text:
Carbon dioxide emissions, GDP per capita, industrialization and population: An evidence from Rwanda
Samuel Asumadu-Sarkodie, Phebe Asantewaa Owusu
Asumadu-Sarkodie and Owusu: Carbon dioxide emissions, GDP per capita, industrialization and population: An evidence from Rwanda
Published online: November 7, 2016
Samuel Asumadu-Sarkodie†, Phebe Asantewaa Owusu
Sustainable Environment and Energy Systems, Middle East Technical University, Northern Cyprus Campus, 99738 Kalkanlı, Güzelyurt, Mersin 10, Turkey
†Corresponding author, Email: samuelsarkodie@yahoo.com, Tel: +90-5338213422
Received August 4, 2016 Accepted November 3, 2016
The study makes an attempt to investigate the causal nexus between carbon dioxide emissions, GDP per capita, industrialization and population with an evidence from Rwanda by employing a time series data spanning from 1965 to 2011 using the autoregressive distributed lag model. Evidence from the study shows that carbon dioxide emissions, GDP per capita, industrialization and population are co-integrated and have a long-run equilibrium relationship. Evidence from the Granger-causality shows a unidirectional causality running from industrialization to GDP per capita, population to carbon dioxide emissions, population to GDP per capita and population to industrialization. Evidence from the long-run elasticities has policy implications for Rwanda; a 1% increase in GDP per capita will decrease carbon dioxide emissions by 1.45%, while a 1% increase in industrialization will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 1.64% in the long-run. Increasing economic growth in Rwanda will therefore reduce environmental pollution in the long-run which appears to support the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. However, industrialization leads to more emissions of carbon dioxide, which reduces environment, health and air quality. It is noteworthy that the Rwandan Government promotes sustainable industrialization, which improves the use of clean and environmentally sound raw materials, industrial process and technologies.
Keywords: ARDL bounds test, Carbon dioxide emissions, Econometrics multivariate co-integration, Rwanda
Climate change has become a global problem which has attracted attention from researchers and policy makers within the last decades [1]. This global phenomenon has been associated with the increasing demand of energy [2], the overdependence on fossil fuels [3], increasing population and poor agricultural practices [4]. "There has been a global rise of carbon dioxide emissions within the past 36 y (1979–2014) from 1.4 parts per million per year in earlier 1995 to 2.0 parts per million per year afterwards" [5]. As a result, there has been an immense contribution towards mitigating climate change and its impact, through the emergence of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG-13) [1]. As outlined in the SDG-13, a global contribution towards climate change mitigation requires an incorporation of climate change measures into existing national policies, strategies and planning [6–8]. Climate change measures require a scientific and innovative research that provides evidence of the causal effect of environmental pollution and information for environmental policy makers, donor agencies and investors [9]. The emergence of modern econometric techniques has played an important role in providing a scientific proof of the causal effect of environmental pollution in different countries and continents. However, literature is limited in the case of Rwanda therefore, the study makes an attempt the empirically examine the causal nexus between carbon dioxide emissions, GDP per capita, industrialization and population.
The remainder of the study consists of literature review in section 2, methodology in section 3, results and discussion in section 4, while the conclusion and policy recommendation is in section 5.
A lot of studies have examined the causal effect of carbon dioxide emissions in different scope of studies. Majority of the existing literature can be categorized into three; the first category of research, Al-Mulali et al [10], Apergis and Ozturk [11], Balaguer and Cantavella [12], Bilgili et al [13], Hamit-Haggar [14], Kang et al [15], Lise and Van Montfort [16], Osabuohien et al [17], Saidi and Hammami [18], Seker et al [19], Shahbaz et al. [20], Shahbaz et al [21], Tutulmaz [22] examines the causal effect of environmental pollution, energy consumption and macroeconomic variables by testing the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Al-MulaliSolarin and Ozturk [10] examined the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, fossil-fuel energy consumption, GDP, urbanization and trade openness with a data spanning from 1980–2012. Their study found evidence of long-run and short-run causal relationship while supporting the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Apergis and Ozturk [11] examined the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis by employing a data spanning from 1990–2011 by using the generalized method of moments in Asia. Evidence from the study supported the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. AhmedShahbaz and Kyophilavong [23] examined the causal effect between carbon dioxide emissions, GDP and energy consumption in Brazil, South Africa, China and India using a panel data spanning from 1970–2013 using the fully modified least squares method. Their study confirmed the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis and found evidence of bidirectional causality between carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption.
The second category of research, Ahmed et al [23], Asumadu-Sarkodie and Owusu [24], Asumadu-Sarkodie and Owusu [25], Azhar Khan et al. [26], Chang [27], Fei et al. [28], Gul et al. [29], Saidi and Mbarek [30], Soytas and Sari [31], Cerdeira Bento and Moutinho [32], Menyah and Wolde-Rufael [33], Mohiuddin et al [34], Asumadu-Sarkodie and Owusu [35–42] examine the causal-effect of environmental pollution, energy consumption and macroeconomic variables without testing the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Asumadu-Sarkodie and Owusu [37] examined the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, GDP, energy use, financial development and population in the Sri Lanka by employing a data spanning from 1971–2012 using the ARDL approach and the neural network. There was evidence of a bidirectional causality between energy use and industrialization while there was a unidirectional causality running from carbon dioxide emissions to energy use. Asumadu-Sarkodie and Owusu [25] examined the causal nexus between carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, population and GDP in Ghana by employing a data spanning from 1980–2012 using VECM technique. Their study found evidence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, population and GDP and a bidirectional causality between carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption. Azhar Khan et al. [26] examined the long-run equilibrium relationship between energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by employing a panel data spanning from 1975–2011 in Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia and Pacific, East Europe and Central Asia, South Asia, Middle East and North Africa, Latin America and Caribbean and the total world data. There was evidence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and energy use. In addition, their study found an evidence of Granger-causality running from energy consumption to greenhouse gas emissions.
The third category of research, Asumadu-Sarkodie and Owusu [43], Dodder et al. [44], Li et al [45], Zou et al. [46] examine the causal-effect of environmental pollution and agricultural variables. Asumadu-Sarkodie and Owusu [43] investigated the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and agriculture in Ghana by employing a data spanning from 1961–2012 using the VECM and the ARDL model. Their study found evidence of a long-run causal relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and agriculture in Ghana.
Evidence from the existing literature is inconsistent with each other and suggests that the outcome of the causal-effect of environmental pollution and macroeconomic variables vary from country-to-country and vary from one econometric technique to the other. The majority of the studies employ a panel data technique over time series data. In addition, there was difficulty in identifying a literature that has employed a time series data based on econometric techniques to examine the causal effect of environmental pollution and macroeconomic variables in Rwanda.
Rwanda, the "country of a thousand hills" is one of the smallest countries in east Africa [47]. UNDP [48] human development indicator ranks Rwanda in a low human development category with a human development index of 0.483, US$ 1,426 GDP per capita, 70.8% of the population in multidimensional poverty, 12.1 million populations and 0.1 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions per capita. Nevertheless, the scientific evidence of the causal effect of carbon dioxide emissions, GDP per capita, industrialization and population have not been extensively investigated in Rwanda.
The study is in line with the work of Asumadu-Sarkodie and Owusu [24] who examined the causal nexus between carbon dioxide emissions, energy use, population growth and GDP in Ghana by employing a data spanning from 1971–2013 by comparing VECM and ARDL model. Their study found evidence of a bidirectional causality running from energy use to GDP and a unidirectional causality running from carbon dioxide emissions to GDP, population and energy use. In addition, evidence from their study shows that a 1% increase in population will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 1.72%. In contrast to their study, the present study makes an attempt to examine the causal nexus between carbon dioxide emissions, GDP per capita, industrialization and population in Rwanda with a data spanning from 1965–2011 by employing the autoregressive distributed lag approach. To meet the aim of the study, we examine the descriptive statistical analysis, unit root test, ARDL bounds test, ARDL regression, Granger-causality, impulse-response test, diagnostics and stability tests. As a contribution to literature, the study improves existing literature with the Rwanda case and further increases the global debate on climate change mitigation and its impacts from the Rwanda perspective. In addition, the policy recommendations emanating from the study will provide information on climate change policies, strategies and sustainable development planning in Rwanda.
3.1. Data
The study attempts to examine the causal nexus between carbon dioxide emissions, GDP per capita, industrialization and population: An evidence from Rwanda by employing a time series data spanning from 1965 to 2011 using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model. Four study variables were employed from the World Bank [49] which include; CO2 - Carbon dioxide emissions (kt), GDPPC-GDP per capita (current LCU), IND-Industry, value added (current LCU) and POP-population. It is noteworthy that industry value added is used as a proxy for industrialization since industry value added represents the contribution of public/private industries to the overall GDP [37].
3.2. Descriptive Analysis
Table 1 presents the descriptive statistical analysis of the study variables. Evidence from Table 1 shows that CO2 exhibits a long-left-tail (negative skewness) while GDPPC, IND and POP exhibit a positive skewness. Moreover, as CO2 and POP exhibit platykurtic distribution, GDPPC and IND exhibit leptokurtic distribution. Evidence from the Jarque-Bera test statistic in Table 1 shows that except POP, CO2, GDPPC and IND are not normally distributed at 5% significance level. In order to have a stable variance prior to the econometric analysis, the study corrects the variables by applying a logarithmic transformation. In order to prevent the problem of multicollinearity between the variables, the study examines the correlation between variables. Evidence from Table 1 shows that the strength of association is less than 0.900, meaning that no issue of multicollinearity exists between the variables. Fig. 1 shows the trend of the variables which increase periodically.
3.3. Model Estimation
The causal nexus between carbon dioxide emissions, GDP per capita, industrialization and population can be represented by a linear function expressed as:
LCO2t=f(LGDPPCt, LINDt, LPOPt)
The empirical specification for the model is expressed as:
LCO2t=β0+β1LGDPPCt+β2LINDt+β3LPOPt+ɛt
Where LCO2t is the logarithmic transformations of carbon dioxide emissions while LGDPP Ct, LINDt and LPOPt are the logarithmic transformationst of GDP per capita, industrialization and population in year t, ɛt is the error term and β0, β1, β2 and β3 are the elasticities to be estimated.
Following the work of Asumadu-Sarkodie and Owusu [24], Asumadu-Sarkodie and Owusu [43], the study employs the ARDL approach since is unbiased and has superiority over other econometric variables in small sample size. According to Pesaran and Shin [50], the ARDL model can be estimated with time series in a cointegration at either I(0) or I(1). The ARDL cointegration regression form for the study is expressed as:
ΔLCO2t=α0+δ1LCO2t-1+δ2LGDPPCt-1+δ3LINDt-1+δ4LPOPt-1+∑i=1pβ1ΔLCO2t-i+∑i=0pβ2ΔLGDPPCt-i+∑i=0pβ3ΔLINDt-i+∑i=0pβ4ΔLPOPt-i+ɛt
Where α represents the intercept, p represents the lag order, ɛt represents the error term and Δ represents the first difference operator. The long-run equilibrium relationship between the series is examined using the F-tests based on the null hypothesis of no cointegration between LCO2, LGDPPC, LIND and LPOP [H0 : δ1 = δ2 = δ3 = δ4 = 0], against the alternative hypothesis of cointegration between LCO2, LGDPPC, LIND and LPOP [H1 : δ1 ≠δ2 ≠δ3 ≠δ4 ≠0].
The main purpose of using the ARDL model is to describe the factors (predictors) that can be changed to reduce carbon dioxide emission impacts in Rwanda while identifying the key predictors that influence each predictor [51].
4.1. Unit Root
As a pre-requirement, the study estimates the unit root test using Phillip-Perron's (PP) and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS) test statistic based on the null hypothesis of a unit root and stationarity, respectively. The unit root tests (PP and KPSS) are used to test for the stationarity of the time series data in order to prevent spurious regression [52]. Evidence from Level in Table 2 shows that the null hypothesis of a unit root cannot be rejected in the PP test while the null hypothesis of stationarity is rejected at 5% significance level. Nevertheless, the evidence from First difference in Table 2 shows that the null hypothesis of a unit root is rejected in the PP test while the null hypothesis of stationarity cannot be rejected at 5% significance level, meaning that, the series are integrated at I(1).
4.2. ARDL Regression Analysis
Once the pre-condition has been met, the study estimates the ARDL bounds test in order to examine the cointegration among the series. Cointegration is mostly used to examine the long-run equilibrium relationship among different variables. Using Akaike information criterion to select the optimal model for the bounds testing, Table 3 presents the results of the ARDL bounds test. Evidence from Table 3 shows that the F-statistics [8.49] is above the upper bound [3.77, 4.35, 4.89 and 5.61] at 10%, 5%, 2.5% and 1% significance level which shows a rejection of the null hypothesis of no cointegration between LCO2, LGDPPC, LIND and LPOP.
Since the variables are co-integrated, the next step is to estimate the ARDL regression. Table 4 presents the ARDL regression. Evidence from Table 4 shows that the speed of adjustment (ADJ) [CO2 L1. = -0.72] is negative and significant at 5% significance level, meaning that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between variables running from LGDPPC, LIND and LPOP to LCO2. Table 4 further shows evidence of the short-run equilibrium relationship between variables. The study applies the linear restriction test in order to estimate the joint effect of the individual outcomes at their various lags. Evidence from the joint estimate shows that there is a short-run equilibrium relationship between variables running from LIND to LCO2 and LPOP to LCO2. In addition, the study estimates the long-run elasticities which has policy implications. Evidence from Table 4 shows that a 1% increase in LGDPPC will decrease (inelastic) LCO2 by 1.45%, while a 1% increase in LIND will increase (elastic) LCO2 by 1.64% in the long-run.
4.3. Granger-causality Test
Due to the inability of ARDL regression to estimate the direction of causality, the study employs the Granger-causality based of VECM to estimate the direction of causality among variables. Evidence from Table 5 shows that the null hypothesis that LIND does not Granger-cause LGDPPC, LPOP does not Granger-cause LCO2, LPOP does not Granger-cause LGDPPC, LPOP does not Granger-cause LIND is rejected at 5% significance level. Meaning that, there is evidence of a unidirectional causality running from LIND → LGDPPC, LPOP → LCO2, LPOP → GDPPC and LPOP → LIND.
4.4. Impulse-response Analysis
The Granger-causality is limited to testing the direction of causality among series but fails to examine how the variables respond to random innovations in other series. The study employs the impulse response analysis which prevents the orthogonal problems associated with out of sample Granger-causality tests. Evidence from Fig. 2 shows that the response of LCO2 to LPOP, LGDPPC to LPOP and LIND to LPOP are insignificant within the 10-period horizon. In contrast, the response of LCO2 to LGDPPC and LIND is significant and gradually increases with a constant trend within the 10-period horizon. Hence, contrary to the evidence of the Granger-causality, the evidence from the impulse-response shows that GDP per capita and industrialization affects carbon dioxide emissions in a 10-period horizon in Rwanda.
Moreover, the response of LGDPPC to LCO2 and LIND is significant and has a constant trend within the 10-period horizon. It is notable that two components are attributed to GDP per capita in Rwanda as per the impulse-response analysis; carbon dioxide emissions and industrialization.
Evidence from Fig. 2 shows that the response of LIND to LCO2 and LGDPPC is significant with a constant trend within the 10-period horizon. It is notable that two components are attributed to industrialization in Rwanda as per the impulse response analysis; carbon dioxide emissions and GDP per capita.
In addition, evidence from Fig. 2 shows that the response of LPOP to LIND, LCO2 and LGDPPC is insignificant at the 4th-period horizon but gradually increases thereafter. It is significant from the impulse response analysis that carbon dioxide emission, industrialization and GDP per capita affect population in a long-term which has policy implications for Rwanda.
4.5. Diagnostic and Stability Test
In order to make unbiased statistical inferences, the study estimates the independence of the residuals in the ARDL regression analysis. Table 6 presents a diagnostic test of ARDL regression analysis.
Evidence from the Breusch-Godfrey LM test for autocorrelation in Table 6 shows that the null hypothesis of no serial correlation cannot be rejected at 5% significance level. Evidence from the Durbin-Watson test for 1st order autocorrelation shows that no first order autocorrelation exists. Moreover, evidence from the Ramsey RESET test using powers of the fitted values of D.LCO2 in Table 6 shows that the null hypothesis of no omitted variables in the ARDL regression model is rejected at 5% significance level. Evidence from the Breusch-Pagan/Cook-Weisberg test for heteroskedasticity shows that the null hypothesis of constant variance cannot be rejected at 5% significance level. In addition, evidence from the Jarque-Bera test for normal distribution in Table 6 shows that the null hypothesis of the normal distribution cannot be rejected at 5% significance level.
In summary, there are no ARCH effects, no serial correlation exists at lag order h, no existence of first order autocorrelation, the residuals of the ARDL regression model have constant variance and the residuals are normally distributed to make unbiased statistically inferences.
After diagnostic conditions have been satisfied in the ARDL regression model, the study examines the constancy of the co-integration space using the CUSUM and CUSUM of Squares tests. Evidence from Fig. 3 shows the plots in the CUSUM and CUSUM of Squares tests lie within the 5% significance level. Meaning that the parameters of the equation in the ARDL regression model are stable to make unbiased statistical inferences.
5. Conclusions and Policy Recommendation
In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the causal nexus between carbon dioxide emissions, GDP per capita, industrialization and population with an evidence from Rwanda by employing a time series data spanning from 1965 to 2011 using the autoregressive distributed lag model. The aim of the study was met by estimating the Phillip-Perron's and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin unit root test statistics, the ARDL bound test, the ARDL regression analysis to estimate the long-run. Short-run and the long-run elasticities. In addition, the study estimated the Granger-causality based on VECM and the impulse response analysis.
Evidence from the study shows that carbon dioxide emissions, GDP per capita, industrialization and population are co-integrated and have a long-run equilibrium relationship. Evidence from the joint estimate of the short-run at different lags shows that there is a short-run equilibrium relationship between variables running from industrialization to carbon dioxide emissions and population to carbon dioxide emissions.
Evidence from the long-run elasticities has policy implications for Rwanda; a 1% increase in GDP per capita will decrease (inelastic) carbon dioxide emissions by 1.45%, while a 1% increase in industrialization will increase (elastic) carbon dioxide emissions by 1.64% in the long-run. Increasing economic growth in Rwanda will reduce environmental pollution in the long-run which appears to support the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. However, industrialization leads to more emissions of carbon dioxide, which reduces environment, health and air quality. It is noteworthy that the Rwandan Government needs to promote sustainable industrialization, which improves the use of clean and environmentally sound raw materials, industrial process and technologies.
Evidence from the Granger-causality shows a unidirectional causality running from industrialization to GDP per capita, population to carbon dioxide emissions, population to GDP per capita and population to industrialization. It is notable that Rwandan population plays a critical role in the country's economic growth rate, industrialization; in the form of labour and carbon dioxide emissions; people's actions or inactions that affect environmental pollution either positively or negatively. As a policy implication, environmental related institutions like the Agricultural and Environmental Ministries should adopt the people-centred approaches towards climate change adaptations, early warnings and climate change impact reductions.
Evidence from the impulseresponse analysis shows that GDP per capita and industrialization affect carbon dioxide emissions in a 10-period horizon, carbon dioxide emissions and industrialization affects GDP per capita in a 10-period horizon, carbon dioxide emissions and GDP per capita affects industrialization in a 10-period horizon and carbon dioxide emission, industrialization and GDP per capita affect population in a long-term which has policy implications for Rwanda. According to the UNDP [53] report, a credit guarantee scheme instituted in Rwanda enabled the country to be a major exporter of speciality coffee which confirms the impulse-response of GDP per capita affecting industrialization. There should be policies that promote small and medium scale enterprises and industries, access to financial services, subsidies and lowered taxes that will promote decent jobs, reduce the unemployment rate thereby increasing the economic growth of the country. As a policy recommendation, the Government of Rwanda should provide the enabling environment that promotes the patronization of clean and renewable energy technologies for residential, commercial and industrial purposes, as a way of reducing environmental pollution and its impacts.
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Trend of variables.
Impulse response of variables to each other.
CUSUM and CUSUM of squares.
Descriptive Statistical Analysis
GDPPC
Mean 419 69,731 8.52 × 1010 6.35 × 106
Median 499 27,100 3.70 × 1010 6.12 × 106
Maximum 697 364,000 5.54 × 1011 1.06 × 107
Minimum 40 2,300 5.10 × 108 3.23 × 106
Std. Dev. 218 90,721 1.21 × 1011 2.09 × 106
Skewness −0.7337 1.8653 2.2449 0.3111
Kurtosis 2.0451 5.5992 7.7572 2.0704
Jarque-Bera 6.0028 40.4846 83.7963 2.4503
Probability 0.0497 0.0000 0.0000 0.2937
GDPPC 0.4541 1
IND 0.4552 0.9905 1
POP 0.7575 0.8545 0.8317 1
[i] Source: Author's computations
Unit Root Test
t-Stat
P-Val
PP Level
PP 1st Diff
KPSS Level
KPSS 1st Diff
CO2 −2.0668 0.2586 −4.8625 0.0002 0.6104 0.4630 0.3589 0.4630
GDPPC −0.7768 0.8162 −7.5183 0.0000 0.8824 0.4630 0.1176 0.4630
IND −1.7449 0.4025 −5.9265 0.0000 0.8509 0.4630 0.2020 0.4630
POP −0.7938 0.8114 −2.6154 0.0000 0.8581 0.4630 0.0678 0.4630
Intercept and Trend
ARDL Bounds Test
Test Statistic Value k*
F-statistic 8.49 3
Critical Value Bounds
Significance I0 Bound I1 Bound
10% 2.72 3.77
5% 3.23 4.35
2.5% 3.69 4.89
* number of non-deterministic regressors in long-run relationship
ARDL Regression
D.LCO2
Std. Err.
P > |t|
ADJ1
LCO2
L1. −0.7222 0.1509 −4.7900 0.0000
LGDPPC −1.4496 0.1285 −11.2800 0.0000
LIND 1.6411 0.0793 20.7000 0.0000
LPOP −0.5950 0.5551 −1.0700 0.2930
LD. 0.6523 0.1598 4.0800 0.0000
LGDPPC
D1. 0.5031 0.2440 2.0600 0.0490
JOINT F(2, 28) 2.4400 Prob > F 0.1055
D1. −0.4534 0.2121 −2.1400 0.0410
LD. −0.5351 0.1649 −3.2400 0.0030
L2D. −0.3347 0.0811 −4.1200 0.0000
LPOP
LD. 21.8982 9.6601 2.2700 0.0310
L2D. −23.5346 9.3143 −2.5300 0.0170
L3D. 10.1221 3.9543 2.5600 0.0160
_cons −6.8193 5.9076 −1.1500 0.2580
1 Speed of Adjustment,
2 Long-run estimates,
3 Short-run estimates
Granger-causality
chi2
Prob > chi2
LCO2 LGDPPC 1.7070 2 0.4260
LCO2 LIND 2.2605 2 0.3230
LCO2 LPOP 0.9007 2 0.6370
LCO2 ALL 3.4891 6 0.7450
LGDPPC LCO2 0.2162 2 0.8980
LGDPPC LIND 1.5312 2 0.4650
LGDPPC LPOP 2.4294 2 0.2970
LGDPPC ALL 4.8560 6 0.5620
LIND LCO2 3.9998 2 0.1350
LIND LGDPPC 6.3953 2 0.0410*
LIND LPOP 0.9129 2 0.6340
LIND ALL 9.2643 6 0.1590
LPOP LCO2 12.0500 2 0.0020*
LPOP LGDPPC 26.5990 2 0.0000*
LPOP LIND 8.6959 2 0.0130*
LPOP ALL 71.7910 6 0.0000*
* rejection at 5% significance level
Diagnostics of the ARDL Model
Diagnostic Test Statistics
LM test for autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
Value df Probability
Chi-Square 0.051 1 0.8211
Durbin-Watson (D-W) for 1st order autocorrelation
D-W d-statistics (6, 43) 1.9494
Ramsey RESET Test
F-statistic 2.36 (3, 34) 0.0892
Breusch-Pagan / Cook-Weisberg test for heteroskedasticity
Chi-Square 0.11 1 0.7391
Breusch-Godfrey LM test for autocorrelation
Jarque-Bera Test for normal distribution
Component Jarque-Bera df Probability
1 0.525412 2 0.769
2 0.670431 2 0.7152
Joint 2.404113 8 0.9661


text:
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { AppComponent } from './app.component';
import { NotaComponent } from './nota/nota.component';
import { PruebaComponent } from './prueba/prueba.component';
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';
import { ServiciopruebaService } from './servicioprueba.service';

@NgModule({
  declarations: [
    AppComponent,
    NotaComponent,
    PruebaComponent
  ],
  imports: [
    BrowserModule,
    HttpClientModule
  ],
  providers: [ServiciopruebaService],
  bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


JPEG Virus in the wild?
Thread: JPEG Virus in the wild?
jpeg virus in the wild?!
Not sure what this jpeg is exactly.. if it's malicious or not.. any experts want to weigh in?
I attached the clam sig for it, if it is. I used the area after what looks like the buffer overflow in hex to determine the signature, but someone should test it before using it. I will be able to test the sig more after class.
In terms of signature writing I'm not sure that taking that piece as the signature will be of value. It's my understanding that the region after the buffer overflow will be the "arbitrary code" we all fear so much.... The problem is just that.... It's arbitrary and therefore your sig will most likely only catch this specific version. The silightest change to the code may make your sig irrelevant.
I don't know about Clam sigs but can you negate a pattern for a specific file type? If so then I understand that the header of the JPEG is pretty much fixed in stone and anything that deviates from that pattern would be considered malformed and thus a threat. You might want to look at the header ans see if you can run a negate on it so that it is functional over a broader range of code.
for an AV sig..all you need to do is match the overflow string within the jpeg.
If this exists in the JFIF header, then it's most likely using the overflow. You could also use the k-otik information for creating your sig soda.
Symantec has a heuristic signature released.
That tool mentioned generates jpeg trojans.
Tiger: My goal was to get something definite to key on immediately, I figured some ******* would upload that exact file as an avatar or something. I'm going to take hog's advice and look at the k-otik code for something more broad.
Most popular anti-virus scanners are able to detect these exploitative JPG's including BitDefender, Kaspersky, McAfee, Symantec and TrendMicro, identifying them as "Exploit-MS04-028" or "Bloodhound.Exploit.13" (Symantec).
gdiscan.exe was written for Windows 2000 and higher. It scans the drive containing the Windows %system% directory and Looks for vulnerable versions of gdiplus.dll, sxs.dll, wsxs.dll, mso.dll.
Spreading fast? Where'd that come from?
Myself, CERT, Godzilla from Easynews and John LaCour from ZoneLabs monitored the worm's botnet as soon as it appeared 'in the wild'. 2 machines were infected. Of those 2, 1 was mine, and 1 was from a staff member of Easynews. Both were deliberate infections.
Shortly after it appeared, the host of the FTP server the worm used was phoned, and the account used was locked. Therefore, it no longer could work.
The posts on Slashdot and here are pure, complete and utter hype that it was 'spreading fast'.
Having said that, it is *TRIVIAL* to make a mass mailing worm from this. In practice, all we've had so far are trojans.
Trust me, you won't turn it up. I spoke to the person who wrote the 'exploit' myself at the time, it failed in a bad way since it depended on the FTP server (wm.netfirms.com) being online, and it wasn't after a very short amount of time due to intervention by various forces.
<gossi> have you not heard of firewall logs, forensic recovery?
So now I am curious. Can anybody confirm that they have this, or have actually seen a machine with it?
Haven't seen it yet but it demonstrates what I said in the original thread about the vulnerability, specifically regarding the attack vector.
This isn't going to "go" if it depends on specific "choke points", (infected web servers etc.), because they can be closed or blocked so easily and unless thay are huge hit per day sites they will not infect many machines before closedown.


SHOWER SEATS must be mounted with the top surface of the seat 17 inches to 19 inches (430 to 485mm) above the finish floor (Fig. 23b). Permanent or folding seats are now required by the 2009 ICC/ANSI Standards. For both roll-in and transfer compartments, seats must have a 3 inch (75mm) maximum space between the seat edge and compartment entry -opening and a larger permissible 2- 1⁄2 inch (64mm) maximum gap between the seat and seat wall (Figs. 22a, b). Roll-in type shower compartments with seats can now use a rectangular seat design as well as the previously required "L"-Shaped design (Figs. 22a, b). Upholstered, cushioned seats are preferred by many people with disabilities, while water-resistant solid phenolic seats are vandal-resistant and more sanitary.


text:
Waiting For A Girl Like You - Foreigner - No End In Sight: The Very Best Of Foreigner (CD)
01.11.2019 01.11.2019 Tojaktilar 8 Comments
Label: Atlantic - WPCR-16033/4,Rhino Records (2) - WPCR-16033/4 • Format: 2x, CD Compilation • Country: Japan • Genre: Rock • Style: Arena Rock, Classic Rock, Hard Rock, Pop Rock, AOR
Nostalgia - Nini Rosso - Nini Rosso (Vinyl, LP), Christmas, A Happy Time - Evie (2) - Christmas Memories (Cassette, Album), Lakeside Drive (Remix) - Nitzer Ebb - Body Of Work 1984 - 1997 (CDr), Soliloquio (1997 - 98) Per Flauto - Luis de Pablo - Roberto Fabbriciani - Per Flauto (CD, Album), Always Pointing Skywards - Niobe - Tse Tse (Vinyl, LP, Album), From Deep Within - Sweet Noise - The End Of The Century (CD, Album), The Brehms - The Brehms Album (CD), Simmer Down (RPs Odyssey Dub), Willow Weep For Me - Frank Sinatra - Frank Sinatra Sings For Only The Lonely (Vinyl, LP, Album), Satta-Amasa-Gana - Various - Rockers (Original Soundtrack Recording) (Vinyl, LP), We Are The Champions - Queen + Adam Lambert - Live In Japan (Blu-ray, Album)
8 thoughts on " Waiting For A Girl Like You - Foreigner - No End In Sight: The Very Best Of Foreigner (CD) "
"Waiting for a Girl Like You" is a power ballad by the British-American rock band Foreigner. The distinctive synthesizer theme was performed by the then-little-known Thomas Dolby.. It was the second single released from the album 4 () and was co-written by Lou Gramm and Mick dastmopnlenheaddfighdreh.deicalxipolsoressterdarkbakoheami.co opening motif was written by Ian McDonald It has become one of Genre: Soft rock.
View credits, reviews, tracks and shop for the CD release of No End In Sight: The Very Best Of Foreigner on Discogs. Label: Atlantic - R2 ,Rhino Records (2) - R2 • Format: 2x, CD Compilation • Country: Canada • Genre: Rock • Style: Arena Rock, Classic Rock, Hard Rock, Pop Rock, AOR4/5(2).
Discover releases, reviews, track listings, recommendations, and more about Foreigner - No End In Sight: The Very Best Of Foreigner at Discogs. Complete your Foreigner collection/5(45).
I've been waiting for a girl like you To come into my life I've been waiting for a girl like you (Waiting for a girl) A love that will survive I've been waiting for someone new (I've been waiting) To make me feel alive Yeah, waiting for a girl like you (Waiting, waiting for a girl) To come into my life I've been waiting, waiting for you.
Foreigner - No End In Sight: The Very Best Of Foreigner [2CD] () Other music / Rock, Metal maestro 0 5 ,
No End in Sight: The Very Best of Foreigner is a greatest hits album that was released on July 15, by the rock band Foreigner. Aside from the classic hits, in their original versions, the album contains a brand new track, "Too Late", "Waiting for a Girl Like You".
Waiting for a Girl like You ( Remaster) 17 I Want to Know What Love Is ( Remaster) out of 5 stars No End in Sight: The Very Best of Foreigner. Reviewed in the United States on September 14, Verified Purchase. I would normally have given this double CD a five star rating,but the CD's don't fit tightly inside the jewel /5().
Opus 3 D# - Vengaboys - The Platinum Album (CD, Album)
Realize - Codeine - Barely Real (Vinyl)
Teus Olhos Parecem Estrelas - António Severino - António Severino (Vinyl, LP)
Gee Whiz - Various - The Complete Stax-Volt Singles 1959-1968 (CD)
A Closer Walk With Thee - Thomas Newman - Angels In America (Music From The HBO Film) (CD, Album)
Tesho on Waiting For A Girl Like You - Foreigner - No End In Sight: The Very Best Of Foreigner (CD)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
New American Poetry
THE NEW AMERICAN POETRY, 1945-1960. Edited by Donald Allen. University of California Press.
This comprehensive anthology of the American post-war poetry scene was re-released in 1999, with an afterward by Allen and up-dated biographical information on the poets. It contains all the major writers from the era, and documents the seminal works from which the Beat Generation was born. Also of note because it publishes snippets from the poets' journals, as we are given this rare chance to peek inside the minds of the writers and see just how the poems formed. For scholars, historians and casual fans alike. Five star selection.
After Reading The New American Poetry
(as)
They formed
(seminal)
Ground-breaking step
(Eternity)
Now visible
(perfect)
Soft breathless
(birth)
Holy star
(men)
Drenched in wilderness
(forming)
Hollow edges
Of time
Like icicles
(there)
On the thirsty
Icicle-edges
Of God's mind
(formed)
Of the wind
Guest Review: INSECT DREAMS. Marc Estrin. Putnam Publishing.
For many of us, waking up in the morning requires a monstrous effort. So imagine arising from your nightly slumber "after disturbing dreams, transformed into an enormous cockroach." This is the premise of the classic short story by Franz Kafka about Gregor Samsa, a twenty-four year old salesman's over night Metamorphosis into an insect.
Drawing inspiration from Kafka, Marc Estrin creates a startling and highly imaginative debut with Insect Dreams. Estrin supposes that after Gregor was swept into a dustbin to wither away at the conclusion of Kafka's tale, he is rescued by a former housekeeper and friends. Over the course of the next 30 years, Gregor is often given the opportunity, whether consciously or unknowingly, to become a spokesperson, or rather, a spokes-roach for the plight of humanity in the early twentieth century.
Gregor's quest begins on December 17, 1915, when he is dropped off at Zirkus Schwanze der Hoffnung — Amadeus Hoffnung's freak-show featuring such acts as Dog-Faced Boy, Alligator-Skinned Man and Serpentina, "The Woman with No Nerves." Amadeus, a sufferer of Werner's Syndrome (premature aging disease) instantly bonds with Gregor. So Gregor joins the line-up, lecturing on daily readings from the likes of the famous poets, Rainer Maria Rilke and Robert Frost to conducting seminars on Albert Einstein, whom he later meets in a comical situation.
Once his act turns stale, Gregor finds himself in New York City, partly as a result of his desire to learn English and his pseudo-celebrity status. After an American reporter writes an article about the five foot six cockroach, 'The Gregor' dance is soon giving "the Charleston competition as the hottest dance craze, with its attendant music, consumer spin-offs, and advertising tie-ins." Throughout Insect Dreams, Estrin purveys this type of deadpan humor, never coming across as silly or unrealistic.
In the Big Apple, Gregor quickly learns that fame is short-lived. His first stab at employment is the elevator operator at The Occidental Hotel. Gregor, ever the optimist, revels in his new job's simplicity and his tailored uniform in which his "antennae are carefully curled inside the pillbox hat." While working one morning, Alice Paul, "a lovely sculpture," appears in his elevator; he is instantly smitten with her. After retrieving one of Alice's belongings, he nervously invites her to a baseball game. She accepts, providing Gregor with an ideal initiation into American culture, not to mention his first date since becoming a cockroach. Eventually though, their relationship is burdened by romantic interspecies complications.
This is the brilliance of Insect Dreams. Because Estrin's vision of Gregor is infused with human qualities such as sympathy, compassion and loneliness, the reader ignores that, on the exterior, Gregor has six feet and an exoskeleton. By applying this technique, Estrin ingenuously demonstrates his ability to blur the lines between fantasy and reality. And in many cases throughout the novel, Gregor is more humane than many of the characters he encounters.
The novel also plays on our physical insecurities. After his awkward tryst with Alice, Gregor is determined through plastic surgery to remove two of his feet to appear more human-like. This is a profound moment for Gregor and an important plot point for the reader because Gregor's decision will seal his fate. Like the wound on Samsa's backside that never heals, inflicted by his father, his acceptance of who and what he is will ultimately set his mind free.
But before then, Gregor will play a crucial role in helping Franklin Roosevelt get elected president, even moving into the kitchen cabinet at the White House. Then, in an ironic twist, Gregor is assigned the position of researching new pesticides. In accepting this role, he decides, "Better I should do it than them." Additionally, as a Jewish cockroach, he advises Roosevelt on the Nazi invasion and even assists Robert Oppenheimer on the Manhattan Project.
Insect Dreams is an intelligent fable about an outsider's attempt to fit in with an often un-accepting society. Estrin's writing is always witty and insightful, and he'll often leave you laughing aloud ("His palms would be sweaty if cockroaches had palms)." In addition to being a story about an often misunderstood roach-human striving for equality during a traumatic time, Insect Dreams is also a whirlwind of a history lesson similar to Forrest Gump. But one thing's for sure: after reading Insect Dreams, you will think twice about using Raid next time a cockroach scampers across the floor.
by Ryan Bacchia
Ryan Bacchia is a former instructor in the College of the Siskiyous' Writing Lab; he is presently enrolled at California State University, Sacramento in pursuit of a Master's degree in English.
DEATH RAT. Michael J. Nelson. Harper Entertainment.
This novel tells the story of Pontius Feeb, a down on his luck writer who decides to abandon writing academic history books in favor of creating a best-seller about a six-foot long rat (in actuality, Feeb's rodent is the same demonic rat who lives on in each of us: that God-haunted mouse scurrying through the inner reaches of the mind, dancing along the vines, pursuing human flesh in the dark book of a dream).
In the end, Nelson's story is gripping in the way that William S. Burroughs' novels were gripping, at once stripping away the layers of the subconscious, bringing the nightmares to life. In this story Holey, Minnesota is a fantasy world, but just as in Burroughs' best books, every word is a new reality, here behind the secret masks of the mind, here in our tiny shapeless towns where six-foot long rats sleep beside snakes with fine long velvet smiles. This paperback edition also features wonderful cover art by Michael Koelsch in the tradition of the finest Pulp covers of the 1950s.
THE SPECKLED PEOPLE. Hugo Hamilton. Fourth Estate Publishers.
Used by permission of Harper Collins.
This well-realized and contemplative memoir by Hugo Hamilton examines what it's like growing up in a household of mixed cultures as one of the "Speckled People" (according to Hamilton's father, these were "the new Irish, partly from Ireland, partly from somewhere else").
"The Speckled People." People without a country. Hamilton grew up in a such an environment: His father was an old world Irishman, and his mother a German born Nazi supporter loyal to the sentiments of her home land. As a child, Hamilton was torn between the differences of these two cultures, and only further confused by the expectations of his classmates as he moved through the school system in Dublin. Throughout this study, he tells his story in poignant and human terms, careful not to skirt sensitive or troubling issues.
In the end, Speckled is relevant not only to the Irish and German people, but to all transplanted immigrants trying to understand and fit into alien cultures. Highly recommended as general reading, and also useful in classroom settings as a lower division Sociology and History text.
ONE MAN'S MOON: EXPANDED EDITION: POEMS BY BASHO & OTHER JAPANESE POETS. Cid Corman, Translator. Gnomon Press.
Cid Corman, the author of many books of poetry and a well-respected translator in multiple languages, has released this important collection which includes many previously unpublished pieces. The most note-worthy material in the book includes 50 new pieces by Basho, the Japanese Haiku master whose work has influenced countless generations of poets world-wide.
DARK GOD OF EROS: A WILLIAM EVERSON READER. By William Everson. Heyday Books.
Interesting collection compiled by friend and esteemed literary critic Albert Gelpi. Important because it offers autobiographical material, interviews and correspondence with personalized poems selected by the discerning eye of Gelpi. A major addition to the Everson Catalog, on par-with his Masks of Drought released by Black Sparrow Press in 1980.
BEHAVING LIKE ADULTS. Anna Maxted. Regan Books.
London-based novelist Anna Maxted is a best-selling author who has amassed a loyal international following; Behaving Like Adults is likely to only increase that fan-base. Behaving, meant for all those single people out there struggling to find their "match," tells the story of Holly, a 29 year-old woman who owns a dating service, but who can't find the right man. The story, though often humorous, is also coldly real: there are alot of lonely people out there struggling to make a connection with someone –with anyone. This novel is about pausing to think about them.
CRYPTONOMICON. Neal Stephenson. Avon.
This New York Times notable book is chock full of adventure and action: a convoluted Thomas Pynchon-like plot comes complete with a World War II timeline and heroes galore. This is more a movie than a novel — an epic story that consumes its reader from page one and refuses to let go.
MASKED & ANONYMOUS. Bob Dylan & Various Artists. Soundtrack. Columbia Records.
The album features 14 songs by various artists, including 4 pieces sung by Dylan himself. It's difficult to single out the gems (since every track has merit) but the reworked versions of "Down In The Flood" and "Cold Irons Bound" will catch the attention of many a listener as the starkness of Dylan's voice buries us in the bittersweet blues of memories gone by. Dylan's version of "Diamond Joe" is also a high-point, immersing us in the musician's folk-roots, the gentle hiss of voice and guitar lost in the echoes of God at the last hour, the singer himself lost in the poignant eyes of Woody Guthrie now ambling over the hills, falling into the softness of the Texas-gray sunset.
Still, longtime fans should brace themselves: Masked is a much different record than Dylan's soundtrack for Sam Peckinpah's 1973 classic Pat Garrett and Billy The Kid. On this record Dylan is telling his own story through the timeless mirror of his music and songs. The pieces that Dylan and his producers have selected for this project are noteworthy because they personally present the music he uses to define himself ("Senor, can you tell me/Where we're heading/Lincoln County Road/Or Armageddon?/This place don't make sense to me/No more"). This interpretation of "Senor" by the late Jerry Garcia (a member of Dylan's inner circle) is a defining moment: The singer swiftly on the move through the wilderness looks for some shelter among the burning ruins of the world, hunting and searching, riding deeper into the hollow fangs of darkness. I presume that Dylan perceives himself on this level — how else do we explain his "Never Ending Tour?" How else do we explain his need to be on the road almost non-stop for eighteen years?
Masked is a major record and we will look back on it as a vital component to the Dylan catalog (an entity unto itself and completely separate from the film): In the end, Dylan is his music and the secret moving pictures it creates. His voice is the camera and the perfect lensless electric eye through which we peer, staring down heaven through the flickering half-melted candles of the stars. Listen: The echoes hum and tremble down the long lines of Bob Weir's guitar, gently swirling into the melody of "It's all Over Now Baby Blue." The man is his music. Masked and anonymous. His image the holiness of the invisible. Masked and anonymous. As graceful and timeless as the wind itself.
SUMMER. Summer. Odyssey.
Borrowing her name from the season –"Summer"– this classically trained soprano is likely the brightest star rising over the second half of 2003. With a voice that imbeds itself into the memory like the edge of a knife, Summer has come out blazing with her Odyssey debut that features 12 songs (note the wonderful keyboarding by Richard Cottle, who's played with Mick Jagger and Vanessa-Mae among others, and the sensitive and unobtrusive production work of Nick Patrick).
"Summer" is quite a rich record, giving us everything from Vivaldi to Sting — and with striking results: Even though many of these pieces are covers, the singer manages to make them hers, wrapping herself around the echo of each piece, inviting it deep into her flesh. More than being technically on, Summer sings with spirit, compelling the sleepy to sit up in their chairs. At once, feet begin to tap and hips quiver until numb. Suddenly, we are lost in her voice, lost in the empty perfection of the music as it ebbs and flows and rises: "I wanted to do something different," Summer says reflecting on her record: "Seeking[ing] out pieces from around the world and blend[ing] them into a new mix."
Summer. The name is about the season. And the music is about passion — everything from a sensual rendition of Sting's "Fragile" to an eerie and enchanting "Nella Fantasia," which is based on Ennio Morricone's beautiful score for "The Mission." However, the high-point remains Stanley Myers "Cavatina," from the film the "Deer Hunter." As the simple lyric comes into full bloom, Summer's haunting vocal takes us back to Cimino's 1978 epic, bringing us back into De Niro's presence: A woman sits alone and remembers the lover with whom she's lost touch. And as the memory takes hold of her heart, I watch the ghost she cannot see: the haunted deer hunter moving through the dark timber, running swiftly into those smoke poisons of war, running and slipping, trying to escape the demons that end as the shape of his own reflection in the mirror.
Summer comes to us a unique voice, most edgy and piercing, yet still so soft and comforting: like a driving rain across the thirsty desert sands at dawn.
CDs In Brief
CROSSING THE STONE. Catrin Finch. Odyssey. At 23, Finch has distinguished herself as one of the finest classical harpists in the world. Born in Wales, her music is rich with the poetic melodies of Dylan Thomas and William Blake — deep and soulful, meant to leave the listener contemplating the world and their place in it. Like child prodigy and sitar virtuoso Anoushka Shankar, Finch is building her own roads and forging ahead into unknown territory. Her performance of Claude Debussy's "Clair De Lune" is absolutely brilliant….HAVANA. John Stewart. Appleseed. Stewart's been writing songs about the odd faces of America for the last 45 years, and "Havana" continues his journey. "Cowboy in The Distance" takes up the road where "California Bloodlines" left off, Stewart riding down the hidden alley-ways of these states, guitar in hand, recording the faces that pass him in the early night. The voice reminds us of Johnny Cash. The inspiration is pure Woody Guthrie. "Havana" is a wonderful collection spanning the full spectrum of Stewart's styles, from Kingston Trio folk tunes to Lindsey Buckingham-inspired guitar licks. Old fans will love it, while new listeners will absorb some of the history of pop music since the late 1950s…. THE OTHER SIDE OF TIME. Mary Fahl. Sony Classical. "The Other Side of Time" is a brilliantly conceived album of broad proportions. The music here is varied – with soulful folk-tinged numbers and Celtic-flavored ballads set against a straight ahead Rock and Roll beat. And through it all, Mary Fahl's voice shines as bright as rain water on the windows at dawn. Stand out tracks include the Gospel-flavored "Redemption," the softly poetic "Dream of You," and the mesmerizing "Ben Aindi Habib," which is based on erotic poetry written by Moorish women in the 11th and 12th centuries. However, the true centerpiece of the record is the wonderful "Paolo." This love song, driven by Scott Healy's sweet piano line — mixing the intensity of the late Richard Manual's style with the subtleties of Carol King's playing — tells a story of deep loss: the narrator having embarked on a secret journey, exploring the insides of her wounds, remembering this face in the distant past, drowning in the shadows of what once was. Fahl, along with Summer and Sarah Brightman, are the singers to watch in the next few years; together they share the "next Norah Jones" title….Noted: OUR LADY PEACE LIVE (Columbia): Recorded in Canada earlier this year, the record features fine versions of "Are You Sad" and "All For You…." TRUE LOVE WAITS. CHRISTOPHER O'RILEY PLAYS RADIOHEAD. Odyssey.Very interesting collection has classical pianist O'Riley performing his favorite Radiohead cuts. "Airbag" and "Bulletproof " show this unlikely marriage at its finest hour….THE OLIVER MTUKUDZI COLLECTION (The Tuku Years). Oliver Mtukudzi. Putumayo World Music. This compilation of Mtukudzi favorites is meant to bring happiness and joy to the listener now immersed in the music of Zimbabwe. Mtukudzi is a highly respected artist in Africa who brings with him a presence not unlike the late Bob Marley. "Tuku" features him at his best: blending the irresistible rhythms of dance with socially relevant lyrics.
NYPD BLUE. DVD. Seasons One & Two. Fox Home Entertainment.
Excepting The Sopranos, NYPD Blue is the best thing on television today. These DVDs capture the complete first and second seasons, as we re-immerse ourselves in the initial story lines that helped to build the series into the Emmy-winning machine it is has become. Pound for pound, Blue is simply the best
network drama to emerge since Bochco's other tour-de-force, Hill Street Blues (As "cop" dramas go, Blue ranks on par with Gunsmoke: Andy Sipowicz this updated version of quintessential American lawman Matt Dillon, while New York City provides the perfect example of what the roaring old West has morphed into). If you're only going to own a few DVDs, and if you enjoy gritty urban dramas, then these are the disks for you: The writing, direction and ensemble acting remain unparalleled.
This entry was posted on November 1, 2003 by Jacob Aiello in 2003, Books, Guest Reviews, Music, November 2003, Poetry, Quick Picks, Television and tagged Bob Dylan, Book Review, Music, NYPD Blue, Poetry, Television.
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text:
Lost Spaces
Anti-Sexual Harassment Toolkit
Performing Arts Platform
Subsidized Rehearsal Space
Artist-School Exchange Program
#CitySpaces
Organizing a collective voice for the theater community
LIT's 2017 Activities
Politics Research and Outreach Working Group
2017 City-wide Election
The League of Independent Theater was actively involved in the 2017 city-wide election through a number of actions:
On February 7th, the League redrafted the Performing Arts Platform through a participatory process.
On March 15th, the League held its Meet the Candidates forum to question candidates for office on their support for the Performing Arts Platform.
On May 23rd, the League held a rally on the steps of the Kraine theater with its endorsed candidates for office.
The league drafted Voter Guides on endorsed candidates for the Primary and General elections, and sent volunteers to work with endorsed candidates in a number of races.
An Artist's Guide to Participating in Your Community (Board)
In fall 2017, the League of Independent Theater joined with various community partners to host events in Brooklyn and Harlem aimed at empowering artists to participate in their local community government.
Download Our Guide
Real Estate Working Group
SUGGEST A SPACE
2017 Space Grant
LIT-RE continued its quarterly subsidized space grant, providing access to a 5,000 square foot rehearsal space in Midtown West to 14 companies at significantly below market rates.
We will continue this space grant into 2018, and are on the lookout for more commercial spaces that we can use to expand the program.
SUGGEST A SCHOOL
2017 Charter Barter Grant
LIT-RE partnered another theater company with a charter school to continue to provide long-term rehearsal space in exchange for providing theater workshops with students.
In 2018 we will continue this program, and are on the lookout for more schools (as well as other housing, senior centers, etc.) to expand the program.
Your voice is important to us. Please join us and let us know your concerns on these issues and how you would like to be involved.
info@litny.org


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text:
Category Archives: college novel
Published in 2014, Cow Country attracted almost no attention. Its "author," Adrian Jones Pearson, is a pseudonym for a person who apparently has little use for American literary culture and its emphasis on authors' biographies rather than the quality of their work. Its publisher, "Cow Eye Press," is unknown and in fact is named for the fictional community college featured in the novel. There was a brief spasm of interest when someone called Art Winslow suggested (rather wildly) in the pages of Harper's [https://harpers.org/blog/2015/09/the-fiction-atop-the-fiction/] that Adrian Jones Pearson might really be Thomas Pynchon. This was quickly rejected, along with the possibility that Art Winslow might be Thomas Pynchon, or Adrian Jones Pearson, or both.
Cow Country is set at a community college in the American southwest. That is one distinction from most books in this genre; academic novels are very rarely set on community college campuses. Moreover, the main character and first-person narrator is neither a professor nor a student. Instead Charlie is a Special Projects Coordinator, a mid-life quasi-failure with a master's degree in Educational Administration. He is recruited to revise and resubmit the college's failed reaccreditation self-study, to unite the factions in a grotesquely divided campus, and to reinstate the college Christmas party, cancelled the previous year because of these same divisions.
Unlike any other college novel I know, Cow Country treats the administration with no more derision than the faculty. Charlie is the kind of factotum whom professors love to dislike, but here he is represented as doing his best in a fairly honorable way. The college president, Dr. Felch, is old-fashioned but not stupid.
The novel is filled with amusing oddities. Part of Charlie's interview required him to recite his educational philosophy in blank verse. The new-faculty orientation, in which he participates, involves castrating a calf. The most common way of expressing hostility to faculty members is to leave a bloated calf scrotum in their mailbox on a Friday afternoon.
The campus divisions are stark, mostly between old-timers and newcomers. The old-timers are committed to eating a lot of beef, pickup trucks, smoking. The newcomers like arugula and tantric yoga. The carnivores refuse to attend a party if any vegetables are to be served, the vegetarians if there will be any meat.
In this long novel there are many good scenes, including extended classroom observations, despite the difficulty many writers have in making teaching interesting in fiction. There is a creative writing workshop in which a student declares, "we should limit the spoken pronouncements of our characters to the guttural utterances and monosyllabic interjections of precocious third-graders." Another student's story includes the observation that "the sweat on Alison's eye brow was dry and salty, like the tear of a very sad policeman." To balance it there is a class in bovine reproduction.
Some of "Pearson's" touches are casual oddities, like the fluctuation in the number of stars on the American flag, or Long River, the Native American professor of public speaking who never speaks, or the regular quotations from Anyman's Guide to Love and the Community College, which declares that the opposite of love is efficiency.
If American authors may be divided between those who work by taking things out and those who put things in, "Pearson" is in the latter class. But what he puts in is so frequently acute, unexpected, and funny, that it is hard to object.
I would guess that, like other Cow Eye publications if any, Cow Country is unavailable at all major bookstores. But it is available on Amazon, and I recommend it to any devotees of campus fiction.
Reviewed by Professor Merritt Moseley
Posted in campus novel, college novel
Tagged Cow Country
"The American Campus Novel in the 21st Century"
Seminar organized within the framework of the
annual ACLA conference.
Please apply via acla.org (portal opens September 1st) before September 23.
Information about the seminar: https://www.acla.org/american-campus-novel-21st-century
The campus novel, an Anglo-American genre, having as its protagonists alternately students, teaching staff, and full professors, acts as a barometer measuring the state of the nation and education. While critically commenting on campus life, often spotlighting subversive behaviors and contesting the status quo, the campus novel portrays the individual's struggle for personal advancement and definition of one's own identity and values. It serves as a battleground for concepts and ideologies pervasive in the times it depicts. Many established American and British authors, and a few international writers living and working in the US, explored the potential of this subgenre, especially its satirical penchant and "pejorative poetics" (Kenneth Womack), in order to comment on contemporaneous issues.
This seminar aims to explore the various interactions between academe and the real world primarily in contemporary American campus fiction in connection with modern day discourses and trends, but it can also tackle non-fiction and film/TV series. Proposals may concern campus fiction, academic life writing, and film about academia, and the following areas and topics:
Postcolonial studies
Race studies
Queer and feminist theory & gender studies
Ecocriticism and environmental studies
Posthumanism and animal studies
Trauma, illness, and disability studies
Critical university studies
Refugees, migrations, and immigration
Digital media and technology
Please direct all queries to marta.lysik@uwr.edu.pl.
Marta J. Lysik
Department of Literary and Documentary Genres
Institute of Journalism and Social Communication
The University of Wroclaw
Fulbright Visiting Scholar 2019-2020
Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences
Posted in academic novel, campus novel, CfP, college novel, Conferences
Have you recently read a newly published campus novel or seen a new movie tackling academe? Would you like to write a short, critical, and thoughtful review for this site? Become a Schoolsville reviewer and email me at: marta.lysik@uwr.edu.pl.
Posted in academic novel, campus novel, college novel, films
Mandy Berman, The Learning Curve (New York: Random House, 2019) is an interesting combination of the professor-focused academic novel and the student-focused campus novel. The main characters are four roommates at Buchanan College, a prestigious liberal arts college, and particularly two of them, Fiona and Liv. Fiona is troubled (her sister died unexpectedly at 13) and needy; Liv is beautiful, rich and self-assured. The third angle of the triangle is provided by Oliver Ash, a visiting professor with a bad reputation (fired from Columbia for sleeping with a 17-year-old student) and a wife back in Europe. The two young women compete to attract Oliver's affections, though he mostly maintains the proper professional gravitas. The fourth important character is the wife, Simone, another professor, who is spending an academic year on a research project in Berlin, annoyed by Oliver's absence (they have a small child) and frustrated by scholarly obstacles. The Learning Curve is much more informative on undergraduate life, the drinking and sexual activities of college students, than on the academic life, and its scenes set in Paris are more vivid than those in Pennsylvania. The sex plot is handled in an original way and Berman's characters are lively enough, if occasionally irritating in their smug complacency.
Paul Ewen's Francis Plug: Writer in Residence is a brilliant addition to the corpus of academic novels focusing on creative writing teachers. Necessary background: Ewen's previous novel was called Francis Plug: How to Be a Public Author. In it Francis decides to "study the ways of the literary event," in preparation for his own career as a successful writer. Plug is an alcoholic gardener who turns up at public appearances by many Booker Prize winners, where he drinks all the wine he can get and makes bewildering conversation with the authors (telling Anne Enright he likes to sit backwards on the toilet to use the tank as a reading platform, for instance). That was 2014.
As the new book opens Francis is in even worse shape, living in an unheated garage, but he is a published author. On the strength of that fact he is appointed Writer in Residence at the University of Greenwich (a position that Paul Ewen holds in real life). Taking the "in residence" language seriously, he secretly moves himself into one of the historic buildings at the university, makes himself known, but sometimes unwelcome, at all the local pubs, and studiously avoids doing the work expected of an academic. Planning his next book, he settles on an academic novel set at the University of Greenwich, though his ideas include nuclear combat and flying beasts. Forced to teach a class, he hauls a smelly tire out of the Thames and drags it into class, insisting it is a metaphor. The students are not impressed:
Student: Wasn't this lecture supposed to be about characterization?
FP: Was it? Oh. [Pause.] He look, when you bounce up and down on this tyre, it's like a see-saw landing pad.
With his rotten breath, smelly clothes, ignorance of academic expectations and literary technique, and powerful thirst, Francis Plug is everything a writer in residence is not.
This novel is inventive and hilarious; it not only is an academic novel, but, as Francis thinks about writing an academic novel and speaks quite comprehensively about others in the genre, it is a kind of wacky survey of the genre.
Tagged Francis Plug: Writer in Residence, Mandy Berman, Paul Ewen, The Learning Curve
SEMINAR ON ACADEMIC FICTION
Institute of English Studies, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland
The Institute of English Studies at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków and Professor Merritt Moseley invite abstracts for twenty-minute papers on academic fiction.
Papers addressing any aspect of the relationship between academic fiction and the real world, literary commentary on the crises of university education, the lives of academics, creative writers in academia, academia and race, class, or gender, or other relevant topics are welcomed. Relevant non-fiction and film may also be considered. There is no cost for participation.
Submit an abstract of around 150 words with a brief biographical statement to Merritt Moseley, via email at moseley@unca.edu.
The deadline for submission of abstracts is 1 October 2019. Notifications will follow on 10 October.
Time: Friday-Saturday, 15-16 November 2019
Venue: Institute of English Studies, al. Mickiewicza 9,
Organizers: Professor Merritt Moseley moseley@unca.edu
Dr hab. Bożena Kucała bozena.kucala@uj.edu.pl
Posted in campus novel, CfP, college novel, Conferences
Lydia Kiesling's The Golden State
September 6, 2018 – Slate
The Agony of Bureaucracy
A conversation with Lydia Kiesling about The Golden State.
"The job Daphne drives away from is at a university that looks a lot like UC–Berkeley. How does your novel compare to other campus novels?
Some of my literary sensibility was for better or worse formed by novels like Lucky Jim, with a comic protagonist we are meant to see as Everyman. I'm amazed at how long it took me to realize not only that Lucky Jim is a terrible Everyman but that there's a lot of harm written into that book—the casualties of the book (poor Margaret Peel) are presented as funny. I still love the book and have a soft spot for that campus-novel sensibility that is arch and judgmental and barbarously unempathetic, but it's basically irreconcilable with the way women are socialized, and with the demands of motherhood. My book is in some ways the result of taking a Lucky Jim type of sensibility but putting it on a woman with a baby. Suddenly, the book is completely different. There are stakes."
Posted in Bez kategorii, campus novel, college novel
Tagged Kingsley Amis, Lucky Jim, Lydia Kiesling, The Golden State
Julie Schumacher's "The Shakespeare Requirement"
August 20, 2018 – The New Republic
The New Campus Novel
Julie Schumacher's "The Shakespeare Requirement" is a playful, sharp satire of the horrors of modern academia.
By JOSEPHINE LIVINGSTONE
"The Shakespeare Requirement takes on a department in a terrible state. English at Payne is not so much an intellectual nest of idiot vipers, as in The History Man, but rather a collection of people with very little energy left to give, trying in their semi-competent way to keep their subject alive in a hostile culture. Fitger is perhaps the least competent among them—he can barely use email, for example—but the travails of the novel end up testing his worth as a human being, not as an administrator."
Posted in Bez kategorii, campus novel, college novel, The New Republic
Tagged Changing Places, David Lodge, Dear Committee Members, Elif Batuman, John Williams, Julie Schumacher, Kingsley Amis, Lucky Jim, Malcolm Bradbury, Mary McCarthy, Nice Work, Pictures from an Institution, Pnin, Randall Jarrell, Small World, Stoner, The Groves of Academe, The History Man, The Possessed, The Shakespeare Requirement, Vladimir Nabokov


Franz Fudd needed a new flash animation design and created a contest on 99designs.
My apologies up front, I don't have much time to organize an 'in your face' intro for a presentation showing off new web site. So this contest is short with a quick prizemoney turn-around.
I have a logo for the site Moneybox.TV. My vision is to have an older style television alone on the stage. On the TV screen is static except you can make out the Moneybox.TV logo which has no color. So the logo might be represented in a finer static than the rest of the TV screen (just a thought). All of a sudden a transformation take over the TV as it morphs to a more modern Plasma style TV and goes to color. If you choose to add music (funky upbeat) or any sound effects like the static sound you hear on a TV to this thats ok otherwise I can add something to it. Thats is my vision in its basic form, you guys may like to come up with an enhancement or a variation of this. During the transformation process the old TV may get bigger and fill the stage and then the color TV zooms in - just another idea to help you understand my vision.
WHAT AM I TRYING TO SAY WITH THIS BRIEF?
I am trying to represent old to new. The old style TV compared to the new way people watch content on the web which potentially will be via a LCD/Plasma monitor in their living room. Moneybox.tv represents this transformation.
Its a web site where wealth management professionals or even your every day investor goes to view video content of investment presentations.
PLEASE NOTE: This intro is NOT for the web site its just for a presentation so there is no restriction on compression, bandwidth or file size.


Since 1967, when HFF Munich began providing film instruction, the university has graduated some two thousand students. An average of forty to fifty students are enrolled each year, and later, upon completion of their studies, added to the alumni register.
One of the core services for HFF Munich alumni is the constant maintenance of contact data. We regularly research the latest data of our alumni, maintaining an exchange of information with them and requesting updates, when necessary.
We also provide close personal support. Our alumni keep us informed about their current film output and frequently seek contact to former fellow students, to expand their professional networks, within an increasingly complex film landscape.
Moreover, we send out several newsletters a year, updating HFF alumni on current HFF events. We also inform them about important trade events, such as those held during the Berlinale.
The response to our various alumni get-togethers has been very favorable. The last meeting, in 2017, was held as part of HFF Munich's fiftieth anniversary.
In addition, we promote an exchange of information between former and current HFF Munich students. Through the alumni, we offer our students industry contacts and extraordinary internships; conversely, for alumni-run production companies, we find motivated young film students eager to gain practical experience. We are in the process of expanding this line of action.


Thank you Neosmith, Shion's glasses were pain because no mater how I light them they didn't reflect like real glass, after few hours I got that they need second layer of deep, not one flat polygon object to do so.
Translation would be nice, but I don't have idea how I could done that XD, in second thought maybe it can be done with blend option. I might try it out when I will set everything.
I'm giving rapport. Just right now I'm fighting with flickering at animation. What it means? When camera moves it give me annoying bugs look like flashing at glassy and shaded places. Some flashings aren't big, some I've cover at montage soft but I have 2 camera shoots that I can't fix in that way I need to re-render them at different settings take take longer then my standard ones.
I was hoping that I will finish all rendering this week, right now I'm not sure. I want for this animation to be great so you and me myself would be proud of it. So In one word, it will take ma a little longer but it's almost end.
Gotta say, I've seen a little behind the scenes work on this, and I am hella excited!!!
And here you have more info and "promotional"
It came out so gorgeous and fantastic, Kare! It was a lot of hard work and it paid off in full!
Kare, I think your work is awesome. The animation work is top notch and your directorial skills have clearly blossomed - I love the shot where Sakura waves good-bye and there is a rack focus to present Jr.
A question - have you considered possibly having someone do voiceover work for the scenes? I think the silent approach here works and the music score is fantastic but it does feel a tad missing speech.
Well if someone like to dub it I don't mind, I have worked with japanese sound track from original scene and for new parts I always record google translator voice XD. I just turn it off just before final rendering in montage program.
Sakura 4 will be voice-less too.
For Missing year I will use original voice sound and new parts from Jin novel will be silent.
I see. When you're done with the Sakura 4 scenes, would you mind if I used your videos in a little fan edit project? I think I can splice the original E2 footage from the MOMO levels with your scenes, even though the art styles are different.
No problem, I will be happy ^^. All my works are for xenoaga fans, I onoy don't like when someone stole works and write it as his, I had once problem like that with amv and it feelt awfull.
I add option from DA to order works as Mug, magnet etc. I'm worry about my future, so I starting to get crazy XDD. I hope it won't hurt anyone, japan fans can sell doujinshi... I didn't want to take money from Xenoworks but I don't think manga option will turn out right and I need something to reason my mother to work on things I love. I'm always had hard life with her but I love her and don't leave her (nor my 9 cats XD).
Your Topology and Texturing is great!


Pretty heart bunting and whitewash wood background design wedding invitation. Fully personalised with your chosen wording and wedding day details.
One of my best selling designs and perfect in any colour. Invite your family and friends with this pretty square folding invitation.


We couldn't agree more. But the question is "how" — and the time to ask questions is now.
There are real national security and foreign policy implications that should be explored about the proposed merger of Sprint and T-Mobile.
"Both Sprint and T-Mobile have a long history of using Chinese equipment suppliers Huawei and ZTE for devices integral to providing voice and data service, such as routers, servers, transmitters or receivers. These big suppliers — Huawei had more than $92 billion in revenue last year — have powerful tools at their disposal that could be used against the United States.
These attempts to infiltrate U.S. cyber networks continue and must be taken seriously, particularly given a series of Bloomberg Businessweek articles in October 2018, "The Big Hack: How China Used a Tiny Chip to Infiltrate U.S. Companies," and "New Evidence of Hacked Supermicro Hardware Found in U.S. Telecom," that show how Chinese government-affiliated technologies appear to be targeting critical U.S. technology and telecommunications companies and infrastructure.


Punjabi singer Sidhu Moosewala will be performing at the Punjabi Film Awards 2019.
The singer exploded onto the scene with his huge track 'So High'. The track has garnered over 159 million views on YouTube, and has been followed by other massive songs such as 'Issa Jatt', 'Jatt Da Muqabala'. 'Famous' and many more.
Last year, Sidhu picked up the award for 'Best Lyricist' at the BritAsia TV Music Awards 2019, and released his first album 'PBX 1'. His popularity has been rising rapidly and later this year he will be making his debut in the Punjabi Film Industry.
The popular singer will be performing some of his most popular tracks on the PFA stage, and fans will not want to miss this.


Benzos are a class of prescription anti-anxiety medications that are extremely addictive. Roughly 1/3rd of people who take benzos regularly for 6 months or longer will experience withdrawal symptoms when they try to stop using the medication. Some examples of benzos include Ativan, Ambien, Klonopin, Xanax, and Valium. Due to risky nature of withdrawal symptoms, medically supervised and medication assisted detox is often needed as a first step towards treating a benzo addiction.
These medications are not to be trifled with, however users who do develop an addiction can make a full recovery.
Despite how difficult benzo addictions can be for those suffering with the disorder, a full recovery is possible with the right treatment plan. There are tons of options available for anyone who's ready to get started on their path to recovery.
Most rehab treatment plans, especially concerning prescription drugs like benzos, begin with a detox treatment program. Detox gives your body a chance to relearn how to function without the substance you've grown dependent on. During this period, withdrawal symptoms will likely present themselves, which is why it's important to have medical supervision. There are also medications that can help lessen and control severe withdrawal symptoms. Once detox treatment is complete, patients will move forward with their individualized treatment plan.
Different rehab centers offer different programs and therapies, depending on their specialties and what's available in that region. Individual and group therapy are generally staples of any treatment plan, as is family therapy in many cases. In individual therapy, patients will work with their therapist to uncover the roots of their addiction problems and learn better stress management skills. Group therapy provides a support network of peers who all work together to support one another throughout treatment. And family therapy is designed to help families understand what their loved one is going through. It also provides opportunities to mend any damaged bonds caused by the addiction.
How Do People End Up Addicted to Benzos?
benzodiazepines were originally developed as a way to help people very real mental health or physical health concerns cope with those problems, such as anxiety or seizures. People who abuse these drugs aren't doing so in order to make their lives better, per say. Instead, their brains have undergone chemical changes causing them to become highly dependent on these substances. Benzo abusers tend to fall into two groups: those with prescriptions and those without.
According to an analysis in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, addiction is rarely a consequence when these drugs are used properly. If people who are prescribed benzos follow their doctor's orders exactly, they usually don't end up gaining an addiction from the experience.
However, there are people who may not follow orders exactly. These individuals may take doses too close together or take larger doses than they were prescribed. They may continue to use benzos even after they're no longer needed or even hoard pills to "save them for a bad day". This may be a small group of users, according to research on benzo users, but these people still end up addicted to benzodiazepines.
There are also those that use benzos recreationally. This group typically doesn't have a prescription from their doctor, so they get ahold of these drugs however and whenever they can. They then proceed to use these drugs for the "high" rather than their medical purpose. They may also combine benzos with other substances to intensify the overall experience. It is not uncommon to find benzodiazepines used in conjunction with alcohol or cocaine under these circumstances.
Research suggests that the typical recreational benzo abuser is between 18 and 25 years old, which is also one of the more common age groups to use any substance recreationally. These numbers tend to climb annually.
Addiction is a mental illness, a behavioral disorder.. People with an obsession with benzos aren't making a fully conscious choice to continue using benzos. Their brains are chemically altered, which prompts them to get and take more benzos in order to function normally. That isn't to say that people have no control at all over their circumstances. You can bring the logical mind back into play and convince your loved one that they need help if they're in denial. When combined with the help of a professional interventionist, families can really come together to help support the benzo abuser in their lives and help them find a solution.
Interventionists are psychiatric professionals that are highly experienced in assisting with interventions, namely by helping maintain order and easing any high conflict situations that may arise. They may also help the family draft their letters, participate in the discussions during the intervention, and provide transport to the treatment facility after the addicted individual has agreed to treatment.
Inpatient programs provide monitoring during medical detox. This means symptoms are spotted and addressed before they have a chance to reach a fatal level of complications. It's difficult for families to provide 24/7 care, but for an inpatient treatment center this type of treatment is standard.
Thankfully, Inpatient programs don't have to be clinical and impersonal. Many provide home-like amenities and comfortable surroundings so people can heal in environments that are familiar and soothing.
You and your loved ones don't need to suffer anymore. Our service representatives are available 24/7 to help you get started whenever you make the choice towards regaining control over your life. Call us today for your free insurance consultation and we'll help match you with the best rehab center for you situation.
This entry was posted in Drug Use, Prescription Drugs, Treatment Programs and tagged Benzodiazepine Addiction, Benzodiazepine Withdrawal, Medical Detox on October 18, 2018 by Dan W.


Broadcasters from around the world were represented on Monday 13 February at the 2017 World Radio Day in Shanghai, hosted this year by EBU Associate the Shanghai Media Group, a major player in the Chinese media scene.
World Radio Day itself has been defined by UNESCO as an occasion on which to focus on and celebrate the contribution of radio to societies around the world, and the vital role the medium plays in uniting and informing communities. Colleagues representing many EBU members took this opportunity to learn about the Chinese media scene, and the sister broadcasting unions were represented; delegates included Graham Ellis, the Chair of the EBU Radio Committee and Directors General of several broadcasting organisations.
The centrepiece of this year's event was marked by the conference around the theme 'Radio and You', in which the growing possibilities for audience interaction were discussed by those present. There was a balance of Chinese and foreign broadcasters, providing a unique opportunity for colleagues to exchange perceptions and discuss their strategic challenges. During the course of the meeting, the Pioneer Programme of the dotRadio domain was launched; this is the new internet domain for the radio sector, being rolled out by the EBU during 2017.
The EBU's Head of Radio, Graham Dixon, delivered a keynote speech which underlined the significant part that audio plays in people's lives, with buoyant consumption trends.He also drew attention to new ways of consuming audio, from live audio streams on Facebook, to the Amazon Echo, and new speech based apps.
With increasing diversity, Dixon argued that the distinctiveness of radio lay itself in its role a live medium, close to individual communities, and capable of developing deep relationships of trust with the audience. Panels, including both Chinese and foreign contributors, considered how to engage younger demographics, interactivity and radio, and issues around diversity.
The final gala celebration of the day symbolically united Chinese and European cultures, and comprised a concert performed by the Shanghai Philharmonic Orchestra, combining traditional Chinese folk instruments within the symphonic texture. This also marked the first EBU live concert broadcast from China, a fitting way of marking the recent entry of the Shanghai Media Group to the EBU as an Associate.
For EBU colleagues present, in the delegation led by the Media Director, Jean Philip De Tender, this was an important opportunity to meet with the senior leaders of the major media players in China, as well as meetings at governmental level. The discussions centred around considering ways of sharing strategic and technological understanding, as well as creating content; in this area, music is already beginning to play a central role, due to a strong, growing collaboration with the EBU Radio Unit.
World Radio Day 2017 was celebrated across the city of Shanghai, from metro station advertisements to giant illuminated signs in public places. It was also widely publicized and reported in Chinese media outlets, including the main national television news bulletin, which will have guaranteed the event an impressive reach of around one billion viewers.


A winter blue casts down upon the meadows and mountains which make me feel most at home.
A place of many moods which are always open and on display.
A wonderful view. Glad to see you've finally received some decent snow!