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chevron_right Lolita Lempicka Homme - Eau de Toilette, 100 ml
Lolita Lempicka Homme - Eau de Toilette, 100 ml
Lolita Lempicka – Josiane Maryse Pividal chose the pseudonym Lolita Lempicka for her fashion label by combining the name of the novel Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov with the name of the Polish artist Tamara de Lempicka. She opened her first boutique in 1984, which was soon followed by expansion to foreign destinations. She debuted her own collection, inspired by the 1940s with modern design and the latest fashion trends.
She soon launched Lolita Lempicka perfumes for women and later for men as well. How do the Lolita Lempicka perfumes draw you in with their fresh, woody, or floral scents? With the irresistible design of the bottle, the image of exclusivity.
Top notes:Ivy, Licorice, Wormwood, Anise
Middle notes:Violet, Woody Notes, Orange Blossom, Sugar, Rum, Almonds, Rose
Base notes:Labdanum, Vanilla, Musk, Cedar
Brand Lolita Lempicka
Reference LOLPFM015
Xerjoff Casamorati 1888 La Tosca (W) Edp 100ml
Lubin Paris Epidor - Eau de Parfum, 100 ml
Chanel Coco Mademoiselle (Rechargeable) - Eau de Toilette, 50 ml
Montale Starry Nights - Eau de Parfum, 100 ml
Floris 1927 - Eau de Parfum, 100 ml

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Eight vie for 3 seats in Hampton City Council race
Intoxicated York County mom leaves kids at baseball game, sheriff's office says
Holding a phone while driving will soon come with a fine in Virginia
Daily Press |
In 2019, distracted driving accounted for 23,246 crashes in the state and killed 113 people, according to the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles. (AndreyPopov/iStock/Getty Images Plus)
RICHMOND — Starting in 2021, holding a phone a phone or mobile device while driving could come with a fine in Virginia.
Enforcement of the law will go into effect Jan. 1. Drivers will face a fine of up to $125 for the first offense and $250 for subsequent offenses.
Gov. Ralph Northam signed the bill in early July, and its enforcement was pushed back in order to give the public time to learn about it. While the state already had banned texting while driving in 2007, this law essentially makes any use of a phone while driving illegal, excluding voice commands.
In 2019, distracted driving accounted for 23,246 crashes in the state and killed 113 people, according to the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles.
The headline of previous version of this story may have created the impression that holding a cellphone while driving is not yet illegal. A measure making that illegal became law in July but enforcement of it was delayed until Jan. 1.
Noor Adatia
Noor Adatia is a reporting intern for the Daily Press and a recent graduate of Boston University's College of Communication. She loves her home state of Texas and cheering for Dallas sports teams.


People and animals breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon-dioxide. But plants do the opposite, they breathe in carbon dioxide and breathe out oxygen. So as long as there are enough trees on the planet, the world will never run out of oxygen.
People and animals breathe in oxygen to supply their bodies with air. They breathe out carbon dioxide. Plants take in carbon dioxide and give off oxygen.
Plants make their own food. They absorb carbon dioxide in the air and water from the soil. Chlorophyll, which is found in the leaves of a plant, uses sunlight as a source of energy to covert carbon dioxide and water into food. This is called photosynthesis. Oxygen, a by-product is released during this process.
WILL WE EVER RUN SHORT OF OXYGEN?
If deforestation continues at a rapid rate, and no more new trees are planted, it could lower the supply of oxygen.
When chlorophyll uses sunlight as energy to convert carbon-dioxide and water into glucose; oxygen is released as a by-product. Cellular respiration is the process that converts food into a usable energy source. It takes place in the cells of humans, animals and most plants. it requires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and water as by-products. It is thought that over 75 percent of photosynthesis occurs in the oceans, in phytoplankton. But incessant deforestation could still affect the world's oxygen supply.
When a plant loses water from its leaves during photosynthesis is called transpiration. Try doing this experiment by leaving a leaf sample in a bowl of water under the sun. Keep it as it is for an hour or two and come back and check. What do you see on the leaves? Keep plants inside your house. It not only adds a touch to your home decor but also gives a feeling of freshness.


Published 11/29/2014 . Last updated 4/25/2019 .
Mulled wine cookies are large, soft spice cookies with mulled wine poured right into the batter.
The mulled wine flavor comes through the best in the mulled wine icing that zig-zags across the tops of the mulled wine cookies. I thought it was pretty to pipe the icing that way, but next time, I'd throw appearance out of the kitchen and paint the whole cookie with the mulled wine icing. The cookie is wonderful, but the icing is what makes it truly shine.
For years, when I've thought about cookies, I've turned to Anna Ginsberg's blog, Cookie Madness. Cookie Madness is like the cookie version of Cupcake Project. Well, it turns out that Anna has a cookbook. I had to check it out!
In her book, Anna shares a cookie for every day of the year with a photo of each one! For example, she has a recipe for Monster Cookies on May 11 (Twilight Zone Day) and a recipe for Caramel Corn Cookies on June 16 (the day that Cracker Jacks were invented). My mulled wine cookies are adapted from September 30th's mulled apple cider cookies (Mulled Cider Day).
You can easily make your own mulled wine for use in this recipe by simmering a bottle of red wine with some mulling spices. By the way, mulling spices wrapped in a cute bag or a mason jar also make for a really nice holiday gift.
Buying mulling spices is a nice route to go if you don't already own all of the component spices that go into the blend like cinnamon sticks, star anise, whole cloves, and orange zest. If you already have those in your pantry, you can try a from-scratch recipe for mulled wine. I love Ina Garten's mulled wine recipe.
In a medium-sized mixing bowl, beat butter, sugar, and brown sugar until light and fluffy.
In a separate medium-sized mixing bowl, whisk together flour, cinnamon, cloves. baking soda, and salt.
Add dry ingredients to butter mixture and mix until just combined.
Drop balls of dough, each about two tablespoons, on a cookie sheet lined with parchment or a Silpat - two inches apart from each other.
In a small bowl, mix powdered sugar and mulled wine until fully combined.
Spread or pipe on cooled cookies.
Triple the icing recipe if you prefer to cover the whole cookie with icing.
In Anna's mulled apple cider cookie recipe, she uses apple cider that hasn't had mulling spices added to it and uses the mulling spices in the cookie batter. For my mulled wine cookies, I added mulled wine to the batter plus additional spices. If you don't want to take the time to make mulled wine first, you could use a non-mulled red wine in this cookie instead. But, it's the holidays, and I highly suggest making some mulled wine. You'll use just a little bit of it in the cookies and you can drink the rest! Cheers!
For more mulled wine fun and the story of my stuffed Rudolph doll, check out my mulled wine cupcakes.
I love your twist on the recipe, and thanks so much for the shout out!! I'm glad you are going cookie crazy this month. I've been a little cupcake crazy.
Thanks! And, it's fun that we are both switching things up! Happy cupcaking!
This, this is why I always leave room to add another cookie to my holiday boxes. These sound superb!
Chocolate chip cookies, snickerdoodles, oatmeal raisin cookies, chocolate pretzel truffles (or as I insist on calling them 'chocolate salty balls'), Hershey kiss Christmas tree cookies, your cheddar cheese crackers, and some candy cane pretzel chocolate bark. Plus mulled wine cookies.
Mulled wine is my favorite holiday drink, love it cookies!


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black flag bring along the kids!
Browse: Home / 2008 / June / 05 / black flag bring along the kids!
black flag bring along the kids, originally uploaded by timmy anchovy.
Wow, I'm sorry I missed this one. The Last were so good, too. Hard edged psychedelia.
First (and only) time I saw the Flag was at the Temple Beautiful in SF, a synagogue that had been converted into the Peoples Temple gathering place and then was a punk concert venue. Must've been 1980?
I remember there being a good Last track on one of the Radio Tokyo comps.


CD22 (BL-CAM) is a type 1 integral membrane glycoprotein with molecular weight of 130 to 140kD. It is expressed in both the cytoplasm and cell membrane of B-lymphocytes. CD22 antigen appears early in B-cell lymphocyte differentiation at approximately the same stage as the CD19 antigen. Unlike other B-cell markers, CD22 membrane expression is limited to the late differentiation stages comprised between mature B cells (CD22+) and plasma cells (CD22-), and may thus prove useful in phenotyping mature leukemias. CD22 is also strongly expressed in hairy cell leukemia.
FACS: Use at an assay dependant dilution. IP: Use at an assay dependant dilution. WB: Use at an assay dependant dilution. Detects a band of approximately 140 kDa. Use under non-reducing conditions. Not tested in other applications. Optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.


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Open Journal of Immunology
10.4236/oji.2014.43010
Anti-Thyroglobulin IgG in Therapeutic Immunoglobulins: A Reactivity Bias in IgG4 Subclass
Sonia Néron1,2, Annie Roy1, Nathalie Dussault1, Caroline Philipeau1
1Héma-Québec, Production Cellulaire, Recherche et Développement, Québec, Canada
2Université Laval, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Département de Biochimie et Microbiologie, Québec, Canada
Email: sonia.neron@hema-quebec.qc.ca
Received 10 June 2014; revised 10 July 2014; accepted 10 August 2014
Therapeutic immunoglobulins are used in the treatment of immunodeficiencies as well as several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. These intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) represent the healthy human IgG repertoire, which can be reactive for both self and non-self antigens. A better characterization of IVIg's repertoire is an important aspect to enable its effective utilization as an immunomodulatory treatment. In this study we have investigated the reactivity of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 present in IVIg for a small selection of antigens, including actin, DNA, ferritin and thyroglobulin. We observed that two commercial preparations of therapeutic immunoglobulins contain very high reactivity for thyroglobulin, which was predominantly detected by IgG4. Since IgG4 antibodies can have immunomodulatory properties, these result suggest that these anti-thy- roglobulin may have a role in the IVIg treatment of autoimmune disease characterized by high avidity for anti-thyroglobulin antibodies such as Hashimoto's disease.
IgG4, Anti-Thyroglobulin, Human Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Therapeutic immunoglobulins, namely intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg), are currently used in the treatment of immunodeficiencies as well as several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (reviewed in [1] ). IVIg is constituted of the human healthy IgG repertoire (>98% IgG), which contains antibodies against pathogens as well as natural antibodies [2] . IVIg contain IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 in proportions similar to those observed in normal human serum [1] . Overall, anti-inflammatory properties of IVIg are related to their capacities to down-modulate activation of immune cells or to reduce the negative impact of pathologic IgG [1] [3] .
However, it is well known that all IgG subclasses are not equal in their potential to modulate immune functions such as complement activation or Fcgamma receptor stimulation [4] . Furthermore, IgG subclasses may also differ in their antigenic targets. For example IgG1 and IgG3 are mostly related to anti-protein response while IgG2 is usually attributed to the anti-carbohydrate response [4] [5] . IgG4, the less abundant subclass, have unusual characteristics. IgG4 antibodies do not activate complement but have anti-inflammatory activities [6] - [9] . Furthermore, following an in vivo Fab-arm exchange mechanism, the IgG4 molecule can become bispecific, a property that can be associated to anti-inflammatory functions [8] as well as to rheumatoid arthritis [10] . Conversely, several diseases are associated to very high levels of IgG4 in blood and organs leading to the recent definition of hyper-IgG4 syndrome as an emerging systemic disease [11] - [14] .
The repertoire of IVIg includes a lot of self-reactive antibodies targeting proteins such as siglec-9 [15] , cytokines [16] [17] , ferritin and thyroglobulin [18] [19] , as well as several surface and intracellular components of human cells [20] - [22] . These autoreactive antibodies are considered to have a role in IVIg mechanisms of action for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders [17] [23] - [25] . In this study we have investigated whether IVIg autoreactivity contents could vary according to the four IgG subclasses.
2.1. Human IgG Preparations
Two commercial preparations of IVIg were tested, namely GamunexTM from Talecris Biotherapeutics ltd. (Toronto, ON, Canada) and Gammagard from Baxter Corporation, (Mississauga, ON, Canada). Both IVIg preparations were similar in terms of their proportions of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4, which represents 64% ± 3%, 28% ± 4%, 4% ± 2% and 4% ± 1% of the total IgG content, respectively (data not shown and [26] ).
2.2. IgG reactivity in Direct ELISA
Reactivity of IgG in IVIg was evaluated by ELISA using a selection of antigens constituted of human transferrin, whole molecules and Fc fragments of murine IgG (Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories, West Grove, PA, USA), bovine actin and histone, salmon dsDNA and human fibronectin (Sigma-Aldrich, Oakville, ON, Canada), human ferritin and thyroglobulin (Calbiochem, San Diego, USA) [25] . Bovine histone and salmon dsDNA were adsorbed at 50 μg/ml in 100 mM citrate buffer pH 6.0 [27] . All other antigens were adsorbed at 10 µg/ mL in 100 mM carbonate buffer pH 9.6 [25] . Bound human IgG were revealed with peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-human IgG gamma-chain specific antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch) or peroxidase-conjugated mouse antibodies specific to human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 subclasses (Southern Biotech, Birmingham, Alabama, USA). A solution of 10 mM Phosphate buffered saline pH 7.0 containing 5% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, Burlington, ON, Canada) was used as blocking buffer and as a diluent for IVIg as well as all peroxidase-conju- gated antibodies. Non-specific human IgG bindings were determined by using wells coated with 100 mM carbonate buffer alone or containing 0.001% FBS. When indicated, the strength of IVIg reactivity was determined using two-fold serial dilutions ranging from 250 µg/ml to 8 µg/mL and revealed according to each IgG subclasses as described above. All ELISA analyses were done in triplicate.
3.1. IgG Self-Reactivity Is Detected in Both IVIg Preparations
In a first step, the reactivity pattern was determined for IVIg using a final concentration of 25 µg/mL of total IgG by a direct detection in ELISA (Figure 1). Background for IVIg binding was 0.2 ± 0.1 (O.D.) as determined by controls done with diluent (FBS) and uncoated wells (CTL-neg). Both IVIg preparations were tested simultaneously and showed similar capacity to bind dsDNA, actin, ferritin, thyroglobulin and transferrin. In this ELISA system, the total IgG anti-species cross-reactivity of IVIg for murine IgG molecules was comparable to that of transferrin, thyroglobulin and ferritin antigens Analysis done with both IVIg adjusted to 250 µg/mL resulted in O.D. varying from 1.0 to more than 3.5 in most cases (data not shown) indicating that these reactivity
Figure 1. IVIg self-reactivity is present in both preparations. Total IgG in IVIg preparations were tested at a final concentration of 25 µg/ml and their reactivity was screened on a small selection of antigens as indicated. IVIg preparations A and B stand for Gamunex and Gammagard, respectively. Data are expressed as the mean of triplicate ±SD.
patterns were proportional to the amount of human IgG in tested samples.
3.2. Self-Reactivity Is Present in IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4
To compensate for the lower concentration of IgG3 and IgG4, IVIg-A and IVIg-B were adjusted to 250 µg/mL and their reactivity patterns were determined for each IgG subclasses (Figure 2). Background reactivity for IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 was higher for IVIg-A when compared to IVIg-B, resulting in a similar level of specific binding for most selected antigens. As expected, IgG2 was reactive only for mouse Fc-IgG, which is known to have several glycosylation sites. IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 showed comparable pattern of reactivity and even though IgG1 is about 10-fold more abundant than IgG3 and IgG4, their level of reactivity was also similar. In fact, IgG3 and IgG4 were characterized by a higher level of reactivity for bovine actin, salmon dsDNA, as well as human ferritin and thyroglobulin.
3.3. IgG4 Contains Most Anti-Thyroglobulin Reactivity
Based on the above observations, titration of IVIg reactivity was done to evaluate the strength of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 binding on human ferritin and thyroglobulin, which are targets naturally present in human blood [18] . Serial dilution concentrations were established in function of the total IgG content while reactivity was detected using antibody specific for each IgG subclass. Bovine actin reactivity as well as background was also assessed in parallel using the same serial dilutions of IgG in both IVIg preparations. These results are representative of four independent experimentations using IVIg-A and three using IVIg-B. The relative reactivities of IgG subclasses for actin, ferritin and thyroglobulin were similar to those observed above for both IVIg (Figure 3) and were all directly proportional to their final concentration. IVIg-A was showing high IgG1 background reactivity as above. Overall, the titration for thyroglobulin reactivity corroborated that the high level of anti-thyrog- lobulin antibodies, present in both IVIg, is mainly confined to the IgG4 subclass.
In this study we showed that IVIg content of autoreactive antibodies varied according to their isotypes. Furthermore, we highlighted that anti-thyroglobulin was mainly constituted of IgG4. These observations lead us to question whether that reactivity for human thyroglobulin in two IVIg preparations may have some importance in its utilization for the treatment of the autoimmune disorder Hashimoto disease. Hashimoto disease is an IgG4-
Figure 2. IgG3 and IgG4 have high levels of self-reactivity. IVIg preparations (a) (Gamunex) and (b) (Gammagard) were adjusted at a final concentration of 250 µg/ml according to their total IgG content. The binding of IgG1 IgG2 IgG3 and IgG4 was revealed using antibody specific for each subclasses as described in Material and methods. Data are expressed as the mean of triplicate ±SD.
related systemic disease characterized by autoantibodies directed against thyroglobulin or thyroid peroxidase [28] . Besides, these autoreactive antibodies can be associated to IgG4 antibodies showing high reactivity for their targets [29] - [31] . Furthermore, high avidity of thyroglobulin antibody in sera from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis often corresponds to high disease activity [32] .
Previous studies done by Kazatchkine and collaborators underline a link between IVIg and anti-thyroglobulin related to reestablishment of idiotypic networks [33] - [36] . Our observations showing the presence of anti-thy- roglobulin IgG4 inside IVIg preparation suggests that IVIg-IgG4 anti-thyroglobulin having lower avidity may succeed to alter their high avidity counterparts. IgG4 are able to self-associate to other IgG molecules [37] - [39] and have anti-inflammatory characteristics conferred by their extraordinary capacity to perform dynamic Fab arm exchange [6] [7] [38] . Therefore, the presence of anti-thyroglobulin typical of IgG4 subclass in IVIg, may help the immune system to dampen inappropriate binding of thyroglobulin in Hashimoto's patient.
The autoreactivity content of IVIg has already been proposed as a possible target for the preparation of
Figure 3. IgG4 is highly reactive for thyroglobulin. IgG subclasses reactivity in IVIg (panel A―Gamunex; panel B― Gammagard) were titrated to determine the level of reactivity specific for actin, ferritin, thyroglobulin as well as FBS for background reactivity.
substitute [18] [40] . In this study we bring new insights indicating that fractionation of IgG4 prepared from human plasma could also be investigated as a substitute to treat IgG4-related disorders.
We are grateful to Marc Cloutier PhD for excellent critical review and manuscript editing.
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Néron, S. and Roy, A. (2012) Overview of IgG-Reactivity in Therapeutic Immunoglobulins Revealed by Protein Array Analysis. Biochemistry & Analytical Biochemistry, S8, 001.
Ballow, M. (2011) The IgG Molecule as a Biological Immune Response Modifier: Mechanisms of Action of Intravenous Immune Serum Globulin in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 127, 315-323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.10.030
Tha-In, T., Bayry, J., Metselaar, H.J., Kaveri, S.V. and Kwekkeboom, J. (2008) Modulation of the Cellular Immune System by Intravenous Immunoglobulin. Trends in Immunology, 29, 608-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2008.08.004
de Grandmont, M.J., Racine, C., Roy, A., Lemieux, R. and Néron, S. (2003) Intravenous Immunoglobulins Induce the in Vitro Differentiation of Human B Lymphocytes and the Secretion of IgG. Blood, 101, 3065-3073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-06-1684
Siegel, J. (2005) Immune Globulins: Therapeutic, Pharmaceutical, Cost, and Administration Considerations. Pharmacy Practice News, Special Edition, 15-19.
Kaushik, A., Lim, A., Poncet, P., Ge, X.R. and Dighiero, G. (1988) Comparative Analysis of Natural Antibody Specificities among Hybridomas Originating from Spleen and Peritoneal Cavity of Adult NZB and BALB/c Mice. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 27, 461-471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1988.tb02372.x
Li, Y., Nishihara, E. and Kakudo, K. (2011) Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: Old Concepts and New Insights. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 23, 102-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0b013e328341378c
Adler, T.R., Beall, G.N., Curd, J.G., Heiner, D.C. and Sabharwal, U.K. (1984) Studies of Complement Activation and IgG Subclass Restriction of Anti-Thyroglobulin. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 56, 383-389.
Liu, W., Meckel, T., Tolar, P., Sohn, H.W. and Pierce, S.K. (2010) Intrinsic Properties of Immunoglobulin IgG1 Isotype-Switched B Cell Receptors Promote Microclustering and the Initiation of Signaling. Immunity, 32, 778-789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2010.06.006
Xie, L.-D., Gao, Y., Li, M.-R., Lu, G.Z. and Guo, X.-H. (2008) Distribution of Immunoglobulin G Subclasses of Anti- Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody in Sera from Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis with Different Thyroid Functional Status. Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 154, 172-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03756.x
Zhang, Y., Gao, Y., Li, M., Xie, L., Huang, Y. and Guo, X. (2010) Avidity of Thyroglobulin Antibody in Sera from Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis with Different Thyroid Functional Status. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 161, 65-70.
Dietrich, G. and Kazatchkine, M.D. (1990) Normal Immunoglobulin G (IgG) for Therapeutic Use (Intravenous Ig) Contain Antiidiotypic Specificities against an Immunodominant, Disease-Associated, Cross-Reactive Idiotype of Human Anti-Thyroglobulin Autoantibodies. The Journal of Clinical Investigations, 85, 620-625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI114483
Dietrich, G., Piechaczyk, M., Pau, B. and Kazatchkine, M.D. (1991) Evidence for a Restricted Idiotypic and Epitopic Specificity of Anti-Thyroglobulin Autoantibodies in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis. European Journal of Immunology, 21, 811-814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.1830210340
Dietrich, G., Varela, F.J., Hurez, V., Bouanani, M. and Kazatchkine, M.D. (1993) Selection of the Expressed B Cell Repertoire by Infusion of Normal Immunoglobulin G in a Patient with Autoimmune Thyroiditis. European Journal of Immunology, 23, 2945-2950.
Rossi, F. and Kazatchkine, M.D. (1989) Antiidiotypes against Autoantibodies in Pooled Normal Human Polyspecific Ig. The Journal of Immunology, 143, 4104-4109.
Nezlin, R. (2010) Interactions between Immunoglobulin G Molecules. Immunology Letters, 132, 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2010.06.006
Aalberse, R.C., Stapel, S.O., Schuurman, J. and Rispens, T. (2009) Immunoglobulin G4: An Odd Antibody. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 39, 469-477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03207.x
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There are several selections for applications of exchange studies each academic year. The application deadlines for exchange studies varies depending on which programme you study.
Selection 1: Application deadline for exchange studies for the coming academic year. You may apply for exchange studies during the entire academic year, or for either the fall or spring semester, depending on your programme syllabus.
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Selection 3: Deadline for exchange studies for the spring semester only. New places can be added.


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text:
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980, Volume III, Foreign Economic Policy
271. Memorandum From Roger Hansen of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Brzezinski) and the President's Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Aaron)1
Washington, July 26, 1977
A Last Attempt at a PRM–8 "Product" for the President
Zbig,
Your phone call this morning deeply saddened me. It revealed that for five months and three weeks I have worked for you with so little communication that I have wasted your time and mine, and it appears that no constructive purpose has been served.
When you asked me to come on board for six months, the purpose was specifically stated: "to get PRM 8 through the bureaucracy in a way [Page 830]that allows us to reconceptualize North-South relations". That is what I have been trying to do ever since the last day of January; that is why the Track II group was eventually set up after the failure of the EPG effort; and that is why the PRM 8 before you now2 is not a Roger Hansen think-piece, but the very best I could squeeze out of the bureaucracy after three months of hard work. It is still so "out-front" that the Van Dyks', the Bergstens', the Paul Boekers', etc. are at work desperately trying to produce a deadlock tomorrow.3
I finally thought that the best I could do for you was to start a process for thinking about North-South relations, based on four major elements (p. 37–38 of PRM). That is what I hoped the PRC meeting would produce.
Now, with three days left, I find that you want a Roger Hansen proposal, regardless of whether or not anyone in the bureaucracy agrees with it. Had I known this earlier, I could have saved us both six months of wasted effort, and needn't have joined the NSC to produce the product for you.
What follows is an attempt to set forward in less than five pages an overall approach to North-South relations, followed by much more specific emphasis on the "Carteresque" centerpiece, as I read the President's instincts and think about the domestic and international constraints with which he must deal in proposing North-South initiatives.
Paper Prepared by Roger Hansen of the National Security Council Staff 4
Washington, undated
A NORTH-SOUTH POLICY FOR THE ADMINISTRATION
A lengthy reconsideration of US policies toward the "Third World" countries leads to the following conclusion:
I. Overall Scope
US North-South strategy should consist of four component parts, each aimed at the accomplishment of a different set of US foreign policy goals (with some overlap between them).
1. Those changes in direction in what have in the past been thought of as the central core of US policies vis-a-vis the developing countries: trade liberalization; substantially increased economic assistance; a system of global food reserves; and a strengthening of such central financial institutions as the IMF and the World Bank. In these areas of "traditional" North-South policy, the Administration has already made important commitments which will be of considerable interest to the so-called "middle tier" LDCs, neither the strongest nor the weakest. The US goal in these policy arenas will be to keep Administration commitments made already by defending them successfully before the Congress and the American public. This job will be neither easy nor glamorous, but nevertheless second only to a Basic Human Needs initiative described below in importance to more constructive North-South relations.
2. A second ingredient in an appropriate North-South strategy will entail greater flexibility needed to deal with the problems and the opportunities presented by the emergence of the so-called "upper-tier" of developing countries. Some are financial powers, e.g., Saudi Arabia; some are industrial powers, e.g., Brazil; some are rapidly becoming potential military powers (at the regional level), e.g., Iran.
The United States must develop a set of policies and bilateral relationships with such countries which will allow us to incorporate such emerging local powers into all of our trilateral global systems of consultation and management which are appropriate. A major element in this set of policies will be greater flexibility in encouraging such countries to become members of such organizations as the Group of Ten on monetary affairs, particular working groups of the OECD of special interest to them, etc.
This set of policies is of particular importance if we are to gain the cooperation of these countries in the achievement of our policy goals in such realms as human rights, non-proliferation, conventional arms sales, and cooperation in such bodies as the UN, CIEC, and others where they can sometimes act as a "bridge to the South".
3. The third element, far less specific yet terribly important as one looks to the longer term, concerns a concentration on the need for global reforms where more-than-incremental approaches may well be necessary to deal effectively with "world order" problems over the coming decade. The vision needed in the North-South area is similar to the Presidential mandate given to the CEQ in his May 23 Environmental Message.5 Clearly a strong case can be made for systematically studying such linked issues as food production, health facilities, popu[Page 832]lation growth, and the fulfillment of basic human needs. If we do not begin to examine these problems in their aggregate and in their linkages to one another, we may well miss the opportunity to find "simultaneous" solutions which detailed study of each issue in isolation will not produce.
4. Finally, and for reasons detailed below, the Administration should make a major commitment to a Basic Human Needs (BHN) approach in its support of development progress bilaterally, together with OECD associates, and through such multilateral institutions as the World Bank and the International Development Association. This initiative would be of more benefit to the "lower tier" LDCs where the largest numbers of the so-called "absolute poverty" population is to be found. In this sense it would add balance to our entire package of North-South policies. But it is recommended for far more important reasons detailed in the next section.
II. An Initiative on Basic Human Needs: Rationale
An initiative on a Basic Human Needs (BHN) approach should become the centerpiece of our North-South strategy for the following reasons:
1. The time is right. Development economists throughout the world, North and South, are stressing the fact that older approaches to development have failed to spread the benefits of growth. The result is that approximately one billion people within the LDCs today are living in what is described as "absolute poverty" (as measured by infant mortality, caloric intake, longevity, health and sanitary facilities, etc.). Many economists are turning to the concept of the fulfillment of basic human needs by which they mean assured levels of food, health and educational facilities, clean water, etc. Measurements and definitions differ; all are beginning to come together.
2. The US foreign policy setting is right. Given the Administration's emphasis on human rights, a new and added emphasis on BHN would not only be a natural complement but also an integral part of a global stress on human rights. North and South have long feuded over the divergent emphases in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: the North emphasizing personal, civil and political rights; the developing countries, basic economic rights (needs). The US can take a major step toward closing this "values gap" by embracing jointly the concepts of human rights and basic human needs, and by proposing a major development program to see that the fulfillment of basic human needs is achieved throughout the world by the end of the century.
3. A BHN focus can help the North and South to break out of the presently deadlocked "dialogue" last noted at CIEC. It can provide a comprehensive framework in which general North-South agreement can [Page 833]be reached, which would then facilitate the solution of many other specific political and economic problems between North and South. Although many southern elite groups would initially oppose such a program, this opposition is to be expected and not to be a cause of concern. Far better than "fairness" among nation-states, a concept difficult to defend philosophically or support empirically, "fairness" among people in delivering to all a package of basic human needs can be seen as the ultimate purpose of all other economic policies, and a global norm to which all countries can subscribe.
4. BHN is also an integrating concept which has great potential for producing greater coherence and sense of direction to the entire UN system in the development field. Already the embryonic notion is beginning to provide an integrating framework for mutually supporting efforts at increasing food production (in FAO, the WFC, and IFAD); at developing integrated basic services to reach the billion poorest people of the world (UNICEF, WHO, etc.); and at formulating more sensible and integrated strategies of so called "self-reliant" development (UNESCO, UNIDO, ILO, etc.).
5. BHN could produce the same result for the development efforts of the OECD countries. That is, it could give the aid programs of the OECD countries a common purpose and a shared methodology in approaching the problem of the world's poorest people. It would not interfere with other aspects of development assistance serving different goals (e.g., infrastructure projects in "middle tier" countries not related to BHN).
6. Finally, it could also become (and is already becoming) an organizing principle within the international community's International Financial Institutions. Again it would infuse these heterogeneous agencies with a common purpose, program, and methodology for approaching the problems of the poorest.
III. Outline of a Specific Proposal on BHN
1. It has been very roughly estimated that a BHN program which would make available to the "absolute poverty" population minimum acceptable diets, drinking water, sewage facilities, minimum public health standards and basic education might cost about $10 billion a year over a twenty year period (1975 dollars and prices). If housing were included, the figure would rise somewhere between $2–6 billion. (While the comparison is not relevant, it is still somewhat unsettling to note that the estimated annual investment cost of a BHN program is about 3% of annual global defense spending.)
2. The United States, which has already requested that the OECD countries mount a serious study of the BHN concept and the problem of making it operational, should develop a set of proposals to provide a [Page 834]minimum of $10 billion (1975 dollars) per year for the financing of a global BHN program. The money should be contributed by the US, as many other OECD countries as we can engage in the effort, and by the OPEC countries.
3. The program would need a great deal of technical work before it could be presented in detail. Among the most difficult problems would be:
a) The raising of the minimum $10 billion per annum contribution. (Not all would be "new" money. The DAC countries now give close to $14 billion in assistance. The more of these funds that were allocated toward a BHN set of programs, the less "additionality" over present levels.)
b) The "conditionality" problem. Northern countries would insist on oversight mechanism which assured that the money was being spent on projects agreed upon. But the LDCs will resist any overt "intervention". Thus the problem; how to develop a new (or old) mechanism which can receive the funds from the North and distribute them to the South in accordance with agreed-upon ground-rules.
c) To work best, Southern countries must be assured that the funds will be available for lengthy periods of years. So the North must be prepared to pledge lengthy automatic commitments just as the South pledges to undertake serious policy reforms to become eligible for the funds.
d) In sum, there is the difficulty of striking a major North-South bargain, and of developing a mechanism to receive and allocate funds and monitor expenditures. All of this could be done bilaterally, but, far less effectively.
e) Finally, there is the problem of operationalization of such a program. How much does one count on the market system? How much on administrative decision? What kind of "delivery" systems will actually get food, medical care, etc., to the target population?
4. In light of the international political, financial and institutional issues, and the very technical issues about the mounting of a BHN program in any particular country, any US proposal will need to be carefully constructed. Therefore, it is urged that an inter-agency group be assembled immediately under the chairmanship ofto develop the appropriate range of options for a major US BHN initiative within the coming six weeks.
Source: Carter Library, National Security Council, Institutional Files, Box 63, PRC 028 North/South Issues 7/27/77 [1]. No classification marking.↩
A PRC meeting on North-South strategy took place on July 27. See Document 273.↩
No classification marking.↩
For the text of Carter's May 23 message to Congress on the environment, see Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter, 1977, Book I, pp. 967–986.↩
International Monetary and Trade Policy (Documents 1-252)
North-South Issues; Commodities Policy (Documents 253-356)
Aaron, David L.Brzezinski, Zbigniew K.Carter, James Earl (Jimmy)Hansen, RogerVan Dyk, Frederick T. (Ted)
BHNCIECDACEPGFAOIFADILOIMFNSCOECDOPECPRCPRMUNUNESCOUNICEFUNIDOWFCWHO


text:
Home Top News COVID-19: CSOs demand release of prisoners
COVID-19: CSOs demand release of prisoners
Mar 29, 2020 Luke Bisani Top News 0
Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in Malawi have demanded the release of inmates in the country's prisons as one way of fighting the spread of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19).
The five CSOs namely Paralegal Advisory Service Institute (PASI), Saint Egidio, REPRIEVE, Irish Rule of Law, and Centre for Human Rights Education, Advice and Assistance (CHREAA) have demanded that government should consider decongesting the country's as a way of preventing COVID-19 spread to men, women and children behind the walls through their joint statement released on Friday.
"We commend the swift action to organize camp courts across the country. Magistrates should recognize that these courts operate in extraordinary circumstances, and that the primary focus is to reduce prison overcrowding, as quickly as possible," reads part of the statement.
The CSOs have also faulted government for falling to adhere to the directive of hygiene standards of washing hands with soap regularly to all the citizens of this country by not providing soap to the inmates for them to wash hands.
"The Government recommends hand-washing stations, but cell blocks still lack even the most basic sanitation and hygiene facilities, such as buckets and soap. In such conditions, an outbreak of COVID-19 could prove impossible to contain," reads further the statement.
The CSOs then urged the Police in the country to avoid making arrests on minor matters and refrain from demanding cash bail as a way of avoiding overcrowding in Police cells.
Malawi's judiciary through Magistrates court has also been urged to support in fighting COVID-19 spread by considering non-custodial sentences wherever possible and enforcing pre-trial custody limits.
Among the groups that the CSOs' have suggested for their release include inmates over the age 55, children, women with children and prisoners with pre-existing medical conditions.
Malawi is one the countries in the world that has not registered a case of the COVID-19 pandemic that has claimed lives of thousands around the globe.
Though the country has not registered any case, authorities have enforced safety measures as a way of ensuring that its citizens are safe from the virus.
Citizens have been urged to stop staying in overcrowded places, stop the traditional way of greeting one another by shaking hands, just to mention a few.
However, the country has high numbers of prisoners who stay in extremely overcrowded cells as they serve their jail terms.
Malawi Prison
Coronavirus: 39 bus passengers quarantined after Malawian dies in transit from SA
Ntcheu man on the run after raping biological daughter


A turkey is not necessarily just a bird, like in the above beautiful drawing. It can be an annoying person, an ineffectual investment, or a failed event. My Turkey Day was then actually a turkey, since I failed to sync my plans and transportation effectively this year and ended up staying home. If all plans worked out correctly, I would have happily gone back, invited myself (and everyone else, haha) to J's, and have yet another 5-hour-session of vegging with the crew from high school. As an adult now, sometimes these outings are still all I wish to do on a weekend.
The Boston weekend half a month ago was the best example, when Team DARKNESSSSSSS (7 S's), a way-too-ironic attempt to parody an immature bunch of middle school males on Halo 3, was spontaneously born. MZ, DARKNESSSSSSS, took the role probably too literally when he started to solicit girls over the voice communicator, but it was, of course, all role-playing (I think). I am even somewhat thankful that Halo 3 did not allow multiple user names on the same account, which stuck me with DARKNESSSSSSS(3) as my name.
It wasn't about the game, really. I like games, but I never play Halo, so my achievements amount to being a human scarecrow for the team (and my one incredible melee that dispatched a motorcycle rider cleanly out of his seat). It was still all right though, because it was for Team DARKNESSSSSSS. No deathmatches – we were one organism, a team that hasn't been together in real life for a while: J was actually there instead of being with his female entourage; P, on his poor med student salary and intense med student schedule, was able to make it; against all odds, H showed up, gracing us with his presence from a busy life of weightlifting, botany, or whatever weird thing he is into now.
The whole weekend was surreal. We even watched Dead or Alive together and had a hoot, even though it was probably the worst movie I have seen in the past few years (though P swears that Lucky You trumps it). Even the 5-hour rides up and down with P weren't too bad as a trade for time spent with friends.
Of course, back to reality – my plans got jinxed and I would not be able to do any of these things this weekend. I was stuck in Stamford – might as well make the best of it. For starters – I haven't cooked for myself much since the company subsidizes so much food, so it was a good time to practice. I am also in middle of a couple of books that I never read, so I can kill them off too.
Waking up Thanksgiving morning, I realized just how tired I was. Going to New York every weekend is fun, but it is a huge energy sink. Given the circumstances, I decided to stay put in quiet, pleasant Stamford and explore my own thoughts. Staying home, I finally have time for myself, not just my friends. I have work to do; I have to go shopping; I have to run errands; I have to walk outside on a beautiful sunny day with music in my ears, watching passersby along Bedford St; I found a TV show that I have been waiting to watch for years; I improved my lifts; I installed my new laptop, monitor, and reorganized my music library. . .
What about them? They are probably together now, eating good food, bowling, basketball, more Halo, plasma TV watching sports. . . they might even be practicing popping without me (they better not). I even remember last Thanksgiving fondly, though that was when J and I waited outside Circuit City for forever while the guys "accidentally" forgot to come (they were "sidetracked" since they were offered lots of good food at J's place, so they had to eat – and maybe watch a little TV – but eventually brought us warm food to pay for our troubles). I wonder how long this will all last? It eventually has to stop, right?
All I know is that by taking this weekend off and not being with them, I will enjoy the next one more. Christmas plans will be made well in advance. This is what Thanksgiving is about – knowing what to be thankful for. I am actually thankful that I did not go back for Thanksgiving, because it gave me time to think about all of this while wrapping up some unfinished things in my own life. In another one of these cute turns and twists that make life life, I think I just came out of another win-win situation.


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In this post, it is our aim to speak about the majority of the popular kinds of driveways. We'll also discuss a few of the pros and cons in having them installed, as they all have different residential or commercial properties and assorted concerns that they may include. This is especially the case for us in this area, as we have a huge selection of different climate issues, specifically when it concerns whether our selections will stand up to cold and freezing temperatures.


The Environment and Society minor is an interdisciplinary program designed to help students think critically the various connections between people and the environments in which they live.
Students undertaking this minor examine the various ways that people study and reflect on their environments. We often think about the environment as an object for scientific study, but stopping at the scientific study serves neither the environment nor humans very well. Philosophers and theologians reflect on the place of humans in the environment and the ethics of our interactions with it. Writers and artists provide reflections of about we perceive out surroundings and react to them. Economists and other policy makers address concerns about managing the resources and the environment so we can sustain our lives on this planet we call home. These various perspectives are all reflected in sustainability challenge courses that a student can select to build their minor. In addition to classes, students also develop independent studies that allow them to focus on a particular issue that interests them.
At least twenty hours of courses work are required for the ENST minor, including six hours in courses numbered above 300. No more that four hours from the student's major course requirements may be counted towards the minor. Up to six hours of coursework in any department may be added from outside the elective list, subject to the approval of an ENST advisor. One course in any department not offered as a Sustainability challenge course may be elected subject to the approval of an ENST advisor.


Last week I talked about my top 10 resolutions for beautiful skin in 2016.
The one I'm working on right now? Getting more sleep.
We all know that when we're tired we just don't look as good as usual. We have bags under our eyes, our skin looks dull, and usually our expression matches.
Recent research has shown us how important sleep is to our health. Studies have linked regularly getting fewer than 5-6 hours with reduced cognitive ability, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, sleep apnea, high blood pressure, depression, and memory problems. Some studies have even found that poor sleepers die sooner than quality sleepers.
In 2010, for example, researchers reviewed a total of 16 studies involving over a million participants and found that short sleep duration was associated with a greater risk of death.
Perhaps even more surprising, though, is what a lack of sleep can do to our appearance, and I'm not just talking about bags under the eyes. One study reported that a bad night's sleep for just a few days can actually increase the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, as well as hyperpigmentation.
Another study found that sleep loss affects the skin's ability to repair itself, disrupting the outer barrier and accelerating skin aging.
Want good skin this year? Join me in committing to a good night's sleep tonight and every night!
Imagine 60 women between the ages of 30 and 49, and half of them report that they don't sleep well. Researchers took a group just like this and decided to study their skin, very carefully.
They put the skin through a thorough evaluation, conducting several challenge tests, including exposing it to UV rays and disrupting the outer barrier. They then added up the "scores" on each of these tests to come up with an overall "skin aging" score, which included measurements of things like fine lines, uneven pigmentation, slacking of the skin, and reduced elasticity. A higher score translated into an older appearance.
Good sleepers had an average score of 2.2. Poor sleepers had an average score of 4.4, signifying more aged skin.
After five nights of poor sleep, participants had up to double the amount of fine lines and wrinkles and up to three-quarters more brown spots.
Good quality sleepers had skin that recovered faster from stress. In other words, if they were sunburned, their skin recovered 30 percent faster, indicating that the skin was repairing itself more quickly than in those who didn't sleep well.
Good quality sleepers felt better about their overall appearance than did poor quality sleepers.
Skin repair: While we sleep, the body works to repair and restore itself. Hormones are released that are important for cellular and tissue fix-it activities, as well as collagen production. If we don't get enough sleep, we secrete fewer hormones, which slows down that repair process.
Barrier function: The outer layer of skin is responsible for protecting skin and holding in moisture. When it's damaged, skin experiences more water loss. A lack of sleep leads to a decreased barrier function and increased water loss, resulting in more dryness and dullness.
Stress: Sleep helps us manage the effects of stress on the body-and on the skin. I talked about how stress can damage skin in a previous post. For one, it causes the body to release more cortisol, which is the stress hormone. Cortisol breaks down collagen and leads to increased skin sagging. Lack of sleep stimulates the body to release more cortisol, resulting in more skin damage.
Immune system: Lack of sleep depresses the immune system, again, affecting our skin's ability to repair and restore itself.
Add all these together over a period of several days and you can see how a lack of sleep can really wreak havoc on your appearance.
Unfortunately, more and more of us are not getting the sleep we need. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), insufficient sleep is so widespread as to be categorized as a "public health problem." According to from a 12-state survey showed that over a third of participants were getting less than the recommended seven hours of sleep a night.
The National Sleep Foundation reports that 45 percent of Americans say that poor sleep affected their daily activities at least once in the past seven days.
Leave all gadgets-computers, cell phones, tablets-out of the bedroom.
Set up a regular sleep and wake time and stick to it, even on weekends.
Make your bedroom comfortable-get a quality mattress and make it as dark as possible. Light interferes with melatonin and can affect deep sleep.
Establish a regular before-bed routine that includes turning off the television and all gadgets at least an hour beforehand and doing something quiet in subdued light, like taking a hot bath, stretching, listening to relaxing music, or reading.
Avoid alcohol and caffeine for four to six hours before bedtime. Alcohol can help you fall asleep, but increases risk of wakefulness in the middle of the night.
Do you have trouble getting your 7-8 hours a night? Please share any tips you have with our readers.
Cappuccio FP, et al., "Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies," Sleep, May 2010; 33(5):585-92, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20469800.
University Hospitals Case Medical Center, "Sleep deprivation linked to aging skin, study suggests," ScienceDaily, July 23, 2013, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130723155002.htm.
Oyetakin-White P, et al., "Does poor sleep quality affect skin ageing?" Clin Exp Dermatol, January 2015; 40(1):17-22, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25266053.
Sarah Chalmers, "What six hours sleep a night does to your face: Unique experiment reveals how having two hours less than the recommended eight can ravage your skin," Daily Mail, May 17, 2015, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3085446/As-study-shows-women-dont-sleep-unique-experiment-reveals-six-hours-sleep-night-does-looks.html.
"Insufficient Sleep Is a Public Health Problem," CDC, http://www.cdc.gov/features/dssleep/.
"Lack of Sleep is Affecting Americans, Finds the National Sleep Foundation," National Sleep Foundation, December 2014, https://sleepfoundation.org/media-center/press-release/lack-sleep-affecting-americans-finds-the-national-sleep-foundation.


The role of Microfinance in modern society has been a crucial means for changing the developing world & for the countries like Ghana. It has been a new hope for empowering the rural communities, through the principle of sustainable development approach. Working in Micro Finance sector, you can help creating a sustainable path to economic independence for individuals, families and communities in Ghana. Also, you can help developing the infrastructure and systems needed for microfinance opportunities in order to prepare the base for Sustainable Development of the communities.
Sustainable development in Ghana means not only protecting the environment but also making sure to meet the needs of the local people through various micro projects development initiatives as well. One of the key factors for the successful sustainable development approach comes from the Micro Finance project, which play a very significant role for the sustainable development in Ghanaian communities through various ways.
Microfinance is when organizations provide loans and other baseline financial products to people or groups who are unable to receive these from banks. Over a fixed period of time, these loans will be paid back. These initiatives are geared towards reducing urban and rural poverty and are typically put forth by the government and other institutions.
Our microfinance projects seek to empower individuals by providing them with life skills, training and education alongside small financial loans. We do not simply lend money; we work on a grassroots level forming long-term relationships, offering financial literacy, promoting savings and investing not only in a micro-enterprise, but the individual, family and/or community itself. We utilize applied research throughout our work to create an opportunity that is not only needed in the community, but also desired by the micro-entrepreneur, thus creating the ownership necessary for the project's success and sustainability.


text:
Hrabba
Squid Inc
In the Dog Days of Summer, 2010, we gathered to play through a stack of music-- original compositions and arrangements -- and realized we all had the same hopes:
1) to create a compelling and inclusive listening experience for all ages, especially to people who have
neither heard, nor been interested in hearing, a string quartet
2) to be advocates for combined genres of music: classical/rock/pop/alternative/world music
3) to create opportunities of communication through dynamic and engaging performances fueled by a
joy and love of music.
4) to create an atmosphere of freedom of expression – an all-inclusive atmosphere being classical and
rock and contemporary, the performed music is liberated from any preconceived notions
The name of our group emerged from what we wanted to communicate - non-traditional, unlimited, perhaps a bit on the fringe - and "Squid Inc." was conceived. SQUID would be an acronym for "String QUartet In Denial," which seems highly appropriate for our vision. All of us are advocates and deeply love the rich history of quartet playing – Cleveland, Guarneri, Emerson, Mozart, Beethoven - but, because a string quartet is so incredibly versatile, we aim to create avenues that highlight the quartet in a more contemporary environment with a primary goal of reaching new audiences. Incorporating rap, vocals, percussion and other instrumentalists as guests are indications of our commitment to this goal.
Squid has succeeded in reaching diverse and new audiences in venues such as:
Davies Symphony Hall, After Hours, San Francisco
The Freight and Salvage Coffee House, Berkeley
The Subterranean Art House, Berkeley
The Regency Ballroom, Edwardian Ball, San Francisco
Red Poppy Art House , San Francisco
The Lost Church, San Francisco
The Bay Terrace Theater, Vallejo
Immanuel Lutheran Concert Series, Los Altos
Disco Volante, Oakland
The Starry Plough, Oakland
Here's a bit of the nitty gritty - SI members have played and recorded with Death Cab for Cutie, Bjork, Peter Gabriel, Rosin Coven, Jazz Mafia, Third Eye Blind, Amy X. Neuberg, Nice Guy Trio, Donna Summers, the Musical Art Quintet, Real Vocal String Quartet, the Magik*Magik Orchestra, Transiberian Orchestra and dozens more.
Our more classical ventures include the San Francisco Symphony, The Metropolitan Opera Orchestra, New World Symphony, the Berlin Philharmonic, San Francisco Ballet, New Century Chamber Orchestra, Deutsche Oper, New York City Opera, San Francisco Chamber Orchestra, Either/Or Ensemble, SF Contemporary Players, Empyrean Ensemble, The Knights, Classical Revolution, Oakland East Bay Symphony, Left Coast Chamber Ensemble, Berkeley Symphony and Marin Symphony.
We thought it would be fun to list all the influences (besides ourselves, of course) heard in our music. All unified in String Quartet form. Here we go:
Rock n Roll/Alternative/Pop:
The Police, Lady Gaga, Radiohead, Stevie Wonder, Britney Spears, Megadeth, Justin Timberlake, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Seal, Queen, Muse, Amy Winehouse, Bjork, The Pixies, Jeff Buckley, Gotye, The Hollies, Coldplay, Tower of Power, Nina Rota
Stylistic:
Irish and Scottish Fiddle, Eastern European Folk Music, Tango, Bossa Nova, Funk, Habanera, Jazz, Blues
Classical:
Jean Sibelius, Georges Bizet, Paul Dukas, Eugéne Ysaÿe, Béla Bartók, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Leaonard Bernstein, Maurice Ravel, J.S. Bach, Arvo Pärt, Philip Glass
TOXIC - Spears 2:32
KISS FROM A ROSE - Seal 3:45


The Lasso the Longhorn frame game is perfect for any western theme party hire. Perfect add on to any of our Bucking bulls hire. Kids and adults will have a rip-roarin' time trying to lasso the bull's head! Each Lasso the Longhorn comes with an authentic western lasso as well as rope rings for the younger children. This game is addictive as your guests will not want to walk away until they have mastered it.
The aim of this game is to throw the lasso at the longhorn attached to the game stand. It's a lot harder than it sounds and looks!


Streaming the Fish! for Leaders will allow you access to view the effective Fish For Leaders program in it's entiredly for 1-3 days. Up to 74 views. We also provide a PDF facilator guide and you can purchase PDF workbook for $5.00 each. This will be emailed to you with the link and your login details uupon receipt of payment. Please allow 48 hours turn around and allow for one day of testing in advance of your event. Please contact us if you require information regarding streaming for up to 1 year over 75 views/users.
Streaming the Fish! for Leaders will allow you access to view the effective Fish For Leaders program in it's entiredly for 1-3 days. Up to 74 views. We also provide a PDF facilator guide and you can purchase PDF workbook for $5.00 each. This will be emailed to you with the link and your login details uupon receipt of payment. Please allow 48 hours turn around and allow for one day of testing in advance of your event. Please contact us if you require information regarding streaming for up to 1 year over 75 views/users.


If you are ready to sign up for one of our SEO accounts and start the optimization process for your website, please follow the steps below.
1. Read the SEO MANAGEMENT TEAM SEO AGREEMENT.
2. Print, complete and send back the SEO ORDER & PAYMENT FORM.
3. Getting started is that simple! Please contact us at 888-851-0255 for any questions. We will confirm everything once we receive your order form.
Thank you for your business and we look forward to working with you.


text:
The French 2nd Armored Division (), commanded by General Philippe Leclerc, fought during the final phases of World War II in the Western Front for the liberation of France. The division was formed around a core of units that had fought in the North African campaign, and re-organized into a light armored division in 1943.
The division embarked in April 1944 and shipped to various ports in Britain. On 29 July 1944, bound for France, the division embarked at Southampton. During combat in 1944, the division liberated Paris, defeated a Panzer brigade during the armored clashes in Lorraine, forced the Saverne Gap and liberated Strasbourg. After taking part in the Battle of the Colmar Pocket, the division was moved west and assaulted the German-held Atlantic port of Royan, before recrossing France in April 1945 and participating in the final fighting in southern Germany, even going first into Hitler's "Eagle's Nest" (Americans captured the town below). Deactivated after the war, the 2nd Division was again activated in the 1970s and served through 1999, when it was downsized to the now 2nd Armored Brigade.

Composition
The division was formed around a core of units that had raided Italian Libya at the end of 1940 and Tripoli in 1943 under Leclerc, but was most known for its role in the fight at Kufra in 1941; later renamed the 2nd Light Division, in August 1943, it adopted the same organizational structure as a US light armored division.

The division's 14,454 personnel included men from the 2nd Light Division, which included escapees from metropolitan France, as well as 3,600 Moroccans and Algerians and about 350 Spanish Republicans. Other sources give about 2,000, official records of the 2e DB show fewer than 300 Spaniards as many hid their nationality, fearing retaliation against their families in Spain.

World War II operations

Order of battle

Combat formations:
 1er Régiment de Marche de Spahis Marocains (M3 Stuart reconnaissance battalion)
 12e Régiment de Chasseurs d'Afrique (M4 Sherman tank battalion)
 12e Régiment de Cuirassiers (M4 Sherman tank battalion)
 501e Régiment de Chars de Combat (M4 Sherman tank battalion)
 Régiment de Marche du Tchad (M3 half-track mechanized infantry)
 1er Bataillon du Régiment de Marche du Tchad
 2e Bataillon du Régiment de Marche du Tchad
 3e Bataillon du Régiment de Marche du Tchad
 Régiment Blindé de Fusiliers-Marins (M10 Wolverine tank destroyer battalion)
 I/3e Régiment d'Artillerie Coloniale (M7 Priest self propelled artillery battalion)
 I/40e Régiment d'Artillerie Nord Africain (M7 Priest self propelled artillery battalion)
 IV/64e Régiment d'Artillerie (M8 self propelled artillery battalion)
 22e Groupe Colonial de F.T.A (Anti-aircraft battalion)
 13e Bataillon du Génie (13th Engineer Battalion)
 97/84e Compagnie de Transmissions (97/84th Signal Company)

Supply and Services:
 97e Compagnie de Quartier Général (97th Headquarters Company)
 197e Compagnie de Transport (197th Transport Company)
 297e Compagnie de Transport (207th Transport Company)
 397e Compagnie de Circulation Routière (397th Movement Control Company)
 497e Compagnie de Services (497th Services Company)
 15e Groupe d'Escadrons de Réparations (15th Repair Squadrons Group)
 13e Bataillon Médical (13th Medical Battalion)
 1er Compagnie Médicale et Groupe d'Ambulancières "Rochambeau" (1st Medical Company and Ambulance Drivers Group "Rochambeau")
 2e Compagnie Médicale et Groupe d'Ambulancières de la Marine (2nd Medical Company and Marine Troops Ambulance Drivers)
 3e Compagnie Médicale et groupe de volontaires Anglais (1st Medical Company and English Volunteers Group)

Falaise Pocket
The division landed at Utah Beach in Normandy on 1 August 1944, about two months after the D-Day landings, and served under General Patton as part of Third Army. The division played a critical role in the battle of the Argentan-Falaise Pocket (12–21 August), the Allied breakout from Normandy, when it served as a link between American and Canadian armies and made rapid progress against German forces. They all but destroyed the 9th Panzer Division and defeated several other German units. During the Battle for Normandy, the 2nd Division lost 133 men killed, 648 wounded, and 85 missing. Division material losses included 76 armored vehicles, 7 cannons, 27 halftracks, and 133 other vehicles. In the same period, the 2nd Division inflicted losses on the Germans of 4,500 killed and 8,800 taken prisoner, while the Germans' material losses in combat against the 2nd Division during the same period were 117 tanks, 79 cannons, and 750 wheeled vehicles.

Liberation of Paris

The most celebrated moment in the unit's history was the Liberation of Paris. Allied strategy emphasized destroying German forces retreating towards the river Rhine and considered that attack on Paris would risk destroying it, but when the French Resistance under Henri Rol-Tanguy staged an uprising in the city from 19 August, Charles de Gaulle threatened to send the division into Paris, single-handedly, to prevent the uprising being crushed as was then happening in Warsaw. Eisenhower agreed to let the French armored division and the U.S. 4th Infantry Division liberate Paris. In the early morning of 23 August, Leclerc's 2e DB left the south of Argentan on its march to Paris, a march which was slowed by poor road conditions, French crowds, and fierce combat near Paris.  On 24 August, General Leclerc sent a small advance party to enter the city, with the message that the Second Armored would be there the following day. This party, commanded by Captain Raymond Dronne, consisted of the 9th company (La Nueve) of the 3rd Battalion of the Régiment de marche du Tchad. Dronne and his men arrived at the Hôtel de Ville, in the center of Paris, shortly before 9:30 pm on the evening of 24 August.  On 25 August, the 2nd Armored and the U.S. 4th Division entered Paris and liberated it.  After hard fighting that cost the 2nd Division 35 tanks, 6 self-propelled guns, and 111 vehicles, von Choltitz, the German military governor of Paris, capitulated at the Hôtel Meurice. The following day, 26 August, a great victory parade took place on the Champs Élysées, which was lined with a jubilant crowd acclaiming General de Gaulle and the liberators of Paris.

Alsace & Lorraine
The 2nd Division later fought in the tank battles in Lorraine. On 13 September 1944 at the town of Dompaire 'Groupemont Langlade' destroyed the German 112th Panzer Brigade. Subsequently, the 2nd Division operated with U.S. forces during the assault into the Vosges Mountains. Serving as the armored exploitation force for the U.S. XV Corps, the 2nd Division forced the Saverne Gap and thrust forward boldly, unbalancing German defenses in northern Alsace and liberating Strasbourg on 23 November 1944. The Presidential Unit Citation was awarded to the division for this action.

Fighting in Alsace until the end of February 1945, the 2nd Division was later deployed to reduce the Royan Pocket on the western coast of France in March–April 1945.

Germany
After forcing the Germans in the Royan Pocket to surrender on 18 April 1945, the 2nd Division crossed France again to rejoin the Allied 6th Army Group for final operations in Germany. Operating with the U.S. 12th Armored Division, elements of the French 2nd Armored Division pursued the remnants of German Army Group G across Swabia and Bavaria, occupying the town of Bad Reichenhall on 4 May 1945. Eventually, the 2nd Division finished its campaigning at the Nazi resort town of Berchtesgaden in Southeastern Germany.

Division Combat Casualties
According to Defence Historical Service, the unit counted 1,224 dead (including 96 Maghrebis) and 5,257 wounded (including 584 Maghrebis) at the end of the campaign in northwestern Europe. It had killed 13,000 Axis soldiers, captured 50,000 and destroyed 332 heavy and medium tanks, 2,200 other vehicles, and 426 cannons of various types. According to another source, the unit counted 1,687 dead, including 108 officers, and 3,300 wounded .

Cold War
On 13 May 1945, SHAEF relinquished operational control of the 2nd Armored Division to France.  From 23 to 28 May 1945, the 2nd Division moved to its new garrison in the region of Paris, where it was deactivated on 31 March 1946.

There are records from the late 1960s and early 1970s of 501 Régiment de Chars de Combat (501 RCC) being part of the 2nd Brigade of the 8th Armored Division, part of the 1st Corps of the First Army (France). The 2nd Brigade of the 8th Armored Division 'qui est l'heritière des traditions de la 2e DB' – carried on the traditions of the 2nd Armored Division.

The French Army was extensively reorganised in 1977, with three-brigade divisions being dissolved and small divisions of four or five manoeuvre regiments/battalions being created. The 2nd Armored Division appears to have been reformed at this time. From the late 1970s until 1999, the 2nd Division was headquartered in Versailles and was subordinated to the III Corps (France).

Present Time
It became the 2nd Armoured Brigade in 1999.

See also
Battle of Kufra
Battle for Paris
Liberation of France
Military history of France during World War II
General Leclerc
Jean Rémy
The Rochambelles

Footnotes

Bibliography
 Les Grandes Unités Françaises (GUF), Volume V, Part 2, Service Historique de l'Armée de Terre, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1975.
 historynet article on Berchtesgaden capture

Further reading

External links

 History of the 2nd DB on memorial-montormel.org
 History of the 2nd DB on http://2db.free.fr

A
Armored divisions of France
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1946
Military units and formations established in 1977
Military units and formations disestablished in 1999

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Amy RazemStaff Profile: Development officer draws on for-profit sensibility to help financial advisors and clients advance charitable giving.
Amy Razem works with professional advisors to help their clients achieve their charitable goals.
CLEVELAND NATIVE AND PITT GRADUATE Amy Razem was working in the for-profit sector when she realized she'd be much more fulfilled supporting a nonprofit mission to improve lives by helping to increase funding. Razem forged her new path at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Foundation, working in development there for nearly eight years to realize excellence in the care of young patients, in education and in research. When a position opened in the summer at The Pittsburgh Foundation, Razem says she realized her contributions in supporting nonprofit missions could be even greater. On staff since August, she works with professional advisors and their clients, helping them determine the best options for getting started in philanthropy and getting results they want. Personal interaction with donors, says Razem, is one of the things that sets the Foundation apart.
Director of Development Jennie Zioncheck agrees and says the newest addition to her team is a great fit.


Following completion of an extension to the house in Poole, Dorset the client asked me to redesign the small garden. A low maintenance garden was required with a sculptural water feature and travertine paving. The design places a glass water feature centrally to contain the eye within the space and to act as a transparent divider that will create interesting ripple reflections on surfaces as the sun shines through it. Sculptural planting is to be lit at night and low dry stone walls provide vertical accents that break up the space and provide a visual connection to the drought tolerant planting. Scented planting is included to make the most of the enclosed, sheltered location.


We are a general contractor committed to serving the construction needs of our local community. Our roots are planted firmly in Clarksville/Montgomery County where we live, work and raise our families. We are proud of the history of our area and we enjoy being a part of the progress when a business is established or expanding. We believe that our collaborative approach, coupled with seasoned onsite supervision and trusted, reputable subcontractors leads to successful projects and exceeded expectations. The relationships we have with our clients are built upon trust and confidence and continue for years after we complete a project.


text:
Q: How to create xmpp stanza for gcm ccs request in sleekxmpp python? I am using sleekmpp python to communicate with my android clients using GCM / CCS. The main problem is that the data is in json format and need to be within gcm tag. How can I achieve it ?
Here is my code:
#!/usr/bin/python
import sys
import logging
import getpass
from optparse import OptionParser
import sleekxmpp
import json

from sleekxmpp import Iq
from sleekxmpp.xmlstream import ElementBase, register_stanza_plugin
REGISTRATION_ID = "APA91bF61NHoXfH4gHojuejpodfghdfvbnazqsrfsgdvfdodxdufcokojnogfvr4ijUbsTWzc-u9lsE2XkkNyQ"

class AA(ElementBase):
    name = 'gcm'
    namespace = 'google:mobile:data'
    plugin_attrib = 'aa'
    interfaces = set(['to', 'message_id', 'data'])
    sub_interfaces = interfaces

register_stanza_plugin(Iq, AA)
SERVER = 'gcm.googleapis.com'
PORT = 5235
USERNAME = "1013691256357"
PASSWORD = "AIAASDFSefeffefEFEFFeFfefefefEFEFfefefefFEffeFf7qeO1zB0Vt4"

if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
    reload(sys)
    sys.setdefaultencoding('utf8')
else:
    raw_input = input

class SendMsgBot(sleekxmpp.ClientXMPP):
    def __init__(self, jid, password):
        sleekxmpp.ClientXMPP.__init__(self, jid, password)
        self.add_event_handler("message", self.start)
    def start(self, event):
        print event
        self.send_presence()
        self.get_roster()
        self.disconnect(wait=True)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Setup logging.
    # logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,                        format='%(levelname)-8s %(message)s')
    xmpp = SendMsgBot(USERNAME, PASSWORD)
    xmpp.register_plugin('xep_0030') # Service Discovery
    xmpp.register_plugin('xep_0199') # XMPP Ping

    if xmpp.connect(('gcm.googleapis.com', 5235), use_ssl=True):
      # while True:
      xmpp.process(block=True)
      to_send = {'to': REGISTRATION_ID,
                 'message_id': 'reg_id',
                 'data': {'ma_message': 'message for android',
                          'ma_title': "Reg title"}}
      xmpp.sendMessage("google", "<message><gcm xmlns='google:mobile:data'>"+json.dumps(to_send)+"</gcm></message>")

      print("Done")
    else:
        print("Unable to connect.")

Required xmpp stanza is this.
<message id="">
  <gcm xmlns="google:mobile:data">
  {
      "to":"REGISTRATION_ID",  // "to" replaces "registration_ids"
      "message_id":"m-1366082849205" // new required field
      "data":
      {
          "hello":"world",
      }
      "time_to_live":"600",
      "delay_while_idle": true/false,
      "delivery_receipt_requested": true/false
  }
  </gcm>
</message>

A: You can use send_raw instead, and send the full GCM message stanza in the data field. When I do this, I no longer see a 400 error and I instead I receive a "BAD_REGISTRATION" which is correct.

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