text:
mohammed tamimi
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Blaming a child for the sniper's bullet that killed him
Education Minister Naftali Bennett claims 15-year-old Mohammed Ayoub wouldn't have been shot dead by an Israeli sniper if he had been at school. Bennett's comments reflect a reality in which Israeli soldiers kill with impunity. The Israeli army kills children. That isn't new. Occasionally, the name of one of those children appears in the headlines,…
By Orly Noy April 24, 2018
The Right doesn't want you to know about the violence of occupation
What disturbs the Right is not the occupation, but those who attempt to expose the violence that maintaining military rule over a civilian population requires. By Frima (Merphie) Bubis "Thousands of videos won't change the fact – Breaking the Silence is an organization that slanders IDF soldiers around the world and is based on the distortion of…
By +972 Magazine March 11, 2018
Military dictatorship requires dehumanization
A top military official dubiously declares that a Palestinian teen shot in the head by Israeli soldiers actually just had a bicycle accident. Welcome to a new era of Palestinian dehumanization. The evidence was there for all to see. Anyone who wanted to know why 15-year-old Mohammed Tamimi, Ahed Tamimi's cousin, has only two-thirds of…
By Edo Konrad February 28, 2018
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The IDF spreads a lie and the Israeli press plays along
Facts show that Mohammed Tamimi was shot in the head by Israeli soldiers. But the facts were not enough for the Israeli army, or the journalists who toe the government line. Let's start with the facts. On December 15, 2017, 15-year-old Mohammed Tamimi sustained a severe head wound during a demonstration in the West Bank…
By Haggai Matar February 28, 2018
Hundreds protest in Nabi Saleh to demand freedom for Tamimi women
Israeli forces try to prevent demonstrators from reaching the village, and fire barrages of tear gas at demonstrators. Roughly 300 people — Palestinians, Israelis, and internationals — marched in the West Bank village on Nabi Saleh on Saturday to demand that Israel free the Tamimi family women, 16-year-old Ahed and her mother, Nariman, as well…
By Haggai Matar January 13, 2018
In Nabi Saleh, an occupier's sense of entitlement
The response in Israel to an attempted arrest of a minor in the West Bank village has been fierce yet predictable. Wrapped up in outraged reactions to the treatment of the soldier himself, however, is Israel's bruised sense of entitlement. An Israeli soldier's attempted arrest of a Palestinian minor in Nabi Saleh last Friday, and…
By Natasha Roth-Rowland September 2, 2015
Ban on Israeli activists from West Bank based on lies and misinformation
PODCAST: Does Kahanism expose what Israel tries to hide?
How Israel's top court outlawed moral opposition to the occupation
Distorting the definition of antisemitism to shield Israel from all criticism
With international law under siege, can the ICC bring justice to Palestinians?
Israeli ministry paying for anti-BDS propaganda in major news outlets
The final nail in the coffin of the Zionist left
You don't need to mourn Qassem Soleimani to be deeply worried
In a single decade, Israel turned asylum seekers into criminals
Undercover police arrest prominent Israeli anti-occupation activist
The fight to expose Israel's arms sales to the world's most repressive regimes
Palestinian, Israeli and diaspora Jewish activists reclaim spring seized by settlers


Homeopathy is a unique tool for achieving a better wellbeing. It mobilises the body's own healing powers, and promotes harmony and health. You can use homeopathy to address physical problems, or emotional issues. Whatever your initial motivation, homeopaths always look at both body and mind, as they are intimately connected. By addressing both these levels, homeopathy can rebalance your whole being.
Doctors remove symptoms – homeopaths remove the causes of symptoms. In case of a physical complaint, homeopaths first try to understand the pathological progression – what's going on in your body? What physiological process brings on symptoms? Homeopaths then add the psychological component – what's happening in your life? What makes you happy? What makes you sad? What brings on fear? From your chair the experience might feel like seeing both a GP and a therapist at the same time. Only unlike the doctor a homeopath won't offer chemicals, and unlike the therapist won't offer verbal explanations – homeopaths just give you a remedy that reflects where you are. Utilising the principle of "like cures like", and presuming the right remedy was chosen, your body will then be able to heal itself.
A woman, 25 years old, has recently been in a severe traffic accident. She's not hurt physically, but emotionally she is still in a state of shock; she is also sleepless and suffers from heart palpitations and sweating.
Utilising the principle of "like cures like" the homeopath treats her with a remedy made of minute quantities of Aconitum Napellus. This is a poisonous plant that in higher concentrations excites the body's sympathetic nervous system to create a "fight or flight" reaction, which is exactly the state the patient is in. She is better within a few days.
Woman, 25 years old. Suffering from depression and from polycystic ovaries, causing an excess level of estrogen. Conventional treatment with high-dosage testosterone aims to counter the excess female hormones. It is helpful, but causes severe side effects. The complaints started when the patient moved to a new high-school some years back.
Prescription: Aristolochia Clematitis 1M, which addresses both the physical symptoms and the feeling of being an outsider. Reaction after a month: felt very weepy for 2 weeks, but afterwards felt "lighter". Remedy repeated, and the patient agreed with her doctor to reduce the testosterone. Reaction after another month: all symptoms better. Remedy repeated and testosterone reduced further. Cycle repeated once more, when the patient became symptom-free and drug-free.
Man, 56 years old. Allergic cough since moved to a new town, 6 years ago. Cough is tickling and irritating, worse at night and when laughing. Conventional treatment is short-lived and generally unhelpful.
Prescription: Phosphorus 1M, which addressed both the physical symptom and his disposition. Reaction: 4 days after taking the remedy the cough suddenly stopped. Remedy was repeated once more after 2 months. Patient continues to do well.
The simple answer is: potentially, almost any condition where the tissues are not dead. Working in rural Ghana, homeopaths have had the opportunity to treat patients with a wide variety of acute conditions. When you are the sole provider of health services in the area, and the local hospital is both far and cannot take in new patients, you try to do what you can, with what you have. It was an opportunity to witness the incredible scope of homeopathy, in ways which are rarely seen in the developed world.
Obviously, any decision about your treatment will have to be made in conjunction with your doctor. In general, homeopathy works well alongside conventional medicine, and patients usually find it useful to continue the conventional treatment alongside homeopathy, and adjust the treatment plan in consultation with their doctor if, and when, their situation improves.


Bracket racing rules place a premium on consistency of performance of the driver and car rather than on raw speed, which in turn makes victory much less dependent on large infusions of money, and more dependent on mechanical and driving skill, such as reaction times, shifting abilities, and ability to control the car. Therefore, bracket racing (using the aforementioned handicapping system) is popular with casual weekend racers. Many of these recreational racers will drive their vehicles to the track, race them, and then simply drive them home.
This format allows for a wide variety of cars racing against each other. While traditional drag racing separates cars into a wide variety of classes based on power and weight, bracket racing classes can be simpler, and can accommodate any vehicle with basic technical/safety inspection. Race events organized in this way are sometimes called "run-what-ya-brung".


Creatine plays a key role in supplying energy for muscle cells during intense activity. It is produced naturally by the body. Creatine stored in muscle cells helps produce ATP (the primary energy currency in the body). While creatine is not an essential nutrient (the body can synthesize it from arginine, methionine, and glycine), it is one of the most widely used supplements because there is strong evidence it can improve performance and is safe for most people. Because of Creatine's ability to supply energy where it is demanded, the chemical is mainly used by athletes to increase their ability to produce energy rapidly, improving athletic performance and allowing them to train harder.


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text:
Q: Index error when submitting an document to elasticsearch in spring-boot-starter-data-elasticsearch I'm experiencing sporadically issues when submitting documents to an index.
Whats happening is that sometimes i get the following error when i try to submit a document to an index. but if i submit another document right after the second one is submitted successfully with no errors.
I've tried searching all over the web for similar issues, but this looks more like an issue with the dependency, rather than Elasticsearch itself.
The error message is following:
java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: org.springframework.data.elasticsearch.ElasticsearchException: Error while index for request: index {[converterlog_test][_doc][d388d3be-2e9e-4474-a952-e4a6b146487f],
source[{"logId":"d388d3be-2e9e-4474-a952-e4a6b146487f","date":"2020-02-10T13:32:24.138","output":"Compilation in progress...\nCompilation successful","filename":"CDNORNCNCINT02380","exitCode":0,"maybeError":false}]}
    at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.report(FutureTask.java:122)
    at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.get(FutureTask.java:192)
    at no.intility.CdrConverter.Controllers.CdrConverterController.startCdrConverter(CdrConverterController.java:65)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
...
Caused by: java.net.SocketTimeoutException: 30,000 milliseconds timeout on connection http-outgoing-0 [ACTIVE]
    at org.elasticsearch.client.RestClient$SyncResponseListener.get(RestClient.java:944)
    at org.elasticsearch.client.RestClient.performRequest(RestClient.java:233)
    at org.elasticsearch.client.RestHighLevelClient.internalPerformRequest(RestHighLevelClient.java:1764)
    at org.elasticsearch.client.RestHighLevelClient.performRequest(RestHighLevelClient.java:1734)
    at org.elasticsearch.client.RestHighLevelClient.performRequestAndParseEntity(RestHighLevelClient.java:1696)
    at org.elasticsearch.client.RestHighLevelClient.index(RestHighLevelClient.java:928)
    at org.springframework.data.elasticsearch.core.ElasticsearchRestTemplate.index(ElasticsearchRestTemplate.java:694)
    ... 24 more

My project uses these following classes/frameworks/dependencies.
Dependency
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-elasticsearch</artifactId>
    <version>2.2.4.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>

Model Class:
@Document(indexName = "#{ configBean.indexName }", type = "_doc")
public class ConverterLog {

    @Id @Field(type = FieldType.Text)
    private String logId;

    @Field(type = FieldType.Date)
    private String date;

    @Field(type = FieldType.Text)
    private String output;

    @Field(type = FieldType.Text)
    private String filename;

    @Field(type = FieldType.Integer)
    private int exitCode;

    @Field(type = FieldType.Boolean)
    private boolean maybeError;

    public ConverterLog(String output, String filename, int exitCode, boolean maybeError) {
        setDate(LocalDateTime.now(ZoneId.of("UTC")).toString());
        setLogId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
        setOutput(output);
        setFilename(filename);
        setExitCode(exitCode);
        setMaybeError(maybeError);
    }

    ... Getters & setters

Repository:
public interface ConverterLogRepository extends ElasticsearchRepository<ConverterLog, String> {

}

Service:
@Service
public class ConverterLogService {

    private ConverterLogRepository converterLogRepository;

    public ConverterLogService(ConverterLogRepository converterLogRepository) {
        this.converterLogRepository = converterLogRepository;
    }

    public ConverterLog submitTerminalOutput(String terminalOutput, String filename, int exitcode, boolean maybeError)  {
        return converterLogRepository.index(new ConverterLog(terminalOutput, filename, exitcode, maybeError));
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Keeping a desk Az state 2018 tax tables standard deduction upon your office desk is portion of the corporate culture. Many people have them in their homes too! Its a good supplement to have. If you would considering to own a desk manual which has got a design of your choosing, we recommend you to choose any one of pardon printable Desk reference book Templates we have compiled here. The templates are tall quality and you can personalize the designs in any habit you like. All Calendar templates are now also OpenOffice compatible.Free clean printable Calendar Templates for Excel. Ideal for use as a spreadsheet calendar. All Excel Calendars are blank and ideal for printing. All calendars are expertly designed for easy enhancing and printing. For further layouts see hyperlinks on the left. We are providing the best quality images of calendars which are free to download on any device. The whole world is now using the calendars for multipurpose and the month-to-month ones are used at large scale. obtain Printable Calendar 2019 with day-to-day planner template, adding vacations and space for day by day notes within large boxed monthly calendar grid.


text:
Q: EditText cannot be edited when SetOnTouchListener is added i have place edittext inside a fragment and i also add a SetOnTouchListener for that edittext so that the app know the number of a letter that the user clicked. the problem is that now i cannot edit the edittext anymore. i had no idea why please help. The EditText is inside a Fragment and it only show up when the method are clicked
public class MainFragment extends Fragment {
    private Context context;
    private ExpandableListView expandableListView;
    public com.onedevz.noct.Adapters.ExpandableListAdapter expandableListAdapter;
    private List<String> expandableListTitle;
    public  HashMap<String, List<String>> expandableListDetail;
    private View view;
    private LayoutInflater mInflater;
    private ViewGroup mContainer;
    public  EditText editText;
    public  Button button;

    HashMap<String, List<String>> expandableListDetailz = new HashMap<String, List<String>>();
    List<String> title = new ArrayList<>();
    public MainFragment(Context context) {
        this.context = context;
    }

    @Override
    public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, @Nullable ViewGroup container, @Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        mInflater = inflater;
        mContainer = container;

        return showExpand();
    }

    @SuppressLint("ClickableViewAccessibility")
    public View showNotes(){
        mContainer.removeAllViews();
        view = mInflater.inflate(R.layout.contentsingle,mContainer,false);
        button = (Button)view.findViewById(R.id.returnButton);
        editText = (EditText) view.findViewById(R.id.ContentText);
        button.setText("< return");
        editText.setText("");
        editText.setOnTouchListener(new View.OnTouchListener() {
            @Override
            public boolean onTouch(View v, MotionEvent event) {
                if (event.getAction() == MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN) {
                    Layout layout = ((TextView) v).getLayout();
                    int x = (int)event.getX();
                    int y = (int)event.getY();
                    if (layout!=null){
                        int line = layout.getLineForVertical(y);
                        int offset = layout.getOffsetForHorizontal(line, x);
                        try{
                            char texts = editText.getText().charAt(offset);
                            Toast.makeText(context,"the offset are "+offset+"letter are "+texts,Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                        }catch (Exception e){
                            Toast.makeText(context,"the error are "+e,Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                        }
                    }
                }
                return true;
            }
        });
        mContainer.addView(view);
        return view;
    }
    public View showNote(){
        mContainer.removeAllViews();
        view = mInflater.inflate(R.layout.contentexpand,mContainer,false);
        expandableListView = (ExpandableListView) view.findViewById(R.id.expandablelistview);
        expandableListDetail = ExpandListData.getData();
        expandableListTitle = new ArrayList<>( expandableListDetail.keySet() );
        expandableListAdapter = new com.onedevz.noct.Adapters.ExpandableListAdapter( context,expandableListTitle,expandableListDetail );
        expandableListView.setAdapter(expandableListAdapter);
        expandableListAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
        expandables();
        mContainer.addView(view);
        return view;
    }

    public View showNote2(){
        mContainer.removeAllViews();
        view = mInflater.inflate(R.layout.contentexpand,mContainer,false);
        expandableListView = (ExpandableListView) view.findViewById(R.id.expandablelistview);
        title.add( "Great" );
        expandableListDetailz.put( "wow",title );
        expandableListDetail = expandableListDetailz;
        expandableListTitle = new ArrayList<>( expandableListDetail.keySet() );
        expandableListAdapter = new com.onedevz.noct.Adapters.ExpandableListAdapter( context,expandableListTitle,expandableListDetail );
        expandableListView.setAdapter(expandableListAdapter);
        expandableListAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
        expandables();
        mContainer.addView(view);
        return view;
    }

    public void showNote3(){
        title.add( "new note" );
    }
    public View showCalendar(){
        mContainer.removeAllViews();
        view = mInflater.inflate(R.layout.contentdouble,mContainer,false);
        expandableListView = (ExpandableListView) view.findViewById(R.id.ExpandableCalendarTask);
        expandableListDetail = ExpandListData.getData();
        expandableListTitle = new ArrayList<>( expandableListDetail.keySet() );
        expandableListAdapter = new com.onedevz.noct.Adapters.ExpandableListAdapter( context,expandableListTitle,expandableListDetail );
        expandableListView.setAdapter(expandableListAdapter);
        expandableListAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
        expandables();
        mContainer.addView(view);
        return view;
    }

    public View showSocial(){
        mContainer.removeAllViews();
        view = mInflater.inflate(R.layout.contentwebview,mContainer,false);
        WebView webView = (WebView)view.findViewById( R.id.webview );
        webView.setWebViewClient( new WebViewClient() );
        webView.loadUrl( "http://www.facebook.com" );
        WebSettings webSettings = webView.getSettings();
        webSettings.setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
        mContainer.addView(view);
        return view;
    }

    public View showExpand(){
        view = mInflater.inflate(R.layout.contentexpand,mContainer,false);
        expandableListView = (ExpandableListView) view.findViewById(R.id.expandablelistview);
        expandableListDetail = ExpandListData.getData();
        expandableListTitle = new ArrayList<>( expandableListDetail.keySet() );
        expandableListAdapter = new com.onedevz.noct.Adapters.ExpandableListAdapter( context,expandableListTitle,expandableListDetail );
        expandableListView.setAdapter(expandableListAdapter);
        expandableListAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
        expandables();
        return view;
    }
    public void expandables(){
        expandableListView.setOnGroupClickListener( new ExpandableListView.OnGroupClickListener() {
            @Override
            public boolean onGroupClick(ExpandableListView parent, View v, int groupPosition, long id) {
                Log.v( "expand","i am clicked"+groupPosition );
                return false;
            }
        } );
        expandableListView.setOnChildClickListener( new ExpandableListView.OnChildClickListener() {
            @Override
            public boolean onChildClick(ExpandableListView parent, View v, int groupPosition, int childPosition, long id) {
                String country = (String)expandableListAdapter.getChild(groupPosition, childPosition);
                Log.v( "i am at group"+groupPosition,"row at "+country );
                Toast.makeText( context,"i am at"+childPosition,Toast.LENGTH_SHORT ).show();
                return true;
            }
        } );
    }

}

A: From: Offical documentation View.OnTouchListener

onTouch
  Returns: boolean
True if the listener has consumed the event, false otherwise.

A: Try that,
editText.addTextChangedListener(new TextWatcher() {
@Override
public void afterTextChanged(Editable s) {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
}

@Override
public void beforeTextChanged(CharSequence s, int start, int count, int after) {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
}

@Override
public void onTextChanged(CharSequence s, int start, int before, int count) {
    doSomething();
}

});


Milk is not just to drink. Milk is a convenient and relatively low cost homemade eczema treatment to treat the rash and dried scaly skin. It will offer some much desired relief to your troubled skin.
Soak gauze pad or cotton pad with a little cold or even iced milk and apply the affected area. You can leave the gauze pad or cotton pad on the affected for 1-3 minutes or however long you feel comfortable. You can continue the process for 10 minutes or so.
Though this method may not stop the itch, nourishing your skin with milk makes it soft and smooth, which will reduce the drying of the skin.
Homemade remedies help to relieve pain and itch but they are temporarily relief. To prolong a blissful eczema-free period, you have to observe dermatologist's advice of staying away from alcoholic based and fragrance based toiletries, keep a balanced and healthy diet with lots of greens (raw greens where possible … sprouts are recommended and there's reasons to that) and exercise to minimize stress. Alternatively, check out folks who have similar experience.
This entry was posted in Cures & Treatments, Eczema and tagged eczema cure, Eczema treatment, milk on 7 June, 2009 by Vivienne Quek.
Your skin is itchy and angry red bumps start appearing and then multiplying at chest, thighs, joins and other part of the body. Is this eczema or some other skin diseases?
Dermatologist will use several tests to determine whether you have eczema or some other skin problem. First, the good doctor will ask you to show him/her those parts of your body that are red, itchy, swollen and dry because he will check on the signs and symptoms to eliminate other possibilities.
After he checked those out, he will also want to take a detailed history of your life to help him with his diagnosis. For example, you will be queried on your lifestyle, diet, allergies prescription medications, , and whether you come into constant contact with chemicals or other hazardous materials. He/She would ask you how your skin condition looks like when the rashes start appearing.
This entry was posted in Cures & Treatments, Eczema and tagged Eczema, eczema cure, Eczema treatment on 8 March, 2008 by Vivienne Quek.
I found out through first hand experience that the more I scratched, the more the rashes spread. It began as a few innocent red bumps around the knee. And then, it spread all the way up to the thighs and dotted their way down to the ankles. That was when I learned that I had to curb the excruciating urge to scratch and claw. I ended up hitting the affected area with my palm. Painful, but at least I will not break the skin. When I really, really had to scratch, I used my finger tips (not nails) and scratch over a fabric. So, one of the most important components of an eczema treatment routine is to prevent scratching.
The most common treatment is the application of lotions or creams to keep the skin as moist as possible. The drier the skin, the itchier it becomes. These treatments are generally most effective when applied directly after bathing so that the moisture from the bath will be trapped in. Don't just use any lotions or creams. Check out creams that do not contain added fragrances or alcohol. Fragrances and alcohol can dry the already dried and leathery skin further.
Blended vitamin E oil and patcholi and apply to the affected area.
Take raw sprouts, and increase in-take of raw food and juices. The benefits can be found in my earlier post.
What would a doctor prescribe for you if the condition turns chronic?
For severe flare-ups, your doctor may prescribe oral corticosteroids, but be aware that side effects including new flare-ups can develop when treatment is discontinued (this treatment is not recommended for long-term use).
Skin affected by eczema may frequently become infected. The doctor may prescribe topical or oral antibiotics to kill the bacteria.
Tar treatments and phototherapy are also used; however, tar can be messy. Phototherapy requires special equipment (lights).
Finally, in cases where eczema is resistant to therapy, the doctor may prescribe a drug called cyclosporine A. It supposedly modifies immune responses. However, this is used only in severe cases because of the serious side effects.
Like I had shared in previous posts, I had bought e-courses to improve my skin conditions and I also consumed raw sprouts to boost my immunity. Eczema can be treated but it might never be totally cured.
After 6 years, I learned to be content to keep it under control and enjoy the eczema free period as long as I can. It is possible to have a totally eczema-free skin for 1 -2 years. It is possible to keep it under control with just a few red bumps when it does surface again. The onus is on you to take precautions to prevent it from deteriorating or recurring. The responsibility is yours to take care of your diet and hygiene.
This entry was posted in Cures & Treatments, Eczema and tagged Eczema, eczema cure, Eczema treatment on 25 October, 2007 by Vivienne Quek.
Count yourself very fortunate if you never ever had eczema before – whether as a child or an adult. Some women have been known to develop eczema during pregnancy or after child-birth. It is quite difficult to diagnose the cause of eczema unless you go through an extensive series of tests with your dermatologist.
When I was diagnosed in 2001, the good doctor could only classify it as atopic eczema. She said if I were to know what was the source, I would have to go through a series of tests. Even then, she could not guarantee that the results will be conclusive. Many times it is difficult to identify the exact trigger that causes a flare-up.I decided against it as there was no real cure for eczema.
Since then, my skin will flare up periodically. It was very depressing and agonizing as the itch was excruciatingly unbearable. The more I scratched, the more the affected area hurt and itched. The more it hurt and itched, the more I wanted to hit, scratch or even claw at my skin. At times when I couldn't tolerate it any more, I put a cloth over the affected area to scratch or claw with my fingers. The cloth reduced the risk of my skin breaking. The nights were worse. I would be gripping my hair at the temple, screaming silently as the burning sensation and itch kept me pacing up and down.
Although eczema may look different from person to person, it is most often characterized by dry, red, extremely itchy patches on the skin. Eczema is sometimes referred to as "the itch that rashes," since the itch, when scratched, results in the appearance of the rash. Most sufferers will hide that part of body from sight. I was wearing pants and ankle long skirt for almost 2 years because my legs, from thigh to ankle, were usually red and sometimes even weepy. The legs were dry, leathery and scared even when the red patches subside. This is known as skin thickening or lichenification.
The trigger will be different for different sufferers. For some, it could be rough or coarse fabrics that come into contact with the skin. For others, the hot weather caused them to perspire and would lead to an outbreak. While some would find that certain soaps, detergents, disinfectants, contact with juices from fresh fruits and meats, dust mites, and even animal saliva could trigger itching. Upper respiratory infections and stress can also sometimes worsen an existing flare-up.
The National Institutes of Health estimated that 15 million people in the United States have some form of eczema. About 10-20 percent of all infants have eczema. Fortunately, 50% of them will show very little symptom between 5 and 15 years old. Others will have some form of the disease throughout their lives.
I tried everything I deemed safe. I got the dermatologist's prescription of oral medicine and ointment including steroids, urea cream, hydrocortizone, moisturizer, etc. I sought holistic treatments like aromatherapy and essential oils; I used blended concoction of vitamin E oil and patchuli. I consulted a dietitian to work out a diet plan. Recently I started sprouting and started to eat raw sprouts to boost my immunity and enzyme levels. I also bought e-courses to make sure that eczema stay away as long as possible. The reason for trying out alternative and holistic approaches is because of the side effects (including skin thinning) for prolonged usage of oral and external medicine.
This entry was posted in Cures & Treatments, Eczema and tagged Eczema, eczema cure, Eczema treatment on 19 October, 2007 by Vivienne Quek.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The investigation on the ``final fate'' of
gravitational collapse of initially regular distributions
of matter is one of the most active field of research
in contemporary general relativity. It is, indeed, known that under fairly
general hypothesis solutions of the Einstein
equations with ``physically reasonable" matter can develop into
singularities~\cite{Hawking-Ellis}. The key problem that still
remains unsolved is the {\it nature} of such singularities.
The main open issue is whether the singularities, which
arise as the end point of collapse, can actually be observed.

Roger Penrose~\cite{Penrose69},
was the first to propose the idea, known as cosmic censorship conjecture:
{\it does there exist a cosmic censor who forbids the occurrence of naked
singularities, clothing each one in an absolute event horizon?}
This conjecture can be formulated in a ``strong'' sense
(in a ``reasonable" spacetime we cannot have a naked singularity)
or in a weak sense
(even if such singularities occur they are safely hidden behind an event
horizon, and therefore cannot communicate with far-away observers).
Since Penrose's proposal
there have been various attempts to prove the
conjecture (see~\cite{Global} and references therein).
Unfortunately, no such attempts have been successful so far.
As a consequence, the research in this field
turned to more tractable objectives.
In particular, one would like to understand
what happens in simple systems, like spherically symmetric
ones (interestingly enough, even this apparently innocuous problem is far
from being completely solved, although, as we shall see, a general
pattern does seem to arise).

Our aim here is to overview only
models which have a clear physical interpretation.
Therefore, we shall require satisfaction of the weak energy condition
as well as  existence of a singularity free initial data surface.
Moreover, we shall  take into consideration solutions
of the Einstein field equations which are physically meaningful in terms
of a (phenomenological) equation of state of the matter.
In this respect it is worth mentioning that material schemes having
a well defined {\it microscopical} interpretation,
like the Vlasov-Einstein system, would be closer
to such a requisite~\cite{Rendallrev}.
However, very little is known
on the dynamics of such models (a numerical investigation
has been recently carried out~\cite{rrs}).

In presence of excellent general reviews on gravitational collapse
and cosmic censorship~\cite{Israel1, Eardley1, Clarke1, Waldrev, Joshirev,
TPrev}, we have focused our attention
on a specific issue namely, the investigation of
analytical models describing the gravitational collapse of massive stars.
Therefore we are not going to address here many related important
topics. These include Vaidya spacetimes~\cite{Global},
radiation shells (see~\cite{Waldrev} and references therein),
gravitational collapse of scalar fields~\cite{Ch94, Ch99},
critical behaviour in numerical relativity~\cite{Gundlacrev},
stability of Cauchy horizon in Reissner-Nordstr\"om
spacetimes~\cite{Ori-Burko}, the Hoop conjecture~\cite{KThorne, Lemos99}
among others~\cite{Israel1, Joshirev, Israel2, Israel3}.

\section{Einstein equations for spherical collapse}

What is known {\it analytically} in gravitational collapse
is essentially restricted to spherical symmetry (one exception is given
by the Szekeres ``quasi-spherical" spacetimes~\cite{Szekeres},
but the results~\cite{Krolak, Deshingkar} are very similar to those holding
in Tolman-Bondi models -- See Section 4.2.4).
Therefore we discuss the mathematical structure
of the Einstein field equations describing collapse
of a deformable body only in the spherically symmetric case.
For perfect fluids
this structure is well known~\cite{Misner};
we present here a more general case which
takes into account anisotropic materials as well~\cite{Magli1}.
Also, we  consider only non-dissipative processes
since very little is known in the dissipative case~\cite{Herrera-Martinez}.

The general, spherically symmetric, non-static
line element in comoving coordinates
$t,r,\theta,\varphi$
can be written in terms of three functions $\nu , \eta , Y$
of $r$ and $t$:
\begin{equation}
ds^2= -e^{2\nu}dt^2 + {\eta}^{-1} dr^2 + Y^2 (d\theta^2 + \sin^2\theta
d\varphi^2)\ .\label{metric}
\end{equation}

Throughout this paper, we shall assume that the
collapsing body is ``materially spherically symmetric''
in the sense that all the physical ``observables''
do not depend on angles.
The matter density of the material (baryon number density)
is then given by
\begin{equation}
\rho =\rho_0 (r) Y^{-2}\sqrt{\eta} \ ,\label{rho}
\end{equation}
where $\rho_0 (r)$ is an arbitrary (positive) function.
As in any theory of continuous media,
to choose a specific material one has to specify
the {\it internal energy}  $\epsilon$.
This function depends on the parameters characterizing
the state of strain of the body (for a recent review
of relativistic elasticity theory see~\cite{Kijowski}).
It can be shown that
such parameters can be identified with
$Y$ and $\eta$ in the comoving frame (in other words, any deformation
is described ``gravitationally'').
Therefore, we introduce
as {\it equation of state} of the material
a positive function
\[
\epsilon = \psi  (r,Y,\eta) \ .
\]
Here the explicit dependence on $r$ takes into account
possible inhomogeneities.

The energy-momentum tensor can be readily calculated and
the result is a diagonal tensor of the form
$T^\mu_\nu ={\rm diag} (-\epsilon , \Sigma , \Pi ,\Pi )$.
Here the stress-strain relations (i.e. the
relations giving the radial stress $\Sigma$ and the tangential stress
$\Pi$ in terms of the
constitutive function)
are given by
\begin{equation}
\Sigma =2\eta \diff{\psi }{\eta}
-\psi \ ,\label{state1}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\Pi =-\frac 12 Y\diff\psi {Y} -\psi \ .\label{state2}
\end{equation}
We shall always use the word stress rather than pressure since
both $\Sigma$ and $\Pi$ can be in principle negative (tensions)
without violating the energy conditions.

Different materials correspond to different choices of the function
$\psi$.
It is, however, worth mentioning that the material scheme
most widely used in astrophysical applications
is the perfect fluid, which can be characterized
as a material whose function of state depends on the number
density only ($\epsilon = \tilde \psi (\rho)$).
In this case both stresses coincide:
\[
\Pi =\Sigma =\rho \frac{d\tilde \psi
}{d\rho} -\tilde \psi :=p \ ,
\]
where $p$ is the isotropic pressure.
Two particular cases are worth mentioning in this scheme.
One is that of linear pressure-density relation
($p=k\epsilon$); the
corresponding equation of state is  $\tilde \psi (\rho) =\rho(1+A\rho^{k})$
where $A$ is a constant.
The other one is the {\it dust model} for which $p=0$.
In this case
the energy is distributed proportionally to the mass
($\tilde\psi(\rho)=\rho$).

As soon as one allows anisotropy to occur,  other interesting models
appear (see~\cite{Herrera-Santos} for a review on the role of anisotropy
in relativistic astrophysics).
Recently, a particular anisotropic model has been
singled out~\cite{Magli1, Magli2}
(for previous investigations on this kind of models
see references in~\cite{Magli2}).
In this model, one assumes that the radial stress
identically vanishes. The key role is played by the equation
(\ref{state1}) which shows that the dependence of $\psi$ on $\eta$
must be a multiplicative dependence from $\sqrt{\eta}$ only.
Therefore, materials with vanishing radial stresses can be characterized,
using equation (\ref{rho}),
{\it via} equations of state of the form
\begin{equation}
\psi (r,\eta ,Y)=\rho h(r,Y)  ,
\label{tang}
\end{equation}
where $h$ is a positive, but otherwise arbitrary, function.

Once an equation of state has been chosen,
the Einstein field equations become a closed system;
in spherical symmetry there are three independent equations
for the three variables  $\nu $, $\eta$ and $Y$.
It has proven, however, to be very useful to write the field equations
as a system of {\it four} differential equations.
This is done by introducing
the {\it mass function}~\cite{Misner, Lemaitre}
defined as
\begin{equation}
m(r,t)=\frac Y2 \left(
1-Y'^2\eta
+\dot Y^2e^{-2\nu}\right) \ ,
\label{massa}
\end{equation}
where a dash and a dot denote derivatives with respect to $r$
and $t$ respectively.
The mass function is arbitrary (positive)
and allows us to write the field equations in
the following form (four compatible equations for three variables)
\begin{equation}
m' =4\pi \epsilon Y^2 Y'\ ,\label{efe1}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\dot m =-4\pi \Sigma Y^2 \dot Y\ \ ,\label{efe2}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
Y'\dot\eta =-2\eta (\dot Y' - \dot Y\nu') \ ,\label{efe3}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\Sigma'
= -(\epsilon+\Sigma )\nu' -2 (\Sigma -\Pi) (Y'/Y)
\ .
\label{efe4}
\end{equation}

\section{Physical reasonability and initial data}

It is easy to produce new ``solutions" of the Einstein field equations in
``matter". Indeed, just pick up a metric at will and claim that this is a
``solution" referring to the {\it calculated} energy momentum tensor.
Of course, what one has to do to remove the quotation marks from the above
statements is to check the physical reasonability of the results.

First of all, the weak energy condition
must be imposed on the energy momentum tensor.
This condition requires $T_{\mu \nu} u^\mu u^\nu \geq 0$ for any
non spacelike $u^\mu$ and implies, besides positivity of
$\epsilon$, non-negativeness of $\epsilon +\Sigma $ and $\epsilon +\Pi$.
Due to equations (\ref{state1}) and (\ref{state2}), such conditions
are equivalent to
differential inequalities on the function $\psi$, namely,
$\diff\psi\eta \geq 0$ and $\diff\psi{Y}\leq 0$.

Imposing the weak energy condition
{\it per se} does not assure physical reasonability,
since there is no guarantee that the energy momentum tensor
can be deduced from a field theoretic description of matter.
What is needed is the satisfaction of a suitable
equation of state.
We shall require, in addition, the equation of state to be locally
stable~\cite{Magli1} (this last
requirement could be relaxed in presence of rotationally-induced stress).
The local stability condition requires the (local) equilibrium state of the
material to be unstrained. In the ``comoving picture''
this amounts to say that the energy must have an absolute minimum at the
flat-space values of the metric.

Let us collect the functions describing admissible
equations of state in spherical symmetry in a set
\[
{\bf \Psi} =\left\{
\psi \in C^2({\rm R_+^3}, {\rm R_+}):
\psi (r,r,1)=\min \psi(r,Y,\eta),
~\diff\psi\eta \geq 0, \diff\psi{Y}\leq 0
\right\} \ .
\]
We shall always assume that the value
of $\psi$ at the minimum (which in general can be a function of $r$)
has been rescaled to unity (this can be done without loss of generality).

A solution of the Einstein field equations describes the collapse
of an initially regular distribution of matter
only if the spacetime admits a
spacelike hypersurface ($t=0$ say) which carries {\it regular} initial data.
This means that the metric, its inverse,
and the second fundamental form all have to be continuous at $t=0$.

On the initial hypersurface we
use the scaling freedom of the $r$ coordinate
to set $Y(r,0)=r$. We call a set of initial data {\it complete}
if it is minimal, in the sense that no part of its content can be gauged away
by a coordinate transformation. We will now prove that
a complete set of initial data for equations (\ref{efe1})-(\ref{efe4}),
at fixed equation of state, is composed by a pair of functions.
Physically, such functions describe the initial
distribution of energy density $\epsilon_0=\epsilon(r,0)$
and of velocity $V_0=e^{-\nu (r,0)} \dot Y(r,0)$.
It is sometimes convenient to parameterize
these two distributions in terms of two other functions
$\{F(r), f(r)\}$
where $F(r) = m(r,0)$ is the initial distribution of mass and
$f(r)$ is called ``energy function".
The relationship between the two sets $\{F,f\}$
and $\{\epsilon_0,V_0\}$ is given by the following formulae
\begin{equation}
F'=4\pi r^2 \epsilon_0\ ,\ \ f=
V_0^2-2F/r\ .\label{fprimo}
\end{equation}
The function $F$ has to be non-negative with
$ \epsilon_0(0) = \lim\limits_{r\to 0}F(r)/r^3$ finite and non-vanishing,
while $f$ has to be greater than $-1$ to preserve the signature of the
metric (see equation (\ref{omega}) below) with $\lim\limits_{r\to 0}f(r)=0$.

The proof that only two arbitrary functions
of $r$ are a complete set of initial data at fixed equation of state
is implicitly contained in many papers on spherical collapse
(see e.g.~\cite{Misner, JoshiCQG}).
It seems, however, that a complete proof has never been
published in details, so we take this occasion to give it.
We denote by a subscript, the initial value of
each quantity appearing in the Einstein field equations. We
know $F=m_0$, $V_0=e^{-\nu_0}\dot Y_0$.
Since $Y_0=r$ and $\psi$ is a known
function of $r,Y$ and $\eta$, its initial value $\psi_0$
is also known - as well
as the initial values of the stresses due to formulae
(\ref{state1}) and (\ref{state2}) - as a function of $r$ and $\eta_0$
($\psi_0=\psi (r,r,\eta_0)$).
Evaluation of equation (\ref{efe1}) at $t=0$ now gives
$\psi_0 =F'/(4\pi r^2)$, from which
the value of $\eta_0$ can be extracted algebraically.
At this point, the remaining three field equations
can be used to evaluate the remaining data, i.e., $\dot m_0$, $\nu_0$ and
$\dot \eta_0$:

\begin{equation}
\dot m_0 = -4\pi {\Sigma}_0 r^2 V_0\ , \
{\nu'}_0 = -\frac{\Sigma'_0}{\psi_0 +\Sigma_0}
-2 \frac{\Sigma_0 - \Pi_0}{r(\psi_0 +\Sigma_0)}\ , \
\dot \eta_0
= -2\eta_0 e^{\nu_0} {V'}_0\ .
\end{equation}
This completes the proof.

In what follows,  we consider only solutions  which can be
interpreted as models of collapsing stars,
i.e. isolated objects rather than ``universes''.
This is possible only if the metric matches smoothly
with the Schwarzschild vacuum solution
(the matching between two metrics is smooth
if both the first and the second
fundamental form are continuous on the matching surface).

\section{Classification and nature of singularities}

To understand the collapsing
scenarios as well as the nature of the singularities, one
would like to analyse exact solutions of
the Einstein field equations.
However, it goes without saying that the non-linearity
of such equations makes them essentially untractable, even in spherical
symmetry, without further simplifying hypotheses (like e.g.
vanishing shear or acceleration, see~\cite{Kramer, Krasinski}).
In view of such difficulties,
one would like to extract information from the Einstein equations
without solving them completely.

The mathematical structure of spherical collapse
discussed in the previous Section
shows that there is a one-to-one correspondence between
solutions and choices
of triplets ($s$, say)
of functions $s=\{F(r), f(r), \psi (r,\eta,Y)\}$
(we are, of course, identifying solutions {\it modulo}
gauge transformations).
We denote the set of solutions parameterized in this way
by ${\cal S}$.
Since in this parameterization we have already taken
into account regularity as well as physical admissibility,
the whole physical content of the cosmic censorship problem can
be translated in the mathematical terms of predicting the endstate
of any choice of $s \in {\cal S}$.

\subsection{Non-singular solutions.}

The existence
of non-singular, non-static solutions of the Einstein field equations
is not forbidden by the singularity theorems
(we refer the reader to~\cite{Senovilla} for a recent review on singularity
theorems and further references) and
a gravitational collapse can lead to a bouncing back,
at a finite area radius, without singularity formation.
This phenomenon can be recursive, producing an eternally oscillating,
globally regular solution~\cite{Bonnor1, Thompson68, Bondi69}.
Speaking very roughly,
one can prepare
regular initial data in such a way that the region of possible
trapped surface formation is disconnected
from the data. In this way the remaining hypothesis of the singularity
theorems can be satisfied
without singularity formation (see also~\cite{Magli1}).

Much more exotic than the oscillating solutions,
are the globally regular solutions
that describe non-singular blackholes~\cite{Senovilla}.
These are matter objects ``sitting'' inside their Schwarz\-schild radii.
Their finite extension replaces the central singularity
with a matter-filled, non singular region.
In this case trapped surfaces are obviously
present and therefore
the strong energy condition must be violated (a simple argument
shows that also the dominant energy condition is necessarily violated).
In any case, such strange objects are not ruled out by general relativity
as far as only the weak energy condition and an equation of state
are required~\cite{Mars, Ayon, Magli3}.
However, as far as we are aware,
it is not known if a fully dynamic solution
exists which could eventually lead to this exotic end state.

\subsection{Singular solutions}

We now move to the case in which a singularity is formed
in the future of a regular initial data set.
The singularities of spherically symmetric
matter filled spacetimes can be recognized from divergence of the
energy density and curvature scalars, like e.g. the
Kretschmann scalar $R^{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}R_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}$.
Essentially, these singularities can be of two kinds.
We shall call {\it shell crossing}
singularities those at which $Y'$ vanishes ($Y\neq0$),
and {\it shell focusing} singularities those
at which $Y$ vanishes.
To the two kind of singularities
correspond two curves $t_{sc} (r)$ and $t_f (r)$
in the $r$-$t$ plane, defined by
$Y'(r,t_{sc}(r))=0$ and by $Y(r,t_f (r))=0$ respectively.
Physically, the shell crossing curve gives
the time at which two neighbouring shells of matter
intersect each other, while the shell focusing curve identifies at which
time the shell labeled $r$ ``crushes to zero size''.
Of these two kinds of singularities, the one of physical interest
is obviously that occurring first in the sense that, at fixed $r$,
one has $t_f >t_{sc}$ or vice versa.
It would be very interesting, therefore, to carry
out a study of the field equations in order to obtain conditions for
shell crossing avoidance in spherical spacetimes.
This study has been up to now carried out only for dust
spacetimes~\cite{Hellaby, Newman, Jhingan}.

From the point of view of censorship,
the nature of a singularity in an asymptotically flat,
initially regular spacetime
can be one of the following.
First of all, a singularity can be {\it spacelike},
like e.g. the Schwarzschild
singularity or the singularity occurring
at the endstate of the collapse of a Oppenheimer--Snyder
dust cloud (see Section 4.2.2 below).
These singularities lie in the future
of all possible observers and therefore are strongly censored
(i.e. allowed by strong cosmic censorship).
If a singularity is not strongly censored, then it is naked,
i.e. visible to some observer.
However, two different cases can occur, namely
the singularity can be
{\it locally} or
{\it globally} naked.
A singularity
is locally naked if light signals can emerge
from it but fall back
without reaching any asymptotic observer.
A singularity of this kind
will be visible only to
observers who have crossed
the horizon; therefore,
the weak cosmic censorship holds for such endstates.
An example of a spacetime containing a locally naked singularity is provided
by the Kerr spacetime with mass greater than the angular
momentum per unit mass (or by the Reissner--Nordstr\"om spacetime
with mass greater than charge).
Finally,
a singularity
is globally naked if light-rays emerging from it
can reach an asymptotic observer.

\subsubsection{Shell crossing singularities.}

The first explicit example showing formation of a naked singularity
was found as a shell crossing singularity in a spherical dust
cloud~\cite{Yodzis1}. It can be shown that these singularities are
timelike and are always locally naked.

Some definitions have been proposed to put singularities ``in the
order of increasing seriousness''~\cite{Clarke-Krolak}.
Essentially, what is done is to
check the behaviour of the invariants
of the Riemann tensor in the approach to the singularity.
According to such criteria,
the shell crossing singularities
turn out to be ``weak'' at least as compared with the shell focusing
singularities.
This ``weakness' is considered by some authors as an hint of a possible
extension of the spacetime~\cite{Clarkebook}.
However, in spite of their ``weakness'',
there is at the moment no available general proof of extendibility
of spacetimes through a shell cross
(although some encouraging results exist, see~\cite{ODonell}).
The unique exception is a paper by Papapetrou and Hamoui~\cite{Hamoui}.
In this paper the authors claim to have explicitly found
the extension in the case of ``degenerate'' shell crossing singularities,
i.e. when the curve $t_{sc} (r)$ degenerates to an ``instant of time''
$t_{sc} =T= {\rm const.}$
In this case, it is easy to check that the crossing happens
at a ``point'' $r={\rm const.}$ rather than at a ``3-space''
and this is the key to their treatment.
However, some results of this paper are unclear from the
physical point of view.

What is actually available
is only a {\it continuous} extension of shell crossing
singularities exists in the dust case~\cite{Newman}.
We shall show this in a slightly more general case.
Integrating equation (\ref{efe3}) formally with respect to time we can write
\begin{equation}
\eta^{-1}=\frac {Y'^2}{1+f}\Omega^2 \ ,\label{omega}
\end{equation}
where $f$ is the energy function
and $\Omega (r,t)=
{\rm exp}\left(-\int_0^t \frac{\nu'\dot Y}{Y'} d\tilde t\right)$.
Changing variable from $r$ to $Y=Y(r,t)$ one gets the metric
\[
ds^2 =\frac{\Omega^2}{1+f}
\left[\left(\dot Y^2 -(1+f)\Omega^{-2}e^{2\nu}\right)
dt^2 -2\dot Y dYdt +dY^2\right]+Y^2
(d\theta^2 + \sin^2\theta
d\varphi^2)
\]
If $\Omega$
is finite and non-vanishing
at $t=t_{sc} (r)$,
the above metric is continuous with
continuous inverse at such surface.
This happens if $\nu'$ vanishes (dust case)
or, more generally, if $\nu' $ goes to zero at least as $Y'$
at the shell cross (this happens, for instance, in the case
of vanishing radial stresses).

In a recent paper~\cite{Lun}, Szekeres and Lun have shown
that there exist a system of coordinates in which the metric is of class
$C^1$ as $t\to t_{sc}^-$. However, again, this result {\it per se}
does not show extendibility of the spacetime (see
also~\cite{Iyer}).

\subsubsection{Non-central shell focusing singularities }

It is important to distinguish the {\it central}
shell focusing singularity, i.e. that occurring at $r=0$,
from the other focusing singularities, since
in many cases it is easy to prove that
non central singularities are
censored.

A necessary condition for the visibility of a ``point" $r$
is that the condition $1-\frac{2m(r,t)}{Y(r,t)} > 0$, implying absence of
trapped
surfaces (see next Sub--section),
is satisfied. Since the apparent horizon is the
boundary of the region containing
trapped surfaces, the above condition implies that the time of formation
of the apparent horizon  $t_{ah}(r)$, defined as $2m(r,t_{ah}(r)) =
Y(r,t_{ah}(r))$, must not be {\it before}  $t_f (r)$, i.e.
$t_{ah}(r) \geq  t_f (r)$.
Now suppose $m(r,t_f (r))$ to be different from zero
(as we have seen, this is not the case at the central singularity
where $m$ has to vanish as $r^3$).
Then $1 - 2m(r,t)/Y(r,t)$ goes to minus infinity as $t$ tends to $t_f (r)$
so that the singularity is covered.
This shows that all the naked shell focusing singularities
are necessarily massless, in the sense that $m$ has to vanish
there~\cite{JoshiCMP}.
It follows that any non central singularity will certainly be censored
if the mass is an increasing function with respect to $t$.
Now equation (\ref{efe2}) gives $\dot m=-4\pi \Sigma Y^2 \dot Y$
and, since $\dot Y<0$ during collapse, we conclude
that non central singularities are always covered if the radial stress
$\Sigma$ is non-negative~\cite{Cooperstock}
(in particular, all non-central singularities occurring
in dust as well as in models with only tangential stress
are covered, since the mass does not depend on time in this case).
In the presence of radial tensions, the question is still open.
It is known that a perfect fluid with $p=k\epsilon$
exhibits naked non-central singularities if $k<-1/3$~\cite{Cooperstock}.

\subsubsection{Central singularities: the root equation }

The first explicit examples of the formation of a naked shell focusing
singularity were provided by
Eardley~\cite{Eardley74}, Eardley and Smarr~\cite{Eardley79} and by
Christodoulou~\cite{Christodoulou1}.
Since then the techniques to study
the nature of the singularities in spherically symmetric spacetimes
have been developed by many authors (see references in ~\cite{Jhingan})
and finally settled up by Dwivedi and Joshi~\cite{JoshiPRD}.

The key idea is the following:
if the singularity is visible, at least locally,
there must exist light signals coming out from it.
Therefore, by investigating the behaviour of radial null geodesics
near the singularity, one can try to find out if outgoing null curves
meet the singularity in the past.
On such radial null geodesics,
the derivative of $Y(r,t)$ reads
\[
\frac {dY}{dr} =Y' +\eta^{-1/2}\dot Y e^{-\nu}\ .
\]
Using (\ref{massa}) and (\ref{omega})
in the above equation we obtain
\begin{equation}
\frac {dY}{dr} =Y'\left[
1-\sqrt{1+\frac {\Omega^2}{1+f}
\left(\frac {2m}Y-1\right)} \right]\ ,\label{root}
\end{equation}
where $Y'$ has to be understood as a known function of $Y$ and $r$.
If the singularity is naked, equation (\ref{root}) must have at least one
solution with definite, outgoing tangent at $r=0$, i.e. a solution of
the kind $Y=X_0r^\alpha$ where $\alpha>1$ and $X_0$ is a positive
constant. Clearly, this behaviour
is possible only if the necessary condition
$1-{2m}/Y>0$ is satisfied. Indeed
$Y'$ is equal to one, and therefore
positive, on the initial data surface.
If no shell crossing occurs, it
remains positive, so that the right hand side
of equation (\ref{root}) cannot remain positive
if ${2m}/Y-1$ changes sign.

Once the necessary condition is satisfied, one has to check
if both $X_0$ and $\alpha$ exist such that the solution of
equation (\ref{root}) is of the specified form near the singularity.
On using L'Hospital rule we have
\begin{equation}
X_0=\lim_{r\to 0}
\left(\frac1{\alpha r^{\alpha-1}}\frac{dY}{dr}\right)_{Y=X_0r^\alpha} .
\label{root1}
\end{equation}
Using again (\ref{root}), this equation becomes an {\it algebraic}
relation for $X_0$ at fixed $\alpha$. If a positive
definite $X_0$ exists  the singularity is naked.

\subsubsection{The dust case}

The general exact solution of the Einstein field equations
is known in the most simple case of vanishing pressure
(dust)~\cite{Lemaitre, Tolman, Bondi}. In this case,
from equation (\ref{efe4}),
one gets $\nu =0$ (more precisely, $e^{\nu}$ is an arbitrary function
of $t$ only which can be rescaled to unity without loss of generality).
Then $\Omega = 0$ and it follows from equation (\ref{omega}) that
$\eta^{-1}=Y'^2/(1+f)$.
The mass is constant in time ($m=F(r)$) due to equation (\ref{efe2})
with $\Sigma=0$.
Therefore (\ref{massa}) can be written as
a Kepler-like equation
($\dot Y^2 =f+2F/Y$), which is integrable
in parametric form for $f\neq 0$ and
in closed form for $f=0$. Finally, the density can be read off
from (\ref{efe1}) as $\epsilon =F'/(4\pi Y^2 Y')$.

A great effort has been paid to understand the nature of the central
singularity in this
solution~\cite{Newman, Jhingan, Eardley79, Christodoulou1, JoshiPRD, Oppen,
Gorini, Grillo, Lake92, TPSingh} and we now
know the complete spectrum of possible endstates of the dust evolution
in dependence of the initial data.
We recall here what happens in the case of marginally bound solutions
($f=0$)~\cite{TPSingh}
since it is sufficiently general to illustrate a tendency and
simple enough to be recalled in a few lines.

For marginally bound dust, the solutions $s = \{F,1,1\}$ can be uniquely
characterized by the expansion of the function $F(r)$ at $r=0$
or, and that is the same, by the expansion of $\epsilon_0=F'/4\pi r^2$.
Using this expansion in the root equation, it is not difficult to check
the following results:
\begin{itemize}\item
If the first non--vanishing term
corresponds to $n=1$ or $n=2$ equation (\ref{root1}) always has a real positive
root: the singularity is naked;
\item
If the first non--vanishing term is $n=3$ the root equation
reads
\begin{equation}
2x^4 + x^3 + \xi x  - \xi = 0 \ ,
\label{DUQUART}
\end{equation}
where $x^2=X$ and $\xi = F_3/{F_0}^{5/2}$. From the theory of quartic one
can show that this
equation admits a real positive root if
$\xi <\xi_c =-(26+15\sqrt{3})/2$. Therefore, $\xi_c$ is a critical parameter:
at $\xi =\xi_c$ a ``phase transition'' occurs and
the endstate of collapse turns from a naked singularity
to a blackhole.
\item
If $n>3$ the limit in
equation (\ref{root})
diverges: the singularity is covered.
In particular, this case contains the solution
first discovered by Oppenheimer and Snyder~\cite{Oppen}
describing a homogeneous dust cloud.
\end{itemize}

The naked singularities mentioned above are
{\it locally} naked.
It can, however, be shown that if locally naked singularities
occur in dust spacetimes, then spacetimes containing globally naked
singularities
can be build up from these by matching procedures.
The Penrose diagrams
corresponding to the three different cases are shown in Figure 1.

The above results can be extended to the general case of
collapsing dust clouds, so that
the final fate of the dust solutions
$s = \{F,f,1\}$ is completely known.
The final fate depends on a parameter which is a combination
of coefficients of the expansions
of $F$ and $f$ near $r=0$, and
a structure similar to that of marginally bound collapse
arises (see~\cite{Jhingan} for details).

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\mbox{\epsfig{file=Penrose.eps}}}
\caption{\small{Penrose diagrams for collapsing dust clouds.
 The dotted line represents the center of the star, and the bold
jagged line
represents the singularity.
The continuous line connecting ${\it i}^{-}$ to the singularity
represents the boundary of the collapsing cloud.
Three different situations can occur, depending on the choice
of initial data:
(a) ``generalized''
Oppenheimer-Snyder collapse: the singularity is covered.
(b) locally naked singularity (c) globally naked
singularity.}}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{Vanishing radial stresses}

Recently, the general solution for spherically symmetric dust
has been extended to the case in which
only the radial stress vanishes~\cite{Magli1, Magli2}.
The solution can be reduced to quadratures
using a system of coordinates first introduced by Ori~\cite{Ori}
for charged dust.
One of the new coordinate is the mass $m$ which
is constant in time (due to (\ref{efe2}) with $\Sigma=0$),
the other coordinate is the ``area radius'' $Y$.
In such coordinates the metric reads

\begin{equation}
ds^2= -\Gamma^2\left(1-\frac {2m}Y\right)dm^2
+2 \sqrt{1+f}\frac{\Gamma}{hu} dY dm -\frac 1{u^2}dY^2
+Y^2 (d\theta^2 + \sin^2\theta
d\varphi^2)\ ,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
u = -\sqrt{-1 + \frac{2m}{Y} + \frac{1+f}{h^2}} \ , \,
\Gamma
=
g(m) +\int
\frac h{u^2\sqrt{1+f}} \frac{\partial u}{\partial m} dY
\ ,
\label{m10}
\end{equation}
and the function $g(m)$ is arbitrary.

The problem of understanding the nature of the singularities for such
solutions is essentially still open.
It is, indeed, possible to write the root equation in
explicit form, but this equation contains a sort of ``non-locality''
due to the integral entering in the definition of $\Gamma$.
As a result only a few special cases have been analysed so
far~\cite{Magli2, WittenSingh, Barve}.

Among the solutions with tangential stresses
a particularly interesting one is
the {\it Einstein cluster}~\cite{Einstein, Datta, HBondi}.
This is a spherically symmetric
cluster of rotating particles.
The motion of the particles is sustained by the angular momentum $L$
whose average effect is to introduce a non vanishing tangential stress
in the energy-momentum tensor.
The corresponding equation of state has the form
$h(m,Y)=\sqrt{1+L^2(m)/Y^2}$.
Therefore, a solution is uniquely identified by
the choice of three arbitrary functions of $m$ only, namely $F,f$ and $L^2$
(for $L=0$ one recovers dust).
It turns out that the final state ``at fixed dust
background'' (i.e. for fixed $F,f$) depends on the expansion
of $L^2$ near $m=0$ ($L\approx \beta m^y$,
say)~\cite{Haradaprd, JhinganMagli}.
Considering, for simplicity, the marginally bound case,
one finds that
for $4/3 <y <2$ either the singularity does not form
(the system bounces back) or a blackhole is formed.
The threshold of naked singularity formation lies at $y=2$,
where a $2$-parameter structure very similar to that of dust occurs.
At $y=7/3$ a sort of transition takes place and the evolution of the
model is such that only the critical branch is changed, un-covering a part of
the blackhole region in the corresponding dust spacetime; the non-critical
branch is the same as in dust spacetimes.
Finally for $y>7/3$ the evolution always leads to the same end state
of the corresponding dust solution.

\subsubsection{Self-similar collapse}

A spherically symmetric spacetime is self-similar if it admits an
homothetic vector $\xi$, i.e. a vector satisfying
${\cal L}_\xi g_{\mu\nu} = 2 g_{\mu\nu}$.
In the comoving frame
the dimensionless variables $\nu$, $\lambda$ and $Y/r$ depend only
on the ``similarity variable'' $z:=r/t$,
and the Einstein field equations become {\it ordinary}
differential equations
(we refer the reader to~\cite{Carr98} for a complete
treatment of self-similar solutions).
Being governed by ordinary differential equations,
self-similar spherical collapse can
be analyzed with the powerful techniques of dynamical
systems theory~\cite{Bogoyavlenski}.
The analysis of the singularities forming in self-similar spacetimes
has been done by many authors for different equations of state,
like dust~\cite{Eardley74, Eardley79, Wagh88, OriPiran, Lemos91, Lemos92},
barotropic perfect fluids~\cite{OriPiran, Ori87, Joshi92},
radiation (Vaidya) shells~\cite{Kuroda, Papapetrou85, Lake86}
and in general cases~\cite{Lake89, Lake90}.

The picture arising resembles the dust case
in the sense that both naked singularities and blackholes can
form depending on the values of the parameters
characterizing the solution.
A thoroughly review of these and other features of self-similar solutions
can be found in~\cite{Carr97};
here we limit ourself to stress that
naked singularities exist in self-similar solutions
with pressure, thereby showing that the phenomenon
of naked singularities formation cannot be considered as an artifact
of dust (i.e. vanishing stresses) solutions.

\subsubsection{General stresses}

The problem of predicting the final fate of an initially regular distribution
of matter supported
by an arbitrary distribution of stress-energy
(including e.g. the case of isotropic perfect fluids but also
anisotropic crystalline structures which are thought to form at extremely
high densities), is still open even in the spherically symmetric case.
First of all, one has to take into account the fact that
there is a high degree of uncertainty
in the properties of the equation of state at very high
densities. Recently, Christodoulou~\cite{ChristodoulouLNP}
initiated the analysis of
a simple model composed by a dust (``soft'') phase
for energy density below a certain
value $\overline{\epsilon}$ and a stiff (``hard'') phase
for $\epsilon>\overline{\epsilon}$ (in the hard phase the pressure
is given by $p=\epsilon -\overline\epsilon$).

Although the details of the collapse in presence of general matter fields
are still largely unknown,
it is very unlikely that
the ``embarrassing'' examples of naked singularity formation like
those occurring in dust
can eventually be eliminated
with the ``addition'' of stresses.
Indeed, it is reasonable to think that a sector of naked singularities
exists in the choice of initial data for any fixed equation of
state~\cite{JoshiCMP}.
The main issues that have, therefore, to be addressed are the {\it genericity}
and the {\it stability} of naked singularity formation.

Both the above italicized terms
have a somewhat intuitive meaning that is, however, difficult
to express in mathematical terms.
Regarding genericity, one can mean that the set of initial data
leading to naked singularities is not of measure zero.
For instance, it has been shown~\cite{Jhingan}
that among the dust solutions $s = \{F,f,1\}$
naked singularities are generic in the sense that at a fixed density
profile $F$, one can always choose energy functions
$f$ leading to blackholes or naked singularities.
A generalization of such a result would be that the naked singularities
are generic - in this specific sense - at fixed, but arbitrary, equation of
state $\psi$ (there is some convincing evidence for this,
see~\cite{JoshiCQG}).

The issue of stability is even more delicate than that of genericity.
Indeed, any exact solution of a physical theory
must survive to small but arbitrary perturbations in order to
serve as a candidate for describing nature.
In the case of exact solutions of the Einstein field equations,
the notion of stability is very delicate due to
to the gauge invariance of the theory
with respect to spacetime diffeomorphisms.
Recently, some evidence of stability of dust naked singularities against
perturbations has been obtained~\cite{Harada1}.

\section{Discussion: a picnic on the side of the road}

It is well known that, if the mass of a collapsing object does not
fall below the neutron star limit ($\sim 3M_\odot$), no physical
process is able to produce enough pressure to balance the gravitational pull
so that continued gravitational collapse must occur. It is widely
believed that the final state of this process is a blackhole.
However, what general relativity actually
predicts, in the cases which have been analysed so far,
is that either
a blackhole or a naked singularity is formed, depending on the
initial distribution of  density and velocity and on the constitutive
nature of the collapsing matter.
One may raise the objection
that most of the known analytical results
could be an artifact of spherical symmetry. However, from the numerical
point of view some evidence that this is not the case is coming up.
Therefore, as singularity theorems showed that the singularities
occurring in collapse are generic and not any artifact of
symmetry, a similar situation may hold for the nature of singularities
as well.

One may at this point ask if and when, a cosmic censorship  theorem holds in
nature. An answer to such a question could be in the negative. However,
it remains to understand  the physics underlying
the end state of gravitational collapse with respect to the choice of initial
data at  fixed matter model.
In a famous novel~\cite{strug} (that inspired the film {\it Stalker}
by A. Tarkovsky) a short visit of extraterrestrial life on the earth occurs.
The gap between the two civilizations is so high that
human beings are, with respect to the ``garbage'' left by the visitors,
like ants exploring what remains on the side of the road
after a human picnic. Something they find is
useful, something useless, something even dangerous,
but anyway everything is obscure and difficult to understand,
looking like the weak shadow of a wonderful abyss of knowledge.
Our present cosmic censorship understanding resembles this situation.
Indeed, we are getting a variety of mathematical
hints with somewhat obscure physical meanings. For instance:
the condition on $\xi$ recalled in Section 4.2.4,
the constraints arising in the gravitational collapse of Einstein clusters,
the dimensionless numbers arising in Choptuik's
numerical results~\cite{Gundlacrev}, the condition on
the radiation flux which arises in Vaidya collapse~\cite{Global}.
Such ``numbers'' should presumably be the remnant
weak shadow of a general theorem when its hypotheses are enormously
restricted by the choice of the equation of state and of the adopted
symmetries.

To get rid of this puzzle appears to be one of the
most exciting objectives of future research in classical relativity theory.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
Many discussions with Elisa Brinis and Pankaj Joshi are gratefully
acknowledged. S. J. thanks the ICSC World Laboratory (Lausanne, Switzerland)
for the Chandrasekhar Memorial Fellowship (1998-99).
\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Wondering how to create unique and fancy nail art designs which would complement your look? Halloween designs, animal designs, net designs, Hawaiian designs, etc., are some of the designs you can create on your nails.
For creating nail art designs, you do not require manicured hands, however, make sure that your nails are clean, healthy and evenly shaped. Today, the stores are flooded with all sorts of nail polishes and acrylic paints suited for nail art designs. Acrylic paints not only help you create remarkable designs, but are also cheaper than nail polish. You could use toothpicks to create tiny dots and fine designs.
Besides, you will also need some fine tip brushes to paint the designs. Glitter is also widely used to make nail art look even more attractive and decorative. However, don't forget to keep a bottle of pure acetone to wipe off the polish in case of any errors. You will also require an acrylic top coat, which is to be applied once the nail art design is complete. This top coat will keep your nails shiny and glossy for several days.
Halloween is the time of skulls, bones, Jack-O-Lanterns, fire, ghosts, vampires, skeletons and scores of other spooky characters. So why not have them as nail art designs? For creating Halloween nail art designs, you should take black varnish and apply it onto your nails as the base color. Apply a double coat for a better look. On this black base, you can try out various designs. By using white acrylic paint, you can paint skulls, bones, skeletons, ghost faces, etc. on the nail. In fact on each fingernail, you can have different Halloween characters. For the Jack-O-Lantern, you will require orange, green and a bit of white acrylic paint.
Mostly red and white colored acrylic paints are used as the base coats in these nail art designs. You could apply white color for the base and then using a fine paint brush or toothpick, you could paint a Christmas tree, holly leaves, Christmas stockings, candy canes, etc. onto the nail. Touches of glitter would add to the festive feel. Santa Claus' face can also be painted on the nails. For this, apply blue acrylic paint as the basal coat; applying it twice for better finish. Once it dries, use white acrylic paint to draw the beard and the face with skin color paint. Paint the hat with red and use black to do the eyes and even for the outline of the entire face. Then cover with a top coat. Mistletoe is also quite popular, and can be either made on the entirely painted nail or a nail painted white only at the tip (with transparent varnish) below. Tiny bells and stars can also be painted, with glitter adorning them.
You need a shiny metallic shade of nail polish which would serve as the base coat. Take white acrylic paint and by using a thin brush paint a dot on the nail. From this dot, paint 8 lines or spikes, extending from the dot in a circular fashion. Where the spikes end, draw two more spikes, something like one spike branching into another. So you will have a snowflake. You can also paint half snowflakes on the edges of the nails, and to give it a more attractive look, you could also paint one of the snowflakes in blue. In case you do not have metallic nail polish, you could even use blue acrylic paint for the basal coat. However, you will have to use white paint for the snowflakes.
For marine life designs, you would require blue acrylic paint and a bit of white acrylic paint for the base coat. Apply transparent varnish onto the blue sea-like coat and then paint tiny fish on the nails. Using green paint, you could draw thin weeds through which the fish are swimming around. A slight touch of a darker shade of green along with the green on the weeds, would give it a natural look. A few pebbles can be painted at the base with brown and white paint. Apart from the fish design, you could even consider painting starfish and tiny seahorses on the nails. Whales and dolphins are other good options.
Tiger, zebra and dalmatian designs are quite popular among the animal nail art designs. For the tiger skin nail design, apply a yellow acrylic basal coat. Apply it twice for a thicker and better finish. Then apply smudges of orange color on the nail at different areas. After it dries, paint thick zigzag lines using black acrylic paint. The zigzag pattern should be thick at the base and tapering towards the other end. And the patterns must be in alternating fashion. Thick means, if one base is thick, the stripe next to it should be tapering and so on. For a zebra design, you could do the same by applying white acrylic paint as the basal coat and then paint stripes of black. The stripes of zebra are not like the tiger, so paint thinner ones. Have some stripes in one direction and some in the other to make it look like zebra stripes. You could even add some glitter to make it look more attractive. To create a dalmatian design, just paint smudges of black paint on a white base.
Ladybugs are 'easy to do' nail art designs. For the ladybugs design, apply white nail polish on the nail. Once it dries, paint small circular shapes (bulging at one end) on the nail, each of a different size and well-spaced from each other. If you wish, you could stick to one large ladybugs a nail as well. Once the red paint dries, paint a black line from one end to the other, with the tip of your thin paint brush. Further, paint very tiny black dots on either side of the line. Now draw a black head on top of the red circle (at the bulging end) and then paint two antennas. You can also paint colorful butterflies, dragonflies and grasshoppers on your nails if you have a hand at painting.
You can create human footprints as well as animal pug mark designs on your nails. For pug marks, apply pearl-white nail polish as the basal coat. Once it dries, use different colors of acrylic paints to paint the pug marks. Pug marks are very simple, just paint one circle and three small circles on top of it. The smaller circles' size should also be in decreasing order. You could even paint two or three different colors of pug marks on the same nail. The smaller the pug marks, the better they look. For the human footprint design, you could use any dark or bright shade of nail polish. If you take red as the base, you could use white to make the footprints.
Netting design is one of the simple and elegant nail art designs and involves painting a netting design at the tip of the nails. For this design, apply silver varnish as the basal coat. Once it dries, draw thin vertical lines with black acrylic paint, with the help of a thin brush. Then draw horizontal lines crossing the vertical ones. Since we don't want checks, make sure the lines are crossed in a slightly uneven fashion and let the ends extend at the edges of the design. Outline the black net design with silver glitter varnish and after it dries, apply the usual top coat.
Hawaii reminds us of the glorious beaches and Hula dancers dressed in colorful flowers. This theme can also be applied to nail art designs. However, these designs are not very simple. These are suited for those who have a good hand at painting. If you have a skillful hand, you could paint beaches, waves, surfers and Hula dancers on the nails. For those of you who cannot manage to paint these complicated pictures, you could still bring Hawaii on your nails by painting garlands on your fingernails. You could even paint figures of people in black and then adorn them with colorful flower tiaras and garlands.
Warli designs are very simple to do and also require only two shades of acrylic paint to bring about a wonderful nail art design. You could use either black, red, brown or green for the basal coat. Apply a second coat to give it a better finish. For the designing bit, white acrylic color is used. Using a thin paint brush, paint tiny Warli figures onto your nail. Using your creativity, you can have Warli figures doing different things like playing musical instruments, dancing, etc.
Puzzle designs can be of two types, having one base color and one contrasting color for outlining the puzzle pieces, or else having different colors for different puzzle pieces. The first type is easier to do and requires just one basal coat to be applied to the entire nail. Once the basal coat has dried, you can draw lines with a contrasting color of acrylic paint to form a puzzle design. For the second type, you will have to first draw the puzzle shapes and once they have dried, you will have to fill each puzzle piece with a different color. Once all the puzzle pieces dry, you will have to again paint the outlines and for a better finish, apply silver glitter on the outline.
Flowers are the simplest and the most popular of all nail art designs. But don't shy away from this design just because it is very common. The flower concept can never fade out because of its elegance and variety. The types of designs you can make are just endless. You could either paint lots of tiny flowers or paint leaves and branches adorned with few flowers. You can apply various shades of basal coats and try out as many variations of flower designs as you wish.
Hearts and cupids reign on Valentine's day celebration, so there's no doubt they will be seen in Valentine nail art designs. Apply white varnish on the nail and let it dry. Once dried, paint tiny red hearts on the nails using red paint. Add glitter if you wish to. This is the simplest Valentine design. You could also paint two hearts in an overlapping fashion with an arrow piercing the hearts or else paint just the outlines of hearts in pink and red all over the nail, with some overlapping the others. You could also use red acrylic paint for the basal coat and then paint cupid in white. Bright red roses can also be painted on a white or pink basal coat.
Lovely delicate nail designs would make your nails look perfect for the wedding day. For this, you need pink varnish for the basal coat. Then use white acrylic paint and then paint tiny white flowers at the base of the nail. Paint a strand of tiny white dots to make it look more attractive. For French nails, you can have designs made at the conjunction points. You could have a streamer of dots starting from one end of the conjunction point to the other, in increasing order of size. At the outer end, you could draw one pretty flower in white and paint the petals with baby pink.
There are numerous designs that you can try out. Unleash your creativity and try out whatever you feel like. However, irrespective of the design you create, always remember to reapply the top coat after every two or three days. Also apply cuticle oil every day (for moisturizing the nails) and wear gloves while handling mud. Don't just stop after designing your nails; make sure you provide appropriate nail care too.


Earlier, we reported on Flint Hill's Jordan Houston and his recent commitment to the Wolfpack of N.C. State. It was no surprise that Houston will be playing for an FBS team; however, there was an element of shock among some local fans because it was believed that the Husky tailback was going to sign with the University of Maryland, and stay in his home state.
The Terp program has been in an embattled state recently, with the passing of Jordan McNair after an August practice last year followed by allegations of a hostile work environment by former coach D.J. Durkin. While either could have been seen as a reason for Houston to change his commitment, the truth turned out to be much simpler.
In fact, Reggie Gallaspy Jr., the Pack's leading rusher with 1,091 yards last year was a senior. N.C. State will return rising sophomore Ricky Person Jr. (471 yds, two TD's in 2018) to the running back fold next season, but does not boast another returning rusher with over 70 yards.
Houston is a couple of inches shorter and 20 pounds lighter than the 6-1, 212 lb. Person, but brings deception and 4.4 speed to the Pack ground attack. Combined with the ability that allowed him to rush for almost 6,000 yards in high school, and playing for a winning program at Flint Hill (22 straight wins, two VISAA Division I championships), there is no doubt that Jordan Houston can make an immediate impact for an N.C. State team that finished 9-4 (5-3 in ACC) last season.
Houston wasn't the only running back to make his commitment last weekend. On Saturday, Lake Braddock tailback Ben Dizon got on social media to announce his commitment to Christopher Newport University.
The Captains earned the respect of their new recruit with patience.
"When I was injured halfway through my junior season, many schools lost interest. I had a rough time, but pulled myself up, working hard both on and off the field. I rehabbed, had a great senior season and caught the attention of the coaches at CNU. They were aggressive in their recruitment and truly believed I could make an impact if I were to come aboard," added Dizon, who started his Bruin career as a backup to Lamont Atkins, but became the feature back as a junior.
Dizon said he instantly connected with head Captains coach Art Link, as well as offensive coordinator Landon Mariani, defensive coordinator McNeil Parker and running back coach Taylor Loudan. "I felt this was the place to call home, with what the program had to offer, the academic support, facilities, and the opportunity to be a part of a successful program.
CNU is also a program on the uprise. The Captains joined the competitive NJAC (New Jersey Athletic Conference) three years ago and have quickly risen toward the top of the conference standings, finishing 7-2 (6-2 in NJAC) last season. With league winner Frostburg State's ascension to Division II, the Captains should be one of the teams favored to win the crown in 2019.


I have had my REL STORM for going on 16 or so years i bought it used from a high end shop here. This is a solid piece of equipment, the sound is amazing it adds to your music not overwhelm it with "BOOM".I have mine paired with the b&w cdm 9 series of speakers. It is a natural for anyone looking for a musical supplement of some depth to there system.
I purchased this sub because of a review I read in Stereophile Guide to Home Theater and discussions with Stirling Trayle (Sumiko, the importer for REL). He helped me match a sub for my Vandersteen 3A's; 75% music, 25% movies. The review was actually one of the REL's lower models geared more for home theater rather than music only. But Stirling guided me to the Storm model instead. I did not hear this unit before it arrived via UPS (no local dealers).
The Storm is a fantastic product. It blends so well with my Vandersteen's that it as if the sub is not even there. Music (classical in particular) exudes a great weight that I had never experienced in my system before. Even with piano, it adds something...noticeable when the sub is switched off.
The hookup on the REL may be a bit unique. Instead of filtering the low frequencies to the main speakers, and thereby reducing the workload of the amplifier, it connects to the amplifier's speaker outputs directly (resistance of this connection is said to be about 10,000 ohms). This is the high-level connection. There is also a low-level connection using two RCA plugs and this can be attached to a pre/processor for additional flexibility. The limitation in this scheme is that filter settings affect both the high-level and low-level inputs; they cannot be set individually. Ideally, for home theater, the ".1" channel should not be filtered while the high-level should be. The new models have this feature.
It is recommended the sub be placed in a corner and that is where mine is. Setup took about an hour, with minor tweaking of the settings thereafter. The filter is set to the 30 Hz position for music. When using it for movies (5.1 only) I disconnect the high-level connector and reset the filter to it's highest setting, 100 Hz. By doing this, the entire ".1" signal is accepted by the sub. For music, I connect the high-level and set the pre/processor to NO SUBWOOFER. This is a minor inconvenience, but the results are worth it.
The subwoofer is well behaved; it sits in the corner and does its job. Don't let the power rating of 100 watts and a single 10 inch driver fool you, it has more power than I can use (or would want to). The only other subwoofer I auditioned was the Sunfire (standard and sig). I'll just say it didn't work out for me.
The Storm's sound is deep, clear and fast. The Vandersteen 3A bass tends to be a little more "loosely" delivered. In the CD Holst The Planets, the organ size and depth is incredible. In movies like Contact, The Matrix and Saving Private Ryan, the room shakes quite a bit; scary at times.
Overall, this is a fine product and one I would buy again. I'm now looking at upgrade options to the REL Stadium III. To me, the Storm is a great value used at $1000 or under; especially if you are more interested in music than movies.
I have used this sub for 3 years now, in a stereo set up, and have never regretted my purchase. I go to my friends houses, listen to their overpowering, boomy, unclear subs that don't blend, and I just smile. As far as quality, there is just no comparison-Rel wins.
This sub becomes transparent and adds as more bass than my B&W front speakers (playing at 150watts/side) can keep up with. I am anxious to upgrade my amp, which will add a cleaner more powerful sound to my front speakers, just to see if I can finally turn the Rel up and enjoy its full capacity.
I've had this sub for over 2 1/2 years now. It has and probably always will be one of my favorite pieces in my audio system (and it is nowhere near the most expensive).
When I started my exhaustive search for a Sub, I tried all of the brands listed above. Some seemed like they just didn't put out enough sound, other felt like they were just not that clear. I really was looking for a large diameter subwoofer thinking that bigger is better. I was wrong.
I had the fortune to compare the REL to Velodyne's top of the line 15" at that time (that was what I was probably going to get) and my jaw dropped. When I heard what bass is SUPPOSED to sound like, the velodyne sounded like it was producing nothing but mud. The Storm was fast, clean and blended in so well with my system, I would turn the sub off from time to time to make sure that it was creating all that beautiful bass and not my towers. About a year ago, I upgraded the stock interconnect with Audioquest Ruby. With that, everything wonderful about the storm just doubled. The bass got even tighter, everything was clearer and the bass strengthened. If you don't know what fast bass is, you will. Just pop in any movie with machine guns and your jaw will drop. Instead of just a long droning bass that most subs put out, each and every bullet was felt and heard through this sub.
I highly reccomend this sub to anyone who wants more than just a big "boom". This is not a sub that you would find in the rattling car next to you at the stoplight, this sub actually reproduces the sound. Drums sound like drums, explosions go deep and take your breath away. Anyone who has passed up the REL because of it's 10"woofer has made a terrible mistake. I've yet to hear a sub of any size put out as much clean powerful bass as the REL.
I give it 4 stars just because there are higher end REL's out there.
Matched with Marantz PM-17 and KEF RDM twos. More bottom than I will ever need. High-level connection to speaker terminals on amp, integrates well with KEFs.
This is the only sub-woofer I have ever got decent results out of - after trying some Velodynes, Mirages, and M&Ks. With every other sub-woofer I spent hours trying to dial them in and got so frustrated that I returned them within a couple of days. But with the REL Storm - I put it in a corner behind the speakers, set the cross-over at its lowest point, and then played with the sub-woofer level until everything fell into place (about 11 o'clock on the dial as it happens) - all in a matter of an hour. It is the only REL I have tried so I cannot comment about whether this is the one to get, but the Storm worked very well for me and was always very musical. At the price it deserves 5 stars.
This is a rather large (23"x16.5"x12.5") subwoofer from a British company that also makes the Strata, Stadium, Stentor and others. It uses one 10" Volt driver and a 100 watt mosfet amplifier. It has a pair each of high level, balanced, and single ended inputs. There is no provision for sending the signal back to your amp after the input from the preamp (the Strata has that, but that one is slightly smaller and less powerful). The high level (speaker level) input is the recommended method of hooking it up, so that the sub takes on the character of the main system's amp. It comes with a 30' wire to run from your amp's speaker teminals to the special connector on the back panel of the sub. There are three knobs, one each for rough and fine cutoff (4 positions each - 16 possible in total), and one for level. The cutoff positions run from 30 Hz to 120 Hz in 3-12 Hz increments, the lower the frequency, the finer the increments. This is a very good feature, unusual for a sub to cut itself out so low...this is designed as a true subwoofer.
This sub has widened the soundstage and increased presence in my rather small room. My main speakers are Morel Acoustics floorstanders. I am able to dial the sub in so that there is extra presence without boominess. I find it difficult to go back to the sound without it, in fact. Especially with symphonic music, but also with jazz.
I did not do any particular listening comparisons in-home, but I did like the hookup methods involved and was looking for an 'audiophile' sub rather that a boombox. Very pleased overall.
One note: I find that the price is a bit high considering that there a bigger and more powerful drivers out there (from N. American makes) for this price, like the Paradigm. However, this one does the job nicely and the sound is impeccable. 4 for price, 4.5 for sound.
Deep, articulate and high detailed bass response. Integrates well with any speaker system due to high quality and very well engineered crossover system and driver. Very well built.
This sub is capable of producing very deep, but more importantly, well defined/articulate bass response. Most importantly, it can integrate, in a seamless fashion, with any speaker system due to the high quality and well engineered crossover network and driver. It does take some time to "tweek" the crossover to integrate with a speaker system, but it is fun and the results are worth the wait! Once set up properly, you cannot determine where the bass is being produced - the highest accolade a sub can attain!!
I had it up and running,in less than half an hour.
I need to hear it more, so i can adjust it better.
A truly outstanding product. There aren't many organisations like REL around anymore, make one specific component superbly in a range of guises. A very informative Website, superb customer support helpline and a three year warranty, that's confidence.
Nothing more to say other than "GET ONE".


text:
Nakoa to play free concert in Oxford park
6 On The Square closes out its 10th anniversary season with a free concert at 2 p.m. Sunday in Oxford's Lafayette Park from Matt Nakoa, an internationally recognized performer with ties to Chenango County.
Nakoa grew up in Smyrna in northern Chenango County, but for more than a decade he's been a professional musician. Recent stops have included Texas, Oregon, North Carolina, the Midwest and New York City, but Boston is where he writes and records.
He began his music career with the intent to become a concert pianist and composer, and he also studied vocal performance at the Berklee College of Music in Boston where he worked alongside Grammy winners St. Vincent and Esperanza Spalding.
On the piano bar scene in New York City, audiences lined around the building to hear him play at Brandy's Piano Bar, but it was in the Fox Run recording studio in Boston where producer Neale Eckstein first introduced Nakoa to the contemporary acoustic music scene.
Major folk music festivals gave him an opportunity to share his quieter and more intimate work. He was a Kerrville New Folk Winner for original songwriting, as well as a Falcon Ridge Folk Festival Most Wanted Artist. His CD "A Dozen Other Loves" was named a Sundilla Radio Hour Favorite Album of the Year, and Nakoa was also a WFUV Discovery of the Year.
In case of rain, this concert will be held inside of 6OTS (6 Lafayette Park).
The venue's fall show schedule begins Aug. 24 with Brother Sun. For more information, go online to www.6onthesquare.org.
Your guide to everything summer
SUMMER CONCERTS: Region offers variety of rock, blues, soul and pop
Check out these fantastic summer music festivals

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