country. We have state that can spend time, money and resources to cyber hack a major media company - yet at the same time allows millions of its own citizens to live in poverty and die from starvation every year.
Sony should do the right thing and allow the release of the film immediately.
North Korea is like the annoying little kid you remember from school that would irritate and annoy the big boys. I'm not suggesting that international relations is similar to school but North Korea needs to be put in its place.
However, I write this fully aware like a lot of commmentators that it's difficult to agree or know what should be done to North Korea that hasn't already been done!
If you have any ideas please let us know.
Posted by RodneyD at Sunday, December 21, 2014
Labels: Current Affairs, TV and Entertainment, World News


text:
United States v. Drew, 259 F.R.D. 449 (C.D. Cal. 2009), was an American federal criminal case in which the U.S. government charged Lori Drew with violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) over her alleged cyberbullying of her 13-year-old neighbor, Megan Meier, who had committed suicide.  The jury deadlocked on a felony conspiracy count and acquitted Drew of three felony CFAA violations, but found her guilty of lesser included misdemeanor violations; the judge overturned these convictions in response to a subsequent motion for acquittal by Drew.

Allegations leading to indictment and trial
In 2006, Lori Drew (née Shreeves) lived in St. Charles County, Missouri, with her husband Curt and their teenaged daughter, Sarah. Megan Meier, who at one time had been friends with Sarah Drew, lived down the street from Drew.

During the summer of 2006, Drew reportedly became concerned that Meier was spreading false statements about her daughter.  Lori Drew, Sarah Drew, and Drew's employee, Ashley Grills, allegedly decided to create a fake Myspace account of a 16-year-old boy under the alias "Josh Evans". They allegedly used that account to discover whether Meier was spreading false statements about Sarah Drew.

Drew allegedly used the Myspace account to contact Meier, who apparently believed that "Josh Evans" was a 16-year-old boy. "Josh Evans" communicated with Meier through October 16, 2006, via the Myspace account in a manner described by the prosecution as flirtatious.

On October 16, 2006, "Josh Evans" allegedly sent Meier a message to the effect that the world would be a better place without her. Additional Myspace members whose profiles reflected links with the "Josh Evans" profile also began to send Meier negative messages. Subsequently, Meier's mother discovered that her daughter had hanged herself in her bedroom closet.

After Meier's death, according to the indictment, Lori Drew removed the fake "Josh Evans" account and commanded a juvenile who knew about the fake account "keep her mouth shut".

Legal history
In early December 2007, Missouri prosecutors announced they would not file charges against Lori Drew in connection with Megan Meier's death. At a press conference, St. Charles County Prosecutor Jack Banas stated there was not enough evidence to bring the charges. As a result, the federal government decided to pursue the case in Los Angeles, where Myspace is based.

The Meiers did not file a civil lawsuit.

Indictment
Thomas O'Brien, U.S. Attorney for the Central District of California, undertook prosecution of federal charges in connection with the case. On May 15, 2008, Drew was indicted by the Grand Jury of the United States District Court for the Central District of California on four counts. The first count alleged a conspiracy arising out of a charged violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371, namely that Drew and her co-conspirators agreed to violate the CFAA by intentionally accessing a computer used in interstate commerce "without authorization" and in "excess of authorized use", and by using interstate communication to obtain information from the computer in order to inflict emotional distress in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1030(a)(2)(C). Counts Two through Four allege that Drew violated the CFAA by accessing MySpace servers to obtain information regarding Meier in breach of the Myspace Terms of Service, on September 20, 2006 and October 16, 2006.

Amicus brief in support of defendant
On September 4, 2008, the Electronic Frontier Foundation filed an amicus brief in support of Drew's motion to dismiss the indictment. The brief argued that Drew's indictment was wrongful because Drew's alleged violation of the Myspace terms and conditions was not an "unauthorized access" or a use that "exceeds authorized access" under the CFAA statute; that applying the CFAA to Drew's conduct would constitute a serious encroachment of civil liberties; and that interpreting the CFAA to apply to a breach of a website's Terms of Service would violate the Due Process protections of the Constitution and thereby render the statute void on the grounds of vagueness and lack of fair notice.

Jury trial and split verdict
This jury announced on November 26, 2008 that it was deadlocked on Count One for Conspiracy. It unanimously found Drew not guilty of Counts Two through Four, but convicted her of lesser included misdemeanor offenses on those three counts.

Motion for acquittal granted
On November 23, 2008, Drew filed a motion for acquittal. On August 28, 2009, U.S. District Judge George H. Wu formally granted Drew's motion for acquittal, overturning the jury's guilty verdict on the three misdemeanor CFAA violations.

In his opinion, Wu examined each element of the misdemeanor offense, noting that a misdemeanor conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 1030(a)(2)(C) requires that:
 The defendant intentionally have accessed a computer without authorization, or have exceeded authorized access of a computer
 The access of the computer involved an interstate or foreign communication
 By engaging in this conduct, the defendant obtained information from a computer used in interstate or foreign commerce or communication

Wu found that many courts have held that any computer that provides a web-based application accessible through the internet would satisfy the interstate communication requirement of the second element, and that the third element is met whenever a person using a computer contacts an internet website and reads any part of that website.

The only issue arose with respect to the first element, and the meaning of the undefined term "unauthorized access". Wu noted the government's concession that its only basis for claiming that Drew had intentionally accessed Myspace's computers without authorization was the creation of the false "Josh Evans" alias in violation of the MySpace Terms of Service. Wu reasoned that, if a conscious violation of the Terms of Service was not sufficient to satisfy the first element, Drew's motion for acquittal would have to be granted for that reason alone. Wu found that an intentional breach of the Myspace Terms of Service could possibly satisfy the definition of an unauthorized access or access exceeding authorization, but that rooting a CFAA misdemeanor violation in an individual's conscious violation of a website's Terms of Service would render the statute void for vagueness because there were insufficient guidelines to govern law enforcement as well as a lack of actual notice to the public.

Wu cited several reasons an individual would be lacking in actual notice:
 The statute does not explicitly state that it is criminalizing breaches of contract, and most individuals are aware that a contract breach is not typically subject to criminal prosecution
 If a website's Terms of Service control what is an "authorized" use or a use that "exceeds authorization", the statute would be unconstitutionally vague because it would be unclear whether any or all violations of the Terms of Service would constitute "unauthorized" access
 Allowing a conscious violation of website's Terms of Service to be a misdemeanor violation of the CFAA would essentially give a website owner the power to define criminal conduct

Wu summed up his opinion by stating that allowing a violation of a website's Terms of Service to constitute an intentional access of a computer without authorization or exceeding authorization would "result in transforming section 1030(a)(2)(C) into an overwhelmingly overbroad enactment that would convert a multitude of otherwise innocent Internet users into misdemeanant criminals." For these reasons, Wu granted Drew's motion for acquittal. The Government did not appeal.

Legislative responses
Missouri legislators amended the state's harassment law to include penalties for bullying via computers, other electronic devices, or text messages. The bill was approved on May 16, 2008. More than twenty states have enacted legislation to address bullying that occurs through electronic media. These laws include statutes that mandate that school boards must adopt policies to address cyberbullying, statutes that criminalize harassing minors online, and statutes providing for cyberbullying education. California enacted Cal. Educ. Code §32261 that encourages schools and other agencies to develop strategies, programs and activities that will reduce bullying via electronic and other means.

A bill was introduced in Congress in 2009 () to set a federal standard definition for the term cyberbullying, but the proposal was criticized as overbroad and did not advance.

Reactions
Legal experts expressed concern that the prosecution sought effectively to criminalize any violation of web site terms of service. Andrew M. Grossman, senior legal analyst for the Heritage Foundation, said "If this verdict stands ... it means that every site on the Internet gets to define the criminal law. That's a radical change. What used to be small-stakes contracts become high-stakes criminal prohibitions."

Law Professor Orin Kerr, one of Drew's pro bono attorneys, commented that he was "very pleased" with the vacated guilty verdict as the case was "an extremely important test case for the scope of the computer crime statutes, with tremendously high stakes for the civil liberties of every Internet user".

See also
 Cyberbullying
 LVRC Holdings v. Brekka
 Social media and suicide
 United States v. Nosal
 Virtual crime

References

2009 in United States case law
Cyberbullying
United States District Court for the Central District of California cases
United States Internet case law
United States federal criminal case law

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


(15- 26 April, 2014) Test Pieces, The Keep,OHOS, Reading, linked with New Grounds exhibition later in the year.
(25-27 April 2014) Reading Contemporary Art Fair.
(12-18 May 2014) Hanging Tough, the annual exhibition of OHOS Artists, part of West Barks Open Studios Events.
(May-September, 2014) NEW GROUNDS at REME Museum of Technology, Arborfield, Berks. The Museum engaged 10 artists from OHOS and arjeea21 to create art pieces relevant to the permanent display of the museum. Hosted in the Museum's Prince Philip Vehicle Hall.
(9-12 October, 2013) The Yellow Suitcase Exhibition, Reading.
Part of West Berkshire Open Studios.
More Arts Gallery, 43C Peach Street, Wokingham, Berk.


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Returnable Version "All I Want" is the first single by A Day to Remember from their fourth studio album What Separates Me from You. It was released officially to radio stations in October 2010, and as a commercial single, albeit a limited edition 7" vinyl, in April 2011. Unlike the band's more-known Metalcore sound which incorporates growling vocals and breakdowns, the song uses almost none of these attributes, and instead shows a direction towards fast-paced pop punk with clean vocals. Lead vocalist, Jeremy McKinnon wrote the lyrics, while the music was written by himself, guitarist Kevin Skaff and A Day to Remember. McKinnon stated that the song is about "taking chances, and doing what you think is right regardless of what people might think. To be honest, what's more important? Live life, and be happy with yourself". McKinnon said in an 2011 interview with USAToday that the song is also "about being in a band."
https://waterloorecords.com 746105063471
Artist: A Day To Remember
1. All I Want (Acoustic)
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Comment PDF uncategorized
By Thane Brown, Proctor & Gamble (ret.) | January 1, 2022
Following this approach to assessing health, safety and environmental risks can steer engineers to consider more inherently safe process options earlier in process synthesis
During process synthesis in the chemical process industries (CPI), engineers make decisions that determine the inherent health, safety and environmental (HSE) risk level of a process. This article proposes a simple approach for identifying and assessing the major HSE hazards during synthesis.
Understanding the risk level during synthesis enables the engineer to consider inherently safer designs (ISD) while developing the flow sheet. If risk levels are not considered during synthesis, higher risk processes will result, because decisions are hard to change once the flow sheet has been finalized. Most of the resistance to process design changes comes from trying to avoid the need to repeat expensive research and development work, as well as avoiding schedule delays.
To understand the value of ISD, consider the Bhopal, India incident where, in 1984, an accidental release of the chemical methyl isocyanate (MIC) occurred at a facility for manufacturing the insecticide Sevin. MIC, an intermediate in the production process for Sevin, is a highly toxic chemical. A National Research Council (Washington, D.C.; www.nationalacademies.org) study stated that more than 40 tons of MIC were released, killing close to 3,800 people and seriously injuring between 100,000 and 200,000 [1]. Had there been an inherently safer process at the Bhopal plant, the accident might have been prevented, or its severity greatly reduced.
What is process synthesis?
Process synthesis is the creation of a process for manufacturing a product that meets customer-based quality specifications, has an appropriate level of HSE risk, and meets business and economic requirements [2]. When complete, process synthesis will have defined the following:
• A block flow diagram of the process, showing all major process steps and flow streams
• Process operating conditions
• Material specifications for raw materials, catalysts, solvents, processing aids, packaging materials and so on
• Material and energy balances
• Required materials of construction
• Process design data, such as reaction kinetics and physical properties
• Scale-up criteria
• Major HSE hazards
How to think about HSE
HSE is a broad topic dealing with the safety of plant employees, of the physical plant, of the community and of the environment. Each of these constituencies is affected in its own way by a production process.
• Plant employees may be affected by chemical exposure, fire, explosion, noise and injuries
• The physical plant may be affected by fire, explosion and overpressure situations
• The community may be affected by accidental releases of substances, fires, explosions, noise, pollution, landfills and the disposal of hazardous chemicals
• The surrounding environment may be affected by planned emissions and discharges, toxic wastes, accidental releases and fugitive emissions
In the previous definition of process synthesis, the phrase "appropriate level of HSE risk" requires further explanation. Generally, risk is thought of as the following:
Risk = (Severity of Incident) × (Likelihood of Occurrence)
Risk = (Human and/or Economic Loss Potential) × (Probability of an Incident)
The definition of acceptable risk varies from company to company. Each organization must define what is appropriate for it, which is a difficult task at best. If the question was simply financial, such as weighing the cost of risk reduction against the monetary loss of an incident, it would be fairly straightforward to answer. The difficulty arises when one has to consider the loss of life or personal injury. What is a life or severe injury worth? What is an acceptable fatality rate? These are hard questions to answer.
In a recent article about COVID-19, Alex Berezow discussed the value of life [ 3]. Although he wrote the article from a geopolitical perspective, his remarks apply equally to HSE. He states there are three ways to view the value of life: morally/philosophically, economically and a blend of the two.
"Many people say that one cannot put a price tag on human life. This is true from a moral or philosophical perspective. … In the eyes of an economist, however, we are neither equal nor invaluable.
"How does one begin to put a price tag on a human life? A simple thought experiment demonstrates how easy it is. Pretend that you're the mayor of a small town. There's a dangerous intersection that results in one car crash fatality every year. A company approaches you with a solution: By redesigning and rebuilding the intersection, it can guarantee no more car crashes. The only problem is that the infrastructure project costs $100 million. Considering that your small town's budget is far less than that, the city couldn't afford it without a massive tax increase. You propose that tax increase to your citizens, who reject it overwhelmingly. The citizens have spoken: The lives of those who will be killed in accidents at the intersection are not worth $100 million.
"… For what it's worth, various U.S. government agencies value a life between $9 million and $10 million.
"The key is to remember that we are talking about economic value rather than moral value. There is always space for a moral consideration in geopolitics, but it too must be considered along with other factors."
When thinking about risk, engineers should also consider the information shown in Tables 1 and 2, as well as their own company's data and practice.
The methodology presented here will help to find and assess HSE hazards during process synthesis. For hazards that could result in serious or catastrophic incidents, the engineer should consider changing the basic process to make it inherently safer. Because synthesis is the time when the process is being created, it is the ideal time to explore options for hazard elimination or mitigation. During synthesis, one need not work on routine safety issues, such as pressure relief. Later on, detailed studies, such as HAZOP (hazard and operability analyses), will identify these issues.
The steps in the methodology are the following:
• Identify the hazards
• Estimate the potential for loss
• Estimate the probability of having an incident
• Identify the major risks
• Consider inherently safer designs
Step 1: Identify process hazards. Begin by looking for toxic release, explosion and fire hazards, as follows:
Hazardous materials. For each flow stream in the process, list the composition, materials and amounts of each stream. This should include intermediates and impurities. Consider feed streams, products, byproducts, recycle streams, purge, catalysts and solvents, as well as planned discharges to sewers, the atmosphere, landfills, recyclers and waste disposal firms. For each substance, determine whether it is hazardous; and if so, the degree of hazard it presents. One needs to consider health, flammability, instability and special hazards. An example of a material having a special hazard is MIC, which reacts violently with water. This is believed to be the initiating cause of the Bhopal incident mentioned previously. Usually, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA; Quincy, Mass.; www.nfpa.org) or the U.S. Hazardous Materials Identification System (HMIS) ratings are sufficient sources of information to determine the hazard level of a chemical. Both systems have five rating levels. Table 3 explains the NFPA levels. HMIS is similar.
Step 2: Estimate loss potential. Once the hazards in the process have been identified, engineers should assess the potential for loss for each hazard. Because there are few design details at this point, these assessments will be "order-of-magnitude" quality. As such, they are only useful during synthesis. They do not take the place of the exacting safety studies done later during detailed design.
Referring back to Table 1, note that toxic releases and explosions have the greatest potential for fatalities and economic loss. To estimate each hazard's potential for loss, place each into one of the following broad loss categories:
• Catastrophic — Those resulting in deaths or permanent disabilities, major community damage, or major plant damage
• Major — Those resulting in hospitalizations, significant community damage, or significant plant damage
• Moderate — Those resulting in injuries needing medical treatment, minor community damage, or moderate plant damage
• Minor — Those resulting in minor injuries, no community damage, or minor plant damage
When assessing the loss potential of materials, one can use NFPA or HMIS ratings to define the severity of health, flammability or instability hazards. If these are not available, use the Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for each substance or PubChem's Compound Summary database [4]. If a material has an NFPA or HMIS rating of 4, assign its potential for loss as Catastrophic. A 3-rating should be assigned the loss category of Major, and so on. To illustrate, MIC, the toxic intermediate in the Bhopal Sevin process, has an NFPA health rating of 4. Thus, its loss potential would be Catastrophic. Its release was clearly that.
For process hazards, the guidelines are not as clear cut. The Marsh 100 Largest Losses Report provides perspective. Marsh, an insurance-brokerage and risk-management firm, regularly publishes global incident data. As this report only reports the largest global losses, it represents only the tip of the loss iceberg. Property losses follow a similar pattern to deaths and injuries. Crowl and Louvar suggest that for every 1 to 2 fatalities resulting from an incident, there are 10 to 20 serious injuries, 100 to 200 minor injuries, and 1,000 to 2,000 near misses [5].
The March 2020 Marsh report covers the 46-year period from 1974 to 2019. It describes the 100 largest global hydrocarbon industry losses. Fifty eight of those came from the petrochemical and petroleum refinery segments. These resulted in losses totaling $23 billion, as well as the following:
• Losses averaged $500 million/yr
• The average cost of an incident was $397 million
• Three incidents (5%) resulted in toxic releases
• 39 (67%) began with an explosion
• 19 (33%) began with a fire
Table 4 summarizes the hardware and equipment associated with the 58 incidents from the petrochemical and refining sectors.
Step 3: Estimate the probability of an incident. As was the case with loss potential, it is impossible to make detailed estimates, so order-of-magnitude quality has to suffice at this point. Assign each hazard to one of four levels of probability, which are the following:
• Very Likely — occurring every 0–10 years
• Probable — occurring every 10–30 years
• Possible— occurring every 30–100 years
• Unlikely — occurring once every 100 years or more
As previously mentioned, larger losses occur less often; smaller losses are much more frequent. The synthesis engineer, when assigning one of the four probability levels to the hazards, should consult with experienced process safety experts and refer to company incident history.
Step 4: Identifying major risks. Risk is the combination of loss potential and probability. When assessing risk during synthesis, use the Risk Rating Matrix (Table 5). First, enter the loss potential and probability estimates into the figure. If a material or other hazard falls into one of the red cells, it is important to work to eliminate, or greatly reduce, risk by applying ISD. Hazards falling into the yellow cells are borderline candidates for ISD.
Step 5: Consider inherently safer designs. The activities of hazard and risk identification lead directly to the question of what to do about high-risk hazards. In general, there are two options: use ISD principles or add safeguards to the process. Of the two, ISD is generally preferred because it focuses on the elimination or lessening of the hazard. It also delivers simpler, more straightforward designs. Kletz and Amyotte state, "Traditional plant designs try to reduce the risk by adding protective equipment and following safe methods of working. Inherently safer and friendlier plants remove or reduce the hazards" [6]. Protective equipment and safe practices will eventually result in an incident as equipment fails or people make mistakes.
Three pillars of ISD apply to process synthesis: substitution, minimization and attenuation. These pillars involve elimination of hazardous materials, use of much smaller quantities of them, and use of less hazardous operating conditions.
Substitution. This focuses on substituting non-hazardous or less-hazardous materials for hazardous ones. Consider the following:
Using a reaction chain that doesn't use hazardous materials (raw materials or catalysts) or that doesn't produce hazardous intermediates or byproducts
Pretreating the feed to eliminate impurities that react to form hazardous materials
Using materials with higher flashpoints, boiling points and other properties that are well away from the operating conditions of the process
Using different solvents, heat-transfer fluids or refrigerants to eliminate those that may be toxic or flammable
Minimization (intensification). The focus here is to minimize the amount of hazardous material in the system. Consider the following:
Continuous or semi-batch systems, which usually hold smaller volumes of material compared to batch systems
Changing reactor conditions — catalyst, temperature, pressure — to increase the reaction rate and make the reactor smaller
Using a column sequence that minimizes the amount of hazardous material held in the process
Using equipment having less holdup. A few examples are: divided-wall distillation columns, packed versus tray columns, thermosiphon versus kettle reboilers, plate versus shell-and-tube exchangers, and tubular versus pot reactors
Attenuation (moderation). Attenuation stresses the use of less hazardous operating conditions when handling hazardous materials and situations. Consider the following:
Processing flammable materials well below their flash points and boiling points
Handling explosive dusts as slurries
Reducing the risks of a runaway reaction
Using a smaller reactor (for example, a continuous versus batch reactor)
Controlling the reaction rate via the order of chemical addition or by catalyst choices
Adding inert materials to flammable mixtures
Reducing process operating temperatures to eliminate the need for furnaces
The following discussion about Bhopal and MIC illustrates substitution and minimization.
With an NFPA health rating of 4, MIC is very hazardous. As such, it would be placed in one of the red cells of the Risk Rating Matrix (Table 5). Thus, the reaction that produces it would be a prime candidate for ISD. As understood today, substitution is possible, because there are two accepted routes for making carbaryl (Sevin) [7]:
• The MIC route (used in Bhopal):
1. Methylamine + Phosgene ➔ MIC + 2 HCl
2. MIC + α-Naphthol ➔ Carbaryl
• The non-MIC route. This route uses the same feedstocks, but reacts them in a different order.
1. α-Naphthol + Phosgene ➔ Naphthol chloroformate + HCl
2. Naphthol chloroformate + Methylamine ➔ Carbaryl + HCl
Had the non-MIC route been used at the Bhopal, India facility, there would have been no incident — no deaths and no injuries. Even safer routes might be possible if something less hazardous could be substituted for phosgene, which has an NFPA Health rating of 4 [8].
There are also minimization options. Had the amount of MIC stored been small, far fewer people would have died or been injured. Recall, over 40 tons of MIC were released. It was this large release that caused the high number of deaths and injuries. Crowl and Louvar refer to a redesigned process that could reduce the MIC inventory to less than 20 lb [9]. In addition, the National Research Council in their report "The Use and Storage of Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) at Bayer CropScience," refers to a process that produces gaseous MIC, which is consumed immediately [10].
Unaddressed risks/hazards
If significant hazards/risks exist that are not dealt with, they should be flagged so they will not be forgotten in the future. This helps ensure someone will design safeguards into the process to manage those risks and mitigate outcomes. For example, one of the senior chemical engineering design projects at the University of Cincinnati involved designing a greener process for making dimethyl carbonate [11]. The process uses a catalyst (methyl iodide) with an NFPA health rating of 3. The Safety and Hazard Section of PubChem's Compound Summary for methyl iodide states that storing amounts greater than or equal to 7,500 lb "presents a potential for a catastrophic event …" [12]. This is the type of item one would flag, because storage systems are not dealt with during process synthesis.
The decisions made during synthesis set the HSE features of a process. Thus, it is imperative HSE be integrated into the process design. Especially with chemical processes, it is the only way HSE risk can be adequately dealt with. The approach in this article enables the synthesis engineer to identify and manage the major HSE hazards and risks in a process.
Edited by Scott Jenkins
National Research Council, The Use and Storage of Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) at Bayer CropScience, Washington DC, 2012, p. 32.
Brown, T.R., Cost Engineering: Integrating Technology and Economics, Chem. Eng., December 1, 2017, pp. 35–36.
Berezow, Alex, Four Coronavirus Lessons That We Will (or Won't) Learn, Geopolitical Futures, May 1, 2020.
Cameo Chemicals MSDS, available at: https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/1112.
Crowl, D.A. and Louvar, J.F., "Chemical Process Safety," 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2019.
Kletz, T.A, and Amyotte, P., "Process Plants: A Handbook for Inherently Safer Design," 2nd Edition, CRC Press, 2010.
Crowl, D.A. and Louvar, J.F., "Chemical Process Safety," 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 2002, p. 26.
Cameo Chemicals MSDS, https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/4228.
Crowl, D.A. and Louvar, J.F., "Chemical Process Safety," 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall, 2011.
National Research Council, The Use and Storage of Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) at Bayer CropScience, Washington, D.C., 2012, p. 114.
An unpublished report by: Ballachino, K., Barr, C., Brown, N., Gunther, A., and Vennefron, Evaluation of the Production of Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) through a Catalytic Reaction, March 2020.
PubChem Compound Summary, available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6328#section=NFPA-Hazard-Classification.
Thane Brown (Email: trbnjb@earthlink.net) worked for more than 36 years for Procter & Gamble in a variety of engineering and manufacturing roles, primarily in the food-and-beverage business and in health, safety and environmental engineering. In his last position there, Brown was director of North American engineering. After retiring, he taught engineering economics at the University of Cincinnati, and plant design at the University of Dayton. Brown is presently a member of the Chemical Engineering Advisory Committees at the University of Dayton, at Miami University (Oxford, Ohio), at the University of Louisville and at the University of Cincinnati. He also works as a SCORE counselor, providing free assistance to small businesses in the Cincinnati area. Brown authored the book "Engineering Economics and Economic Design for Process Engineers," as well as a number of articles on engineering economics, batch pressure filtration and heat transfer. He is a registered professional engineer in Ohio (inactive), and holds a B.S.Ch.E. from Oregon State University.
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