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Zinko, Ursula
Umeå universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, Ekologi och geovetenskap.
Seibert, Jan
Dynesius, Mats
Umeå universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap.
Nilsson, Christer
Plant species number predicted by a topography based groundwater-flow index2005Inngår i: Ecosystems (New York. Print), ISSN 1432-9840, E-ISSN 1435-0629, Vol. 8, nr 4, s. 430-441Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
The lack of a clear understanding of the factors governing the often-great variation of species numbers over entire landscapes confounds attempts to manage biodiversity. We hypothesized that in a topographically variable boreal forest landscape the availability of shallow groundwater is a major determinant of plant species numbers. We then developed a topographically derived hydrologic index based on multidirectional flow algorithms to account for the variation in availability of such groundwater in the landscape. We found a positive correlation between species numbers of vascular plants in plots ranging from 0.01 to 200 m2 and the hydrologic index. Generally, the landscape was relatively dry and species-poor, but interspersed patches with shallow groundwater had high species numbers and high proportions of regionally uncommon plant species. The index explained 30% of the variation in vascular plant number and correlated quite well (rs = 0.50) with groundwater level, but not as well with a community H+concentration value (instead of community pH, rs = −0.31), based on species composition. In addition, we found a very strong correlation between species number and the community H+ concentration value (rs−0.84). The hydrologic index is a useful tool for the identification of spatial of species number patterns across entire landscapes. This is an important step in identifying the areas most in need of protection or restoration, designing survey techniques, and understanding the fundamental processes that control the spatial distribution of species.
Zubic, Aida
Comparison of energy and greenhouse gas balances of three biofuel options2010Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 20 poäng / 30 hpOppgave
Åberg, Elin
Is it possible to define different process domains in stream systems based on remote data?: Comparing surficial geology, geomorphological characteristics in the landscape and channel slope between lakes, rapids and slow-flowing reaches.2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 180 hpOppgave
Restoration of stream channels have become a common way of trying to restore both the channels and the ecosystems that earlier have been channelized mainly to facilitate the movement of timber. According to previous studies a lot of the restoration has been performed without a sufficiently detailed plan and with too little focus on how the landscape interplay with the restoration, which makes the potential to learn from possible mistakes minimal. In this study, a hydrological analysis of Hjuken river was done to examine if remote data through an analysis using GIS could be used for identifying three different process domains (lake, slow-flowing reaches and rapids), and if it is possible to determine which process domain it is by examining three different variables: channel slope, surficial geology and the geomorphologic characteristics in the landscape. Based on the statistical treatment and the analysis of the data, the result shows a significant difference between every process domain and variable except for the channel slope when it comes to slow-flowing reaches and rapids. This tells us that all the variables that has been analysed could be a crucial factor in most of the cases. However, the result does not seem reliable compared to previous studies. The conclusion of the study is that the error from the identification of the process domains is from the orthophotos. Remote data is too weak to use as the only source for this kind of analysis. However, the definition of process domains is probably more diffuse than today's description. There needs to be more studies on each process domain, it is probably not enough with three different types, either there should be subclasses for each process domain or even more process domains.
Åberg, J
Bergström, Ann-Kristin
Algesten, G
Söderback, K
Jansson, Mats
A comparison of the carbon balances of a natural lake (L. Örträsket) and a hydroelectric reservoir (L. Skinnmuddselet) in northern Sweden2004Inngår i: Water Research, Vol. 38, s. 531-538Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
Carbon balances were calculated for the summer stratification period of 2001 for the hydroelectric reservoir L. Skinnmuddselet (created in 1989) and the natural L. Örträsket, and estimated on annual basis for both lakes. The reservoir and the lake have similar chemical characteristics and are located in adjacent catchments in the northern part of Sweden. Our main hypothesis was that the CO2 production and emissions from the reservoir, L. Skinnmuddselet, would be greater than in the natural L. Örträsket, due to the decomposition of flooded vegetation and peat.
The carbon balances showed that the total production of CO2 per unit lake surface area during the summer was very similar in the natural lake and the reservoir (31.3 g C m−2 in L. Örträsket and 25.3 g C m−2 in L. Skinnmuddselet). The sediments were the major CO2 source in the reservoir, while most of the mineralization in the natural lake occurred in the water column. On annual basis the natural L. Örträsket produced and emitted more CO2 per unit of lake surface area than the reservoir L. Skinnmuddselet since mineralization proceeded during winter when L. Skinnmuddselet was emptied for electricity production. Therefore, the potential for CO2 emission was not greater in the reservoir than in the natural lake.
Åberg, Jan
Production and emission of CO2 in two unproductive lakes in northern Sweden2009Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
Unproductive lakes are one of few natural landscape compartments with net release of carbon to the atmosphere. Lakes also generally decrease the net terrestrial carbon uptake, since most of the CO2 production in unproductive lakes are derived from organic carbon produced on land (e.g. in forests). High latitude lakes are predicted to be particularly affected by the global climate change. The carbon cycling in these lakes and their role in the landscape are therefore important to study.
In this thesis, carbon turnover processes were studied in two lakes above the arctic circle (Lake Diktar-Erik and Lake Merasjärvi) in year 2004 and 2005. Both lakes were net heterotrophic, with large variations in CO2 concentrations both on shorter (30min) and longer (24h) time-scales. The pelagic habitat supported a major part of the net production of CO2, with larger dynamics in the CO2 production than the sediments. The CO2 variations of the surface water were related to respiration of allochthonous organic carbon, and were affected by the concentration and quality of the DOC, as well as the whole lake water temperatures, and vertical water movements.
The emission of CO2 from Lake Merasjärvi was measured with the eddy covariance technique. The results showed that the gas transfer rate during moderate winds were higher than expected, causing the two most commonly used models to underestimate the long term fluxes of CO2 from the lake.
Taken together, the results of the thesis show that the studied lakes contributed to bring terrestrial organic carbon back into the atmosphere, driven by a substantial internal CO2 production based on mineralization of allochthonous organic carbon. Major results are that the eddy covariance technique indicated that commonly used models tend to underestimate the net release rate of CO2 from lakes to the atmosphere, and that the lake CO2 dynamics can be the results of interactions between biogeochemical and physical processes in the lake water.
COVER01
Jonsson, Anders
Contributions of internal and external sources to the CO2 emission from a subarctic lake2005Inngår i: Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol., Vol. 29, s. 577-579Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
Importance of water temperature and thermal stratification dynamics for temporal variation of surface water CO2 in a boreal lake2010Inngår i: Journal of Geophysical Research, ISSN 0148-0227, E-ISSN 2156-2202, Vol. 115, nr G02024, s. 10PP-Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
Variation of the surface water CO2 concentration is likely to be the result of biological activity and physical processes as water mixing and gas exchange with the atmosphere. Here we have studied the variations in surface water CO2 during the ice-free period in the humic Lake Merasjärvi in northern Sweden. Meteorological, hydrological and limnological data were collected using data logging equipment permitting high time-resolution. The surface water of the lake was supersaturated with respect to CO2 throughout the study period. There were, however, considerable diurnal and longer-term temporal variations of the surface water CO2 concentrations. Partial least squares (PLS) models were used to link the logged CO2 data to the multivariate dataset. On the longer-term time scale (analyzed with 24h means of the logged data) high concentrations of surface water CO2 were best related to the depth and temperature of the upper warmer layer (epilimnion), and to erosion of the underlying colder layer (hypolimnion). The diurnal variation (analyzed with 30 minute means of the logged data) was best related to the thermal dynamics within the epilimnion, which regulated the surface water access to CO2 stores within this layer. Variables related to CO2 emission and photosynthesis (wind and PAR), showed only weak correlations to variations of the surface water CO2 concentration. Accordingly, the CO2 flux, measured with the eddy-covariance technique, was not correlated to the surface water CO2 concentration.
Karlsson, Jan
Nääs, Klockar-Jenny
Pelagic and benthic net production of dissolved inorganic carbon in an unproductive subarctic lake2007Inngår i: Freshwater Biology, Vol. 52, nr 3, s. 549-560Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
1. Both the pelagic and benthic net dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) productions were measured in situ on four occasions from June to September 2004, in the unproductive Lake Diktar-Erik in subarctic Sweden. The stable isotopic signal (δ13C) of respired organic material was estimated from hypolimnion water data and data from a laboratory incubation using epilimnion water.
2. Both pelagic and benthic habitats were net heterotrophic during the study period, with a total net DIC production of 416 mg C m-2 day-1, of which the pelagic habitat contributed approximately 85%. The net DIC production decreased with depth both in the pelagic water and in the sediments, and most of the net DIC production occurred in the upper water column.
3. Temporal variations in both pelagic and benthic DIC production were small, although we observed a significant decrease in pelagic net DIC production after the autumn turnover. Water temperature was the single most important factor explaining temporal and vertical variations in pelagic DIC production. No single factor explained more than 10% of the benthic net DIC production, which probably was regulated by several interacting factors.
4. Pelagic DIC production, and thus most of the whole-lake net production of DIC, was mainly due to the respiration of allochthonous organic carbon. Stable isotope data inferred that nearly 100% of accumulated DIC in the hypolimnion water had an allochthonous carbon source. Similarly, in the laboratory incubation using epilimnion water, c. 85% of accumulated DIC was indicated to have an allochthonous organic carbon source.
Wallin, Marcus B.
Evaluating a fast headspace method for measuring DIC and subsequent calculation of pCO(2) in freshwater systems2014Inngår i: INLAND WATERS, ISSN 2044-2041, E-ISSN 2044-205X, Vol. 4, nr 2, s. 157-166Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
A variety of different sampling and analysis methods are found in the literature for determining carbon dioxide (CO2) in freshwaters, methods that rarely have been evaluated or compared. Here we present an evaluation of an acidified headspace method (AHS) in which the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is measured from an acidified sample and the partial pressure (pCO(2)) is calculated from DIC using pH and water temperature. We include information on practical sampling, accuracy, and precision of the DIC/pCO(2) determination and a storage test of samples. The pCO(2) determined from the AHS method is compared to that obtained from the more widely used direct headspace method (DHS) in which CO2 is equilibrated between the water and gas phases at ambient pH. The method was tested under both controlled laboratory conditions as well as wintertime field sampling. The accuracy of the DIC detection was on average 99% based on prepared standard solutions. The pCO(2) determination in lab, using the DHS method as a reference, showed no significant difference, although the discrepancy between the methods was larger in samples with <1000 mu atm. The precision of the pCO(2) determination was on average +/- 4.3%, which was slightly better than the DHS method (+/- 6.7%). In the field, the AHS method determined on average 10% higher pCO(2) than the DHS method, which was explained by the extreme winter conditions (below -20 degrees C) at sampling that affected the sampling procedure of the DHS method. Although samples were acidified to pH 2, respiration processes were still occurring (at a low rate), and we recommend that analyses are conducted within 3 days from sampling. The AHS method was found to be a robust method to determine DIC and pCO(2) in acidic to pH-neutral freshwater systems. The simple and quick sampling procedure makes the method suitable for time-limited sampling campaigns and sampling in cold climate.
åberg, Jessica
Lögdeälven inför ökad turism: Finns det sårbara arter och naturtyper i området som riskerar att drabbas negativt av ett ökat turisttryck?2013Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
Åberg, Lina
Avfall på förskolor i Umeå kommun: Vilka faktorer påverkar mängden brännbart avfall, matavfall samt källsorterat material?2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
It is of major importance with proper waste management to reduce the risk for toxic substances to affect environment and reducing the need for natural resources. Umeå municipality has developed a waste plan to reduce the impact on environment and human health. One of the goals was to fraction all garbage disposals until 2016 at the different administration in the municipality including the preschools. This study investigated pre-conditions and the personals attitude for separate waste, awareness of the waste plane content and if either of these parameters may affect the amount of separated materials at nine selected pre-schools. Web-based surveys were distributed to the personal and observational studies were done at all included preschools. There were significant differences between preschools according to combustible waste, food waste and source-sorted material. It was no significant association between the amount of sorted garbage disposal and the attitude to fractionate, practical conditions and knowledge about the waste plan. Although, the study does not provide a general picture of all preschools in the municipality, the results indicate that better knowledge and information about the importance of separating waste and the waste plan are needed. It´s also necessary to clarify the responsibility between the various actors in order to improve the results over time.
Ågren, A.
Dept. of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
Haei, Mahsa
Kohler, S. J.
Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
Bishop, K.
Laudon, H.
Regulation of stream water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations during snowmelt: the role of discharge, winter climate and memory effects2010Inngår i: Biogeosciences, ISSN 1726-4170, E-ISSN 1726-4189, Vol. 7, nr 9, s. 2901-2913 Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
Using a 15 year stream record from a northern boreal catchment, we demonstrate that the inter-annual variation in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations during snowmelt was related to discharge, winter climate and previous DOC export. A short and intense snowmelt gave higher stream water DOC concentrations, as did long winters, while a high previous DOC export during the antecedent summer and autumn resulted in lower concentrations during the following spring. By removing the effect of discharge we could detect that the length of winter affected the modeled soil water DOC concentrations during the following snowmelt period, which in turn affected the concentrations in the stream. Winter climate explained more of the stream water DOC variations than previous DOC export during the antecedent summer and autumn.
Ågren, Anneli
Seasonal variation and landscape regulation of dissolved organic carbon concentrations and character in Swedish boreal streams2007Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
The seasonal variation and landscape regulation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in streams have been studied in two watersheds in the boreal zone. The seasonal variation was found to be highly correlated to variations in runoff. An increase in runoff was always accompanied with an increase in DOC concentration. However, there were indications that the TOC concentration was restricted by the soil TOC pool during snowmelt.
The main factors affecting DOC exports varied between seasons. During winter baseflow the spatial variation in DOC exports was strongly influenced by wetland coverage, during snowmelt the exports were correlated to factors describing the size and location of the catchment, and during the snow-free season they were heavily affected by the proportions of wetlands and forests in the catchments. Small headwaters had the highest terrestrial DOC export, per unit area.
The properties of the DOC changed during spring flood, towards lower molecular weight and more aliphatic compounds. These changes affected the bioavailability of the DOC, which increased during spring flood. There were also differences in the DOC properties between wetlands and forest soils; the forested soils yielded DOC with lower molecular weight (measured as 254 nm/365 nm light absorbance ratios), largely from superficial layers that were activated during high flow events, while wetland soils generally provided a more constant carbon source with higher molecular weight. The majority of the DOC was exported by wetlands, but most of the short-term bioavailable DOC (BP7) was derived from the forests, during the spring flood period, indicating that bacterial production in streams and lakes is likely to be almost entirely based on DOC exported from forested areas during, and some time after, the spring flood event.
Berggren, Martin
Laudon, Hjalmar
Terrestrial export of highly bioavailable carbon from small boreal catchments in spring floods2008Inngår i: Freshwater Biology, ISSN 0046-5070, E-ISSN 1365-2427, Vol. 53, nr 5, s. 964-972Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
1. We assessed the terrestrial export of organic carbon, which effectively supported aquatic bacterial production (BP), from small boreal catchments during spring flood. We analysed stream runoff from nine small catchments with different proportions of peat mires and coniferous forests by monitoring the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) flux in combination with conducting bacterial bioassays.
2. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that BP during 7-day-dark bioassays (BP7; μg C L-1day-1) was explained by both the quantity and quality (low-molecular weight fractions) of the DOC. BP7 can be used as a measure of export of terrestrial organic carbon that is highly bioavailable.
3. Total export of DOC during spring flood from the different catchments ranged from 20 to 27 kg ha-1 and was negatively correlated to forest cover (%). However, the export of BP7 carbon was positively correlated to forest cover and varied from about 0.1 kg ha-1 in mire-dominated streams to about 0.2 kg ha-1 in forest-dominated streams.
4. The high bioavailability of forest carbon suggests that forests are the main contributors of BP-supporting carbon in boreal streams although mires have higher area-specific export of DOC.
Buffam, I.
Dissolved organic carbon characteristics in boreal streams in a forest-wetland gradient during the transition between winter and summer2008Inngår i: Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, s. G03031-Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
The character and quantity of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were studied in nine small boreal streams and adjacent soils during two years, with focus on the spring snowmelt period. The streams cover a forest-wetland gradient, spanning from 0% to 69% wetland coverage. Lower values of the absorbance ratio measured at 254 nm and 365 nm (A254/A365), in both soil plots and streams, indicated that wetland-derived DOC had higher average molecular weight than forest DOC. Higher SUVA254 (DOC specific ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm) in wetland runoff indicated more aromatic DOC from wetlands than forests. During low flow, the stream DOC character was sensitive to the forest-wetland proportion of the catchment, and when wetland coverage exceeded 10%, the streams appeared to be dominated by wetland-derived DOC. During the spring snowmelt period, the character changed to lower molecular weight and more aliphatic DOC, particularly in streams with a high proportion of forest in the catchment. The forested soil solutions had higher A254/A365 in the surface horizons that were hydrologically activated during the high flow events, while wetland soil solution had relatively low A254/A365 at all depths. Consequently forest soils contributed more to stream DOC concentration during snowmelt that during winter low flow.
Ivarsson, Hans
Siebert, J.
Seasonal and runoff-related changes in dissolved organic carbon concentrations in the River Öre, Northern Sweden2008Inngår i: Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 70, nr 1, s. 21-29Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
The impact of runoff on allochthonous organic carbon was studied in the River Öre, Northern Sweden, using extensive TOC (total organic carbon) and runoff measurements. No relationship existed between TOC concentration and runoff on an annual basis. However, positive correlations between TOC concentration and runoff were found when observations were divided into three different seasons (winter, spring and summer/autumn). During these seasons runoff explained 62-70% of the TOC variation. Differences in these seasonal relationships indicated that the TOC concentration was restricted by the soil TOC pool during snowmelt, while the pool of TOC in the soil or its availability never limited the TOC export during the rest of the year. Two sets of data were used, a detailed study over 2 years and a long-term study over 14 years. Both showed similar results which indicated that the seasonal variation in the relationship between TOC and runoff is similar from year to year. The chemical variation usually decreases downstream in large rivers due to mixing of water from different sources. Our study, however, showed a strong correlation between TOC and runoff even in a large river like the River Öre. This result indicated that the general pattern of the TOC concentrations was to a large extent determined by the hydrology and climate conditions.
Ågren, Annelie
Buffam, I
Skogsekologi, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Umeå.
Importance of seasonality and small streams for the landscape regulation of dissolved organic carbon export2007Inngår i: Journal of Geophysical Research, ISSN 0148-0227, E-ISSN 2156-2202, Vol. 112, s. Art. No. G03003-Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
The regulation of the spatial and seasonal variation in terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) exports was studied in a 68 km2 boreal stream system in northern Sweden. A total of 1213 DOC samples were collected in 15 subcatchments over a 3 year period (2003–2005). The mean annual DOC exports from the 15 subcatchments (0.03–21.72 km2) ranged from 14.8 to 99.1 kg ha−1 yr−1. Many catchment characteristics determined the spatial variation in DOC exports. The relative importance of the different catchment characteristics varied greatly between seasons because of differing hydrological conditions. During winter base flow the spatial variation was linked to patterns in wetland coverage. During snowmelt in spring the spatial variation was connected to characteristics describing size and location, i.e., median stream size, silty sediment distribution, stream order, altitude, and proportion of catchment above highest postglacial coastline (HC). During the snow-free season the spatial variation in DOC exports was regulated by the amount of wetlands and forests, particularly forests made up of Norway spruce (Picea abies). Median stream size also influenced the exports during this season. A striking result in this study was the effect of size implying that small headwaters may be the largest contributor to the terrestrial DOC export, per unit area.
Ågren, Karin
Umeå universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Juridiskt forum.
Giles, Barbara
Lindkvist, Marie
Umeå universitet, Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet, Statistik.
Akademiska bedömningsuppdrag - ännu en jämställdhetsfälla?: Slutrapport av projektet Kompensation av tid för uppdrag2012Rapport (Annet (populærvitenskap, debatt, mm))
akademiska bedömningsuppdrag - ännu en jämställdhetsfälla?
Åhlén, Emma
Fingerprints of planktivory: paleolimnological evidence of past fish community structure and dynamics2012Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
Planktivorous fish affect the species composition, size and morphology of their zooplankton prey by size selective predation. Remains of cladocerans are deposited in the lake sediments and this microfossil community hence reflects the historical changes in the planktivore fish community. Most earlier work on quantitatively inferring past planktivory deals with ephippia (resting eggs) of Daphnia, however these remains are very scarce in northern Swedish lakes. In these lakes, often dominated by fish that are not obligate planktivores, such as perch (Perca fluviatilis), the individual size to a large degree determines the type of resource consumed. Therefore, in these lakes, the size distribution as well as the density of the fish community determines the overall planktivoryThis thesis deals with evaluating the use of Bosmina remains in the sediment as indicators of past planktivory. I developed a transfer function based on Bosmina remains to be used in oligotrophic lakes with omnivorous species to reconstruct past planktivory. I test the transfer function in a lake where the history is to a large extent known. Furthermore, in this thesis a novel quantitative measure of planktivore pressure, the PCC (Planktivore Community Capacity) was developed. It was also possible to compare the morphology measurements of carapace length and mucro length of contemporary Bosmina sampled in the lake, with the same measurements on microfossils of Bosmina sedimented during the corresponding time period. By using the resurrection approach this thesis also evaluates the use of Ceriodaphnia clones as indicators of micro-evolutionary responses to past planktivory.From the studies in this thesis I can draw some major conclusions; the morphological measurements carapace length and mucro length of Bosmina can be used to infer past planktivory in northern Swedish lakes. PCC has a higher explanatory power than CPUE in these lakes dominated by omnivorous fish. The morphology of the contemporary Bosmina corresponds well with the remains found in the sediment dating from the same time period. Both the contemporary and microfossil Bosmina changes in body size characteristics was in turn strongly related to PPC. Finally, the hatching of Ceriodaphnia ephippia is promising for studying past planktivory, both because of the high viability of the ephippia and the relationship between eye area and inferred PCC.
Fingerprints of planktivory
Byström, Pär
Korsman, Tom
Persson, Lennart
Reinikainen, Marko
Tvärminne Zoological Station, Hanko, Finland.
Planktivore population dynamics affect body size characteristics of Bosmina: evidence from sediment archive and contemporary lake samplesManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
Planktivorous fish affect the species composition, morphology and size of their zooplankton prey species by size selective predation. Microfossils of cladocerans are preserved in the lake sediment and hence cladoceran fossil characteristics may be used to reconstruct historical variation of planktivory in lakes. In lakes dominated by fish that are not obligate planktivores (e.g. perch, Perca fluviatilis), the individual size determines to large extent the type of resources consumed. Therefore the size distribution and density of such fish populations determine overall planktivory impact in these lakes.In a Northern Swedish lake over a 9-year period, we compared the carapace length and mucro length of the cladoceran Bosmina spp. from the contemporary samples with the sediment archive. We estimated the temporal variation in overall planktivory pressure on Bosmina by calculating a population planktivore capacity (PPC) measure on zooplankton using the population density and size structure of the perch population together with size dependent attack rate functions on Bosmina.Our results show that temporal changes in body size characteristics of Bosmina in the contemporary and fossil remains were strongly correlated. Contemporary lake samples and fossil remains of Bosmina showed similar responses in body size characteristics to changes in estimated PPC. Initially, when PPC was low in the lake, both size of carapace and mucro were large. As PPC increased due to strong recruitment of perch during the middle of the study period both carapace and mucro size were small, to increase again towards the end of the study when PPC decreased again. Small perch, mainly young-of-the-year (YOY) perch contribution to PPC was high, more than 80% of to the total PPC in most years. This suggests that the contribution of the smallest size classes of fish to PPC can be high and needs to be taken into account when trying to relate changes in zooplankton community characteristics to variation in planktivore densities.The similar response in body size characteristics of Bosmina in contemporary and sediment samples to changes in planktivory pressure strongly suggests the body size characteristics of Bosmina microfossils, i.e. the carapace and mucro length can be used to reconstruct historical changes in planktivory in lakes.
Relationships between planktivore community capacity (PCC) and cladoceran microfossils in northern Swedish lakes2011Inngår i: Fundamental and Applied Limnology, ISSN 1863-9135, Vol. 178, nr 4, s. 315-324Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
Planktivorous fish are known to affect the zooplankton community both in terms of species composition and species specific morphological traits. Remains of cladocerans are deposited as microfossils in lake sediments, and the microfossil assembly hence reflects the historical impact of the planktivore community in the lake. The microfossils of cladocerans can therefore be used to reconstruct historical changes in the planktivore fish community in lakes. Catch per unit effort in numbers (CPUEn) and weight (CPUEw) have previously been used as proxies for planktivory. Although these standard measurements are useful in lakes dominated by obligate planktivorous fish, they have limits in their predictive power, particularly in lakes dominated by fish that are not planktivorous throughout their entire lifespan. In this study, we suggest a novel way of estimating the extent of planktivory in lakes, the Planktivore Community Capacity (PCC). PCC takes into account the size and species specific foraging efficiency of fish on zooplankton which gives a more accurate estimate of the intensity of planktivory, especially in lakes dominated by fish that undergo ontogenetic niche shifts from zooplankton to other prey as they grow. Such fish include, for instance, perch (Perca fluviatilis) and Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus). To analyze the relationship between surface sediment cladoceran remains and planktivory intensity, 39 lakes were sampled regarding the fish community and microfossil assembly. We focused on Bosmina, which is a dominant zooplankton genus in the study area. Bosmina is well preserved in the sediment, and also known to exhibit changes in density and morphology depending on the planktivore predation pressure. We analyzed both the density of two Bosmina species in the sediment and morphological traits in relation to estimates of planktivory intensities. Among the variables measured, morphological traits and relationship between Bosmina longispina and Bosmina longirostris were highly correlated to PCC. PCC had a higher explanatory power than both CPUEn and CPUEw for observed patterns in microfossil characteristics in lakes. We suggest that estimates of Planktivore Community Capacity (PCC) is a powerful approach for reconstructing historical changes in planktivory in lakes.
Remains of Bosmina in sediments reflects historical changes in fish populations in a northern Swedish lakeManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
Based on morphological measurements on Bosmina in a sediment core from a boreal lake we estimated 60 years back in time historical changes in Planktivore Community Capacity (PCC), a recent derived approach to estimate past planktivore pressure in lakes. We then validated the PCC approach with available information on changes in the lake fish community based on historical knowledge and more recent fish population studies in the lake. Based on available data on fish density, size structure and size dependent attack rate functions on zooplankton we calculated a measure of planktivore pressure in the lake, the Planktivore Population Capacity (PPC). The reconstructed PCC development over the time from Bosmina remains in the sediment core correlated well with PPC estimates (r2 = 0.89 p<0.05) as well as qualitatively with historical information on the development of fish community in the lake. The results from our study suggest that the derived PCC function based on morphological measurements on Bosmina remains in sediments can successfully be used to track historical changes in planktivore communities in lakes.
Åkerlund, Elisabet
Which is the costlier sex?: Sexual dimorphism and resource allocation in a dioecious herb, Silene dioica2011Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 poäng / 30 hpOppgave
Life-history theory proposes that different activities, such as growth, maintenance and reproduction compete for limited resources and therefore, life-history traits are bound together by physiological trade-offs. In dioecious species, females are assumed to invest a higher amount of resources in reproduction in comparison with males and this higher investment in reproduction is then assumed to have numerous consequences for the expression of other life-history traits. Some recent papers have, however, suggested that although common, this investment pattern may not be the case in all dioecious plant species. One notable exception is Silene latifolia. Therefore, I examined whether the male sex could be investing more in reproduction than females in a closely related Silene species, Silene dioica. This study was carried out on three islands in the Skeppsvik Archipelago, Umeå, where I examined possible differences between the sexes in different life history traits. On each island, 20 patches were laid out in two different successional zones. In each patch, flowering date was recorded and stem diameter, length and width of cauline leaves, flower diameter, and number of open flowers on male and female plants was measured. At the end of the study, flowering stems were collected and thereafter dried so they could be weighed to estimate biomass allocated to male and female vegetative and reproductive structures. The hypothesis that males of S. dioica should have a higher reproductive cost seemed to be confirmed since males started flowering earlier, produced more and larger flowers, produced smaller and fewer leaves and thinner stems. The males also allocated a greater proportion of their total biomass to reproductive parts and as a consequence, had a higher sink to source ratio. This study has shown that there are exceptions to the "rule" of females having a higher cost of reproduction and when doing research on dioecious species, it is important not to assume that only one and the same sex has the higher investment in reproduction in all species. This higher cost may have consequences for survival and reproductive fitness and can select for differences in other ecological traits, such as phenology, growth, chemical composition and morphology, which could in turn affect the competitive ability and the susceptibility to herbivores and pathogens.
Which is the costlier sex
Åkerlund, Elisabeth
Why two sexes in separate individuals? The evolution of dioecy in plants.2009Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
Åkesson, Anna
Offpistskidåkning i svenska fjällen: - Om topptursutrustning och riskbeteende2018Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
The purpose of this study was to determine whether ski tourers in the Swedish mountains have enough knowledge and experience to perform the activity safely. Adventure oriented activities that demands equipment has over the last years increased among outdoor practitioners in Sweden. Because of the growth, ski touring equipment have had a rapid development and made the activity more accessible. In the northern parts of Sweden a survey- and a field study, were examine risk behavior, avalanche equipment and techbindings. The results shows that ski touring has increased over the last years and that the activity is mainly performed by young men that are experienced downhill skiers. According to the result men seems to have a higher risk acceptance and many off-piste skiers are prepared to take risks to get good skiing/ski touring. Nearly everyone from the study are carrying avalanche equipment, but it seems like some are not sufficiently prepared in case of an accident. The results also indicates that some ski tourers dis-trust the retention function of techbindings and some manually lock out the release mechanism of the binding exposing themselves to a high risk of lower leg injury.
Årdahl, Kerstin
Invertebrate diversity and abundance in disturbed forest area: Comparing clear-cuttings, forest edges and interior forest at three sites in Umeå, Västerbotten2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
Reindeer in the archipelago of Holmöarna: Abundance of habitats and how reindeer have utilized them during winter 2015-16 and summer 20162017Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 poäng / 30 hpOppgave
In the winter 2015/2016, about 700 reindeer were winter grazing on the islands of Holmöarna. Since the islands had not been used for reindeer grazing for more than 100 years, this is a unique opportunity to study how reindeer influence the vegetation that has developed in the absence of reindeer. Moreover, it also means that all reindeer faeces depositions and grazing damages originate from the last year. Most of the reindeer grazing occurred on Ängesön and Grossgrunden, at least during winter, due to lichen rich habitats. To investigate which habitats were available for reindeer, the abundance of these habitats and which resources they provide, 239 randomly selected study sites were investigated. To find out reindeer utilization of resources and impact on vegetation, all faecal droppings from reindeer were counted. Also, lichen height, lichen cover, lichen volume, grazing damages of lichens and vegetation, trampling, and digging, were recorded at every study site. Old-grown spruce forest was the most abundant habitat, providing reindeer with ground lichens, bilberries and epiphytic lichens. Pine forest, rich in ground lichens, was the most preferred and used habitat based on lichen cover and lichen volume, lichen damage and trampling. NMSD ordination confirmed a strong relationship between lichen height and lichen cover, i.e. lichens were heavily grazed in every habitat where lichens were recorded. Reindeer depositions of dungs and pellets were found in all habitats, but were most abundant in spruce forest with ground lichens. Strong relationships between lichen damages, digging signs and reindeer pellets confirmed more activities where lichens were abundant. Grazing of bilberry shoots and trampling, both indications of summer activities by reindeer, were also closely associated, indicating that bilberry shoots was an important food resource in summer on these islands. In the light of my result, the islands of Holmöarna have good provision for reindeer, in winter by richness of ground lichens in pine forest and old spruce forest, and summer primarily by bilberries in old grown spruce forest, mixed forest and pine forest with Vaccinium ssp. Although almost all suitable habitats show signs of reindeer activities after only one year, there is still abundant winter and summer food resources available for future grazing. There is thus plenty of resources available for reindeer on the islands of Holmöarna and reindeer are able to utilize them. If they are suitable to use for reindeer grazing in the future is thus more dependent on logistic problems like difficulties in transporting the reindeer from mainland to the islands.
Åslund, Daniel
Toxicity of extracts from mercury contaminated sediments on the crustaceans Daphnia magna and Nitocra spinipes2006Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 20 poäng / 30 hpOppgave
Åström, Cecilia
Undersökning av Firmicutes i honungsbins tarmflora i Norra Sverige2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
Åström, Linnéa
Ansvar över djurskyddet under djurtransporter och på slakterier i Sverige2010Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
Responsibility over animal welfare during transportation and in slaughter plants in Sweden
Animal welfare is an important issue and supervision is carried out to enforce regulations and to assure that animal protection is maintained during transportation and in slaughter plants. At present there is some overlap in the regulations that concern animal protection and therefore the question about responsibility could be unclear. This study investigates how this responsibility over animal welfare is designated in the regulations. Three questions formed the basis of the study: 1) Which authorities are concerned with the animal welfare? 2) What actions are taken by the authorities in the case of a problem? 3) Which factors affect animal welfare and animal protection during transportation and in slaughter plants? The delimitation was farm animals such as cattle, sheep and pigs. Only shorter transportation distances, i.e., under eight hours, en route to a slaughter plant in Sweden are considered. A study visit was made as were interviews with an official veterinary and a transporter. The County Administrative Boards have the overall responsibility for supervision over animal welfare. The National Food Administration, through the official veterinaries, is responsible for supervision in the continuous operation at slaughter plants. The Swedish Board of Agriculture co-ordinates the supervision and gives guidance and advice. The County Administrative Boards decide in cases where deviations from existing regulations are discovered. The factors that foremost affect animal welfare are the animals' condition, time of transportation, stocking density, behavior of the persons handling the animals and the facilities and equipment that are used.
Åström, Lovisa
Vad utgör en god arbetsmilljö?: En jämförelse mellan arbetsgivare och anställda vid kommunala bolag i Umeå2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
What constitutes a good working environment? - A comparison between employers and employees of municipal companies in Umeå
Lovisa Åström
The knowledge of the work environment´s importance has grown bigger by the years, especially the value of the psychosocial environment. According to the Swedish work environment law all workplaces today must attain a systematic working environment. However not all employers understand the importance of this working method. The purpose of this study was to compare the employer and the employees regarding their view of their working environment, and what a good working environment means. I interviewed the responsible environment manager and employees at four municipal companies in Umeå municipality. The results showed that only half of the employees were aware of the company method for the working environment. Despite this, six out of eight employers were satisfied with their working environment. The study showed that the employees who were assigned to work with the working environment and the employees who worked close to the environment manager, had the highest amount of knowledge regarding the environmental work. The biggest difference was beheld between the employer and the employees thoughts about their working environment. The employees meant that the social environment was highly important for their wellbeing. Besides that was trust, information, safety, participation, and empathy the most important factors for their working environment. The employer meant that the most important aspect were dedicated employees, knowledge, focus on safety, leadership and a committed and educated manager. Despite the differences every company have shown that the most rewarding and significant aspect of their work environment was their systematic environmental work.
Keywords: Systematic work environment, work environment, psychosocial environment, environment working conditions.
Vad utgör en god arbetsmiljö?
Åström, Marcus
Aspects of heterogeneity: effects of clear-cutting and post-harvest extraction of bioenergy on plants in boreal forests2006Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
Abstract. The objectives of this thesis are to evaluate (1) the influence of slope aspect on boreal plant responses to clear-cutting and (2) the effects of post-harvest extraction of bioenergy (logging residues or slash) on plant composition, richness and performance in clear-cuts. Such insight is essential for understanding changes in species composition and richness in response to clear-cutting and application of intensified harvesting systems. The focus is on productive and managed spruce dominated forests and focal organisms are mosses, liverworts (i.e. bryophytes) and vascular plants.
Space-for-time substitution studies were performed in south- and north-facing slopes located in 10 forests and 10 adjacent clear-cut stands in central Sweden. Differences between forests and clear-cuts were interpreted as effects of clear-cutting. The results show that the response of all three focal groups differed between aspects. More species were lost in south-facing slopes and clear-cutting reduced species richness of liverworts as well as of bryophytes and vascular plants associated with sheltered habitats. By contrast, clear-cutting caused no reduction in any group and more species were added in north-facing slopes. As a result north-facing clear-cuts generally had higher species richness than their forest counterparts. The disparate patterns in species' response between aspects were most likely caused by initial microclimatic differences and a greater microclimatic change in south-facing slopes, in response to clear-cutting.
A paired comparative study of conventionally harvested (i.e. slash left) and slash-harvested clear-cut stands was performed 5-10 years after clear-cutting in south-central Sweden. Both the species composition and the richness of mosses and liverworts were affected by slash harvest, whereas the composition of vascular plants was not. Slash harvest also reduced richness of mosses and liverworts associated with forests and organic substrates (e.g. dead wood and litter). Species richness of vascular plants and bryophytes associated with inorganic substrates (i.e. mineral soil) was unchanged. Differences between conventionally harvested stands and slash-harvested stands were most likely a result of reduced cover of organic material reducing substrate availability and shelter in the latter. Increased mechanical disturbance in slash-harvested stands that destroys remnant forest vegetation and favours pioneers may also play a role.
A bryophyte transplant experiment was performed in seven clear-cuts in central Sweden and monitored over one vegetation period. The results show that logging residues (or slash) and forest edges may shelter ground-dwelling bryophytes by buffering the clear-cut microclimate.
In conclusion, both slope aspect and extraction of forest bioenergy affect plant survival in clear-cut boreal forests. As surviving plant populations facilitate re-colonisation, north-facing slopes and conventionally harvested clear-cuts (i.e. slash left) may potentially recover faster than south-facing slopes and slash-harvested clear-cuts.
Hylander, Kristoffer
Effects of slash harvest on bryophytes and vascular plants in southern boreal forest clear-cuts2005Inngår i: Journal of Applied Ecology, ISSN 0021-8901, E-ISSN 1365-2664, Vol. 42, nr 6, s. 1194-1202Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
Slope aspect modifies community responses to clear-cutting in boreal forests2007Inngår i: Ecology, ISSN 0012-9658, E-ISSN 1939-9170, Vol. 88, nr 3, s. 749-758Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
Slope aspect modifies microclimate and influences ecological processes and spatial distribution of species across forest landscapes, but the impact of slope aspect on community responses to disturbance is poorly understood. Such insight is necessary to understand landscape community dynamics and resilience. We compared bryophyte (liverworts and mosses) communities in matched 0.02-ha plots of four boreal stand types in central Sweden: recently clear-felled and mature stands dominated by Norway spruce in south-facing and north-facing slopes. Differences between forests and clear-cuts were interpreted as effects of clear-cutting, and differences between south- and north-facing slopes as effects of aspect. In response to clear-cutting, bryophyte cover and composition changed more in south-facing slopes. Only one out of ten significantly declining species in south-facing slopes also declined significantly in north-facing slopes. North-facing slopes lost fewer bryophyte species, and among those, fewer forest species and fewer species associated with wood and bark. In north-facing slopes, the average proportions of mosses and liverworts shared between the forest and the clear-cut plot were 88% and 74%, respectively. Corresponding numbers for south-facing slopes were 79% and 33%. In addition, more bryophyte species were added in north- than south-facing slopes after clear-cutting, somewhat reducing the difference in compositional change between aspects. South- and north-facing mature forests differed in species composition, mostly due to higher richness of mosses in south-facing slopes. The smaller changes in bryophyte communities on north-facing slopes in response to clear-cutting have implications for ecosystem dynamics and management as high local survival may enhance landscape-level resilience.
Åström et al_Ecology2007
Logging residues and forest edges affect bryophyte vitality and growth in boreal forest clear-cutsManuskript (Annet vitenskapelig)
Responses of understorey vascular plants to clear-cutting of boreal forests in north- and south-facing slopesManuskript (Annet vitenskapelig)
Åström Ylivainio, Frida
En byggnads energibehov: En studie om energieffektivisering av en befintlig byggnad i södra Sverige2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
The purpose of the study was to investigate the use and losses of energy in an existing older building. Another purpose was also to look through various options for heating systems with renewable energy in the building. The aim was to reduce the use and losses of energy. The first step was to study the related electricity bills of the building and also perform measurements and calculations of the building envelope and ventilation. The next step was to find out the possible actions for energy saving by performing measurements and calculations. To calculate the loss of energy a u-value was used, which describes a materials ability to conduct heat. The results of the energy calculations show what is reasonable to do in the building considering the energy savings versus economy. The study shows that it is important to first analyze and adjust the building envelope and ventilation before a new heating system is installed. That is to reduce the risk of an over-sizing of the heating system. It is not optimal to correct the entire building at energy efficiency because it is not economically feasible. All necessary actions of energy saving should be taken as a package where the most profitable should be picked out and executed. An older building is often of great value and therefore its appearance should be safeguarded at energy efficiency.
Frida Åström Ylivainio
Öberg, Erika
Livsmedelsäkerhet i förskolan: Vilka rutiner har förskolan och finns det skillnad i livsmedelsäkerheten beroende på personalens utbildning2015Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 20 poäng / 30 hpOppgave
The aim of the study was to investigate which routines preschools had regarding food processing and if the routines were sufficient in order to the regulation. The aim was also to investigate if there were some difference in food processing depending on the employee´s education. The method used was an interview study of 20 preschools. The results indicated that the majority of the preschools had sufficient routines regarding temperature control of hot and cold lunches. Regarding measurement on deviant temperature, half of the preschools routines were sufficient. 55 % of the preschools had insufficient routines for temperature control in cold storage. Results indicate that it was differences in how often the employee´s control the temperature in food depended on the employee´s education. The conclusion is that a number of preschools had a capacity for improvement of their routines. The preschools have to work with prevention measures to create routines which is sufficient in order to the regulation.
Ödling, Andreas
Ljudnivån i förskola före och efter införandet av ljudnivåvakten soundear20002005Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 20 poäng / 30 hpOppgave
Ögren, Amanda
Is above- and belowground phenology of Eriophorum vaginatum in sync in a peatland underlain by permafrost?2017Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 poäng / 30 hpOppgave
The phenology of plants in northern ecosystems is currently changing. Roots have a key role in these ecosystems, though the phenology of roots is still poorly understood. The aim of this report was to investigate if above- and belowground phenology of the circumpolar sedge Eriophorum vaginatum was synchronized in a subarctic peatland underlain by permafrost, and to investigate which abiotic factors are limiting root growth. Additionally, the length of the belowground growing season was examined. The study was performed with a non-destructive in situ method (minirhizotrons and NDVI measurements) in the northernmost part of Sweden. Both above- and belowground phenology was measured biweekly during the whole growing season in 2016. The depth of the active layer, air temperature, soil temperature and soil moisture were measured to investigate the determinants of root growth. Root growth and aboveground activity was asynchronous, as peak in root growth occurred on average 21 days before maximum NDVI was reached. Soil temperature and thaw depth seem to be important factors regulating root growth in this peatland. The result highlight that solely studying the aboveground parts of plants can give a misleading interpretation about the phenology of the entire plant and thus during which time periods important ecosystem processes take place. Hence, to more accurate forecast ecosystem responses to global warming, both aboveground and belowground phenology should be considered.
Restaurering för störda områden i kalfjällsmiljö: Utvärdering av pilotförsök för återvegetering av området kring den nedlagda underjordsgruvan i Stekenjokk2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
The aim of this study was to evaluate restoration methods used in a revegetation project for the heavily disturbed area around the abandoned underground mine Stekenjokk, located in an alpine area in Västerbotten County, Sweden. The studies were initiated in 2013 by Enetjärn Natur AB on behalf of Boliden Mineral AB and several methods were adopted in the purpose of investigating the feasibility of different restoration methods. Seeding, plantation of adult plants and transplantation of vegetation turfs were performed in combination with addition of organic matter. In addition, 'safe sites' were created either by addition of cobbles to the surface, creation of holes in the ground or by putting out coconut mats. All plant material, e.g. seeds, plantation of adult plants and transplantation of vegetation turfs, resulted in new establishment of plants in the area. Spontaneous establishment of plants was also observed in several of the examined plots. Several of the methods used are probably suitable for restoration of the old industrial area in Stekenjokk. However, the success varied among different methods and there was a tendency for higher survival of plants in experimental plots to which soil had been added. A combination of addition of plant material (seeds or adult plants), addition of organic matter and creation of 'safe sites' seemed most effective in accelerating revegetation in the heavily degraded area in Stekenjokk. However, sample sizes were small and more studies should be conducted to confirm the generality of this conclusion.
Öhgren, Evelina
Projekt Nalovardo: Underlag till MKB för detaljplan samt ett förslag till resurshushållning i samband med byggandet av fritidshus2012Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
This report has two main aims; one purpose is to investigate the environmental implications of an exploitation of 75 holiday houses located in Nalovardo in northern Sweden. The other aim is to present suggestions on how the area and the holiday houses can be built and designed to conserve natural resources. To answer the first aim a base for an environmental impact assessment regarding the local plan for holiday houses in Nalovardo were established. A literature study was then made in order to present suggestions to conserve natural resources when constructing holiday houses in Nalovardo. The landscape image, water and sewer are interests that will be affected due to the exploitation of the area. The exploitations site is not located in an environmental protected area. The holiday houses would generate a greater interest in visiting nature reserves, tourism, ski resort and outdoor activities and this should be seen as something positive. To conserve natural resources in a building depends much on individual behavior and choice of products. What the constructer of the building in Nalovardo project can do is mainly to make demands on the resource measures concerning heat and cold in the houses.
Öhlund, Gunnar
Ecological and evolutionary effects of predation in environmental gradients2012Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
Understanding species interactions and how they affect densities and distributions of organisms is a central theme in ecological research. Studying such interactions in an ecosystem context is challenging as they often depend on species-specific characteristics and rates that not only change during the ontogeny of an organism, but also are affected by the surrounding environment. This thesis focuses on two separate questions and study systems that highlight different aspects of how effects of predation can depend on environmental conditions. In the first part of the thesis, we studied how temperature affects attack rate and handling time, two ecological rates with profound importance for predator-prey dynamics. Using a metaanalysis, we first show that the currently dominating model for temperature dependence in predator-prey interactions, i.e. the Arrhenius equation, has weak support in available empirical literature. This suggests that we need new rules for how and when we can generalize on the temperature-dependence of intake rates. We then use a simple model and a series of experiments to demonstrate that differences in the relative physiological capacity between predator and prey can impose strong non-linear effects on temperature-response curves of attack rate. In the second part of the thesis, we study the role of predation along a benthic-pelagic habitat gradient in promoting divergence and resource polymorphism among prey. We show that presence of a large piscivorous predator, the northern pike (Esox lucius), induces dwarfs, giants or divergence into both ecotypes in populations of European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) depending on lake characteristics. Using dated introductions of whitefish as controlled natural experiments, we show that pike presence induces rapid life history divergence between pelagic and littoral habitat use strategies, and that this divergence can translate into partial reproductive isolation in a matter of decades. Our results demonstrate the potential for thresholds in a crucial ecological rate, setting the stage for tipping points with potentially far reaching implications for effects of warming on predator prey dynamics and ecosystem stability. Moreover, they illustrate the potentially drastic consequences of such tipping points by demonstrating the importance of a single predator species as a driving force behind the creation and maintenance of biodiversity in a natural system.
Ecological and evolutionary effects of predation in environmental gradients
Bodin, Mats
Nilsson, Karin A.
Mobley, Kenyon B.
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, D-24302 Plön, Germany.
Öhlund, Sven-Ola
Peedu, Mikael
Hein, Catherine L.
Englund, Göran
Predation drives rapid and repeated sympatric divergence in European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus)Manuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
Hedström, Per
Norman, Sven
Temperature dependence of predation depends on the relative performance of predators and prey2015Inngår i: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences, ISSN 0962-8452, E-ISSN 1471-2954, Vol. 282, nr 1799, artikkel-id 20142254Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
The temperature dependence of predation rates is a key issue for understanding and predicting the responses of ecosystems to climate change. Using a simple mechanistic model, we demonstrate that differences in the relative performances of predator and prey can cause strong threshold effects in the temperature dependence of attack rates. Empirical data on the attack rate of northern pike (Esox lucius) feeding on brown trout (Salmo trutta) confirm this result. Attack rates fell sharply below a threshold temperature of +11 degrees C, which corresponded to a shift in relative performance of pike and brown trout with respect to maximum attack and escape swimming speeds. The average attack speed of pike was an order of magnitude lower than the escape speed of brown trout at 5 degrees C, but approximately equal at temperatures above 11 degrees C. Thresholds in the temperature dependence of ecological rates can create tipping points in the responses of ecosystems to increasing temperatures. Thus, identifying thresholds is crucial when predicting future effects of climate warming.
Temperature-dependence of predation depends on relative performance of predators and preyManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
Nordwall, F.
Degerman, E.
Eriksson, T.
Life history and large-scale habitat use of brown trout (salmo trutta) and brook trout (salvelinus fontinalis) - implications for species replacement patterns2008Inngår i: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 65, s. 633-644Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
Simple models of temperature-mediated interference competition have generally failed to explain salmonid species replacement patterns along altitudinal gradients, a fact that emphasizes the need to link individual features and their relation to habitat characteristics to population-level dynamics. We compared life history parameters in stream resident populations of brook trout (/Salvelinus fontinalis/) and brown trout (/Salmo trutta/) in eight boreal streams. By use of electro-fishing data from 1000 sites, we analyzed and related differences in life history traits to habitat- and interaction-related patterns of growth and densities of brook and brown trout, respectively. Brown trout were competitively dominant throughout the size span of sampled sympatric sites and lowered growth rates in sympatry were mainly caused by environmental factors, revealing a link between brook trout invasions and habitat-related limitations on brown trout performance. Still, the frequency of allopatric brook trout sites increased in the smallest watersheds, indicating that localities with a high degree of brook trout dominance rarely sustain brown trout over time. Brook trout populations had higher turn-over rates and proportions of mature females than brown trout populations. Our results suggest growth potential and its effect on population fecundity as a critical factor limiting competitive ability and distribution of brown trout in Swedish brook trout dominated headwaters.
Fallgren, Björn
Magnusson, Martina
Bartels, Pia
The chronology of incipient speciation in whitefishManuskript (preprint) (Annet vitenskapelig)
Öhlund, Helen
Anmälan till Länsstyrelsens djurskyddsenhet: Kan anmälningsärenden effektiviseras?2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 poäng / 15 hpOppgave
Title: Notification of animal welfare
Author: Helen Öhlund
The purpose of this study was to examine the routines of the county administrations in Sweden when it comes to receiving notification from the public about the welfare of animals. According to Jordbruksverket at least 50 % of the screening of animal welfare should be based on routine controls on existing farmers. Today the routine controls only reach a 43 % average for the whole country. A big part of today's result depends on the amount of time it takes the administrators of animal welfare to process the notifications from the public. To examine why the notifications from the public take too long time, the county administrations were interviewed through phone and e-mail. The interviews were made to see what routines the county administrations had and if the routines could be made more efficient. Jordbruksverket have developed aid to the county administrations in form of simpler checklists for pets and control cards to ease the burden in notification controls. This study shows that a lot of work can be done when it comes to receiving the notification. When receiving notification the administrators can decide if the notification is severe or not. Too little information makes it difficult to determine the gravity of the notification.
Key words: animal welfare, legislation, county administration, notification, Jordbruksverket.
Öhman, J
Englund, G
Blom, A
Lindgren, E
Laudon, H
Associations between water chemistry and fish community composition: a comparison between isolated and connected lakes in northern Sweden2006Inngår i: Freshwater Biology, Vol. 51, s. 510-522Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)


text:
Graham goes from 'Gilmore' to Broadway
Former "Gilmore Girls" mom Lauren Graham will portray the long-suffering fiancee to Oliver Platt's Nathan Detroit in the upcoming Broadway revival of "Guys and Dolls."
Oct. 28, 2008, 10:09 PM UTC / Source: The Associated Press
"Gilmore Girls" actress Lauren Graham will portray the long-suffering fiancee to Oliver Platt's Nathan Detroit in the upcoming Broadway revival of "Guys and Dolls."
The show opens March 1 at the Nederlander Theatre. Previews begin Feb. 3.
Graham is best-known for her portrayal of Lorelai Gilmore, the youthful mother on the long-running TV series "Gilmore Girls." She has also appeared in such movies as "Evan Almighty," "Flash of Genius" and "Because I Said So."
"Guys and Dolls" will be directed by Des McAnuff and feature choreography by Sergio Trujillo.
McAnuff, artistic director of Canada's Stratford Shakespeare Festival, worked with Trujillo on the current Broadway success, "Jersey Boys."
"Guys and Dolls," which has a score by Frank Loesser and a book by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows, originally opened on Broadway in 1950.
In other Broadway casting news, Michael Cerveris and Paul Sparks have joined Mary-Louise Parker in the Roundabout Theatre Company's revival of Ibsen's "Hedda Gabler." The production, featuring a new adaptation by Christopher Shinn, opens Jan. 25 at the Roundabout's American Airlines Theatre. Previews begin Jan. 6.
Cerveris, currently in the Stephen Sondheim musical "Road Show," will play Jorgen Tesman in the revival, which will be directed by Ian Rickson. Sparks will be Ejlert Lovborg.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In a medium bowl mix the avocados with chipotle peppers and a tablespoon of the chipotle marinade. Season with salt to your liking.
Use a potato masher or the back of a spoon to flatten the avocados. Serve with tortilla chips or to accompany your favorite dishes.
If you are not used to eating chili, you can add a tablespoon or two of chipotle adobo.
I'm one of those people who truly believe you can never have enough guacamole recipes. And since there are just so many chili peppers in the world that can give guacamole that tasty kick, we have to try them all. Right now, my favorite is the guacamole made with chipotle peppers in adobo. Chipotle peppers aren't merely a spicy addition, but they also add a little sweet and smoky flavor that is simply irresistible.


text:
#include <mitkDrawOperation.h>

mitk::DrawOperation::DrawOperation(OperationType operationType, Point3D point, Point3D last_point, int draw_state, int radius)
: Operation(operationType), m_Point(point), m_LastPoint(last_point), m_DrawState(draw_state), m_Radius(radius)
{}

mitk::DrawOperation::~DrawOperation()
{
}

mitk::Point3D mitk::DrawOperation::GetPoint()
{
  return m_Point;
}

mitk::Point3D mitk::DrawOperation::GetLastPoint()
{
  return m_LastPoint;
}

int mitk::DrawOperation::GetDrawState()
{
  return m_DrawState;
}

int mitk::DrawOperation::GetRadius()
{
  return m_Radius;
}

mitk::SeedsImage::Pointer mitk::DrawOperation::GetSeedsImage()
{
  return m_SeedsImage;
}

mitk::SeedsImage::Pointer mitk::DrawOperation::GetLastSeedsImage()
{
  return m_LastSeedsImage;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
A505 accident: Man dies after car and lorry crash
Police remain at the scene of the collision
File pictures of Police vehicles at the scene of a serious road traffic collision on the A505 (Image: Cambridge News)
A man has tragically died after a crash on the A505 early this morning, February 2.
Cambridgeshire police have confirmed that a man in his 40s suffered fatal injuries after a collision between a white car and a lorry on the major road close to Melbourn at about 3.45am today.
The driver of the white Mitsubishi Shogun, a man in his 40s, was pronounced dead at the scene.
The lorry driver, a 55-year-old man from Spain, has been arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous driving and remains at Parkside Police Station, Cambridge.
The road remains closed while investigations and recovery of the vehicles involved take place.
Lockdown update: Boris Johnson 'ramping up plans to reopen schools'
UK lockdown update: Exact time Matt Hancock will make Covid speech to Parliament today
Police are now appealing for witnesses following the fatal collision on the A505 at Melbourn. Officers are appealing for witnesses or anyone who has dashcam footage of the moments leading up to the collision.
The incident happened at about 3.45am and involved a white Mitsubishi Shogun and a lorry.
Anyone with information should call 101 or visit www.cambs.police.uk/report quoting incident 40 of 2 February.
For further updates on this incident, including travel news you can read more on our live blog.


As part of the Transformation Programme, schools are required to organise a Frog Awareness event on a day where Frog Admins can introduce the Frog VLE to their whole school. SMK Kiaramas went the extra mile by organising a Frog Buzz week that included an Online Cyber Hunt which encouraged the students to log into the Frog VLE.
Thanks to the initiative taken by the Frog Admins of SMK Kiaramas, the school is well on their way to using Frog effectively. Well done, SMK Kiaramas!


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Q: Ngx-Bootstrap Typeahead retaining dropdown values of last entered character on input clear when used with http calls Ngx-bootstrap not working as expected when I clear the input quickly as it retains the values of the last entered character.
For Example: If I type "a" quickly and remove it before the HTTP call is resolved, it retains the list of values for "a" in the typeahead even when input is empty.
This is easily replicable in its documentation https://valor-software.com/ngx-bootstrap/#/components/typeahead?tab=overview#async-http-request.

Can anybody help with a workaround??

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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MVP of December: Jan Vesely, Fenerbahce Beko Istanbul
Dec 31, 2018 by EuroLeague.net Print
As an All-EuroLeague First Team selection at the peak of his game on a team in first place coming off an undefeated month, Jan Vesely of Fenerbahce Beko Istanbul was the natural choice as Euroleague Basketball's MVP for the month of December. Vesely dominated in the paint to the tune of 16.6 points on 68.9 shooting plus 7.2 rebounds, 2.6 assists and 1.2 steals in December. He posted an average performance index rating of 23.6, which led all EuroLeague players for the month. With the 28-year-old as the focal point, Fenerbahce, which started December tied for first place, roared to a 14-1 record and opened up a two-win lead over its closest competitors – Real Madrid and CSKA Moscow – both of which Vesely and co. defeated during the month.
The MVP of the Month honor is now in its 15th season. Although statistics and performance index ratings are taken into consideration for the award, they alone do not determine who is honored. The winner is named by Euroleague Basketball based on his and his team's performance. The award for November covered the five regular season games between December 6 and 28.
Not only was Vesely spectacular in December, but he seemed to do something special in each of his team's games. First came a trip to the Greek capital to take on Panathinaikos OPAP Athens in which the Czech Jet set a career-high with 7 assists – in addition to 15 points and 7 rebounds – in leading Fenerbahce to a 69-81 victory. A week later, he only missed 2 shots en route to 17 points and 5 rebounds as his team held off AX Armani Exchange Olimpia Milan 92-85. Round 13 was the start of the two-round week and a showdown with mighty CSKA. Vesely was more than ready as he exploded for a game-high 19 points plus 10 rebounds, 3 assists and 2 steals in mounting a performance index rating of 33. He also scored the go-ahead layup with a minute remaining to lead Fenerbahce to a 79-75 victory. It was the highest PIR by any player against CSKA this season. Forty-eight hours later, Buducnost VOLI Podgorica made things tough on Fenerbahce for two-and-a-half quarters, but Vesely helped his team pull away with a pair of buckets in the third quarter. The Turkish champs won 65-89 with Vesely posting 19 points, 9 rebounds and 3 steals; his 4 offensive rebounds were more than the entire Buducnost side. December ended with a rematch from last season's championship game against Madrid. Vesely set the tone early with a pair of dunks and helped lift Fenerbahce late with a put-back slam to bring his team within 1 inside the final minute, setting the stage for Luigi Datome's now-famous game-winner. Vesely amassed 13 points and 5 rebounds in that win.
Vesely is in his fifth season with Fenerbahce and he has helped the team reach the EuroLeague Final Four in each campaign so far, including three championship game appearances and capturing the 2017 EuroLeague crown. This season he is averaging a career-best 14.9 points and a 21.8 index rating; his PIR is second-best in the league and he ranks fifth in scoring, fifth in offensive rebounds (2.3 orpg.), sixth in field goal accuracy (65.5%) and eighth in steals (1.3 spg.). Vesely also leads the league with 34 dunks, many of which have been top plays on the highlight reels. A two-time All-EuroLeague First Team selection, this is the second monthly MVP of Vesely's EuroLeague career; the first was in January 2016. Barring injury, Vesely is on pace to reach career milestones of 2,000 points and 1,000 rebounds before the end of the regular season; he would become just the 11th player in EuroLeague history to accomplish both feats. Euroleague Basketball congratulates Vesely on an outstanding month and will deliver the MVP for December trophy to him at an upcoming Fenerbahce home game.
Fenerbahce brings Candan home
Fenerbahce Beko Istanbul brought big man Berkay Candan back home with a two-year deal, the club announced Tuesday.
Fenerbahce acquires playmaker Westermann
Fenerbahce Beko Istanbul added another weapon to its forces by signing playmaker Leo Westermann to a two-year contract, the club announced Friday.
Fenerbahce lands star guard De Colo
Fenerbahce Beko Istanbul strengthened its backcourt by signing one of the premier guards in Europe, Nando De Colo, on a multiyear deal.


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Кичуга — посёлок в Великоустюгском районе Вологодской области.

Входит в состав Опокского сельского поселения (до 2014 года входил в Стреленское сельское поселение), с точки зрения административно-территориального деления — в Стреленский сельсовет.

Расстояние по автодороге до районного центра Великого Устюга — 47,5 км, до центра сельсовета Верхнего Анисимово — 7 км. Ближайшие населённые пункты — Чермянино, Верхняя Кичуга, Нижняя Кичуга.

По переписи 2002 года население — 35 человек (17 мужчин, 18 женщин). Преобладающая национальность — русские (94 %).

Примечания

Ссылки
  в реестре населённых пунктов Вологодской области

Населённые пункты Великоустюгского района

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


If you are worried about how to transfer from Dong Hoi to somewhere or back to your hotel in Dong Hoi with the most comfortable. Why don't you choose Dong Hoi Limousine transfers of Phong Nha Private Car. Besides you transfer by a luxury car which is equipped with high quality facilities including comfortable seats, air condition, free – wifi, minibar, play-gamekit and so on, you have time to enjoy your trip with our English speaking driver. We ensure that your trip will be more interesting.
Nowaday, transfer to Dong Hoi, or transfer from Dong Hoi is difficult to find Limousine transfer service. Because, a travel agency offers many car rentals to Phong Nha – this destination is popular than Dong Hoi. But Dong Hoi is near Phong Nha, and tourists book hotel in Dong Hoi more than Phong Nha because of price. Therefor, our Dong Hoi Limousine transfers is the pecfect choice for your trip.


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Kirby: Planet Robobot é um vídeo jogo de plataformas desenvolvido pela HAL Laboratory e publicado pela Nintendo, lançado no Nintendo 3DS , em abril de 2016, no Japão e em junho de 2016, na América do Norte e Europa. O jogo inclui um modo multiplayer, e é compatível com o amiibo. Novas versões do amiibo Kirby, Waddle Dee,King Dedede e  Meta Knight são comercializados desde o lançamento. O jogo foi anunciado oficialmente durante a Nintendo Direct de 3 de março de 2016..

História
Robôs de uma empresa chamada Halttman Works invadem Pop Star. King Dedede e Meta Knight tentam se evadir de volta, mas não conseguem. Kirby, em seguida, se entarefa de resolver a situação. Logo ele conhece Susie, a Secretária executiva da compania que tenta impedi-lo de impedir a emresa de sugar todos os materiais necessários para a vida e mecanizar o planeta, mas a compania já tinha mecanizado quase todo o planeta, incluindo alguns amigos de Kirby como Dedede, Meta Knight e Whispy Woods. Depois de toda a aventura Kirby chega a Arca de Acesso onde luta com Susie Mais uma vez, até que o seu chefe diz para que ela pare. Ele é Max Halttman, o CEO da empresa que luta com Kirby e perde. Ele tenta um último esforço onde invoca o Supercomputador mais poderoso do mundo para destruir Kirby, mas Susie rouba o  capacete de controle no momento Halltman tenta usá-lo. Fazendo com que ele perca controle do corpo e o Computador Star Dream assuma o controle de tudo. Susie revela a Kirby que é a filha perdida de Halltman e que seu pai tentou busca-la por todos esses anos, mas Star Dream lentamente o influenciou para a esquecer e começar a mecanizar planetas. Logo Meta Knight chega com sua nave, a Halberd e Kirby com seu robô copia e se funde com a Nave para destruir o computador.

Depois de uma difícil batalha, o computador revela sua verdadeira forma, ele é um Nova! Uma espécie de ser galático que realiza desejos que apareceu pela primeira vez em Kirby Super Star. Logo Kirby o destrói e volta a Pop Star, onde Tudo volta ao normal.

Sistema de jogo
O jogo mantém a engine de Kirby: Triple Deluxe. O jogador controla Kirby através de seis mundos diferentes para salvar Dream Land da invasão mecânica. Kirby pode andar, correr, saltar, voar (pressionando repetidamente o botão) e engolir seus inimigos. Engolindo alguns, ele pode copiar seus poderes (no qual poderá abandonar a qualquer momento) e usá-los contra seus adversários. Durante os níveis, Kirby deverá pegar itens chamados "Code Cubes" para poder avançar. Assim como os Sun Shines em Triple Deluxe, é preciso um certo número para ser capaz de enfrentar o chefe no final de uma zona, e pegar todos os Code Cubes de uma área que dá acesso a um nível suplementar chamado "EX".

A novidade reside na armadura Robobot. Na verdade, em certos locais das fases, Kirby pode conduzir uma armadura robótica e usar seu poder para sua vantagem. A armadura também pode analisar os inimigos e copiar suas habilidades. Seus "modos", são no entanto menos numerosos que os dons de Kirby.

Além do modo história, modo principal, o jogo oferece três outros modos: "Kirby's Blowout Blast", em que Kirby deve lutar contra os inimigos em um ambiente tridimensional, "Meta KnightMare Returns" Baseado em "Meta Knightmare" e "Meta KnightMare Ultra" De Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land e Kirby Super Star Ultra respectivamente , onde o Meta Knight Vai por uma Aventura muito mais Dificíl, e "The Arena" e "The True Arena", em que é necessário para vencer os chefes ganhando experiência a cada vitória.

Poderes
Além dos poderes clássicos (espada, martelo, relâmpago), Kirby obtém novos poderes, como Doutor (referência a Dr. Mario), PSI (com base em Ness de EarthBound), e veneno (que lembra a habilidade Água de Kirby's Return to Dream Land). Ele ganha de novo os poderes Jato, Espelho (vindos de Kirby Super Star ou Kirby's Fun Pak), ou Smash Bros (aparecido em Kirby & the Amazing Mirror com o nome de apenas Smash) .

Desenvolvimento

Jogos eletrônicos da Nintendo
Jogos para Nintendo 3DS
Jogos eletrônicos de plataforma
Jogos eletrônicos desenvolvidos no Japão
Jogos eletrônicos de 2016
Jogos da série Kirby


It S Here Tree With Leaves Template Free Printable Pictures Of Trees Download Clip Art | Connecticuttrafficcourts tree with leaves template. family tree template with leaves. tree with falling leaves template.


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Home › Sports › Basketball
Sorry LeBron, The Play-In Tournament Might Be Here To Say If Adam Silver Gets His Wish
"I think at the same time, the teams recognize the amount of additional interest we've created over the last month of the season, plus those play-in games make it worth it."
Basketball 05.21.21
Source: Kevin C. Cox / Getty
Adam Silver is all-in on the NBA's play-in tournament.
Despite criticism from its biggest stars and team owners, NBA Commissioner Adam Silver would like to see the play-in tournament continue. The concept of the play-in — a mini-tournament was first introduced during the NBA bubble season and featured teams from both conferences ranked seventh to 10th, battle it out for the 7th and 8th playoff spots.
The format made its return during this pandemic shortened season due to the short off-season, much to the dismay of Dallas Maverick's star Luka Dončić, who said, "I don't see the point of [it]," and team owner Mark Cuban who said "It is an enormous mistake," after initially being onboard with the idea. Just recently, the play-in tournament got its biggest thumbs down from LeBron James saying during a post-game interview, "Whoever came up with that s— needs to be fired."
Adam Silver Won't Let Omicron Play Grinch, Has No Plans of Postponing NBA Christmas Games
Put Some Respect On Their Names: 6 Underrated Guards In The NBA
Ironically, Silver's comments follow LeBron James and his Los Angeles Lakers taking on the Golden State Warriors on Wednesday (May 19) to determine who gets the 7th seed in the Western Conference, which turned out to be the most-watched NBA game on ESPN since 2019.
Speaking with ESPN Radio, Silver reaffirmed his commitment to the play-in tournament and expressed his hope that it would return.
"I haven't made any secret that I want it to be around long term," Silver said to ESPN while expressing that he has to convince some players and teams to get behind the potential permanent change fully.
"I understand the sentiment if I were a team — a seven-seed in particular — the notion after a long season, you could potentially play out of the playoffs.
"I think at the same time, the teams recognize the amount of additional interest we've created over the last month of the season, plus those play-in games make it worth it."
Silver also revealed there are still some players on the fence about the play-in tournament.
"One player, who is on the executive committee of the union, said to me yesterday that he really likes the play-in tournament, but he felt it could potentially be a bit unfair," Silver stated.
"For example, if you were the seventh seed and you were a significant number of games ahead of the eighth seed, the notion that you could somehow lose two games and be out of the playoffs seems unfair."
The NBA Commissioner also pointed out that despite how some players and owners feel about the play-in tournament, it did encourage teams to play through the regular season to secure a playoff spot.
"I think the play-in tournament had an impact … causing teams who frankly otherwise may have thrown in the towel some number of weeks back to fight for those last playoff spots," Siver said.
The players may not all care about it, but the fans do, and in the end, that's all that particular matters. The play-in tournament wraps up Friday night (May 21), with the Memphis Grizzlies and Golden State Warriors battling it out for the 8th seed in the Western Conference Playoffs.
Twitter Reacts To LeBron James Ripping NBA Playoff Play-In
Photo: Kevin C. Cox / Getty
adam silver	, nba	, Newsletter


Prosecuting these crimes requires two steps. First, it must be proven that the defendant committed the offense. Second, it must be proven that the defendant acted maliciously based solely on the identifying characteristics of that group or person. In other words, the prosecution must prove not only that someone committed a violent crime, but that they did so because of race, religion, nationality, etc.
Hate crimes bring with them a social stigma and are regarded as one of the more severe crimes. Everyone, nonetheless, is entitled to the best possible defense, and therefore, it is critical to find an attorney who will protect the rights of every person, including the person charged. The prosecution often zealously pursues hate crimes and penalties for those charged with hate crimes are severe.
With so many crimes happening every day, and so many nuances in the law, it is best to have an expert attorney by your side to help you when you need to prepare against a hate crime charge or litigate when you are the victim of a hate crime. If you have been involved in a hate crime, you want someone who will work with you, learn the ins and outs of your case, and make sure you are treated fairly regardless of what took place. You want someone who will advocate for you aggressively no matter the circumstances and examine each piece of key evidence brought to court. Do not settle for anything less when freedom and personal rights are on the line.
Our team of high-end attorneys is familiar with the nuances of hate crime litigation and more. Do not rely on someone recommended by your friend or an ad you saw on television. Work with a professional who understands the ins and outs of Chicago law, who specializes in hate crime litigation, and knows the lay of the land. We work hard to prepare your case to get you the best possible outcome.
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text:
Cliff Osmond (1937-2012) *75
The grave site of Cliff Osmond. Plot #86208879. Death record, obituary, funeral notice and information about the deceased person. [en]
Vital records:Cliff Osmond at +Archives
Birth date: 26 February, 1937, Friday
Lived: 27693 days = 75 years
Death date: 22 December, 2012, Saturday
This memorial website was created in memory of Cliff Osmond, 75, born on February 26, 1937 and passed away on December 22, 2012. We will remember him forever.
Created by: Daniela S
He was an American character actor on film and television. During his acting career he played in numerous popular films, including Irma La Douce (1963), Kiss Me, Stupid (1964), The Fortune Cookie (1966), The Front Page (1974) and many others. Osmond passed away on December 22, 2012 in his home in Los Angeles. The cause of death was a pancreatic cancer.
Search Cliff Osmond at Archives
Birth of Cliff Osmond
Pisces (pisces)
Jersey City, New Jersey / United States (us)
Find a funeral services in Jersey City, New Jersey
Death of Cliff Osmond
Pacific Palisades, California / United States (us)
3690 days = 11 years
Find a funeral services in Pacific Palisades, California
Cliff Osmond - Cliff - Osmond
Cliff - Osmond -
Where Cliff Osmond is buried?
Find the grave of Cliff Osmond
Locate the grave of Cliff Osmond.
How Cliff Osmond died?
How to find family and friends of Cliff Osmond?
What can I do for Cliff Osmond?
Funeral of Cliff Osmond
How famous was Cliff Osmond?
Text: CliffOsmond
A memorial service for Cliff Osmond. Information about the funeral process. [86208879-en]
Final resting place of Cliff Osmond
Public records of Cliff Osmond
Find birth, death, cemetery, marriage, divorce and historic vital records of Cliff Osmond
Cliff Osmond at Archives.com. What is Archives
Military records of Cliff Osmond at Fold3.com. What is Fold3
Address and location of Cliff Osmond which have been published. Click on the address to view a map.
Cliff Osmond was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, United States.
Cliff Osmond died in Pacific Palisades, California, United States.
Note: Do you have a family photo of Cliff Osmond? Consider uploading your photo of Cliff Osmond so that your pictures are included in Cliff Osmond's genealogy, family trees & family history records. Sysoon enables anyone to create a free online tribute for a much loved relative or friend who has passed away.
Hashtag: sysoon86208879, memorial86208879, grave86208879, death, funeral, findagrave, buria , obituary, 523716f, f Osmond, obits, ssn, family,
Grave of Lucille F Mitchell (1926 - 1991)
Grave of P. K. Narayana Panicker (1930 - 2012)
Grave of Elizabeth Ii (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary) (1926 - 2022)
Grave of Abubakar Olusola Saraki (1933 - 2012)
Grave of James Francis Whalen (1943 - 2012)
Byron Stewart, Grace M Pletcher,
Saint Josephs Cemetery


text:
Q: How to emit whole list only once even if range() operator iterate itself corresponding to range passed in it Problem
I am having a list which is coming from the backend after calling some API, I need to convert that list into some other type of list. Afterward, I need to add n number of an empty object into the final list. (n number is coming from some logic which suits my application.)
To solve this problem I have written the following code :
Observable.fromIterable(snipList).map(new Function<UserSnipModel, TaskContent>() {
        @Override
        public TaskContent apply(UserSnipModel userSnipModel) throws Exception {
            String displayName = userSnipModel.getDisplayName();
            TaskContent.Fields fields = new TaskContent.Fields(userSnipModel.getId(),
                    displayName, userSnipModel.getUrlCall(), userSnipModel.getRemarks(), userSnipModel.isEnableCall());
            Drawable icon = DrawableUtils.getDrawable(HomeActivity.this, userSnipModel.getIconName(), R.drawable.ic_diamond);
            return new TaskContent(fields, icon);
        }
    }).toList().toObservable().flatMap(new Function<List<TaskContent>, ObservableSource<List<TaskContent>>>() {
        @Override
        public ObservableSource<List<TaskContent>> apply(List<TaskContent> taskContents) throws Exception {
            return Observable.range(0, totalNumberOfMembers - numberOfItems).map(new Function<Integer, List<TaskContent>>() {
                @Override
                public List<TaskContent> apply(Integer integer) throws Exception {
                    taskContents.add(new TaskContent(new TaskContent.Fields("",
                            "", "", "", false), null));
                    return taskContents;
                }
            });
        }
    })
.observeOn(AndroidSchedulers.mainThread()).subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()).safeSubscribe(new Observer<ListTaskContent>>() {
        @Override
        public void onSubscribe(Disposable d) {

        }

        @Override
        public void onNext(List<TaskContent> taskContents) {
        //This method is called  multiple time.
        }

        @Override
        public void onError(Throwable e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        @Override
        public void onComplete() {
        }
    });

When I run this, onNext() is called multiple time which is not working as expected. To handle this problem I added toList() inside the flatMap() then I got List<List<TastContent>> which is also not expected as I need only List<TaskContent>
What can I do to handle this problem?
Thanks in advance.

A: I'd suggest this solution:
Observable.fromIterable(list)
    .map(item -> item.concat("new")) //Converting the items in the initial list
    .toList()
    .flatMap(data -> Single.zip(
            Single.just(data), //Mapped data set
            Observable.range(0, data.size()) //Empty list generator
                    .map(rangeVal -> rangeVal.toString())
                    .toList(),
            (initialList, emptyList) -> {
                initialList.addAll(emptyList); //Appending lists
                return initialList;
            }
            )
    )
    .subscribe(data -> {}, error -> {});