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Home » War is Hell
War is Hell!
The Lessons learned by Ken Burns . . .
Legendary film-maker Ken Burns was credited as saying something to the effect that once he got into researching and producing his famous Civil War documentary series, he became overwhelmed by the sheer volume of stories — long forgotten in letters, books and personal effects. He lamented that he had to "shut the door" on taking on more content in order to wrap up the series . . . material just had to hit the "cutting room floor" and he had to call it "wrap."
Well, we reached that point some time ago!!! But we are looking at the work and the research accomplished so far to be an inspiration for further writing and perhaps a serious dalliance into film . . .
General William T. Sherman, the Union General who marched 70,000 men through Atlanta and the Carolinas, and who accepted the surrender of the Army of Tennessee in Durham, NC, famously said
War is also as expensive as hell — and meeting the challenge of funding the "cruel exigencies of war" required almost super-human feats of politics and financing (and arguably even some "conjuring") to achieve in the War — for both the North and the South.
Because of the War — and the insatiable need for money — monumental changes were wrought during the "Ten Tumultuous Years" (1857 – to – 1867). In the North, there were sweeping legislative Acts that changed the rules of public financing so that previously unimaginable sums of money could be raised (and ultimately repaid somehow).
Here is a glimpse of the US Treasury's situation in 1860, just before the War of the Rebellion started: The entire revenue for the federal government was about $30 million (and that was $5 million short); most of the money came from tariffs collected from the maritime trade. By the time the War was in full gear, around 1863, the Union expenses were running at about ONE MILLION dollars PER DAY. The Secretary of the Treasury, Salmon Chase, and his right-hand man, Hugh McCulloch, plus certain members of the Congress, cooked up novel ways to raise massive amounts of money that were considered "heretical" by some. These Acts included the Legal Tender Act and the National Bank Act, which transfigured our money and banking for decades to come . . . and gave birth to the Internal Revenue Service, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) and the US Secret Service.
Cornelius Vanderbilt — industrialist and "Robber Baron" — would state that Rep. Elbridge Spaulding, of New York "conjured money out of nothing." Spaulding is credited with pushing the Legal Tender Act through the US Congress in 1862, creating federal paper money that one Act — which was never rescinded (though it was a "war-time measure") created both a uniform federal currency and "an interest-free loan." In the wake of the War, there was even a Legal Tender Party, which became quite active a decade after the War ended — and at one point, a well-known former Union General named Ben Butler actually ran for president on that ticket — the party never had a president elected on its ticket, but it helped keep paper money on as "legal tender currency," effectively lasting to this day.
In the South, once the Confederate Government was established, all of the federal assets in the seceding States were "taken in trust" (basically confiscated) by the Confederate States of America (CSA) . . . that included three of five US Mints in the South and all of the silver and gold bullion that they possessed. (That included all of the US Custom Houses with millions in coin at hand. It also included the US Arsenal — to produce ordinance — in Augusta, Georgia). The South basically appropriated an existing infrastructure. But despite having three mints and the personnel to run them, they were all shut down in April of 1861.
Cotton was King — and in the beginning, the Confederacy thought it would provide a lot of financial leverage, but that hope waned . . . and as losses mounted in the field, money became scarce . . . supplies dwindled and inflation soared. The Southern Government eventually impressed the public for and supplies — writing IOUs essentially. Then they sought donations . . . In the end, the State of Virginia tried to aid General Robert E. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia with $300,000 in gold, bit it was too little, too late . . . (Please read "The Furious Flight of the Confederate Treasure Train . . ." for much more about this last-ditch effort as Richmond, Virginia fell.)
To compound the problems, during the "Ten Tumultuous Years" (1857-1867), counterfeiting was running rampant — and by then end of the War, it's said that 30% of the currency in circulation was fake. The economy was already awash in "funny money" before the War began, but pressure on the US Treasury to do something to combat counterfeiting was a big factor in the birth of the "Greenback," the distinctive color of green that US Currency took on in 1862. And for a while, sanctioned counterfeiting helped stoke inflation in the South.
And speaking of money and Mints: while the Mints in Dahlonega, Charlotte and New Orleans in the South were being "taken in trust," the combination of the War's mounting expenses and the discovery of so much precious metal in the Far West led to new brand mints being authorized — in 1862, '63 and '64 — in the Colorado, Nevada and (ready for this) Oregon. That last one — built in The Dalles (near Mt. Hood) — never produced a single dime.
This is just a taste of the goings-on that we explore . . . below are "mini-posters" which are "teasers" for one of the Chapters in Voume 1:
Click Here for the Table of Contents . . .


Application: The Holy Spirit can keep you from defecting.
We become a part of the body of Christ and that should mean something! How can we desert such a great unity of the spirit unless we have defected! Maybe the question that needs to be asked: How can I know whether or not the Holy Spirit is within me?
The Christian life begins with faith, Paul had been to <?<span>Galatia and many had believed there had been evidence of their new life. The Holy Spirit will draw you to faith in Christ. Some of these new converts at Galatia had concluded that keeping the law was necessary and here is a mistake of many cults. The law is fulfilled in Christ, the Holy Spirit comes in response to faith, and He matures our faith. One way our faith is matured is through written Word. In the bible when the prophets spoke they spoke with authority by the power of God and the indwelling spirit guiding.
In the book of John Jesus told His disciples that the counselor would come and teach them all things, this is the Holy Spirit!
He increases our faith by revealing Christ in the living word. This is the promise of our Lord. John 16:13-14 "When the Spirit of truth comes, He will guide you into all the truth. For He will not speak on His own, but He will speak whatever He hears. He will also declare to you what is to come. 14 He will glorify Me, because He will take from what is Mine and declare it to you." The more we know of Jesus, the stronger our faith!
I think it is difficult for many to believe we are at war with the devil when we allow the spirit of God to have control of our life. Ephesians 6:11-12 "Put on the full armor of God so that you can stand against the tactics of the Devil. 12 For our battle is not against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the world powers of this darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavens." We are at war with the devil and with the flesh.
I have always referred to this conflict as a tug a war of good versus evil and if you blink an eye you might allow the flesh to take control. So how do we stay victorious in this battle?
If you every want to see who is winning in this battle of the flesh and its sinful nature or the spirit and the power of God. There are things that the Holy Spirit wants to produce in us: First in relation to God … love, joy, peace. Second in relation to fellowman … longsuffering, gentleness, goodness and thirdly, in relation to ourselves … faith, meekness, self-control.
What is the Holy Spirit Producing in You? By Yielding to him, we become Fruitful!
Are text today uses the word (foolish) and this word foolish does not suggest mental deficiency but mental laziness and carelessness. The believers in Galatia were not stupid; they simply failed to use their spiritual intelligence when faced by the unscriptural, gospel-destroying teaching of the Judaizers. They were not using their heads. Foolishness: Is a wrong attitude of heart, and a lack of faith that clouds judgment.


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George Allen Strong was born July 4, 1917 to George A. and Marie Van Valkerberg Strong. He died Jan. 10, 1944 and is buried in Sicily-Rome American Cemetery, Nettuno, Italy.
Sgt. Strong served in World War II with the U.S. Army 133rd Infantry Regiment, 34th Infantry Division and was KIA in Italy and awarded the Purple Heart.


text:
Harman Patil
I love reading books and watching sci fi flicks
Updated on Nov 28, 2022
Publisher DC Comics
First appearance The Brave and the Bold #28 (March 1960)
Base(s) The Hall Watchtower The Refuge JLI Embassies Detroit Bunker Satellite Secret Sanctuary
Adaptations Justice League of America (1997)
Original members Batman, Superman, Diana Prince, Green Lantern, Flash, Aquaman, Martian Manhunter
Created by Gardner Fox, Mike Sekowsky
Similar Justice, DC vs Marvel, Teen Titans, The New 52, Avengers
Justice league origin complete story
The Justice League, also known as the Justice League of America (JLA), is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The Justice League was conceived by writer Gardner Fox, and first appeared in The Brave and the Bold #28 (March 1960).
Justice league new 52 volume 1 comic read part 1
Various origins of the Justice League
Formerly Known as the Justice League
JLAAvengers
JLA Classified
Justice League Cry for Justice
JLAThe 99
Silver and Bronze Age
Satellite years
Justice League International
Justice League of America vol 2
DC Universe Rebirth
Silver Age Justice League of America
Justice LeagueJustice League InternationalJustice League America 19871996
JLA 19972006
Justice League of America vol 2 20062011
The New 52 Justice League vol 2 20112016
Miscellaneous reprints
The team is an assemblage of superheroes who join together as the Justice League. The seven original members were Batman, Aquaman, the Flash, Green Lantern, Martian Manhunter, Superman, and Wonder Woman. The team roster has rotated throughout the years, consisting of many superheroes from the DC Universe like Atom, Black Canary, Captain Marvel, Green Arrow, Hawkman, Cyborg, and Plastic Man. The Justice League received its own comic book title called Justice League of America in November 1960. With the 2011 relaunch of its titles, DC Comics released a second volume of Justice League. In July 2016, the DC Rebirth initiative relaunched the Justice League comic book titles with the third volume of Justice League. Since its inception, the team has been featured in various television programs and video games and is set to appear in the live action film of the same name.
Various comic book series featuring the Justice League have remained generally popular with fans since inception and, in most incarnations, its roster includes DC's most popular characters. The Justice League concept has also been adapted into various other entertainment media, including various forms of television from the classic Saturday morning Super Friends animated series (1973–1986), an unproduced Justice League of America live-action series (for which the pilot film exists), the acclaimed Justice League animated series (2001–2004), its sequel Justice League Unlimited (2004–2006), and the current Justice League Action (2016-Present).
A live-action film was also in the works around 2008 before being shelved. On June 6, 2012, Warner Bros. announced a new live action Justice League film was in development with Will Beall hired as screenwriter. However, the project was scrapped again. After the success of the Superman reboot Man of Steel, a film titled Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice was released in March 2016, directed by Zack Snyder. Batman v Superman script writer Chris Terrio has also penned the script for Justice League.
In a story told in flashback in Justice League of America #9 (February 1962), the Appelaxians infiltrated Earth. Competing alien warriors were sent to see who could conquer Earth first, to determine who will become the new ruler of their home planet. The aliens' attacks drew the attentions of Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Flash (Barry Allen), Green Lantern (Hal Jordan), Aquaman, and Martian Manhunter. While the superheroes individually defeated most of the invaders, the heroes fell prey to a single competitor's attack; only by working together were they able to defeat the competitor. For many years, the heroes heralded this adventure as the event that prompted them to agree to pool resources when confronted with similar menaces.
In Justice League of America #144 (July 1977), Green Arrow uncovered inconsistencies in the team's records and extracted admissions from his colleagues that the seven founders had actually formed the League after Martian Manhunter was rescued from Martian forces by the other six founders, along with several other heroes including Robin, Robotman, Congo Bill/Congorilla, Rex the Wonder Dog and even Lois Lane.
Green Lantern participated in this first adventure solely as Hal Jordan, as he had yet to become the costumed hero, the biggest inconsistency Arrow found, as they celebrated the earlier incident's date, while recounting only the later one's events. When the group formalized their agreement, they suppressed news of it because of anti-Martian hysteria. Because the heroes had not revealed their identities to each other at the time, they did not realize that Jordan and Green Lantern were one and the same when he turned up in costume during the event described in #9. While most subsequent accounts of the League have made little mention of this first adventure, the animated Justice League series adapted this tale as the origin of the Justice League as well.
Secret Origins (vol. 2) #32 (November 1988) updated Justice League of America #9's origin for post-Crisis continuity. Differences included the inclusion of the Silver Age Black Canary as a founding member and the absence of Batman, Wonder Woman and Superman. The JLA: Year One limited series, by Mark Waid, Brian Augustyn and Barry Kitson, further expanded the Secret Origins depiction.
In Justice League Task Force #16 (Sept. 1994), during Zero Hour, a then unknown superhuman named Triumph appeared. Triumph was revealed to have been a founding member of the Justice League and was their leader. On his first mission with the Justice League, Triumph seemingly "saved the world" but was teleported into a dimensional limbo that also affected the timestream, erasing all memory of him.
In Infinite Crisis #7 (June 2006), the formation of "New Earth" (the new name for the post-Crisis Earth) restored Wonder Woman as a founding member of the Justice League. In Brad Meltzer's Justice League of America (vol. 2) #0 (September 2006), it was revealed that Superman and Batman were again founding members as well. 52 #51 (June 2007) confirmed that the 1989 Secret Origins and JLA: Year One origins were still in continuity at that time, with Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman joining the team with founding members' status shortly after the group's formation with Aquaman, Black Canary, Flash, Green Lantern and Martian Manhunter. In Justice League of America #12 (October 2007), the founding members of the Justice League were shown to be Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern (Hal Jordan), Flash (Barry Allen), Aquaman and the Martian Manhunter.
With DC's history rewritten due to the Flashpoint limited series, an entirely new origin for the Justice League appeared in the subsequent Justice League series which debuted with an October 2011 cover date as part of the company-wide event, The New 52. Issue #1 portrayed the first meeting between Batman and Hal Jordan, with the two encountering each other during a battle against a Parademon in Gotham City. After realizing the creature is extraterrestrial in origin, the two heroes head to Metropolis to seek out Superman only to be attacked by him. Later, after a brief fight in which the Flash arrives and Batman convinces Superman they are on the same side, they move to an abandoned building to work on analyzing a mysterious alien box, when it suddenly activates and more Parademons arrive. While fighting the Parademons, Aquaman and Wonder Woman appear and join forces with the other heroes. The mysterious box leads to Darkseid's arrival on Earth, and the heroes come together, along with the newcomer Cyborg, to defeat him. The public becomes enamored with the heroes, and a writer dubs the group the 'Justice League', following the Flash's suggestion of 'Super Seven'.
The Justice League often unite to face supervillains who pose catastrophic challenges to the world.
Throughout the years, various incarnations or subsections of the team have operated as Justice League Dark, Justice League Europe, Justice League International, Justice League Task Force, Justice League Elite, Justice League United, and Extreme Justice.
In 2003, Giffen, DeMatteis, and Maguire returned with a separate limited series called Formerly Known as the Justice League with the same humor as their Justice League run, and featuring some of the same characters in a team called the "Super Buddies" (a parody of the Super Friends). A follow-up limited series, entitled I Can't Believe It's Not the Justice League, soon was prepared, although it was delayed due to the events shown in the Identity Crisis limited series, but was eventually released as the second arc in JLA: Classified. The Super Buddies consisted of Blue Beetle, Booster Gold, Captain Atom, Fire, Mary Marvel, the Elongated Man with his wife, Sue Dibny, Maxwell Lord, and L-Ron. The second story arc of JLA: Classified focuses on the Super Buddies in a humorous story that features Power Girl, Guy Gardner, with and associated by Doctor Fate.
In 2003–2004, George Pérez and Kurt Busiek produced a JLA/Avengers crossover, an idea that had been delayed for 20 years for various reasons. In this limited series, the Justice League and Marvel Comics' superhero team the Avengers were forced to find key artifacts in one another's universe, as well as deal with the threats of villains Krona and the Grandmaster.
JLA: Classified
In 2004, DC began an anthology series titled JLA: Classified, which would feature rotating writers and artists producing self-contained story-arcs and aborted mini-series projects that were reappropriated for publication within the pages of the series, starring the JLA. While the bulk of the stories took place within the continuity of the series (circa JLA #76–113) some of the stories take place outside of regular DC Universe canon. The series was canceled as of issue #54 (May 2008).
In October 2005, DC began publishing the 12-issue miniseries Justice by writer Jim Krueger, writer/illustrator Alex Ross, and artist Doug Braithwaite. The story, which takes place outside regular DC continuity, has Lex Luthor assembling the Legion of Doom after he and several other villains begin to have nightmares about the end of the world and the failure of the Justice League to prevent the apocalypse. As the Legion begins engaging in unprecedented humanitarian deeds throughout the world, they also launch a series of attacks on the Justice League and their families. The threat that the Legion was warned about destroying the Earth turns out to be caused by Brainiac, who seeks to destroy Earth during the chaos.
Justice League: Cry for Justice
Originally planned as an ongoing title, Justice League: Cry For Justice is a mini-series written by James Robinson and drawn by Mauro Cascioli. The mini-series, set after the events of Final Crisis, has Hal Jordan leaving the League following the deaths of Batman and Martian Manhunter, as their deaths have caused Hal to seek a more proactive manner of dealing with super-villains. Hal, along with Green Arrow, and later joined by Supergirl, Captain Marvel Jr., and Batwoman are then recruited by Ray Palmer to investigate a murder of a former colleague that had been carried out on orders from Prometheus. This ties into another string of murders, bringing Starman Mikaal Tomas and Congorilla together as their investigation of the murders of several European super-heroes are also revealed to be the work of Prometheus.
With help from the Hawkman villain I.Q., Prometheus plans on creating the ultimate weapon in mass murder, a massive doomsday device which he plans on using to destroy entire cities, as part of his revenge scheme against the JLA for lobotomizing him. Disguised as Captain Marvel Jr., Prometheus maims Roy Harper and brutally injures JLA members Dr. Light II, Vixen, and Plastic Man while using the JLA Satellite to activate his doomsday device, which destroys Star City, killing 90,000 innocent civilians, including Roy Harper's young daughter Lian. Prometheus ultimately extorts his freedom from the League in exchange for the codes that will shut down his weapon, much to the horror of the JLA members. Green Arrow (with help from reformed villain the Shade), tracks Prometheus down and kills him by firing an arrow into his head.
The mini-series leads directly into the formation of a brand new JLA roster with Green Lantern Hal Jordan, Donna Troy, Dick Grayson as Batman, Doctor Light (Kimiyo Hoshi), Mon-El, Cyborg, Starfire, Congorilla, Guardian, and Mikaal Tomas.
JLA/The 99
Launching in October 2010, JLA/The 99 was a crossover mini-series featuring the Justice League teaming up with the heroes of Teshkeel Comics' The 99 series. The JLA consisted of Batman, Superman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern (John Stewart), The Flash (Barry Allen), The Atom (Ray Palmer), Doctor Light (Kimiyo Hoshi), Hawkman, and Firestorm (Jason Rusch).
Having successfully reintroduced a number of DC Comics' (then known as National Periodical Publications) Golden Age superhero characters (Flash, Green Lantern, etc.) during the late 1950s, editor Julius Schwartz asked writer Gardner Fox to reintroduce the Justice Society of America. Schwartz, influenced by the popularity of Major League Baseball's National League and American League, decided to change the name of the team from Justice Society to Justice League.
The Justice League of America debuted in The Brave and the Bold #28 (March 1960), and after two further appearances in that title, got their own series which quickly became one of the company's best-selling titles. Fox and artist Mike Sekowsky were the creative team for the title's first eight years. Sekowsky's last issue was #63 (June 1968) and Fox departed with #65 (September 1968). Schwartz was the new title's editor and oversaw it until 1979.
The initial Justice League lineup included seven of DC Comics' superheroes who were regularly published at that time: Superman, Batman, Aquaman, Flash, Green Lantern, Martian Manhunter, and Wonder Woman. Rarely featured in most of the stories, Superman and Batman did not even appear on the cover most of the time. Three of DC's other surviving or revived characters, Green Arrow, the Atom, and Hawkman were added to the roster over the next four years.
The Justice League operated from a secret cave outside of the small town of Happy Harbor, Rhode Island. A teenager named Lucas "Snapper" Carr tagged along on missions, becoming both the team's mascot and an official member. Snapper, noted for speaking in beatnik dialect and snapping his fingers, helped the group defeat the giant space starfish Starro the Conqueror in the team's first appearance.
The supervillain Doctor Light first battled the team in issue #12 (June 1962). Justice League of America #21 and #22 (August–September 1963) saw the first team-up of the Justice League and the Justice Society of America as well as the first use of the term "Crisis" in reference to a crossover between characters. The following year's team-up with the Justice Society introduced the threat of the Crime Syndicate of America of Earth-Three. The character Metamorpho was offered membership in the Justice League but declined. Following the departures of Gardner Fox and Mike Sekowsky, writer Denny O'Neil and artist Dick Dillin became the new creative team. Dillin would draw the title from issue #64 (August 1968) through #183 (October 1980).
O'Neil reshaped the Justice League's membership by removing Wonder Woman in issue #69 and the Martian Manhunter in issue #71. Following the JLA–JSA team-up in issues #73–74 and the death of her husband, the Black Canary decided to move to Earth-One to make a fresh start, where she joins the Justice League. The following issue saw the character develop the superpower known as her "canary cry". In issue #77 (December 1969), Snapper Carr is tricked into betraying the cave headquarters' secret location to the Joker, resulting in his resignation from the team.
In need of a new secure headquarters, the Justice League moved into an orbiting satellite headquarters in Justice League of America #78 (February 1970). The Elongated Man, the Red Tornado, Hawkwoman, Zatanna, and Firestorm joined the team, and Wonder Woman returned during this period.
Len Wein wrote issues #100–114, in which he and Dillin re-introduced the Seven Soldiers of Victory in issues #100–102 and the Freedom Fighters in issues #107–108. In the fall of 1972, Wein and writers Gerry Conway and Steve Englehart crafted a metafictional unofficial crossover spanning titles from both Marvel and DC. Each comic featured Englehart, Conway, and Wein, as well as Wein's first wife Glynis, interacting with Marvel or DC characters at the Rutland Halloween Parade in Rutland, Vermont. Beginning in Amazing Adventures #16 (by Englehart with art by Bob Brown and Frank McLaughlin), the story continued in Justice League of America #103 (by Wein, Dillin and Dick Giordano), and concluded in Thor #207 (by Conway and penciler John Buscema). As Englehart explained in 2010, "It certainly seemed like a radical concept and we knew that we had to be subtle (laughs) and each story had to stand on its own, but we really worked it out. It's really worthwhile to read those stories back to back to back—it didn't matter to us that one was at DC and two were at Marvel—I think it was us being creative, thinking what would be really cool to do." Justice League of America #103 also featured the Justice League offering membership to the Phantom Stranger. Len Wein commented on the Phantom Stranger's relationship with the JLA in a 2012 interview stating that the character "only sort of joined. He was offered membership but vanished, as per usual, without actually accepting the offer. Over the years, other writers have just assumed [he] was a member, but in my world, he never really said yes." Issues #110 (March–April 1974) to #116 (March–April 1975) of the series were in the 100 Page Super Spectacular format. Libra, a supervillain created by Wein and Dillin in Justice League of America #111 (May–June 1974), would play a leading role in Grant Morrison's Final Crisis storyline in 2008.
Writers Cary Bates and Elliot S. Maggin wrote themselves into the 1975 JLA–JSA crossover in issues #123 and 124 with Bates becoming a supervillain.
Wonder Woman rejoined the team following a major two-year story arc, largely written by Martin Pasko. To prove her worthiness to rejoin the JLA, Wonder Woman voluntarily underwent twelve trials analogous to the labors of Hercules, each of which was monitored in secret by a member of the JLA. After the conclusion of the storyline in Wonder Woman #222, the character's return to the JLA occurred in a two-part story in Justice League of America #128–129 (March–April 1976).
Steve Englehart wrote the series beginning with issue #139 and provided another unofficial crossover with Marvel Comics in issue #142 by reworking his character Mantis into the DC Universe as a character named "Willow". Englehart left the title with issue #150. From issue #139 to #157 the issues were giant sized.
Writer Gerry Conway had a lengthy association with the title as well. His first JLA story appeared in issue #125 (December 1975) and he became the series' regular writer with issue #151 (February 1978). With a few exceptions, Conway would write the team's adventures until issue #255 (October 1986). Julius Schwartz, who had edited the title since the first issue, left the series with issue #165 (April 1979). The 1979 crossover with the Justice Society in issues #171 and 172 saw the death of the original Mister Terrific. After Dick Dillin's death, George Pérez, Don Heck, and Rich Buckler would rotate as artist on the title. The double-sized anniversary issue #200 (March 1982) was a "jam" featuring a story written by Conway, a framing sequence drawn by Pérez, and chapters drawn by Pat Broderick, Jim Aparo, Dick Giordano, Gil Kane, Carmine Infantino, Brian Bolland, and Joe Kubert. Bolland's chapter gave the artist his "first stab at drawing Batman." Pérez would leave the title with issue #200 to concentrate on The New Teen Titans although he would contribute covers to the JLA through issue #220 (November 1983). The 1982 team-up with the Justice Society in issues #207–209 crossed over with All-Star Squadron #14–15. A Justice League story by Gerry Conway and Rich Buckler originally intended for publication as an issue of All-New Collectors' Edition saw print in Justice League of America #210–212 (January–March 1983).
Seeking to capitalize on the popularity of their other team books, which focused upon heroes in their late teens/early 20s, Gerry Conway and artist Chuck Patton revamped the Justice League series. After most of the original heroes fail to help fend off an invasion of Martians, Aquaman dissolves the League and rewrites its charter to allow only heroes who will devote their full-time to the roster. The new team initially consists of Aquaman, Zatanna, Martian Manhunter, Elongated Man, the Vixen, and a trio of teenage heroes Gypsy, Steel, and Vibe. Aquaman leaves the team after a year, due to resolving marital problems, and his role as leader is assumed by the Martian Manhunter.
The final storyline for the original Justice League of America series (#258–261), by writer J. M. DeMatteis and artist Luke McDonnell, concludes with the murders of Vibe and Steel at the hands of robots created by long-time League nemesis Professor Ivo, and the resignations of Vixen, Gypsy, and the Elongated Man during the events of DC's Legends miniseries, which sees the team disband.
The 1986 company-wide crossover "Legends" concluded with the formation of a new Justice League. The new team was dubbed "Justice League" then "Justice League International" (JLI) and was given a mandate with less of an American focus. The new series, written by Keith Giffen and J. M. DeMatteis with art by Kevin Maguire (and later Adam Hughes), added quirky humor to the team's stories. In this incarnation, the membership consisted partly of heroes from Earths that, prior to their merging in the Crisis on Infinite Earths, were separate. The initial team included Batman, Black Canary, Blue Beetle, Captain Marvel, Doctor Light (a new Japanese female character, emerging from the Crisis of Infinite Earths, not the supervillain who had appeared previously), Doctor Fate, Martian Manhunter, Mister Miracle, and Guy Gardner; and soon after inception, adds Booster Gold, Captain Atom, Fire (then known as the Global Guardians' Green Flame), Ice (then known as the Global Guardians' Icemaiden), and two Rocket Reds (one was a Manhunter spy, and one was Dimitri Pushkin). The Giffen/DeMatteis team worked on Justice League for five years and closed out their run with the "Breakdowns" storyline in 1991 and 1992. The series' humorous tone and high level of characterization proved very popular.
After Giffen and DeMatteis' departure. DC created numerous spin-off titles. In 1996, the series was canceled, along with spinoffs Justice League Europe, Extreme Justice, and Justice League Task Force.
The low sales of the various Justice League spinoff books prompted DC to revamp the League as a single team (all the branch teams were disbanded) on a single title. A Justice League of America formed in the September 1996 limited series Justice League: A Midsummer's Nightmare by Mark Waid and Fabian Nicieza, which reunited the "Original Seven" of the League for the first time since Crisis on Infinite Earths. In 1997, DC Comics launched a new Justice League series titled JLA, written by Grant Morrison with art by Howard Porter and inker John Dell.
Morrison introduced the idea of the JLA allegorically representing a pantheon of gods, with their different powers and personalities, incorporating such characters as Zauriel, Big Barda, Orion, Huntress, Oracle (Barbara Gordon), Steel (John Henry Irons), and Plastic Man. He also had Aztek, Tomorrow Woman, and Green Arrow (Connor Hawke) as temporaries.
During the 2005–2006 event "Infinite Crisis", the series ended as Green Arrow struggled in vain to keep the League afloat. (JLA #120–125)
In 52 Week 24, Firestorm recruits a group to reform the Justice League. It consists of Firehawk, Super-Chief, Bulleteer, and Ambush Bug. They fight a deranged Skeets who takes Super-Chief's powers, killing him and numerous people who had received powers through Lex Luthor's Everyman Project. Afterward, Firestorm breaks up the team. Also in the series, Luthor's new Infinity, Inc. was informally referred to as a "Justice League" in solicitations and on covers.
Justice League of America (vol. 2)
One year after the events of Infinite Crisis, Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman reunite in the Batcave to re-form the League in Justice League of America #0, the kick-off for a new series by Brad Meltzer and Ed Benes. The series featured a roster which included Green Lantern (Hal Jordan), Black Canary, Red Arrow (Green Arrow's former sidekick), Red Tornado, Vixen, Black Lightning, and Hawkgirl. The first arc of the series focused upon Red Tornado and pitted the team against a new intelligent incarnation of Solomon Grundy and the rebuilt Amazo. The new incarnation of the team has two main headquarters, linked by a transporter. At the first site is The Hall, which in the mainstream DC Universe is a refurnished version of the Justice Society of America and the All-Star Squadron's former headquarters located in Washington, D.C.. Black Canary is elected as the first official Chairperson after the fight against Amazo and Solomon Grundy, and led both the Justice League and Justice Society in a complex quest to reunite time-lost members of the pre-Crisis Legion of Super-Heroes, who had been sent back in time to free both Bart Allen and Flash from the other dimensional realm of the Speed Force. Meltzer left the series at the end of issue #12, with one of his subplots (Per Degaton, a pre-nuclear fire mutation version of Despero, and a circa 1948 version of the Ultra-Humanite gathering for an unknown plot) resolved in the pages of Booster Gold.
Dwayne McDuffie took over the writing job with the Justice League Anniversary Special and the main book with issue #13. Due to DC Comics seeking to launch a spin-off Justice League book led by Hal Jordan, the character was removed from the main League series and replaced by John Stewart. Firestorm also joined the roster, with the series entering into a series of tie-in storylines towards Countdown to Final Crisis, with the arrest of a large number of supervillains (gathered by Lex Luthor and Deathstroke to attack the League on the eve of the wedding of Black Canary and Green Arrow) setting up the Salvation Run tie-in miniseries. Also, roster members Red Tornado and Geo-Force were written out. McDuffie's removed Hal Jordan in favor of Stewart. Jordan was restored to the roster by issue #19 of the series, only to be removed once again by issue #31.
Issue #21 saw the return of Libra and the Human Flame, setting up their appearances in Final Crisis. Later issues would resolve issues involving Vixen's power level increase and see the integration of the Milestone Comics characters the Shadow Cabinet and Icon, who fought the Justice League over the remains of the villainous Doctor Light. The group suffered greater losses during Final Crisis with the deaths of Martian Manhunter and Batman, as well as the resignations of Superman and Wonder Woman, who could no longer devote themselves full-time to the League due to the events of the New Krypton and Rise of the Olympian storylines in their respective titles. Hal Jordan would resign as well, clearing the way for John Stewart's return to the team. Black Canary found herself declaring the League no more, though the group would continue with Canary taking a secondary role. Her last act as leader was to assign John Stewart and Firestorm the task of hunting down the Human Flame, for his part in the murder of Martian Manhunter, as seen in the Final Crisis Aftermath: Run! miniseries.
Vixen would take over the team, with Plastic Man rejoining the group. Len Wein wrote a three-part fill-in story for Justice League of America that ran from #35 to #37. McDuffie was fired from the title before he could return, after discussion postings to the DC Comics message board, detailing behind-the-scenes creative decisions on his run, which were republished in the rumor column "Lying In The Gutter". James Robinson was announced as the new Justice League of America writer.
Wein's fill-in run would be published as Justice League: Cry For Justice neared its conclusion, as Vixen and Black Canary's group (sans John Stewart) would confront Hal Jordan and Green Arrow's makeshift Justice League group, which had stumbled upon a plot by the villain Prometheus that had resulted in much death and carnage. During the confrontation over Jordan's group using torture to extract information from the villains being blackmailed into carrying out Prometheus' plan, both Roy Harper and Supergirl would discover that one of Jordan's heroes, Captain Marvel Jr., was really Prometheus in disguise. In the ensuing battle, the League would suffer horrible losses: Roy Harper was maimed and his daughter Lian and hundreds of thousands of people in Star City would be killed by a doomsday device a Prometheus had activated. Vixen would have her leg broken and Plastic Man would have his powers permanently scrambled, making him a slowly disintegrating puddle creature. To save other cities from being destroyed like Star City, the League reluctantly allowed Prometheus to go free. Green Arrow (with help from the Shade) would later track down and kill Prometheus.
Following the events of "Blackest Night", Hal Jordan and Donna Troy begin the task of rebuilding the League, with Green Arrow, the Atom, Batman, Mon-El, Donna, Cyborg, Doctor Light, Starfire, Congorilla, and the Guardian.
At the end of issue #43, the majority of the new members leave. Mon-El and the Guardian leave after Mon-El returns to the future, Black Canary returns to the Birds of Prey, Starfire leaves to join the R.E.B.E.L.S., Green Lantern leaves to locate the other Lantern Corps Entities, and Green Arrow is forced to leave due to his fugitive status. James Robinson said this was due to having second thoughts about his decision to use so many characters, and that the team would have a different roster in the coming months. To replace the departed members, Jade and Jesse Quick were added to the team. Cyborg remained with the team in a reduced capacity, and was eventually given his own co-feature storyline for issues #48–50.
DC announced that Saint Walker of the Blue Lantern Corps would be joining the Justice League during a tie-in to the Reign of Doomsday crossover, but the character did not become a full member due to the cancellation of the title.
The series ended with issue #60 (October 2011), the title being one of the numerous DC books cancelled after the "Flashpoint" crossover. The finale issue was set one year after the events of #59 and saw Batman disbanding the League due to most of the individual members becoming preoccupied with personal commitments. The final storyline recounted the League's activities during the year-long gap, summarizing story arcs that had been planned for upcoming JLA issues but abandoned due to the transition to the New 52 continuity.
In September 2011, following the conclusion of the Flashpoint miniseries, all DC titles were canceled, relaunched as the New 52, and started at issue #1, rebooting DC's continuity. Justice League of America was relaunched as Justice League, written by Geoff Johns and drawn by Jim Lee, and was the first of the new titles released, coming out the same day as the final issue of Flashpoint. The first six-issue storyline is set five years in the past and features a new origin for the team. The series then shifted to the present in issue #7. After the first 12 issues, Jim Lee was succeeded as artist by Ivan Reis. Subsequently, Jason Fabok succeeded Reis as the book's regular penciller.
The initial roster of the team consists of Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern (Hal Jordan; who has since left the team), Aquaman, the Flash (Barry Allen), and Cyborg, while the Atom (Rhonda Pineda), Firestorm (Ronnie Raymond), and Element Woman join as additional members.
In addition to this series, two other Justice League-related titles were launched during the same month: a new Justice League International; written by Dan Jurgens and drawn by Aaron Lopresti; featuring an initial roster of Batman, Booster Gold, Rocket Red (Gavril Ivanovich), Vixen, Green Lantern (Guy Gardner), Fire, Ice, August General in Iron, and Godiva, and Justice League Dark; written by Peter Milligan and drawn by Mikel Janin; featuring an initial roster consisting of John Constantine, Shade, the Changing Man, Madame Xanadu, Deadman, Zatanna, and new character called Mindwarp. In May 2012, DC announced the cancellation of Justice League International with issue 12 and an annual.
The cancellation of Justice League International led into the launch of a new Justice League of America title (volume 3). The new Justice League of America is entirely separate from the main Justice League as the new team was formed by Amanda Waller and consists of Steve Trevor, Martian Manhunter, Green Arrow, Hawkman, Catwoman, the new Green Lantern Simon Baz, Stargirl, Katana and Vibe. Katana and Vibe later received their own ongoing titles, although both were cancelled after 10 issues. The new Atom, Rhonda Pineda, is also a member of the Justice League of America. She works as a spy to gain intel on the Justice League, reporting to Amanda Waller and Steve Trevor. It is later revealed that, unknown to the members of either team, she is actually a member of Earth-3's Crime Syndicate, and is betraying both teams. Each member of the Justice League of America is intended to be a counterpart to the members of the Justice League, in case the Justice League would ever go rogue. Catwoman and Green Arrow both serve as counterparts for Batman.
The Justice League, Justice League of America and Justice League Dark clash in the "Trinity War" storyline, and Shazam (whose origin was told in a back-up feature in Justice League) joins the Justice League. Atom is revealed to be from a parallel universe; she is in fact a mole spying on both teams for the evil Crime Syndicate of Earth-3. The Syndicate roundly defeats the assembled Leagues, triggering the Forever Evil crossover event. In the aftermath of Forever Evil, following their crucial and public role in defeating the Crime Syndicate, Lex Luthor and Captain Cold join the Justice League. A young woman named Jessica Cruz joins the team after becoming attached to Crime Syndicate's sentient Power Ring and gaining control of its Green Lantern-like abilities.
In August 2013, it was announced that Justice League of America would be retitled Justice League Canada following Forever Evil, with the team relocating to Canada, although in the end it launched as a new series, Justice League United in January 2014. Its team members are Animal Man, Martian Manhunter, Green Arrow, Hawkman, Stargirl, Supergirl, Adam Strange and his wife Alanna, along with new Canadian superhero Equinox, a 16-year-old Cree teenager from Moose Factory whose civilian name is Miiyahbin and whose powers change with the seasons. The series, written by Lemire and drawn by Mike McKone. This new team has taken part in mostly space-faring adventures, and its adventures have not involved the other Justice League.
In June 2015, DC launched a fourth volume, Justice League of America, written and illustrated by Bryan Hitch. It features the same members from Justice League.
DC Universe: Rebirth
In February 2016, DC announced a "Rebirth" event similar to the New 52. In March, they announced a new line of books, including a Justice League series written by Bryan Hitch and drawn by Tony Daniel and Fernando Pasarin, which debuted in June 2016. The team will consist of Superman (pre-Flashpoint version), Batman, Wonder Woman, The Flash (Barry Allen), Aquaman, Cyborg, and two new Green Lanterns, Jessica Cruz and Simon Baz.
Starting in February 2017 as part of DC Rebirth's second wave, a new Justice League of America series will be released. The team will consist of the Atom, Vixen, the Ray, and Killer Frost. The month prior to this, each member will receive a one-shot issue. On October 28, it was revealed that Batman, Black Canary, and Lobo would be joining the team as well. Batman will have a dual membership in both Justice League teams.
During the events of Justice League vs. Suicide Squad, Maxwell Lord uses the Heart of Darkness to infect Superman, Wonder Woman, Aquaman, the Flash, Cyborg, and the two Green Lanterns. In order to stop Lord and the infected League members, Batman recruits and temporarily inducts Suicide Squad members: Deadshot, Harley Quinn, Killer Croc, Captain Boomerang, and Killer Frost and Lobo (a member of Waller's first Suicide Squad) into the Justice League. Following this crisis, Batman, concluding that the world needs more human, relatable heroes to prepare for a new threat, assembles his new Justice League, selecting Killer Frost due to her actions in the battle with Lord, Black Canary to act as the team conscience, Lobo in return for a favour he owes Batman after beating Lord, the Atom and Ray as he sees their potential, and Vixen to act as the team's core due to her ability to coordinate so much in her life.
The comic's early success was indirectly responsible for the creation of the Fantastic Four. When Marvel-Timely owner Martin Goodman heard in 1961 how well DC's then-new book Justice League was selling, he told Stan Lee, his comics editor, to come up with a team of superheroes for Marvel. The result was Fantastic Four #1 by Lee and Jack Kirby, which debuted in November 1961.
Marvel also introduced a team of villains in 1971 based on the Justice League called Squadron Supreme which has appeared in print as well as Disney XD's Avengers Assemble animated series. The characters are analogous to Superman, (Hyperion), Batman (Nighthawk), Wonder Woman (Power Princess), Green Lantern (Doctor Spectrum), and Flash (Speed Demon).
The original Justice League of America series has won:
1961 Alley Awards for "Best Comic Book"
1961 Alley Awards for "Best Adventure-Hero Group"
1963 Alley Awards for "Favorite Novel" ("Crisis on Earth-One/Crisis on Earth-Two" in Justice League of America #21–22 by Gardner Fox and Mike Sekowsky)
1963 Alley Awards for "Strip that Should Be Improved"
1963 Alley Awards for "Artist Preferred on Justice League of America" (Murphy Anderson)
1973 Shazam Awards for "Best Inker (Dramatic Division)" (Dick Giordano)
This series has been collected in the following:
* omitted issues that featured reprints of material from earlier volumes.
Also collected in Omnibus
* Release Date: June 29 2016
Justice League/Justice League International/Justice League America (1987–1996)
This series has been collected in the following collections (there are hardcover and trade paperback versions of all volumes):
JLA (1997–2006)
This series has been collected in the following trade paperbacks:
This series has been collected in the following Grant Morrison-centric hardcover (and later paperback) collections:
Justice League of America (vol. 2) (2006–2011)
This series has been collected in the following hardcover collections:
The New 52 Justice League (vol. 2) (2011–2016)
The series has been collected in the following hardcover collections:
These trades reprint themed issues.
Justice League Wikipedia
Similar TopicsJustice

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text:
The Lives of Others (Das Leben der Anderen)
Posted 7 days ago by HFB in Drama, Review, Thriller 68
Release Year: 2006 Director: Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck Writer: Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck Starring: Ulrich Mühe, Martina Gedeck, Sebastian Koch, Ulrich Tukur, Thomas Thieme, Hans-Uwe Bauer, Volkmar Kleinert, Matthias Brenner, Charly Hübner, Herbert Knaup Rating: Won 1 Oscar: Best Foreign Language Film. Nominated for 1 Golden Globe: Best Foreign Language Film. In 1984 in East Berlin, ..
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Director: Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck
Writer: Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck
Starring: Ulrich Mühe, Martina Gedeck, Sebastian Koch, Ulrich Tukur, Thomas Thieme, Hans-Uwe Bauer, Volkmar Kleinert, Matthias Brenner, Charly Hübner, Herbert Knaup
Rating: Won 1 Oscar: Best Foreign Language Film. Nominated for 1 Golden Globe: Best Foreign Language Film.
In 1984 in East Berlin, a Stasi agent is tasked with surveilling a playwright and his girlfriend, and finds himself increasingly absorbed by their lives.
This 2006 German Oscar winner is quickly becoming a contemporary classic and is surely the sort of film we will still remember and appreciate 50 years fro now. Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck (Werk ohne Autor, 2018) both scripted and directed this highly impressive feature film début, dealing with a sore subject for Germans. There are many films portrying authoritarian regimes, but few does it is such a subtle yet sinister way. Our main character, Stasi agent Wiesler, played superbly by the late Ulrich Mühe (Schneeland, 2005), seems like a decent guy, yet works to preserve an unjust form of government from its own citizens and does so relentlessly and with much skill. His boss and old school buddy is eager to climb the career ladder and when the unappealling minister for culture wants him to dig up dirt on a very popular playwright, Wiesler happily takes the job as an opportunity to do what he does best. The playwright, played by Sebastian Koch (Au nom de ma fille, 2016) soon intrigues him and the story that unfolds from here is both engrossing and ultimately moving. A wonderful film about a gloomy subject with great performances. Highly recommended!
All the listening and recording equipment used in the film was original Stasi equipment on loan from museums. The props master had himself spent two years in a Stasi prison and insisted on as much authenticity as possible.
Picture Copyright: Sandrew Metronome
Want to watch The Lives of Other? Click image below to purchase at Amazon:
Tags: Drama, Review, Thriller


text:
Q: Thread safety in Singleton I understand that double locking in Java is broken, so what are the best ways to make Singletons Thread Safe in Java?  The first thing that springs to my mind is:
class Singleton{
    private static Singleton instance;

    private Singleton(){}

    public static synchronized Singleton getInstance(){
        if(instance == null) instance = new Singleton();
        return instance;
    }
}

Does this work? if so, is it the best way (I guess that depends on circumstances, so stating when a particular technique is best, would be useful)

A: I see no problem with your implementation (other than the fact that the lock for the singleton-monitor may be used by other methods, for other reasons, and thus, unnecessarily, prevent some other thread from getting the instance). This could be avoided by introducing an extra Object lock to lock on.
This Wikipedia article suggests another method:
public class Something {
    private Something() {
    }

    private static class LazyHolder {
        private static final Something INSTANCE = new Something();
    }

    public static Something getInstance() {
        return LazyHolder.INSTANCE;
    }
}

From the article:

This implementation is a well-performing and concurrent implementation valid in all versions of Java.
  ...
  The implementation relies on the well-specified initialization phase of execution within the Java Virtual Machine (JVM); see section 12.4 of Java Language Specification (JLS) for details.

A: My preference is to just do:
class Singleton {
    private static final INSTANCE = new Singleton();

    private Singleton(){}

    public Singleton instance(){
        return INSTANCE;
    }
 }

It is rare that you need lazy initialization. You should always start with eager initialization and only change to lazy initialization if you see problems. Unless you have measured and pinpointed Singleton instantiation as the culprit of performance problem, just use eager initialization. It's simpler and more performant.
You could use enum for sure, but personally I don't bother because the benefit over normal eager instantiation is security (against reflection attack), and most of the time my code is vulnerable to such attacks anyways :p

A: Josh Bloch recommends using a single-element enum type to implement singletons (see Effective Java 2nd Edition, Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type).
Some people think this is a hack, since it doesn't clearly convey intent, but it does work.
The following example is taken straight from the book.
public enum Elvis {
   INSTANCE;

   public void leaveTheBuilding() { ... }
}

Here is his closing arguments:

This approach [...] is more concise, provides the serialization machinery for free, and provides an ironclad guarantee against multiple instantiations, even in the face of sophisticated serialization or reflection attacks. While this approach has yet to be widely adopted, a single-element enum type is the best way to implement a singleton.

On enum constant singleton guarantee
JLS 8.9. Enums

An enum type has no instances other than those defined by its enum constants. It is a compile-time error to attempt to explicitly instantiate an enum type (§15.9.1).
The final clone method in Enum ensures that enum constants can never be cloned, and the special treatment by the serialization mechanism ensures that duplicate instances are never created as a result of deserialization. Reflective instantiation of enum types is prohibited. Together, these four things ensure that no instances of an enum type exist beyond those defined by the enum constants.

On lazy initialization
The following snippet:
public class LazyElvis {
    enum Elvis {
        THE_ONE;
        Elvis() {
            System.out.println("I'M STILL ALIVE!!!");
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("La-dee-daaa...");
        System.out.println(Elvis.THE_ONE);
    }
}

Produces the following output:
La-dee-daaa...
I'M STILL ALIVE!!!
THE_ONE

As you can see, THE_ONE constant is not instantiated through the constructor until the first time it's accessed.

A: Josh Bloch recommends 2 solutions:
1) worser:
class Singleton {

   public static Singleton instance = new Singleton();

   ...
}

2) better:
public enum Singleton {

   INSTANCE;

   ...
}

A: You can use this snippet of code from wiki
public class Singleton {
   // Private constructor prevents instantiation from other classes
   private Singleton() {}

   /**
    * SingletonHolder is loaded on the first execution of Singleton.getInstance()
    * or the first access to SingletonHolder.INSTANCE, not before.
    */
   private static class SingletonHolder {
     private static final Singleton INSTANCE = new Singleton();
   }

   public static Singleton getInstance() {
     return SingletonHolder.INSTANCE;
   }
 }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The Francis H. Holmes House is a historic house at 349 Rocky Hill Ave. in New Britain, Connecticut.  Built in 1906–08, it is an architecturally eclectic brick building, designed by a prominent local architect for the owner of a local brickmaking business, as a showcase for the latter's wares.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

Description and history
The Francis H. Holmes House is located in southeastern New Britain, at the northwest corner of Rocky Hill Avenue and South Street.  It is a two-story brick structure, with a flared hip roof and brownstone trim.  It exhibits an architecturally eclectic mix of styles, with the Jacobethan use of triple windows and gables predominating.  Also present are elements of Shingle style and Craftsman woodwork.  The roof is pierced by large gabled dormers with brownstone parapets.  An enclosed porch wraps from the east-facing facade to the south, and a similarly styled former porte-cochere, now also enclosed, is on the north side.

The house was designed by Walter P. Crabtree and built in 1906-08 for Francis Holmes, who owned a local brickyard.  Crabtree was a prominent local architect whose credits include the local Masonic lodge, the Elks building, and numerous commercial and residential buildings in New Britain and Hartford.  Holmes owned a brickyard just to the south in Berlin, and was instrumental in founding the Central Connecticut Brick Company, a consolidation of several regional brickyards.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford County, Connecticut

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Shingle Style architecture in Connecticut
Tudor Revival architecture in Connecticut
Houses completed in 1906
Houses in Hartford County, Connecticut
Buildings and structures in New Britain, Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Hartford County, Connecticut
1906 establishments in Connecticut

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Edge of Obedience
NUDITY, SEXUAL CONTENT, SMOKING
Director: Jin-Theng Craven
Cast: Ahmad Zakii Anwar, Zainah Anwar, Eddin Khoo
One of Malaysia's foremost artists, Ahmad Zakii Anwar never paid attention to academics, yet he always knew that he would do well in life. After a stint with an advertising agency, he shifted his focus towards painting. His portraits covered often controversial political and social issues, something that was not easy to get away with, in a conservative country. Edge of Obedience reveals the various taboos existing in the country and the challenges to freedom of artistic expression, through the eyes of this internationally-popular artist.
Karl Lagerfeld, The Kaiser of Fashion
Karl Lagerfeld's fresh take on clothing made him a global fashion icon. What inspired those designs that broke all the rules?
Crystallize: An unauthorized story on Madonna
How did a backup dancer become a 20th-century pop icon? Witness the making of a star.
Raphael: A Sensitive Genius
Renaissance artist Raphael was in the same league as Leonardo Da Vinci & Michelangelo. Why doesn't his work get the attention it deserves?
Hieronymus Bosch, The Devil with Angel's Wings
Arts & Entertainment, Animation, Culture
What was Bosch saying through his paintings? The answer shows why the medieval artist is rightly called the forerunner of Surrealism.
Love and Sex in North Africa
Maghreb frowns upon premarital sex and PDA. With many young lovers, unwed mothers and gays behind bars, is its narrow outlook justified?
The Fallen Astronaut
Arts & Entertainment, Space
An astronaut, an artist, his artwork & the moon caused chaos on earth much larger than the expanse of the universe itself!
Naked A Life Modelling Film About Life
Does nudity have the power to inspire creativity & liberate us? This film unveils what it means to go bare!
IN THE BACKSTAGE OF THE LOUVRE MUSEUM
How does Mona Lisa look at night? How are million-euro paintings preserved from the ravages of time? Find out in this midnight tour.
In the 1900s, a master propagandist shifted public opinion in America & made it cool to smoke cigarettes, eat greasy bacon & go to war!
Conspiracy, Human Interest
An explosive look at multiple instances of police brutality and institutional cover-ups by the Las Vegas Police Department.
The Kennedy Curse
Is the Kennedy Curse real? Is there something sinister about the tragic events in the lives of America's most influential dynasty?
The Living Glacier
Glaciers worldwide are retreating due to global warming & climate change. Then how does the 'Living Glacier' maintain equilibrium?
Following Nazarin
Arts & Entertainment, Educational
Photographs and testimonies take us on a trip down the memory lane of the poetic, living & inspiring force of Luis Buñuel's cinema.
The Kennedy Legacy An Unauthorized Story On The Kennedys
Storybook weddings, assassinations, countless tragedies - the Kennedys remain America's most powerful yet controversial political family!
Around the World in 80 days without Money!
Two friends decide to travel the world without spending a single penny & depending completely on human kindness. Will they succeed?


text:
Fresh Takes – Brown's training camp observations
By Chole Sanchez Last updated Aug 11, 2021
– The Browns were obviously limited in their ability to push and kick in the indoor fields, but Mike Priefer, Special Team Coordinator, has still done a lot of good work with his group.
– Here's the latest roundup of Browns players dealing with injuries who didn't train on Wednesday: S Grant Delpit (hamstring), Tony Fields II (foot), DE Myles Garrett (hamstring), S Ronnie Harrison Jr . (Hamstring), WR Alexander Hollins (thigh), DT Malik McDowell (rib), LB Montrel Meander (upper tendon), S Sheldrick Redwine (ankle), WR Anthony Schwartz (upper tendon), CB Denzel Ward (wound).
– It's been a while since we've seen Delpit miss all of last season with an Achilles tear. Stefanski said the former LSU star is working hard and the team is in no rush to get him back on the field. He's come too far to risk anything.
"When he's done, he'll be out there," said Stefanski. "Reps are a bonus. We all know that. We talk about it all the time. There's no substitute for these reps, so when he's ready he'll get a lot of it that counts. "
– The Browns will be back on Thursday – rain or shine – before flying to Jacksonville on Friday.
The Northfield COVID-19 event is not attracting buyers despite rising cases
Piedmont Columbus Region Name First Friday in August heroes


A few days ago a HSMAdvisor user asked for Hardness conversion chart to be added to our great product.
It is accessible on Reference tab.
Why i am stressing the location is because some file hosting websites are hosting something that claims to be genuine HSMAdvisor software without first asking for my permission.
Please always download our software from hsmadvisor.com website.
Our software is also signed with my name.
So you can be sure it comes from me directly and is not tainted by malicious code.
Also in this update i added Acrylic to the materials list.


text:
Find the Best School Assembly Speaker | A Social and Cultural Activist
by admin | Aug 3, 2017 |
When you are looking to find the best school assembly speaker, what are some of the social aspects you would like to see them fight for? Emeka Nnaka is a social and cultural activist. He strongly believes that everyone should have equal rights and opportunities throughout and beyond their community. He firmly believes that everyone should have equal convenient access to the public transit system. Emeka also believes that everyone should have equal access and opportunity to local jobs, education, and health/food benefits. It does not matter whether someone is born into poverty or forced into it due to tragedy. It does not matter if it is their fault for being there; that cannot be the focus. The focus must remain in the idea of how we can develop and promote opportunity to help them get out of that situation so that they do not remain in that situation forever. Part of bringing about change does come down to a person deciding to want to change, but the other important aspect is that an individual does have convenient access to opportunities that can bring about change. Emeka Nnaka brings about awareness to the issue of homelessness and the heat. He has personally been known to buy food and drinks for homeless individuals that he crosses paths with. People have even witnessed him giving away his own snacks and drinks when he feels compelled. Another big justice that Emeka has been pushing for is equal convenient access to the public transit system. Within the first few months of 2017, Emeka Nnaka was nominated to be on the board of the Tulsa Transit System. Since joining, he has played a huge role in adding faster transit routes, later hours, in addition to Sunday routes. Emeka firmly believes in these social justices because there was a point in his life that he had to completely rely on it to survive. If the above has not helped you find the best school assembly speaker, it is important to know that Emeka is also a cultural activist. Emeka Nnaka became a professional keynote speaker in 2014 and has since delivered well over 500 speeches to audiences of all ages. He has dawn in crowds well up to 1,000 people. Emeka has spoken to elementary schools, all the way up to large corporations. Emeka became a very skilled artist around the end of 2014 and has since used his paintings to promote hope, impact, identity, influence, and leadership. Emeka has fought for everything that he believes in because he became an American with a disability in June of 2009. Emeka was once a semi professional football player for the Oklahoma Thunder. He joined the team in 2008 and played a key role in helping them win the world championship. It was in the 2009 season in a game in Arkansas that he broke his neck and became paralyzed from the chest down. As a result of this accident he had to heavily rely on the assistance of individuals, as well as city and state programs. Emeka has defied many odds and does not let his disability define him. Even though he relies on the daily use of a powered wheelchair, he has become very independent since his accident. It is in hope that this article has helped you to find the best school assembly speaker to be Emeka Nnaka. To book him, call 478-719-8231 today.


text:
YIMBY Today: Wythe Lane Townhouses Revealed, Hotel at 80 Columbus Drive in Jersey City, More
59 South 4th Street [Curbed]: Construction is imminent, if not already begun, at KUB Capital's six-townhouse development at 51-59 South 4th Street, in Williamsburg. Dubbed Wythe Lane Townhouses, completion is likely by the ed of 2015. 626 Flatbush…
DOB Digest: New Filings for 22-Unit Building at 401 95th Street in Bay Ridge, More
BRONX: 2230 Seward Avenue: Home Land Services has filed applications for two, three-story and three-unit residential buildings — each of 3,020 square feet –spanning the vacant lots of 2228-2230 Seward Avenue, in Castle Hill. BROOKLYN: 401…
Construction Update: World Trade Center PATH Station
It's been six years since the start of construction, and the World Trade Center PATH station's signature aboveground structure has been topped out, so to speak, and taken its final shape. Most of its asymmetrical wings appear to…
Revealed: 5515 Eighth Avenue, Sunset Park Medical Office Building
Eighth Avenue has long been a main commercial street in Sunset Park, with its storefronts supplying the surrounding residential sidestreets with local retail. But in recent decades, it's become the main drag for one of New York City's two…
Construction Update: 610 Lexington Avenue
While the most notable projects halted by the recession began rising last year, most of the stragglers are now catching up as well, and that group includes the future 610 Lexington Avenue. Located on the…
Permits Filed: 387 Bleecker Street, Bushwick
As rents, home values and land costs have risen throughout northern Brooklyn, small rental buildings have been pushed eastward. The R6 zoning around the the Myrtle–Wyckoff Avenues L and M stop, in Bushwick and Ridgewood, is relatively…
YIMBY Today: 24-Story Hilton Garden Inn for Downtown Jamaica, More
93-43 Sutphin Boulevard [DNAinfo New York]: Hilton Garden Inn is set to occupy the planned 24-story and 210-room hotel at 93-43 Sutphin Boulevard, in Downtown Jamaica; a single-story structure must first be demolished, and "groundbreaking is…
DOB Digest: DOT Files at 317 East 61st Street, Eight Stories in Downtown Jamaica, More
MANHATTAN: 317 East 61st Street: NYC DOT has filed applications for a single-story and 1,325 square-foot utility building at 317 East 61st Street, under an elevated roadway, on the Upper East Side. BROOKLYN: 1409 West 7th…
Revealed: River Tides at Greystone, 1133 Warburton Avenue, Yonkers
North of the city, outside of New York YIMBY's usual ambit, a $100 million, 330-unit luxury rental building broke ground on Tuesday in the Greystone section of Yonkers. The River Tides at Greystone will sit at 1133…
In the Works: 300,000-Square Foot Sam Chang Hotel, 345-353 West 38th Street
A large development site in the Garment District sold recently, in a deal brokered by Massey Knakal, according to a press release put out by the brokerage. The block-through site, from West 38th and 39th Streets,…


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Onkyo TX-SR308 review | What Hi-Fi?
Recently Onkyo's £450 TX-SR608 blew us away. Gone was the traditionally big, bold, sometimes brash sound that we'd come to expect from Onkyo home cinema amps.
In its place was a more refined, mature and classy sound. But will the same qualities be evident in this ultra-affordable model?
Given the price, you won't be surprised to find a relatively modest feature count, although the 'SR308 is smart enough to offer you three 3D ready HDMI 1.4 inputs.
Some budget amps can sound boisterous and bright, but the 'SR308 produces a very mild-mannered, considerate sound.
Tonally, the amp is nicely balanced and there's no hardness as cars accelerate, screech and occasionally explode during John Travolta's pursuit of a would-be suicide bomber in From Paris With Love.
The only drawback is that the amp sounds too restrained. Spinning U2's 360° At The Rose Bowl the Onkyo sounds unable to cut loose and display enough dynamics and scale.
If you're working to a very tight budget, the Onkyo will do a perfectly good job. However, if you can release some extra funds you can move into the realm of some seriously talented amps.


Compared to the ALS ice-bucket challenge, the SCI makes it a lot more transparent what the donated money is used for (and has the great advantage of not wasting about ten litres of clean water). For example, their website outlines the steps they take to deliver praziquantel and albendazole to children in sub-Saharan Africa.
The drugs, praziquantel (which is not approved for use in humans in the UK) and albendazole, are themselves cheap. Additionally, the WHO provides praziquantel "free of charge to high-disease burden countries in sub-Saharan Africa, through a donation from Merck Serono". Therefore the main role of SCI is to facilitate the efficient delivery of the drugs to the "right" places.
The SCI was established in 2002 by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation's Global Health Programme and is affiliated with Imperial College London. To me personally, the affiliation with a reputable university increases my trust in the initiative (but maybe this is a biased and misled viewpoint).
Lastly, the treatment and reduction of helminth diseases is bound to have large global social/political/economic implications, but my knowledge of possible outcomes and effects is minimal and other people certainly have more informed opinions about this. What is clear, however, is that whereas to us here (in the the "developed" world) ALS is a much scarier disease than schistosomiasis, to people infected with helminths ALS is completely irrelevant because they will probably die before the onset of symptoms of the neurodegenerative disorder. Yes, my friends, my family and relatives and I are more likely to get ALS than schistosomiasis, but that is an insufficient reason not to donate to SCI.
This is where you can donate if you would like to: Schistosomiasis Control Initiative at Imperial College London.
This entry was posted in Factual, Opinion and tagged biology, charity, medicine, policy, public health, schistosomiasis, Translational Medicine by Victoria Wang. Bookmark the permalink.
I have to say even though the ALS charity is probably less efficient and more opaque in its spendings, their donation by text is so much easier than the intimidating form on the Imperial website!
Ah, sorry for this spectacularly late reply – I should have mentioned that you can also text WORM55 and an amount to 70070 to donate!


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Eugene Fernandes
Ryan Handlarski: #metoo, Apartheid, StopSOP, and Boomers
We've made it to Episode 10! Mr. Handlarski is a Criminal Defence Lawyer in Toronto who hates golf and loves irony. We talked about the #metoo movement, the presumption of innocence, the statement of principles, his reasons for objecting to the Diversity, Equity and Inclusion clerics, systemic racism, humour, Apartheid South Africa and his mother's life there, how law students can thrive off of Bay Street, responding to Hadiya Rodrerique's article Black on Bay Street, and how we can create new institutions that support freedom. You can find the episode's shownotes on my blog. Just go to eugenefernandes.com and search for Ryan's name.
Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/eugene-fernandes1/message
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Reorganizing our pantry was the biggest project that I tackled while Josh was in Disney World. I was proud of my work when I finished, but now that we've lived with it for a couple weeks, I'm even more excited about the change!
Sorry for the poor photo quality.. the lighting situation in my kitchen isn't ideal, and I was in too much of a hurry to stop and get the tripod or mess with camera settings (whoops, bad blogger). Looking at those photos side by side, I'm realizing they don't really do the transformation justice. A lot of the improvement happened in the back of those deep shelves. Also, I wish I'd taken my "before" photo actually before I'd started emptying the contents, because that empty shelf and the door were the worst parts of the whole thing.
The goal here was to make my pantry work for me and the way I know I use it, not to make it look Pinterest-worthy. But I did use some cute chalkboard stickers leftover from my Christmas wrapping for labeling my various containers! They make me smile.
In the time since, I've adjusted things as I find they need to be adjusted. I think that's the best way to keep it from getting out of control – as soon as I notice an inefficient system or item placement, I should figure out a better solution immediately (instead of just shoving it somewhere "for now").
Good job on the organizational skills. I am sure it wasn't easy to do. Your jars are cute for storing foods! Very cute!! I like that! I put my kernels in a jar too (I eat popcorn about 4 times a week from an air popper bc I am obsessed).


Morning. I would like to know in a soccer match, what happens when a referee refuses to continue referring a game. A new ref is asked to referee the game. How should the game continue. then the next ref refs for 10 minutes then walks of the field. A third ref is then asked to ref the game. Would like to know when a new ref is referring the samew game should the game continue with the game being played with the time left or should the game start from the start.
The game should continue with the new referee taking over from the last referee with the same circumstances at that time such as time elapsed, cautions etc. The game should only last as long as the set match duration that is 90 minutes or whatever.
So in your case if the 3rd referee took over with say 20 minutes remaining then that is what he plays, 20 minutes. It does happen from time to time that a referee gets injured and cannot continue. The 4th official takes over and just continues the game having kept a record of the game to that point which he confirms with the referee that is time elapsed, cautions etc. Where there is no 4th official the referee briefs the new referee of the match details to that point if one can be found otherwise the game is abandoned.


Dickinson is a city in Stark County, North Dakota, United States. Discover out-of-the-way places like Little Missouri National Grassland and Cross Ranch State Park. Take a break from the city and head to Oxbow Overlook and Peaceful Valley. Get out of town with these interesting Dickinson side-trips: Assumption Abbey (in Richardton) and Medora (Maah Daah Hey Trail & Theodore Roosevelt National Park). Next up on the itinerary: enjoy some diversion at West River Community Center.
To find more things to do, traveler tips, where to stay, and more tourist information, you can read our Dickinson vacation builder.
Use the Route module to find suitable travel options from your home destination to Dickinson. May in Dickinson sees daily highs of 64°F and lows of 40°F at night. Cap off your sightseeing on the 9th (Tue) early enough to travel back home.