Looks like a healthy list, but then again, I would imagine that most quilters including myself have one (ha ha). This is such an addiction! I just finished two tops and now want to start two hand applique' projects. We are crazy.


Women earn over 50% of all bachelor's degrees in the US, yet less than 20% of degrees in computer sciences and engineering. Women make up half of the total U.S. college-educated workforce, but less than 30% of the science and engineering workforce.
Girls are no less suited than boys for science, tech, engineering, or math. However, starting from an early age, female students are less likely than their male counterparts to feel like there is a place for them in these fields.
Codeverse hosted a panel on Tuesday, November 28th to discuss this disparity, as well as solutions for getting and keeping girls interested in STEM fields. Panelists Nicole Yeary (Founder of MsTech), Samantha Johnson (Professional soccer player for the Chicago Red Stars), Rose Coughlen (Manager of STEAM programs for Girl Scouts of Greater Chicago and Northwest Indiana), and Maggie Davis (6th Grader and Codeverse student) were present for this important discussion moderated by Codeverse Co-founder and CMO, Katy Lynch.
1. Use tactile learning: Rose Coughlen pointed out that STEM learning can begin even before children can read or write. Simply bringing children into nature and asking them to make note of what they observe is a great way to provide early exposure to science and math. For example, have your daughter collect, categorize, and count leaves, sticks, or bugs. It's also excellent to have kids engage in science experiments that involve visual results, like mixing substances that produce a reaction of fizzing, bubbling, or changing color.
2. Be what you want to see: Unfortunately, STEM fields are lacking in a plethora of female role models for girls to look up to. So as a mom or a teacher, it's important to emphasize how you utilize science, math, and tech in your own life. You don't need to be an expert, just make a point to note the ways that STEM plays a role in your life, and be sure to point out just how cool that is to the young women with whom you interact!
3. Instill confidence to prevent imposter syndrome: In recounting their own early experiences in STEM, both Coughlen and Nicole Yeary mentioned feeling like outsiders and suffering from "imposter syndrome." Fostering healthy self-esteem is crucial to making girls resilient to adversity and increasing their beliefs in their own abilities. Start encouraging girls to follow their dreams regardless of others' opinions at a young age to ensure that they stay determined as they grown older.
4. Be aware of the resources that do exist: At one point in the panel, Samantha Johnson gestured to our coding studio and mentioned that if she'd had something similar available when she were a child, she might have ended up with a totally different career. Not that being a professional soccer star is anything to shake one's head at, but it's always a good idea to stay aware of different ways to expose our children to a variety of interests, especially in the sciences and math.
Panelist Maggie Davis mentioned that her own school has cut science education down to a mere 4 hours per week. When asked her ideal scenario, Maggie responded simply "more-" more science, more math, more opportunities for kids to engage, and more welcoming spaces for girls specifically to explore their STEM interests. We couldn't have said it any better.
Is there a girl in your life with an interest in STEM? Sign her up for a free trial coding class at our state-of-the-art studio!
Celebrating National Computer Science Education Week 2017 at Codeverse!


text:
Q: Tricky slicing specifications on business-day datetimeindex I have a pandas dataframe with a business-day-based DateTimeIndex.  For each month that's in the index, I also have a single 'marker' day specified.
Here's a toy version of that dataframe:
# a dataframe with business dates as the index
df = pd.DataFrame(list(range(91)), pd.date_range('2015-04-01', '2015-6-30'), columns=['foo']).resample('B').last()

# each month has an single, arbitrary marker day specified
marker_dates = [df.index[12], df.index[33], df.index[57]]

For each month in the index, I need to calculate average of the foo column  in specific slice of rows in that month.
There are two different ways I need to be able to specify those slices:
1)  m'th day to n'th day.
Example might be (2rd to 4th business day in that month).  So april would be the average of 1 (apr2), 4 (apr3), and 5 (apr 6) = 3.33.  May would be 33 (may 4), 34 (may 5), 35 (may 6) = 34.    I don't consider the weekends/holidays that don't occur in the index as days.
2) m'th day before/after the marker date to the n'th day before/after the marker date.
Example might be "average of the slice from 1 day before the marker date to 1 day after the marker date in each month"   Eg. In April, the marker date is 17Apr.   Looking at the index, we want the average of apr16, apr17, and apr20.
For Example 1, I had an ugly solution that foreach month I would slice the rows of that month away, and then apply   df_slice.iloc[m:n].mean()
Whenever I start doing iterative things with pandas, I always suspect I'm doing it wrong.  So I imagine there is a cleaner, pythonic/vectorized way to make this result for all the months
For Example 2, I don't not know a good way to do this slice-averaging based on arbitrary dates across many months.

A: Use BDay() from pandas.tseries.offsets
import pandas as pd
from pandas.tseries.offsets import BDay

M=2
N=4

start_date = pd.datetime(2015,4,1)
end_date = pd.datetime(2015,6,30)

df = pd.DataFrame(list(range(91)), pd.date_range('2015-04-01', '2015-6-30'), columns=['foo']).resample('B').last()

# for month starts
marker_dates = pd.date_range(start=start_date, end=end_date, freq='BMS')

# create IntervalIndex
bins = pd.IntervalIndex.from_tuples([ (d + (M-1)*BDay(), d + (N-1)*BDay()) for d in marker_dates ], closed='both')

df.groupby(pd.cut(df.index, bins)).mean()
#[2015-04-02, 2015-04-06]   3.333333
#[2015-05-04, 2015-05-06]  34.000000
#[2015-06-02, 2015-06-04]  63.000000

# any markers
marker_dates = [df.index[12], df.index[33], df.index[57]]

# M Bday before, and N Bday after
bins = pd.IntervalIndex.from_tuples([ (d - M*BDay(), d + N*BDay()) for d in marker_dates ], closed='both')

df.groupby(pd.cut(df.index, bins)).mean()
#[2015-04-15, 2015-04-23]  18.428571
#[2015-05-14, 2015-05-22]  48.000000
#[2015-06-17, 2015-06-25]  81.428571

A: The most pythonic/vectorized (pandonic?) way to do this might be to use df.rolling and df.shift to generate the window over which you'll take the average, then df.reindex to select the value at the dates you've marked.
For your example (2), this could look like:
df['foo'].rolling(3).mean().shift(-1).reindex(marker_dates)
Out[8]:
2015-04-17    17.333333
2015-05-18    47.000000
2015-06-19    80.333333
Name: foo, dtype: float64

This could be wrapped in a small function:
def window_mean_at_indices(df, indices, begin=-1, end=1):
    return df.rolling(1+end-begin).mean().shift(-end).reindex(indices)

Helping to make it more clear how to apply this to situation (1):
month_starts = pd.date_range(df.index.min(), df.index.max(), freq='BMS')

month_starts
Out[11]: DatetimeIndex(['2015-04-01', '2015-05-01', '2015-06-01'],
                       dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='BMS')

window_mean_at_indices(df['foo'], month_starts, begin=1, end=3)
Out[12]:
2015-04-01     3.333333
2015-05-01    34.000000
2015-06-01    63.000000
Freq: BMS, Name: foo, dtype: float64

A: For your first problem you can use grouper and iloc i.e
low = 2
high= 4

slice_mean = df.groupby(pd.Grouper(level=0,freq='m')).apply(lambda x : x.iloc[low-1:high].mean())
# or df.resample('m').apply(lambda x : x.iloc[low-1:high].mean())
               foo
2015-04-30   3.333333
2015-05-31  34.000000
2015-06-30  63.000000

For your second problem you can concat the dates and take the groupy mean per month i.e
idx = pd.np.where(df.index.isin(pd.Series(marker_dates)))[0]

#array([12, 33, 57])
temp = pd.concat([df.iloc[(idx+i)] for i in [-1,0,1]])

            foo
2015-04-16   15
2015-05-15   46
2015-06-18   78
2015-04-17   18
2015-05-18   47
2015-06-19   81
2015-04-20   19
2015-05-19   48
2015-06-22   82

# Groupby mean
temp.groupby(pd.Grouper(level=0,freq='m')).mean()
# or temp.resample('m').mean()
              foo
2015-04-30  17.333333
2015-05-31  47.000000
2015-06-30  80.333333
dtype: float64

since the index of output aint specified in the question do let us know what the index of output be.

A: Here's what I managed to come up with:
Import pandas and setup the dataframe
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame(list(range(91)), pd.date_range('2015-04-01', '2015-6-30'), columns=['foo']).resample('B')

Start with a pure list of marker dates, since I'm guessing that what you're really starting with:
marker_dates = [
    pd.to_datetime('2015-04-17', format='%Y-%m-%d'),
    pd.to_datetime('2015-05-18', format='%Y-%m-%d'),
    pd.to_datetime('2015-06-19', format='%Y-%m-%d')
]
marker_df = pd.DataFrame([], columns=['marker', 'start', 'end', 'avg'])
marker_df['marker'] = marker_dates

For the case where you want to just test ranges, input the start and end manually here instead of calculating it. If you want to change the range you can change the arguments to shift():
marker_df['start'] = df.index.shift(-1)[df.index.isin(marker_df['marker'])]
marker_df['end'] = df.index.shift(1)[df.index.isin(marker_df['marker'])]

Finally, use DataFrame.apply() to do a row by row calculation of averages:
marker_df.apply(
    lambda x: df[(x['start'] <= df.index) & (df.index <= x['end'])]['foo'].mean(),
    axis=1
)

Which gives us this result:
      marker      start        end        avg
0 2015-04-17 2015-04-16 2015-04-20  17.000000
1 2015-05-18 2015-05-15 2015-05-19  46.666667
2 2015-06-19 2015-06-18 2015-06-22  80.000000

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A dim lit room full of scented candles with a soft linen bed covers with a background of instrumental songs music.
what a great feast this week!! Have a pleasant weekend!
You have a very nice feast this week!
Wait. You haven't seen the movie E.T.? It's based on actual events so of course aliens are real!!


Congratulations on your pregnancy! We're here to guide you through the ins and outs of all nine months. We've got everything you need, from pregnancy nutrition tips to dealing with all of your symptoms. Plus, essential tools, such as our Pregnancy Calendar, to keep track of everything pregnancy and baby. You won't miss a thing!


After almost 3 months we're leaving South America with mixed feelings. On one hand we are sad to leave a continent that offers so much, on the other hand we're looking forward discovering new continents.
As we already mentioned in our 1 month down article we're waiting to fall in love with South America? Did we? Almost. We found places where we will definitely return and we really fell in love with the Galapagos islands. We found new friends here, practised Spanish a lot 🙂 (thank God we took classes before coming), ate too much meat, raw fish and drank lots of different beers in every country (Ok, in Argentina we preferred wine).
We are happy we started our adventure here and are certain we'll come back.


text:
Home / news / Tiger Woods Reacts to 'Awesome' Return To Golf With Son Charlie
Tiger Woods Reacts to 'Awesome' Return To Golf With Son Charlie
prazu Published On Mon Dec 20 2021 Modified On Mon Dec 20 2021
Tiger Woods "Awesome" Return To Golf With His 12-Year-Old Son Charlie Woods.
Tiger Woods has returned to his favorite sport. On Friday, the golf legend returned to the course with his 12-year-old son Charlie Woods to complete the PNC Championship. This comes ten months after Woods was involved in a single-car accident that left him with severe injuries to his right leg and foot.
Tiger Woods has returned to his favorite sport.
Following the round, Woods spoke with reporters about his day. "It was a fantastic day," Woods told ESPN, as noted by Pop Culture. "It felt great to be back out here playing. It's great to be out here with my son. We had a great time."
Before Friday, Woods had not completed a golf tournament since the 2020 PNC Championship, which he shared with Charlie. Woods and Charlie finished tied for seventh out of 20 teams, but many were impressed by Charlie's performance.
Click Here To See: Who is The Bull in 'The Masked Singer' Season 6?
Woods was asked if he was surprised to be back on the golf course after suffering injuries in the accident. "Yes, and No," Woods replied. "If you had asked me after those three months in bed, "Would I be here?" I would have given you a different answer. However, there are no days off. Every day, we worked. Even on days when I wasn't feeling well, we worked on something. So, aside from those three months in bed, there was never a day off during the entire time."
Tiger is widely regarded as the greatest golfer of all time. He is first on the PGA Tour in terms of ins and ranks second in men's major championships. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame earlier this year.
For more celerity-related news, feel free to visit Idol Persona.
Take a Look Into Matthew McConaughey's New $338M UT Basketball Arena
Heisenberg Mon Feb 24 2020
Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson's Father Rocky Johnson Passes Away at 75
Matthew Thu Jan 16 2020
Timbaland Admits Opioid Addiction Negatively Affected His Music Career
Heisenberg Tue Feb 18 2020
Matthew McConaughey Still Carries Major Ambitions in His Career
Matthew Mon Jan 13 2020
Renee Zellweger Opens Up About Playing Judy Garland
Matthew Sat Jan 25 2020
SZA Signed with WME for Representation in All Areas
Heisenberg Thu Mar 05 2020
Camila Alves Reveals Her Favorite Family Dinner
Paulina Porizkova Wows Her Instagram Fans with a Timeless New Bikini Pic During Her Costa Rica Vacation
Sea Tue Mar 10 2020
CoronaVirus Spares No One! Canadian Prime Minister's Wife Sophie Trudeau Tests Positive for the Threat
Heisenberg Fri Mar 13 2020
That Time Was 2 Days: Madison Prewett and Peter Weber Announce Their Split
Sea Fri Mar 13 2020
Ozzy Osbourne is Not Worried About the Inevitable Death
Heisenberg Thu Feb 06 2020
Matthew McConaughey Adds Sports Media Platform 'The Athletic' to His Growing Business Portfolio

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
import copy
from typing import Union
from collections import OrderedDict

import numpy as np

from rl_coach.agents.actor_critic_agent import ActorCriticAgent
from rl_coach.agents.agent import Agent
from rl_coach.architectures.embedder_parameters import InputEmbedderParameters
from rl_coach.architectures.head_parameters import DDPGActorHeadParameters, DDPGVHeadParameters
from rl_coach.architectures.middleware_parameters import FCMiddlewareParameters
from rl_coach.base_parameters import NetworkParameters, AlgorithmParameters, \
    AgentParameters, EmbedderScheme
from rl_coach.core_types import ActionInfo, EnvironmentSteps
from rl_coach.exploration_policies.ou_process import OUProcessParameters
from rl_coach.memories.episodic.episodic_experience_replay import EpisodicExperienceReplayParameters
from rl_coach.spaces import BoxActionSpace, GoalsSpace

class DDPGCriticNetworkParameters(NetworkParameters):
    def __init__(self, use_batchnorm=False):
        super().__init__()
        self.input_embedders_parameters = {'observation': InputEmbedderParameters(batchnorm=use_batchnorm),
                                            'action': InputEmbedderParameters(scheme=EmbedderScheme.Shallow)}
        self.middleware_parameters = FCMiddlewareParameters()
        self.heads_parameters = [DDPGVHeadParameters()]
        self.optimizer_type = 'Adam'
        self.batch_size = 64
        self.async_training = False
        self.learning_rate = 0.001
        self.adam_optimizer_beta2 = 0.999
        self.optimizer_epsilon = 1e-8
        self.create_target_network = True
        self.shared_optimizer = True
        self.scale_down_gradients_by_number_of_workers_for_sync_training = False
        # self.l2_regularization = 1e-2

class DDPGActorNetworkParameters(NetworkParameters):
    def __init__(self, use_batchnorm=False):
        super().__init__()
        self.input_embedders_parameters = {'observation': InputEmbedderParameters(batchnorm=use_batchnorm)}
        self.middleware_parameters = FCMiddlewareParameters(batchnorm=use_batchnorm)
        self.heads_parameters = [DDPGActorHeadParameters(batchnorm=use_batchnorm)]
        self.optimizer_type = 'Adam'
        self.batch_size = 64
        self.adam_optimizer_beta2 = 0.999
        self.optimizer_epsilon = 1e-8
        self.async_training = False
        self.learning_rate = 0.0001
        self.create_target_network = True
        self.shared_optimizer = True
        self.scale_down_gradients_by_number_of_workers_for_sync_training = False

class DDPGAlgorithmParameters(AlgorithmParameters):
    """
    :param num_steps_between_copying_online_weights_to_target: (StepMethod)
        The number of steps between copying the online network weights to the target network weights.

    :param rate_for_copying_weights_to_target: (float)
        When copying the online network weights to the target network weights, a soft update will be used, which
        weight the new online network weights by rate_for_copying_weights_to_target

    :param num_consecutive_playing_steps: (StepMethod)
        The number of consecutive steps to act between every two training iterations

    :param use_target_network_for_evaluation: (bool)
        If set to True, the target network will be used for predicting the actions when choosing actions to act.
        Since the target network weights change more slowly, the predicted actions will be more consistent.

    :param action_penalty: (float)
        The amount by which to penalize the network on high action feature (pre-activation) values.
        This can prevent the actions features from saturating the TanH activation function, and therefore prevent the
        gradients from becoming very low.

    :param clip_critic_targets: (Tuple[float, float] or None)
        The range to clip the critic target to in order to prevent overestimation of the action values.

    :param use_non_zero_discount_for_terminal_states: (bool)
        If set to True, the discount factor will be used for terminal states to bootstrap the next predicted state
        values. If set to False, the terminal states reward will be taken as the target return for the network.
    """
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.num_steps_between_copying_online_weights_to_target = EnvironmentSteps(1)
        self.rate_for_copying_weights_to_target = 0.001
        self.num_consecutive_playing_steps = EnvironmentSteps(1)
        self.use_target_network_for_evaluation = False
        self.action_penalty = 0
        self.clip_critic_targets = None  # expected to be a tuple of the form (min_clip_value, max_clip_value) or None
        self.use_non_zero_discount_for_terminal_states = False

class DDPGAgentParameters(AgentParameters):
    def __init__(self, use_batchnorm=False):
        super().__init__(algorithm=DDPGAlgorithmParameters(),
                         exploration=OUProcessParameters(),
                         memory=EpisodicExperienceReplayParameters(),
                         networks=OrderedDict([("actor", DDPGActorNetworkParameters(use_batchnorm=use_batchnorm)),
                                               ("critic", DDPGCriticNetworkParameters(use_batchnorm=use_batchnorm))]))

    @property
    def path(self):
        return 'rl_coach.agents.ddpg_agent:DDPGAgent'

# Deep Deterministic Policy Gradients Network - https://arxiv.org/pdf/1509.02971.pdf
class DDPGAgent(ActorCriticAgent):
    def __init__(self, agent_parameters, parent: Union['LevelManager', 'CompositeAgent']=None):
        super().__init__(agent_parameters, parent)

        self.q_values = self.register_signal("Q")
        self.TD_targets_signal = self.register_signal("TD targets")
        self.action_signal = self.register_signal("actions")

    @property
    def is_on_policy(self) -> bool:
        return False

    def learn_from_batch(self, batch):
        actor = self.networks['actor']
        critic = self.networks['critic']

        actor_keys = self.ap.network_wrappers['actor'].input_embedders_parameters.keys()
        critic_keys = self.ap.network_wrappers['critic'].input_embedders_parameters.keys()

        # TD error = r + discount*max(q_st_plus_1) - q_st
        next_actions, actions_mean = actor.parallel_prediction([
            (actor.target_network, batch.next_states(actor_keys)),
            (actor.online_network, batch.states(actor_keys))
        ])

        critic_inputs = copy.copy(batch.next_states(critic_keys))
        critic_inputs['action'] = next_actions
        q_st_plus_1 = critic.target_network.predict(critic_inputs)[0]

        # calculate the bootstrapped TD targets while discounting terminal states according to
        # use_non_zero_discount_for_terminal_states
        if self.ap.algorithm.use_non_zero_discount_for_terminal_states:
            TD_targets = batch.rewards(expand_dims=True) + self.ap.algorithm.discount * q_st_plus_1
        else:
            TD_targets = batch.rewards(expand_dims=True) + \
                         (1.0 - batch.game_overs(expand_dims=True)) * self.ap.algorithm.discount * q_st_plus_1

        # clip the TD targets to prevent overestimation errors
        if self.ap.algorithm.clip_critic_targets:
            TD_targets = np.clip(TD_targets, *self.ap.algorithm.clip_critic_targets)

        self.TD_targets_signal.add_sample(TD_targets)

        # get the gradients of the critic output with respect to the action
        critic_inputs = copy.copy(batch.states(critic_keys))
        critic_inputs['action'] = actions_mean
        action_gradients = critic.online_network.predict(critic_inputs,
                                                         outputs=critic.online_network.gradients_wrt_inputs[1]['action'])

        # train the critic
        critic_inputs = copy.copy(batch.states(critic_keys))
        critic_inputs['action'] = batch.actions(len(batch.actions().shape) == 1)

        # also need the inputs for when applying gradients so batchnorm's update of running mean and stddev will work
        result = critic.train_and_sync_networks(critic_inputs, TD_targets, use_inputs_for_apply_gradients=True)
        total_loss, losses, unclipped_grads = result[:3]

        # apply the gradients from the critic to the actor
        initial_feed_dict = {actor.online_network.gradients_weights_ph[0]: -action_gradients}
        gradients = actor.online_network.predict(batch.states(actor_keys),
                                                 outputs=actor.online_network.weighted_gradients[0],
                                                 initial_feed_dict=initial_feed_dict)

        # also need the inputs for when applying gradients so batchnorm's update of running mean and stddev will work
        if actor.has_global:
            actor.apply_gradients_to_global_network(gradients, additional_inputs=copy.copy(batch.states(critic_keys)))
            actor.update_online_network()
        else:
            actor.apply_gradients_to_online_network(gradients, additional_inputs=copy.copy(batch.states(critic_keys)))

        return total_loss, losses, unclipped_grads

    def train(self):
        return Agent.train(self)

    def choose_action(self, curr_state):
        if not (isinstance(self.spaces.action, BoxActionSpace) or isinstance(self.spaces.action, GoalsSpace)):
            raise ValueError("DDPG works only for continuous control problems")
        # convert to batch so we can run it through the network
        tf_input_state = self.prepare_batch_for_inference(curr_state, 'actor')
        if self.ap.algorithm.use_target_network_for_evaluation:
            actor_network = self.networks['actor'].target_network
        else:
            actor_network = self.networks['actor'].online_network

        action_values = actor_network.predict(tf_input_state).squeeze()

        action = self.exploration_policy.get_action(action_values)

        self.action_signal.add_sample(action)

        # get q value
        tf_input_state = self.prepare_batch_for_inference(curr_state, 'critic')
        action_batch = np.expand_dims(action, 0)
        if type(action) != np.ndarray:
            action_batch = np.array([[action]])
        tf_input_state['action'] = action_batch
        q_value = self.networks['critic'].online_network.predict(tf_input_state)[0]
        self.q_values.add_sample(q_value)

        action_info = ActionInfo(action=action,
                                 action_value=q_value)

        return action_info

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
La Médaille de la valeur civile est une distinction accordée par la République d'Italie afin de "récompenser les actes de bravoure exceptionnels qui témoignent d'une grande vertu civique et de marquer leurs auteurs comme dignes de l'honneur public".

Les citoyens peuvent être honorés individuellement (éventuellement, en mémoire) ou collectivement "services, corps et entités militaires" (y compris les communes) lorsqu'ils ont sciemment exposé leur vie à un danger manifeste. La règle régissant l'attribution des médailles de la valeur civile est la loi n° 13 du 2 janvier 1958.

Histoire
C'est Victor Emmanuel II qui, le 30 avril 1851, a institué la médaille de la valeur civile par le décret royal n° 1168 du 30 avril 1851. Après la naissance de la République italienne, la décoration a été réglementée par la loi n° 13 du 2 janvier 1958 ; le règlement d'application correspondant a ensuite été publié par le décret présidentiel n° 1616 du 6 novembre 1960.

Types d'actes
Les récompenses pour la valeur civile correspondent à des actes spécifiques, qui comprennent :
 sauver des personnes exposées à un danger grave et imminent ;
 prévenir ou diminuer les dommages d'une grave catastrophe publique ou privée ;
 rétablir l'ordre public, lorsqu'il est gravement perturbé, et faire respecter la loi ;
 arrêter ou participer à l'arrestation de malfaiteurs ;
 accomplir des actes pour le progrès de la science ou en général pour le bien de l'humanité ;
 défendre le nom et le prestige de la patrie.

Types de récompense
Selon les circonstances de temps et de lieu de l'action accomplie, et ses conséquences, la récompense est d'un des quatre types suivants :
Rubans
  Médaille d'or de la valeur civile.
  Médaille d'argent de la valeur civile.
  Médaille de bronze de la valeur civile.
  Certificat de mérite public pour la valeur civile.
Cette dernière est accordée par le ministre de l'Intérieur, tandis que les médailles sont décernées par le président de la République sur proposition du ministre de l'Intérieur.

Procédure d'attribution
La loi prévoit (art. 7) qu'en règle générale, l'attribution de la récompense suit l'examen de l'acte courageux par une commission composée d'un préfet, d'un sénateur, d'un député, de deux membres représentant la présidence du Conseil des ministres, d'un général des carabiniers, d'un représentant de la Fondation Carnegie et d'un membre de l'administration civile du ministère de l'intérieur.

Toutefois, si "le caractère de l'acte de courage et le retentissement qu'il a suscité dans l'opinion publique" suffisent à eux seuls à certifier l'opportunité de l'honneur, le Président de la République peut procéder à la reconnaissance sans l'évaluation de la commission envisagée (art. 8).

Fondation Carnegie
La Fondation Carnegie est installée dans le Palazzo del Viminale, siège du ministère de l'intérieur. Il existe depuis que le philanthrope écossais Andrew Carnegie a accordé au gouvernement italien, dans une lettre datée du 17 juin 1911 adressée au Premier ministre Giovanni Giolitti, un fonds de 750 000 dollars américains ($ - USD) en actions de la "Steel Company" dont les revenus annuels devaient garantir des prix en espèces à des personnes en difficulté économique mais qui avaient travaillé, avec témérité, pour sauver la vie d'autrui. Carnegie a également suggéré que si les gens n'étaient pas démunis, ils devraient recevoir des médailles.

 Rubans de médailles de la Fondation Carnegie (Hero Fund) pour actes d'héroïsme (31 octobre 1911 - aujourd'hui)
  Médaille d'or de la Fondation Carnegie pour les actes d'héroïsme.
  Médaille d'argent de la Fondation Carnegie pour les actes d'héroïsme.
  Médaille de bronze de la Fondation Carnegie pour actes d'héroïsme.

Récipiendaires notables
Médaille d'argent pour la valeur civile
 Felice Napoleone Canevaro (1838-1926), pour son aide humanitaire et ses contributions à la santé publique alors qu'il commandait le cuirassé Italia pendant une épidémie de choléra à La Spezia en 1884.
 Stefano Hidalgo (1848-1918), pour s'être distingué dans les opérations de sauvetage après une inondation catastrophique à Palerme en 1877.

Villes décorées pour leur valeur civile

Les médailles de la valeur civile décernées par la République italienne aux villes, communes et provinces en reconnaissance d'actes d'héroïsme accomplis par des communautés entières lors de guerres, de catastrophes naturelles ou d'autres tragédies à différentes époques de l'histoire nationale revêtent une importance particulière.

Voir aussi

Références

Articles connexes
 Ordres, décorations et médailles de l'Italie
 Mérite civil (Italie)

Liens externes
  Base de données des distinctions honorifiques sur le site du Quirinal.
  Les distinctions honorifiques sur le site du ministère de l'intérieur.

Maison de Savoie
Distinction fondée en 1793

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Lords of Strategy: The Secret Intellectual History of the New Corporate World
JumpCrisscross · 2014-06-08 · Original thread
> I'd say Google is for control as much as Apple, I'll concede openness vs. privacy which both sound like something spouted out by a suit.
Naturally they are both vying for leverage. To borrow a line from The Lords of Strategy, "the key way to think about competitive advantage is to think about how to design ecology in such a way to achieve goals you're trying to pursue" [1].
Apple monetises device sales. It fiercely protects those sales by ensuring everything one does in its ecosystem is done through its devices. That fortification gives it more freedom with user data, which it can play against Google by encrypting and anonymizing its users' activity.
Google, on the other hand, monetises its access to user data. It fiercely protects that access by ensuring everything one does in its ecosystem runs through its servers. That fortification gives it more freedom with devices and standards, which it can play against Apple by encouraging modularity, adaptability, and customisation.
[1] http://www.amazon.com/The-Lords-Strategy-Intellectual-Corpor...


Welcome to ANEW podcast, where Host, Producer and Creator Dawn Piercy brings you interviews with Celebrities, Stuntman, Comedians, Musicians and a variety of talent and Host on Big Dawg's Corner with Co-Host Mariano "Big Dawg" Mendoza bringing you the best in MMA, UFC fighters, Martial Arts Actors, Stuntman, Veteran's and more!!!
Love movies and MMA fights? Then you need to tune in now and check out our exclusive interview with Harley Wallen, multi-award winning actor and filmmaker, Host and Commentator of WXC Warrior Wednesday on UFC Fight Pass. Tune in and find out what he going on now, what's coming up and more!!
Like Quentin Tarantino movies? Planning on watching Once Upon a Time in Hollywood? Our guest plays Honey Daddy!!! TUNE in and watch as Mariano "Big Dawg" Mendoza was able to catch up with Mark Krenik, Actor, Stuntman, Martial Artist, Model, and U.S. Veteran for an exclusive in-person interview. Mark and Mariano had a blast blowing stuff up too!
Interview with the creator of the Inspire Me Movement, Inspire Me Studio and the online Radio Show... Inspire Me with Stacey Marie.
As we are shifting into a new year we discuss shapeshifters, skinwalkers, werewolves, aliens, Anunnaki, seraphim and more in this epic 4 part series... part 1 of 4... tune in to get your bite on now!
Exclusive Interview with Tony Montana of The Tony Montana Show... He is also an actor, broadcaster, videographer, photographer, and editor... find out what he's got going on and much more now!
The History of Vampires is a long and terrifying one, from The Top 10 Creepiest Vampires You've Never Heard Of, to Vlad Dracul and all the missing people never accounted for. This week we are picking up where we left off in part 3 and concluding the The History of Vampires with talk on the Anunnaki race, Reptilians, Seraphim, Nephilim and their relation to ancient Sumeria and Vampirism.
We are picking up where we left off with The History of Vampires Part 3 of 4... As we wrapped up the 10 creepiest vampires you may never heard of, we have to ask ourselves... Do real-life Vampires really exist? Is it even possible? If they do, how do we know what they look like? Are they running in covens? What about communities? Are there different kinds of them? Are they truly immortal?
Carolyn Bridget Kennedy is an award-winning actress, writer, and producer in Los Angeles, California. Tune in as we talk about what Carolyn has going on, upcoming projects and much more!
Micah Fitzgerald is an Actor, Recording Artist, Singer and Songwriter. Do you ever wonder who is the voice behind your favorite Leading Alien Dominator Scar on CW's hit TV series crossover "Legends of Tomorrow", The Flash, Supergirl, and Arrow? Look no further...Micah has been in hundreds of TV series, Film projects, Video Games and Music Videos over the years... We talk about Suicide Prevention, Lupas Awareness, his upcoming album, upcoming movies and much more!
Interview with The Outlaw Jesse Pringle, Actor, Award Winning Screenwriter, Singer, and Songwriter.
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Interview with Dominic Bergfield. Dominic is a 21 yr old author of 4 books that also happens to be paralyzed from the neck down due to an accident when he was just 4 years old. In this interview find out how he has overcome trials and tribulations and gotten to where he is today! Inspiration at it's finest! Find out what his goals and his mission is now!
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EXCLUSIVE interview with Olivia King Music. Singer, Songwriter, Music Artist, CEO, Founder of Girls Have Magic Powers, Dancer, Designer and charity work too!
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AgriSeal is our best selling silage bale wrap. Made in the USA, Agriseal is a bale wrap offering strong tear resistance at an exceptional value.
AgriSeal is a durable, 3 layer wrap manufactured in Hudson, Wisconsin by Norflex Inc. Norflex was founded in 1994 by the Arne Anderson Family with hopes of meeting the growing demands for a cost effective and convenient silage bale wrap. The AgriSeal bale wrap is formulated for high strength and tear resistance and comes with a field tested, 12 month warranty.


Sounds like a typical teenage girl to me.
Believe me, I'm not making light of this at all. If you've read my book, An Imperfect Pilgrim (www.animperfectpilgrim.com), you know suicide has touched my family. When my younger brother, who was the last surviving member of my family no less, took his own life alone in his apartment one night, my entire world crumbled into unimaginable grief from which I thought I would never recover. That was 26 years ago next month and I'm getting choked up even now as I write this.
What frightens me is that sometimes the warning signs are hidden under strained smiles and false assurances of "there's nothing wrong." These people can slip away when others aren't paying attention or, in all fairness, don't realize how troubled the suicidal person is. Joey, my brother, was in Special Forces and he and his comrades were trained to know the warning signs of a suicidal person. But no one in his unit saw it coming. I still have guilt over ignoring my gut feeling the last time I spoke to him on the phone, when I heard something in his voice but dismissed it when he assured me he was fine. And that was after my own suicide attempt, so I should have known better.
That's why my mission is to get the conversation started. Unless it's within a trusted therapeutic relationship with a mental health professional, chances are nobody is going to volunteer that they want to end their life. So we as friends and family need to make the first move. If you know someone who is troubled, sit down with them. Ask them what's going on. Call them. Every day. We can't always stop someone from shooting themselves at one o'clock in the morning, but maybe we can throw them a lifeline, let them know they are not alone. One way to do this is by revealing our own pain and struggles. I say "reveal" because human tendency is to stay in the closet about it. But that only adds to the isolation we feel.
Heck, I don't have all the answers. I don't have any answers. But I did discover something. When I started doing author events after the release of my book, I would talk to people about my struggles. That seemed to allow them to open up about their own. They would lean in closer to me and whisper so no one nearby could hear. There's shame in depression, there's shame in despair. There's shame in isolation. But to get beyond the shame and despair and isolation, we have to be vulnerable and brave and talk about our own pain (if you've read Brene Brown's outstanding book, Daring Greatly, you'll know what I'm talking about).
So let's get this conversation started. What is your story? Have you been in that dark place? Did you move beyond? How? Are you still there and if so, how are you getting through each day? Is there just one person you can talk to? Or, is there someone you are worried about? Have you been affected by suicide?
When we start the conversation, we can begin to heal.


text:
Author: Fern Michaels
Narrator: Erin Yuen
Publisher: Dreamscape Media
Genre: Fiction - Romance - Historical
Maggie, the daughter of Moss and Bill Coleman, has invited all the passionate family, plus several hundred guests, to a July 4th barbecue to celebrate the new sense of family pride she's determined to forge. But whether its ambition, jealousy, rivalry, or passion, each Coleman has a drama of his or her own to face, and each will feed the flames of Texas heat.
by Julie Garwood
New York Times bestselling author Julie Garwood captures the Highland splendor of medieval Scotland in this breathtaking love story. The inspiration for her acclaimed bestseller Ransom, this classic tale is a passionate masterpiece from one of the b...
Narrator: Susan Duerden
In Bed with a Highlander
by Maya Banks
In the first book in a new series from New York Times bestselling author Maya Banks, warrior Ewan McCabe dreams only of exacting revenge on his enemy—until he meets beautiful temptress Mairin. Contains mature themes.
Narrator: Kirsten Potter
By edict of the king, the mighty Scottish laird Alec Kincaid must take an English bride. His choice was Jamie the feisty youngest daughter of Baron Jamison. Alec ached to touch her, to tame her, to possess her forever. But Jamie vowed never to surre...
Narrator: Rosalyn Landor
Falling for the Highlander
by Lynsay Sands
New York Times bestselling author Lynsay Sands welcomes readers back to the Scottish Highlands, where a gallant warrior vows to protect a beautiful runaway . . .Lady Murine Carmichael has known her share of bad luck. But when her debt-ridden half b...
Narrator: Elle Newlands
The Sherbrooke Bride
by Catherine Coulter
Dear Listener, Douglas Sherbrooke, Earl of Northcliffe, is a man besieged. He must have an heir. Thus he must first provide himself with the requisite bride. Alexandra Chambers, youngest daughter of the Duke of Beresford, has loved Douglas Sherbroo...
Narrator: Anne Flosnik
Seduction of a Highland Lass
A warrior is caught between family loyalty and forbidden love in book two of New York Times bestselling author Maya Banks's sensual new trilogy featuring three indomitable Highlanders. Contains mature themes.
Surrender to the Highlander
In New York Times bestselling author Lynsay Sands' captivating romance, a lass targeted by an unknown foe is saved—and seduced—by a bold HighlanderEdith Drummond owes her life to Niels Buchanan and his brothers. Waking after an il...
Narrator: Sean William Doyle
Overflowing with all of the majesty and intrigue of medieval glory days, this magnificent New York Times bestseller is a captivating story of passion and loyalty, justice and honor. Beloved storyteller Julie Garwood steps back to the silver-shrouded...
Rediscover the unforgettable, heart-wrenching romance set in post-World War II North Carolina, about a young socialite who can't forget the boy who once stole her heart--now one of PBS's Top 100 "Great American Reads."Every so often a love story so...
Narrator: Barry Bostwick
Self-described as someone who can scribble notes and tell great stories, author Fern Michaels, aka Mary Ruth Kuczkir, is a very prolific writer having written 147 books, with 90 being on the New York Times best sellers list. She was born in Pennsylvania, coming into this world as "a dinky little thing", as her father called her. She spent the early part of her adult life becoming a wife and mother of five children. After her children were grown, she separated from her husband, who was a very negative person, and began putting pen to paper to begin her writing career. She had always loved books, and writing one seemed to be the best chance for her to make her own way through the rest of her life. Her first manuscript was not published, but the second attempt was, and so began her illustrious career.
Her successful career allowed her to put all five children through college, on her own, which she claims is one of her most proud accomplishments. She says that when all is considered, family is the most important thing. Fern also bought a beautiful old (300 year old) plantation in South Carolina, where she still lives today. Her grandmother gave her very sage advice many years ago, which she lives by today.......when God is good to you, you have to give back. She developed the Fern Michaels Foundation which grants four scholarships to deserving students. She also opened a pre-school and day care center for single moms who are having a hard time supporting their family.
The quote that best describes is a Dutch saying.......If you can't whistle on your way to work, you don't belong in that job. She follows by saying, "I whistle all day long".
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text:
Simut or Šimut (Shimut) was an Elamite god. He was regarded as the herald of the gods, and was associated with the planet Mars. He was also worshiped in Mesopotamia, where he was compared with the war god Nergal.

Name
Various spellings of Simut's name are attested in Elamite sources, including dSi-mu-ut, dŠi-mu-ut-ta, dŠi-mu-ut and dŠi-mut, as well as logographic dMAN/dPAP. The last spelling might be related to one of the Mesopotamian names of Mars, mulMAN-ma, "the strange star." It is also possible that in at least one location another logographic spelling of his name was NIN.DAR.(A).

The spelling "Simut" is the standard in Mesopotamian sources from the Middle Babylonian period, though in earlier, Old Babylonian ones, Šimut (Shimut) appears to be the correct orthography. In neo-Assyrian sources, the name is spelled as "Šumudu" (Shumudu).

Functions
Simut was known as "god of Elam," berir napirra (Elamite: "herald of the gods") and silhak perir nappipir ("mighty one, herald of the gods"). It is possible that he was a warrior god, and that the word tentatively translated as "herald" refers to a specific administrative or military position. Like Humban, Simut was associated with the concept of kittin, which can be understood as "(area of) divine protection." He appears in judicial and economic documents from Susa, in at least one case sharing the role of a divine witness and guardian of contracts with Inshushinak and Mesopotamian Shamash.

Simut was frequently associated with the planet Mars in Babylonian astrological texts, and the planet was often called "the star Simut," mulSi-mu-ut.

While Wilfred G. Lambert describes Simut as an "infernal" god in the Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, Daniel T. Potts, following the more recent research of Wouter Henekelman, concludes that he had no funerary or underworld associations.

Worship
Like many other gods worshiped in Elam, for example Pinikir, Humban and Manzat, Simut is attested for the first time in the treaty of Naram-Sin with an unknown Elamite monarch, possibly Hita of Awan, where he appears right after Inshushinak. Old Babylonian copies of earlier inscriptions also mention a governor (ensi) of Elam from the Sargonic period bearing the theophoric name Sanam-Shimut.

Historically notable Elamites bearing theophoric names connected to the worship of Simut include Kuk-Simut, chancellor of king Tan-Ruhurater of the Shimashki dynasty, and Simut-wartash from the Sukkalmah period, whose inscriptions were found in Liyan on the coast of the Persian Gulf.

While it is assumed Simut had a main cult center, similar to how Inshushinak was associated with Susa, Ruhurater with Huhnur and Napirisha with Anshan, its name and location are presently unknown.

Multiple temples of Simut are attested in Elamite texts. Untash-Napirisha dedicated temples in Susa and Chogha Zanbil to him. The latter one was shared with the goddess Belet-ali. It was referred to with the term kinin, variously translated in modern literature as "gate," "lock," "fate" or "(divine) help." Like a number of other terms used to describe temples forming the Chogha Zanbil complex it is a hapax legomenon.
According to inscriptions of kings Shutruk-Nahhunte and Hutelutush-Inshushinak sites of worship of Manzat and Simut treated as a pair existed in Susa. A temple in Anshan was dedicated jointly to Simut, Kiririsha, Napirisha and Inshushinak. It was built during the reign of Hutelutush-Inshushinak.

The Neo-Elamite ruler Hanni of Ayapir left behind an inscription dedicated to Humban, Tepti, Napir and Simut.

Worship of Simut continued in the former Elamite territory under the rule of the Persian Achaemenid dynasty, and he is attested in the so-called Persepolis fortification archive. According to one document, a priest named Appirka received wine from the royal administration to offer it to Simut, Ahura Mazda and Mithra, which indicates that Elamite and Iranian deities were worshiped side by side in this period. At least one theophoric name invoking Simut, Shati-Shimut, appears in this corpus of texts.

In Mesopotamia
Oldest attestations of the worship of Simut in Mesopotamia come from the Old Babylonian period from the reign of Rim-Sîn I of Larsa, when this god starts to appear in theophoric names.

Stephanie Dalley argues that it is possible that Simut had a minor cult center somewhere in Mesopotamia, as another Elamite deity worshiped there and attested in theophoric names, Igishta (dIGI.DU; Igišta) had one in Udannu, a small settlement near Uruk.

Multiple theophoric names indicate that he was among the deities present in the pantheon of the First Sealand dynasty, possibly in association with Manzat. Feminine names are among them, for example Amat-Šimut. Some of these names, as well as other given names from the same area, combine Akkadian and Elamite elements, but according to Ran Zadok it is difficult to speculate about the identity of their bearers. Mixed  Akkadian-Elamite names are also common in documents from Susa.

Nine theophoric names indicate that worshipers of Simut were present in Nippur in the Kassite period. He might also be present in an earlier Nippur god list, but this attestation is uncertain.

Connections with other deities
In Elam Simut was likely viewed as the husband of Manzat, the goddess of the rainbow, and is a common assumption in scholarship that they were regarded as a couple. Simut was also associated with Belet-ali (Akkadian: "lady of the city"), a goddess most likely analogous to Manzat. According to Wouter Henkelman the deity NIN.DAR.A, who appears with Manzat in some inscriptions, can also be identified with Simut. However, Daniel T. Potts identifies NIN.DAR.A as a goddess. The name Nindara or Nindar originally belonged to a male Mesopotamian deity, the husband of the goddess Nanshe, who was worshiped in Lagash, Girsu and Ki'esa.

In Mesopotamia Simut was frequently associated with Nergal and shared his association with Mars and possibly his warlike character, though unlike him he was not an underworld deity. The two of them are equated in the so-called Weidner god list. In one case Simut appears in a Mesopotamian document alongside Laṣ, the wife of Nergal. Wouter Henkelman additionally proposes that "Nergal of Hubshal (or Hubshan)," known from Assyrian sources, was the same deity as Simut. However, Volkert Haas instead identifies him as Ugur. Hubshan was an area associated with the worship of Manzat, Simut's presumed wife, according to Elamite royal inscriptions. It is presently unknown if "Aya of Hubshen" known from the same Assyrian sources as Nergal of Hubshen is related in any way to Manzat.

Stephanie Dalley proposes that due to their shared role as heralds of the gods, Mesopotamians might had associated Simut with Ishum.

References

Bibliography

Elamite gods
Mesopotamian gods
Stellar gods
War gods
Martian deities


text:
Acará ou Escalar (Pterophyllum) é um gênero de peixes de água doce pertencente à família Cichlidae, presente na área norte da América do Sul. Compreende atualmente três espécies: acará-bandeira, acará-Orinoco e acará-anão, que se caracterizam pelas suas variadas colorações, pelo formato triangular do seu corpo e pelas suas longas barbatanas dorsal e caudal. Todas vivem em cardumes e alimentam-se predominantemente de pequenos crustáceos, peixes, larvas, insetos e outras matérias orgânicas. Na época da reprodução, formam casais que passam a defender um território e afasta dele todos os peixes que o habitam.

Nativos da bacia Amazônica, habitam pequenos rios e lagos com densa vegetação aquática. Podem ter tamanhos variados de acordo com a espécie, sendo que a maior pode chegar a 20 centímetros de comprimento. É uma espécie ornamental, uma das mais populares de águas tropicais, e de grande valor comercial. Foi uma das primeiras a aparecer no mundo da aquariofilia e ainda é uma das mais comuns do mercado. Suscetível a várias doenças infecciosas, é um peixe resistente e pouco exigente em relação à qualidade da água, sendo uma das espécies mais indicadas para iniciantes. No entanto podem ser agressivos com alguns peixes, não sendo indicado mantê-los com peixes muito pequenos.

Taxonomia
Pertencente à tribo Heroini, na família Cichlidae, na classe Actinopterygii a biologia deste gênero ainda é pouco estudada. A primeira a ser descrita foi a Pterophyllum scalare pelo zoólogo alemão Martin Lichtenstein em 1823, sendo que gênero Pterophyllum só foi descrito 17 anos mais tarde pelo  zoólogo austríaco Johann Jakob Heckel em 1840. Em 1903, Pelegrin Franganillo-Balboa introduziu a espécie Pterophyllum altum. A última espécie catalogada como pertencente ao gênero foi Pterophyllum leopoldi, descrita pelo naturalista britânico Philip Henry Gosse em 1963. A espécie tipo do gênero é P. scalare.

A posição taxonômica dos acarás é a seguinte:
 Classe: Actinopterygii
 Subclasse: Neopterygii
 Ordem: Perciformes
 Família: Cichlidae
 Subfamília: Cichlasomatinae
 Tribo: Heroini
 Gênero: Pterophyllum
 Espécie-tipo: Pterophyllum scalare (Lichtenstein, 1823)

Espécies
O gênero possui oficialmente três espécies:

 Acará-anão (P. leopoldi): Recebe o terma anão como designação popular por ser a menor espécie do gênero.<ref>Encyclopedia of Life. Pterophyllum leopoldi - Details Freshwater Angelfish. . EOL Report. EOL. Página visitada em 28 de março de 2013.</ref>
 Acará-bandeira (P. scalare): É a espécie mais popular do gênero, sendo a mais explorada como peixe ornamental.
 Acará-Orinoco (P. altum): Recebe o termo Orinoco como designação popular pela sua ampla distribuição ao longo do rio Orinoco, na Venezuela.

 Outras espécies

Entre as espécies que empregam o termo acará em sua designação popular se destacam:

 Acará-disco (Symphysodon discus): Encontra-se distribuído nos rios da bacia Amazônica, no Brasil, Peru e Colômbia.
 Acará-diadema (Geophagus brasiliensis): Encontra-se distribuído nas bacias hidrográficas do Leste e do Sul do Brasil e Uruguai.
 Acará-cascudo (Cichlasoma bimaculatum): Pode ser encontrado nos rios Orinoco, Caroni, rio Essequibo e Amazonas, nas Guianas, Venezuela e Brasil.

 Descrição biológica
 Distribuição geográfica e habitat

Todas as espécies do gênero são provenientes da América do Sul e habitam basicamente as mesmas regiões. Com distribuição restrita à bacia Amazônica, o acará-bandeira pode ser encontrado nos rios Ucayali, no Peru, Solimões e Amazonas, no Brasil, rio Essequibo, na Guiana e rio Oiapoque, na Guiana Francesa. O acará-Orinoco encontra-se distribuído no rio Negro, no Brasil e nos rios Orinoco, Atabapo e Inírida na Venezuela. Já o acará-anão pode ser encontrado nos Solimões e Manacapuru, no Brasil, e nos rios Rupununi e Essequibo, na Guiana.

Habitam rios com abundante vegetação aquática, com água límpida e às vezes lamacenta. Geralmente são encontrados junto a madeiras e vegetação submersa, que servem de abrigo contra predadores. Preferem locais de água com baixa dureza e de características ácida, com pH inferior a 7.0. Vivem em pântanos e lagos de várzea.

 Comportamento e reprodução

Com outras espécies os acarás são peixes pacíficos, porém possuem um comportamento territorialista. Na natureza vivem em cardumes e estabelecem hierarquia entre si.

Atinge a maturidade sexual com oito meses de vida e destaca-se pelo seu comportamento reprodutivo. A sua estratégia reprodutiva é caracterizada principalmente pela sua agressividade na defesa do território e o seu cuidado parental. É um peixe ovíparo. Formam casais por meio do cortejo sexual que dura em média 1 ou 2 dias. As fêmeas preferem os machos maiores, mais agressivos, territoriais e experientes, e avaliam os parceiros através do comportamento de corte. Geralmente escolhem como local de desova plantas ou folhas largas, provavelmente por apresentarem maior superfície para conter os ovos e maior oxigenação, e passam a limpá-lo constantemente. Desovam em média 300 ovos, mas dependendo da experiência do casal podem desovar mais de 1.000 ovos. Após a ovoposição o macho dá início a fertilização. Apresentam cuidado biparental com o ovos, que geralmente eclodem após três dias. A membrana do ovo é rompida pela cauda dos alevinos.

Após o seu nascimento as larvas podem ser alimentadas com náuplios de artêmias. Nesse período a contribuição do macho é muito importante para o sucesso reprodutivo, uma vez que as fêmeas dificilmente conseguem proteger as larvas dos predadores. Os adultos cuidam dos filhotes durante 21 dias. Em seguida, após o primeiro ciclo reprodutivo, o casal procura um novo parceiro, frequentemente na mesma estação reprodutiva, para dar início a um segundo cilo e dificilmente mantém relações com o parceiro anterior.

 Características

O tamanho dos acarás varia de acordo com a espécie. O acará-bandeira é considerado um peixe de médio porte, podendo chegar a 15 centímetros de comprimento. O acará-anão é a menor espécie do gênero, podendo chegar a 5 centímetros de comprimento. Já o acará-Orinoco pode chegar a 20 centímetros de comprimento, sendo a maior espécie do gênero. Todas as espécies possuem o corpo lateralmente comprido e achatado com formato triangular, criados pelas suas barbatanas dorsal e caudal relativamente alongadas. Não possuem dimorfismo sexual evidente.

As suas cores variam, podendo ter o corpo acinzentado ou totalmente negro. Dentro destas variedades encontram-se à venda exemplares com tons brancos, pretos, laranjas, amarelos, prateados e às vezes vermelhos.

 Alimentação

Os acarás possuem hábito alimentar carnívoro mas aceitam uma grande variedade de alimentos, sendo considerado espécies onívoras. Na natureza alimentam-se predominantemente de pequenos crustáceos, peixes,  insetos, vermes, plâncton, fitoplâncton, zooplâncton e plantas.Felipe de Azevedo Silva Ribeiro, Bruno de Lima Preto e João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes, 2008. Sistemas de criação para o acará- Sistemas de criação para o acará---bandeira ( bandeira (Pterophyllum scalare) . . Universidade Estadual Paulista. Departamento de Ciências Animais. Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido. Centro de Aquicultura. Vol.: 30. N°: 4. Pág(s): 460 - Introdução. Em cativeiro podem ser alimentados com rações em flocos, sendo que as rações peletizada e extrusada são mais adequadas para o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das espécies, mas preferem alimentos vivos, como as artêmias, larvas de mosquitos, dáfnias e os Culex. Também posem ser alimentados com cenoura e patê de coração de boi..

 Ameaças
 Doenças

As doenças que mais acometem os acarás são causadas por infestações parasitárias e bacterianas. Contudo, este gênero também pode ser afetado por fungos, nematoides e vírus, que geram uma alta taxa de mortalidade das espécies do gênero. Especificamente para os acarás são encontrados os seguintes parasitas: ectoparasitas, como os Gyrodactylidae e Dactylogyridae, protozoários, como Ichthyobodo necator, Spironucleus vortens, Hexamita meleagridis e Hexamita symphysodonis, microbactérias, como Mycobacterium marinum e Mycobacterium fortuitum, bactérias dos gêneros Bacillus, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium e Bacteroides, e nematoides principalmente do gênero Capillaria.

Em cativeiro, as doenças que mais atacam os acarás:

 Monogenea: por ectoparasitas.
 Tuberculose: causada por bactérias.
 Metacercárias: pelos parasitas Clinostomum marginatum.
 Mycobacterium: pela microbactéria Mycobacterium chelonae.
 Pseudomonas: pelas bactérias gram-negativas Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
 Pasteurellosis: causada por bactérias gram-negativas e anaeróbicas do gênero Pasteurella.
 Hexamitoses: provocadas por protozoários como o Hexamita meleagridis e o Hexamita symphysodonis.Gisele M. O'Brien, Vaughn E. Ostland e Hugh W. Ferguson, 1993. Spironucleus-associated necrotic enteritis in angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare).. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Canadian Veterinary Medical Association. Vol.: 34. Pág(s): 301.
 Capilaríase: causado pelos nematoides Capillaria pterophylli. No gênero Pterophyllum, afeta na maioria do casos os alevinos.

 Criação em cativeiro

Os acarás têm sido amplamente explorados como peixes ornamentais, uma vez que são de fácil manejo e bem aceitos no mercado internacional. Destacam-se pela sua beleza e convivência pacífica com vários  outros peixes, estando entre as oito espécies de peixes ornamentais mais importadas pelos Estados Unidos. São bastante valorizados na aquariofilia devido ao seu pequeno porte e as suas cores variadas.

São pouco exigentes em relação à condições em que vivem, porém os aquários devem obedecer alguns critérios em relação ao controle dos parâmetros de água. Devem ser mantidos em aquários com no mínimo 1 metro de comprimento e 50 centímetros de altura. Preferem águas ligeiramente quentes, que não excedam 30°C, e com pH ácido, em torno de 4.8 e 6.2. Não devem ser mantidos com peixes muito pequenos, como os néons (Paracheirodon innesi), pois podem acabar comendo-os. Algumas espécies também não são indicadas, como os acarás-disco (Symphysodon discus''), pois segundo alguns aquariofilistas quando mantidos em um mesmo aquário a quantidade de parasitas especialmente internos tendem a aumentar entre os dois gêneros. No entanto, alguns criadores disseram nunca ter tido problemas ao juntá-los. Aceitam bem alimentos vivos e rações em flocos industrializadas.

Galeria

Ver também

 Peixe
 Aquarismo
 Acará-disco
 Lista de peixes
 Peixes ornamentais

Pterophyllum
Peixes da América do Sul
Peixes do Brasil
Fauna da América do Sul
Fauna da Amazônia


PUNE: Rickshaw Panchayat, the largest auto rickshaw union in Pune, has accused the Pune Police of forcing an auto-rickshaw driver commit suicide by demanding a bribe of Rs 20,000. Ashok Rathod, 55, an auto rickshaw driver from Loni Kalbhor allegedly committed suicide on Feb 20. His family members alleged that two police constables had demanded a bribe of Rs 20,000 and harassed him no end forcing Rathod to take the extreme step.
With tears rolling down his eyes, Rathod's son, Shyam (31), said, "My father told me that he required Rs 20 ,000 saying that he had to pay bribe to the police men and settle the matter outside the court. My father was innocent and police blamed him with a fake case of robbing a woman passenger's luggage on the day when my father did not even go to the auto rickshaw stand due to illness," he said.
Rickshaw Panchayat members alleged that on Feb 15, an unidentified women came during the wee hours at Matoshri Ramabai Ambedkar Rickshaw stand at Bund Garden road. The women came again the following night and and started shouting that Rathod has robbed her luggage and went on to lodge a complaint with the Shivajinagar Police station.
Shyam further said, "My father told the local police officials at Loni Kalbhor about the truth but they refused to take cognizance of his complaint and cited jurisdiction issue. Following this we went to to Shivajinagar police station on February 19, the inspector-in-charge asked us to come next day, " he said.
Rickshaw Panchayat convener Nitin Pawar said, "When I came to know about this I went to the Shivajinagar police station and asked them to file First Investigation report (FIR) but they refused. We had complained that one constable named Bhosale had come at the rickshaw stand and demanded to Rs 20,000. Rathod who was a poor guy was unable to fulfill his demand and he was forced to commit suicide," he said.
Pawar further said, "It took nearly a month for us to come to know the actual reason behind Rathod's suicide. I have filed an FIR at Bund Farden police station and asked the Police to give justice to his family by taking the women into police custody immediately and suspend the police constables who were involved in this. If police fails to take any action by the end of this month then we will start our agitation against the police," Pawar warned.


text:
Blog Prevention Programs
Child Safety Advocates Speak at Golden Triangle Meeting
2014 July 10—Golden Triangle Lake County, FL: After just a week on her new job, Rotarian Emily Lee introduced her colleagues from Kids Central, Inc to the Rotary Club of Lake County Golden Triangle. Lee had invited Debra Wise, Deputy Chief of Programs, and Michelle Mongeluzzo, Director of Prevention Services, of the nonprofit agency charged by the State of Florida to oversee the treatment and prevention of child abuse in five counties to speak to the club.
The two speakers work out of the Ocala headquarters of Kids Central, Inc., serving families in Lake, Sumter, Marion, Citrus and Hernando counties. They serve to identity homes with families at risk of abuse, help to prevent them from entering a diversion program, and case manage families and children in relative or foster care due to abuse.
"If safely possible, we work to keep families together and strive to bring them back together through case management coordination and diversion support services. . . Kids Central offers Kinship Care Support for relatives raising children to keep them from entering foster care," explained the speakers. "We recruit, train, and license foster families and adoption services are provided to find permanent living arrangements after judicial involvement."
The program, formed in 2003, has a mission of "Protecting Children, Supporting Families, and Engaging Communities". Mongeluzzo and Wise appealed to the community leaders of Rotary to reach out and assist them in finding volunteers to assist the children and families in the program. Tutors, mentors, foster families, and adoptive families are needed in Lake County in an ongoing fashion.
Emily Lee's office is located in the Bates Avenue Neighborhood Resource Center, 1128 Clifford Ave, 32727 Eustis. Information is available online at www.KidsCentralinc.org, via email at info@KidsCentralinc.org, or by phone at 352- 873-6332. The main office is located at 2117 SW Hwy 484 in Ocala, FL 34473.
Tuesday, July 15th, Reverend Dr. Isaac Deas will be speaking to club. Deas is a local counselor, author, teacher, minister, and volunteers with hospice. His books include "Multiple Streams of Success" and "Don't Let Go".
RCLCGT meets on Tuesdays at 11:45 am at Lake Receptions, 4425 SR 19A, Mount Dora. You may visit the club for the meal cost of $12, RSVP to RotaryClub@USA.com or 352-267-5702. The weekly meeting begins at 11:45 am and ends at 1 pm.
Rotary International clubs focus their efforts in six areas: promoting peace, preventing diseases, providing access to clean water and sanitation, enhancing maternal and child health, improving basic education and literacy, and helping communities develop (www.Rotary.Org). The Rotary Club of Lake County Golden Triangle thanks you for supporting educational scholarships and disaster relief locally and worldwide (www.LakeCountyRotary.Org). The RCLCGT organizes the Central Florida Dragon Boat Festival and the Mount Dora Independence Day Parade.


On behalf of Van Blois Law on Tuesday, June 19, 2018.
You get in a car accident when an 18-wheeler does not stop in time and rear-ends your vehicle in a construction zone. Your child is in the back seat during the crash. You both get airlifted to a nearby hospital.
By Lewis Van Blois of Van Blois Law posted in blog on Thursday, June 14, 2018.
The highest rate of increase of traffic deaths between 2010 and 2016 in the world belongs to the United States. Only 5 of 29 Countries had an increase in traffic deaths during this period and the U.S. led with a 13.5 percent increase according to a study by the International Transportation Forum. The U.S. also had the highest increase in pedestrian deaths and bicyclists deaths. In the same time frame Worldwide, traffic fatalities in 2016 went down 3.6 percent.


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The short film captures our partnership with a range of stakeholders including artists, policy makers, academics and community activists around the themes of language, superdiversity, sport and law.
A summer school, 'Researching Translanguaging', was hosted at University of Birmingham by MOSAIC Centre for Research on Multilingualism, the TLANG project, and the collaborative (University of Birmingham / University of Cape Town) research project, 'Overcoming Barriers to University Education in South Africa'. Scholars from all over the world attended, including 14 from South Africa.
The TLANG team collaborated with a creative company, 'Women and Theatre', who produced an original piece of theatre in response to their engagement with the research project. The show was performed 22 times in four cities, to enthusiastic and appreciative audiences.
Professor Li Wei speaks at the London Metropolitan University.
Professor Angela Creese discusses Translanguaging in this Open University podcast.
Rachel Hu and Professor Adrian Blackledge conducted detailed ethnographic research in the Library of Birmingham for four months.
In his role as Birmingham Poet Laureate Adrian wrote a poem which celebrates the library as a space of cultural knowledge, learning, and engagement for everyone in the city. BBC Midlands Today filmed Adrian reading the poem outside the library.
Part 1 of Professor Angela Creese's presentation at the NALDIC Seminar held at King's College, London University, July 13 2013.


text:
Q: Why can't I use a variable immediately after it is initialised in a class? Why can't I use a variable immediately after it is initialised in a class?
1. class A:
2.     var1 = <call_to_a_function_outside_class_A>
3.     Var2 = <something_to_with_var1>
....

I get
NameError: name 'var1' is not defined (at line number 3)

What am I missing?

A: Apparently you have something like this: (A lambda/function which has var1 inside)
class A:
    var1 = 10
    var2 = lambda: print(var1)

A.var2()  # NameError: name 'var1' is not defined

The reason is because of Python's scoping rules. The methods inside the class are not nested in class, which means if Python couldn't find a variable inside the methods, it will not check the class's namespace to find that.
Instead it will look at the class's enclosing scope which is the module's namespace(globals() dictionary) here, to see if there is a var1 there:
class A:
    var1 = 10
    var2 = lambda: print(var1)

var1 = "something"
A.var2()  # "something"

If you need to access class variable inside the methods, you could either hard-code the class's name (print(A.var1)) or use __class__: (I will use def keyword and regular methods here, also calling the method from instance)
class A:
    var1 = 10
    def my_method(self):
        print(self.__class__.var1)
        print(A.var1)

var1 = "something"
obj = A()
obj.my_method()

output:
10
10


U.S. car parts maker Delphi Corp. has suspended work at a factory in Suzhou due to shrinking demand amid the global economic slump, a media report and a staff member said Monday.
The factory west of Shanghai in the city of Suzhou makes compressors for General Motors Corp. Calls to the plant rang unanswered Monday.
"The sudden and unprecedented decline in (car) sales globally has resulted in our only customer, General Motors North America, announcing plant closures and plant stoppages," the Hong Kong newspaper South China Morning Post quoted a Delphi internal document as saying.
"Unfortunately our only customer in 2009 is GMNA, and this has placed the Suzhou compressor plant in a very dangerous position," it said.
A staffer on duty at Delphi's Shanghai office, which was closed this week for the New Year holiday, confirmed that the facility had temporarily suspended work due to the slowdown in demand as GM cuts back on output.
The staffer gave only his surname, Zhao, as is common with many media-shy Chinese.
Troy, Mich.-based Delphi is a former subsidiary of General Motors that filed for protection from bankruptcy in October 2005. It has more than $500 million in mainland Chinese assets, the Post report said.
China's own once-booming auto market is seeing sales fall from double-digit growth rates as demand cools.


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/ / Replace the - 1 with the CS pin number of any shared SPI device. Error code: 2 Error data: FF. HAL Library 20- FATFS for STM32Fxxx. by tilz0R · August 3,. " SD: ", 1),. There is also CARD detect pin on SDCARD connector if you use it. · FIX 1: I know that you. I gava a lock code in my memory card by my nokia mobile. but somehow i forget. I recently encounter an SD memory card error. · Initialise SD/ SDHC Card? C18 Code fragment for SD/ SDHC.
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Over the last month, for a variety of reasons, I feel like I have been effectively silenced. Today is Autistics Speaking Day, and today I want to break my silence. So often non-Autistic people tell us to talk nicely, to understand their point of view, and to quite simply, shut up.
I am coming up on 1 year since I was informally diagnosed as Autistic. I have attempted to find ways to advocate, and to connect with my community. I am so grateful to my Autistic friends for welcoming me in, and serving as my guides. There have been non-Autistic people that were interested in hearing Autistic points of view as well. Some amplify Autistic voices, and that is wonderful and necessary. Others though, silence us by any means necessary.
Not long ago I wrote something that criticized parents that publicly display their child's challenges. Yes, many non-Autistic people heard that message, thought about it, and agreed. Wonderful! Others, though, brushed it off with comments of, "what about their need for support?" These are silencing tactics. It's a way of telling us that we are wrong, rather than contemplating our words.
A couple of weeks later, I experienced a far greater silencing. Some internet trolls harassed me on Twitter, to such an extent that I had to block and report hundreds of people, and make my profile protected. My crime? Advocating against people that say Autistic people are dangerous. Fighting for my humanity is met with horrendous, triggering, attacks on my identity. And I was effectively silenced.
But no more. I have been rebuilding again. I am speaking up again. Because what we have to say is important.
Good you are speaking up again. Good you can be here again, after regrouping and recovering from triggering attacks.


I have discovered following thing - I go to shop -> add product to cart -> close browser -> open browser -> cart is empty. Is it correct behavior? Is is issue in my e-shop or is it virtuemart feature? Is any way how to remember items in cart for x-hours? Is any extension or so?
The product you added to your cart are held in a cookie on your local machine. If the cart appears empty, the first thing to verify is that cookie are not cleared when the browser closed, manually or otherwise.
And if am I not logged, no cart cortent is held? Isnt an issue? I would expect that cart will held content at least one session...but in my case nothing is held after browser is closed and then opened.
I have found any abandoned cart extensions, but please do you know, if they are able to hold content in session? Thank you in advance.
I have tested this already, unless you clear cookies the cart content is retained on simply closing the browser and re-opening it, even if a couple of days later.
It is not a cookie! It is one time stored in the session table. And when you are registered, it is stored in the cart table.
Also, to my knowledge, some worldwide trusted e-commerce like Magento and others also keeps cart data for guest users in their database, that helps them to build achieve additional functionalities of the abandoned cart. Why VirtueMart is only keeping it and taking it from the session.
Send auto-reminders about abandoned carts.
Virtuemart coupon applied to the cart will only be applicable to that cart.
Any change in the cart will remove the Virtuemart coupon from the cart.
Different email templetes for different stages like first-time email templete, reminder emil templete and Virtuemart coupon emil templete.
Track all abandoned carts of store users.
Easily create and edit email templates.
The cart is stored as long the session lasts. That means, you could also increase the sessiontime to a day or so and then carts for guests are "automatically stored". But so long there exists no method, which uses a cookie to get an already stored cart. A non registered user should just register to get get such features.
Hello, problem is when you want to use remarketing for cart. To target customers with remarketing is nonsense when they go back to e-shop with empty cart.
Btw I have this issue even when I have session time 2800 and storing it in DB. Or is any other setting how to remember the cart?
Note that local storage have not same size limit for each browser and is not really GDPR compliant.


It wasn't so long ago, economic development professionals will tell you, that it was every county for itself in northeast Indiana.
Companies looking for a new location could shop around trying to get a better deal, pitting one county against a neighbor. If one county didn't have the right setting for a business, it would have been unheard of for economic development officials to tip that business off to a better situation in another county.
A dozen years ago, that dog-eat-dog philosophy began to yield to a better approach. County economic development directors came together in the Northeast Indiana Regional Partnership, formed to replace regional competition with regional cooperation.
Next week, elected officials and development directors will gather in Fort Wayne to reaffirm their commitment to the partnership's code of ethics, a piece of paper at the heart of this approach to attracting and growing business.
The code sets standards of conduct for those involved in economic development activities throughout the partnership's 11 counties. It was signed by area economic development officers in 2011. But it embodies principles of "trust, professionalism and cooperation" that have been in effect since the group was formed in 2006, according to President and CEO John Sampson. The April 18 ceremony is to give new economic development directors plus county commissioners and mayors the opportunity to sign.
The code, Sampson said, ultimately makes the region stronger by eliminating duplication of effort and encouraging economic development officials to share information with other counties. It also forbids economic development officials from violating confidences with their counterparts in other northeast Indiana counties and from "selling against" another northern Indiana county. Though there have been "five or six" possible violations of the code over the years, Sampson said, there are procedures for resolving such issues. The economic development directors council has never had to invoke the "death penalty" for an unrepentant violator – cutting a county off from receiving leads from the partnership.
A few years ago, when Novae Corp., a lightweight utility trailer company in Markle, needed to find space in an existing building, Huntington County didn't have anything that fit the company's needs, Wickersham said. So he put in a call to Bill Konyha, now chairman of the Northeast Indiana Chamber, who was then Wabash County economic development director. Konyha was able to find Novae space in a building on the edge of North Manchester.
"It wasn't much after that, that Bill called back," Wickersham said, to tip him off to an opportunity to do business with Metronet, a fiber-optic telecommunications company.
"Prior to the existence of the Northeast Indiana Regional Partnership, that would have been unheard of," Wickersham said.
The clearest evidence that the approach works, Sampson said, is the way the area leaders came together to support the effort to leverage a $42 million Regional Cities grant into $256 million of investment in projects in 10 counties.
"The nature of the work is so highly competitive," he said. "There's a lot at stake. We're all human and we all want to win at what we do.


text:
Muscular-diseases hospital to open in S.F.
After years of planning, The City is welcoming a new hospital specializing in the treatment of debilitating muscular diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Lou Gehrig's disease.
California Pacific Medical Center has been working with neighbors for four years to finalize plans for a new four-story 46,000-square-foot building, located on the corner of Noe Street and Duboce Avenue, next to the campus of the Davies Medical Center.
The development of the hospital has been a process of compromise with residents concerned about parking, traffic, landscaping and how the building will fit in with the residential neighborhood.
"It's been a very interesting working relationship," said Richard Magary, of the Buena Vista Neighborhood Association. "We don't have final answers yet, but certainly they have been very receptive."
To help ease traffic congestion, employees will be compensated for riding public transportation and the main entrance of the hospital will be built across the street from the Muni N-Judah stop on Duboce Avenue. The hospital will also be blended in with its neighbors by adding landscaping to the street already lined with pine trees and building extra-wide sidewalks similar to those in the area. Victoria Steiner, a spokeswoman for the hospital, said the neighbors' concerns have helped with the design of the hospital.
Steiner said expanding the full-service hospital is important because it will add on-site offices for specialized doctors who will no longer have to travel far distances to treat patients staying next door. The project will also include a rehabilitation center to treat patients suffering from strokes and muscular diseases. Construction on the new wing could begin by the end of the year and take up to two years to complete. It is still waiting for final approval from the Planning Commission and the Building Department.
But on Thursday the hospital broke ground on a new 3,000-square-foot outdoor terrain park that will also be used to help patients recover from serious conditions. The park, one of only three in the country, will be used to help patients recovering from strokes, orthopedic surgeries and other debilitating conditions through rehab in a simulated real-world environment.
Mary Lanier, the hospital's chief administrative officer, said usually patients go through therapy "in the gym or our therapists will take people on the street but its not safe." The project, slated for completion in 2007, will have sidewalks, sand and even a bus for patients to learn how to walk again. Lanier said the idea for the park came partly out of community demand.
Jailhouse review begins after reports of crowding
Two suspected teen killers make court appearance


Home visiting my parents for the weekend and get hit with a 5.7 earthquake. We're about 150 miles north of San Francisco. When we felt it, we thought "Holy crap, if it felt that big up this far, SF must have been crushed. Turn on the news and, luckily, the epicenter was in the town I'm sitting in. Greenville, CA. A little town up in the mountains.
I can tell you that it's one of the scariest things I've ever been through. I've been in hurricanes, tornados, typhoons, blizzards, etc, and I will take all of them over an earthquake any day. Luckily, it's a very rural area so there were no injuries and relatively little damage.
There have been well over 50 aftershocks and it's definitely "enough already". The funny thing is that you grow up in California and have all the drills while your in school but earthquakes are so unexpected on spontaneous that really, even with all the "training", it seems pretty pointless. When it hit the 5 of us pretty much sat in one place and stared at each other in a "WTF" moment. Pretty funny in hindsight.
Glad you are ok Sands... Small world I used to live in Mt Shasta and have been through Susanville a lot on the way to Reno.
Was a while back, but i felt a 4.1 quake donkeys years back, when our family visited disney land. IIRC i was around 4-5 and loved the shaking ground..
It wasn't so much the shaking ground. It was the, seemingly, never ending aftershocks. Even funnier, I think, was listening to the news stations out of Sacramento (closest local stations) with all the rednecks from this area calling in. And, of course, the newscasters sounding upset that there wasn't massive damage and destruction.
Yup.. No blood/death/scandal, and the press don't care.


text:
Sir Thomas Johnstone Lipton (10. maj 1848 i Glasgow – 2. oktober 1931 i London) var en skotsk erhvervsmand og yachtsejler. Han grundlagde temærket Lipton og var den mest vedholdende deltager i yachtturneringen America's Cup.

I 1870 etablerede han sin første butik i Glasgow – kaldet Lipton's Market. Den blev en succes, og hurtigt skabte Lipton en kæde af butikker, først i Glasgow, siden i resten af Skotland og til sidst i hele Storbritannien. Mens Lipton udvidede sit imperium faldt prisen på te og efterspørgslen voksede hos hans kunder. Det fik ham til at gå ind i tebranchen i 1888, hvor antallet af butikker havde passeret 300. Fra starten undgik han de traditionelle handels- og distributionskanaler for at kunne sælge teen til en pris, som arbejderklassen kunne betale. Han skabte i disse år Lipton-mærket og købte teplantager i Ceylon (nuværende Sri Lanka) og Indien. Førstnænvte besøgte han selv i begyndelsen af 1890'erne. Lipton-teen blev solgt både i Europa og USA. Det produceres i dag af den multinationale koncern Unilever.

Han blev i 1898 slået til ridder (Royal Victorian Order), og i 1902 blev han baronet. I årene 1899-1930 deltog Thomas Lipton i America's Cup med bådene Shamrock I-V, der til dato er de største kapsejladsbåde, der nogensinde er bygget.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Lipton's historie (engelsk)

Erhvervsfolk fra Storbritannien
Sejlsportsfolk fra Storbritannien
Personer fra Glasgow
Frimurere fra Skotland