text:
In 1 Tim. 2:9-15, is "a woman" is a specific individual Paul had in mind?
"Likewise, I want women [gune] to adorn themselves with proper clothing, modestly and discreetly, not with braided hair and gold or pearls or costly garments; 10 but rather by means of good works, as befits women [gune] making a claim to godliness. 11 Let a woman [gune] quietly receive instruction with entire submissiveness. 12 But I do not allow a woman [gune] to teach or exercise authority over a man, [andros] but to remain quiet. 13 For it was Adam who was first created, and then Eve. 14 And it was not Adam who was deceived, but the woman [gune] being quite deceived, fell into transgression. 15 But she will be saved through the bearing of children if they continue in faith and love and sanctity with self-restraint." (1 Tim. 2:9-15).
This section of Scripture is very important when dealing with the subject of women pastors and elders. So, we could hardly do a proper analysis of the topic without examining them. In this section notice that Paul is addressing three main things in his address to women: appearance (v. 9), behavior (v. 10), and learning (vv. 11-14).
In verse 9, Paul begins with the word "likewise" which should draw our attention to what was before it. The previous verse, 1 Tim. 2:8 says, "Therefore I want the men in every place to pray, lifting up holy hands, without wrath and dissension." Then verse 9 says "Likewise, I want women . . . " So, Paul gave instructions to men in verse 8 to be in prayer and to be in harmony with one another. He then gives instructions to women in verses 9-15. If this seems lopsided where women receive more instruction than men, please consider Eph. 5:22-33 where Paul gives more instructions to men than women.
Alright, so in verse 9 Paul tells women to dress modestly so as not to attract improper attention via adornment such as braided hair, gold, pearls, and costly garments. Instead, Paul advises the women, in verse 10, to adorn themselves with good works and godliness. But beginning at verse 11 and again in 12, we see a shift from plural "women" to the singular "a woman." Why? Also, how does it tie into the instruction for "a woman" to receive instruction with entire submissiveness (v. 11), and that "a woman" is not to teach or exercise authority over "a man" (v. 12)? Answering these questions has generated a lot of debate and a lot of opinions. Let's take a look at the main ones.
"a woman" is a specific individual Paul had in mind, but he did not name her.
"a woman" is generically referring to wives and "a man" is generically referring to husbands.
"a woman" is representative of all women as "a man" represents all men.
In verse 11, "a woman" is the Greek gune, γυνη (nominative case1). Basically, the nominative case is the subject of a sentence and often, but not always, has the word "the" in front of it, i.e., "the woman." Here, in verse 11, the definite article "the" is not written in Greek; but we often insert it when translating to English so that English is properly constructed. The exact Greek spelling γυνη, gune occurs 73 times in the Nestle Aland 26th Edition Greek N.T. It is translated as both woman and wife--depending on context.
In verse 12, "a woman" is the Greek γυναικι, gunaiki, (dative case2). That exact spelling occurs 15 times in the N.T. and is also translated as both woman and wife depending on the context. Following is a chart of 18 Bible versions and how they translate gune (v. 11) and gunaiki (v. 12).
Bible Version Verse 11 Verse 12
Darby, ASV, ESV, HCSB, ISV, NASB,
NCV, NIV, NKJV, WNT, WORREL, YLT a woman a woman
KJV the woman a woman
NLT, NLV women women
RSV, NRSV a woman woman
GNB women them
As you can see, the translations differ slightly; but none of them translate either word as "wife." Of course, this doesn't mean it can't be a wife and husband, but we have to ask why the translations don't show that?
So, there is little dispute about verses 9 and 10 where Paul tells women to be modestly dressed and do good works. It is 11 to 15 where differing opinions are generated. Let's look at the three interpretations listed above.
One of the interpretations given to these two verses is that there was a particular married woman who had been deceived (as Eve was deceived), was believing false teachings, was ignorant of the truth, and had been teaching false things to her husband. (see The use of the phrase "a woman" in the entire New Testament) Even though she was a fallacious teacher, she was being shown mercy because of our ignorance just as Paul said he was shown mercy due to his ignorance as he mentioned in 1 Tim. 1:13. Once the woman learns the truth, then she will be permitted to teach men and/or her husband.
First of all, to maintain this position you have to read it into the text. It says absolutely nothing about "this woman" being deceived in ignorance. It isn't there. Nor is there anything prior to this text that would imply there was a woman who was deceived. Let's look at the previous verses.
1:1-2, Paul an apostle to Timothy.
1:3 Paul tells Timothy to "instruct certain men not to teach strange doctrines."
1:4, don't pay attention to myths, rather than "furthering the administration of God."
1:5, "the goal of our instruction is love . . . "
1:6-7, some men have turned aside from the truth.
1:8-11, the law is good, and is made for the ungodly.
1:12-14, Paul was put into service though he was formally a blasphemer, ignorant, and received grace.
1:15-16, "Christ came into the world to save sinners."; Paul found mercy.
1:17, to the King eternal, the only God be glory and honor.
1:18-20, Paul commands Timothy to fight the good fight, though some have rejected their faith such as Hymenaeus and Alexander have done.
2:1-2, Pray for all men, those in authority, so we may lead a quiet life.
2:3-4, God our savior who desires all men to be saved.
2:5-6 Jesus is the only mediator between God and man, who gave himself as a ransom.
2:7, Paul was appointed as a preacher and an apostle.
2:8, Paul wants men everywhere to pray and get along.
Of course, I strongly recommend that you read the verses in their entirety and not rely on my summarization. Still, there is nothing in the previous context to suggest that there is a woman who has been sincerely deceived and is ignorant of proper doctrines and had been teaching her husband false ideas. Sure, Eve was deceived; but she was not ignorant. She quoted God's word to Satan in Gen. 3:2-33 so that claim can't be maintained. Therefore, to say that this means there was a certain ignorant woman teaching false doctrine to her husband cannot be supported as the way it "must" be read. To say it "must" be read this way reveals the prejudice of the interpreter.
Let's assume the verses are about a married woman
I addressed this in the paper 1 Tim. 2:12-13 and women pastors and elders and draw from it.
The word "quiet" in verse 12 is hesuchia--not sigao. It is important because if the verses are about a woman teaching false things to her husband, then shouldn't Paul tell her to stop doing it completely? The word for "quiet" in verse 12 where Paul instructs "this particular woman" to remain quiet is hesuchia--not sigao. This is important because . . .
Hesuchia is used four times in the NT, and it means to be subdued, to be quiet and but not necessarily completely silent.
Acts 22:2, "And when they heard that he was addressing them in the Hebrew dialect, they became even more quiet."
2 Thess. 3:12, "Now such persons we command and exhort in the Lord Jesus Christ to work in quiet fashion and eat their own bread."
Sigao is used nine times in the NT, and it means absolute silence.
Acts 12:17, "But motioning to them with his hand to be silent, he described to them how the Lord had led him out of the prison . . . "
1 Cor. 14:30, "But if a revelation is made to another who is seated, the first one must keep silent."
If it is an individual woman Paul had in mind who was teaching false things and Paul told her to be "quiet," is he telling her to speak her false doctrines a little more quietly (hesuchia) instead of remaining completely silent (sigao)? Does that make any sense?
Also, the word "teach" is from didasko (to teach) and not heterodidaskaleo (to teach falsely). Heterodidaskaleo is used two times in the New Testament--both in 1 Timothy. 1 Tim. 1:3, "As I urged you upon my departure for Macedonia, remain on at Ephesus, in order that you may instruct certain men not to teach strange doctrines." 1 Tim. 6:3, "If anyone advocates a different doctrine, and does not agree with sound words, those of our Lord Jesus Christ, and with the doctrine conforming to godliness." So, if Paul is referring to a certain woman in 2:12 who is teaching false doctrine, then why does he not use the word heterdodaskaleo when referring to her teaching and why doesn't he use "sigao" which means to be completely quiet? It doesn't make sense if the egalitarian position is true.
But, it does makes sense to say that a woman, even if it was a wife relating to her husband, was teaching doctrine (not false doctrine since Paul didn't use heterodidaskaleo), yet Paul forbade it. So, if Paul is referring to false doctrine, then why didn't he use the term for false teaching (heterodidaskaleo)? After all, the epistles to Timothy are related to church practice and teaching (1 Tim. 3:15); hence, the specific issue of true and false doctrines. Also, if it was false teachings that she was guilty of, then why did Paul not use the Greek term that meant to stop speaking altogether (sigao) instead of using the term which implies the continuation of speaking but in a more subdued way (hesuchia)? Wouldn't Paul want false teaching to be silenced altogether? Of course. This is why the egalitarian position does not fit the text.
To be fair, sometimes the egalitarians say that the reference to Adam and Eve is a reference to a husband and wife, and that this supplies the marital context for "a woman" and "a man." If that is so, then why did Paul speak of Adam being created first and Eve being deceived? Notice that Paul mentions the created order, not simply marriage.
Adam was created first and it is specifically mentioned. Why? It is probably because of the Jewish teaching of primogeniture, that is, the pre-eminence of the first born. See Deut. 21:17; Exodus 13:2; Num. 3:13 which show this exact idea.4
It is for this reason and Eve's deception that "a woman" is not to teach or exercise authority over "a man."
Therefore, the idea that "a woman" is a wife teaching false things to her husband is not a necessary reading of the text. It certainly is possible that it could be a husband-and-wife situation, but the text does not support the idea that she was teaching her husband false doctrine. Therefore, the husband-wife idea is a theory that is, at best, only an opinion. Though it is "possible" that this might be the case, the possibility doesn't mean it is true any more than it is possible that "a woman" was a temple prostitute who had a crush on Paul. It is alright to have an opinion. But it is not alright to insist that is what the text means. If someone does, then he or she is pushing an agenda and not being faithful to the plain reading of the word. But isn't that the case when people have an agenda? They find ways to make the scriptures fit their "cause."
1. Nominative case is the case of the subject. Nouns change form in Greek similar to English as in actor, actors, actress, actresses. So, "the actor" is the subject of "The actor went to Virginia."
2. The dative case is the case of the indirect object. The noun form changes in Greek (see note 1). "To Virginia" is the indirect object in "The actor went to Virginia."
3. Gen. 2:2-3, "And the woman said to the serpent, 'From the fruit of the trees of the garden we may eat; 3 but from the fruit of the tree which is in the middle of the garden, God has said, 'You shall not eat from it or touch it, lest you die.'"
4. Regarding primogeniture: Deut. 21:17; Ex. 13:2; Num. 3:13 (1) Deut. 21:17, "But he shall acknowledge the first-born, the son of the unloved, by giving him a double portion of all that he has, for he is the beginning of his strength; to him belongs the right of the first-born." (2) Exodus 13:2, "Sanctify to Me every first-born, the first offspring of every womb among the sons of Israel, both of man and beast; it belongs to Me." (3) Num. 3:13, "For all the first-born are Mine; on the day that I struck down all the first-born in the land of Egypt, I sanctified to Myself all the first-born in Israel, from man to beast. They shall be Mine; I am the Lord."
Should you leave a church if it has a woman pastor?
Genesis 2, Adam and Eve, and Authority
Is Adam our Federal Head?
The elder in the church
1 Tim. 2:12-13 and women pastors and elders
Should women be pastors and elders?
Is this a power play to suppress women?
Was Junia in Romans 16:7 a female apostle in authority?
Gal. 3:28 shows that women can be in ministry as elders and pastors
Women in Ministry ›


text:
// Copyright 2014 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

/**
 * @fileoverview
 *
 * Provides basic functionality for JavaScript based browser test.
 *
 * To define a browser test, create a class under the browserTest namespace.
 * You can pass arbitrary object literals to the browser test from the C++ test
 * harness as the test data.  Each browser test class should implement the run
 * method.
 * For example:
 *
 * browserTest.My_Test = function() {};
 * browserTest.My_Test.prototype.run(myObjectLiteral) = function() { ... };
 *
 * The browser test is async in nature.  It will keep running until
 * browserTest.fail("My error message.") or browserTest.pass() is called.
 *
 * For example:
 *
 * browserTest.My_Test.prototype.run(myObjectLiteral) = function() {
 *   window.setTimeout(function() {
 *     if (doSomething(myObjectLiteral)) {
 *       browserTest.pass();
 *     } else {
 *       browserTest.fail('My error message.');
 *     }
 *   }, 1000);
 * };
 *
 * You will then invoke the test in C++ by calling:
 *
 *   RunJavaScriptTest(web_content, "My_Test", "{"
 *    "pin: '123123'"
 *  "}");
 */

'use strict';

/** @suppress {duplicate} */
var browserTest = browserTest || {};

/** @type {window.DomAutomationController} */
browserTest.automationController_ = null;

/**
 * @return {void}
 * @suppress {checkTypes|reportUnknownTypes}
 */
browserTest.init = function() {
  // The domAutomationController is used to communicate progress back to the
  // C++ calling code.  It will only exist if chrome is run with the flag
  // --dom-automation.  It is stubbed out here so that browser test can be run
  // under the regular app.
  if (window.domAutomationController) {
    /** @type {window.DomAutomationController} */
    browserTest.automationController_ = window.domAutomationController;
  } else {
    browserTest.automationController_ = {
      send: function(json) {
        var result = JSON.parse(json);
        if (result.succeeded) {
          console.log('Test Passed.');
        } else {
          console.error('Test Failed.\n' +
              result.error_message + '\n' + result.stack_trace);
        }
      }
    };
  };
};

/**
 * Fails the C++ calling browser test with |message| if |expr| is false.
 * @param {*} expr
 * @param {string=} opt_message
 * @return {void}
 */
browserTest.expect = function(expr, opt_message) {
  if (!expr) {
    var message = (opt_message) ? '<' + opt_message + '>' : '';
    browserTest.fail('Expectation failed.' + opt_message);
  }
};

/**
 * @param {string|Error} error
 * @return {void}
 */
browserTest.fail = function(error) {
  var error_message = error;
  var stack_trace = base.debug.callstack();

  if (error instanceof Error) {
    error_message = error.toString();
    stack_trace = error.stack;
  }

  console.error(error_message);

  // To run browserTest locally:
  // 1. Go to |remoting_webapp_files| and look for
  //    |remoting_webapp_js_browser_test_files| and uncomment it
  // 2. gclient runhooks
  // 3. rebuild the webapp
  // 4. Run it in the console browserTest.runTest(browserTest.MyTest, {});
  // 5. The line below will trap the test in the debugger in case of
  //    failure.
  debugger;

  browserTest.automationController_.send(JSON.stringify({
    succeeded: false,
    error_message: error_message,
    stack_trace: stack_trace
  }));
};

/**
 * @return {void}
 */
browserTest.pass = function() {
  browserTest.automationController_.send(JSON.stringify({
    succeeded: true,
    error_message: '',
    stack_trace: ''
  }));
};

/**
 * @param {string} id The id or the selector of the element.
 * @return {void}
 */
browserTest.clickOnControl = function(id) {
  var element = document.getElementById(id);
  if (!element) {
    element = document.querySelector(id);
  }
  browserTest.expect(element, 'No such element: ' + id);
  element.click();
};

/**
 * @param {remoting.AppMode} expectedMode
 * @param {number=} opt_timeout
 * @return {Promise}
 */
browserTest.onUIMode = function(expectedMode, opt_timeout) {
  if (expectedMode == remoting.currentMode) {
    // If the current mode is the same as the expected mode, return a fulfilled
    // promise.  For some reason, if we fulfill the promise in the same
    // callstack, V8 will assert at V8RecursionScope.h(66) with
    // ASSERT(!ScriptForbiddenScope::isScriptForbidden()).
    // To avoid the assert, execute the callback in a different callstack.
    return base.Promise.sleep(0);
  }

  return new Promise (function(fulfill, reject) {
    var uiModeChanged = remoting.testEvents.Names.uiModeChanged;
    var timerId = null;

    if (opt_timeout === undefined) {
      opt_timeout = browserTest.Timeout.DEFAULT;
    }

    function onTimeout() {
      remoting.testEvents.removeEventListener(uiModeChanged, onUIModeChanged);
      reject('Timeout waiting for ' + expectedMode);
    }

    /** @param {remoting.AppMode} mode */
    function onUIModeChanged(mode) {
      if (mode == expectedMode) {
        remoting.testEvents.removeEventListener(uiModeChanged, onUIModeChanged);
        window.clearTimeout(timerId);
        timerId = null;
        fulfill(true);
      }
    }

    if (opt_timeout != browserTest.Timeout.NONE) {
      timerId = window.setTimeout(onTimeout,
                                  /** @type {number} */ (opt_timeout));
    }
    remoting.testEvents.addEventListener(uiModeChanged, onUIModeChanged);
  });
};

/**
 * @return {Promise}
 */
browserTest.connectMe2Me = function() {
  var AppMode = remoting.AppMode;
  // The one second timeout is necessary because the click handler of
  // 'this-host-connect' is registered asynchronously.
  return base.Promise.sleep(1000).then(function() {
      browserTest.clickOnControl('local-host-connect-button');
    }).then(function(){
      return browserTest.onUIMode(AppMode.CLIENT_HOST_NEEDS_UPGRADE);
    }).then(function() {
      // On fulfilled.
      browserTest.clickOnControl('#host-needs-update-dialog .connect-button');
    }, function() {
      // On time out.
      return Promise.resolve();
    }).then(function() {
      return browserTest.onUIMode(AppMode.CLIENT_PIN_PROMPT, 10000);
    });
};

/**
 * @return {Promise}
 */
browserTest.disconnect = function() {
  base.debug.assert(remoting.app instanceof remoting.DesktopRemoting);
  var drApp = /** @type {remoting.DesktopRemoting} */ (remoting.app);
  var mode = drApp.getConnectionMode();

  var AppMode = remoting.AppMode;
  var finishedMode = AppMode.CLIENT_SESSION_FINISHED_ME2ME;
  var finishedButton = 'client-finished-me2me-button';
  if (mode === remoting.DesktopRemoting.Mode.IT2ME) {
    finishedMode = AppMode.CLIENT_SESSION_FINISHED_IT2ME;
    finishedButton = 'client-finished-it2me-button';
  }

  var activity = remoting.app.getActivity();
  if (!activity) {
    return Promise.resolve();
  }

  activity.stop();

  return browserTest.onUIMode(finishedMode).then(function() {
    browserTest.clickOnControl(finishedButton);
    return browserTest.onUIMode(AppMode.HOME);
  });
};

/**
 * @param {string} pin
 * @param {boolean=} opt_expectError
 * @return {Promise}
 */
browserTest.enterPIN = function(pin, opt_expectError) {
  // Wait for 500ms before hitting the PIN button. From experiment, sometimes
  // the PIN prompt does not dismiss without the timeout.
  var CONNECT_PIN_WAIT = 500;

  document.getElementById('pin-entry').value = pin;

  return base.Promise.sleep(CONNECT_PIN_WAIT).then(function() {
    browserTest.clickOnControl('pin-connect-button');
  }).then(function() {
    if (opt_expectError) {
      return browserTest.expectConnectionError(
          remoting.DesktopRemoting.Mode.ME2ME,
          [remoting.Error.Tag.INVALID_ACCESS_CODE]);
    } else {
      return browserTest.expectConnected();
    }
  });
};

/**
 * @param {remoting.DesktopRemoting.Mode} connectionMode
 * @param {Array<remoting.Error.Tag>} errorTags
 * @return {Promise}
 */
browserTest.expectConnectionError = function(connectionMode, errorTags) {
  var AppMode = remoting.AppMode;
  var Timeout = browserTest.Timeout;

  var finishButton = 'client-finished-me2me-button';

  if (connectionMode == remoting.DesktopRemoting.Mode.IT2ME) {
    finishButton = 'client-finished-it2me-button';
  }

  var onConnected = browserTest.onUIMode(AppMode.IN_SESSION, Timeout.NONE);
  var onFailure = Promise.race([
      browserTest.onUIMode(AppMode.CLIENT_CONNECT_FAILED_ME2ME),
      browserTest.onUIMode(AppMode.CLIENT_CONNECT_FAILED_IT2ME)]);

  onConnected = onConnected.then(function() {
    return Promise.reject(
        'Expected the connection to fail.');
  });

  onFailure = onFailure.then(function() {
    /** @type {Element} */
    var errorDiv = document.getElementById('connect-error-message');
    var actual = errorDiv.innerText;
    var expected = errorTags.map(function(/** string */errorTag) {
      return l10n.getTranslationOrError(errorTag);
    });
    browserTest.clickOnControl(finishButton);

    if (expected.indexOf(actual) === -1) {
      return Promise.reject('Unexpected failure. actual: ' + actual +
                            ' expected: ' + expected.join(','));
    }
  });

  return Promise.race([onConnected, onFailure]);
};

/**
 * @return {Promise}
 */
browserTest.expectConnected = function() {
  var AppMode = remoting.AppMode;
  // Timeout if the session is not connected within 30 seconds.
  var SESSION_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT = 30000;
  var onConnected = browserTest.onUIMode(AppMode.IN_SESSION,
                                         SESSION_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT);
  var onFailure = browserTest.onUIMode(AppMode.CLIENT_CONNECT_FAILED_ME2ME,
                                       browserTest.Timeout.NONE);
  onFailure = onFailure.then(function() {
    var errorDiv = document.getElementById('connect-error-message');
    var errorMsg = errorDiv.innerText;
    return Promise.reject('Unexpected error - ' + errorMsg);
  });
  return Promise.race([onConnected, onFailure]);
};

/**
 * @param {base.EventSource} eventSource
 * @param {string} event
 * @param {number} timeoutMs
 * @param {*=} opt_expectedData
 * @return {Promise}
 */
browserTest.expectEvent = function(eventSource, event, timeoutMs,
                                   opt_expectedData) {
  return new Promise(function(fullfil, reject) {
    /** @param {string=} actualData */
    var verifyEventParameters = function(actualData) {
      if (opt_expectedData === undefined || opt_expectedData === actualData) {
        fullfil(true);
      } else {
        reject('Bad event data; expected ' + opt_expectedData +
               '; got ' + actualData);
      }
    };
    eventSource.addEventListener(event, verifyEventParameters);
    base.Promise.sleep(timeoutMs).then(function() {
      reject(Error('Event ' + event + ' not received after ' +
                   timeoutMs + 'ms.'));
    });
  });
};

/**
 * @param {Function} testClass
 * @param {*} data
 * @return {void}
 * @suppress {checkTypes|checkVars|reportUnknownTypes}
 */
browserTest.runTest = function(testClass, data) {
  try {
    var test = new testClass();
    browserTest.expect(typeof test.run == 'function');
    test.run(data);
  } catch (/** @type {Error} */ e) {
    browserTest.fail(e);
  }
};

/**
 * @param {string} newPin
 * @return {Promise}
 */
browserTest.setupPIN = function(newPin) {
  var AppMode = remoting.AppMode;
  var HOST_SETUP_WAIT = 10000;
  var Timeout = browserTest.Timeout;

  return browserTest.onUIMode(AppMode.HOST_SETUP_ASK_PIN).then(function() {
    document.getElementById('daemon-pin-entry').value = newPin;
    document.getElementById('daemon-pin-confirm').value = newPin;
    browserTest.clickOnControl('daemon-pin-ok');

    var success = browserTest.onUIMode(AppMode.HOST_SETUP_DONE, Timeout.NONE);
    var failure = browserTest.onUIMode(AppMode.HOST_SETUP_ERROR, Timeout.NONE);
    failure = failure.then(function(){
      return Promise.reject('Unexpected host setup failure');
    });
    return Promise.race([success, failure]);
  }).then(function() {
    console.log('browserTest: PIN Setup is done.');
    browserTest.clickOnControl('host-config-done-dismiss');

    // On Linux, we restart the host after changing the PIN, need to sleep
    // for ten seconds before the host is ready for connection.
    return base.Promise.sleep(HOST_SETUP_WAIT);
  });
};

/**
 * @return {Promise<boolean>}
 */
browserTest.isLocalHostStarted = function() {
  return new Promise(function(resolve) {
    remoting.hostController.getLocalHostState(function(state) {
      resolve(remoting.HostController.State.STARTED == state);
    });
  });
};

/**
 * @param {string} pin
 * @return {Promise}
 */
browserTest.ensureHostStartedWithPIN = function(pin) {
  // Return if host is already
  return browserTest.isLocalHostStarted().then(
      /** @param {boolean} started */
      function(started){
        if (!started) {
          console.log('browserTest: Enabling remote connection.');
          browserTest.clickOnControl('.start-daemon');
        } else {
          console.log('browserTest: Changing the PIN of the host to: ' +
              pin + '.');
          browserTest.clickOnControl('.change-daemon-pin');
        }
        return browserTest.setupPIN(pin);
      });
};

/**
 * Called by Browser Test in C++
 * @param {string} pin
 * @suppress {checkTypes}
 */
browserTest.ensureRemoteConnectionEnabled = function(pin) {
  browserTest.ensureHostStartedWithPIN(pin).then(function() {
    browserTest.pass();
  }, function(reason) {
    browserTest.fail(reason);
  });
};

browserTest.init();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
NMSU students travel to Hawaii to study climate change
Kristie Garcia
For the Sun-News
LAS CRUCES - From snorkeling in a swimming pool to learning about coral bleaching, 12 New Mexico State University students have been preparing for a trip to Hawaii where they will study various aspects of climate change during spring break.
The trip is part of the Sundt Honors Seminar course with NMSU Biology Regents Professor Michele Nishiguchi.
"I asked the students to break down what they thought were important topics in terms of climate change, because that's such a big focus," Nishiguchi said. "I gave them a couple of lectures on the basics of what was going on globally, then in particular, in Hawaii."
Four groups comprised of three students will focus on a certain aspect of climate change while in Hawaii.
One group is focusing on natural resources with an emphasis on how climate change is increasing the amount of invasive species in Hawaii.
Another group will study how climate change is affecting corals, specifically, how temperature increases and ocean acidification are killing off corals.
Sustainable businesses will be a focus area for another group. The students in this group will study businesses that are trying to comply with greener rules and are trying not to dump too much waste into the ocean. The issue of tourism overall will be addressed, as it is a big part of the economy in Hawaii.
Lastly, a group of students will research socioeconomics. The students will look at how climate change affects not only the financial stability of a place like Hawaii, but how it impacts native Hawaiians.
"I had the students divide up so that not all of them have the same majors," Nishiguchi said. "For example, not all the biologists are in the coral health group. I want them to spread their expertise around."
The Hawaii excursion will include lectures by University of Hawaii professors with expertise in various areas, and the students will visit the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, where coral restoration is being conducted. They will also visit The Nature Conservancy, The Inouye Center and The Hawaiian Seafood Company's fish auction.
Aside from the educational side of the trip, the NMSU group will partake in a community outreach activity, in which they will restore lava rock walls in a native fishpond.
"These fishponds are part of Hawaiians' cultural heritage," Nishiguchi said. "The ponds are relying upon coral reef health in order to be sustainable. The ponds were used to not only culture fish for the native Hawaiians to eat but also to provide shelter for nurseries for juvenile fish."
The NMSU group will stay at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology at Coconut Island.
Nishiguchi was named to the William Conroy Honors College's M. Eugene Sundt Professorship last summer. The Sundt Professorship was established to support the development of exceptional and innovative teaching ideas and to foster unique, experience-based classes in the Honors College. Funded by the Sundt estate, the endowment permits the Honors College to appoint a Sundt professor for a two-year term.
While in Hawaii, the class may be followed on its blog at: https://sundthonorsblog.wordpress.com/
Kristie Garcia writes for University Communications and can be reached at kmgarcia@nmsu.edu.

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A History of Kanye West's Obsession With Fashion in Kanye West GIFs
By Jian DeLeon, Gregory Babcock
Since bursting onto the scene with his 2004 debut, Kanye West has taken the hip-hop world by storm, but he soon revealed a second love: fashion. He wasn't always the style icon he is today, and the road that took him there is an interesting one. From his streetwear roots to leather-heavy outfits, couture Margiela masks, A.P.C. collabs, and the upcoming Yeezy Season 2 show, here's a look at A History of Kanye West's Obsession With Fashion in Kanye West GIFs.
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$3,500,000 Verdict for Motorcycle Crash Against City of Newark
The firm secured a jury verdict of $3,500,00.00 against defendant, City of Newark, on behalf of motorcyclist who sustained orthopedic and neurological injuries to his leg after hitting an unmarked pothole.
$2,025,000 Settlement Against UPS for Parking Practices
The firm secured a settlement against UPS for negligent parking practices. Plaintiff was driving his car on Mt. Prospect Avenue in Newark, New Jersey when another vehicle went around a double-parked UPS truck, causing a head-on collision. Plaintiff suffered a lumbar injury requiring discectomy and a traumatic brain injury with cognitive impairment. The suit alleged that UPS has a policy of encouraging their drivers to illegally double-park in order to speed up their deliveries. Plaintiffs alleged UPS' practice of paying drivers' double-parking tickets sent the message that the price and danger of double-parking is just the cost of doing business.
$1,667,000 Settlement for Motor Vehicle Collision
Plaintiff was stopped in traffic when a state of New Jersey motor vehicle struck Plaintiff's vehicle from behind. Plaintiff had prior neck and back injuries which were aggravated in this accident. Plaintiff's injuries were worsened and as a result, Plaintiff needed a surgery for her neck and back. Defendant stated these preexisting injuries were not aggravated and that the impact was not sufficient to aggravate Plaintiff's preexisting injuries. This case settled prior to jury selection for $1,667,000.
$1,000,000 Settlement for Medical Malpractice
Plaintiff, an 80 year old man, developed cauda equina syndrome after undergoing lumbar fusion surgery. The condition is marked by extreme pressure on the nerves at the end of the spinal cord and is considered a surgical emergency. The doctor's failure to timely diagnose the cauda equina syndrome resulted in left foot drop.
$975,000 Settlement to Woman for Sidewalk Fall
An Edison woman who fell and fractured her ankle outside her place of employment awarded $975,000 She was injured when she e fell on a sidewalk outside of a building. She slipped and fell because the sidewalk was in disrepair. The ankle had to be repaired by surgery. A plate and several screws were implanted into the ankle.
$875,000 Settlement for Motor Vehicle Crash
A Neptune man who was struck by a driver who ran a red light was awarded $875,000. The defendant driver denied she ran a red light but video evidenced obtained by the firm from a nearby store showed otherwise. The man was required to undergo back surgery with internal fixation.
$805,000 Settlement for Defective Street Condition
A Newark man was awarded $805,000 after the car he was a passenger in drove over an imperfection in the street causing the vehicle to lose control and crash. The police report incorrectly identified the Newark man as the driver of the vehicle and other attorneys had turned down the case due to the mistake in the police report.
A Fords man who was struck by a driver who side swiped him was awarded $750,000. The defendant driver wasn't paying attention and side swiped the man causing injuries to his neck and back. The man was required to undergo neck surgery with internal fixation.
$750,000 Settlement to Woman who Fell Down Stairs
An Elizabeth woman who fell and injured her neck and back was awarded $750,000. She was caused to trip and fall into an open and unguarded cellar doorway. It was dark out and there were cardboard boxes piled alongside the sidewalk, which narrowed the available sidewalk width and caused the woman to sidestep into one of the open cellar doors.
$630,000 Settlement for Middlesex County Woman Injured in Crash
While sitting in bumper to bumper traffic after the exit 9 toll plaza on the turnpike, a tractor-trailer driver making an unsafe lane change struck the rear of a Middlesex County woman's car as they were merging onto the traffic ramp heading towards route 18.Despite admitting as much to the officer at the scene, the driver tried to blame our client, but could not explain what he thought she did wrong. The woman had arthroscopic hip surgery and neck pain.
$500,000 for Client in Severe Motorcycle Crash
A husband and wife were badly injured when a fellow motorist failed to yield at a stop sign causing our client to crash into her.The man suffered a grave injury to his ankle, an open fracture requiring surgery and installation of plates and screws. The woman had scarring on her leg.Th family received a settlement of $500,000.00, representing the limits of available insurance coverage.
Husband and wife were rear ended while turning into their driveway. The wife sustained neck and back injuries and required surgery. The husband required a shoulder surgery.
A Newark woman was awarded $500,000 after she was rear ended by a Naval Cadet who fell asleep while in traffic. The Naval Cadet had "dozed off" moments before the crash but thought he could stay awake and make it to Maryland. The crash occurred on the New Jersey Turnpike. He continued to drive but fell asleep and crashed into the rear of plaintiff's car.
$495,000 Settlement for Man Brutally Beaten in Convenience Store Lot
The Maglione Firm developed substantial evidence that a convenience store located in a notoriously high-crime area breached its duty to its customers by failing to provide adequate security. The negligent security at the convenience store left its customers vulnerable to opportunistic criminals. The Maglione Firm secure a $495,000.00 settlement for a man who was brutally beaten while a customer on the convenience store's premises in broad daylight.
$452,000 Settlement to Man Injured by Fire
A Newark man who jumped out of a burning building and injured his hip, neck and back was awarded $452,000. He was caused to jump out of a burning building due to the homeowner's failure to have a fire escape or other means of safe egress. The man fractured his hip.
A Maplewood woman who was struck by a driver who failed to stop at an intersection was awarded $437,500. The defendant driver alleged that an unknown vehicle waved her into the intersection. The woman was required to undergo neck surgery with internal fixation and suffered emotionally.
$425,000 Settlement for Employment Discrimination
The Firm on behalf of the plaintiff agreed to a settlement of $425,000 with Defendants Plaintiff was the victim of age discrimination by his employer in New Jersey. Discrimination can not be tolerated in this day and age, no matter what form it takes, no matter against whom it is designed to hurt.
A Fords man was awarded $412,500 after he was struck by a vehicle that ran a red light. The driver of the other vehicle failed to pay attention as he entered the intersection. The Fords man was required to undergo lower back surgery.
$385,000 to a Woman for a Driveway Fall
A Newark woman who fell and fractured her ankle outside her place of residence was awarded $385,000. She was injured when she fell in her driveway outside of her residence. She slipped and fell because the landlord failed to properly remove ice and snow. The ankle had to be repaired by surgery.
A man was badly injured when a fellow motorcyclist lost control of his bike and crashed into our client. The man suffered a grave injury to his ankle, an open fracture requiring surgery and installation of plates and screws. The man received a settlement of $375,000.00, representing the limits of available insurance coverage.
$338,000 Judgement for Breach of Contract Case
A Newark man was awarded $338,000 against a construction contractor who had failed to complete the construction of the man's home. The Newark man had to have another contractor come in and finish the job.
$350,000 Settlement for Client in Motorcycle Crash
A man riding a motorcycle was caused to crash when another driver made a left turn in front of him. The man was required to undergo surgery on his arm with plates and screws.
$349,885 Verdict to Man Who Dove into Pylon
A Point Pleasant man dove into a submerged pylon at the beach was awarded $262,479.67 by a jury for his lost wages and the court awarded an additional $87,405.73 in fees. There were pylons that were buried in the sand running perpendicular to the water line and due to tidal conditions were covered by the waters. The Township was aware of the pylons, however, rather than giving adequate warnings of pylons that they were aware of, the Township in a palpably unreasonable manner, used signage and flags that lured the man into the dangerous condition causing him to dive head first into the pylon.
$325,500 Settlement for Man who Fell on Ice
A Newark man who fell on ice was awarded $325,500. The store had notice of the dangerous condition and failed to do anything about it. The store was held accountable for failing to remove the ice. The man underwent ankle surgery.
$301,000 Verdict Against Car Wash for Negligent Security
The firm secured a $301,000.00 jury verdict against a Jersey City car wash for failing to provide adequate security. While the client's car was being washed, a thief jumped into the car and drove away, striking and injuring the client who attempted to stop him. The client had a prior lumbar fusion surgery that was aggravated and exacerbated as a result.
$300,000 Settlement Against an Apartment Complex for Negligent Security
The client was visiting his aunt in an apartment complex in Newark and was shot by drug dealers who had overrun the complex. The apartment complex had a video surveillance system that was not working at the time. Had the apartment complex followed the simple safety rule to have adequate surveillance, the man would not have been injured.
$265,000 Settlement Against a Bar for Negligent Security
The client was out celebrating his engagement at the bar. When he was leaving, a drunk patron assaulted him, loosening his two front teeth. The assault happened in the parking lot as the bouncer sat inside and watched. We held the bar accountable for not having their bouncers intervened when they knew the assault was occurring.
$264,354 Judgment for Breach of Contract Case
A Monmouth County man was awarded a judgment for $264,354.00 against a former colleague who had failed to comply with the terms of a contract they had entered into.
$250,000 Settlement for Man Struck by Drunk Driver
Plaintiff was driving his Tractor Trailer when he was rear-ended by an intoxicated driver. Our client suffered serious injuries to his neck and back and underwent a bi-level cervical fusion. The man received a $250,000.00 settlement, representing the limits of available insurance coverage. The firm is presently suing his insurance broker for failing to have procured a $1,000,000.00 underinsured motorist policy which would have enabled to recover more.
$245,000 Settlement Against an Asphalt Company for Negligent Maintenance of Construction Equipment
The client was operating a hot tar kettle when the spigot broke, pouring hot tar on his hand and arm, causing burns. The firm held the asphalt company accountable for failing to properly inspect, maintain, and repair the equipment. Had a proper inspection been done, the faulty spigot would have been discovered and the injury avoided. The asphalt company chose to violate the simple safety rule that requires them to inspect and maintain their equipment.
A Warren woman who was rear ended by a driver was awarded $240,000. The woman was required to undergo arthroscopic knee surgery.
$235,000 Settlement for a Motor Vehicle Crash
The client was being tailgated by a driver during a road-rage incident. The client tried to speed away from the enraged driver and lost control of her vehicle while trying to flee. The client suffered multiple broken bones and the firm held the enraged driver accountable.
$199,000 Settlement for Man Bitten by Dog
A Carteret man who was bitten by a dog was awarded $199,000. The man had permanent scarring on his arm.
$165,000 Settlement for Road Rage Incident
A Freehold man who was involved in a motor vehicle crash was awarded $165,000. The Freehold man crashed into the back of two vehicles that had stopped in the middle of the road to engage in a fist fight. The two other vehicles had been involved in a road rage incident and their drivers started a fist fight in the middle of the road and the Freehold man crashed into them. The Freehold man had surgery.
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N o e l l a
U P I T I S
Noella Upitis was born in Scarborough, Ontario, Canada and has received degrees from the Ontario College of Art and Design, the University of Guelph and York University. Upitis pursues dual careers in education and mixed media painting.
Her landscapes draw upon the Canadian winter and the sculptural form of trees in their dormant state. Trees become invitational through their presence in an open space. Upitis' paintings draw upon observations at a distance, providing a wider perspective for the viewer.
In contrast, abstraction turns the eye inward pursuing internal landscapes. Painting here tends to investigate the exchange between the intellect and emotions in addition to contrasting reality and fictional narratives. These paintings are deeply personal in nature and Upitis employs a vibrancy of colour.
Currently, Upitis shows in Southern Ontario, participating in group shows at the Toronto Outdoor Art Exhibition, Williams Mill Art Gallery, Alton Mills Gallery, Art in the Street Guelph and Cabbage Town Art and Sale. She was a longstanding member (2012-2018) of the Guelph Studio Tour and has been juried into Art in the Park Stratford this year. Her work hangs in private collections around the world from the Wenjiang Province, China to Miami, Florida.
Treescapes
Contemporary Trees
Education and CV


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The exhibit was to be fabricated here in our shop and shipped to Cape Race Newfoundland.
What started out as a variety of fairly rough concept sketches, evolved to be a very attractive and practical exhibit.
Our portion of the exhibit consists of acrylic display cases on custom made riveted bases, an interpretive panel with a custom riveted pedestal, a wall mounted video display with pull out slides and custom printed wall paper.


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Defining legendary: Paris Is Burning at 30
ByGadgetsSeptember 16, 2020 0
Pepper LaBeija, shimmering in her golden gown, struts into the Savoy Manor Ballroom to be met with raucous applause. Through Paris Is Burning, Jennie Livingston's seminal chronicle of Harlem's ballroom scene in the 1980s, we enter a wonderland of self-expression, where vogueing was born and houses compete by walking runway categories in a bid to become 'legendary' – the highest praise within the community. In the 30 years since it premiered, few films have come to occupy such a prominent place in queer cinema.
Paris Is Burning earns this standing through its pithy, unvarnished exploration of race, poverty and sexuality. The stories of New York City's queer Black and Hispanic populace presented throughout the film are complicated and honest, allowing for viewers to experience a personal and sensitive connection to various on-screen presences, perhaps for the first time.
This connection is as much to do with self-expression as it is with adversity. The constrained life prospects for ballroom performers is apparent when, in a space to realise their wildest fantasies, participants walked seemingly banal runway categories like 'schoolgirl/schoolboy realness' and 'executive realness'. But as drag performer Dorian Corey summarises, "You can't get a job as an executive unless you have the educational background and the opportunity."
Society had stacked the odds against this community. Their skin was too dark; their sexuality or gender identity made them abominations, even to their parents. The AIDS epidemic – which would take the lives of several of the film's subjects – was rapidly worsening, its casualties politically abandoned. As one performer puts it, this was their "social standing in life": existences destined to be forgotten. For them, ballroom prestige was "as close to reality as we're gonna get to […] fame and fortune." It's no wonder the title of 'legendary' was not taken lightly. This was their chance to be remembered.
The draw of Paris Is Burning goes beyond the buzz of the ballroom. The ballroom community created their own family units – known as Houses– that mimicked the homes many performers were once cast out of. House mothers like Pepper LaBeija and Angie Xtravaganza took in ostracised youth, exemplifying the love and support of a chosen family. This continues to be an immeasurably hopeful concept for those whose lives lack such acceptance.
But not everyone was so lucky to belong to a House. After the balls many went away hungry, having to sleep at the piers. It was a dangerous world. One of the final moments of the film sees Angie mourn the death of her daughter Venus after she was murdered in a hotel room. Unfortunately, such tragedies continue today. Alarming rates of homelessness among LGBT+ youth persist – the Albert Kennedy Trust found that 24 per cent of homeless young people in the UK identify as LGBT+. Anti-transgender violence, particularly against people of colour, is rife; the Human Rights Campaign claimed that the majority of murdered transgender and gender non-conforming people in the US in 2019 were Black transgender women.
The mistreatment of queer lives that Paris Is Burning documented is also a part of its legacy. A 1993 New York Times article detailed how some of the interviewees felt cheated when Livingston allegedly became rich from the film's $4 million domestic gross while they had originally received nothing. Many have also questioned the ethics of Livingston, a white, middle-class woman, telling the stories of a community to which she didn't belong. This aligns with a wider, ongoing discussion surrounding the role identity plays in determining who has the right and authority to tell particular stories.
Despite a complicated legacy, Paris Is Burning continues to inspire creativity. From mimicking ballroom proceedings to the annual reading challenge, RuPaul's Drag Race owes much to Paris Is Burning. Frequently used catchphrases like "Why y'all gagging so? She bring it to you every ball," are testament to the film's lexical influence on modern queer culture. FX's Pose – a dramatised extrapolation of Paris – features the largest cast of trans actresses of any scripted show in history, while the HBO Max reality-competition series Legendary presents a contemporary vision of ballroom.
Over the last 30 years, Paris Is Burning has earned the legendary status its subjects strived for. The specific intersections of discrimination in ballroom make for a unique study of society. And though Livingston was not the first to document stories of race, queer identity and struggle in the US, this particular story of a subculture forced to celebrate itself underground is precious to many. This life-affirming documentary is made so by the wisdom, spirit and beauty of its participants, their words and stories never ceasing to inspire.
The post Defining legendary: Paris Is Burning at 30 appeared first on Little White Lies.
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The Edinburgh University Theatre Company brings The Lift to the Fringe this year, with the promise of an "adventure no psychologist can erase".
The performance follows the happenings inside a faulty lift where nine very different personalities are trapped inside, causing all hell to break loose. The characters include a South American mechanic, an elderly couple, a girl in a wheelchair, her neurotic friend, an Economics professor, an obnoxious fresher boy and a young couple totally enraptured by each other.
This performance might have been more believable and more interesting if the characters weren't as clichéd and over-acted. As an original idea with a lot of potential, stereotypes could have been avoided by bringing out much subtler differences in personality, rather than the fairly superficial differences of age, able-bodied-ness, education, language and class.
They must endure each other's company as they await the mechanic…the mystery of which turns out to be slightly racist. If this was deliberate then it was unclear what point was being made.
The site of the lift was also slightly unconvincing. The Economics professor – on his way to a seminar – seemed to know the receptionist, implying a university setting. How did the other people come to be in this building? The young couple claimed to be on their way to a picnic?
Parts, however, were entertaining, in particular the fresher boy played by Nikola Muckajev. The moment where the young woman in love accidentally cleans her face with the mechanic's oily handkerchief is also pretty funny. The elderly couple's announcement that they are pleased they can be back in time for the television programme 'Pointless' is a clever idea.
The girl in the wheelchair (Kelsey Griffin) is perhaps the only likeable character, whose frustration with being imprisoned with so many irritating people is justified.


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Vedat Xhymshiti is a war correspondent and journalist with frontline experience of the Syrian civil war. His sublime work and imagery has been published in Der Spiegel, Die Welt, New York Times and Le Monde. Xhymshiti is also founder of THEFrontliner.net, in addition to his roles as a print media critic, columnist for the Balkan Investigative Reporting Network, contributor at Foreign Policy Journal and Kosovo 2.0 Magazine, and author at Kosovo's leading online Newspaper "Gazeta Express".
As a documentary photographer, Vedat has been freelancing for VICE.com, ZUMAWireService.com, IMAGO-stock.de in addition to well known and established US and European News Magazines, he has also provided imagery for EPA and AFP — his pictures from Syria of a 'face painted Syrian boy' and a Mother who mourn her baby-child, were chosen as 'Best of the News' by Getty Images.
As a filmmaker for AP London bureau News Television, Xhymshiti recorded the frontline battles between the Syrian government forces and the rebels in the northern Syrian city of Aleppo. He is able to speak and write Albanian and English fluently and has a good command of Serbian, French, German and Arabic.
Vedat is currently pursuing his MA Degree in Documentary Photography and Photojournalism at The University of Arts, London.


text:
Helen Greiner (* 6. Dezember 1967 in London) ist eine amerikanische Ingenieurin und Unternehmerin. Sie ist Mitbegründerin von iRobot und ehemalige CEO von CyPhy Work, einem Start-up-Unternehmen, das sich auf kleine Drohnen für den Verbraucher- und Militärmarkt spezialisiert hat. Helen Greiner ist derzeit CEO der Tertill Corporation.

Greiner wurde 2013 zum Mitglied der National Academy of Engineering gewählt, weil sie führend in der Konzeption, Entwicklung und Anwendung praktischer Roboter ist.

Kindheit und Studium
Greiners Vater kam als Flüchtling aus Ungarn nach England und lernte seine Frau, Helens Mutter, am Imperial College London kennen. Als Helen fünf Jahre alt war, zog ihre Familie nach Southampton (New York), USA.

Im Alter von zehn Jahren sah sich Greiner den Film Krieg der Sterne an. Nach eigener Aussage wurde sie durch R2-D2 in dem Film inspiriert, mit Robotern zu arbeiten.

Greiner hat am Massachusetts Institute of Technology einen Bachelor-Abschluss in Maschinenbau und einen Master-Abschluss in Informatik erworben. Außerdem hat sie den Ehrendoktortitel des Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) erhalten. Greiner hat auch die Ehrendoktorwürde der Clarkson University erhalten.

Karriere
1990 war Greiner zusammen mit Rodney A. Brooks und Colin Angle Mitbegründerin von iRobot, einem Robotikunternehmen mit Hauptsitz in Bedford (Massachusetts), das Roboter auf den Verbrauchermarkt bringt. Sie war Mitgestalterin der ersten Version des Staubsaugerroboters Roomba.

Greiner war bis 2004 Präsidentin von iRobot und bis 2008 Vorsitzende. In ihrer Amtszeit brachte iRobot neben dem Staubsaugerroboter Roomba auch die Militärroboter PackBot und SUGV auf den Markt. Sie baute eine Kultur der praktischen Innovation auf, die zum Einsatz von 6.000 PackBots bei den Streitkräften der Vereinigten Staaten führte. Darüber hinaus leitete Greiner die Finanzierungsprojekte von iRobot und beschaffte 35 Mio. USD an Risikokapital für einen Börsengang mit 75 Mio. USD.

Sie hat am Jet Propulsion Laboratory der NASA und am MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory gearbeitet.

Im Jahr 2008 gründete Greiner das Unternehmen CyPhy Works, das die Multirotor-Drohnen Persistent Aerial Reconnaissance and Communications (PARC) und Pocket Flyer entwickelt hat. Sie war auch im Vorstand der Open Source Robotics Foundation (OSRF) tätig. Sie verließ das Unternehmen Ende 2017 und trat anschließend von ihrem Posten im Vorstand zurück, um eine umfassendere Aufgabe innerhalb der US-Armee zu unterstützen.

Seit 2018 arbeitet sie als Beraterin der United States Army im Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics and Technology (OASA(ALT)). Sie wurde am 4. Juni 2018 als hochqualifizierte Expertin für Robotik, autonome Systeme und künstliche Intelligenz (KI) für die Armee vereidigt.

Im September 2020 wurde Greiner zum CEO und Vorsitzenden des Gartenroboter-Startups Tertill ernannt.

Auszeichnungen
Greiner wurde im Jahr 2000 vom Weltwirtschaftsforum als einer der "Global Leader of Tomorrow" aufgeführt.

Im Jahr 2003 wurden Greiner und der iRobot-Mitbegründer Colin Angle von Ernst and Young zu Unternehmern des Jahres in Neuengland ernannt. Im selben Jahr wurde Greiner vom Fortune Magazine zu einem der "Top Ten Innovators" ernannt.

Good Housekeeping kürte sie zur "Unternehmerin des Jahres" und die Harvard Kennedy School ernannte sie in Zusammenarbeit mit dem U.S. News & World Report zu einer der "America's Best Leaders".

Greiner wurde 2006 von der Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI) mit dem Pioneer Award ausgezeichnet.

Im Jahr 2007 wurde Greiner in die Women in Technology International Hall of Fame aufgenommen.

Für ihre Arbeit bei iRobot erhielt sie 2008 den Anita Borg Institute Women of Vision Award for Innovation. Außerdem wurde sie als eine der TR100 Innovators for the Next Century des Technology Review Magazine ausgezeichnet.

Greiner sprach 2013 bei TEDxBoston darüber, wie Roboter Leben retten können, indem sie Arbeiten übernehmen, die für Menschen entweder zu monoton oder zu gefährlich sind.

Auf der DEMO-Konferenz 2014 erhielt sie den DEMO God Award. Im Anschluss an diesen Erfolg wurde sie von US-Präsident Barack Obama und US-Handelsministerin Penny Pritzker zur Presidential Ambassador for Global Leadership (PAGE) ernannt.

Im Jahr 2018 wurde sie zur "Frau des Jahres" am Wentworth Institute of Technology ernannt.

Greiner war eine von mehreren Rednern beim GoFly Final Fly Off 2020 sein. Sie war die einzige Rednerin. Bei diesem Wettbewerb in Mountain View, Kalifornien, kämpfen Teams aus der ganzen Welt um Preise in Höhe von fast 2 Millionen Dollar.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Mitglied der National Academy of Engineering
Unternehmer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Ingenieur
Informatiker
Absolvent des Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Englischer Emigrant in den Vereinigten Staaten
Unternehmer (20. Jahrhundert)
Unternehmer (21. Jahrhundert)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1967
Frau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Composer, Songwriter, Producer
Scott Hansen is a San Francisco-based producer, composer, musician, graphic designer, and creative force behind the critically-acclaimed project Tycho.
"It's really inspiring as an artist to see developers who are as passionate about true hardware sound as I am and who have the skills to create these living, breathing emulations."
Hansen began releasing music over 10 years ago with The Science of Patterns EP. His first full-length, Sunrise Projector, came out in 2004, and as the critical acclaim continued in 2006 with the release of Past Is Prologue. In 2011, Hanson evolved the project into a trio with Zac Brown and Rory O'Connor for both the creative process and tour, leading to the release of Dive that same year and Awake in 2014. Both the sound and artwork of Awake capture Hansen's stylistic shift, conjuring a more kinetic and percussive sensory experience. The group is set to release their next album, Division, in fall of 2016, which will kick off their next major tour.
"Hardware is a big part of my sound and I rely heavily on analog and early digital delays and reverbs to give a color and texture to my recordings. Because the computer is at the center of my process I am always looking for ways to further centralize elements of my process and to leverage the power and flexibility of the DAW.
I feel that despite slight differences I might hear between a piece of hardware and its digitally emulated counterpart, using a plugin will often lead to more compelling results as you can take the time in post to manipulate the effects chain and parameters. This has always felt like a necessary trade-off, sound for flexibility. Soundtoys were the first plugins I found where that trade-off fell away and I had these tools as my disposal which were full of the life and depth of hardware while having the infinite potential of software.
EchoBoy and PrimalTap are the most used out of any plugins I own; they're all over the records. Decapitator is indispensable for adding that final bit of crunch to a track, allowing me to record less destructively so that I have flexibility at mixdown."
Soundtoys sat down with Scott to discuss inspiration, gear, and the creative process:
You can keep up with Scott on Tycho's Website, Facebook, and Twitter.
You can stream Tycho's music on Soundcloud and Spotify.
Tycho Interview: Gear, Inspiration, and the Creative Process
Scott Hansen of Tycho discusses inspiration, gear, production techniques, and using Soundtoys plug-ins in his creative workflow.
EchoBoy
Decades of echo devices in a single plug-in. The pro standard for vocal echo.
PrimalTap
Modeled retro dual delay with "freeze" for lo-fi pitch warped loops and delays.
Decapitator
Subtle to extreme hardware-modeled saturation. The secret weapon of top mix engineers.
Producer, Audio Engineer, Songwriter
Dababy, Lil Baby, Vince Staples, Freddie Gibbs, NBA Youngboy, FKA Twigs, Rico Nasty, Flo Milli, Remi Wolf
"Soundtoys is an irreplaceable part of my workflow. From MicroShift on background vocals to Decapitator on live drums or EchoBoy on literally anything; I can't do a session without the entire suite."
Paul "Willie Green" Womack
Producer, Engineer, Sonic Artist
Wiz Khalifa, Armand Hammer, The Roots, Donnie McClurkin, Moor Mother, The Alchemist
"Decapitator finds its way into every mix I do. It's amazingly flexible, it can go from subtle and warm, to "oh sh*t!" and everything in between."
Andrew Sarlo
Big Thief, Nick Hakim, Show Me The Body, Dijon, Bon Iver
"If anything is just too pure and not exciting enough, reach for Little AlterBoy ASAP."
Noah Georgeson
Musician, Producer, Mix Engineer
Joanna Newsom, Devendra Banhart, The Strokes, Cate Le Bon, Andy Schauf
"I'm pretty sure I could mix a whole record with Echoboy as my only effect. I use it for all sorts of things - occasionally even what it's intended for."
Sylvia Massy
Record Producer, Mixer, Engineer, Author
Tool, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Taylor Hawkins, Prince, System of A Down
"Finally plug-in effects that make me forget about my rack gear!"
Dan Hermouet
Perfume Genius
"My current live set up with Perfume Genius includes a mobile set up for voice processing revolving almost exclusively around Soundtoys plugins."
Film Composer, Record Producer
Black Panther, Childish Gambino, Chance the Rapper, Haim
"Soundtoys plug-ins were irreplaceable tools in helping create the Black Panther score."
Anomalie
Keyboardist, Producer, Performer
"Little Plate is one of the best reverbs I've ever used. It's unmatched!"
Laurent "Tippy I" Alfred
Musician, Producer, Engineer
I Grade Dub, Midnite, Pressure, Lutan Fyah, Dezarie
"[Soundtoys] are an integral part of how I create space and manipulate time in my mixes and give me the tweakability that I need as a dub mixer."
Producer, Engineer, Multi-Instrumentalist
Madonna, 2 Chainz, Pusha T
"Decapitator made my 808 kicks on Desiigner's 'Timmy Turner' growl and gave them great presence in the mix. Love it."
Jamie Lidell
Musician, Singer, Songwriter, Producer, Podcast Host
Super_Collider, Mura Masa, Feist, Simian Mobile Disco, Beck
"Soundtoys doesn't make a bad plugin. I've destroyed with the Devil Loc, I've Crystallized myself, I've Altered and Echo'd my Boy to high heaven. The world of sonic putty awaits."
Apparat / Modeselektor
"EchoBoy is not just a delay plug-in - it adds life to your sound."
Electronic Musician
"Since getting Soundtoys, every channel on every track has Soundtoys on it."
Ariel Borujow
Notorious B.I.G., Kanye West, Lucius, Chromeo, Justin Martin, Prinze George
"Soundtoys has helped me to achieve "In-The-Box" what I was used to when mixing on analog desks."
Nick Sylvester
Producer, Songwriter, Mixer, Label Owner
Channel Tres, JPEGMAIA, Yaeji, loveleo
"For Godmode artists, I design a custom stereo ambience fx send buss in Effect Rack and throw from various channels to give my artists' records their own unique sense of space."
Jason LaRocca
Mixer, Producer
Movies, Video Games, TV
"One of my favorites is the 'Starlight' preset from EchoBoy. It has been a little secret weapon reverb preset for piano on films like 'Paddington,' 'The Accountant,' and 'Life.'" – Jason LaRocca
Tony Ni
"I could be deserted on an island with a laptop that has GarageBand and Soundtoys 5, and I can still mix a hit."
DJ, Producer
Never B Alone, This Ain't Bristol, OWSLA, Fool's Gold
"If there's a sound that doesn't quite have the edge that I want, I'll use Decapitator to give it more angst."
Electronic Duo
Harrison Mills & Clayton Knight
"We run just about everything through Decapitator or Radiator before it hits anything else."
"We've used Soundtoys on every record we've released. It's become a must have in our studio" – Sarah Barthel
"The lead single from Every Open Eye, 'Leave A Trace', includes Soundtoys plugins right from the intro."
Yaeji
Dance/Electronic Musician
"Crystallizer is my favorite and at this point an essential element of my sound. When it's applied to my voice, I can create intimate, dreamy textures. The way it interacts with Korean words when delayed and reverse recycled is unlike anything else."
Record Producer, Mix Engineer, Educator
A Tribe Called Quest, Erykah Badu, Citizen Cope, D'Angelo, De La Soul
"My professional life can be considered in two periods; life before Decapitator, and life after Decapitator."
Empress Of
Pop Innovator
"EchoBoy has always been my favorite plug in by Soundtoys. I try to use it really creatively on chopped up vocals to create new textures."
Tom Elmhirst
Adele, Amy Winehouse, Cee Lo Green, Florence & The Machine
"Once you start using all of these plug-ins you find it hard to stop."
Son Lux
Lorde, Woodkid, Sufjan Stevens, Busdriver, Nico Muhly
"In creating Son Lux's music, we make regular use of every Soundtoys plug-in." - Ryan Lott (Son Lux)
Rachel Alina
Stephen Marley, Gabriel Garzon-Montano, Interscope Records
"Soundtoys 5 is the foundation of my creative process when I'm mixing."
Blake Mills
Songwriter, Guitarist, Producer, Composer
Alabama Shakes, Perfume Genius, Fiona Apple, John Legend, Beck
"Plug-ins like Decapitator, Devil-Loc, EchoBoy, Little AlterBoy, FilterFreak… to me these aren't just for post-production and mixing - they can also serve as sources of inspiration during tracking and writing."
"Soundtoys plug-ins generate all kinds of unexpected melodic disasters at the extremes." – Greg Edwards
Noga Erez
Dance/Electronic Artist
"Soundtoys 5 has amazing tools for creation and playing, but also for mixing and making your sound bigger."
Marc Urselli
Engineer, Producer, Mixer, Sound Designer
Lou Reed, Nick Cave, John Zorn, Laurie Anderson, Joss Stone
"Soundtoys plug-ins help me come up with tons of alternate ideas and sonic palettes that I might have not otherwise thought of."
Sean Paul, Anne-Marie, Marina and the Diamonds, Jess Glynne, Zara Larsson
"I've used Crystallizer, Little AlterBoy and EchoBoy on more or less every track that I've produced in the last three years." – Jack Patterson
Jad Abumrad
Radio Host, Composer, Producer
"FilterFreak's lowpass sort of defines the Radiolab sound."
Fab Dupont
Writer, Mixer, Producer
David Crosby, Isaac Hayes, Shakira, The Dø
"Soundtoys plugins bring the vibe to every single one of my mixes. No Soundtoys, no mixing."
Greg Wells
Musician, Producer, Songwriter
Katy Perry, Adele, Keith Urban, Twenty One Pilots, Pharrell Williams, Rufus Wainwright
"Soundtoys has the most unique and useful color palette out there, and all the plug-ins are suited to my needs as a record maker."
Tom Holkenborg (Junkie XL)
Musician, Composer, Producer, Engineer
Deadpool, Mad Max: Fury Road, The Dark Knight Rises
"This bundle is absolutely fantastic!"
Will Clarke
All We Have Is Now, Kneaded Pains, Trick
"Soundtoys is 100% my favourite audio tools for production. Every single project I work on has at least one of the Soundtoys plugins being used, worth every single penny and I would advise anyone that wants to get creative in production to buy them."
Qmillion
Producer, Mixer, Composer, Songwriter
Robert Glasper, Derrick Hodge, Chris Dave, Billy Preston, Seun Kuti
"Soundtoys put a wide palette of colors in my hand to paint with!"
"Without these tools, we would be a much different sounding band."
ESKMO
Producer, Composer
Brendan Angelides
"Soundtoys have made a wonderful collection of plug-ins that are downright musical."
Scott Jacoby
Writer, Producer, Engineer, Mixer, Multi-Instrumentalist
John Legend, Vampire Weekend, Sia, Cory Henry
"Soundtoys found a way to put soul, feel, grit and warmth into the digital world."
Tim Kelley
Producer, Songwriter
Michael Jackson, Madonna, Beyonce, TLC, Boyz II Men, Sia
"I can't do a track without using EchoBoy and FilterFreak... they're equal to finding drums or a pad."
Musician, Producer, DJ
Ke$ha, Hayley Williams, Skrillex, Selena Gomez
"The Soundtoys 5 bundle is a must have in my plugin arsenal."
Songwriter, Producer, Performer
"The Soundtoys Plug-ins were absolutely necessary in the completion of my album, Phase."
Producer, Songwriter, Artist
Cashmere Cat, Chance The Rapper, Banks, Halsey
"Soundtoys plug-ins sound absolutely incredible and I use them all the time."
"MicroShift and Decapitator are constantly used to add a bit of character and width to anything from vocals to guitars to cymbals. ."
Producer, Remixer, Artist
Nine Inch Nails, Marilyn Manson, David Bowie
"Calling EchoBoy a delay plug-in is doing it a disservice. It has become the first thing I turn to for treating a wide variety of sources."
Producer / Engineer / Mixer / Composer / Multi-Instrumentalist
Failure, Paramore, M83, A Perfect Circle, Beck, Nine Inch Nails
"EchoBoy is definitely my echo of choice."
Peter Katis
The National, Interpol, Kurt Vile, Trey Anastasio
"I love Soundtoys plug-ins. They're practical, creative, fun and effective. I use them all, and a few…I couldn't live without."
John Hill
Producer, Songwriter, Mixer
Aluna George, BØRNS, Wavves, Rihanna, Santigold, P!nk
"These plug-ins are amazing. They get used on every song I work on."
David Sitek
Guitarist, Producer
TV on the Radio, Jane's Addiction, Yeah Yeah Yeahs
"Decapitator RULES!"
Artist, Remixer, DJ
"My favorite plug-ins, hands down, are Soundtoys EchoBoy, FilterFreak (1 and 2), and Decapitator."
Dave Tozer
Producer, Songwriter, Musician
John Legend, Kanye West, Jay-Z, Justin Timberlake
"Soundtoys plugins are a part of every record that I make."
Elite Middle Eastern-Psych-Snap-Gospel Band
"The Crystallizer and EchoBoy are in constant use, I'm literally obsessed!"
Ade Fenton
Producer, Engineer, Remixer
Gary Numan, IAMX, Parralox, Motor
"I'm very, very impressed."
Producer, Remixer, DJ, Radio Presenter, Photographer
Placebo, Depeche Mode, Soft Moon, A Place to Bury Strangers, Fischerspooner, The Chemical Brothers
"Soundtoys are absolutely essential to my production work."
Jamey Scott
Gears of War 1, 2 & 3, Unreal Tournament, Daxter
"I've become increasingly dependent on Soundtoys."
John Paterno
Producer, Engineer
Lustra, Soraya, Robben Ford, Eros Ramazzotti, Bonnie Raitt, Badly Drawn Boy
"Soundtoys plug-ins have proven that analog effects can be attained in the digital domain."
Gerald O'Brien
Songwriter, Composer, Producer
Martina McBride, Hall & Oates, Trace Adkins, Dr Phil, NFL SuperBowl
"They have become my 'go-to' plug-ins."
Soundtoys audio effects bring color, character, and creativity to your digital music studio with plug-ins that merge the sound and vibe of classic analog gear with modern and musical twists.
Dealer Purchases
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