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text:
The Difference Between "I Can't" and "I Won't"
April 29, 2013 April 30, 2013 Steve Keating
You have within you enormous potential for success and happiness. There is likely nothing but you keeping you from achieving it. The question isn't whether you can succeed, the question is whether you will choose to succeed.
Your success really begins with an understanding of the difference between "I Can't" and "I Won't."
There are really very few things you actually "can't" do. Most of the things you don't do are because you simply won't.
I "don't" play a musical instrument. It's not because "I can't" it's because I choose to invest my time hitting a golf ball into the water or trees. The time I could use to learn to play a musical instrument "I won't" because apparently I prefer to torment myself on the golf course.
Now, I really "can't" be the King of England. There are many reasons for this, chief among them I suppose is the fact that I was born in the United States. If you TRULY can't control something, then and only then, might it be accurate to say you "can't" do it.
Those things are few and far between. In fact, one of the greatest differences between the most successful people and people who only claim to want success is this: successful people have found a way to control the things that less successful people told themselves were out of their control.
There really isn't much out of your control if you want to control it badly enough. With every "I Can't" you sell yourself short, sometimes, incredibly short.
I said "I Can't" to myself too often and it's been a long slow process to understand why. There's really two reasons for it. Fear and laziness.
Fear holds us all back from our goals. Fear of failure, fear of being laughed at, fear of what "other" people will think of us. The only way to really fail is to let that fear keep you from trying. The only real failures in the world are those people who have failed to even try.
Sadly, laziness is another big cause of "I Can't." Some people don't try because they are willing to let other people do the work for them. They weigh out the effort required against the benefit for themselves and decide to just sit back and wait for someone else to make the effort. "I Can't" becomes their go-to excuse for everything they don't want to do.
Imagine the world if everyone had that attitude. Almost nothing would have ever been accomplished. If everything you do must have an immediate benefit for you then I'd be willing to bet that you have an "I Can't" mindset. You settle for far less than you could have.
"I Can't" leads to settling and settling leads to bitterness. You've told yourself you "can't" so many times even you start to believe it. STOP! Stop telling yourself you "can't and start telling yourself you will. YOU WILL!
Some people say they would do anything to improve their lot in life but when you observe them, even for a short time, it appears that in fact, not only will they not anything, they won't even do one thing. They don't even try.
What would people see if they watched you for a week? Would they see someone who has settled for "I Can't" or would they see someone who has decided they will?
If you've been selling yourself short with the "I Can't" mentality, even for a long time, you can change it this second. Never let anyone say you can't and never never never tell that to yourself.
"I Can't" will stop your success before it gets a chance to start. Give yourself a chance at success, say "YOU WILL."
Categories: Motivation	Tags: I Can't, I won't, Success
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19 thoughts on "The Difference Between "I Can't" and "I Won't""
Idi Oumarou Ibrahim says:
Great article, Professor Keating! Thank you so much for your time!
Steve Keating says:
You're very welcome. Glad you enjoyed the post.
Harriett Stevens says:
HALLELUJAH For This Most Informative BROTHER! Love, HBS.
Kate Nasser (@KateNasser) says:
Your posts always bring out a simple yet critical difference in a topic — and this one is tremendous!
When we admit that we have choices we own our future. Can't vs won't is very empowering and I will share this post on my social streams!
Many thanks and bravo!
Thanks Kate! I appreciate your kind words. I really do believe that we talk ourselves out of so much success.
It's amazing what happens when we just eliminate "I Can't" from our vocabulary.
kentjulian says:
Steve…I've read this post several times today. It's that good!
I absolutely love this paragraph: "Those things are few and far between. In fact, one of the greatest differences between the most successful people and people who only claim to want success is this: successful have found a way to control the things that less successful people told themselves were out of their control."
Thanks for your inspiration, my friend. I hope we can connect face-to-face some day.
Thank you Kent, I appreciate your kind words. I don't think anyone can simply talk their way into success but we sure can talk ourselves out of it. All we need to do is tell ourselves "we can't" – its just about that easy.
I've met many of my online friends face to face, perhaps our paths will cross as well.
Reblogged this on Jottings and Writings and commented:
There's a big difference between "I Can't and I Won't" Can't implies that you are unable (for whatever reason) to do something – Won't means you aren't even willing to try. Can't can be worked around and resolved….. Won't cannot.
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Yes we can 🙂
No doubt about it 🙂 We most certainly CAN!
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Thanks for passing along my post!
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Ruth Ng Lee Gek @ruthnglg says:
Thank you Steve for this motivating essay, I feel moved and like to share my bit of story about "I CAN …" if I can! This happened years ago when I saw my siblings swimming and wished I could swim too, but my legs were limp because of polio, so maybe I can't! Then I read these Words of Truth from the Bible inspiring me: "I CAN DO ALL THINGS THROUGH CHRIST WHO STRENGTHENS ME." After walking round the pool many times and watching them swimming, I finally got myself into the pool…and it was impossible because all my legs could do was to float like a duck. But the duck could waddle, I could move then only a little with much effort.
Very soon I learned to crawl and paddle clumsily around in the water in my funny style, but today I can swim regularly in a normal pool 8 to 10 laps each session and I can also walk in the pool too. My legs can do the swimming well enough but in my style. This is beyond anybody's imagination! I know its God's Grace and I'm forever grateful! This is the first time I ever shared it online! May your essay help many people move from "I CAN'T" to "I CAN & I WILL" (Sorry I can't write this story with fewer words, thanks for allowing me to share my little story) Ruth Ng @ruthnglg 9 March 2014.
Thank you so much for sharing your story Ruth. It is an inspiration in itself and you're a great example of what's possible when we decide that we won't be stopped!
ramakrishnan6002 says:
Reblogged this on Gr8fullsoul.
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Our startup of the week is Authenticook! Authenticook is an India based online platform that connects people over unique and authentic food experiences conducted at the homes of locals. Authenticook provides an avenue to locals and travelers to experience the amazing cultural diversity that exists amongst us through unique and authentic food experiences. This is especially relevant when we think of India as a country of 29 states, more than 1600 regional dialects and 1.4 billion people.
Founded in 2015, Authenticook has three co-founders: Ameya Deshpande as the CEO looking at strategy, business development and finance, Aneesh Dhairyawan as the COO looking at overall operations and host relations, and Priyanka Deshpande as the CMO looking at marketing and partnerships.
Today, we had a chat with Ameya, the CEO of Authenticook to discover more about their inspiring story!
Q: So Ameya, how did you come up with the idea? What is the story behind?
It all started on our trip to Ladakh in 2014, where Aneesh, Priyanka and myself were traveling with a couple of friends. Whilst in Leh, we were walking through the main market and realised that there was easy access to restaurants serving westernised cuisines (pastas, pizzas and burgers) and there was limited chance of trying out the local food of the region. This got us thinking. There is so much of diversity that India has to offer but limited avenues to experience the same. Social dining is the oldest form of social interaction and we thought it's the right time to re-introduce the same to the current generation. This even trickles down to our daily lives in cosmopolitan cities like Mumbai, Bengaluru, Delhi etc., where you have people from various parts of India and the world coming and living together. The food that we get at restaurants, however is limited to mostly commercially prepared, international cuisines with very little regional and authentic food available. We understand that not all local cuisines may be commercially viable to set up restaurants around, but they still get made at the homes of people, so what better way than to open up the homes for social dining experiences.
We started Authenticook in 2015 as a pilot, understanding the modalities of business through social media channels, we finally launched our website in 2016.
We have created a niche for ourselves, tapping into a market that is not being looked at by our competitors. Global social dining platforms are targeted at travelers, whereas we are building a trusted community of locals, who are inquisitive to learn more about their own culinary heritage, which is, unfortunately, getting lost with time. Along the way, we are creating an avenue for women to start their own micro-entrepreneurial journey in food and have an alternate source of income.
Our hosts are mainly women homemakers who are ambassadors of their regional cuisines. Authenticook is an avenue for them to showcase their food heritage and at the same time set up their own micro-entrepreneurial ventures through food which creates income generation opportunities for them.
Having said that, our business also caters to travelers who are looking to experience the real India through food. Large cities in India (like Mumbai) have people from all over the country coming and living together. With all the cultural diversity that exists in India, people are still looking for avenues to experience this diversity and we believe the best way to do that is through the medium of food and yet all that one is forced to eat in restaurants in India is commercially prepared standardized cuisines and Indianised versions of international cuisines. And this despite India having more than 500 regional cuisines.
Q: How is your revenue model like?
Authenticook works on a simple commission-based model currently. We provide a marketplace platform for hosts and diners to come together at the click of just a few buttons. Our host side is completely verified and they get to list their experiences on our platform. Our diners use us as a discovery and booking platform for unique and authentic food experiences.
Q: How many users do you have now? And what kind of reactions/ feedbacks are you getting?
We have on-boarded 300 hosts on the platform, all of whom have been verified on a number of parameters by our team. We have a registered diner based on 15,000 users who actively participate in our home-dining and restaurant pop-up experiences. We also have a good repeat diner base and are rated no.1 on TripAdvisor in the food and drinks activities category in Mumbai.
Q: Could you tell us a bit about your team?
We are a lean team of 6 based out of Mumbai, the 3 co-founders and 3 of our teammates – Reshma looks at managing host relations, Klint looks at marketing and Kajol is our in-house content writer. We also have 5 active community managers in different locations helping us develop local markets.
Q: What were the milestones you have achieved so far and what's next for Authenticook?
We are present in 35 cities in India and have about 55 different cuisines listed on the platform, but we feel we have only scratched the surface. We have sold more than 6000 seats on the back of limited paid marketing. We have also won a grant from Booking.com through their Booking Booster Program in 2017 and were one of the top 2 startups to get their complete funding ask! Another highlight has been our selection in Startupbootcamp Foodtech in Rome, where Authenticook was selected from over 700 applications worldwide, and are the only Indian company to be apart of the program and are super excited about the upcoming Demo Day at Station F in Paris on Nov 29th 2018, where we will be pitching in front of hundreds of industry experts and investors!!
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Inspired by their lack of time and problem with procrastination, Thushaan and Stephen co-founded emit, a smartwatch that aims to boost productivity by showing you countdowns. They launched on Kickstarted and were able to raise +$17,000, which was the 330% of their goal. Now, they are growing the business and getting new customers.
Hi Stephen! What's your background, and what are you currently working on?
Hey, I'm a 23-year-old engineering graduate from Imperial College London and co-founded emit with my friend Thushaan in June 2018. emit is a smartwatch that makes you more conscientious with your use of time by using the psychology of scarcity. emit shows you a countdown of your most important tasks, events and goals - and the name is just time in reverse. I'm CEO of emit and as a new start-up we have to do everything ranging from designing the watch and the manufacturing to building a community of supporters to back us on Kickstarter.
My co-founder, Thushaan, and I would often walk back home from university together and talk about how we never have enough time to do all the things we want. As engineers, we wanted to solve this and realized that traditional watches don't show you how to best use your time. We set out to design a simple and effective tool to change our mindset in regards to productivity and time.
As students, procrastination often plagued our days and was the cause of unachieved goals. We wanted something that constantly reminded us of our priorities and what we should be doing with our time.
The idea was born out of a joke of thinking of making a deathwatch, one that would count down to your death. But we then realized that it would be really interesting to play on the psychology of scarcity to make our minds realize how valuable and irreversible time is. We decided to make use of technology to help change behavior. Keeping it as simple an idea as possible we wanted to bring something fresh to the watch industry which is either saturated with smartwatches that all do the same thing or traditional watches which show you nothing but present time. We're charged to change people's attitude towards time and convince them that there is an even better way of looking at it.
How did you build emit?
We started working on emit in Jan 2018 by making a storyboard of the watch user interface and decided on all the important features for a smartwatch that would enable users to improve their time management and productivity. We wanted to keep it minimal in design so went with a black and white color scheme. We then coded an Android app that mimicked the required features and uploaded it onto a Motorola smartwatch - this was our first prototype. It was an MVP that allowed us to get a feel for the usefulness of the watch and show it to other users.
Being Engineering students, we approached the design from a very utilitarian perspective, with the objective of keeping emit as simple and declutter as possible. Our goal is to use technology to change your mindset and behavior versus just adding more functionality.
Using Computer-aided Design at our university (Imperial College) we then made a 3D model of our casing, strap, screen and internal components - which we sent to different manufacturers in China. After figuring out which manufacturer was best in terms of manufacturing requirements, shipping and pricing, we asked for sample prototypes to be sent. We then also developed a phone which will be used for inputting all the user's countdowns through calendar syncing into the watch.
We had to overcome the challenges of convincing people to first look at time in a completely different way (in reverse) than has been done for centuries. It also became clear that we are trying to appeal to users who no longer use watches because they can see normal time on their phones, and don't see the point of wearing a device that only does that. We wanted to contextualize time to each person - and our challenge was to find the niche group of people who were specifically looking for a similar solution.
We decided to launch on Kickstarter because it was the perfect ground of marrying investors with customers - a place where we could raise funds and gauge market interest. We wanted to price as aggressively as possible, and are happy that we've managed to have Kickstarter tiers at $99, $119 and $139 depending on how early in the campaign you buy them. This is still less than half of what smartwatches retail for, and it ensures that we can compete with both - smartwatches and traditional watches.
In terms of marketing, we've built a social media following on Facebook and Instagram. We've released campaign videos explaining the ethos of emit and our vision with starting a revolution on time. We have built a community of people who are focused on improving themselves and their lives by controlling time instead of accepting defeat to its inevitable nature.
We began by building an email list of backers who were interested in emit and wanted to keep up to date with our progress and know when we launch on Kickstarter. We also used targeted ads on Facebook which we realized requires a larger budget for optimizing metrics and decided it was too expensive for us to run on a tight budget. We then started using Reddit to gain some traction from sub-Reddit on discipline, productivity and motivation. We've realized that getting the video out there to the right audience is the hardest bit as once we do show the concept, people are often interested at least. It feels great when people proactively reach out to us asking about emit, and when they can grab one as it makes us feel like we've made something that's valuable.
For Kickstarter projects, we have found that Instagram is perhaps not yet the best platform to find backers as much as it can be a great source of telling your brand story. Our university has been great in spreading the word to the wider student community and getting us in touch with other Kickstarter projects too.
The challenge in growing emit is being in a place where the minimum order quantity from our manufacturers is 1000 units which is not much for them, but needing to raise around $45k from Kickstarter which is a large amount for a project with very little market spend. We have had to bootstrap a lot of the marketing, outreach to PR and customers, as well as create the creative assets to showcase emit. It's an exhilarating experience as we get to learn incredible amounts every day, and have to learn to be rapid and decisive but also thoughtful with our actions.
Being a recently graduated student, there is always the pressure of pursuing a traditional corporate career with big names and high starting salaries. It is initially difficult to express your vision with a business especially when it has not yet started generating revenues.
Our hardest challenge so far has been raising funds by exhausting our list of friends and family as our initial group of backers. Apart from being very time intensive as you have to manually reach out to them, it also involves a lot of awkward conversations and unfortunately strained relations too. To the personal relations who do back you, you now have the added pressure of delivering a successful product as it puts your trustworthiness at stake. On the other hand, it also drives us to work even harder to make a success out of emit.
The greatest disadvantage we have is being a start-up doing hardware. The saying "hardware is hard� is true. Not having the scale of a large manufacturing facility and being based in the UK, whilst working with Chinese and American partners can be challenging but part of the excitement too.
We are competing against both traditional watches, and smartwatches. Whilst we don't provide the social media and music functions of smartwatches as we want to keep it purely timekeeping focuses - we also have to convince people that their wrist space can be used to project a part of their personality that is pioneering and forward thinking with emit.
The first pushback we get from people is why not make this an app on the phone or on a smartwatch - which is clear to us won't work. The mission of emit is to be a physical reminder of the importance of your time and goals - like a wedding ring does to you when you're married. An app wouldn't work because it would be lost amidst the clutter of all the other distractions like social media and messaging which would be counterproductive to you. The other common reticence about emit is the fact that it might be stress-inducing which we have countered by limiting the countdowns to 10 events and goals - to ensure that you're not using it like a minute by minute planner but more like an overall guide of timelines to the most important things to your life.
We're always digging for more stories like Emit. Sign up for our newsletter to keep updated on the latest additions.
During the process of building & growing emit, which were the worst mistakes you committed?
In terms of mistakes, we started by asking what now looks like really basic questions about manufacturing to our manufacturers. We have had a very steep learning curve about the process so far. We also realized that spending money on Facebook ads ought to be done with much more tight goals (metrics) as otherwise, you can be fiscally very irresponsible in the chase of acquiring customers. We have learned to set a fixed customer acquisition cost and divvy up the different strategies that we will spend on to trying to acquire a customer.
We are also improving our outreach and media assets in quality with every piece of content we release. We have become clearer on wanting to only produce content that is valuable to our community instead of pure ads as it builds a stronger sense of service for us. We have also become more disciplined in prioritizing goals and milestones instead of trying to do a bunch of different things at once with diluted effort.
We started off by wanting to only show countdowns on the watch, but user feedback led us to quickly incorporate normal time, heart rate monitoring and footsteps as well. We did this to balance being a purely time keeping device with the minimal functions needed to convince a user to have an emit on their wrist. This was probably our biggest pivot - but we stay true to our core of wanting to change a user's behavior with time by always showing them some form of time.
Hindsight really is 20-20. We would do a lot of things differently - be more decisive, act faster, do fewer things that weren't a key to the existence and immediate success to emit but I guess we can only know what they were in hindsight. It would have been hugely beneficial to have read up on the manufacturing process of watches and crowdfunding specific marketing prior to starting work on emit. We should have spent more time building a community for backing emit instead of purely focusing on the product and then spreading the word. We were initially worried about having our idea copied, and very quickly have come to realize that execution is by far more important than just an idea. We're no longer afraid of competition as it's a longer-term challenge, and we believe we've already got a head start in terms of community building.
There are loads of immensely instrumental books on entrepreneurship, but just a few of the ones we've found helpful are: The Hard Thing about Hard Things, Lean Startup, Zero to One and Creativity Inc. It's much more important, I think, to know what specifically you are looking to learn, than just reading books that are considered generally good.
Paul Graham's essays and all of YCombinator's Start-up School content on Youtube is also very helpful in shedding light on common challenges faced by startups and what a good framework to solve those are.
Medium is also a great place to find other Kickstarter projects who have laid out pretty much step by step processes on all the strategies they employed to get funded. Having done as much research as we can on other startups, founders, projects - and continuing to learn as much as we can from others' experience - we have found that trying things on your own is still the best teacher.
The best place to find out more is on our website. You can keep up-to-date with our Kickstarter campaign on.
Feel free to reach out to us on team@ownemit.com - we're super happy to answer any questions or just have a chat!
UPDATE: We successfully raised over 330% of our goal on Kickstarter, and with 180 backers pre-ordering and supporting our project - it's been a great early validation to us that there is a strong interest for a smartwatch that helps people see time in a different way. We are now in the process of manufacturing the watches and raising our seed-round. We are very excited to build the next version of emit with time management analytics and an AI assistant that enables smart scheduling.


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text:
Anonymous Lausavísur (Anon)
Lausavísa from Egils saga (Eg) - 1
I. 1. Lausavísa from Ágrip af Nóregskonunga sǫgum (Ágr) - 1
I. 2. Lausavísa from Haralds saga hárfagra in Heimskringla (Hhárf) - 1
I. 3. Lausavísa from Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar in Heimskringla (ÓTHkr) - 1
I. 4. Lausavísa from Fagrskinna (Fsk) - 1
I. 5. Lausavísur from Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar in mesta (ÓT) - 3
I. 6. Lausavísur from Styrbjarnar þáttr Svíakappa (Styrb) - 3
I. 7. Lausavísa from Óláfs saga helga (ÓH) - 1
I. 8. Lausavísur from Vǫlsa þáttr (Vǫlsa) - 14
II. 1. Lausavísa from Magnúss saga góða ok Haralds harðráða (MH) - 1
II. 2. Lausavísur from Haralds saga Sigurðarsonar (HSig) - 9
II. 3. Lausavísur from Óláfs saga kyrra (Ólkyrr) - 2
II. 4. Lausavísa from Knýtlinga saga (Knýtl) - 1
II. 5. Lausavísur from Magnúss saga berfœtts (Mberf) - 7
II. 6. Lausavísa from Orkneyinga saga (Orkn) - 1
II. 7. Lausavísur from Haraldssona saga (Hsona) - 2
II. 8. Lausavísa from Magnúss saga Erlingssonar (MErl) - 1
II. 9. Lausavísur from Sverris saga (Sv) - 6
II. 10. Lausavísur from Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar (Hák) - 3
III. Lausavísur from AM 732 b 4° (732b) - 2
III. 2. Stanzas from the Fourth Grammatical Treatise (FoGT) - 47
III. 3. Stanzas from Snorra Edda (SnE) - 18
III. 4. Stanzas from Laufás Edda (LaufE) - 11
III. 4. Stanzas from the Third Grammatical Treatise (TGT) - 38
IV. Lausavísa from Guðmundar saga biskups B (GBpB) - 1
IV. Lausavísur from Guðmundar saga biskups A (GBpA) - 3
IV. Lausavísur from Hrafns saga (Hrafn) - 9
IV. Lausavísur from Kristni saga (Kristni) - 2
IV. Lausavísur from Landnámabók (Ldn) - 9
IV. Lausavísur from Sturlunga saga (Stu) - 60
V. Lausavísa from Eiríks saga rauða (Eir) - 1
V. Lausavísa from Flóamanna saga (Flóam) - 1
V. Lausavísa from Fóstbræðra saga (Fbr) - 1
V. Lausavísa from Gunnlaugs saga (Gunnl) - 2
V. Lausavísa from Hallfreðar saga (Hallfr) - 1
V. Lausavísa from Harðar saga (Harð) - 1
V. Lausavísa from Kormáks saga (Korm) - 1
V. Lausavísur from Draumr Þorsteins Síðuhallssonar (ÞSHDr) - 3
V. Lausavísur from Eyrbyggja saga (Eb) - 3
V. Lausavísur from Grettis saga (Gr) - 3
V. Lausavísur from Laxdœla saga (Laxd) - 2
V. Lausavísur from Njáls saga (Nj) - 3
VIII. Lausavísa from Gautreks saga (Gautr) - 1
VIII. Lausavísa from Hrólfs saga kraka (Hrólf) - 2
VIII. Lausavísa from Orms þáttr Stórólfssonar (OStór) - 1
VIII. Lausavísa from Ǫrvar-Odds saga (Ǫrv) - 0
VIII. Lausavísur from Hálfs saga ok Hálfsrekka (Hálf) - 3
VIII. Lausavísur from Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks (Heiðr) - 12
VIII. Lausavísur from Hjálmþérs saga ok Ǫlvis (HjǪ) - 0
VIII. Lausavísur from Ragnars saga loðbrókar (Ragn) - 10
VIII. Lausavísur from Sturlaugs saga starfsama (StSt) - 2
VIII. Lausavísur from Vǫlsunga saga (Vǫls) - 6
2.2: Lausavísur from Haraldssona saga — Anon (Hsona)II
Kari Ellen Gade 2009, '(Introduction to) Anonymous, Lausavísur from Haraldssona saga' in Kari Ellen Gade (ed.), Poetry from the Kings' Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 2. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 836-7.
SkP info: II, 836-7
2 — Anon (Hsona) 2II
references to this stanza:
metre: fornyrðislag ∙ is a property of ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (3514)
Fms = Sveinbjörn Egilsson eds. 18… ∙ is referred to in ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (SkP 2)
Skald = Kock, Ernst Albin ed. 194… ∙ is referred to in ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (SkP 2)
NN = Kock, Ernst Albin. 1923-44. … ∙ is referred to in ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (SkP 2)
Andersson, Theodore M. et al. 2000. Mork… ∙ is referred to in ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (SkP 2)
Fidjestøl, Bjarne. 1982. Det norrøne fyr… ∙ is referred to in ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (SkP 2)
Mork 1928-32 = Finnur Jóns… ∙ is referred to in ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (SkP 2)
ÍF 26-8 = Bjarni Aðalbjarn… ∙ is referred to in ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (SkP 2)
F 1871 = Unger, C. R. ed. … ∙ is referred to in ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (SkP 2)
E 1916 = Finnur Jónsson ed… ∙ is referred to in ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (SkP 2)
Mork 1867 = Unger, C. R. e… ∙ is referred to in ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (SkP 2)
AM 35 fol ∙ is referred to in ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (SkP 2)
AM 761 b 4° ∙ is referred to in ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (SkP 2)
Hulda-Hrokkinskinna ∙ is referred to in ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (SkP 2)
∙ is referred to in ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (SkP 2)
Ív, Sig ∙ is referred to in ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (SkP 2)
Anon Hsona 2 ∙ is referred to in ∙ Slembir Lv 1, n. All (SkP 2)
Anon Hsona 2 ∙ is referred to in ∙ Ív Sig 26, n. 4 (SkP 2)
Anon Hsona 2 ∙ is referred to in ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (SkP 2)
Anon Hsona 2 ∙ is referred to in ∙ (SkP 2)
Anon Hsona 2 ∙ is referred to in ∙ Ív, Sig (SkP 2)
Anon Hsona 2 ∙ is referred to in ∙ j. Magnús IV inn blindi Sigurðarson (r. 1130-5; 1137-9) (SkP 2)
Anon Hsona 2 ∙ is referred to in ∙ SnSt Ht 38, n. 5 (SkP 3)
place: Finnmǫrk ∙ saw the composition of ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (14988)
place: Finnmǫrk ∙ saw the composition/recitation of ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (15402)
place: Finnmǫrk ∙ saw the recitation of ∙ Anon Hsona 2 (14989)


Classic birch ply and natural hide tambourines with single rows of zils. Played simply with a flick of the wrist, a tap of the frame, or beating of the skin. Perfect for those with a dream to make like Mick Jagger, or Stevie Nicks, or Robert Plant, or Kim Gordon, or Prince, or even Bez (yes we know those were maracas); or given their apparent ease of playing to at least relive some of those primary school highlights.


text:
Leading factors in achieving a successful M&A deal in the United States 2019
Published by Statista Research Department, Jan 11, 2022
In a 2019 survey, effective integration and accurately valuing a target ranked as the most important success factors in M&A transactions according to executives in the United States. Both factors were cited by 20 percent of the respondents.
Leading factors in achieving a successful merger and acquisition (M&A) transaction in the United States as of 2019
Share of respondents
October 10 to 24, 2019
Number of respondents
1,000*
* Consists of 750 executives at US headquartered corporations and 250 at domestic-based private equity firms.
The source added the following information "All survey participants work either in private or public companies or private equity firms with annual revenues of at least $10 million."
Mergers and acquisitions in the United States
Number of M&A deals in the U.S. 2019-2021, by deal value
Leading financial advisors to M&A deals in the U.S. YTD 2021, by deal value
Number of M&A deals in the U.S. Q3 2021, by industry
Value of M&A deals in the U.S. Q3 2021, by industry
Statistics on "Mergers & acquisitions in the United States"
Share of M&A deal value globally 1991-2021, by region
Share of M&A deal volume globally 1991-2021, by region
Size of completed M&A deals in the Americas 2018-2020, by target region
Number of completed M&A deals in the Americas 2018-2020, by target region
Biggest M&A deals in the U.S. and Canada 2021
Value of M&A transactions in the U.S. 2006-2021
Number of M&A deals in the U.S. 2000-2020
Value of M&A deals in the U.S. 2021, by size
Leading financial advisors to M&A deals in the U.S. YTD 2021, by deal volume
Leading legal advisors to M&A deals in the U.S. YTD 2021, by deal value
Leading legal advisors to M&A deals in the U.S. YTD 2021, by deal volume
Value of M&A deals in the U.S. 2020, by industry
Key industries expected to show more flair for creative deals in the U.S. 2021
Favored creative M&A deal structures in the U.S. 2021
Most important near-term M&A drivers in the U.S. 2021
Median time from initial equity funding to M&A in the U.S. 2000-2020
Number of venture capital deals across MENA 2014-2017
Number of new corporate venture capital investors in MENA 2008-2016
Return on capital employed (ROCE) of Vopak 2016-2019
Vopak' revenue 2014-2020
Payment times of companies in the Netherlands 2015-2019
Luxottica Group: net financial position 2015-2018
Credit utilization rate wholesale and retail trade Belgium 2014-2018, by region
SME respondents who applied for trade credit financing in Belgium 2020
Solicitors in corporate finance law in England and Wales 2017, by gender
Annual income: group business analyst in corporate finance London (UK) 2018
Annual income: finance controller in corporate finance in London (UK) 2018
Non-financial corporations credit flow in the Netherlands 2006-2019
Business plans for the future according to European banks as of 2016
Cash flow from investing activities for Internet NZ in New Zealand 2015-2019
Cloud financial management market size in Japan 2017-2024
Share of private sector investment in relation to GDP across India FY 2012-2016
Corporate lending policies: Future development in Europe 2016, by sector
Merger and acquisition deal performance worldwide Q1 2008-Q3 2019
Annual average M&A deal performance worldwide 2009-2019
Mergers and acquisitions in the United States Global mergers and acquisitions Mergers and acquisitions in Europe Mergers and acquisitions in China SPACs
Deloitte. (March 17, 2020). Leading factors in achieving a successful merger and acquisition (M&A) transaction in the United States as of 2019 [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved January 20, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/953227/leading-factors-for-a-successful-merger-and-acquisition-deal-in-the-united-states/
Deloitte. "Leading factors in achieving a successful merger and acquisition (M&A) transaction in the United States as of 2019." Chart. March 17, 2020. Statista. Accessed January 20, 2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/953227/leading-factors-for-a-successful-merger-and-acquisition-deal-in-the-united-states/
Deloitte. (2020). Leading factors in achieving a successful merger and acquisition (M&A) transaction in the United States as of 2019. Statista. Statista Inc.. Accessed: January 20, 2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/953227/leading-factors-for-a-successful-merger-and-acquisition-deal-in-the-united-states/
Deloitte. "Leading Factors in Achieving a Successful Merger and Acquisition (M&a) Transaction in The United States as of 2019." Statista, Statista Inc., 17 Mar 2020, https://www.statista.com/statistics/953227/leading-factors-for-a-successful-merger-and-acquisition-deal-in-the-united-states/
Deloitte, Leading factors in achieving a successful merger and acquisition (M&A) transaction in the United States as of 2019 Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/953227/leading-factors-for-a-successful-merger-and-acquisition-deal-in-the-united-states/ (last visited January 20, 2022)


text:
< Back to Our Members
National Student Pride
National Student Pride is a not-for-profit festival run by students and graduates, amplifying the queer student experience.
We feature debates, panels, interviews, live music and are proud to house the largest LGBTQ+ student and graduate careers fair in the UK.
PAST TO PRESENT
National Student Pride started in 2005 in response to the Oxford Brookes University, Christian Union's talk on 'Homosexuality and the Bible' and, unlike many pride events, centres around our daytime debates and our careers fair, the largest LGBTQ+ careers fair in the UK.
From 2009-2013 the event grew and flourished in Brighton before moving to London in 2014, and in February of 2020 we celebrated our fifteenth anniversary, a sell-out event, headlined by the Pussycat Dolls.
In 2021 we launched a week long, digital festival. Featuring Nick Grimshaw, Joanna Lumley, Lady Phyll, Munroe Bergdorf, Stephen Fry, Jessie Ware, Lawrence Chaney and Tia Kofi, amongst many other truly incredible talents from the community, as well as our allies.
1. To provide a platform for discussion and debate to amplify the LGBTQ+ student voice.
2. To be a networked community, linking students, graduates, and LGBTQ+ friendly employers
3. To promote an atmosphere of tolerance, opportunity and innovation by allowing room for debate and discussion.
4. To be a safe space, allowing for growth in confidence, socialising and learning.
Services provided for
All LGBT+ Communities
Key areas of work
Advice/Information
Campaigning/Activism
Equal Opportunities/Discrimination
https://www.studentpride.co.uk/
Org/Group Name
Key areas of work Advice/Information (304) Advocacy (171) Arts (80) Befriending/1:1 (122) Campaigning/Activism (258) Counselling (90) Disability (50) Domestic Abuse (51) Drop-in Service (74) Education (186) Employment (43) Equal Opportunities/Discrimination (194) Events (299) Faith (39) Gender (223) Harassment (50) Hate Crime (6) Healthcare (73) Helpline (52) Housing/Homelessness (43) Immigration (32) Infrastructure/Community Development (99) Legal Advice (16) Mental Health (188) Networks (212) Other (11) Outdoors/Sports (45) Policing (21) Policy/Representation (134) Pride (201) Publications (70) Research (105) Resource Library (68) Self-help/Support Group (214) Sexual Health (100) Sexual Violence (41) Social Group (314) Substance Misuse (31) Training (193) Volunteering (200)
Provides services for
Provides services for Ace Spectrum Communities (33) All LGBT+ Communities (458) Bisexual Men (51) Bisexual Women (44) Black, Asian and Minoritised Ethnicities (197) Gay Men (42) Intersex/Variations in Sex Characteristics (VSC) (30) Lesbians/Gay Women (36) Men (161) Non-UK Residents (137) Other (13) People of Faith (135) People over 50 (176) People with disabilities (169) Trans People/People with gender histories (135) Women (169) Young People (206)
Region All Regions East Midlands (52) East of England (51) England (68) Greater London (164) North East (52) North West (83) Northern Ireland (42) Outside of the UK (18) Scotland (52) South East (87) South West (71) UK Wide (161) Wales (53) West Midlands (57) Yorkshire and the Humber (64)


text:
<?php defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
/**
 * Italian translation.
 *
 * @author		-
 * @package		PyroCMS
 * @subpackage 	Variables Module
 * @category	Modules
 * @link		http://pyrocms.com
 * @date		2011-03-13
 * @version		1.1.0
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// labels
$lang['variables:syntax_label']				= 'Sintassi';
$lang['variables:data_label'] 			    = 'Valore';

// titles
$lang['variables:create_title'] 			= 'Aggiungi Variabile';
$lang['variables:edit_title'] 				= 'Modifica la variabile "%s"';
$lang['variables:list_title'] 				= 'Elenco variabili';

// messages
$lang['variables:no_variables'] 			= 'Non ci sono variabili.';
$lang['variables:add_success'] 				= 'La tua variabile è stata salvata.';
$lang['variables:add_error'] 				= 'C\' è stato un errore.';
$lang['variables:edit_success'] 			= 'Modifiche salvate.';
$lang['variables:edit_error'] 				= 'C\' è stato un errore.';
$lang['variables:delete_success']			= 'La variabile "%s" è stata cancellata con successo.';
$lang['variables:delete_error'] 			= 'Si è verificato un errore nel cancelalre la variabile "%s".';
$lang['variables:mass_delete_success']		= '%s variabili su %s eliminate con successo.';
$lang['variables:mass_delete_error'] 		= 'C\' è stato un errore cercando di eliminare la variabile "%s".';
$lang['variables:no_select_error'] 			= 'Devi prima selezionare le variabili.';
$lang['variables:already_exist_error']		= 'Una variabile con il nome "%s" esiste già.';

/* End of file variables_lang.php */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Uses of the Erotic By Audre Lorde Read by Kadie Smiles
Erotic Embodiment
With a podcast called Erotic Embodiment, it feels only right to go to a source text at some point. As I prepare my first Full Moon Horoscopes for the full moon in Sagittarius, I'm reflecting on my own erotic embodiment, especially as a Cancer Moon. I'm also thinking about how moon signs can often can be a sight of great oppression or shame given that its connected to instinct. We know that systems of oppression do their best to kill the instinctive and intuitive body. In that knowing, if you follow me on Instagram, you also know that are we absolutely Queer, Homosexual and like my ancestors, I too, am Down for A Fucking Riot on this block on on the internet. However, with the last eclipse and mercury retrograde plus the mass shootings, it's been difficult to remain encouraged and fight for my own intuitive body. My existence cannot only be associated with death and resistance. So perfectly, we look to our Goddess Audre Lorde for strength and wisdom and courage. May this text and others be a guiding light as these systems fall away during this time. As always if you love the episode email me at eroticembodi@gmail.com. To book a session with me visit my website at https://kadiesmiles.weebly.com! See You Next Week Embodied Astrology Offerings that were referenced! Conversation About Mercury Retrograde with Renee and Rose Blakelock https://www.embodiedastrology.com/live-event-sales/death-eats-life Conversation about Grief with Minerva Arias https://www.embodiedastrology.com/live-event-sales/minerva-arias-guest-workshop
Kadie Smiles
LGBTQ+ Pride Season 2022 1: History Lesson Audre Laude
lABLEd
LGBTQ+ Pride Season 2022 1: History Lesson Audre Laude About This Episode Profiling people from history who lived survived and thrived with a disability or chronic illness. In the first episode of our LGBTQIA Pride series, we meet with our historian Daisy Holder to talk about American poet and activitist Audre Laude View the full list of resources, links and transcript of this episode at www.labledpodcast.co.uk Follow us on Twitter, Facebook & Instagram @labledpod To find out more About the Show & how to support Support this Podcast Like LABLEd Podcast on Facebook Tweet lABLEd Podcast Follow LABLEd Podcast on Instagram Got a comment or Question? Email us! lABLEd Podcast is currently self-funded. Please consider donating to our Go Fund Me Production Team Hosts: Alice Evans, Daisy Holder and Lucy Wood Editor: Adam Hull Social Media Coordinator: Ami Ireland Music: Maisy Crunden
Marsha P. Johnson
Sylvia Rivera
Zora Neale Hurston
Rosetta Tharpe
Finding Hope Through the Erotic with Audre Lorde's Help
This Is Your Afterlife
Grappling with despair this week in the wake of the Uvalde and Buffalo shootings, plus the quotidian stress of my job search. How do you have hope in hell? I turn to Audre Lorde and Mariame Kaba for answers. But if hope is not a feeling, what is it?Content warning: gun violence, Uvalde, Buffalo, despair, Audre Lorde, Mariame Kaba, hope.Texts:Audre Lorde: "Uses of the Erotic" (printed in Sister Outsider)Beyond Prisons podcast: Hope Is a Discipline feat. Mariame Kaba (excerpt printed in We Do This 'Til We Free Us)If you think this show's worth the cost of a coffee or a meal a month, subscribe for $5 or $15 at patreon.com/davemaher. You'll get my mostly-unedited full convos with guests, every installment of the companion podcast This Is Your Aftershow, and shoutouts in future episodes.Subscribe to my weekly newsletter, Definitive Answers! And follow me @thisisdavemaher on Twitter and Instagram.---Transcript: This Is Your Afterlife on PodscribeMusic = The Thermals: "A Pillar of Salt" / Johnnie Frierson: "Miracles"
Alexis Pauline Gumbs on Undoing Domination, Surrendering, Listening, and Audre Lorde
Time Talks: History, Politics, Music, and Art
Alexis Pauline Gumbs on Undoing Domination, Surrendering, Listening, and Audre Lorde https://www.alexispauline.com/ Books: https://www.alexispauline.com/books Social Media: https://twitter.com/alexispauline https://www.instagram.com/alexispauline/ Music by AwareNess: https://awareness0.bandcamp.com/ Please support the podcast on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/timetalks Channel Zero Network: https://channelzeronetwork.com/
Alexis Pauline Gumbs
Woman of Notable Mention - Audre Lorde
Outside Voice Inside
Meet the hosts of Outside Voice Inside: Synitta Walker Delano: mother of the grandest SuperNova (Bug), writer, philosopher, and future bookstore owner and Tamara Joyner: writer, educator, and future restaurant owner. Episode 008 - Audre Lorde Listen to us during Women's History Month discussing our relationship to notable women throughout history. For more information on Audre Lorde read up on her here: https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/audre-lorde Our Relationship w/Music This Week: Mariah the Scientist "Aura", Karim Kamar "Winter Etudes - entire album", Nate Smith (his entire catalog BUT feel free to start with the EP "Light and Shadow"), and Maxwell "This Woman's Work" Be sure to SUBSCRIBE! Follow us on Instagram and Twitter: Outside Voice Inside - @ovipodcast Synitta Walker Delano - @theepurpleonion Tamara Joyner - @iamtam_savage (Instagram) and @tam_savage (Twitter) Listen to us on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Google Podcasts, Amazon Music, and Audible.
EP. 6 - Queer History: Gladys Bentley and Audre Lorde
Sweet Baby Gay
To kick off our monthly Queer History segment AND celebrate the first day of Black History Month, we're talking Gladys Bentley and Audre Lorde. Host Abbey shares about Gladys Bentley, Harlem's risque, gender-bending, prohibition badass, while Autumn tells you about Audre Lorde, the self-described "black, lesbian, mother, warrior, poet". Support the show (https://www.patreon.com/Sweetbabygay)
Gladys Bentley
Literary Witch Book Coven - Audre Lorde
Ouija Boards & Midnight Margs
Welcome back, witchy readers! This is our second Literary Witch Book Coven episode and I'm so grateful to bring you these self indulgent minisodes. Today we are joined by Sam from TOIL + TRBL to chat new year, resolutions and read the iconic, Audre Lorde. You can read along with us at the link below. Today's poem is: "A Woman Speaks". Cheers!SOURCES - MORE AUDRE LORDE A Woman Speaks - Audre Lorde About Audre Lorde Deeper Analysis Must Read ListMORE TOIL + TRBL Shop the Collection Follow on InstaGET THE DECK Literary Witches Book Literary Witches Oracle Deck--- This episode is sponsored by · Anchor: The easiest way to make a podcast. https://anchor.fm/app
Literary Witch
Audre Lorde Read by Camille Stennis
Born in Harlem in 1934 to a family of Caribbean immigrants, Audre Lorde grew up to become a Black feminist icon and celebrated American poet, writer, and activist. Best known for her works exploring her own multifaceted identity, Lorde both struggled with and embraced the differences that made her unique—and the ones that drew her to others. A poet and self-described "warrior," Lorde created a space for herself in America by writing about her personal experiences and advocating for freedom for people of color, the LGBTQ community, women, and oppressed communities around the globe.About the NarratorCamille Stennis is an audio editor, music composer and sound designer based out of Los Angeles, CA. She has a BFA in Music Production & Sound Design for Visual Media from the Academy of Art University, and has also interned at companies such as Jingle Punks, Unified Films, and was previously the Head of Production at Jam Street Media supporting various creative productions in podcasting, music publishing and audio visuals. Currently, she works as an Audio Producer and Sound Designer for Rebel Girls. Camille is also a member of the LGBTQ+ community, living happily with her wife and dogs.CreditsThis podcast is a production of Rebel Girls and is based on the book series Good Night Stories for Rebel Girls.This episode was produced by Camille Stennis. Sound design and mixing by Mumble Media. This episode was written by Alexis Stratton and fact checked by Joe Rhatigan. Executive Producer is Katie Sprenger. Haley Dapkus is our production manager. Original theme music was composed and performed by Elettra Bargiacchi. A big thanks to the whole Rebel Girls team who make this show possible! For more, visit rebelgirls.com. And if you like what you heard, don't forget to rate and review this episode, and share it with your friends! Until next time, stay REBEL!
Sister Outsider, by Audre Lorde
Breaking Down Patriarchy
Amy: Welcome to Breaking Down Patriarchy! I bought the book Sister Outsider, by Audre Lorde, several months ago in preparation for this episode, and every time I passed it on my bookshelf, those two words would drop into my consciousness and stay there for awhile. Two words that are so laden with meaning and emotion, and are complete opposites. A sister is one of the most intimate relationships a person can have - your very own family, sharing your DNA and your home. And outsider - a stranger, an intruder, someone who is not brought into fellowship. I thought of the great human family, which really is how I was taught to see the world, with all people as siblings, and I thought of what Audre Lorde was trying to tell me with that two-word title - that some of my sisters feel like outsiders in their own family. And so before I even started the book I was deeply moved. And as I read it I felt so grateful that she shared her powerful mind and her poetry with the world, and I felt humbled to be able to read it and learn. This is a book I would recommend for all listeners to purchase and read slowly and carefully. So we'll get into this book in a minute, but first I want to introduce you to my reading partner today, Suzette Duncan. Welcome Suzette!Suzette: (Response) Amy: Suzette and I met in Palo Alto in 2015, when my two youngest kids were attending a school where Suzette was a teacher, and she became one of the all-time favorite teachers of both of my kids. And one memorable moment was in the summer of 2016 when our family was walking along the Highline in New York City in an absolute crush of people - huge crowd - and there was Suzette!! Literally about to bump into each other! I think my kids will always remember that - like seeing "home" in a sea of strangers. We adore you and miss you and still think about you all the time. We like to start each episode with an introduction of our reading partner. So Suzette, could you tell us about where you're from, your family, what you love, some things that make you you?Suzette: My family is from the West Indies, like Audre Lorde's. We are from Guyana, which is on the mainland of South America. It was a British colony and so is the only English speaking country in South America. We have family in Venezuela and Brazil as well. And, because Guyana was a British colony our family includes people of native, East Indian, and African descent. My family's origin is very important to me and has colored how I see the world. For instance, I would say two seminal events in my childhood involve the West Indies, even though I only visited Guyana once as a toddler. They are the Jonestown Massacre and the invasion of Grenada by the United States. Those events caused me so much distress and fear as a kid, and also highlighted my feeling of being different, since they were not worries shared by black or white american peers.Can I interject here? I'm so embarrassed to admit that I'm one of those white Americans who doesn't know about the Jonestown Massacre or the invasion of Grenada. Can you tell me quickly what those events were? My twin sister and I were the first people in our family to be born in the US. My mom came to the US first, followed by my dad (they'd known each other since they were kids), and then my grandparents and their two youngest kids, my aunt Allison and Uncle Steve. I actually learned at my grandmother's funeral that she left Guyana the day of one of my uncle's weddings to arrive in the US to start a new life and in time for the birth of my sister and I.I grew up in NYC, in a big extended family. The last of my cousins arrived in the US in 1981 or 1982. Until I was about 9, our house was home to grandparents, aunts, uncles, god parents, cousins, etc. I loved the way I grew up. It was a big change for me when started living more apart, though I lived within walking distance of my grandparents and some cousins until I left NYC.Interesting education because in 80s private schools were opening doors to "less privileged kids." I went to a private school on the museum mile in Manhattan, but lived in a modest house on the edge of Queens. My classmates included children of some of the wealthiest folks in America, meanwhile, crack was decimating my previously safe and happy neighborhood in the 80's. The dissonance of that experience was something I had to figure out as an adult. Grateful for the education I got, and it wasn't without costs.Started studying japanese in high school. Kept going with it, and lived in Japan for about 3 years. Finally I found myself in a PHD program for Japanese literature. I left without finishing, because I figured out I really loved the teaching part of my academic career so I got a teaching credential to work with K-8. I wanted to a) bring a different experience to kids like me in private schools and then 2) use what I'd learned in them to improve the experiences of kids in public schools.I had my dream job working with teachers in public schools after leaving teaching in private schools, but I've been dealing with a disabling illness that has put a pause on that work. I hope to get back to supporting education in some way some day.I'm so very sorry, Suzette. Actually as I've been doing the podcast, occasionally I think back on things that some authors have written that I've said on episodes that are kind of "pull ourselves up by our bootstraps", and I realize how insensitive that can be when people are dealing with all kinds of factors that can make life more complicated than just "go to grad school! Get a job! Be empowered!" My own mom has suffered with chronic pain for decades and I know she yearns to do more, but has been very limited by physical struggles. So I'm glad you brought it up - I need to be more aware of the huge variety of people's abilities and circumstances.But back to you...I'm married to a woman. She is white. We have a daughter who is white and Mexican/Cuban and just turned 18. We have raised her with her dad and although we don't look like a family we all love each other a lot.I've had the benefit of living a life that has put me in touch with a lot of different people from a lot of different places. I really appreciate that about my life.Amy: And then what does "breaking down patriarchy" mean to you?Suzette: right now, with the world the way it is, I find that I can't think about patriarchy without thinking about the history of European dominance and colonization over the world. Audre Lorde writes about the mythical norm (Mythical Norm) that allows for the dehumanization of so many. that norm is white and male, because of that history of European colonization. so I think decolonizing, by examining and being honest about that history, and then finding out how other humans can lead us away from that mythical Norm is really essential to breaking down the patriarchy. we can't think about breaking down patriarchy without thinking also breaking apart the hegemonic systems that support it.Amy: Last step before discussing the text is to get to know the author. Could you tell us about Audre Lorde?Suzette: Audrey Lorde was born in New York City on February 18, 1934. Her father was from Barbados, and her mother was Grenadian from the island of Carriacou. Lorde's mother was of mixed ancestry but could "pass" for Spanish, which was a source of pride for her family. Her father, on the other hand, was darker than the Belmar family liked, and they only allowed the couple to marry because of his charm, ambition, and persistence. Audre was the youngest of three daughters, who were praised for their lighter skin - Audre's mother had picked up her family's deep aversion to dark skin, and Audrey always felt that disdain from her mother. Additionally, Audre was nearsighted to the point of being legally blind, and in her book Sister Outsider she talks about these early memories - being shamed for her dark skin and being visually impaired - creating a deep sense that there was something wrong with her. At the age of four, she learned to talk while she learned to read, and her mother taught her to write at around the same time. If asked how she was feeling, Audre would reply by reciting a poem; she said that she even thought in poetry. Around the age of twelve, she began writing her own poetry and connecting with others at her school who were considered "outcasts", as she felt she was. And a note about the spelling of her name: When Audre was a kid she decided that she was more interested in the artistic symmetry of the "e"-endings in the two side-by-side names "Audre Lorde" than in spelling her name the way her parents had intended, so she dropped the "Y" at the end of Audrey. :) She attended Hunter College High School, a secondary school for intellectually gifted students, and graduated in 1951. While attending Hunter, Lorde published her first poem in Seventeen magazine after her school's literary journal rejected it for being inappropriate. She also participated in poetry workshops sponsored by the Harlem Writers Guild, but noted that she always felt like somewhat of an outcast from the Guild because she "was both crazy and queer... but [they thought] I would grow out of it all." In 1954 Lorde spent a year as a student at the National University of Mexico, and upon her return to New York, she attended Hunter College, and graduated in the class of 1959. She furthered her education at Columbia University, earning a master's degree in library science in 1961, and working as a public librarian in nearby Mount Vernon, New York. In 1962 Lorde married attorney Edwin Rollins, who was a white, gay man. She and Rollins had two children together, but then divorced in 1970. In 1966, Lorde became head librarian at Town School Library in New York City, where she remained until 1968. In 1968 Lorde was writer-in-residence at Tougaloo College in Mississippi, leading workshops with her young, black undergraduate students, many of whom were eager to discuss the civil rights issues of that time, and through her interactions with her students, she reaffirmed her desire not only to live out her "crazy and queer" identity, but also to devote attention to the formal aspects of her craft as a poet. Her book of poems, Cables to Rage, came out of her time and experiences at Tougaloo. Lorde founded Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, which published the anthology This Bridge Called My Back: Writings By Radical Women of Color [which this podcast covered just a couple of weeks ago!]. She was active as a writer, teacher and public intellectual throughout the 70's and 80's, founding coalitions all over the world to help women recover from abuse and injustice, notably helping women in apartheid South Africa. She also did particularly groundbreaking work in Germany, inspiring Afro-German women and helping increase awareness of intersectionality across racial and ethnic lines. Her legacy in Germany was captured in an award-winning film, Audre Lorde: The Berlin Years 1984–1992.Lorde published many, many works of poetry and prose, growing more well-known in her own lifetime, and the essay she is most famous for is called The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House. This essay is contained in the anthology of essays and speeches that we're going to discuss today: Sister Outsider, which was published in 1984.Lorde was known to describe herself as black, lesbian, feminist, poet, and mother. In her novel Zami: A New Spelling of My Name, she focuses on how her many different identities shape her life and the different experiences she has because of them. She shows us that personal identity is found within the connections between seemingly different parts of one's life, based in lived experience, and that one's authority to speak comes from this lived experience. She also spoke frequently about the need for feminism to address how all forms of oppression were interrelated. During her time in Mississippi in 1968, she met Frances Clayton, a white lesbian and professor of psychology who was to be her romantic partner until 1989. Their relationship continued for the remainder of Lorde's life.From 1991 until her death, she was the New York State Poet laureate.Lorde died of breast cancer at the age of 58 on November 17, 1992, in St. Croix, where she had been living with black feminist activist Gloria I. Joseph. In an African naming ceremony before her death, she took the name Gamba Adisa, which means "Warrior: She Who Makes Her Meaning Known". ----Amy: Thanks so much, Suzette! Ok, now we are each going to share some parts that struck us the most from the book. Suzette, do you want to start?Suzette: Chapter 22 Growing up, metabolizing hatred like daily bread, because I am black, because I am woman, because I am not black enough, because I am not some particular fantasy of a woman, because I am.I used to have a joke that my default emotion was anger. It's hard to communicate the amount of stress and anger, digesting daily hate creates.Anecdotes about my anger - talking with my sister about the state of the world - I get actually screaming angry. I understand the meaning of the phrase, depression is anger turned inward. That was my experience - the anger before deep depression in my late 20s.It takes so much energy to feed anger, and it robs you of the energy for your own liberation.One thing that this quote and your response reminds me of is a part of Isabel Wilkerson's book, Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents, where she says that white people love - and praise - Black forgiveness. She says that many, many white people don't have tolerance for Black anger, and we want Black people to just say "it's ok," and absolve us of our collective guilt. And that of course places the burden back onto African-American shoulders. In fact Lorde says this:"Black women are expected to use our anger only in the service of other people's salvation or learning. But that time is over. My anger has meant pain to me but it has also meant survival, and before I give it up I'm going to be sure that there is something at least as powerful to replace it on the road to clarity." (132) Does that resonate for you, Suzette?Holding it in toxic and releasing it is damaging.Anecdote - destructive anger during our recent move. Willingly endangering my health to demonstrate my anger - this story also let's me talk about disability.Work of adulthood has been figuring this outSuzetteI was not meant to be alone and without you who understandToughest part of the book for me, reflecting on invisibility and loneliness of black womanhoodI spent a lot of time feeling angry about feeling rejected by other black folk because I didn't conform. What she describes is not so past tense.The connection she makes between the ambivalence between black women and the impact of patriarchy, oppression, racism - so important.HAIR is big part of this - I got a lot of grief for my hairIn recent years I've noticed that there's a greater acceptance of diversity of self expression and lifestyle among black folks, but it's not a uniform community and I think not lifting up the diversity with the community of black folks harms us.AmyI was thinking about that phrase "I was not meant to be alone and without you who understands" and for me it connected to an idea that she develops about understanding each other. She says:"Difference must be not merely tolerated, but seen as a fund of necessary polarities between which our creativity can spark like a dialectic. Only then does the necessity for interdependency become unthreatening." (110)I love this encouragement of being who we are honestly and truly, and not hiding ourselves, and rather than fearing differences in other people, saying "bring it on!! What a wonderful opportunity to learn from our differences!" With that attitude, we can really learn from each other. It's inspiring to think that creativity can spark between opposite opinions, different ways of being… but that does require us to have really good communication skills so we end up really listening to each other and trying to deeply understand what the other person is experiencing and trying to share with us. In fact, I want to share another part on the same topic - she says:"As women, we have been taught either to ignore our differences, or to view them as causes for separation and suspicion rather than as forces for change. Without community there is no liberation, only the most vulnerable and temporary armistice between an...
Episode 16 - Audre Lorde and Julie d'Aubigny
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Julie D'Aubigny


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UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon launched the "Sustainable Energy for All" Initiative early this year. This is a timely reminder to Asean countries to put rural electrification back on the energy agenda.
The Initiative brings business, governments, investors, community groups and academia to the table to support three inter-linked objectives. These include ensuring universal access to modern energy services, doubling the rate of improvement in energy efficiency, and doubling the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.
The rapidly developing Southeast Asian region is characterized by increasing energy demand, but at the same time it is plagued by growing environmental pressures, low rural electrification levels, and a heavy reliance on fossil fuels and traditional biomass.
Asean's primary energy requirement is projected to triple between 2005 and 2030, having already more than doubled between 1990 and 2007 - with an annual growth rate of 4 per cent (double the world's average). Therefore, meeting the region's energy needs, which will usher in unprecedented increases in coal use, oil and gas imports and greenhouse gas emissions, will prove to be a challenge. One of three energy resource-rich regions in Asia, alongside oil-rich Middle-East and the emerging energy-filled Central Asia, Asean produces and consumes its own energy resources while marketing and processing energy sources for major economies like China, Japan and South Korea. It also possesses a strategic waterway through which 80 per cent of East Asia's energy passes.
There is considerable coal and gas in the region, but more will need to be imported. Although resource endowments vary substantially from country to country in this unique region, large potentials for renewable energy sources remain untapped.
To address energy poverty matters, governments must encourage off-grid use of renewable energy to help advance rural electrification and meet socio-economic development objectives. The long term success of their initiatives will require viable, self-sustaining technological and financial models that engage the poor communities they are designed to help.
Despite the slow uptake of off-grid renewable energy projects in Asean, all hope is not lost. Thailand's remarkable success in delivering electricity access through its 1974 National Plan for Accelerated Rural Electrification Program in just 20 years is a good example of government effort in maximizing potential benefits while minimizing project cost. The program integrated rural electrification into a broader national development strategy while giving consideration to the social and political requirements of less stable areas.
Similarly, the achievements of the Philippines rural electrification program, which succeeded in bringing electricity to 4.5 million households in 30 years, have been impressive.
Home to 567 million people in 10 member states, Asean has a startling 160.3 million people without electricity, according to IEA's 2008 estimates. Rural electrification rates range widely throughout the Asean region, from 10 per cent in Myanmar to 100 per cent in Singapore.
To date, despite low rural electrification rates in many parts of Asean, only four countries – namely Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR and the Philippines - have dedicated plans to increase rural electrification rates. Secure access to modern sources of energy underpins human well-being and sustained economic development. Around the world, 1.5 billion people still live without access to electricity, 95 per cent of which come from developing Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.
Some countries have clearly succeeded in their efforts to address rural electrification and deploy resources towards meeting their renewable energy targets, while others have fallen behind. More broadly, Asean has agreed to reduce regional energy intensity by at least 8 per cent by 2015 from 2005 levels and to have 15 per cent of total installed power capacity from renewable energy sources by 2015. Asean Energy Ministers have further agreed to consider higher commitments beyond 2015 in reference to other international and regional commitments.
However, barriers exist in aligning Asean with global universal electricity access targets. These include incompatible goals, the lack of recognition of energy poverty in the Asean Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation, and the varied renewable energy potentials of individual Asean countries.
Nonetheless, Asean needs to find a way to produce affordable and reliable electricity while preventing irreversible damage to the environment and – where possible – use low-GHG emitting sources of energy. Member countries should seek out the appropriate balance between regulatory policies and financial incentives to promote energy efficiency market transformation. Several have already made headway: many Asean countries have recently adopted policies setting specific targets for renewable energy utilization, while some like Vietnam and Malaysia have opened doors to other options – namely nuclear power.
Finally, it is important to realize that universal access to energy is not incompatible with addressing climate change. Through the adoption of clean technologies and energy efficiency, countries can expand access to all while, at the same time, moving decisively towards a low carbon and climate resilient future. The IEA's World Energy Outlook 2011 predicts that universal electricity access by 2030 would only increase global electricity generation by 2.5 per cent and carbon dioxide emissions by only 0.7 per cent. Both figures are trivial in relation to concerns about energy security and climate change. The rewards for this would be significant contributions to socio-economic development and the prevention of 1.5 million premature deaths per year.
Furthermore, Asia is home to the largest community of the urban poor, who face emerging barriers to energy access. These include the high cost of service, illegal status of slum dwellers, lack of education and awareness, lack of trust between communities and service providers, and the lack of infrastructure. Providing electricity access to this growing segment of the population comes with its own set of challenges, but the need for good, long-term policies with sustainable financing tools is the same as that for rural areas.
In developing Asean, where national energy investments are likely to focus on overcoming infrastructure backlogs and meeting suppressed demand in productive sectors, it is important not to neglect rural electrification. The role of electricity access in advancing sustained socio-economic development and human well-being is now well understood. Solving this problem requires solutions from the top-down and the bottom-up, and entails everything from global finance to village-level technologies.
Asean needs to step up its efforts both regionally and nationally to address this oft-overlooked socio-economic problem of rural non-electrification, and to overcome energy poverty so as to provide Sustainable Energy for All.
Melissa Low is an Energy Analyst at the Energy Studies Institute of the National University of Singapore.