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DISCRIMINATION/HARASSMENT COMPLAINT PROCEDURE
TITLE IX SEXUAL HARASSMENT COMPLAINT PROCEDURE
ACAA-R - Student Discr...
The Board has adopted these student procedures in order to provide prompt and equitable resolution of reports and complaints of unlawful discrimination and harassment of students, including sexual harassment, as described in policies AC – Nondiscrimination/Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action and ACAA – Harassment and Sexual Harassment of Students.
Complaints alleging unlawful harassment or discrimination against employees based on a protected category should be addressed through ACAB-R – Employee Discrimination/ Harassment and Title IX Sexual Harassment Complaint Procedures.
Any individual who is unsure about whether unlawful discrimination or harassment has occurred and/or which complaint procedure applies is encouraged to contact the Affirmative Action Officer/Title IX Coordinator.
Michelle McClellan
Affirmative Action Officer/Title IX Coordinator Cape Elizabeth School Department
320 Ocean House Road Cape Elizabeth, ME 04102 (207) 799-2217
mmcclellan@capeelizabethschools.org
For purposes of these complaint procedures, the following definitions will be used. The Affirmative Action Officer (AAO)/Title IX Coordinator shall assess all reports and complaints to ensure that they are addressed under the appropriate policy and complaint procedure.
Discrimination/Harassment Complaint Procedure Definitions
"Discrimination or harassment": Discrimination or harassment on the basis of an individual's membership in a protected category, which, for students, includes race, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, ancestry, national origin, or disability.
"Discrimination": Treating individuals differently, or interfering with or preventing them from enjoying the advantages or privileges afforded to others because of their membership in a protected category.
"Harassment": Oral, written, graphic, electronic, or physical conduct relating to an individual's actual or perceived membership in a protected category that is sufficiently severe, pervasive, or persistent so as to interfere with or limit that individual's ability to participate in the Cape Elizabeth School Department's programs or activities by creating a hostile, intimidating, or offensive environment.
"Sexual harassment": Under Maine law, this means unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature in the following situations:
Submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term or condition of a student's educational benefits;
Submission to or rejection of such conduct by a student is used as the basis for decisions on educational benefits; or
Such conduct has the purpose and effect of substantially interfering with a student's academic performance or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive environment.
"Sexual orientation": Under Maine law, this means a person's "actual or perceived heterosexuality, bisexuality, homosexuality, or gender identity or expression."
"Gender identity": Under Maine law, this means "the gender-related identity, appearance, mannerisms, or other gender-related characteristics of an individual, regardless of the individual's assigned sex at birth."
"Complaint" is defined as an allegation that a student has been discriminated against or harassed on the basis of race, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, ancestry, national origin, or disability (and not otherwise addressed in the Title IX regulations and Section 3 of ACAA-R).
Complaints of bullying not involving the protected categories or definitions described above may be addressed under Board Policy JICK – Bullying and Cyberbullying of Students.
Title IX Sexual Harassment Complaint Procedure Definitions
"Sexual Harassment": Under the federal Title IX regulations, sexual harassment includes the following conduct on the basis of sex which takes place within the context of the Cape Elizabeth School Department's education programs and activities:
"Quid pro quo" sexual harassment by a school employee: Conditioning a school aid, benefit, or service (such as a better grade or a college recommendation) on an individual's participation in unwelcome sexual conduct;
"Hostile environment" sexual harassment: Unwelcome conduct based on sex that a reasonable person would determine is so severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive that it effectively denies an individual's equal access to the Cape Elizabeth School Department's education programs and activities; or
Sexual assault, dating violence, domestic violence, and stalking as these terms are defined in federal laws.
"Report": Under the Title IX regulations, any individual may make a report of sexual harassment involving a student, whether the individual is the alleged victim or not. School employees are required to report possible incidents of sexual harassment involving a student. A report must be made to the AAO/Title IX Coordinator. A report triggers certain actions by the AAO/Title IX Coordinator for the alleged victim of sexual harassment, but an investigation is not conducted unless a "Formal Complaint" is filed.
"Formal Complaint": Under the Title IX regulations, the alleged victim of sexual harassment can file a written complaint that triggers the complaint procedure in Section 3 of ACAA-R. Only a student and/or their parent/ legal guardian (and in certain circumstances, the AAO/Title IX Coordinator) may file a formal complaint.
"Student": For the purposes of this procedure, a student is an individual who is enrolled or participating in the Cape Elizabeth School Department's education programs and activities, or is attempting to enroll or participate.
This procedure should be used for any complaint of unlawful harassment or discrimination complaint based on a protected category that does not involve Title IX sexual harassment (which is addressed in Section 3).
School employees are required to promptly make a report to the AAO/Title IX Coordinator if they have reason to believe that a student has been discriminated against or harassed.
Students (and others) who believe that they, or another student, has been harassed or discriminated against should report their concern promptly to the AAO/Title IX Coordinator.
The individual making the report must provide basic information in writing concerning the allegation of harassment or discrimination (i.e., date, time, location, individual(s) who allegedly engaged in harassment or discrimination, description of allegation) to the AAO/Title IX Coordinator.
If an individual is unsure as to whether unlawful discrimination or harassment has occurred, or who need assistance in preparing a written complaint, they are encouraged to discuss the matter with the AAO/Title IX Coordinator.
Individuals will not be retaliated against for reporting suspected discrimination or harassment, or for participating in an investigation. Retaliation is illegal under federal and state nondiscrimination laws, and any retaliation will result in disciplinary action, up to and including discharge for employees, and expulsion for students.
Individuals are encouraged to utilize the Cape Elizabeth School Department's complaint procedure. However, individuals are hereby notified that they also have the right to report incidents of discrimination or harassment to the Maine Human Rights Commission, 51 State House Station, Augusta, Maine 04333 (telephone: 207-624-6290) and/or to the federal Office for Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Education, 5 Post Office Square, 8th Floor, Boston, MA 02109-3921 (telephone:617-289-0111).
Complaint Handling and Investigation
The AAO/Title IX Coordinator will promptly inform the Superintendent and the person who is the subject of the complaint (respondent) that a complaint has been received.
The AAO/Title IX Coordinator may pursue an informal resolution of the complaint with the agreement of the parties involved. Any party to the complaint may decide to end the informal resolution process and pursue the formal process at any point. Any informal resolution is subject to the approval of the parties and the Superintendent, who shall consider whether the resolution is in the best interest of the Cape Elizabeth School Department and the parties in light of the particular circumstances and applicable policies and laws.
The AAO/Title IX Coordinator may implement supportive measures to a student to reduce the risk of further discrimination or harassment to a student while an investigation is pending. Examples of supportive measures include, but are not limited to, ordering no contact between the individuals involved or changing classes.
The complaint will be investigated by a trained internal or external individual designated by the Superintendent and the AAO/Title IX Coordinator. Any complaint about an employee who holds a supervisory position shall be investigated by a person who is not subject to that supervisor's authority. Any complaint about the Superintendent should be submitted to the Chair of the Board, who should consult with legal counsel concerning the handling and investigation of the complaint.
The investigator shall consult with the AAO/Title IX Coordinator as agreed during the investigation process.
The respondent will be provided with an opportunity to be heard as part of the investigation. The complainant shall not be required to attend meetings with the respondent, but may choose to do so as part of an informal resolution process.
The complainant and the respondent may suggest witnesses to be interviewed and/or submit materials they believe are relevant to the complaint.
If the complaint is against an employee of the Cape Elizabeth School Department, any rights conferred under an applicable collective bargaining agreement shall be applied.
Privacy rights of all parties to the complaint shall be maintained in accordance with applicable state and federal laws.
The investigation shall be completed within 40 calendar days of receiving the complaint, if practicable. Reasonable extensions of time for good reason shall be allowed.
The investigator shall provide a written report and findings to the AAO/Title IX Coordinator.
Findings and Subsequent Actions
The AAO/Title IX Coordinator shall consult with the Superintendent concerning the investigation and findings.
If there is a finding that discrimination or harassment occurred, the AAO/Title IX Coordinator, in consultation with the Superintendent shall:
Determine what remedial action, if any, is required to end the discrimination or harassment, remedy its effect, and prevent recurrence; and
Determine what disciplinary action should be taken against the individual(s) who engaged in discrimination or harassment, if any.
Inform the complainant and the respondent in writing of the results of the investigation and its resolution (in accordance with applicable state and federal privacy laws).
After the conclusion of the investigation, the complainant or respondent may seek an appeal of the findings solely on the basis of either: (a) prejudicial procedural error; or (b) the discovery of previously unavailable relevant evidence that could significantly impact the outcome.
Appeals must be submitted in writing to the Superintendent within five calendar days after receiving notice of the resolution.
Upon receipt of a valid appeal, the Superintendent shall provide notice to the other party, along with an opportunity to provide a written statement within five calendar days.
The Superintendent shall review the available documentation and may conduct further investigation if deemed appropriate.
The Superintendent's decision on the appeal shall be provided to the parties within ten calendar days, if practicable. The Superintendent's decision shall be final.
The AAO/Title IX Coordinator shall keep a written record of the complaint process.
This section should be used only for complaints of Title IX sexual harassment as defined in Section 1.B.1.
How to Make A Report
School employees who have reason to believe that a student has been subjected to sexual harassment are required to promptly make a report to the AAO/Title IX Coordinator.
Students, parents/legal guardians or other individuals who believe a student has been sexually harassed are encouraged to make a report to the AAO/Title IX Coordinator.
If the individual making the report is the alleged victim, or if the alleged victim is identified by the individual making the report, the AAO/Title IX Coordinator will meet with the alleged victim to discuss supportive measures that may be appropriate in the particular circumstances and explain the process for filing a formal complaint.
Supportive measures are individualized measures designed to ensure the student can continue to access educational programs and activities (e.g., requiring no contact between individuals or changing classes).
Supportive measures may be continued even if the alleged victim chooses not to file a formal complaint, if appropriate under the particular circumstances.
The Cape Elizabeth School Department cannot provide an informal resolution process for resolving a report unless a formal complaint is filed.
Individuals will not be retaliated against for reporting sexual harassment or for participating in an investigation. Retaliation is illegal under federal and state nondiscrimination laws, and any retaliation will result in disciplinary actions, up to and including discharge for employees, or expulsion for students.
Any student (or their parent/legal guardian) who believes they have been the victim of sexual harassment is encouraged to utilize the Cape Elizabeth School Department's complaint procedure. However, students (and their parents/legal guardians) are hereby notified that they also have the right to report sexual harassment to the Maine Human Rights Commission, 51 State House Station, Augusta, Maine 04333 (telephone: 207-624-6290) and/or to the federal Office for Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Education, 5 Post Office Square, 8th Floor, Boston, MA 02109-3921 (telephone: 617-289-0111).
The Superintendent shall be informed of all reports and formal complaints of sexual harassment.
How to Make A Formal Complaint
An alleged student victim and/or their parent/legal guardian may file a formal written complaint requesting investigation of alleged Title IX sexual harassment. The written complaint must include basic information concerning the allegation of sexual harassment (i.e., date, time, location, individual(s) who allegedly engaged in sexual harassment, description of allegation).
Students who need assistance in preparing a formal written complaint are encouraged to consult with the AAO/Title IX Coordinator.
In certain circumstances, the AAO/Title IX Coordinator may file a formal complaint even when the alleged victim chooses not to. Examples include if the respondent (person alleged to have engaged in sexual harassment) has been found responsible for previous sexual harassment or there is a safety threat within the Cape Elizabeth School Department. In such cases, the alleged victim is not a party to the case, but will receive notices as required by the Title IX regulations at specific points in the complaint process.
In accordance with the Title IX regulations, the AAO/Title IX Coordinator must dismiss a formal complaint under this Title IX procedure if: a) the conduct alleged in the formal complaint does not constitute sexual harassment under the Title IX regulations and this policy; or b) if the conduct alleged did not occur within the scope of the Cape Elizabeth School Department's education programs and activities; or c) did not occur in the United States.
In accordance with the Title IX regulations, the AAO/Title IX Coordinator may dismiss a formal complaint under this Title IX procedure if: a) a complainant withdraws the formal complaint or withdraws particular allegations within the complaint; b) the respondent is no longer employed by or enrolled in the Cape Elizabeth School Department; or c) there are specific circumstances that prevent the Cape Elizabeth School Department from gathering evidence sufficient to reach a determination regarding the formal complaint. However, if the conduct potentially violates other policies or laws, it may be addressed through the applicable Board policy/procedure.
If a formal complaint is dismissed under this Title IX procedure, the AAO/Title IX Coordinator will promptly and simultaneously send written notices to the parties explaining the reasons. Parties have the opportunity to appeal dismissals in accordance with subsection I below.
If the conduct alleged in a formal complaint potentially violates other laws, Board policies, and/or professional expectations, the Cape Elizabeth School Department may address the conduct under Section 2 or another applicable Board policy/procedure.
Emergency Removal or Administrative Leave
The Superintendent may remove a student respondent from education programs and activities on an emergency basis during the complaint procedure:
If there is a determination (following an individualized safety and risk analysis) that there is an immediate threat to the physical health or safety of an individual arising from the allegations of sexual harassment. Examples of such circumstances might include, but are not limited to, a continued threat of violence against a complainant by a respondent, or a respondent's threat of self-harm due to the allegations.
The respondent (and their parent/legal guardian) will be provided notice of the emergency removal, and will be provided an opportunity to challenge the decision following the removal (this is an opportunity to be heard, not a hearing). The respondent has the burden to demonstrate why the emergency removal was unreasonable.
The Superintendent may place an employee respondent on administrative leave during the complaint procedure in accordance with any applicable State laws, school policies, and collective bargaining agreement provisions.
Any decision to remove a student respondent from education programs and activities on an emergency basis or place an employee on administrative leave shall be made in compliance with any applicable disability laws, including the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, and the Americans with Disabilities Act.
Notice to Parties of Formal Complaint
The Title IX Coordinator will provide to the parties written notice of the formal complaint and allegations of sexual harassment potentially constituting prohibited conduct under the Title IX regulations and this procedure. The notice shall include:
Notice regarding the complaint procedure and the availability of an informal resolution process;
Sufficient details known at the time (including identities of parties, if known; the conduct alleged; and the date and location of the alleged incident, if known), with sufficient time to prepare before any initial interview (not less than five calendar days);
As required by the Title IX regulations, a statement that the respondent is presumed not responsible for the alleged conduct and that a determination of responsibility will be made at the conclusion of the complaint;
Notice that the parties may each have an advisor of their choice (who may be an attorney), and that the parties may inspect and review evidence;
Notice that knowingly making false statements or submitting false information during the complaint process is prohibited and may result in disciplinary action;
Notice of the name of the investigator, with sufficient time (no less than three calendar days to raise concerns of conflict of interest or bias).
If additional allegations become known at a later time, notice of the additional allegations will be provided to the parties.
The AAO/Title IX Coordinator will discuss supportive measures with each party and implement such measures as appropriate.
Informal Resolution Process
After a formal complaint has been filed, and if the AAO/Title IX Coordinator believes the circumstances are appropriate, the AAO/Title IX Coordinator may offer the parties the opportunity to participate in an informal resolution process to resolve the complaint without completing the investigation and determination process. Informal resolutions cannot be used to resolve a formal complaint where a student is the complainant and the respondent is an employee.
Informal resolutions can take many forms, depending on the particular case. Examples include, but are not limited to, facilitated discussions between the parties; restorative justice; acknowledgment of responsibility by a respondent; apologies; disciplinary actions against a respondent or a requirement to engage in specific services; or supportive measures. Both parties must voluntarily agree in writing to participate in an informal resolution process, and either party can withdraw from the process at any time. The Superintendent must agree to the terms of any informal resolution reached between the parties. If an informal resolution agreement is reached, it must be signed by both parties and the Cape Elizabeth School Department. Any such signed agreement is final and binding according to its terms.
If an informal resolution process does not resolve the formal complaint, nothing from the informal resolution process may be considered as evidence in the subsequent investigation or determination.
The complaint will be investigated by a trained internal or external individual designated by the Superintendent and AAO/Title IX Coordinator. Any complaint about an employee who holds a supervisory position shall be investigated by a person who is not subject to that supervisor's authority. Any complaint about the Superintendent should be submitted to the Chair of the Board, who should consult with legal counsel concerning the handling and investigation of the complaint.
If the complaint is against an employee of the Cape Elizabeth School Department, rights conferred under an applicable collective bargaining agreement shall be applied, to the extent they do not conflict with the Title IX regulatory requirements.
The investigator will:
Meet with each party after they have received appropriate notice of any meeting and its purpose, with sufficient time to prepare.
Allow parties to have their advisor at all meetings related to the complaint, although advisors may not speak on behalf of a party or interfere with the process.
Allow parties a reasonable opportunity to identify witnesses and submit favorable and unfavorable evidence.
Interview witnesses and conduct such other activities that will assist in ascertaining facts (e.g., site visits, review of documents).
Consider evidence that is relevant and directly related to the allegations in the formal complaint.
During the course of the investigation, provide both parties with an equal opportunity to inspect and review any evidence that is obtained in the investigation that is directly related to the allegations in the formal complaint (including evidence that the Cape Elizabeth School Department does not intend to rely upon in reaching a determination of responsibility), and favorable and unfavorable evidence.
Prior to completion of the investigation report, provide each party and advisor (if any) the evidence subject to inspection and review, and provide the parties with ten calendar days to submit a written response.
Consider the parties' written responses to the evidence prior to completing the investigation report.
Create an investigative report that fairly summarizes relevant evidence and send the report to the parties and advisors (if any), for their review and written responses within ten calendar days of receipt.
After receipt of the parties' written responses (if any), forward the investigation report and party responses to the assigned decision maker.
The investigation shall be concluded within 40 calendar days, if practicable. Reasonable extension of time for good reason shall be allowed.
Determination of Responsibility
The decision maker shall provide the parties with the opportunity to submit written, relevant questions that the party wants asked of another party or witness within five calendar days of when the decision maker received the investigation report and party responses.
The decision maker shall explain to a party proposing questions if the decision maker excludes a question as not relevant.
Each party shall be provided the opportunity to review the responses of another party and/or witness, and to ask limited written follow-up questions within five calendar days of receiving the answers.
Each party will receive a copy of the responses to any follow-up questions.
The decision maker shall review the investigation report, the parties' responses and other relevant materials, applying the preponderance of the evidence standard ("more likely than not").
The decision maker shall issue a written determination, which shall include the following:
Identification of all the allegations potentially constituting sexual harassment as defined in the Title IX regulations and this policy;
A description of the procedural steps taken from receipt of the formal complaint through the determination, including notifications to the parties, interviews with parties and witnesses, site visits, methods used to gather other evidence, and meetings held;
A determination regarding responsibility as to each allegation and findings of fact supporting the determinations;
A statement of, and rationale for, the result as to each allegation, including a determination regarding responsibility, any disciplinary sanctions the Cape Elizabeth School Department imposes on the respondent, and whether remedies designed to restore or preserve equal access to the Cape Elizabeth School Department's programs and activities will be provided to the complainant;
The Cape Elizabeth School Department's appeal procedure and permissible bases for the parties to appeal the determination.
The written determination shall be provided to the parties simultaneously. The determination concerning responsibility becomes final either on the date that the Cape Elizabeth School Department provides the parties with the written determination of the results of the appeal, if an appeal is filed, or, if an appeal is not filed, the date on which the appeal would no longer be considered timely.
Remedies, Discipline, and Other Actions
Remedies are measures used to ensure that the complainant has equal access to the Cape Elizabeth School Department's education programs and activities following the decision maker's determination. Such remedies may include supportive measures, and may include other appropriate measures, depending upon the determination and the needs of the complainant. The Title IX Coordinator is responsible for implementing remedies and providing any needed assistance to the complainant.
Discipline and Other Actions – Students
The following are examples of the types of discipline and other actions that may be imposed on a student when there is a determination that they are responsible for one or more violations involving sexual harassment:
In or out of school suspension;
Expulsion;
Restorative justice;
Requirement to engage in education or counseling programs.
Discipline and Other Actions – Employees
The following are examples of the types of discipline and other actions that may be imposed on an employee when there is a determination that they are responsible for one or more violations involving sexual harassment:
Written warning;
Probation;
Demotion;
Suspension without pay;
Discharge;
Performance improvement plan;
Counseling;
Training;
Loss of leadership/stipend position.
The parties have the opportunity to appeal a determination regarding responsibility or dismissals of formal complaints. Under the Title IX regulations, appeals are allowed on the following grounds:
A procedural irregularity that affected the outcome of the matter;
New evidence that was not reasonably available at the time the determination regarding responsibility or dismissal of the formal complaint was made that could affect the outcome of the matter; or
Appeals must be filed with the Superintendent, who will consider the appeal.
The Superintendent shall notify the other party in writing of the appeal and will allow both parties to submit a written statement in support of, or challenging, the determination of the decision maker.
The Superintendent shall conduct an impartial review of the appeal, including consideration of the written record of the matter, and may consult with legal counsel or other Cape Elizabeth School Department officials in making their decision.
The Superintendent shall issue a written decision describing the result of the appeal and rationale for the result, and provide the written decision simultaneously to the parties. The decision will either deny the appeal; grant the appeal and remand to the decision maker for further consideration; or grant the appeal by revising the disciplinary or other action(s).
Records in connection with sexual harassment reports and the complaint process shall be maintained for a minimum of seven years.
Americans with Disabilities Act (42 U.S.C. §12101 et seq., as amended; 28 C.F.R. § 35.107)
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504) (29 U.S.C. § 794 et seq., as amended; 34 C.F.R. § 104.7)
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (20 USC § 1681, et seq.); 34 C.F.R. Part 106
Clery Act (20 U.S.C. §1092(f)(6)(A)(v) - definition of sexual assault)
Violence Against Women Act (34 U.S.C. § 1092(f)(6)(A)(v) – definition of sexual assault; 34 U.S.C. § 12291(a)(10) – dating violence; 34 U.S.C. §12291(a)(3) – definition of stalking; 34 U.S.C. §12291(a)(8) – definition of domestic violence)
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 USC § 2000d)
Maine Human Rights Act, 5 MRSA § 4551 et seq. 20-A MRSA § 6553
MHRC/MDOE Joint Rule Chapter 94-348 and 05-071, ch. 4
AC – Nondiscrimination/Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action ACAA – Harassment and Sexual Harassment of Students
ACAD – Hazing
GBEB – Staff Conduct with Students
JICJ – Student Use of Cellular Telephones and Other Electronic Devices
JICIA –Weapons, Violence, and School Safety
ACAA - Harassment and Sexual Harassment of St...
ACAB - Harassment and Sexual Harassment of Sc...


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Claire du Trevou and Dolly Mdzanga, two of PEP's staff, attended the conference, and both presented pieces of PEP's work. This blog post is a short synopsis of some of the presentations and lessons gained from the conference.
Through Local Eyeswas a three day long international conference held in Addis Ababa in late October of 2018. The conference was a joint initiative by research groups working in the Université libre de Bruxelles, the University of Addis Ababa and the Université de Liège. The conference was conceived as a platform for researchers, PhD students, academics, decisions makers and practitioners whose work engages local approaches to the built environment at different scales in the Global South and in particular in Africa.
"The fast paced urbanisation and mushrooming of metropolitan areas in Africa and the Global South especially in connection with rights and access to basic services, have attracted much attention in the last decades from the public, local experts, decision-makers and international stakeholders. In parallel, other built environments such as emerging small towns, shrinking cities and rural areas are now experiencing important pressures and changes, and are increasingly coming under the spotlight.
In response the above call for papers, academics presented papers comprised of research findings and case studies, which investigated various architectural solutions or spatial histories; urban designs or visions; comprehensive planning experiments; and governance structures or policy-making activities related with emerging challenges into built environments in Africa or the Global South. The conference was a rich well of knowledge, and all of the presentations were fascinating in some way.
"It would be arrogant of today's architects to dismiss the architecture of the past. Cities should be living cities, some time the older areas is where the urban fabric is the most liveliest… My work is about find a balance between the old and the new. Development and heritage protection can go hand in hand. What is the purpose of the city? To ensure that every one in the city lives a vibrant life." – Opening comments by conference organiser.
The 3 days of the conference saw a variety of projects being presented. One of the attractive points of the call for papers, was the conference's call for presentations by both academics and practitioners. It was thus a little disappointing that the representatives from People's Environmental Planning were some of only practitioners at the conference.
Never the less, the work presented by various academics was exceptionally interesting and insightful. The research ranged from planners investigating post-colonial futures for rural communities, to climate change mitigation strategies through innovative design and landscaping.
As South African's working in a very specific context, one can get caught up in the micro-level detail of ones own work. And so it is always refreshing to attend international conferences, to be exposed to different projects, places, to challenge one's own ideas, and within that to connect with like-minded people. The 'Through Local Eyes' conference certainly allowed for that.
Dolly did a short poster presentation in which she presented the upgrading work done by residents of Vukuzenzele. In the short 10 minute presentation she shared her experiences of working with the residents towards achieving title deeds, and examples of how the residents have upgraded their homes without the direct involvement of architects or planners. Her presentation demonstrated how the original 'imported' housing solution – the original houses go Vuku were designed by a Swedish architect – had now, slowly, incrementally been adapted and upgraded for the residents.
Claire's marginally longer presentation (a petcha kucha- style presentation) focussed on the local phenomenon of backyard rentals and micro-developers in South African city peripheries. The presentation shared how typically single story, low density neighbourhoods developed through state housing subsidies post 1994, are being slowly transformed through the addition of rental units that are being made in backyards. The rental market demand is growing at such a rate that homeowners reported that as soon as building supplies arrive at their home, they have people coming to ask if they are able to rent out spaces.
The presentation illustrated a few of the case study houses that had been investigated, sharing how homeowners funded their additions, as well as how much income they made from the rental units. Finally the presentation share the potential that such a model has to transform the housing landscape of the post-apartheid city.Both presentations were well received by the audience with critical and insightful questions being asked, giving both Claire and Dolly lots to think about.
All in all, the conference as well as the trip, was an incredible and educating experience.
Thanks to PEP for the opportunity to travel somewhere new, present our work, and connect with new peers in the development field.
THE VALUE OF LIFE SIZE HOUSE MODELS – Reflections on a forgotten practice !


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Tiếng Việt: Mi cửa nhà dài của người Ê Đê.
English: A girder in a long house of E De people in Vietnam.
This work has been released into the public domain by its author, Binh Giang. This applies worldwide.
Binh Giang grants anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law.


text:
Q: Why does Docker use the same user and cgroup namespaces by default, when starting a new container?
Why does Docker use the same user and cgroup namespaces by default, when starting a new container?

I don't understand why Docker doesn't set up a new user namespace, so that root in the container isn't the same as root on the host.
In particular, since everything else is namespaced (besides cgroup), it really makes no sense not to completely isolate the container by default.
Can someone clarify why user namespaces are not enabled by Docker by default?
Host namespaces:
parallels@debian-gnu-linux-vm:~$ ls -la /proc/self/ns
total 0
dr-x--x--x 2 parallels parallels 0 Jan 30 17:29 .
dr-xr-xr-x 9 parallels parallels 0 Jan 30 17:29 ..
lrwxrwxrwx 1 parallels parallels 0 Jan 30 17:29 cgroup -> cgroup:[4026531835]
lrwxrwxrwx 1 parallels parallels 0 Jan 30 17:29 ipc -> ipc:[4026531839]
lrwxrwxrwx 1 parallels parallels 0 Jan 30 17:29 mnt -> mnt:[4026531840]
lrwxrwxrwx 1 parallels parallels 0 Jan 30 17:29 net -> net:[4026531957]
lrwxrwxrwx 1 parallels parallels 0 Jan 30 17:29 pid -> pid:[4026531836]
lrwxrwxrwx 1 parallels parallels 0 Jan 30 17:29 user -> user:[4026531837]
lrwxrwxrwx 1 parallels parallels 0 Jan 30 17:29 uts -> uts:[4026531838]

Container namespaces:
docker run -ti --rm debian:latest
root@210189a7a164:/# ls -la /proc/self/ns
total 0
dr-x--x--x 2 root root 0 Jan 30 16:30 .
dr-xr-xr-x 9 root root 0 Jan 30 16:30 ..
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jan 30 16:30 cgroup -> 'cgroup:[4026531835]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jan 30 16:30 ipc -> 'ipc:[4026532287]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jan 30 16:30 mnt -> 'mnt:[4026532285]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jan 30 16:30 net -> 'net:[4026532290]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jan 30 16:30 pid -> 'pid:[4026532288]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jan 30 16:30 user -> 'user:[4026531837]'
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jan 30 16:30 uts -> 'uts:[4026532286]'

The user and cgroup namespaces are the same for the host and container.

A: As to the specifics of Docker's decision not to enable userns by default, you'd probably need to ask Docker, but I can offer a possible rational.
Docker's general design philosophy appears to have been to enable the use of containers while minimizing disruptions and complications to the development workflow.
Enabling user namespaces can cause issues with file/directory permissions when mounting volumes from the underlying host, as the uid/gid in use in the container may not have rights to mounted directories.
This can be addressed of course by careful management of those permissions, but it is a disruption.
User namespacing is available as an option, so it is still possible for individual organizations and users to enable it, it just needs to be setup.
It's worth noting that Docker are also working to enable "rootless" Docker support and this is available as an experimental option now (more details here ) and this would address the overall issue, by ensuring that no container (or the daemon itself) runs as root.

A: It's basically the classic trade off between usability and security. I configured it for my developer desktop after CVE-2019-5736 was reported to be mitigated by user namespaces, and turned it off a few months later. It makes it very difficult to work with host volumes. That's not a big deal for a deployed cloud native application, but is huge if you use docker for devops purposes like CI builds or sysadmin tooling, or for legacy apps that depend on a lot of host files.
Compounding the problem was the fact that I was the only one having the problem, which of course wouldn't be the case if user namespaces were the default as you suggest, but the feature wasn't available until docker 1.10 and by then changing the default would have been too disruptive to existing users.

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text:
Lahore-based healthcare start-up raises $1.1m from Glowfish Capital
Founder of MyDoctor.pk says investment will help expansion
PHOTO: FILE
KARACHI: Lahore-based online healthcare company MyDoctor.pk has announced that it has raised $1.1million in funding from an international venture capital firm. The online platform has also officially changed its name to oladoc.com.
MyDoctor.pk was founded in 2016 to make it easy for users to find doctors and specialists near them. Moreover, it allows users to book confirmed appointments with doctors and specialists instantly as a free service.
Its database features over 14,000 Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC)-verified doctors and online medicine and lab test services.
MyDoctor Co-Founder and CEO Abid Zuberi said that the brand name 'MyDoctor.pk' helped them connect with Pakistani users but the need to expand internationally meant they had to change the name.
In 2017, MyDoctor.pk helped over 1 million Pakistanis find doctors and specialists for their medical needs. This traction allowed the company to secure a $1.1 million investment from Glowfish Capital, a UAE-based venture capital firm with investors from Europe, Middle-East and Asia.
Explaining how this planned investment will impact oladoc.com, Zuberi said an international expansion and diversification of services is on the cards.
"We will introduce new services such as online consultations with doctors and enhance their electronic medical record-keeping functionality.
"Later in 2018, we will also enter new markets overseas," he added.
Read more: Latest , MyDoctor , Online healthcare
Creativity, innovation vital for progress, says Ahsan Iqbal
Says Pakistan has huge potential to rank among top 10 world economies
Punjab launches Innovation Hub for youth employment
The project will consolidate implementation of Punjab Youth Policy
Regulatory hurdles: The story of a start-up and a regulator
Mismanagement of country's IT sector is creating obstacles in the way of innovative start-ups
Sweden-based fund working on Pakistan's image problem

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Coast to Coast Walk - 14 Days & 13 Nights
14 Days & 13 Nights 4.7 Read 235 reviews
Start / Finish St Bees / Robin Hood's Bay
Activity Inn to Inn Walking
Tour Style Self Guided
Book Now Inquire Tour Brochure
Walking Alfred Wainwright's famous Coast to Coast
3 National Parks - Lake District, Yorkshire Dales and North York Moors
Passing through some of England's finest villages
Wonderful camaraderie between fellow "coast to coasters"
Finish in Robin Hood's Bay feeling exhilarated and rewarded
The Coast to Coast is one of the world's great walks. Alfred Wainwright, famous for his pictorial guides to The Lakeland Fells, stitched two coasts, three national parks and 191 miles of footpath together to create the ultimate long distance walk in England. It may not be the longest or toughest walk but it more than makes up for it in quality. The Coast to Coast gives the perfect snapshot of England and some of her most picturesque villages, lakes, mountains and moors. Starting on the Irish Sea Coast under the cliffs of St Bees the Coast to Coast soon enters the picture perfect landscape of the English Lake District, which Alfred Wainwright described as "paradise on earth", and when it comes to walking we certainly can't argue. Rolling hills and immaculate farmland soon bring you to the Pennines and the outstanding scenery and rich heritage of the Yorkshire Dales National Park. A welcome flat section hurries you into the North York Moors, a special place encompassing a huge variety of landscapes. All too quickly you will find yourself walking along the cliffs above the North Sea and down into the fishing village of Robin Hood's Bay.
If you are looking for a world class walk that doesn't pull any punches and will continue to delight and inspire you throughout, then the Coast to Coast is for you. This is a challenging itinerary more suited to experienced walkers. .
Tour Style:
Self Guided | Go at your own pace on an independent active trip.
Inn to Inn Walking | A classic point to point walking trip, staying in a different location each night
National Parks & Trails
Activity Level & Terrain
This holiday is graded anywhere between moderate to strenuous depending on which itinerary you choose. It is most suitable for those walkers with previous long distance experience. The route is a mixture of paths, tracks and minor roads. Some of the paths can become very muddy and boggy where progress can often be slow.
The route is waymarked sporadically so at least one of your party needs to be able to navigate using a map and compass. We will provide you with a Coast to Coast Guidebook and a Harvey map to assist you. You will also have access to our Macs Adventure App, allowing you to follow the route on richly detailed mapping on your smartphone.
We specifically choose the hotels, inns, guesthouses and B&B's to ensure that you enjoy every minute of your stay. They all offer a warm welcome to walkers, traditional hospitality and delicious local food. We always try and book your accommodation as close as possible to the trail.
We will always try and accommodate you at the locations detailed in the tour itinerary. Occasionally, because of limited availability we may have to accommodate you in alternative accommodations which are not listed in the description. If those listed are unavailable the alternative accommodation will be of the same or better standard than those described.
Single Rooms & Solo Walkers
If you require single rooms we would be happy to accommodate you although there is a single room supplement payable. We welcome solo walkers on the Coast to Coast, although you should of course take extra care in the outdoors when walking solo.
Hand picked B&B's, guesthouses and small hotel accommodation.
Door to door baggage transfer.
A detailed information pack, guidebook and map.
Emergency telephone support from our office in the event of a problem.
Travel to St Bees
Travel from Robin Hood's Bay
Lunches, dinners, snacks and drinks
Taxi transfers or public transport should you wish to skip a stage
The Coast to Coast Walk is available from April to October.
The closest airports to the start of the walk are Manchester and Newcastle. From both airports, the travel time by train is approximately 4 hours. You can also fly into any of the London Airports and take a train north from London Euston to St Bees (via Carlisle). There are also alternative trains going via Preston and Barrow-in-Furness.
If you are thinking of driving please be aware that there are very limited parking facilities. The only free public parking is available at the railway station (only 18 spaces available) but is not intended for C2C walkers. Many B&B's have parking available at a small fee per night.
The closest airports to Robin Hood's Bay are either Newcastle or Manchester, both of which are just over 4 hours from Robin Hood's Bay bus and train. Please check the Traveline website for timetables. You can catch a bus to Scarborough and from here a train to Newcastle, Manchester or London in order to make your onward journeys
If you left your car in St Bees you would need to take a bus from Robin Hood's Bay to Scarborough and from here take a train via Manchester and Carlisle to St Bees (approx. 6 hrs). Again, please check the Traveline website for schedules.
Luggage Transfer
Your bags will be transferred from your accommodation as per your itinerary and moved onto your next overnight accommodation. We ask you to limit your luggage to one bag of up to 20kg per person. Please ensure that you do not bring more than one bag of 20kg as if this occurs, the luggage transfer company will ask you to pay an additional fee (approx. £8.00 per day, per bag). This additional payment, should it be necessary, needs to be made locally to the driver and in cash. All bags need to be labelled, as do any additional bags, as if they are not labelled we cannot guarantee that they will reach you at the next accommodation.
If you are travelling from far afield and do have more than one bag it is possible to arrange for the extra luggage to be stored whilst you are on the tour for a fee of £25 per bag. These additional bags would be picked up from your accommodation at the start point (St Bees or Kirkby Stephen) and dropped off wherever you finish depending on the itinerary you choose to do. Please contact us if you are interested in this option.
Your information pack has a detailed equipment list which includes standard walking gear such as good walking boots or shoes, warm and waterproof clothes and a day pack.
Please be prepared by packing all necessary items, for example, proper rain gear (jacket and pants), sun hat, sunscreen. Your information pack has a detailed equipment list which includes standard walking gear such as good walking boots or shoes, warm and waterproof clothes for the cooler months and lightweight clothing for summer, and a daypack.
We offer a range of itineraries so you can choose your preferred daily distance so hopefully you will find an itinerary that suits your preferred level of activity. If you currently don't enjoy an active lifestyle we suggest regular walking in hilly terrain supplemented by cardio vascular exercise for at least 6 months prior to your walk. A good gym or personal trainer will be able to draw up a personalised training programme.
What is the best way to get to the Coast to Coast start/finish?
The best way to travel to the start and finish of the Coast to Coast is by train. Our travel information page has further details on getting to and from the start/end of your walk.
We suggest you book as soon as your plans are finalised as Wainwrights Coast to Coast is extremely popular especially over April/May and September. You will find up to date availability on our website and we will always try and accommodate your plans.
You will need good walking shoes/boots (ideally waterproof), comfortable walking clothes, waterproof jacket and trousers, a daypack and hats/gloves etc.
Traditionally April/May has always been the most popular time of year because the theory goes that the weather is better. Although I believe any time between late March and October offers a wonderful experience.
Which direction should I walk?
We recommend you walk from West to East as all the guidebooks are written in this direction and this is also our personal preference.
Am I able to take my dog?
Unfortunately we are unable to accommodate walkers with dogs as many of the accommodation providers we use do not accept pets.
What happens if I can't walk a stage?
You can use public transport, bus or local taxis to continue to your next overnight stop.
Day 1 Arrive St Bees
The attractive village of St Bees is served by regular trains to Carlisle and Barrow-in-Furness, from where you can connect to all UK destinations. Journey time from London is between 4h30 and 5h30.
Overnight St Bees
Stonehouse Farm
Stonehouse Farm is a friendly family run Georgian farmhouse in the centre of St Bees. It is only a 10-minute walk to the start of the Coast to Coast walk. The rooms are mostly en-suite, have tea & coffee making facilities and TVs.
This guest house offers a warm welcome and comfortable rooms all with a railway theme. They have three bedrooms available to let, which are Orient Express, Northern Bell & Flying Scotsman. There is a lounge and private dining room which is shared by the three rooms. In the morning, you can enjoy a lovely continental breakfast before setting off on your days walk.
The Manor is situated in the heart of the seaside village of St Bees. The location is ideal for walking the start of the Coast to Coast which leaves from the beach. Rooms have all the amenities you require along with flat-screen TV and tea and coffee making facilities and a private bathroom with either a bath or a shower and a selection of toiletries.
Day 2 St Bees to Ennerdale Bridge 15 miles / 24 km
Kickstart your Coast to Coast adventure by leaving the shores of the Irish Sea behind, but not before a dramatic section along the cliffs of the St Bees Headland. The rest of the walk heads east towards the imposing peaks of the Western Lake District. There is a sharp ascent up Dent Hill, rewarded with great views, a taster of things to come!
Overnight Ennerdale Bridge
Thorntrees
Based in the picturesque village of Ennerdale, Thorntrees is a family-run B&B managed by Rosaleen and her husband Billy. They promise a warm welcome on arrival, and provide guests with their own living room, dining room, and comfortable en-suite bedrooms. They have a good drying room for wet walkers so everything will be dry by next morning.
The Fox & Hounds
The Fox and Hounds in Ennerdale Bridge offers three spacious en-suite rooms with all the amenities you require. All their food is homemade and cooked to order, they have a choice of 5 locally brewed ales and a selection of wines and spirits are available to compliment your meal.
The Shepherds Arms
The Shepherds Arms Hotel is a comfortable and friendly inn in Ennerdale Bridge. They have 8 bedrooms which are all en-suite or with private bathrooms (bathrobes provided). All are equipped with TV, hot drinks, toiletries and hairdryer. There is free Wi-Fi throughout the hotel and they offer good food & ales in the company of locals in their restaurant.
Day 3 Ennerdale Bridge to Rosthwaite 16 miles / 26 km
Walk along the southern side of Ennerdale Water, enjoying an easy lakeside stroll. Keep on the lower path as you head towards the picturesque Borrowdale. The route takes you along the low level path past the summits of Red Pike, High Stile and Hay Stacks. If you have nice weather and are feeling energetic it is also possible to take a high route from which the views are simply breathtaking. Borrowdale is your destination, made up of three different settlements, Longthwaite, Rosthwaite and Stonethwaite.
Overnight Rosthwaite
The Scafell Hotel
The Hotel is situated almost at the foot of Great Gable and the Scafell Massif, and is regarded as one of the Lake District's renowned headquarters for climbers and hill walkers. The rooms are decorated in a warm and rich Country House style with a 'Contemporary Twist' perfect for a peaceful and relaxing overnight stay in the beautiful Borrowdale Valley. The Scafell Hotel offers an efficient and friendly service, with an elegant restaurant.
Royal Oak Hotel
The Royal Oak is a small family run hotel; the main house is a fine example of a Cumberland Longhouse and dates from around the year 1750. Formerly a farm and miner's tavern the dining room, lounges and bar retain and reflect this heritage. The hotel has a television lounge - with free wifi access and an efficient drying room. They offer a traditional English breakfast and freshly prepared home cooked dinners, the four course menu changes daily, and uses local produce wherever possible; alternatives for dietary requirements are offered if needed.
Langstrath Country Inn
Set in the Langstrath valley in the quiet unspoilt Lakeland village of Stonethwaite. It was built around 1590 as a miners cottage and over the years it has been converted and extended to what it is today. They have 8 guest bedrooms all of which are en-suite. The showers are powerful, the baths are large and there's masses of hot water to ensure you enjoy a soak at the end of the day. Their rooms are comfortably furnished and decorated in a simple, unfussy style. All rooms have tea/coffee facilities, clock/radio and hairdryer. The Residents Lounge is very cosy with comfortable sofas/chairs and a variety of books and magazines to browse through.
Day 4 Rosthwaite to Patterdale 17 miles / 27 km
This stage is a Lakeland classic, taking you on a straightforward climb up past Lining Crag with fantastic views over towards Scafell Pike to Greenup Edge. Continue across the head of Wythburn Valley before you continue down the Easedale Valley. There is also the option to take high route via Helm Crag. Grasmere is filled with bustling cafes and restaurants and a classic pretty Lakes village. Enjoy some great views back to Grasmere as you head up over Grisedale and on to Patterdale via beautiful valleys and the lake of Ullswater glistening in the distance. This quiet village offers a couple of pubs as well as being home to a population of red squirrels.
Overnight Patterdale
Old Water View
Situated in the delightful village of Patterdale, and surrounded by some of Lakeland's most magnificent scenery, Old Water View has been welcoming visitors for over 100 years. All of guest bedrooms are tastefully decorated and furnished to a high standard. They offer comfortable, central heated accommodation, with all modern conveniences, including TV, CD player, hairdryer, and tea/coffee making facilities.
Crookabeck
Crookabeck Farm offers B&B accommodation in a stunning farm location in Patterdale. The B&B is on a working farm owned and lovingly managed by the Bell family for three generations. It's famous for Angora Goats and Helvellyn Herdwick sheep. In your room the linen and towels are 100% Egyptian cotton, you will have an en-suite bedroom, with guest lounge, TV Sky, a DVD player with a selection of DVDs, as well as a good range of books and magazines. They aim to source as much of the produce locally in Cumbria as they can.
School House is a lovely B&B in the centre of Patterdale. Each room has tea and coffee-making facilities, complimentary toiletries, wifi and spectacular views from every window. They also have a drying room just in case you encounter a bit of rain on your walk.
Day 5 Patterdale to Shap 16 miles / 26 km
From the beautiful valley of Patterdale follow the path in the direction of Shap, leaving the Lake District behind you. Tackle the steep ascent out of Patterdale to Kidsty Pike and once out of the Lake District the wayfinding becomes easier and the gradients become gentler as you wind your way towards Shap. Don't let this fool you though, as on todays walk it is the distance which will leave you tired.
Overnight Shap
Brookfield House
Brookfield House is a traditional B&B offering a warm welcome to walkers and wonderful uninterrupted views over the surrounding farmland. The accommodation is centrally heated throughout, and has ensuite rooms with flat screen TVs, digital radio alarms, hospitality trays, hairdryers, and free wifi. They also have a relaxing lounge and a well-stocked bar.
New Ing Lodge
New Ing Lodge provides comfortable B&B accommodation; it used to be a working farm and has been a guest house since the 1820's. They have a strong local/environmental policy, they know that buying local means fresh produce, and far better taste & superior quality. All the rooms are comfortably furnished and have all the amenities you require for a lovely overnight stay.
A lovely old former farmhouse dating back in some places to the 1500's. You will find warmth and comfort here as well as a friendly welcome and a wonderful breakfast. All bedrooms have the amenities you need for a relaxing overnight stay including TV and tea & coffee making facilities. There is also a large sitting room where you can relax in the evening.
Day 6 Shap to Kirkby Stephen 20.5 miles / 32 km
Having left the lakes behind, enjoy a short walk to Orton with no notable ascents, making the first part of today a nice break to the challenges of the previous days. Stop in the pretty village of Orton for lunch before continuing via limestone crags, open pasture and several prehistoric sites characterise this section. Finish in the town of Kirkby Stephen, a very walker friendly place with several great pubs enjoy a refreshing real ale in!
Overnight Kirkby Stephen
Old Croft House
A warm welcome awaits you in this Grade 2 Listed Georgian Townhouse. The house dates from 1750 and has retained much of its original charm and character with a relaxed and friendly atmosphere. The owners have decorated and furnished each of the four bedrooms in a style to complement the house without compromising on comfort to make you feel at home. All the rooms have a digital TV, tea, and coffee facilities, hairdryers and free WIFI. Each room also has a foot spa and complimentary toiletries from The Bath House, a local company from Sedbergh. Following a long day walking why not sooth those aching feet with a foot spa containing lemongrass bath salts.
Lockholme
Lockholme is a warm and welcoming B&B offering stunning views, delightful rooms and a very warm atmosphere. The owners aim to make your stay extra special, in a relaxing friendly atmosphere. Their rooms have shower en-suites, are beautifully decorated, reflecting the Victorian character and charm, and they are well equipped with a hairdryer, free WIFI throughout, tea and coffee making facilities and luxury complimentary toiletries from The Bath House, Sedburgh. Upon arrival you can look forward to delicious homemade cake with tea or coffee and relax either in your room, the Guest Breakfast Room, with a real coal fire and fabulous views of the fells and The Nine Standards Rigg, or the sunny private rear garden, knowing that any wet boots and clothes will be taken care of!
Fletcher House
Built in 1833, Fletcher House is a double fronted Grade II listed building in the centre of Kirkby Stephen. To match the fine-looking exterior of the house, the interior has many original features. All rooms are en-suite with walk in shower, WC, and basin. There is also a hairdryer in each room. They also have an extra "Pamper Bathroom" which any guest may use with large roll top bath WC and basin lots of radox and herbal bath, body lotions and creams, also first aid items and useful things you may have forgotten. There is a separate guest lounge with tv and book swap library to exchange books that they have read plus other interesting books to read. Complementary drinks available from the dining room from the coffee machine or selection of teas and decaf options.
Day 7 Kirkby Stephen to Keld 14.5 miles / 23 km
Leaving Kirkby Stephen, cross the Eden River and continue to Hartley village. A long ascent takes you to Hartley Fell and up to the ancient Nine Standards cairns. The trig point here marks the watershed divide across England. From here there are multiple options down to Keld depending on what time of year it is.
Overnight Keld
Butt House
Butt House pride themselves on warmly welcoming walkers after a long days trekking. They provide drying and laundry facilities, packed lunches, home cooked food, along with a fully licensed bar. All rooms have TVs, hairdryers, tea & coffee making facilities and fabulous views of the area. On the ground floor there is a drying area for boots and coats, a lounge with open fire, dining room, and bar/reception area, where, in the height of the season, you can enjoy a pint of Black Sheep Ale, available on tap.
Keld Lodge
A warm welcome awaits you at Keld Lodge. This former shooting lodge is now a comfortable hotel and restaurant. You can enjoy the amazing views from the conservatory dining room, lounge, and many of the bedrooms. They place an emphasis on doing the simple things well. The restaurant is open to both residents and non-residents and they have gained an excellent reputation for high quality dishes using the best seasonal and local produce.
Frith Lodge
Frith Lodge is a 300-year-old Swaledale farmhouse which has been lovingly restored and refurbished. They have 3 doubles and 2 twin bedrooms which are all en-suite, have tea and coffee making facilities include fresh milk and homemade biscuits and each bedroom has FreeSat TV, hairdryer, welcome guide and breathtaking views from every window. Their guest lounge, with stunning views is the perfect place to rest and relax after a day's walking.
Day 8 Keld to Reeth 12.5 miles / 20 km
There are two variations of today's walk, a high and low level route. The low level route heads along the River Swale, whilst the high level option takes in the ruins of old lead mines with some fantastic views along the way.
Overnight Reeth
Ivy Cottage is a stylish B&B situated in a lovely position overlooking the renowned Green in the centre of Reeth. All of their rooms have comfortable beds, tea and coffee making facilities, hairdryers, colour TV, complimentary WiFi and central heating. A traditional freshly cooked, award-winning Yorkshire breakfast makes the perfect start to the day before taking in the breathtaking scenery of Swaledale and the Yorkshire Dales. Their tea room is the ideal place to relax after exploring the beautiful surroundings. There is a wide choice of homemade and locally sourced produce, including soups, scones and cake. You could also treat yourselves to the Ivy Cottage Afternoon Tea.
The owners extend a warm welcome, and are wholly dedicated to providing a high level of service with a distinctly personal edge. Their 5 bedrooms are all extensively equipped and benefit from breath-taking, south-facing views of the expansive Swaledale countryside.
The Laurels
Positioned on the south side of the Green, The Laurels treats weary walkers a well-earned rest in stylish surroundings. The Grade II Listed Georgian Property has undergone a complete refurbishment and offers three ensuite king-sized rooms with contemporary decor and new fully fitted shower rooms. There is a large guest lounge with open fire, breakfast room with log burner, drying room, and free WiFi.
Day 9 Reeth to Richmond 14 miles / 22 km
Leave the Pennines behind today as you walk along lovely woodland tracks on this relatively short and rural stage. This gives you plenty of time to explore the charming villages you pass en-route and the remains of an old priory before ending your walk in Richmond. Richmond is a fantastic old market town with plenty of bustling pubs and cafes. A place to stock up on supplies for the next few days!
Overnight Richmond
The Old Brewery Guesthouse
The Old Brewery Guest House is a charming grade 2 listed Georgian building nestled in a quiet secluded corner of historic Richmond. All rooms are equipped with digital television, radio, hairdryers, telephone and wifi internet connections are available. They have a dedicated boot room with drying facilities for those wet days. There is also a comfortable residents' lounge and a peaceful patio garden.
Willance House
The owners offer you a warm and friendly welcome at Willance House, on arrival, relax in the comfortable guest lounge with its original oak beams, Georgian fireplace and exposed floorboards while enjoy a complimentary pot of tea or coffee after your long journey. They have three individually decorated rooms with king sized beds (that turn into twins) to ensure your complete comfort and all their rooms are continuously refurbished to the highest standards. A laundry service is available until 4pm on the day of your arrival for a small fee.
The Castle House
The Castle House is situated in the shadow of the famous castle, overlooking the historic town square. The house has been lovingly renovated while maintaining the original features. In all rooms there is a choice of biscuits, teas & coffee, the en-suites have luxury soap, shower gel and shampoo. Fresh towels and dressing gowns are also provided and delicious chocolates are left on the outside of the room door handle every evening. All rooms have hairdryers, flat screen TV's with freeview, and free wifi.
Day 10 Richmond to Ingleby Cross 23 miles / 37 km
One of the flattest days yet, traversing the Vale of Mowbray. Make a quick stop for lunch in Danby Wiske with it's 11th century Norman Church before continuing across the Vale of Mowbray with distant views of the Cleveland Hills. Quiet farm tracks and lanes lead you to Ingleby Cross, the last place where you may find any services for a couple of days.
Overnight Ingleby Cross
Ingleby Farm House
A warm welcome awaits you at Ingleby House with with a traditional cream tea. All rooms are en-suite and have tea & coffee making facilities. They offer a full cooked English breakfast or a choice from their extensive menu. They also have a laundry service for those days where the weather hasn't been too kind!
Elstavale
Elstavale offers clean and comfortable accommodation for walkers. All their guests are greeted with a homemade real cream tea upon arrival. Breakfast is served in the conservatory overlooking the garden, where you are welcome to relax and enjoy the views. Josephine is passionate about food because of her career as a chef for several years and, where possible, she focuses on local or home-grown produce.
Christine and John welcome you to their lovely B&B. All rooms are en-suite and have freeview / DVD flatscreen TV's and basics such as alarm clocks, hair dryers and tea & coffee. There is also a lovely licensed guest lounge available complete with wood burning stove.
Day 11 Ingleby Cross to Great Broughton 12 miles / 19 km
This stage takes you into the North York Moors National Park and through expansive swathes of heather, moorlands and exquisite, peaceful valleys. See the Wain Stones which are clearly visible on top of one of the moors and look like the decorations on top of a birthday cake! From here continue east to Clay Bank Top and steeply drop one more time before arriving into Great Broughton.
Overnight Great Broughton
The Buck Inn
The owners extend a warm, friendly welcome at the Buck Inn. Set amidst the rugged splendour of Bilsdale, the Buck Inn offers all the traditions of an English country tavern. The inn provides comfortable accommodation, all guest rooms are situated on the ground floor with private access to the large car park to the rear of the building.
Wainstones Hotel
Combining the service and facilities of a Silver Award Winning three-star hotel with the atmosphere of a Yorkshire country inn. The Wainstones provide a friendly and comfortable stay for walkers.
Newlands House
Sue & Andy offer excellent accommodation, delicious home cooking, high standards of comfort and cleanliness, combined with good value and a warm northern welcome. All rooms are en-suite and have a spacious bathroom with bath and a seperate shower unit.
Day 12 Great Broughton to Glaisdale 18.5 miles / 30 km
From Great Broughton you ascend up the final summit to the top of Urra Moor and pass Farndale, a paradise for its profusion of daffodils in the spring. Reach Blakey Ridge and the Lion Inn (the fourth highest inn in Britain!), one of the most charming country pubs on the Coast to Coast! From Blakey Ridge, stroll down the Esk Valley, passing through iconic English countryside. Glaisdale is set above the Esk Valley and its terraced houses were originally built for workers from the nearby ironstone mines.
Overnight Glaisdale
Beggars Bridge
They offer comfortable accommodation of two en-suite double rooms with TV/ DVD and tea & coffee making facilities. There is also a comfortable residents lounge. The conservatory, where a full English breakfast is served, overlooks the pretty garden that leads down to Beggars Bridge and the river Esk.
Red House Farm
Red House Farm is an award winning B&B in a quiet unspoilt valley in the North York Moors National Park. They no longer operate as a farm but do run a small-holding and have cows, hens and ducks. The guest rooms, whilst having a traditional-feel, contain the amenities of modern life, with central heating, flatscreen TV's and wifi. The owners have had the house since 1987 and have renovated it to a high standard while maintaining and enhancing the original features such as stone flags, beamed ceilings and original woodwork. You are welcome to dry clothing and other wet articles in their drying room on those unfortunate wet weather days!
Arncliffe Arms
The Arncliffe Arms is a traditional public house offering B&B in the small picturesque village of Glaisdale. They have 6 comfortable en-suite bedrooms, all with individual characteristics and views of the countryside. They use fresh, local and seasonal ingredients for their simple, honest home-cooked meals.
Day 13 Glaisdale to Robin Hoods Bay 19.5 miles / 31 km
Shortly after beginning your walk today you will reach Egton Bridge, one of the prettiest villages on the whole of the Coast to Coast, with its grand houses and St Hedda's Church, named after a 7th-century saint who is buried in Winchester Cathedral. The picture-postcard settlement of Grosmont comes next and you will need to regroup your strength for the final, but very rewarding section into Robin Hood's Bay, which has a few ups and downs along the way! Upon arrival, stride out along he blustery cliff tops alongside the North Sea and make your way down to the beach and the perfect place to finish your walk, Robin Hood's Bay.
Overnight Robin Hood's Bay
The Villa was built in 1892 as a lodging house, the first of its kind, at the top of Bay Bank. This Victorian property has been lovingly restored retaining all its original features; servant bells, original cast iron fireplaces in all bedrooms and a cast iron range in the kitchen.
Lee-Side
A large detached Victorian House in Robin Hood's Bay, built-in 1897 by Captain Jacob Storm.
Streonshalh
Streonshalh is a large Victorian property built in 1893 retaining many original features. All rooms have flat-screen TV's, hairdryers, hospitality trays and there is also free wifi available. Breakfast is served in the spacious dining room with individual tables and working coal/log fire for those frosty mornings.
Day 14 Onward Travel
Enjoy one last hearty Coast to Coast Breakfast before checking and making your way to the closest train station or airport for onward travel.
How Many Days to Walk the Coast to Coast?
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text:
Q: In Java where do the static methods go during the creation of an object in java? If there is a class with some methods, whenever we create a new object then that object gets created on the heap with the fields and methods. If we have a class with static and normal methods and we create an object of this class, the instance variables and normal methods still exist but how are the static methods created ?

A: All methods, both static and non-static, are part of the class, and classes are stored in non-heap memory.
All that resides in the heap is a structure containing:

*

*a pointer to the class of which this object is an instance

*The current values for each non-static field (references for object fields, values for primitive fields)

So for example:
 public class Person {
     private String name;
     private int age;

     public String getName() {
         return name;
     }

     // ... etc.
 }

One structure in non-heap memory contains:

*

*Metadata about the class e.g. its name Person, a pointer to its superclass etc.

*The bytecode for getName() and any other methods

*JIT optimised versions of the bytecode

For each instance of Person, we get in the heap:

*

*A reference to the class entry

*An int value for age

*A reference to a String object name
So, at least conceptually, you could see the runtime handling a call to aPerson.getName() as:

*

*Look at the object's record in heap

*Follow the reference to its class

*In the class, find the method getName()

*Run the method, using the object's record in the heap for fields

This means that if you have 1000 instances of Person, you still only have one copy of the code from the class, which is perfect because it does not change from one instance to the next.
If Doctor, Nurse, Patient are all subclasses of Person, and if none of them override getName(), then the code for getName() still only exists once in memory. (Conceptually) when you call aNurse.getName() the runtime will look in Nurse for getName(), if found, run that, otherwise look in the superclass Person, find it, and run that.

I've said "conceptually" a couple of times. In reality some of what I've described as happening dynamically may happen statically at compile time. This doesn't really matter as far as understanding the effect on memory and performance.


Mixed feelings here. I agree that it seems unlikely that this person was a good samaritan and just brought the cat. But even in the contrary, that is, he negleted that cat, prosecuting him based on the video footage might discourage other people neglecting their animals from at least abanndoing them at places where help is close. However, any single case of animal neglect is one too many.
My guess is that the owner was suffering from severe depression and finally found the strength to at least drop the cat off at the shelter. The cat seems to be quite allright with people, which would mean that it was not treated with cruelty, even though it was horrendously neglected. Depresion could definitely be the root of this, and no, it should not be prosecuted, also for the reason Hans is pointing out.
I think it was a stray and help got it help.
YOU know that, how? That is ridiculous and says a lot more about YOU than the unknown man.
You're so right Hans. It would be better not to discourage people from dropping animals off somewhere safe. In this case the cat may have belonged to a relative, not mentally well, and they didn't want to get the relative in trouble so dropped him off anonymously.
If it was a stray why should he pay.
It may have been a stray and he got it help.
Cat couldn't have been a stray: he couldn't move!
We don't know the story, so I think it makes no sense to try to pass judgement (maybe he was a good Samaritan who found the cat, though that seems unlikely seeing how the poor thing could barely move, maybe he was the neglectful owner, or maybe the cat belonged to an elderly relative who recently passed away, who knows), what I do know is that the last thing shelters should do is scare people away from turning in unwanted animals, and that is what they run the risk of doing by getting the police involved. Besides, does anyone really think he wouldn't have gotten judged if he'd turned up with a cat in that condition during business hours and done 'the right thing'? I'm glad the cat is safe, but I really think they should let it go.
So shelters should just take abused animals and not try to take any steps toward addressing abuse at its source? The owner of the cat could have other pets in terrible condition that need to be rescued, or could get a new pet and neglect it. That's why the police gets involved. A case of abuse or neglect should not just be "let go", there have to be consequences for the people committing these acts.
It depends on the circumstances. What we have here is a guy dropping a cat in a kennel at a safe location, and while it is apparent that said cat wasn't properly cared for, it had not been actively hurt. He had been overfed and he was not groomed. Is this ideal? Not by any stretch of the imagination, but if by going after this guy with a viral post you scare others into abandoning neglected animals where they are unlikely to get the help they need you become part of the problem, not the solution.
In many cases, yes. It should be about what is best for the pet, not the typical "slap on the hand" that most animal abusers get.
If you haven't done anything wrong you should not be scared to surrender your pet to the shelter. If you're afraid it's because you have done something wrong. To say this cat wasn't groomed is a severe understatement. The cat couldn't even move because of the severity of its matted hair. Cases of neglect should be investigated as well, not just cases of abuse.
So what if it's a dead relative. You have a responsibility to take care of their pet. Honestly it's ludicrous.
Well, no, you don't actually have a responsibility to care for a dead relative's pet other than a moral one, but taking it to a shelter was helping it if that is the case here. If it did belong to a relative previously, other family may have had no idea of the condition of the cat either until after they passed. The thing is we have literally no idea until someone comes forward, and this guys should be treated neither as a hero or an abuser, because we don't know.
As if a good Samaritan would drop a cat he found off, anonymously, in the dead of night. He or someone he knew was responsible for this and he didn't want anyone asking questions. I'm glad he dropped it off, but lets not praise him as a hero. And yeah, poor cat. How can anyone let it get that out of hand?
I did not know, that there is some obligatory fee you have to pay to the shelter, when you find and bring an animal, how much it is?? We do not have anything like that in my country, my friend runs organization which is helping stray cats and people ussually want to pay at least some medical expenses or so for cats they just found on the streets. Personaly I would too because most of this places are nonprofit and they need some help too so they can help more animals. Because honestly, I think that if someone just drop a cat there and don´t care anymore, they are just passing responsibility to other people. However, still better then just dump animals on the streets or something.
People are not required to pay the fee if the cat is a stray they managed to capture. Our county charges a drop off fee for people leaving their pets, but twice I've found strays hanging out in parking lots near restaurants trying to find something to eat. Nice cats..but I can't have them in my house because my husband is extremely allergic to them. Both times I've dropped them off as strays, I was never charged the fee.
There really is no need for secrecy tho. Why sneaking in non work hours? You could go and explain honestly that you found the cat in that state but you're not in the position to put in money for its recovery. It just looks like this person doesn't want to deal with anything and just barely cares. It's a half-assed good deed. Good deeds require resources (time, energey, money), not just a "good intention".
I have NEVER heard of a shelter requiring a FEE to surrender an animal! If you know of a shelter the requires a fee to surrender an animal, pick a new shelter! The fear of many is that if they come during business hours to surrender an animal, they may face neglect or abuse charges. Don't go off of the gossip of what other people tell you. Make phone calls, find out where you can safely drop off a pet that you honestly can't provide proper care for. People need to be able to surrender their animals without fear of prosecution.
Our local SPCA, while it doesn't REQUIRE a fee, does try to bully you into making a donation. I don't have a problem with making a donation, but when you're made to feel like you HAVE to, that's different. With treatment like that, I can see why people would be leery of taking found/abandoned pets to them. And sometimes, the only other place to take them is the county pound--where you know they're going to be put down. It's not necessarily a cut & dried situation.
I'd like to think he saw the state of this cat over a neighbor's fence or something, ninja-ed his way into the yard, and swiped it.
Exactly my thoughts about this.


Gallows and Anderson are currently appearing to be in a standstill with their contracts, and had went on social media to say they both were looking for new promotions to possibly join a week or so ago. Their contracts are both set to expire in September.
It seems today that WWE removed both tag team partners from future live events, so it's seeming more than likely they're going to be leaving WWE. The word is that they turned down a five-year multi-million dollar deals to remain with the company. They could appear on SmackDown Live and PPVs to put others over.
The reason why they want to leave to pursue their options is that WWE has not done much with them since they signed in 2016. There have been promises made to wrestlers about doing more with the tag team division on Raw and SmackDown Live. There's only so much the company can do with their loaded roster.
Friends of Gallows and Anderson have indicated that they are likely to leave. They would be free to appear for any company after late September.


text:
CostSaver – Tours By RegionMarc Bollinger2019-06-24T21:59:46+00:00
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Short on time, but big on appetite to see all the highlights from London to Rome? This 8-day journey including Italy's iconic Venice, Florence and Rome is the perfect fit for you. You'll see the Eiffel Tower in Paris, admire the tranquility of Lake Lucerne, the snow-capped Swiss Alps, Burgundy vineyards... Read MoreShort on time, but big on appetite to see all the highlights from London to Rome? This 8-day journey including Italy's iconic Venice, Florence and Rome is the perfect fit for you. You'll see the Eiffel Tower in Paris, admire the tranquility of Lake Lucerne, the snow-capped Swiss Alps, Burgundy vineyards and soul-stirring Tuscany until the Eternal City caps your epic encounter with Europe.
European Experience
Get out of that armchair and experience the beauty of Europe with her centuries-old history, vibrant cities and splendid landscapes. You'll tick so many bucket-list boxes on this tour which takes you from London to Amsterdam, Munich, the canals of Venice and St Mark's Square, Rome, the Swiss Alps, and... Read MoreGet out of that armchair and experience the beauty of Europe with her centuries-old history, vibrant cities and splendid landscapes. You'll tick so many bucket-list boxes on this tour which takes you from London to Amsterdam, Munich, the canals of Venice and St Mark's Square, Rome, the Swiss Alps, and Paris.
European Experience with Oberammergau
Mountains and monuments dot your route from London to Rome. Admire Munich's musical Glockenspiel in Marienplatz, take an exhilarating journey through an Alpine highway and marvel at St. Mark's Square in Venice, with stops in Rome, Lucerne and Paris. Trafalgar has secured premium tickets for you to attend... Read MoreMountains and monuments dot your route from London to Rome. Admire Munich's musical Glockenspiel in Marienplatz, take an exhilarating journey through an Alpine highway and marvel at St. Mark's Square in Venice, with stops in Rome, Lucerne and Paris. Trafalgar has secured premium tickets for you to attend the once in a decade performance of the Passion Play in the picturesque Bavarian town of Oberammergau.
Splendors of Italy
Embrace excess as you travel the length and breadth of la bella Italia. From the former capital of the world to the sun-kissed south, the shimmering Italian Lakes to quiet contemplation in Assisi, the birthplace of the Renaissance to fiery Naples - this grand 13-day exploration of Italy will reveal why... Read MoreEmbrace excess as you travel the length and breadth of la bella Italia. From the former capital of the world to the sun-kissed south, the shimmering Italian Lakes to quiet contemplation in Assisi, the birthplace of the Renaissance to fiery Naples - this grand 13-day exploration of Italy will reveal why Verdi proclaimed that he would gladly exchange the entire universe for Italy. You may one day feel the same.
Glimpse of Europe
Enjoy the mesmerising landscapes and rich heritage and flavours of Europe. Travel from London to Amsterdam, through the lush green Belgian and Dutch countryside to the beautiful Rhine Valley, shores of Lake Lucerne and Paris, the City of Light. This brief encounter with the highlights of Europe will... Read MoreEnjoy the mesmerising landscapes and rich heritage and flavours of Europe. Travel from London to Amsterdam, through the lush green Belgian and Dutch countryside to the beautiful Rhine Valley, shores of Lake Lucerne and Paris, the City of Light. This brief encounter with the highlights of Europe will give you just a taste of the diversity that makes this continent a favourite holiday destination.
European Delight
The unbeatable sights of Italy's great cities including Rome, Florence and Venice; the beautiful lakeside landscapes of Lucerne; the incomparable Paris skyline with its iconic monuments and museums. Put them all together and you have the recipe for an exhilarating European trip filled with culture, history... Read MoreThe unbeatable sights of Italy's great cities including Rome, Florence and Venice; the beautiful lakeside landscapes of Lucerne; the incomparable Paris skyline with its iconic monuments and museums. Put them all together and you have the recipe for an exhilarating European trip filled with culture, history and soul-stirring scenery, from Tuscany to the vineyards of Burgundy.
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Keep your eyes off the road and on the epic landscapes of the Rhine, Tuscany and the French Riviera as you journey from London to all the main highlights of Europe. Explore Venice and Paris, encounter centuries of papal history in Avignon and Rome, and cruise down Europe's mightiest river. You won't... Read MoreKeep your eyes off the road and on the epic landscapes of the Rhine, Tuscany and the French Riviera as you journey from London to all the main highlights of Europe. Explore Venice and Paris, encounter centuries of papal history in Avignon and Rome, and cruise down Europe's mightiest river. You won't miss a thing on this jaunt across Europe with new friends.
European Cavalcade
Explore the romantic landscapes, pretty medieval villages and stately capitals of Europe on this voyage past Amsterdam, Rome and Paris with a stay in the Bay of Naples and visits to Lyon and Monaco along the way. You'll cruise down the Rhine, see the mournful lion of Lucerne and visit Vatican City as... Read MoreExplore the romantic landscapes, pretty medieval villages and stately capitals of Europe on this voyage past Amsterdam, Rome and Paris with a stay in the Bay of Naples and visits to Lyon and Monaco along the way. You'll cruise down the Rhine, see the mournful lion of Lucerne and visit Vatican City as you capture all the exhilarating highlights of Europe.
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Roll up your sleeves for an adventure-filled encounter with Europe. This 13-day journey will see you expand your mind in free-thinking Amsterdam, crane your neck to see the towering spires of Prague and kick back on the canals of Venice. A particular highlight is your romantic cruise down the Rhine where... Read MoreRoll up your sleeves for an adventure-filled encounter with Europe. This 13-day journey will see you expand your mind in free-thinking Amsterdam, crane your neck to see the towering spires of Prague and kick back on the canals of Venice. A particular highlight is your romantic cruise down the Rhine where fairy tales come to life and medieval castles reveal a time of feuding lords surveying their kingdoms. Be a part of your own story as you wind your way through Europe with new friends.
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The birthplaces of arts, culture and history take centre stage on this discovery of Europe's Renaissance masterpieces. Create your very own work of art as you delve into the diversity of Europe. From the spires of Cologne and Vienna's Baroque Opera House, to St. Peter's Basilica and the magnificent Doge's... Read MoreThe birthplaces of arts, culture and history take centre stage on this discovery of Europe's Renaissance masterpieces. Create your very own work of art as you delve into the diversity of Europe. From the spires of Cologne and Vienna's Baroque Opera House, to St. Peter's Basilica and the magnificent Doge's Palace in Venice, you'll tick off all the iconic landmarks that have drawn visitors from across the globe for centuries.
Costsaver Europe Frequently Asked Questions
Costsaver World Frequently Asked Questions


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text:
using System;

namespace ProSecuritiesTrading.MOEX.FIX.Base.Field
{
    public class MDEntryID
    {
        public const int Tag = 278;
        public static readonly byte[] TagBytes;

        static MDEntryID()
        {
            TagBytes = new byte[3];
            TagBytes[0] = 50;
            TagBytes[1] = 55;
            TagBytes[2] = 56;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub