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Philip Ross Crowe (né le  à Nanton, dans la province de l'Alberta au Canada) est un joueur professionnel retraité de hockey sur glace ayant évolué à la position d'ailier droit.

Carrière
Joueur jamais réclamé lors d'un repêchage de la Ligue nationale, Phil Crowe évolue au niveau junior avec les Grizzlys de Olds de la Ligue de hockey junior de l'Alberta avant de devenir joueur professionnel en 1991 où il rejoint alors l'ECHL.

S'alignant pour la saison 1992-1993 avec les Roadrunners de Phoenix de la Ligue internationale de hockey, il signe à l'été 1993 son premier contrat avec une équipe de la LNH, soit les Kings de Los Angeles. C'est d'ailleurs avec ceux-ci qu'il dispute ses premières parties dans la grande ligue, récoltant deux points en 31 rencontres.

Devenant agent libre à l'été suivant, il s'entend pour deux saisons avec les Flyers de Philadelphie et rejoint alors le club affilié aux Flyers dans la Ligue américaine de hockey, les Bears de Hershey. Retrouvant son autonomie à l'été 1996, il rejoint les Sénateurs d'Ottawa avec qui il s'aligne majoritairement en LIH.

Laissé sans protection en vue du repêchage d'expansion de 1999, il y est sélectionné par les Thrashers d'Atlanta mais ces derniers l'échangent le lendemain aux Predators de Nashville en retour de compensations futures. Au cours de la saison suivante, l'ailier ne joue que très peu, prenant part seulement 24 rencontres dont quatre avec les Predators.

En 2001, il quitte pour la Grande-Bretagne où il s'aligne pour une saison avec les Ayr Scottish Eagles de la . Après une année d'inactivité, il revient au hockey pour une dernière saison en 2003-04, s'alignant alors avec les Eagles du Colorado de la Ligue centrale de hockey. Au cours de cette même saison, Crowe agit également en tant d'entraîneur-adjoint et occupe ce poste jusqu'en 2007.

Statistiques en club

| 1988-1989 || Rebels de Red Deer || LHJA ||41 || 6 || 4 || 10 || 142 || || || || ||
|-
| 1989-1990 || Grizzlys de Olds || LHJA ||47 || 8 || 21 || 29 || 248 || || || || ||
|-
| 1990-1991 || Grizzlys de Olds || LHJA ||50 || 16 || 24 || 40 || 290 || || || || ||
|-
| 1991-1992 || Red Wings de l'Adirondack || LAH ||6 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 29 || || || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1991-1992 || Chill de Columbus || ECHL ||32 || 4 || 7 || 11 || 145 || || || || ||
|-
|| Storm de Toledo || ECHL ||2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 58
|-
| 1992-1993 || Roadrunners de Phoenix || LIH ||53 || 3 || 3 || 6 || 190 || || || || ||
|-
| 1993-1994 || Kings de Los Angeles || LNH ||31 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 77|| || || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1993-1994 || Komets de Fort Wayne || LIH ||5 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 26 || || || || ||
|-
|| Roadrunners de Phoenix || LIH ||2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || || || || ||
|-
| 1994-1995 || Bears de Hershey || LAH ||46 || 11 || 6  ||17 || 132 || 6 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 19
|-
| 1995-1996 || Flyers de Philadelphie || LNH ||16 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 28 || || || || ||
|-
| 1995-1996 || Bears de Hershey || LAH ||39 || 6 || 8 || 14 || 105 || 5 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 19
|-
| 1996-1997 || Sénateurs d'Ottawa || LNH ||26 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 30 || 3 ||0 || 0 || 0 || 16
|-
| 1996-1997 || Vipers de Détroit || LIH ||41 || 7 || 7 || 14 || 83|| || || || ||
|-
| 1997-1998 || Sénateurs d'Ottawa || LNH ||9 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 24 || || || || ||
|-
| 1997-1998 || Vipers de Détroit || LIH ||55 || 6 || 13 || 19 || 160 || 20 || 5 || 2 || 7 || 48
|-
| 1998-1999 || Sénateurs d'Ottawa || LNH ||8 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 4 || || || || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 1998-1999 || Cyclones de Cincinnati || LIH ||39 || 2 || 6 || 8 || 62 || || || || ||
|-
|| Vipers de Détroit || LIH ||2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 9 || || || || ||
|-
|| Thunder de Las Vegas || LIH ||14 || 1 || 3 || 4 || 18|| || || || ||
|-
| 1999-2000 || Predators de Nashville || LNH ||4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 10 || || || || ||
|-
| 1999-2000 || Admirals de Milwaukee || LIH ||20 || 3 || 1 || 4 || 31 || || || || ||
|-
| 2000-2001 || Vipers de Détroit || LIH ||4 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || || || || ||
|-
| 2001-02 || Ayr Scottish Eagles || BHL ||20 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 71 || 7 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 33
|-
| 2003-04 || Eagles du Colorado || LCH ||54 || 9 || 8 || 17 || 112 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 2

|94|| 4|| 5|| 9|| 173 || 3|| 0|| 0|| 0|| 16

Transactions en carrière
  : signe à titre d'agent libre avec les Kings de Los Angeles.
  : signe à titre d'agent libre avec les Flyers de Philadelphie.
  : signe à titre d'agent libre avec les Sénateurs d'Ottawa.
  : réclamé lors du repêchage d'expansion des Thrashers d'Atlanta.
  : échangé par les Thrashers aux Predators de Nashville en retour de compensations futures.
  : rate la majorité de la saison 1999-2000 à cause d'une blessure à un genou.
  : signe à titre d'agent libre avec les Vipers de Détroit.
  : libéré par les Vipers de Détroit.
  : signe à titre d'agent libre avec les Ayr Scottish Eagles.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Naissance en avril 1970
Naissance en Alberta
Joueur canadien de hockey sur glace
Joueur des Kings de Los Angeles
Joueur des Flyers de Philadelphie
Joueur des Sénateurs d'Ottawa
Joueur des Predators de Nashville
Joueur des Red Wings de l'Adirondack
Joueur des Bears de Hershey
Joueur des Roadrunners de Phoenix (LIH)
Joueur des Komets de Fort Wayne
Joueur des Vipers de Détroit
Joueur des Cyclones de Cincinnati (LIH)
Joueur du Thunder de Las Vegas
Joueur des Admirals de Milwaukee (LIH)
Joueur du Chill de Columbus
Joueur du Storm de Toledo
Joueur des Eagles du Colorado (LCH)
Joueur des Ayr Scottish Eagles
Attaquant de hockey sur glace
Joueur de la Ligue nationale de hockey non repêché

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Disclaimer-"I do not endorse any of the companies discussed, or their products. If you plan on testing your DNA, make sure you do your research so you understand the testing constraints and what the results will tell you".
Okay, so I wanted to find out which is better, an autosomal test with AncestryDNA or one with 23andme? How about Family Tree DNA or the Genographic Project? My initial hope was to be able to connect with users of multiple databases to maximize my chances of finding living relatives, but it seems I may have to wait.
Autosomal DNA aka atDNA is a record of our entire inherited DNA. This is different than Y-DNA and mitochondrial DNA. From generation to generation, we lose ties to some relatives just as our siblings received different DNA than we did. We have 44 non-gender autosomal chromosomes, 22 from our mother and 22 from our father. The 23rd chromosome from each parent is the gender determining chromosome.
AncestryDNA actually looks at 700,000 markers in your DNA makeup1. Yet, a lot of people testing their DNA seem to like 23andme better. It seems to meet their presumed and/or documented ethnic origin with higher accuracy.
Only Family Tree DNA currently allows the upload of raw data. It appears that 23andme includes the mtDNA SNPs in your test results.3 Ancestry does not currently have a chromosome map. I think might Ancestry might surpassing the others in terms of the numbers of individuals in their database. I do think they need to get their ethnicity figured out so it is not so top heavy in regions such as Scandinavia. So, in the end which is better? They all have their benefits and drawbacks. Maybe it comes down to your preference. Do you like pie charts? Are you only interested in the raw data? Are you like me trying to locate living relatives? You do have the option when you receive your raw data to upload it to GEDmatch and compare it to their separate database.
Please submit feedback and let me know what your thoughts and views are.
P. S. Just as I am finishing up, today I find that RootsTech 2014 featured a presentation on DNA by James Rader. I wasn't able to catch the whole presentation, so will have to view the rest when the recorded video is uploaded, but so far it has been very informative from someone who has tested all of these products.
1. "AncestryDNA 101: The Insider's Guide to DNA," Ancestry.com (http://c.mfcreative.com/email/newsletters/amu/2013/1113/AncestryDNA101.pdf: accessed February 3, 2014).
2. "Ancestry DNA common questions," Ancestry.com (http://help.ancestry.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/5442: accessed February 3, 2014).
3. "AncestryDNA, Raw Data and RootsTech," Your Genetic Genealogist (http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/2013/03/ancestrydna-raw-data-and-rootstech.html: accessed February 3, 2014).


The Ford Fusion premiered for the model year as a smooth midsize sedan that helped give the American automaker a boost when it was needed. Manual for ford fusion 2011.
The Ford C- Max ( stylized as Ford C- MAX and previously called the Ford Focus C- Max) is a compact multi- purpose vehicle ( MPV) produced by the Ford Motor Company since. Manual for ford fusion 2011. The Ford Grand C- Max has a longer wheelbase. FUSION Automobile pdf manual download. The Fusion is also the first Ford model to sport the company' s now signature three- barred grille. The Fusion S comes standard with the 2. The Ford Fusion is a mid- size four- door sedan that offers gasoline hybrid power in either front- all- wheel- drive configurations. Ford introduced the C- Max in the United States as its first hybrid- only line of vehicles released in September, which includes the C- Max Hybrid the C- Max Energi plug- in. When it rolled off the line SE, the Ford Fusion was available in three trim levels: S SEL.
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It allows driving short distances using only electric mode and has the flexibility of a gasoline engine / traditional hybrid powertrain for longer distances without ever experiencing range anxiety. In normal times the Fusion at only three model years.
The Ford Fusion is a four- door SE , five- passenger midsize sedan available in three trim levels: S Titanium. Fuel economy is excellent in all modes. The plug- in hybrid is the balanced powertrain we need for the future. The Ford Fusion Energi is the best car we have ever owned.
Motor Trend reviews the Ford Fusion where consumers can find detailed information on specs, fuel economy, transmission and safety. Find local Ford Fusion prices online.
Table of Contents Introduction Instrument Cluster Warning lights and chimes Gauges Message center Entertainment Systems AM/ FM stereo with CD/ MP3 Auxiliary input jack ( Line in) USB port Satellite radio information Navigation system SYNC Climate Controls Manual heating and air conditioning Dual automatic temperature control Navigation system based climate control Rear window defroster.
With increased power and torque plus advanced six- speed transmissions, even four- cylinder Ford Fusion models have plenty in hand to cope with all normal city/ highway traffic demands. The Ford Fusion is a four- door, five- passenger mid- size sedan manufactured and marketed by troduced for the model year, three generations of the Fusion have been produced in gasoline, gas/ electric hybrid, and gas/ plug- in electric hybrid ment: Ford Fusion Owners Manual in Good condition.
Includes the case. This is the Original Equipment Owners Manual that came in the glove compartment.
Each manual is individually posted with a photo although only one photo may show if multiple items are listed. With the Ford Fusion, you can be environmentally conscious in style.
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Ford F150 Truck Factory Service Manual Original Shop Repair CD- ROM × ×. For, the Ford Fusion returns in S, SE and SEL trim levels, with Sport and Hybrid models available as well.
Both 4- and 6- cylinder models are again available, with 4- cylinder models coming standard with front- wheel drive and V6 models featuring an available all- wheel drive system.
The model year is a big year for the Ford Mustang because the iconic pony car finally receives a comprehensive workover of its powertrains, which had been getting long in the tooth for some. The Ford Fusion is a five- passenger midsize sedan available in S, SE, SEL and Sport and Hybrid trim levels.
The base Fusion S comes standard with 16- inch alloy wheels, integrated blind- spot. View and Download Ford FUSION owner' s manual online.


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Bible Code : a computer program that is designed to look for key words in the Bible that are hidden in a form of code. Since it's discovery by an Israeli mathematician Dr Eliyahu Rips, a leading expert in 'Group Theory' namely the underlying branch of mathematics to 'Quantum Physics'; the Bible Code has attracted much interest. Details about the Bible Code hit the headlines when a book was first published about it in Great Britain, by Weidenfeld and Nicholson in 1997. The author of the book titled 'The Bible Code' is Michael Drosnin, a reporter who was formerly at the 'Washington Post' and the 'Wall Street Journal'. Michael Drosnin lives and works in New York City and he is also the author of the 'New York Times' bestseller 'Citizen Hughes'.
Since it's publication in 1997 'The Bible Code' has gone on to become a number one bestseller with the sequel the 'Bible Code II' following shortly after.
In his book 'The Bible Code' Michael Drosnin puts forward the theory that for 3000 years there has remained a hidden code in the Bible. Today, since the code has been unlocked by computer, it has been shown that certain major world events were predicted to happen thousands of years before they actually did. The hidden code in the Bible is said to have predicted:
"Rise of Hitler, man landing on the moon, the Kennedy assassinations and the Gulf War".
Indeed, according to Michael Drosnin:
"In a few dramatic cases, detailed predictions were found in advance - and then happened exactly as predicted."
Possibly two of the factors which helped in the success of the book by Drosnin is that it:
"Is the first full account of a scientific discovery that may change the world, and it is also told by sceptical secular reporter."
The fact that the code has also been verified by a number of famous mathematicians at Harvard, Yale and Hebrew University, has all helped to add weight to it's credibility.
In the book, it is stated that the code has been:
"replicated by a senior code-breaker at the US Department of Defense. It has passed three levels of secular peer review at a leading US math journal."
The whole idea that there may be a special hidden code somewhere in the text of the bible is by no means a new one. Isaac Newton was still searching for the Bible code when he died. Indeed he is said to have likened the Bible to: "a cryptogram set by the almighty". Sadly for him the code continued to elude him right up until his death.
Dr Eli Rips believes that he has succeeded where Isaac Newton failed. His success has been mainly due to modern technology, or more specifically the computer. Drosnin even goes one step further and suggests that perhaps to code was deliberately coded in such a way that it would not be possible to crack it until the dawn of the computer age. He likens the code to a 'time lock'; namely the type of time lock that could not be opened until modern technology and the advent of the computer provided the key. It would have taken Newton more years than he had to process all of the numbers to read the code. Today, however, with the processing power of computers; what would have been a long arduous task is now greatly reduced.
Dr Rips utilised the computer in a way that allowed him to develop a sophisticated mathematical model. This when implemented by computer, confirmed what Newton had suspected all along, i.e. the Bible is encoded. The name of the original experiment conducted by Dr Rips was called "Equidistant Letter Sequences in the Book of Genesis". The abstract on the cover page read:
"Randomization Analysis indicates that hidden information is woven into the text of Genesis in the form of equidistant letter sequences. The effect is significant at the level of 99.998%."
What Dr Rips had in fact done was to eliminate all of the spaces between the words of the Bible, thus turning the book into 304,805 letter. By doing this Dr Rips was restoring the Torah to what legend says was the way that Moses originally received the Bible from God, 'continuous and without break of words'. The way in which the code works is very similar to that of a crossword puzzle. A more detailed explanation of how it actually works is quoted in the book as follows:
"Star at the first letter of the paragraph below, skip every three letters and the code is explained"
"Rips ExplAineD thaT eacH codE is a Case Of adDing Every - fourth, twelfth or fiftieth letter to form a word."
By looking at the capital letters which are spaced three letters apart it is possible to see the hidden message which in fact is READ THE CODE.
The use of a computer enabled Dr Rips to run searches of the letter string for words and phrases which were hidden by the skip code. A more comprehensive explanation appears on page 14 of the Bible Code book.
"The computer searches that strand of letters for names, words and phrases hidden by the skip code. It starts with the first letter of the Bible, and looks for every possible skip sequence - words spelled out with skips of 1,2,3, all the way up to several thousand. It then repeats the search starting from the second letter, and does it over and over again until it reaches the last letter of the Bible. After it finds a keyword, the computer can look for related information. Time after time it finds connected names, dates and places encoded together - Rabin, Amir, Tel Aviv, the year of his assassination, all in the same place in the Bible.
The computer scores the matches between words, using two tests - how closely they appear together and whether the skips that spell out the search words are the shortest in the Bible.
Rips explained how it works using the Gulf war as an example. 'We asked the computer to search for Saddam Hussein,' he said. 'Then we looked for related words to see if they came together in a way that was mathematically significant. With the Gulf War we found Scuds with Russian missiles, and the date the war would begin encoded with the name Hussein.
The words formed a crossword puzzle. Consistently, the Bible code brings together interlocking words that reveal related information. With Bill Clinton, President. With the Moon landing, spaceship and Apollo 11. With Hitler, Nazi. With Kennedy, Dallas.
In experiment after experiment, the crossword puzzles were found only in the Bible. Not in 'War and Peace', not in any other book, and not in ten million computer generated test cases.
According to Rips, there is an infinite amount of information encoded in the Bible. Each time a new name or crossword puzzle is formed. Related words cross vertically, horizontally and diagonally."
One of the most dramatic examples in the book is that of the aforementioned predicted assassination of Yitzhak Rabin. On running the program it was found that the words ASSASSIN, WILL ASSASSINATE crossed Rabin's name. Drosnin states that he tried to warn Rabin, but the predicted event came to pass. The book contains numerous similar examples, relating to predictions about a possible world war III, President Kennedy's assassination, the fall of communism and much more. According to Drosnin the code was tried as already noted on large texts including 'War and Peace', but the results could not be replicated in the same way. This in turn added more weight to the argument that the Bible may in fact be encoded.
The original experiment conducted by Dr Rips can be found in the back of the Bible Code book and it also appears in 'Statistical Science 1994, Vol 9, No 3, 429-438.
Michael Drosnin has written about the Bible Code in a very straight forward and easy to read way, and the theories expressed are forwarded in a highly plausible manner. Following the success of the 'Bible Code' Michael Drosnin produced the sequel 'The Bible Code II', which like its predecessor makes also for highly interesting reading, certainly giving rise for food for thought.
However as with all theories there are always opponents and it would be unfair to say that the book has not had its fair share of critics.
Indeed an extract from CNN Interactive June 4, 1997
Web posted at: 11:55 p.m. EDT (0355 GMT), reported that:
"some of the book's conclusions are being challenged by the Israeli mathematician who led a research team that discovered what he says is the hidden code in the Hebrew Bible, or Torah, on which the book is based.
Orthodox Jews call the first five books of the Bible the Torah.
Eliyahu Rips of Hebrew University says it is true that the Bible has predicted various historical events that have come to pass. But he disagrees that the code can be used to predict future events.
"The central claim that you will find in Michael Drosnin's book, and really the whole basis for the book, is ... the idea of him predicting Yitzhak Rabin's assassination and the implication is that you can use this idea, the hidden code in the Torah, to make predictions of the future," Rips said Wednesday through a translator.
"It is literally impossible to make future predictions based on codes. Mr. Drosnin's book does have some examples of codes that are statistically significant, and some that aren't, and the problem is that any layman reading that book will have no way of making a distinction."
Drosnin, speaking on CNN, defended his work.
"I am not saying that 'The Bible Code' is a crystal ball. You can not say 'Bible, please tell me the future' and find out anything. You have to know what you are looking for to find anything at all.
"And none of us, neither Dr. Rips nor his colleagues, would claim to know the code well enough, to understand it completely enough, that we can be certain about what it says about the future."
Whether or not their is a code in the Bible or just a set of amazing coincidences. Michael Drosnin puts his case in a convincing way. At the very least the Bible Code phenomena is one that warrants further inspection.
The Bible Code - Michael Drosnin - Weidenfeld & Nicholson 1997 - Orion House, 5 Upper St Martin's Lane, London WC2H 9EA - ISBN: 075280-932-6
CNN Interactive World News Story Page
On Equidistant Letter Sequences in the Book of Genesis
Witztum, D., E. Rips and Y. Rosenberg. 1994. "On Equidistant Letter Sequences in the Book of Genesis," Statistical Science, vol. 9, no. 3, 429-438

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Dealer News Today: Automotive Industry News
A Hybrid Way to An Electric Future
Photo by Geoffroy Hauwen
By Amy Corr, Featured Writer
It's been more than 20 years since hybrid vehicles hit the marketplace. Like anything new, education was, and remains, key. Initially seen as an eco-friendly, green option that also brought green to wallets in the form of tax incentives, hybrids were ideal to drive locally but highway driving was another story.
Advancements in hybrid technology have made highway and distance driving an everyday occurrence; at the same time, fully electric cars, like Tesla, joined the marketplace to offer consumers the same options minus traditional car maintenance.
Current Tesla models, for example, can go anywhere from 300 miles (Model Y) to 620 miles (Roadster) on a single charge.
According to InsideEVs, 2018 saw a marked rise in the sale of electric vehicles with 361,307, compared to 199,818 in 2017. InsideEVs also found the top 5 plug-in car manufacturers were Tesla, Honda, BMW Group, General Motors and Nissan.
The Hybrid Profile
The 2019 Customer Loyalty Engagement Index from brand consultancy Brand Keys found that 85% of hybrid buyers are men. One third of the buyers live in the Pacific region, and the rest of the regions come in at about 10% each.
By age, Brand Keys found that 35% of buyers are age 50 and over; 30% of buyers are 30-39; 25% are 40-49 and 10% are between the ages of 18 and 29. Seventy-five percent of hybrid owners have a college degree or more while 25% are high school graduates.
The study also found that hybrid sales were up 8% year-over-year. So electric cars might be the talk du jour, but they have not affected the sales of hybrid cars… for now.
The Gap Between Hype and Now
Stephen Courtney, Dealer Principal, Honda of Milford in Milford, CT, said that it's hard to measure something that's new to market.
"We can't gauge the demand for electric because it isn't yet mainstream," he said. "Over the next 4-5 years Honda plans on introducing electric cars to consumers via hybrid cars. Honda is hedging its bets that by 2030 believe 2/3 of vehicles will be fully electric."
There are so many unanswered questions regarding climate, temperature changes, and how a fully electric car can handle them. In addition, it's unknown how the state and federal governments will handle the abundance of electric cars to market.
Since the demand isn't here yet, Honda plans to ease consumers into embracing electric via the March 2020 launch of the CRV hybrid.
Most of the hybrid buyers at Honda of Milford are retired and semi-retired. Currently, Courtney noted that it doesn't make sense to buy purchase a hybrid car due to the lower price in gas and the increase in price of a hybrid vs. traditional model.
"An electric car requires little maintenance and far fewer mechanics," continued Courtney. "It's a scary prospect from a dealership's point of view."
How Dealers Tackle the Present
Gary Seidner, Marketing Manager of Dan Perkins Subaru in Milford, CT, said that his dealership has a designated mechanic to work on hybrid models.
"Our mechanics are trained by Subaru before a hybrid model is even released," Seidner said.
Since all mechanics can't leave for off-site training at the same time, the dealership sends the dedicated go-to hybrid/electric mechanic for training and he or she, in turn, trains the remaining mechanics upon their return.
Subaru's Crosstrek is available as both a hybrid and traditional vehicle; a second generation hybrid, a plug-in, came out within the last month. Seidner notes that the Crosstrek hybrid's biggest selling factor is it's all-wheel drive, which is a "big deal" for hybrids.
With advancements in technology and the addition of charging stations throughout the country minds should be set at ease for potential buyers to seriously consider buying a hybrid car.
In the latest generation Crosstrek model, for instance, it contains a built-in system that will tell the driver where the closest plug-in can be found.
Despite these improvements Seidner sees a country of solely electric cars as "way, way off."
Fear The Future
Nick Stergiou, Business Development Manager of Honda of Westport in Westport, CT noted that due to the limited audience in general that's interested in hybrid cars, the launch of electric cars has not affected the sales of its current hybrid models, the Honda Accord hybrid and Honda Insight hybrid.
"Electric is a new technology people are wary on," he said.
Honda's hybrid plug-in, Clarity, has a 70 mile battery range. Honda's fully electric Clarity and hydrogen fuel cell Clarity are only available in California.
These California-exclusive cars are only available to lease. It's safe to surmise that these cars need to be turned in after a certain amount of time to see how things wear and tear over the years.
Electric cars may be advanced technology but the future is uncharted territory. Who really knows how these vehicles will break down and how fast and what parts? "Hybrids have never been high volume selling vehicles for us," said Stergiou. "But a year-and-a-half ago, Clarity saw a huge spike in sales thanks to state and federal incentives. We sold the most hybrids in CT last year because of the Clarity. That being said, Clarity sales have dropped in this past year." Stergiou attributes this to a lack of marketing and education about the available incentives.
Honda of Westport recently completed a promotional program to slowly introduce consumers to its hybrid options.
The dealership approached consumers who were two years into a traditional Honda Accord lease and offered them a chance to upgrade their lease to a Clarity Plug-in. Many customers did and have been happy moving to a hybrid.
Think Green With Glee
Porsche markets all vehicles together, whether it's a conventional, hybrid or electric car. The manufacturer treats every car like a high performance car, striving to make a connection between the driver and car and the car and the road. Recent Porsche hybrid creative has placed the focus on the fun.
Porsche has ten PHEVs (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles) currently on the market – four Cayenne and six Panamera models – and two BEVs (battery electric vehicles) that were announced in September and coming soon: Taycan Turbo S and Taycan Turbo.
When promoting its Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid, the brand surprised unsuspecting consumers at a California coffee shop with a strong, new coffee called E-Jolt. The coffee was deemed so strong that those who ordered it had to sign a waiver. Folks who signed it were picked up by a Panamera Turbo S E-Hybrid that drove them to Porsche's nearby Los Angeles Experience Center for an adrenaline-fueled ride from a professional racecar driver.
"Evolution-wise, creative and marketing has become less about greenness and transitioned into a focus on performance," said James Kaplan, Vice President, Account Director for Cramer-Krasselt, working on the Porsche account.
"Twenty years ago it was compromising the fun of driving (from a creative standpoint). Hybrid owners get more out of the drive now. These are high-end performance vehicles," added Kaplan.
While electric vehicles are steadily coming down the pipeline, there's still mystery and kinks to be worked out. Nissan Leaf is offering refurbished batteries to replace original batteries that have degraded over time. Tesla undersold in the third quarter, causing its shares to drop by 7 percent.
"Electric is not underperforming," concludes Kaplan. "The future is going electric. But there's still an irrational fear of range anxiety. No one has cracked the nut of the educational component. It's outside their everyday wheelhouse."
It's clear that dealers have and will face challenges as non-traditional vehicles continue to wedge their way into the public space. The time to prepare for these challenges is now.
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text:
Merlynston railway station is located on the Upfield line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the northern Melbourne suburb of Coburg North, and it opened on 8 October 1889 as North Coburg. It closed on 13 July 1903, and reopened on 1 October 1914. On February 6 1922, it was renamed Merlynston.

History

Merlynston station opened on 8 October 1889, when the line was extended from Coburg to Somerton. The station and locality was named by Donald Bain who, in 1919, purchased 31 hectares of land to be subdivided into a estate housing. Bain named the estate after his daughter, Merlyn.

In 1948, flashing light signals were provided at the nearby Boundary Road level crossing, located in the Down direction of the station, with boom barriers provided later on in 1984.

In 1959, the current island platform was provided, when the line was duplicated between Coburg and Fawkner stations.

In November 1998, a level crossing that was located at Shorts Road, south of the station, was closed, and a dead-end street was created on either side of the railway line. Until the track was duplicated to Gowrie in that year, the line north of the station had only a single track, apart from the island platform at Gowrie, which had two platforms. However, one platform was a dock platform, meaning trains couldn't cross at Gowrie, and had to cross at Merlynston.

On 9 April 2002, Comeng motor carriage 533M was destroyed by a fire at the station. The fire also damaged part of the station building.

Platforms and services

Merlynston has one island platform with two faces. It is serviced by Metro Trains' Upfield line services.

Platform 1:
  all stations services to Flinders Street

Platform 2:
  all stations services to Upfield

Transport links

Broadmeadows Bus Service operates two routes via Merlynston station, under contract to Public Transport Victoria:
 : Campbellfield Plaza Shopping Centre – Coburg
 : Upfield station – North Coburg

Dysons operates one route via Merlynston station, under contract to Public Transport Victoria:
 : Glenroy station – Coburg

References

External links

 Merlynston - Vicsig
 Melway map at street-directory.com.au

Railway stations in Melbourne
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1889
Railway stations in the City of Merri-bek


Xanthoria parietina, seòrsa cumanta de chrotail.
'S e crotal fàs-bheairt prìomhadail a tha na cho-aonachadh co-bheathachail de fungas agus companach foto-cho-churach, mar as trice lìrean (iolra: crotail).
Tha morf-eòlas, beò-eolas, agus bith-cheimigeachd nan crotal gu math difirte bho na th' aig an fhungas agus an lìrean.
Gheibhear crotail ann am farsaingeachdan iomallach, mar tundra Arctaig agus fàsaichean teth, agus tha iad gu math cumanta a' fàs air clachan agus stocan is meuran craoibh air feadh an t-saoghail.
Air a tharraing à "https://gd.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crotal&oldid=507328"
Chaidh an duilleag seo a dheasachadh 29 dhen t-Samhain 2015 aig 14:45 turas mu dheireadh.


It's hard not to fall in love with Chandigarh. It's called The City Beautiful for a reason. The city has lush green roads, clean environment, well-planned architecture, and a vibe that can easily impress the visitors. It is a city where the old meets the new. And who can forget the delicious delicacies Chandigarh is famous for. Feel like packing your bags already? Well, wait and read this Kunal Bansal Chandigarh article for a wonderful trip to Chandigarh.
Rock Garden is a must-visit tourist attraction in Chandigarh. It has everything made up of waste. The garden has sculptures made up from throwaway objects and industrial waste. You will see more than 2,000 statues, monuments, and structures made from damaged pipes, broken bangles, ceramic waste and what not. It also has its waterfall, a cafe, and an amphitheater. A fun trip is guaranteed if you decide to visit this place. Make sure you spare 4-5 hours to explore this interesting and exciting place.
Sukhna lake is a very nice place to visit. You will definitely, for sure, have a great time in that place. Whether you love traveling solo or you like to have quality time with your family, Sukhna lake is a perfect place for you to visit. You will absolutely find some peace of mind at this place. It is a perfect place to be to escape from the madness of the busy city life. There are a number of activities you can participate in. For example, you can go boating or jog around with the locals or there is also an option for kayaking and canoeing. Make sure you eat pani puri while you're still there.
If you're a shopping freak then Chandigarh is a heaven for you. There are plenty of options available there for you. From handicrafts to colorful jutis, the city will continue to impress you in every way possible. Kunal Bansal Chandigarh says that And do not miss City Center in Sector 17 where you will find major brands which are popular all across the world. It's a place where local and international brands compete and provide quality stuff to the customers. Plus, a backdrop of fountains adds up to the beauty of the city. There's a popular furniture market in sector 34 which is worth checking. Then there's Elante Mall in Industrial Area Phase 1 which is a great place to go shopping. Do not forget to drink fresh juices around to stay hydrated and full of energy.
If you share a love for nature then you should spend a day at Morni Hills. It is an hour away from Chandigarh, this beautiful place has two lakes. It also has a temple from the 12th century and a resort maintained by the government. This spot is ideal for photography — your trip to this place to be memorable. You can go bird watching, rock climbing, and trekking. Kunal Bansal Chandigarh blog guarantees that you'll have a wonderful time. The best time to visit Morni Hills is winters. It has such pleasant weather during this time of the year. A great time is guaranteed.
No doubt, Chandigarh has many high-end hotels, cafes, and restaurants but the dhabas here should not be missed. They have their unique taste. Authentic dhabas here are known for their delicious foods, heartwarming hospitality, quick services, and oversized portions. Everything here is so beautiful and so memorable. You should try mouth-watering tandoori chicken. What's not to love here? Kunal Bansal Chandigarh highly recommends that you eat a local place. And a glass of buttermilk would make your trip even more memorable. Hope you like this article by Kunal Bansal Chandigarh.


If you think that business card marketing involves merely taking out your card and giving it to anyone, you're unfortunately mistaken. It takes a little creative thinking to get a much larger return on your investment. Making connections and building relationships is an art form. And you should always think beyond the obvious in order to stand out.
There are many ways to create new leads your business cards besides just keeping them in your wallet. You will be amazed at how far a few thousand business cards can go when they are placed in the right location and given to the right people.
We've compiled quick tips for effective business card marketing below. If one doesn't fit your target demographic exactly, think how you can tweak it slightly. Many of these ideas can be easily adjusted to fit any product or service. All you have to do is know your target audience, know your own business, and think creatively! We hope this list will inspire you to make the most of your business cards.
1. Ask or pay local restaurants to let you place business cards near the checkout counter.
2. Find local businesses related to your product or service and leave cards at the counter.
3. Stick some of your business cards on college campus bulletin boards.
4. Create a viral video or photo that includes your business card or create a viral business card design.
5. Pay college students to hand out your cards on different local campuses.
6. Search for other public bulletin boards to leave your business cards on.
7. Place your cards in doors of local homes.
8. Partner with hotels to leave your cards in the hotel rooms of guests.
9. Mail your business cards along with other direct mail pieces to a targeted mailing list.
10. Hire people to hand out your cards in high traffic areas such as in a city.
11. Give your cards out to family and friends so they can give them away when needed.
12. Network with other local business owners and exchange business cards.
13. Offer people a finders fee and give them business cards to pass out.
14. Give more than one business card, so your recipients can give copies as they see fit.
15. Print business cards as mini holiday greeting cards.
16. Mail business cards with promo codes that customers need to bring in to get a discount.
17. Create a street team and give members business cards and other promotional items to hand out.
18. If you have an area where people fall in line, such as checkout counters, leave a stack of your cards where they can reach it. Current customers are one of the most likely audience to check for your other services and they will be tempted to check your card.
19. If you need to jot down a note to give to someone, use your business card.
20. Get taxi drivers and companies to place a small holder with your business cards on the divider window of their cabs or on the seats.
21. Staple a business card to any invoice or estimates you send out.
22. Many neighborhoods have welcome wagons to greet new residents. See if you can include business cards for your service.
23. Apartment buildings often give new renters welcome sheets with a list of recommended services. Get on that list and print out cards for them to give away.
24. Upload your business card design to online design galleries such as CardObserver.
25. Post your business card design on classifieds such as craigslist.org.
26. Make sure everyone who works for you has standard or personalized business cards. Personal cards can boost employee morale.
27. Give away a business card with every product you ship.
28. Attend community events, network there and hand out your cards.
29. Contact shopping centers and work out a deal so you can leave business cards on car windshields. Check out city and state laws however, in case it's illegal in your area.
30. Partner with real estate agents and agencies to get your business cards to new home buyers.
I hope you got some great ideas from our business card marketing tips list. If you're ready to start your marketing campaign, we would be happy to partner with you. Here at NextDayFlyers, we offer amazing business card printing service, lightning fast shipping and affordable pricing.
Have you thought of any more creative business card marketing tips? Please post them in the comments below so we can expand this list.
Thanks for sharing some creative marketing ideas. However, as a former Postal employee, I must remind you that it is still illegal for anyone other than a USPS letter carrier to place anything in a mailbox. Personally, I don't agree with this law. However, the result of marketing on your own in this manner is often that upon finding unaurhorized material in the mail box the carrier will yank said materials out, often dumping them on the ground. Ouch. Sad but true.
Tip 7 is not legal at all. Placing adverts in or on mailboxes is a federal offense and leaving adverts on peoples property is considered vandalism and/or littering.


Ashok born and brought up in Pusad, Maharashtra, India.
He learned acting from National School of Drama, New Delhi, India.
He started his acting career in 1991 by playing the role of Ashwadhyaksha Purushdutt in the TV serial Chanakya (1991-1992).
In 2013, he won the Favourite Sasur Award at the Star Parivaar Awards for the TV serial Diya Aur Baati Hum.


text:
Why you should know the story behind your coffee
28 February 2020 by News Desk
Coffee craftmanship was the topic for a panel discussion hosted by The Caterer and Nespresso Professional at the Treehouse London, attended by some of the industry's most influential figures
"I knew about a chefs' trip to Colombia a few years ago, so when Nespresso suggested this trip, I jumped at the chance. It was an amazing insight," said Michael Wignall, chef-patron of the Michelin-starred Angel at Hetton in Yorkshire.
He was speaking on a panel discussion on the importance of coffee craftmanship, sustainability and resilient farming practices earlier this month at an event run by The Caterer and Nespresso Professional at the newly opened Treehouse London hotel, to an audience of 100 influential figures from the hotel, restaurant and foodservice industries.
He had recently returned from a trip to a coffee plantation in Kenya with James Knappett, chef-patron of two-Michelin-starred Kitchen Table in London, and Nespresso B2B commercial director UK and Ireland Jean-Baptiste Coutant.
Nespresso panel
The Caterer editor Chris Gamm, who was hosting the panel, asked if the coffee production process "was inspiring to see?". Wignall replied, "Yes, definitely!".
"It was inspiring to see how hard everyone works, as well as how passionate everyone is in the whole process. They all seemed pretty happy; it was gratifying how rewarding it was for them. And because of all the techniques that the Nespresso agronomists, who are part of the AAA Sustainable Quality Program, had shown them, it meant that their coffee and land was more fertile as a consequence."
Knappett witnessed first-hand how farmers work in partnership with Nespresso to produce coffee, from the growing of coffee plants, to harvesting cherries, through to the cup. He said: "It was incredible. It's very rare for a chef to see the whole process of coffee making. I've seen chocolate, but coffee was one of the few things that you might not get a chance to do, so to go on a journey with Nespresso was really, really cool."
There is a extraordinary amount of craftmanship that takes place behind the scenes to produce the coffee. Expert cuppers sample each batch of beans to differentiate aromas and qualities and determine its suitability for production.
Wignall said he marvelled at the sommelier-like expertise of the cuppers: "I thought it would all be scientific, but it isn't – it's literally all just mouth tasting until it gets to the factory, just like wine – it's amazing. The whole process is quite laborious just for a cup of coffee – it's a good cup of coffee though!"
James Knappett, Julie Gallacher, Michael Wignall and Jean-Baptiste Coutant
The conversation moved on to the benefits of the Nespresso Resilient Farm initiative, which was created to make coffee farms and the surrounding landscapes more resistant to the effects of climate change. It has utilised Nespresso's network of more than 470 agronomists, as well as specialists in soil management and crop production, to provide training to assist farmers to improve the quality and yield of their harvest.
Knappett said: "The farmers have doubled, tripled, quadrupled their harvests compared to what they would have got without Nespresso's help. They took it on, they listened, and they learned from it."
Coutant explained why it was so important for Nespresso to fly chefs like Wignall and Knappett to Kenya to demonstrate the work they do in countries that produce coffee and give them an understanding of its origins because they value ingredient selection so much.
"We really wanted to showcase this because if we want to deliver the right cup of coffee, that's a huge investment. It goes through all these changes, all these little steps and you can't compromise. If you start to compromise, then the coffee quality disappears."
Nespresso5
Knappett said that he had been able to translate what he learned about the significance of coffee sourcing into conversations with his staff and customers.
"We obviously took a lot of pictures while we were over there," he said. "Being able to document and then run through with the guys how much work goes into this much [an espresso shot amount of ] liquid is unbelievable. I've met people who are appreciating coffee more now. Fewer and fewer people are having milk in coffee so they can taste the work that somebody's put in.
"Like the food, you could talk to guests for an hour about coffee. We've got all the information to tell them. It's not something we've read; it's something we've witnessed."
Also on the panel was Julie Gallacher, sustainability and corporate communications lead at Nespresso UK and Ireland. She said: "Consumers are much more interested in understanding where their product is from and what the ingredients are." Coutant agreed, saying understanding the provenance of coffee was as important as chefs being aware of their supply chains and the provenance of ingredients.
Gallacher explained that Nespresso was also taking steps to offset its carbon footprint through its sustainability strategy Positive Cup, which sets the challenge of every cup of coffee having a positive impact on the environment.
One way it does this is through the planting of fruit trees, which has the added benefit of providing an additional revenue stream for farmers and providing shade to protect coffee plants.
On top of this, 84% of Nespresso's coffee is currently sourced through the AAA Sustainable Quality Program and the firm uses aluminium for coffee capsules, because it locks in aroma and flavours while being infinitely recyclable.
Rounding up the panel, Gamm asked Gallacher: "What's next for Nespresso, what projects are you working on at the moment?"
She said: "We're expanding our recycling schemes, but also making it easier for customers and consumers to recycle. Our ultimate goal is to unlock kerb-side recycling so people can just put used capsules in their normal recycling platform. We're working hard to unlock that opportunity."
Peru Organic
From the heady Peruvian altitude, remote geography and specific microclimate to the farming natural practices, homemade fertilisers and meticulous care, every element in Nespresso Professional's first organic coffee plays its part. Peru Organic is a finely balanced coffee with fruity and smooth, toasted cereal notes. This single-origin coffee is lightly roasted in two parts, to highlight both the smooth and the bright character of the blend, imbuing a nuanced complexity of distinctive coffee with exotic nutty and fruity notes for a superior taste that is, quite simply, exquisite.
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TagsSustainability, Nespresso, Michael Wignall, james knappett and Coffee
Searcys wins catering contract with the Royal Institution
Tasting notes with Chris Parker of Lime Wood
Think of 'at risk' 15- to 25-year-olds when developing allergen strategies
Recipe: Coddle, by Jp McMahon
Think of 'at risk' 15- to 25-year-olds when developing allergen strategies, operators told


This was much tougher than I expected. The first 5 Rounds were all unbroken. From 6 on Ring dips were all I had to break up (5 and 3). Ring Dips were good and I had the kipping down. Box Jumps were Box Jumps. OH Lunges were painful to my left shoulder. 95# was doable but with my L. Shoulder acting up I am glad I didn't. I went 6 steps down my driveway, turned around (with weight still OH) and went back up the driveway. It made it more challenging to turn around. Good WOD Otherwise!
Turning around sucked!! This was a pretty decent WOD though.
Ring dips with purple band.
I liked this WOD, especially after all the weights we have been doing. Did better on the OH lunges than I expected - only dropped it once on the 6th round. Did 2 rounds of ring dips unbroken, then had to break up into 5-3. Seemed like Krista breezed through everything and I was struggling to keep up! Nice job!
Could have possibly gotten 1-2 RD's in after that but by the time I got reset there was 2 seconds left. This was challenging. I liked the OH Lunges with the bar; I could really feel it in my hamstrings...nice!


Nemours is seeking a Pediatric Radiologist to join our team in Wilmington, DE.
Nemours is seeking an Overnight Radiologist to join our team in Wilmington, Delaware.
Nemours is seeking a Chief Quality Officer, Delaware Valley to join our team in Wilmington, DE.


text:
Ioánnis Logothétis () né vers le milieu du  à Livadiá et mort en 1826 était un homme politique grec qui participa à la guerre d'indépendance grecque.

Il fut membre de la Filikí Etería. Il participa à l'Assemblée nationale d'Épidaure en 1822, à l'Assemblée nationale d'Astros l'année suivante puis à la troisième Assemblée nationale grecque (dans sa phase à Épidaure). Il dirigea la Grèce insurgée en étant membre de l'Exécutif grec de 1822.

Il dirigea l'éparchie d'Égine à partir de 1824.

Sources

Date de naissance non renseignée (XVIIIe siècle)
Naissance en Béotie
Membre de la Filikí Etería
Membre de l'assemblée nationale d'Épidaure
Député à l'assemblée nationale d'Astros
Décès en 1826


text:
Finnpulp committed to build pulp mill in Kuopio
Valeria Buß
Finnpulp's pulp mill in Kuopio could look like this Photo courtesy of Finnpulp
Finnpulp has long been planning to build a new pulp mill with a capacity of 1.2 million t in Finland. The realisation was in jeopardy but but there is new hope now.
Despite bureaucratic hurdles, Finnpulp is continuing its efforts to build a new pulp in Kuopio, Finland. The company reported it had considered other sites but Kuopio turned out to be the best location for the mill. According to a company press release, a renewal of the land agreement, which is necessary to continue the project, will be handled by the administration of Kuopio city. No decisions will be made until this point is clarified.
Finnpulp was denied environmental approval at the end of last year, putting the pulp mill project in jeopardy. Martti Fredrikson, Finnpulp's CEO, explained that the operational environment had significantly changed since his company applied for approval. For instance, logging volumes had declined sharply after the record year in 2018, he said. Finnpulp had expressed puzzlement at being denied environmental approval as the project had already been given the go-ahead from the regional administration and the Vaasa administrative court.
Finnpulp plans to build a pulp mill in Kuopio with capacity for 1.2 million tpy of northern bleached softwood sulphate kraft (NBSK) pulp. The complex would also produce 60,000 tpy of tall oil, 1.2 TWh of electricity and up to 100,000 tpy of biochar. According to Finnpulp, the pulp mill would generate roughly 3,400 jobs. The project is estimated to cost €1.6bn.
EUWID Pulp and Paper keeps busy professionals up-to-date on the latest news from international pulp and paper markets.
Test EUWID Pulp and Paper free of charge and without any obligation by clicking here.
recovered paper markets in Italy and France, Italian coreboard market, reporting focused on Italy and France
Canfor curbs production at Intercontinental Pulp Mill
Canfor Pulp Products, a company of Canada's Canfor Corporation, has curbed output at the company's Intercontinental Pulp Mill due to "lack of available economic fibre". On 19 December, Canfor Pulp announced it would idle production at the Intercontinental Pulp Mill for a total of four weeks. Based on the timing of the...
No pulp production at Ence's Pontevedra mill since July
Pulp production at Ence Energía & Celulosa's Spanish Pontevedra mill has been down for three months now and no concrete date for a restart of operations has been fixed yet. Ence temporarily dismissed part of its workforce. However, regional daily newspapers report that the company is optimistic that production at the...
Persisting shortage of timber in Canada: pulp mills curb production
Timber supply has become an increasing challenge in the Canadian Province of British Columbia. Pulp and paper producers operating in the region more and more often draw their consequences from tight availability and high prices and adapt their output. For example, Canadian pulp producer Canfor Pulp Products recently...


text:
King's Treasures
Special Collections of King's College, Cambridge
Tag Archives: Keynes Bequest
A colourful treat for the eyes
Within a slim unassuming volume drawn from amongst the books bequeathed to the College by the economist John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) are bound a set of glorious colour drawings of figures by Gabriel Beranger (1729-1817).
Beranger was an artist and landscape draughtsman who was born in Rotterdam but moved to Ireland in 1750 and did most of his work in that country. Initially focusing on Dublin and its environs, he produced many fine drawings of buildings, scenery and antiquities. Later he widened his scope by embarking upon sketching tours around the country. Many of these drawings are preserved in the Royal Irish Academy and act as an important historical record of the times.
The drawings featured in the volume from the Keynes Collection depict beautifully dressed men and women of various different nationalities, alongside a few mythological figures, such as Diana the huntress. We share them here as a much-needed splash of colour in these dark times. Enjoy!
Keynes.P.6.17, Plate 1: An Arcadian shepherdess
Keynes.P.6.17, Plate 2: A Parisian shepherd
Keynes.P.6.17, Plate
3: A Calabrian shepherdess
Keynes.P.6.17, Plate 4: An Asturian hay maker
Keyes.P.6.17, Plate 5: An Arrogonese lady
Keynes.P.6.17, Plate 6: An English tar
Keynes.P.6.17, Plate 7: A Georgian shepherdess
Keynes.P.6.17, Plate 8: A Florentine lady
Keynes.P.6.17, Plate 9: A Segovian gardener
Keynes.P.6.17, Plate 10: A Scandinavian miner
Keynes.P.6.17, Plate 11: An Algarvian milk maid
Keynes.P.6.17, Plate 12: A Milanese flower girl
Keynes.P.6.17, Plate 13: The fairy queen
Keynes.P.6.17, Plate 14: A Spanish lady
Keynes.P.6.17, Plate 15: A Ferrarese dancer
Keynes.P.6.17, Plate 16: Diana
Keynes.P.6.17, Plate 17: An Italian dancer
Keynes.P.6.17, Plate 18: A Piedmontese flower girl
Keynes.P.6.17, Plate 19: Flora
Keynes.P.6.17, Plate 20: A Chinese lady
Posted in Library
Tagged AC, Drawings, Fashion, Gabriel Beranger, Illustrations, Keynes Bequest, Rare Books
Demonology!
On this, the spookiest day of the year, we thought we'd share some images and text from books which tackle the subject of demons, devils, spirits and witches; all creatures regarded as a serious threat to body and soul in times past.
Our first tome is The hierarchie of the blessed angels, a long didactic poem by the playwright Thomas Heywood (ca. 1570-1641) which also features Lucifer and his fallen angels, and includes many folkloric anecdotes and tales of demonic creatures engaged in spreading dread and devilment. Note the tumbling angels falling towards a demonic mouth on the right hand side of the title page below.
The hierarchie of the blessed angels. Their names,orders and offices. The fall of Lucifer with his angels by Thomas Heywood: London, 1635. Keynes.C.10.01
One illustration within the volume depicts the Archangel Michael standing victorious over the defeated Satan and his minions:
Page 494 of Keynes.C.10.01
A detail from another appears to show a court of horned demons in hell:
Demons in hell. A detail from Keynes.C.10.01 page 406
Elsewhere, men of God try to ward off the forces of evil:
Detail from page 462 of Keynes.C.10.01
The poem has many evocative descriptions of various creatures up to the kind of mischief and mayhem you might associate with Halloween:
Pugs and hob-goblins disturbing people's sleep with their revels. Extract from page 574 of Keynes.C.10.01
Spooky inhabitants of church yards. Extract from page 505 of Keynes.C.10.01
Another passage vividly describes the marks by which evil creatures may be identified, including hooked noses and flaming eyes:
Extract from page 581 of Keynes.C.10.01
One of the anecdotes later in the text tells of a German illusionist who performed an aerial display with a woman and child in tow, only to end his life being burned at the stake as a witch:
Other works on demonology held in the Library include a late 16th-century Latin tome by a German theologian, Peter Thyraeus (1546-1601) and an 18th-century pamphlet by theologian William Whiston (1667-1752):
Title page of Daemoniaci, hoc est: De obsessis a spiritibvs daemoniorvm hominibvs by Peter Thyraeus, Cologne, 1598. D.8.5/1
Title page of An account of the daemoniacks, and of the power of casting out demons … by William Whiston: London, 1737. Keynes.F.10.14/8
The latter work describes the manner in which demons were cast out in the early years of Christianity:
Extract from page 56 of Keynes.F.10.14/8
Whatever you are doing this Halloween, stay safe out there, and watch out for things that go bump in the night!
Tagged AC, bible, Demonology, Demons, Halloween, Keynes Bequest, Rare Books, Theology, Witches
Thomas More's Utopia: An Online Exhibition
To mark the 500th anniversary of the publication of Sir Thomas More's Utopia (1516), King's College Library mounted an exhibition showcasing rare early editions and translations of More's seminal text. For those who did not have the opportunity to visit the exhibition, we provide here some selected highlights.
The exhibition ran in King's College Library from November 2016 to January 2017
Below is a rare copy of the second of five Latin editions of Utopia that appeared during Thomas More's lifetime. First published in Louvain in 1516, the book describes a fictional island society and its religious and social practices. More envisaged an independent community that shared a common culture and values.
The title translates as: "Of a republic's best state and of the new island Utopia". The story is set in the New World, and references to Amerigo Vespucci and his voyages are made on leaf iii.
Thomas More, De optimo reipublicae statu, de[que] noua insula Vtopia
[Paris]: Gilles de Gourmont, [1517] (Keynes.Ec.7.3.15)
The third edition of More's Utopia was printed in Switzerland in March 1518. The woodcut title-page border was made by Hans Holbein the Younger (ca. 1497-1543), who went to England in 1526 looking for work with a recommendation from Erasmus. He was received into the humanist circle of Thomas More, and painted his portrait in 1527.
Thomas More, De optimo reip[ublicae] statu, deque noua insula Vtopia
Basel: Johann Froben, March 1518 (Thackeray.J.46.7)
The fourth edition of More's Utopia was printed in Switzerland in November 1518. The woodcut on p. [12] is by Ambrosius Holbein, who collaborated with his brother Hans Holbein the Younger on the illustrations to this book. In the lower left corner, Raphael Hythlodaeus, the main character in the book, describes the island Utopia.
On the opposite page is the Utopian 22-letter alphabet, featuring letters in the shape of a circle, square, and triangle. These correspond almost precisely to the 23-letter Latin alphabet.
Basel: Johann Froben, November 1518 (Keynes.Ec7.03.17)
The first French edition of More's Utopia, translated by Jean Le Blond (1502-53), was illustrated with 12 woodcuts. Le Blond adapted the second Latin edition (1517), itself printed in Paris and the first edition to contain a letter by the French humanist Guillaume Budé, whom Erasmus defined as the "marvel of France".
Thomas More, La Description de l'isle d'Vtopie ou est comprins le miroer des republicques du monde, & l'exemplaire de vie heureuse
Paris: Charles L'Angelier, 1550 (Keynes.Cc.02.04/1)
Utopia was first published in England as an English translation by Ralph Robinson in 1551, sixteen years after More's execution. This is a rare copy of the second revised translation printed in 1556.
Thomas More, A frutefull pleasaunt, & wittie worke, of the beste state of a publique weale, and of the newe yle, called Utopia
London: [Richard Tottel for] Abraham Vele, [1556] (Keynes.Ec.7.3.18)
The second major English translation of Utopia was undertaken by the Scottish philosopher and historian Gilbert Burnet (1643-1715), Bishop of Salisbury, in 1684. This is probably the most commonly quoted translation.
Utopia: Written in Latin by Sir Thomas More, Chancellor of England
London: Richard Chiswell, 1684 (Keynes.Cc.02.08)
Utopia was first printed in 1516 under the editorship of Erasmus, a good friend of Thomas More. One of Erasmus's best-known works, The Praise of Folly (1511), published under the double title Moriae encomium (Greek, Latinised) and Laus stultitiae (Latin), was dedicated to More, on whose name the title puns.
Desiderius Erasmus, Mōrias enkōmion = Stultitiae laus
Basel: Johann Rudolph Genath, 1676 (Thackeray.J.46.6)
This edition contains 83 etchings by Caspar Merian after drawings by Hans Holbein the Younger in the margins of a 1515 edition of the book preserved in the Basel University Library. Page 99 features a witty drawing of Folly.
Tagged Ambrosius Holbein, Amerigo Vespucci, Caspar Merian, Erasmus, Gilbert Burnet, Guillaume Budé, Hans Holbein the Younger, Heritage Lottery Fund, HLF, IJ, Jean Le Blond, Keynes Bequest, Peter Giles, Ralph Robinson, Thackeray bequest, The Praise of Folly, Thomas More, Utopia
Another Portrait of Mr. W. H.
As we're marking the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare's death, this book from the Keynes Bequest could not be more topical. England's Helicon, an anthology of Elizabethan poems first printed in 1600, includes contributions by Christopher Marlowe, Sir Walter Raleigh, William Shakespeare, Sir Philip Sidney and Edmund Spenser.
Title page of England's Helicon: A Collection of Pastoral and Lyric Poems, edited by S. E. Brydges and Joseph Haslewood (London: Thomas Bensley, 1812; Keynes.E.3.8)
In an 1812 reprint of the third edition (1614) is the carbon copy of a letter from John Maynard Keynes to Dadie Rylands dated 6 February 1944 and initialled in ink by Keynes. Rylands was a Fellow at King's and a noted Shakespeare scholar who also directed several plays for the Marlowe Society and acted as chairman of the Cambridge Arts Theatre between 1946 and 1982.
Dadie Rylands (1902-1999) punting along the Cam, mid-1930s
Keynes writes: "Is this a new theory of the Sonnets? In England's Helicon, published in 1600, there are two poems signed W. H., otherwise unknown, and no editor has attached any plausible conjecture to the initials. […] It would be pleasant to suppose that this Mr. W. H. is the same as the other".
Carbon copy of Keynes's letter to Dadie Rylands, 6 February 1944
The first 126 of Shakespeare's Sonnets (1609) are addressed to a "fair youth", and the whole work is dedicated to a certain "Mr. W. H.". The identity of the dedicatee remains a mystery, and possible contenders include Shakespeare's patrons, Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton (1573-1624), and William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (1580-1630).
W. H., "Wodenfride's Song in Praise of Amargana", England's Helicon, pp. 68-69
Keynes seems to have failed to check the "Index of the Names of Authors" at the beginning of the book, where W. H. is tentatively identified as "Wm. Hunnis?" The editors, S. E. Brydges and Joseph Haslewood, state in the biographical notice of W. H.: "I recollect no writer to whom these initials may apply, unless William Hunnis, who seems to have lived too early to have been a contributor to this volume. […] Qu.? William Herbert?" The poet William Hunnis, who died in 1597 and could have therefore known Shakespeare, was in the service of William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1501-1570) and grandfather of Shakespeare's patron, the 3rd Earl of Pembroke. So there is a connection with Shakespeare there, albeit a tenuous one.
The second poem by W. H. in England's Helicon, pp. 70-72
As shown in a previous post on James Howell's Epistolae Ho-Elianae (1645), Keynes's book collecting was not merely a matter of accumulating items, as he actively engaged with the issues raised in these works and shared his ideas, thoughts and opinions with friends. But going back to his original question. Could the W. H. in England's Helicon really be the mysterious dedicatee of Shakespeare's Sonnets? Over to Shakespeare scholars.
Tagged Cambridge Arts Theatre, Christopher Marlowe, Dadie Rylands, Edmund Spenser, Henry Wriothesley, IJ, John Maynard Keynes, Joseph Haslewood, Keynes Bequest, Marlowe Society, Rare Books, S. E. Brydges, Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sonnets, William Herbert, William Hunnis, William Shakespeare
Monday mourning
Posted on January 18, 2016 | 1 comment
The untimely death of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales was met with universal sorrow across the land in 1612. The national outpouring of grief is probably comparable to that witnessed in the aftermath of Princess Diana's death in 1997. Prince Henry (1594-1612), the eldest son of James I and brother of the future King Charles I, was praised in life by authors including George Chapman, Sir John Davies, Michael Drayton, and Francis Bacon. There was a proliferation of mourning pamphlets and funeral sermons following the popular Prince's death at the age of 18 from typhoid fever, and he was mourned by such luminaries as Thomas Campion, George Herbert, and Sir Walter Raleigh. Prince Henry was the patron of the poet Josuah Sylvester (1563-1618), who expressed his sorrow in Lachrimae lachrimarum (1612), one of the earliest examples of a book containing black mourning pages:
The tears of tears: title page of the first edition of Lachrimae lachrimarum; or, The distillation of teares shede for the untymely death of the incomparable Prince Panaretus (London: Humfrey Lownes, 1612; Keynes.C.12.8).
The sense of grief is compounded by a black page with a woodcut of the royal arms on every verso, and mourning borders with skeleton frames on each recto:
Lachrimae lachrimarum, leaf A2 recto and facing mourning page (Keynes.C.12.8).
The first edition includes elegies in English, French, Latin and Italian by the royal tutor, Walter Quin (1575?-1640):
Lachrimae lachrimarum, leaf D3 recto with an Italian sonnet by Walter Quin (Keynes.C.12.8).
While tears are only mentioned in Sylvester's book, these are shown explicitly in Christopher Brooke's Two Elegies (1613), which features a pattern of tears with a quotation from Ovid's Epistulae ex Ponto, 3.1.158: "Interdum lachrimae pondera vocis habent" (sometimes tears have the same weight as words):
Christopher Brooke, Two elegies, consecrated to the neuer-dying memorie of the most worthily admyred; most hartily loued; and generally bewayled prince; Henry Prince of Wales (London: Thomas Snodham, 1613; image from EEBO).
Variations on the black mourning page were used widely well into the 18th century. The premature death of John Churchill, Marquess of Blandford (1686-1703), who died here at King's College on 20 February 1703, was lamented in William Congreve's The Tears of Amaryllis for Amyntas (1703). The title page is framed within a mourning border of black blocks:
Title page of William Congreve's The Tears of Amaryllis for Amyntas (London: Jacob Tonson, 1703; Keynes.C.5.6).
The black mourning page may be a technique that originated in the 17th century, but one of the most well-known examples of this practice is to be found in the 18th century, namely in Laurence Sterne's novel Tristram Shandy (1759-67), which is revolutionary in its use of unconventional typographical devices such as blank and marbled pages. Yorick's death in vol. 1 is followed by a black mourning page:
Alas, poor Yorick: black mourning page in the first edition of Sterne's The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman (York: J. Hinxman, 1759; Keynes.Ec.7.1.15).
In order to protect his work from piracy, Sterne signed the opening chapter of the first and second editions of volume 5, as well as the first editions of volumes 7 and 9. He must have therefore autographed over 12,000 volumes:
Opening chapters of volumes 7 and 9 of Tristram Shandy, with Sterne's autograph (Keynes.Ec.7.1.21 and Keynes.Ec.7.1.23).
Today is Blue Monday, allegedly the gloomiest day of the year, so we thought this would cheer everyone up. And let's look on the bright side: if Prince Henry had lived to become King, he would have probably been beheaded during the English Civil War, as happened to his younger brother Charles I, so it looks like he had a lucky escape after all…
Tagged Charles I, Christopher Brooke, Francis Bacon, George Chapman, George Herbert, Henry Frederick, IJ, James I, John Churchill, Josuah Sylvester, Keynes Bequest, Laurence Sterne, Michael Drayton, Ovid, Rare Books, Sir John Davies, Sir Walter Raleigh, Thomas Campion, Walter Quin, William Congreve
Posted on December 4, 2015 | 1 comment
As we are all surrounded by illuminations at this time of the year (whether we like it or not), let's have a look at another type of illumination, that of the vibrant colours and intricate decorations of initials and margins often found in medieval manuscript books. Such illuminations were also a feature of early printed books and can be regarded as a vestige of the manuscript tradition that persisted in the transition to the printing era. As Scrase and Croft point out in their book Maynard Keynes, "It is characteristic of the earliest period of printing that the book was conceived as a collaboration between the practitioners of the new art and the professional scribes and illuminators whose traditional involvement in book production went back for centuries" (Cambridge: Provost and Scholars of King's College, Cambridge, 1983, p. 74). The illuminations were applied by hand following completion of the printing process, and the printer would leave blank spaces with or without guide letters for the illuminator:
Diogenes Laertius, Vitae et sententiae eorum qui in philosophia probati fuerunt (Venice: Nicolas Jenson, 1475; Keynes.Ec.7.2.9).
This 1476 copy of Boethius's De consolatione philosophiae has the first initial of text illuminated in gold and blue, with a pink, green and blue decorative leaf border carried around the inner and lower margins:
Boethius, De consolatione philosophiae (Nuremberg: Anton Koberger, 1476; Keynes.Ec.7.1.4) with close-up of initial illuminated in gold and blue.
Sometimes, the initial letters were simply supplied in red, blue or gold, as in this copy of Lucian's Opera (1503):
Lucian of Samosata, Luciani opera (Venice: Aldo Manuzio, 1503; Keynes.Ec.7.2.19).
One of the most impressive illuminations in the incunabula in the Keynes Bequest is undoubtedly to be found in a copy of Saint Augustine's De civitate Dei (1468), printed in Rome by two Germans, Konrad Sweynheim and Arnold Pannartz, who are credited with introducing the art of printing into Italy. The first page of text after the preliminaries features the initials "I" and "G" supplied in gold; both initials are embellished with a decorative white vine stem border defined in blue, pink and green with a pattern of white dots, which extends into the upper, inner and lower margins. In the lower margin is a painted coat of arms of Cardinal Medici within a green laurel wreath and a putto on either side:
Saint Augustine, De civitate Dei (Rome: Konrad Sweynheim and Arnold Pannartz, 1468; Keynes.Ec.7.1.2). The Medici arms are not authentic and were added by the forger Hagué.
Below is a close-up of the 15-line initial "I" and the 8-line initial "G":
Saint Augustine, De civitate Dei (Rome: Konrad Sweynheim and Arnold Pannartz, 1468; Keynes.Ec.7.1.2); detail.
If you thought the illumination in this incunabulum was impressive, wait until you see the cover. This is a 19th-century binding entirely covered in gold produced by the Belgian bookbinder and binding forger Théodore (aka Louis) Hagué (1822 or 1823-1891) in imitation of a 16th-century Italian binding purported to have been made for Cardinal Medici:
The book with the golden cover: calf over wooden boards; covers and spine entirely covered in gold with an elaborate interlacing ribbon/strapwork design; four metal bosses on each cover; arms of Cardinal Medici painted in an oval medallion at the centre of each cover. Detail shows gilt and gauffered edges with the Medici coat of arms in the middle, and the pattern of the decorations filled in with red.
Hagué was a master of forgery and produced fake bindings that were passed off as having belonged to popes, cardinals, kings and queens. And people fell for it hook line and sinker. The sale catalogue description pasted on the fly-leaf reads: "Italian binding of the 16th century. This book is probably unique in its style of binding. It is of calf; tooled and completely covered with gilding. On each cover the arms of Cardinal Medici are painted…" For more information on Hagué, see Mirjam M. Foot, "Binder, Faker and Artist", The Library 13.2 (2012), pp. 133-146, available here.
This is our last blog post before Christmas, so happy festive season from all of us at King's College Library and Archives! We'll be back in the New Year with more posts about the treasures in our special collections, so watch this space…
Tagged Arnold Pannartz, Boethius, Cardinal Medici, David Scrase, Diogenes Laertius, IJ, John Maynard Keynes, Keynes Bequest, Konrad Sweynheim, Lucian of Samosata, Mirjam M. Foot, Peter Croft, Rare Books, Saint Augustine, Théodore Hagué
Flying Sheets
The Keynes Bequest is not merely a collection of books. Interspersed among first editions of Galileo, Descartes, Pascal, Hobbes, Kant and Locke are a number of pamphlets of historical, literary and scientific significance, ranging in size from one sheet to several pages. In the extensive collection of first and early editions of Isaac Newton's works is an anonymous pamphlet with the caption "29. Julii 1713". This is the so-called Charta volans (flying sheet), an important document written by Gottfried Leibniz during the bitter controversy between him and Newton over which of them invented the mathematical study of change, calculus. Given the rarity of this pamphlet (the only other copies are in Yale, Chicago and in the Burndy Library), and in the interest of scholarship, we provide a scan of all four pages:
Gottfried Leibniz's Charta volans (1713), in which he argues that Newton had not published anything on calculus before him, adding that Newton's fluxional method was in imitation of his calculus (Keynes.Ec.7.2.27)
Charta volans, pp. 3-4
Its acquisition history is also rather fascinating. Keynes had originally bought two copies of the pamphlet, and observed in a letter to K. G. Maggs when the latter offered to purchase the duplicate copy in May 1942 that he had done so "not because I wanted them, but because they were fastened together, never having been separated by a paper knife when issued. So far I have not had the heart to split the Siamese twins." The correspondence between Keynes and Maggs throws an interesting light on his relationship with booksellers and how he went about augmenting his collection of rare books and pamphlets:
J. M. Keynes's correspondence with K. G. Maggs, 15 May-18 May 1942
The "American library which specialises in Newton material" that bought the second copy of the Charta volans is almost certainly the Burndy Library, founded the previous year by the industrialist and historian Bern Dibner. Their copy is now at the Huntington Library in San Marino, California.
As the above correspondence reveals, the loss of one of the "Siamese twins" to the Burndy Library led to Keynes's acquisition of another exciting "flying sheet", namely a leaf from the Gutenberg Bible, the first book printed using movable type which marked the beginning of the Printing Revolution. The iconic 42-line Bible was printed in Mainz, ca. 1454-55, by Johannes Gutenberg. Of the about 180 copies printed, 49 are known to have survived, only 21 of which are complete. This leaf includes all of Jeremiah XX and part of Jeremiah XXI:
The first printed book: recto and verso of leaf 80 from the Gutenberg Bible (1454-55). Printed in two columns, one column on each side being defective; 2 initials supplied in red, chapter numbers in red and blue (Keynes.Ec.7.2.13)
The addition of a leaf from the Gutenberg Bible to Keynes's collection means that the items in the Keynes Bequest cover five centuries of printing, from its very inception in the middle of the fifteenth century, right up to the middle of the twentieth.
Tagged Bern Dibner, Burndy Library, Calculus, Charta volans, Gottfried Leibniz, Gutenberg Bible, Huntington Library, IJ, Isaac Newton, Johannes Gutenberg, John Maynard Keynes, K. G. Maggs, Keynes Bequest, Pamphlets, Rare Books
While most of the books in the Keynes Bequest have been acquired for their intellectual content, charting the history of European thought, there is one section in which the items have been collected primarily because of their physical characteristics, namely the binding. Every book bound before the early 19th century is a unique handcrafted object, so no two bindings can be genuinely identical. Recording the binding information when cataloguing a rare book is important as it gives us an indication of its provenance as well as how the book was used, regarded and circulated. Below is a selection of some of the most interesting items in the 'binding' section of the Keynes Library.
This copy of Les Pseaumes de David (1668) features an ornamental binding in goat-skin from the atelier de Charenton, characterised by corner-pieces and fleurons incorporating several pointillé motifs; on the board edges is a decorative roll in the style of the binder Antoine Ruette (1609-1669). Four stud holes are visible at the centre:
Keynes.Ec.7.4.11: Les Pseaumes de David mis en rime franc̜oise par Clement Marot, et Theodore de Beze (Charenton: Estienne Lucas, 1668).
Keynes.Ec.7.4.13 is an example of a book judged solely by its cover, being a copy of an obscure Italian play on St. John the Baptist which seems to have been consigned to oblivion by literary history, but whose binding features an aesthetically pleasing symmetrical double-panel design with drawer-handle and leaf ornaments tooled in gold:
Keynes.Ec.7.4.13: Niccolò Lippi, La verità conosciuta, e non seguita: overo la decollazione del glorioso S. Gio. Battista (Naples: Eredi di Laino, 1721).
There are also a number of armorial bindings in this section with interesting historical associations. We have a copy of Notizie per l'anno 1759, a volume of a statistical and administrative annual printed in Rome from 1716 to 1849, the precursor of the Annuario pontificio. Again, the content of the book is probably less interesting than the binding, which features the arms of the book's dedicatee Cardinal Carlo Rezzonico (1724-1799), nephew of Pope Clement XIII, gold-stamped at the centre, and corner-pieces with elaborate floral decorations:
Keynes.Ec.7.4.12: Notizie per l'anno 1759 (Rome: Chracas, 1759).
Going back to France, this copy of René Budel's De monetis, et re numaria (1591) has the coat of arms of the noted French historian and bibliophile Jacques-Auguste de Thou (1553-1617) and of his second wife Gasparde de la Chastre blocked in gold at the centre of each cover. The fact that de Thou and his wife were already dead when this volume was added to their library is indicated by the addition of an urn above the two coats of arms. Underneath them, and on each spine panel, is the couple's monogram IAGG. De Thou's son François continued to add books to his late father's library using this version of his coat of arms:
Keynes.Ec.7.4.6: René Budel, De monetis, et re numaria, libri duo (Cologne: Johann Gymnich, 1591). Detail from the cover and spine.
And finally something closer to home: a 16th-century English blind-stamped volume bound by Garret Godfrey of Cambridge (d. 1539), with a panel design formed by a roll containing a lion, a wyvern, and a gryphon; the floral ornaments feature the binder's initials G. G. The metal clasps, catch plates and leather straps are intact:
Keynes.Ec.7.4.7: Petrus Comestor, Historia scholastica (Paris: Jean Frellon, 1513).
Some useful online resources on bookbinding:
http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/bookbindings/
https://armorial.library.utoronto.ca/
http://www.cyclopaedia.org/virtual/bookbinding.html
http://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/library/special_collections/provenance/bindings/
Tagged Antoine Ruette, Bookbinding, Carlo Rezzonico, Cataloguing, Charenton, Garret Godfrey, IJ, Jacques-Auguste de Thou, Keynes Bequest, Niccolò Lippi, Petrus Comestor, Pope Clement XIII, René Budel, St. John the Baptist
Among the more curious items in the Keynes Bequest is a book entitled Vox Piscis; or, The Book-Fish; Contayning Three Treatises Which Were Found in the Belly of a Cod-Fish in Cambridge Market, on Midsummer Eve Last, Anno Domini 1626 (1627). The title says it all. The circumstances surrounding this catch are detailed in the preface of the book, where we are told that "a codfish being brought to the fish-market of Cambridge and there cut up, … in the depth of the mawe of the fish was found wrapped in a peice of canvase, a booke in decimo sexto, containing in it three treatises bound up in one" (p. 8). The preface was written by the clergyman Thomas Goad (1576-1638), who became a Fellow of King's College in 1596. In his will, he bequeathed his land in Milton to the College, "to the intent that the whole yearlie profitt thereof bee faithfullie emploied yearlie for ever in divinitie bookes for the librarie". Many of these books bear the inscription "Legavit Thomas Goad".
The voice of the fish: title page and frontispiece of Vox Piscis; or, The Book-Fish (Keynes.D.4.15). It is unclear how the book ended up in the fish's stomach.
Joseph Mede (1586-1639), theologian and Fellow of Christ's College, helped clean the bundle and decipher the content of the treatises. They were attributed to John Frith (1503-33), the Protestant reformer who was imprisoned in Oxford in a "darke cave, where salt-fish was then kept" (p. 19) and burned at the stake in London on 4 July 1533. Frith received his B.A. degree from King's, so the book bears a close connection with the College. Incidentally, his tutor at Cambridge, Stephen Gardiner, later played a role in condemning him to death. That's Cambridge supervisions for you. The Keynes Bequest has two other copies of Frith's works: A Pistle to the Christen Reader (Antwerp, 1529) and A Boke Made by Iohn Fryth, Prysoner in the Tower of London (Antwerp, 1548), a reply to Sir Thomas More.
The second plate of Vox Piscis, wanting in King's College copy; this is from the copy in the Cambridge University Library.
If you think this already sounds like something out of Pinocchio, there is more to come. Inside the book is preserved a newspaper cutting with the date "Feb 10 1912" pencilled in by a former owner. The short article recounts how a pocket knife was found inside a silver hake by Thomas Hughes, a salesman at the Wholesale Fish Market in Manchester. It then describes the knife, "one of a superior quality" bearing the makers' name on each blade, "Newman and Field", before inviting the owner to come forward and have it returned to them.
"Knife found in a fish": newspaper cutting preserved inside the book.
Carrying such items is now probably illegal following the introduction of the Offensive Weapons Act in 1996, but if a knife that matches this description has been missing from your kitchen for the last century, now may be a good time to claim it back.
Tagged Fish, IJ, John Frith, Joseph Mede, Keynes Bequest, Rare Books, Stephen Gardiner, Thomas Goad, Thomas More
The Vagaries of English Spelling
When George Bernard Shaw died in 1950, he bequeathed a substantial portion of his estate to finance the creation of a new English phonemic alphabet. The word 'ghoti', i.e. 'fish' (gh, pronounced [f] as in tough; o, pronounced [ɪ] as in women; ti, pronounced [ʃ] as in nation), is often cited as an example of the irregularities in English and misattributed to Shaw. While his endeavours to simplify English orthography are well known, he is not the first one to have taken steps towards this end.
The Shavian Alphabet, devised in 1958 by Kingsley Read and three other entrants who won a competition to create an economical writing system for English, as stipulated in Shaw's will
The Keynes Bequest features a first edition of Epistolae Ho-Elianae: Familiar Letters Domestic and Forren (1645) by James Howell (ca. 1594-1666), in which the author argues in the epilogue: 'Amongst other reasons which make the English language of so small extent, and put strangers out of conceit to learn it, one is, that we do not pronounce as we write, which proceeds from divers superfluous letters, that occur in many of our words, which adds to the difficulty of the language'.
Engraved title page of Howell's Epistolae Ho-Elianae: Familiar Letters Domestic and Forren (1645)
Howell's Epilogue 'To the Intelligent Reader' criticising redundant letters in English words
Keynes wrote to Shaw on 5 January 1946 to draw his attention to Howell, 'the first pioneer whom you are following'. The carbon copy of the letter, initialled by Keynes, is preserved in the book and accompanied by his transcription of Howell's epilogue 'To the Intelligent Reader'. This highlights the importance of cataloguing the collection, as it throws light on Keynes himself, his book-collecting habits and uncovers new correspondence between him and his illustrious friends.
Keynes's letter to Shaw, 5 January 1946 [recto]
Keynes's letter to Shaw, 5 January 1946 [verso]
Later this year, the English Spelling Society will host the first International Spelling Congress to come up with proposals to update the English spelling system. While the implementation of such recommendations is likely to face major obstacles, the case for simplification has been made compellingly in a 2003 study which investigated literacy acquisition rates in 13 languages, and concluded what Howell had already highlighted in 1645: 'Children from a majority of European countries become accurate and fluent in foundation level reading before the end of the first school year. […] The rate of development in English is more than twice as slow.'
In 1991, the Académie française recommended a number of 'rectifications orthographiques' to regularise French spelling, which, though largely ignored at first, have now become widely accepted. The Germans too introduced an orthography reform in 1996, which has been adopted throughout German-speaking countries after some initial controversies and teething problems. So shud Inglish follou sut?
Tagged English Spelling Society, George Bernard Shaw, IJ, James Howell, John Maynard Keynes, Keynes Bequest
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What Characteristics Do Students Bring to Your Classroom?
We all know that today's classrooms are a lot different than they used to be. It almost seems as if every student today comes with a label, from ELLs (English Language Learners) to students with SLDs (specific learning disabilities.) As teachers we need to learn the student characteristics in a differentiated classroom and use that to our advantage to establish a positive learning environment for all students.
Let's start with the average student. These students will do what they need to get by, get decent grades, will participate in activities and discussions in the classroom, and will probably complete their homework. As teachers, we need to help such students excel. We need to push them even further than the student thinks is possible.
Gifted and talented students tend to be the overachievers. They will go above and beyond what is required of them to do and may even request extra work from their teachers. These students sometimes make it challenging for teachers because they constantly need to be challenged. Teachers need to make sure that for these students, there is always some sort of extra work for them to do beyond what is required. It is important to challenge their minds with extension and higher order thinking activities.
Students with special needs are becoming more prevalent in classrooms today because of the movement toward inclusion. Such students bring a wide variety of characteristics to the classroom. They require teachers to make adaptations and modifications to the curriculum in order for them to be successful. Students with special needs can be challenging for teachers; however, with assistance from the special education teachers, their role in the differentiated classroom can be very positive.
Teachers may also encounter students that are English Language Learners; their characteristics are quite similar to students with special needs because they also require extra attention and time from the teacher. Students from different cultures can bring so much to the table. Take time to speak with them and learn about where they came from and possibly incorporate it into your classroom.
What about the students who do nothing? It is so easy for teachers to kind of disregard these students and to let them fail, but these students are really crying out for help. Sure, it may be easy to ignore them, but they deserve as much attention as all of the other types of students. Try to learn what motivates them and use that to your advantage. Maybe all they need is someone that is willing to hear them out and really care for them.
With all of the vast variety of student characteristics in a differentiated classroom, teachers may feel overwhelmed trying to meet all of the students' needs. Remember, you are not alone and there are many other teachers who are going through the same thing. It never hurts to ask another colleague for help. We do our job as teachers to help every child reach their full potential and as we face many characteristics in our classrooms, we need to focus our attention on meeting the needs of every single student.