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The "What's Going On?" Podcast
FULL WGO PODCAST TRACK LIST
The full tracks of the WGO Podcast are available below on the RPM Soundcloud account.
WGO Podcast seeks to "Polish the Chain"
The origins of Real People's Media stem from the What's Going On? Podcast that was begun in January of 2015 to document and build support for Kanenhariyo Seth Lefort, a Mohawk man living in Six Nations who was facing jail time and a massive fine for transporting tobacco between Tyendinaga and Six Nations.
On July 16th 2014, Kanenhariyo was stopped by the police and charged for pulling a trailer of tobacco he grew at his home at Six Nations of the Grand River Territory and had manufactured into cigarettes in his home community of Tyendinaga. Kanenhariyo faced a $629,000 fine and up to two years in jail for the "offence" of growing and manufacturing tobacco on his own land, according to his own ways and customs. His actions harmed no-one and were undertaken to feed his family.
Kanenhariyo argued that due to the relationship of the Mohawk people to the British Crown, what was really needed was a "polishing of the chain" between the Crown and the Mohawks, rather than Canadian criminalization of the Mohawk tobacco industry. As Kanenhariyo noted:
With my pre-trial beginning on July 30th, 2015, I will be bringing a constitutional challenge to court, and requesting that the Crown handle this matter through the treaty relationship protocol that exists between our peoples as allies – the Silver Covenant Chain. The Silver Covenant Chain is a protocol by which the Mohawk nation and the British Crown repeatedly affirmed our treaty relationship in the past, and was renewed by the Queen of England as recently as 2010 when the Queen presented Mohawk leaders with a set of eight silver bells engraved with the words "Silver Chain of Friendship 1710-2010" to commemorate the 300 year treaty alliance between our peoples.
According to this covenant, our people do not have any rights to place judgement on each other unless the matter concerns an act of theft, rape, murder or treason. To operate according to the Silver Covenant Chain means to respect our Two Row relationship of non-interference in each others affairs, and to use diplomatic means to "polish" any tarnishing of our relationship as allies by seeking a mutually beneficial resolution of any matters which might affect our friendship as peoples.
The goal of the WGO podcast was to gather interviews and information that would help to build public support and provide information that would back up Kanenhariyo's legal and political struggle.
The podcast began with the support of Tom Keefer and Jonathan Garlow, owners of the Two Row Times newspaper, and the first two episodes were produced in video as well as audio form thanks to the efforts of videographer Wes Day of the Rezquest Podcast.
As part of the "Polish the Chain" efforts, Kanenhariyo and Tom established a media centre and office for the podcast at Kanenhariyo's home in Six Nations. After a year of working together on the Podcast, Kanenhariyo and Tom went on to co-found Real People's Media together in the fall of 2015.
Below, we present the full listing of the WGO podcast episodes 1-33.
WGO 1 – Kanenhariyo introduces the problem
Video version.
Audio version.
WGO 1.5 – Kanenhariyo's first day in court
Kanenhariyo has just returned from his first day in court, and he's feeling kind of bummed out about the experience. He and Tom catch up on What's Going On.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/episode-15-kanenhariyos-first-day-in-court
WGO 2 – The trials and tribulations of the Canadian judicial system
Kanenhariyo, Jonathan Garlow and Tom Keefer meet at the Red Door Studios to do an update on the court case, discuss a bit of Six Nations history and to plan for the future.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-2-the-trials-and-tribulations-of-the-canadian-judicial-system
WGO 3 – The Onkwehon:we relationship to tobacco with Tekarontake
Kanenhariyo, Tom and special guest Tekarontake of Kahnawake gather together in the basement to discuss the history of the Onkwehon:we relationship to tobacco.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-3-the-onkwehonwe-relationship-to-tobacco-with-tekarontake
WGO 4 – The Student Visit
On February 17th, 2015, a group of students from the Canadian Roots exchange visited Kanenhariyo's house and heard presentations from Kanenhariyo, Jonathan Garlow, and Tom Keefer on questions of allyship and solidarity. Here's the audio of the conversation.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-4-the-student-visit
WGO 5 – A conversation with students at WLU
Kanenhariyo, Jonathan and Tom were invited to speak at panel discussion held by the Ontario Public Interest Research Group at Wilfred Laurier University. They discuss the questions of allyship and what solidarity means. Note, this is an edited version of the event.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-5-a-conversation-with-students-at-wlu
WGO 6 – Is Bill C51 more of the same, or a new era of state repression?
Kanenhariyo and Tom discuss the possible implications of Bill C51 and what in the heck is going on with Stephen Harper's plans for world domination.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-6-is-bill-c51-more-of-the-same-or-a-new-era-of-state-repression
WGO 7 – The day after the Ecuador rally in Washington
After a 14 hour bus ride back from a historic rally in Washington where over 100 Onkwehon:we people came out to stand with their Ecuadorian brothers and sisters, Kanenhariyo and Tom eat lunch with Kanenhariyo's family and discuss the significance of what just happened.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-7-the-day-after-the-ecuador-rally-in-washington
WGO 8 – The Silver Covenant Chain
Kanenhariyo and Tom talk together on Tuesday, May 19th, 2015 about the legal status of the case and strategies for fundraising. The first 16 minutes or so are spent talking about the legal strategy and framing of the case, and the latter half gets into how you can support the campaign.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-8-the-silver-covenant-chain
WGO 9 – The Deyodyohkwahnhasta
Episode 9 of the What's Going On Podcast was held at Oneida of the Thames territory on May 6th 2015. The topic of discussion was the Deyodyohkwahnhasta – the people's wampum – a movement to re-unify the 49 Haudenosaunee families that unified to make up the Iroquois Confederacy.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-9-the-deyodyohkwahnhasta
WGO 10 – The speech of the Venezuelan Ambassador to the Mohawk Longhouse
On April 8th 2015, the Venezuelan Ambassador to Canada, Wilmer Barrientos, came to the Mohawk Longhouse on 5th Line for dinner and a social dance. The ambassador made a profound and historic speech which is reproduced here in its entirety.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-10-the-speech-of-the-venezuelan-ambassador-to-the-mohawk-longhouse
WGO 11 – Kanenhariyo's Speech to the Venezuelan Ambassador
This is the full audio of the April 8th, 2015 speech given by Kanenhariyo in response to the speech made by Venezuelan Ambassador Wilmer Barrientos at the Mohawk longhouse on 5th line at Six Nations.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-11-kanenhariyos-speech-to-the-venezuelan-ambassador-1
WGO 12 – Quick update on where things are at
With strong backing vocals from the local bullfrog community, Kanenhariyo and Tom do a quick recap of the Kanenhariyo Defence Committee that just happened, and talk about what's next for the campaign.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-12-quick-update-on-where-things-are-at
WGO 13 – Craig Blacksmith's hunger strike against the Indian Act
Craig Blacksmith of the Dakota Nation joins us on the podcast to tell us about his hunger strike against the Indian Act. Craig is striking due to the Apartheid nature of the Indian Act which dehumanizes and oppresses Indigenous people. He spoke with us over the phone on Friday, June 19th, 2015.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-13-craig-blacksmiths-hunger-strike-against-the-indian-act
WGO 13.5 – Audio Tidbit – The office and the Indiegogo campaign
Here's a short 5 minute update about the campaign from Kanenhariyo. Recorded on Tuesday, June 23rd, 2015 in Six Nations of the Grand River.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-135-audio-tidbit-the-office-and-the-indiegogo-campaign
WGO 14 – Tobacco in Tyendinaga with Andrew Martin
Kanenhariyo sits down with Andrew Martin, a business owner from Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory to discuss his case and tobacco politics in the community. This recording was made on Saturday, June 27, 2015.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-14-tobacco-in-tyendinaga-with-andrew-martin
WGO 15 – The depression episode
Kanenhariyo is feeling down about the state of his campaign, and the pressure he's facing.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-15-the-depression-episode
WGO 16 – Karenniyo makes a suggestion
In trying to figure out how best to organize the campaign Kanenhariyo's wife Karenniyo makes a suggestion which may take the campaign to polish the chain in a new direction.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-16-karenniyo-makes-a-suggestion
WGO 17 – A little knowledge can be a dangerous thing
Kanenhariyo speaks about broken treaties, forced assimilation and genocide. We also discuss whether or not Onkwehon:we and non-Onkwehon:we can "polish the chain" without the Queen as head of state and whose land Toronto really sits upon.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-17-a-little-knowledge-can-be-a-dangerous-thing
WGO 18 – Francis Boots on the Silver Covenant Chain
Francis Boots joins the podcast and tells us about his understanding of the Silver Covenant Chain and the relationship between the Crown and Mohawk people.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/francis-boots-on-the-silver-covenant-chain
WGO 19 – The July 30th update from court
Kanenhariyo talks about the shift in legal strategy required by his financial situation and the decision to pursue a constitutional challenge based on "Aboriginal right" rather than his first choice of pushing to have the protocol of the Silver Covenant Chain upheld in a nation to nation relationship.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-19-the-july-30th-update-from-court
WGO 20 – Intro to Season 2
Kanenhariyo and Tom introduce the upcoming season 2 of What's Going On?
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-20-intro-to-season-2
WGO 21 – Francis Boots intro in the language
Francis Boots introduces himself.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-21-francis-boots-intro-in-the-language
WGO 22 – Francis Boots on Onkwehonwe justice systems
Francis Boots gives his take on traditional Onkwehonwe justice systems and means of conflict resolution.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-22-francis-boots-on-onkwehonwe-justice-systems
WGO 23 – Francis Boots on Gawio and Kayenere:kowa
Francis Boots speaks about the political structures of contemporary Onkwehon:we life.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-23-francis-boots-on-gawio-and-kayenerekowa
WGO 24 – Francis Boots on the recent recitals of the Kayenerekowa
Francis Boots discusses the recent recitals of the Kayenere:kowa in Onondaga, Oneida, and Akwesasne. He offers some insights on the political questions relating to the Kayenere:kowa and making things good for all the people.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-24-francis-boots-on-the-recent-recitals-of-the-kayenerekowa
WGO 25 – Francis Boots on customs, protocols and the Kayenerekowa
The final part of our conversation with Francis Boots concludes with a discussion on customs, protocols and the Kayenere:kowa.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-25-francis-boots-on-customs-protocols-and-the-kayenerekowa
WGO 26 – Onkwehonwe Economics – A fireside chat about money, banks, and the ecology of everyday life
Sitting around a fire on an unseasonably warm November evening, Kanenhariyo and Tom discuss some principles of Onkwehon:we economics as it relates to an anti-colonial divestment plan that some Toronto activists are working on.
Beginning with discussing how these activists seek to take money out financial institutions actively involved with perpetuating colonialism, this episode goes on to address such issues as capitalist and indigenous forms of economy, how the Zapatistas use seeds as a currency, how Onkwehonwe trade and exchange worked back in the day, why and how Onkwehon:we people moved their village sites every 20 years, and how the Onkwehon:we "banked" their profits back into the natural systems that provided for them.
Kanenhariyo also gives his theory of how it was that the sophisticated ecological practices of the Onkwehon:we allowed them to develop such a complex and sophisticated form of political self organization as the Kanyenerekowa.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-26-onkwehonwe-economics-a-fireside-chat-about-money-banks-and-the-ecology-of-everyday-life
WGO 27 – The Prophecy of the serpents
Sitting around the embers of a dying camp fire, Kanenhariyo tells the story of the prophecy of the serpents. This prophecy is common to the Hopi, the Haudenosaunee, and a number of other indigenous communities. It tells of time of catastrophe and crisis, when the people must head for the high ground and prepare for what is to come.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-27-prophecy-of-the-serpents
WGO 28 – The White Roots of Peace, Allies, and Privilege
On a late night trip to Lone Wolf for tea and pistachios, Kanenhariyo and Tom trundle along in the truck and talk about race, weapons and allies.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-275-the-white-roots-of-peace-allies-and-privilege
WGO 29 – From Akwesasne Notes to the Oka Crisis: Francis Boots' long journey through Indian country
In this episode, Francis Boots talks about how he went to his first protest and his life long journey through the hotspots of Indian country. Francis tell us about the founding and growth of Akwesasne Notes and takes us through his experiences at Alcatraz, Wounded Knee, the BIA takeover and tells the tale of how he accidentally found himself in the pines of Kanehsatake.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-29-from-akwesasne-notes-to-the-oka-crisis-francis-boots-long-journey-through-indian-country
Trudeau announces nation to nation relationship and then proceeds to invite 25,000 Syrian refugees to come live in this land without consulting any Indigenous nations. We tackle this contentious topic on a late night ramble in the truck.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-28-hey-syria-you-wanna-make-a-treaty
WGO 31 – Running down Line 9 with Rachel and co.
Rachel Thevenard a 22 year old university student is running the entire length of the dangerous Line 9 pipeline this December and January. The other day she and members of her support team (Lindsay, Vanessa, and Heather) happened to be in the area and popped over to Kanenhariyo's to say hi.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-31-running-down-line-9-with-rachel-and-co
WGO 32 – In which Kanenhariyo tells us what he really thinks about Line 9
Kanenhariyo has been thinking a lot about Line 9 lately, and here's what he has to say about it.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-32-in-which-kanenhariyo-tells-us-what-he-really-thinks-about-line-9
WGO 33 – Christi Belcourt and Isaac Murdoch on resistance and resurgence
So the other day, Isaac and Christi were driving through Six Nations looking for a working wifi connection to do a multiperson online video conference. By pure happenstance, they ended up at Kanenhariyo's and joined us for a podcast after the meeting and pizza. The conversation touched on acts of resistance and resurgence such body painting, face tattoos, medicine lacrosse, and the nuclear poisoning of the Great Lakes.
https://soundcloud.com/real-peoples-media/wgo-33-christi-belcourt-and-isaac-murdoch-on-resistance-and-resurgence-1


text:
[The Comprehensive Headache-related Quality of life Questionnaire shows significant improvement after withdrawal treatment in medication overuse headache: a pilot study]
GYÜRE Tamás, CSÉPÁNY Éva, HAJNAL Boglárka, KELLERMANN István, BALOGH Eszter, NAGY Zsolt, MANHALTER Nóra, BOZSIK György, ERTSEY Csaba
Clinical Neuroscience - 2014;67(05-06)
[Background and purpose - Medication overuse headache (MOH) is a common form of disabling headache presenting in as much as 30% of the patients seen in headache subspecialty practice. Quality of life (QOL) is frequently used as a secondary endpoint in headache trials. In MOH, previous trials of QOL focused mostly on generic QOL. We report the results of a pilot study that examined the feasibility of using a new QOL questionnaire, the 23-item Comprehensive Headache-related Quality of life Questionnaire (CHQQ), as an indicator of treatment response in MOH. Patients and methods - Fifteen patients (13 women and two men; mean age: 39.7±12.5 years) suffering from MOH were enrolled in a complex treatment programme consisting of acute medication withdrawal, preventive pharmacological treatment, structured advice and lifestyle intervention. The clinical data were collected using a detailed headache diary. CHQQ was completed before and after the treatment programme. Results - MOH patients had low QOL values at baseline which was comparable to the QOL of episodic migraine patients. The treatment programme resulted in significant reductions of the number of headache days and attacks, headache severity and analgesic consumption. The dimensions and total score of CHQQ showed a significant increase after the treatment period. Seventeen of CHQQ's 23 individual items also improved significantly. Conclusion - In this study the new headache-specific quality of life instrument CHQQ was able to demonstrate significant improvements after adequate treatment of MOH. This result indicates that the CHQQ may be an adequate tool for assessing quality of life in headache treatment trials.]
Comprehensive Headache-related Quality of Life Questionnairemedication overuse headachepilot study; quality of life
[LADA type diabetes, celiac diasease, cerebellar ataxia and stiff person syndrome. A rare association of autoimmune disorders]
SOÓS Zsuzsanna, SALAMON Mónika, ERDEI Katalin, KASZÁS Nóra, FOLYOVICH András, SZŰCS Anna, BARCS Gábor, ARÁNYI Zsuzsanna, SKALICZKI József, VADASDI Károly, WINKLER Gábor
[Celiac disease - in its typical form - is a chronic immunemediated enteropathy with typical clinical symptoms that develops against gliadin content of cereal grains, and is often associated with other autoimmune diseases. In cases of atypical manifestation classic symptoms may be absent or mild, and extra-intestinal symptoms or associated syndromes dominate clinical picture. The authors present a longitudinal follow-up of such a case. A 63-years old woman was diagnosed with epilepsy at the age of 19, and with progressive limb ataxia at the age of 36, which was initially thought to be caused by cerebellar atrophy, later probably by stiff person syndrome. At the age 59, her diabetes mellitus manifested with type 2 diabetic phenotype, but based on GAD positivity later was reclassified as type 1 diabetes. Only the last check-up discovered the celiac disease, retrospectively explaining the entire disease course and neurological symptoms. By presenting this case, the authors would like to draw attention to the fact that one should think of the possibility of celiac disease when cerebellar ataxia, progressive neurological symptoms and diabetes are present at the same time. An early diagnosis may help to delay the progression of disease and help better treatment.]
[The effect of angiotensin receptor blockers in cerebrovascular disorders and dementia: Bonus in addition to the antihypertensive effect]
KOVÁCS Tibor
[Hypertension and dementia are frequent disorders or rather syndromes. Their incidence is growing with advancing age and hypertension is increasing the risk of cognitive impairment too, while treating hypertension (i.e. the use of antihypertensive medications) is decreasing it. In addition, hypertension is the most important risk factor for stroke. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has a special role in the development of hypertension and also involved in the pathogenesis of the most frequent dementia form, namely Alzheimer's disease. The effect of angiotensin convertase inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) is based on the inhibition of the RAS, but the ARBs do not inhibit angiotensin formation, just blocking its harmful effects on the AT1 receptor, while allowing the activation of AT2 receptors with pleiotropic effects. Preclinical, epidemiological and clinical therapeutic studies suggest this additional effect of ARBs and these are summarized in this review.]
[EDITORIAL COMMENT]
SZOK Délia
[Temperature sensitivity of some nerve conduction parameters in diabetic polyneuropathy]
HIDASI Eszter, DIÓSZEGHY Péter, KÁPLÁR Miklós, MECHLER Ferenc, BERECZKI Dániel
[Background - We tested whether in diabetic polyneuropathy the temperature dependence of the median nerve conduction parameters reflects the severity of neuropathy. Methods - We validated an electrophysiological score against clinical signs of polyneuropathy. Electroneurography was performed at temperatures from 20-40 °C in diabetic patients with mild, moderate and severe neuropathy and controls. Results - The electrophysiological score reflected the clinical severity of polyneuropathy. At room temperature there were significant differences among groups in almost all parameters. In thermal sensitivity studies were significant differences in distal and proximal motor and sensory areas and in sensory conduction velocities. These four parameters normalized to 1 °C change in temperature also significantly differed among the four groups and were largest in controls and smallest in severe polyneuropathy. Conclusions - The use of an integral parameter - areas are essentially amplitudes integrated over time - increases the probability of detecting decreased thermal sensitivity of peripheral nerves in diabetes.]
[Organization of National Neurofibromatosis Register and fields of its application]
HORVÁTH András, FARKAS Viktor, LANGMÁR Zoltán, BACH Rezső, NAGY Zsolt B
[Background and purpose - The neurofibromatosis is a rare genetic disease with increased tumor growing ability and different special symptoms (Riccardi-criteria). The National NF Register has been organized by NF Hungary in 2011. The idea was initiated by hungarian neurofibromatosis experts. Methods - The register contains data about the therapists, the hospitals and the patients. The data are recorded by retrospective method and followed in time, so the register can track progress. Furthermore the register has valid nutrition, physical activity and psychological data, so the users are able to make comparisons with the clinical information. Results - 225 persons are registerd in the system on NF Hungary and 37 patients belong to the NF National Register. The number of the patients, who are member of the register, is always increasing. From the 37 persons 22 are females (60%) and 15 males (40%), 18 adults (48%) and 19 underagedes (52%). Conclusion - NF Register is a very useful system to do research and to draw public health and popolazione conclusions. The register enhances the morbidity details (time of manifestation, progressione, prognostical factors, prognosis), thereby could improve the cooperation and the coverage of the patients. The system is open for the patients as well, so it can give information to the patients about new scientific results, new medical methods and current availavable medications.]
Late simultaneous carcinomatous meningitis, temporal bone infiltrating macro-metastasis and disseminated multi-organ micro-metastases presenting with mono-symptomatic vertigo – a clinico-pathological case reporT
JARABIN András János, KLIVÉNYI Péter, TISZLAVICZ László, MOLNÁR Anna Fiona, GION Katalin, FÖLDESI Imre, KISS Geza Jozsef, ROVÓ László, BELLA Zsolt
Although vertigo is one of the most common complaints, intracranial malignant tumors rarely cause sudden asymmetry between the tone of the vestibular peripheries masquerading as a peripheral-like disorder. Here we report a case of simultaneous temporal bone infiltrating macro-metastasis and disseminated multi-organ micro-metastases presenting as acute unilateral vestibular syndrome, due to the reawakening of a primary gastric signet ring cell carcinoma. Purpose – Our objective was to identify those pathophysiological steps that may explain the complex process of tumor reawakening, dissemination. The possible causes of vestibular asymmetry were also traced. A 56-year-old male patient's interdisciplinary medical data had been retrospectively analyzed. Original clinical and pathological results have been collected and thoroughly reevaluated, then new histological staining and immunohistochemistry methods have been added to the diagnostic pool. During the autopsy the cerebrum and cerebellum was edematous. The apex of the left petrous bone was infiltrated and destructed by a tumor mass of 2x2 cm in size. Histological reexamination of the original gastric resection specimen slides revealed focal submucosal tumorous infiltration with a vascular invasion. By immunohistochemistry mainly single infiltrating tumor cells were observed with Cytokeratin 7 and Vimentin positivity and partial loss of E-cadherin staining. The subsequent histological examination of necropsy tissue specimens confirmed the disseminated, multi-organ microscopic tumorous invasion. Discussion – It has been recently reported that the expression of Vimentin and the loss of E-cadherin is significantly associated with advanced stage, lymph node metastasis, vascular and neural invasion and undifferentiated type with p<0.05 significance. As our patient was middle aged and had no immune-deficiency, the promoting factor of the reawakening of the primary GC malignant disease after a 9-year-long period of dormancy remained undiscovered. The organ-specific tropism explained by the "seed and soil" theory was unexpected, due to rare occurrence of gastric cancer to metastasize in the meninges given that only a minority of these cells would be capable of crossing the blood brain barrier. Patients with past malignancies and new onset of neurological symptoms should alert the physician to central nervous system involvement, and the appropriate, targeted diagnostic and therapeutic work-up should be established immediately. Targeted staining with specific antibodies is recommended. Recent studies on cell lines indicate that metformin strongly inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition of gastric cancer cells. Therefore, further studies need to be performed on cases positive for epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
SENGUL Yildizhan, KOCAK Müge, CORAKCI Zeynep, SENGUL Serdar Hakan, USTUN Ismet
Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). Alexithymia is a still poorly understood neuropsychiatric feature of PD. Cognitive impairment (especially visuospatial dysfunction and executive dysfunction) and alexithymia share common pathology of neuroanatomical structures. We hypothesized that there must be a correlation between CD and alexithymia levels considering this relationship of neuroanatomy. Objective – The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between alexithymia and neurocognitive function in patients with PD. Thirty-five patients with PD were included in this study. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale–20 (TAS-20), Geriatric Depression Inventory (GDI) and a detailed neuropsychological evaluation were performed. Higher TAS-20 scores were negatively correlated with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) similarities test score (r =-0.71, p value 0.02), clock drawing test (CDT) scores (r=-0.72, p=0.02) and verbal fluency (VF) (r=-0.77, p<0.01). Difficulty identifying feelings subscale score was negatively correlated with CDT scores (r=-0.74, p=0.02), VF scores (r=-0.66, p=0.04), visual memory immediate recall (r=-0.74, p=0.01). VF scores were also correlated with difficulty describing feelings (DDF) scores (r=-0.66, p=0.04). There was a reverse relationship between WAIS similarities and DDF scores (r=-0.70, p=0.02), and externally oriented-thinking (r=-0.77,p<0.01). Executive function Z score was correlated with the mean TAS-20 score (r=-62, p=0.03) and DDF subscale score (r=-0.70, p=0.01) Alexithymia was found to be associated with poorer performance on visuospatial and executive function test results. We also found that alexithymia was significantly correlated with depressive symptoms. Presence of alexithymia should therefore warn the clinicians for co-existing CD.
[About the care of patients with hyperuricaemia and gout]
[This consensus document is intended to provide guidance for the effective and efficient treatment of asymptomatic individuals with high uric acid levels and gout patients.]
HUN 2020;24(02 klsz)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Castle® E-Z Bead™ is dispensed through a pressurized can for a clean, smooth, continuous bead of any size. E-Z Bead's RTV™ Silicone makes a permanent flexible seal for a multitude of uses. Special formulations are designed for specific applications. E-Z Bead's Innovative applicator allows easy application of RTV Silicone to any surface even when applying to overhead or vertical surfaces. It eliminates package waste of product due to poor closure of traditional squeeze tubes of caulking guns that become hard after one use. Castle® E-Z Bead Black™ will withstand constant temperatures from -75° F to 450° F. Used for valve covers, oils pans, thermostat housing, water pumps, timing gears, oil pumps, transmission pans, and axle covers. Do not use for head gaskets, intake/exhaust manifold, or carburetor base. E-Z Bead™ will affect oxygen sensors.
1. Vary by application. Please consult label.


Serenity is a 1985 Chevy G-20 powered by a small block Chevy 305 and a Turbo 400 auto trans . She rolls on Bridgestone tires mounted on 15 inch old school Cragar SS wheels. Serenity has a custom built interior designed for camping. Some of the features include multiple 110 outlets , lots of cabinets for storage ,a microwave, mini fridge, 2 burner gas stove, and a sink with a fresh water holding tank mounted under the van . She has a moon roof in the front and a roof vent in the rear over the bed.
She was recently presented to her future owner Louis. He may only be 13 but has already installed a windshield visor and is saving up now for custom tail light covers and rear louvers. He has big plans for Serenity over the next couple of years, even before he can legally drive her.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I am a pumpkin fanatic! Who's with me? As I was figuring out all the amazing posts I was going to share with you this fall, I realized I didn't have a single pumpkin recipe to share. Well that was not going to do, for someone who survives on all things pumpkin from mid-August till January, I had to share at least one delicious pumpkin recipe this month. I decided to keep it simple, but I promise, amazingly delicious, with this pumpkin pie whipped honey butter recipe.
I've had this idea to make a simple pumpkin condiment in my head for too long now. What better way to enjoy fall than to spread a little bit of pumpkin all over everything you eat? I took the time to play around with the idea this week and what I came up with was more delicious than I could have imagined.
Now every lone piece of bread, roll, or muffin in our house is destined to become something special. I made a couple loaves of whole grain seed bread right before I made this pumpkin pie whipped honey butter and my family devoured the bread in record time.
This recipe was originally shared at Oh My! Creative.
For the most delicious fall treat, smother this pumpkin pie whipped honey butter recipe on everything you can find. Or give as a gift for your favorite hostess or teacher.
Combine all ingredients in a small bowl. Whip together with a hand mixer until light and fluffy.
Serve at room temperature. Store in the refrigerator for a couple weeks (if it will last that long).
This butter looks and sounds amazing Kati!!! Thanks so much for sharing at our party! Hope to see you back this evening!
Thanks Kendra! It is super yummy you should try it.


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Home > News > The Grange Institution and International Preschool > International School Fees - The Grange ...
The Grange Institution and International Preschool - Singapore
Inspiring a generation of global citizens through our future-focused Cre8tors-in-Action educational philosophy.
International School Fees - The Grange Institution Cares
By The Grange Institution
The Grange Institution and International Preschool
The COVID-19 global pandemic presented everyone with unprecedented challenges. With Circuit Breaker in place, the school recognised that families may be faced with individual challenges, amongst which, financial or economic.
To proactively help with families facing these challenges, the school management put in place measures to help families in need to ease financial burdens that they currently face. Rather than paying a larger sum of fees in a semester, families can now choose to split the payment into two equal instalments. Families facing further challenges are encouraged to write in to the school and the management team is open to offer further help during this period of time.
In early May, the school launched their promotional fee of $19,900 for the Academic Year 2020 and 2021. Applicants will enjoy a waiver of $500 off the application fee, and a 50% off the $2,000 enrolment fee. This fee will be applicable until the end of the 2021 Academic Year. Keeping fees below the $20,000 mark is a way of helping families cope with the current economic situation, yet ensuring that the quality of learning is maintained at an equally high standard. The average international school fees in Singapore is around $26,000.
The Grange will be conducting an e-Open House on Saturday, 23 May 2020 at 10am. Hear from their Director of Schools, Ronald Stones OBE and Principal, Eugene Low, and learn more about The Grange's future-focused curriculum and their unique cre8tors-in-action educational philosophy. There will be an e-school tour and live Q&A session as well. Be sure to reserve a slot for this e-Open Day here:
Reserve your spot for the next e-Open Day
More About The Grange Institution and International Preschool
International, IPC
from: SGD $17,000
to: SGD $18,988
The International School Database is a one-stop shop for finding, researching and comparing schools in cities across the world.
About The Grange Institution and International Preschool
CurriculumsInternational and IPC
Yearly fees: from: SGD $17,000
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See all the information and the full profile of The Grange Institution and International Preschool
More News and Articles from The Grange Institution and International Preschool
Gold Award Again for The Grange Institution
For the second year running, The Grange Institution (TGI) clinched the gold award for Best Environmental Initiative at the Singapore Education Awards 2022. This annual event is organised by...
New International Preschool Along Singapore's Green Belt
With so many preschool options around you, how do you determine which one is best for your child? Some factors to consider would be location, curriculum, school hours and fees. Here are some...
TGI students Bag Multiple Awards at The 1st Chinese Language Festival 2020/2021
Twenty-three of the Mandarin Language students from The Grange won 30 awards in the inaugural Chinese Language Festival 2020/2021, launched by the English Schools Foundation and co-hosted by...


Way back at the tail end of August a group of web design folks gathered in a park in Leamington. In the evening Bruce Lawson and Patrick Lauke gave a rather fun, rambling, talk on the pragmatic side of accessibility.
There's a rather spiffy transcript of the talk available.
Filed under meetup. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


Both the NY Times and the Washington Post have rather extensive obits on the death of Morton Sobell (I've copied and attached to this email the Times obit).
I have actually had two points of contact with Sobell over the last 30 years or so. First, having lived in San Francisco and been assigned to the FBI office there I had occasion to visit Alcatraz Prison more than once and saw his prison cell. The staff has placed a photograph of him and a short bio on the time that he spent there. In addition, at the VENONA conference in 1995 I introduced myself to him and ask him to sign the book that was given out to attendees at the conference. My business partner at that time, David Major, was irate when he found that I had obtained Sobell's autograph, saying: "you let that Commie sign your book?" I replied that he was a historical commie and that I was collecting autographs of all of them I could find. Sobel was happy to sign but unwilling to discuss any role he had in the Rosenberg espionage network. I thought that was too bad because he could have put in perspective the pressures and motivations of the time which motivated him and others in the cell to commit espionage on behalf of our WWII ally, the Soviet Union.


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Ohio 16 eastbound shut down at Brownsville Road for motorcycle accident
First responders called for Ohio 16 eastbound to be shut down at Brownsville Road for a medical helicopter to land.
Ohio 16 eastbound shut down at Brownsville Road for motorcycle accident First responders called for Ohio 16 eastbound to be shut down at Brownsville Road for a medical helicopter to land. Check out this story on newarkadvocate.com: https://www.newarkadvocate.com/story/news/local/2019/09/25/ohio-16-eastbound-shut-down-brownsville-road-motorcycle-accident/2444525001/
Michaela Sumner, Newark Advocate Published 4:23 p.m. ET Sept. 25, 2019 | Updated 9:15 a.m. ET Sept. 26, 2019
NEWARK - Ohio 16 eastbound was shut down at Brownsville Road for an accident involving a motorcycle Wednesday afternoon.
At 3:58 p.m., crews were called to the area of milemarker 28 on Ohio 16 westbound for a motorcycle accident.
Scanner traffic indicated the motorcyclist was in the median when first responders arrived.
Hanover and Madison Township fire departments responded to the crash, and a medical helicopter is en route.
Read or Share this story: https://www.newarkadvocate.com/story/news/local/2019/09/25/ohio-16-eastbound-shut-down-brownsville-road-motorcycle-accident/2444525001/


Today, on my 30th birthday, I would like to offer some personal and theological reflections on my first 30 years of life, especially my Christian life. I share about my salvation, my early years, my years of struggle, and my years of growth. I conclude with my hopes for the future.


Today it was announced by the UCI that eight teams – Astana, BMC, Garmin-Cervélo, Lampre-ISD, Liquigas-Cannondale, Movistar, Rabobank, and Sky – have been confirmed for cycling's top tier, the UCI WorldTour, next season. Also confirmed by the UCI were fifteen of the teams who will ride at Professional Contintal level in 2012. They are Accent Jobs-Willems Veranda's, Androni Giocattoli, Acqua & Sapone, Bretagne-Schuller, Caja Rural, Cofidis le Credit en Ligne, Colnago-CSF Inox, Colombia-Coldeportes, Landbouwkrediet, Project 1t4i, Saur – Sojasun, Spidertech, Team Netapp, Topsport Vlaanderen-Mercator and UnitedHealthCare.
This is just a preliminary announcement which confirms what we already knew or suspected, with two new faces in cycling's second division – the former Skil-Shimano team Project 1t4i and the new Colombian team Colombia-Coldeportes. Looking through the press release, the new teams Lotto-Ridley and GreenEdge will, as expected, be called before the UCI licensing commission. Joining them will be the teams seeking a WorldTour license renewal (namely Saxo Bank, Omega Pharma-Quick Step, and Katusha), along with AG2R La Mondiale and Euskaltel-Euskadi, who are not in the top 15 of the UCI's magical points ranking, and also FDJ, Europcar, and the seemingly not-yet-dead Geox-TMC.
Now, these teams added to the eight already confirmed would make up the full quota of 18 for next year's WorldTour. However, there has been something of a surprise as Vacansoleil-DCM and Team Radioshack-Nissan-Leopard-Trek-etc have had their requests for WorldTour licenses rejected "in accordance with article 2.15.071 of the regulations", and they too will have to go cap in hand to the UCI licensing commission in order to stay in the WorldTour next year. There has been no official word on why they've been rejected as yet, but one would assume that the two teams have failed of one of the UCI's four WorldTour license criteria – sporting, financial, ethical and administrative. We know, however that they both passed the sporting criteria last month.
licence holder and the paying agent" before going into detail about the next steps of the process. It also says that "The licence commission shall apply the assessment criteria set out in article 2.15.011a ff", those criteria being the sporting, financial, ethical and administrative already referred to. Article 2.15.071 in it's entirety is available here on page 96.
It is hard to make any predictions at this point, but, barring any major discrepancies regarding the four criteria, it would be hard to see the 2012 WorldTour without either of those teams included. The continued inclusion of Geox-TMC is another interesting factor in this latest press release. With the team seemingly finished just a few weeks ago, it looks possible that new financial backing may have been found. As of yesterday, Josean Fernández Matxín, the team's sporting director, stated that he had not found a new sponsor yet, so it is anyone's guess as to why they are still involved in this process.
One bright side of all this drama is that we have some drama to look forward to over the road cycling close season.
Next Next post: Andy Schleck wins a stage race!


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Disaulax hirsuticornis is een keversoort uit de familie boktorren (Cerambycidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1818 door Kirby.

Boktorren

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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RWJF Statement Regarding Social Factors' Influence on Variations in Health and Life Expectancy
The following is a commentary by Risa Lavizzo-Mourey, M.D., M.B.A., RWJF president and CEO, released following the latest WHO report, Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health.
Author(s): Lavizzo-Mourey R
A new report from the World Health Organization finds what may seem to be the obvious: social factors such as poverty and education are to blame for huge variations in health and life expectancy around the globe. So, no big deal. Right? Every society has its haves and have-nots, particularly those in the developing world.
But here is something that is a very big deal: the extent to which this global reality is hitting us at home here in the United States. Consider this: People who live at one end of the Washington, D.C., metro system's Red Line in suburban Maryland live more than nine years longer on average than those who live in downtown D.C., near Union Station. The distance between them is only 30 miles.
In this country, you are twice as likely to be obese if you haven't gone to college, and your baby is more likely to die if you only have a high school education. In fact, according to government reports, the United States ranks 42 in the world in infant mortality. Our ranking is comparable to Croatia, Lithuania and Taiwan, and far behind other industrialized nations such as Sweden, France, Japan and Germany.
Social differences in health are not just a matter of the rich versus the poor. Research shows that there is a gradient to health disparities: The very wealthy live longer and healthier than the moderately wealthy, who do better than the upper middle-class and so on down the line.
The WHO has found these health differences in countries all over the world. Here in the United States, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Commission to Build a Healthier America—led by former White House advisors Mark McClellan and Alice Rivlin—has found the same.
We've learned that there is much more to good health than health care. Where and how people live, learn, work and play have more impact on their health than medical care. The United States spends more than $2 trillion a year on health care—one-sixth of our economy—and yet our health is not what it should or could be.
We are so focused on "fixing" poor health with medical care that we fail to recognize the often toxic relationship between how we live our lives and our economic, social and physical environments. Sir Michael Marmot, a prominent researcher and chairman of the WHO Commission on the Social Determinants of Health, explains: "People need the opportunity, the possibility, to take control over their lives—but the conditions need to be right to allow them to do that."
The United States prides itself on being the land of opportunity, and yet we do not all have the same opportunity to be healthy. It starts at birth. Obstacles children encounter early in life create a negative chain of events that is difficult to break and may transcend generations. Poor education leads to limited job options, which leads to low income, which leads to living in poor neighborhoods, which leads to poor housing, which leads to poor health.
As children grow up, social disparities in health can become a matter of life or death. For example, higher rates of death from heart disease are often seen in communities where fewer adults have a college education. In fact, the prevalence of heart disease is nearly 50 percent higher among poor adults than among adults in the highest income group.
The RWJF Commission is searching outside the health care sector, including at the local level and in the private sector, for workable, evidence-based innovations that can improve health. Solutions must come from all levels, all sectors; from government, from business, from the nonprofit sector.
A recent study on ROI from Trust for America's Health shows that a small investment in community prevention programs can produce substantial savings in overall health care costs. Researchers found that an annual investment of $10 per person in community programs to increase physical activity, improve nutrition and prevent smoking could save the country more than $16 billion within five years. This is a return of $5.60 for every $1 invested. Projected savings include $5 billion for Medicare; $1.9 billion for Medicaid; and $9 billion for private payers.
We believe that investing in early childhood development is one of the most important steps toward improving the health of all Americans. It is clear that early childhood development can affect educational attainment, which is linked to lower rates of heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, drug use and depression. Take an idea like the Nurse-Family Partnership, which provides home visits to first time, low-income mothers and their families beginning in pregnancy. Among its many beneficial effects: Children of these women are nearly 60 percent less likely to be arrested and almost 50 percent less likely to be abused, neglected or injured. There's a financial return here too. A study conducted by RAND estimated the return on investment at $5.70 per dollar spent on the program. This means that for every dollar spent on the program over $5 in other societal costs are averted or other value is gained.
These results beg the question: What if all women in poverty and their babies had access to a program like this?
And let's not stop there. Let's think about how to maximize America's position in an increasingly competitive world. What would happen if all children ate three healthy meals a day? What would happen to health if everyone completed high school and postsecondary education? What would happen to health if everyone lived in a safer neighborhood? We must ask these questions, even knowing that the answers we seek are not perfectly attainable, because we can't, in good conscience, write off the future health of millions of Americans at birth nor can we afford the economic consequences of having a population with declining health status relative to our world competitors.
As the WHO report shows, and as ongoing RWJF Commission fact-finding demonstrates, the evidence is in, and now is the time to move forward. We must link education and other social policies to health, or pay the piper with illness and premature death that make no sense at all in a society as bountiful as ours.
Risa Lavizzo-Mourey, M.D., M.B.A.
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation focuses on the pressing health and health care issues facing our country. As the nation's largest philanthropy devoted exclusively to improving the health and health care of all Americans, the Foundation works with a diverse group of organizations and individuals to identify solutions and achieve comprehensive, meaningful and timely change. For more than 35 years, the Foundation has brought experience, commitment, and a rigorous, balanced approach to the problems that affect the health and health care of those it serves. When it comes to helping Americans lead healthier lives and get the care they need, the Foundation expects to make a difference in your lifetime.


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Brutal Youth (Elvis Costello) – Album Review
by Emilio Pérez Miguel on April 7, 2010
Released In 1994, "Brutal Youth" Has Become A Mandatory Listen For Fans Of Costello Both Old And New
"Brutal Youth" was incontestably Elvis Costello's best album of the '90s. It was no coincidence that it was his first full-scale collaboration with The Attractions since "Blood & Chocolate", his 1986 record that yielded the deliciously turbulent "I Want You".
Here, Costello is backed by his classic ensemble on five numbers; Nick Lowe sits in for Bruce Thomas in the remaining seven cuts, and Elvis himself plays bass on "Kinder Murder" and "20% Amnesia".
The disc (issued in 1994) mostly apes his late '70s sound, and cuts like "Pony Street", "13 Steps Lead Down", "My Science Fiction Twin" and "20% Amnesia" wouldn't feel out of place on his early trinity of albums. The emphasis is often placed on the melodic twists he was always revered for in his heyday, while songs like "Rocking Horse Road" recall the more polished MO of later albums like "Get Happy!!".
The most new-wavish song is "Kinder Murder", whose main riff actually treads grungier turf – it always made me think of The Posies at their most pissed off ("Everybody Is A Fucking Liar").
Giving the coin a good flip we find "London's Brilliant Parade" and "You Tripped At Every Step". The latter is a piano number that will make you think of "Imperial Bedroom". The song is yet another take on the vagaries of fame when they collide with commonness ("when beauty meets ignorance they shout on the street", indeed), and it has the most noticeable build-up of the whole disc ("Pony Street" comes damn close, too).
For its part, "Clown Strike" is nothing but a rewrite of "Clowntime Is Over" ("Get Happy!!"), only that the tone has shifted from imminent violence to vengeful sarcasm, as if the new character became aware that words can have a more damaging effect than a thousand blows. The vengeful tone is also the common denominator in "Just About Glad", a song that adds nothing to the cannon established by "I Hope You're Happy Now".
Costello sends off the CD single-handedly by performing "Favorite Hour" on piano, and the instrumental toning down effectively announces his forthcoming (and sadly final) album with the Attractions, "All This Useless Beauty" (1996). That was to be a more measured and refined record (Mitchell Froom did not produce it). But for devotees of Elvis' golden days, it doesn't get more consanguineous than this – specially if they sat through "The Juliet Letters" in their entirety.
Tagged as: 90s, Attractions, Bruce Thomas, Brutal Youth, Elvis Costello, favorite hour, kinder murder, my science fiction twin, Nick Lowe, Pete Thomas, pony street, Steve Nieve, you tripped at every step
All This Useless Beauty (Elvis Costello) – Album Review | MusicKO
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Barco enters into five year, multi-title agreement with 20th Century Fox to release films in groundbreaking panoramic movie format
Posted on Tuesday, April 21, 2015
Rancho Cordova, Calif., USA — 21 April 2015 — Digital cinema market share leader Barco and 20th Century Fox announce today a five year, multi-title per year agreement to release movies in Barco's multi-screen, fully immersive movie format Barco Escape. Fox will be working with its filmmakers to produce new projects for the format beginning with the September release of Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials.
As part of the deal, a Barco Escape setup will be installed in a theater on the 20th Century Fox studio lot.
Fox was an early endorser of the Barco Escape technology, working hand in hand with Barco throughout the last year to further develop the format and showcase new theatrical content to audiences. Director Wes Ball's The Maze Runner was the first film to release in Barco Escape, featuring approximately 10 minutes of footage in the format. It debuted at five Barco Escape Cinemark theaters in the U.S. and two Barco Escape Kinepolis theaters in Belgium. For The Scorch Trials Barco is targeting 25 locations, and Fox is targeting approximately 20 minutes of the film to be converted into the format.
"The audience reaction from the Barco Escape footage on The Maze Runner was overwhelmingly positive," says Chris Aronson, 20th Century Fox's President of Domestic Distribution. "We started working with Barco on this technology because we believe immersive experiences are the future of cinema. Now that Barco has upgraded its Barco Escape systems to be fully DCI compliant, we are further interested in finding tent pole movies for the format that will inspire audiences to leave their homes and go to the theater to share in this unique experience."
"Twentieth Century Fox has been an incredible partner for Barco Escape from the very beginning," says Todd Hoddick, Barco's VP of Global Entertainment. "The common theme from audiences that saw 'The Maze Runner' with select scenes in Barco Escape was 'we want more!' We are thrilled to extend our relationship with the studio and its filmmakers to continue pushing the envelope and creating these new cinema experiences you can't get anywhere else."
Barco Escape's next project, a special performance event with Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga filmed natively for the format, will be released later this year.
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Lingerie Teen Pictures. Homemade Teen Pics. Real Girlfriends.
She also voiced Luanne 's beauty school teacher Miss Kremzer in a recurring role on King of the Hill. In , she had a supporting role in the romantic comedy A Cinderella Story playing Hilary Duff 's character's vain, self-absorbed stepmother. The film went on to become a moderate box office hit despite negative critical reviews.


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\section{Evaluation}
\label{sec:simulation}

\subsection{Methodology}
We evaluate the performance of DuSM on fat tree topologies. Since the IBM WVE and Telecom traces only have limited traffic data. We manipulate the real data by enlarging the traffic sizes and group numbers, while still keep the traffic distribution among groups.
We implement the DuSM system, including operation modules on switches, hypervisors, and the controller on the ns-2 simulator.
When mapping a group member (VM) to a physical server, we consider two different VMs placement strategies: (i) Random: group members are placed randomly across the network and the traffic has no locality, and (ii) Nearby: members of a same group are placed on nearby servers, reflecting some level of locality.

In our experiments, we vary the threshold used to separate mice and elephant groups by using three different values: 10 KB, 100 KB and 1 MB.
When the threshold is set to 1 MB, DuSM treats most groups as mice. We compare DuSM with PIM-SM \cite{PIMSM}.

We focus on three performance metrics: multicast state overhead, balance of network traffic among different links, and number of switch updates under group dynamics.

\subsection{Multicast State Overhead}
\iffalse
\begin{table}[t]
 \centering
 \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
 \hline
  \# & PIM & 10K & 100K & 1M \\ \hline  \hline
  Avg Edge States & 102.47 & 76.41 & 41.06 & 0.00 \\ \hline
  Min Edge States & 38.00 & 21.00 & 9.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline
  Max Edge States & 911.00 & 1023.00 & 609.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline
  Avg Aggr States & 82.22 & 68.53 & 39.94 & 0.00 \\ \hline
  Min Aggr States & 10.00 & 10.00 & 5.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline
  Max Aggr States & 233.00 & 259.00 & 154.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline
  Avg Core States & 84.00 & 71.44 & 44.06 & 0.00 \\ \hline
  Min Core States & 83.00 & 71.00 & 44.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline
  Max Core States & 85.00 & 72.00 & 45.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline
 \end{tabular}
\caption{Multicast States for WVE Trace}\label{tab:wve-states}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[t]
 \centering
 \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
 \hline
  Traffic Rate (Bps) & PIM & 10K & 100K & 1M \\ \hline  \hline
  Avg EH & 149.76 & 153.49 & 157.15 & 157.98 \\ \hline
  Min EH & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\ \hline
  Max EH & 9.96k & 9.97k & 10.03k & 10.07k \\ \hline
  Avg AE & 137.79 & 139.32 & 141.66 & 142.49 \\ \hline
  Min AE & 0.00 & 15.30 & 30.68 & 45.90 \\ \hline
  Max AE & 2.98k & 2.64k & 2.65k & 2.61k \\ \hline
  Avg CA & 128.47 & 130.53 & 136.07 & 136.84 \\ \hline
  Min CA & 0.00 & 5.11 & 39.78 & 50.19 \\ \hline
  Max CA & 914.03 & 771.76 & 758.58 & 728.62 \\ \hline
 \end{tabular}
\caption{Network Throughput for WVE Trace}\label{tab:wve-throughput}
\end{table}
\fi

Figure~\ref{fig:wve1024-16k-random-states} shows the number of  multicast rules of 16K groups on edge, aggregate, and core switches of a 1024-server fat tree with Random  placement, where \textbf{whiskers represent the min and max value; edges of the boxes
show the 25th, 50th (median), and 75th percentiles; and stars show the average values}. In general, the multicast state overhead shrinks as the threshold gets larger. When the threshold is 10 KB and 100 KB, our algorithm can save around 60\% and 80\% rules respectively. We find that the state capacity bottleneck is on the edge switches. Assuming the multicast state capacity of a commodity switch is 1000, PIM-SM can support around 15K groups, consistent to the results in \cite{Li:2013:SIM:2535372.2535380}. Using the 10 KB and 100 KB thresholds,  DuSM can support around 32K and 64K groups respectively.

Figure~\ref{fig:wve1024-64k-nearby-states} shows the number of  multicast rules of 64K groups on edge, aggregate, and core switches in a 1024-server fat tree with Nearby  placement. Similarly DuSM can significantly reduce memory cost on  switches.  Nearby placement allows the network to support more multicast groups due to traffic locality. Assuming the multicast capacity is 1000, PIM-SM can support less than 60K groups. Using the 10 KB and 100 KB thresholds,  DuSM can support more than 120K and 200K groups respectively.

\subsection{Network traffic distribution}
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
   \includegraphics[width=8cm]{wve1024-16k-random-volume.eps}
   \label{fig:wve1024-16k-random-throughput}
\vspace{-3ex}
\caption{Traffic rate distribution of 16K groups on a 1024-server fat tree} \label{fig:wve1024-volume}
\end{center}
\vspace{-4ex}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{fig:wve1024-volume} shows the traffic distribution of 16K groups on different links of a 1024-host fat tree with Random placement. Here we consider four types of links: Edge to Aggregate (EA), Aggregate to Core (AC), Core  to Aggregate (CA), and Aggregate to Edge (AE). Note that multicast traffic on EA and AC links includes no replicate copies because EA and AC links are on the path from a sender to the root of the multicast tree. Traffic on CA and AE includes replicate copies to different receivers, and hence is higher than that on EA and AC. Therefore CA and AE links are easier to become bottlenecks. When DuSM is used, extra traffic overhead is introduced by the multicast/unicast translation of mice groups.  However DuSM (10 KB and 100 KB) only increases the average traffic on CA and AE links very little (less than 10\%).
More importantly, we can find that the maximum traffic rate for CA and AE links decreases as the threshold gets larger. Compared to PIM, DuSM (10 KB and 100 KB) can achieve better traffic balance by assigning packets to multiple shared trees and reduce the occurrence of network congestion.

\subsection{Group Membership Dynamics}
We evaluate the influence of group membership dynamics by measuring the frequency of switch updates triggered by join and leave events. As discussed in Section~\ref{sec:controller}, the centralized controller will be informed of the dynamic event first and then disseminates corresponding actions on related switches. Generally speaking, only forwarding rules for elephant groups will be installed or removed. Table~\ref{tab:wve1024-16k-random-dynamic} and Table~\ref{tab:wve1024-16k-nearby-dynamic} show the switch updates for 16K groups on a 1024-server fat tree with different placement strategies. In general, we can conclude that DuSM can save around 90\% switch updates when we set the threshold to 10K, which is proportionate to the saved state capacity in Figure~\ref{fig:wve1024-16k-random-states}.

\begin{table}[t]
 \centering
 \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
 \hline
  \# & PIM & 10K & 100K  \\ \hline  \hline
  Edge updates & 2096.66 & 207.98 & 85.24 \\ \hline
  Aggr updates & 1787.91 & 185.20 & 77.96  \\ \hline
  Core updates & 2483.64 & 259.52 & 109.52  \\ \hline
  Overall aver updates & 2050.56 & 406.67 & 169.02  \\ \hline
 \end{tabular}
\caption{Aver. no. of switch updates (Random)}\label{tab:wve1024-16k-random-dynamic}
\end{table}
\begin{table}[t]
 \centering
 \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
 \hline
  \# & PIM & 10K & 100K  \\ \hline  \hline
  Edge updates  & 2111.67 & 198.45 & 81.97 \\ \hline
  Aggr updates  & 598.97 & 540.80 & 225.33  \\ \hline
  Core updates & 793.66 & 554.81 & 230.50  \\ \hline
  Overall aver updates  & 1242.98 & 181.61 & 79.22  \\ \hline
 \end{tabular}
\caption{Aver. no. of switch updates (Nearby)}\label{tab:wve1024-16k-nearby-dynamic}
\end{table}

\subsection{Summary of Evaluation}
In this section, we show that DuSM can support much more multicast groups than traditional IP multicast. The overall traffic volume does increase but the maximum traffic overhead reduces, indicating better load balance among links. In a hierarchical-tree topology with multiple paralleled paths, network congestion is usually caused by traffic imbalance rather than the overall traffic volume \cite{Hedera}. Hence DuSM does not hurt network scalability on bandwidth. DuSM also reduces the controller overhead for switch updates, which could be another potential scalability bottleneck \cite{Li:2013:SIM:2535372.2535380}. DuSM requires computing and memory resource on the hypervisor to perform multicast-to-unicast translation. We leave the evaluation of this cost to future work.

\iffalse
\subsection{Group Fairness}
In this section, we examine whether our algorithm will influence the group fairness. We define the fairness for a certain group is the ratio of transmission time to send time. The transmission time is the time span between the send time of the first message and the receive time of last message and the send time is the time span from first message is sent to last message. Table~\ref{tab:wve1024-64k-nearby-fiarness} show the group fairness for 64K groups on a 1024-host fat tree. Although there is a slight increase in average group fairness, we can still conclude that our algorithm has neglectable effect on group fairness.

\begin{table}[t]
 \centering
 \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
 \hline
  \# & 0 & 10K & 1M \\ \hline  \hline
  Avg Group Fairness & 1.000003 & 1.000027 & 1.000027 \\ \hline
  Min Group Fairness & 1.000001 & 1.000001 & 1.000001 \\ \hline
  Max Group Fairness & 1.000203 & 1.000227 & 1.000227 \\ \hline
 \end{tabular}
\caption{Group Fairness}\label{tab:wve1024-64k-nearby-fiarness}
\end{table}
\fi

\section{Introduction}
Many Data center applications, such as publish-subscribe services used in cloud computing \cite{Jokela:2009:LLS:1594977.1592592}, data backup and updates, and network virtualization \cite{VXLAN}, rely on multicast to disseminate data to multiple receivers \cite{Vigfusson:2010:DMR:1755913.1755949}. Multicast benefits the network by reducing bandwidth overhead and latency between group members.

Traditional IP multicast protocols cannot scale in Data Center Networks (DCNs) because switches only support limited multicast state in
their forwarding tables \cite{Jokela:2009:LLS:1594977.1592592, Vigfusson:2010:DMR:1755913.1755949, DanLi2011ESM, Cao:2012:DSE:2413176.2413182, Li:2013:SIM:2535372.2535380}.
End-host multicast \cite{Chu:2000:CES:339331.339337, Banerjee:2002:SAL:633025.633045}, also called application-layer multicast, does not store multicast state on routers or switches. However using end-host multicast in DCNs will cause significant bandwidth loss due to large amount of duplicated packets transmitted in the network. Furthermore, most multicast protocols do not utilize the topology
of DCNs, e.g., multiple parallel paths connecting any pair of end hosts. For example, multicast protocols similar to the Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) \cite{PIMSM} usually chooses a single core switch on a Fat Tree as the rendezvous point (RP), i.e., the root of the multicast tree. When groups using the same core switch have traffic bursts at the same time, network congestion may occur.

In this paper, we focus on developing a scalable multicast protocol which can scale multicast in DCNs and balance traffic to reduce congestion.  We start our design by analyzing real multicast traffic traces in DCNs. Results show that group traffic in DCNs has strong heterogeneity. A small fraction of groups contribute to the majority of traffic, called \emph{elephant groups}, while most groups have very low traffic volume, called \emph{mice groups}. Motivated by such observation, we propose a Dual-Structure Multicast (DuSM) system which relies on the controller in a software defined networking (SDN) platform \cite{ONF} to manage multicast groups.
The SDN controller collects network information
and categorize multicast groups into the two types. For an elephant group, DuSM installs multicast rules on switches to maintain multiple shared trees. Traffic of this group will be balanced among these trees to avoid congestion. For mice groups, which are majority, DuSM applies state-free multicast that trades bandwidth capacity for state capacity, such as multicast-to-unicast translation, and hence saves large multicast state space.

We have implemented our protocol on the \textit{ns-2} Simulator and evaluated our architecture using multicast traffic data from real DCNs. Experimental results show that DuSM can enhance multicast state capacity and achieve  traffic balance among links.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section \ref{sec:background} introduces background knowledge and observations from data analysis. Section \ref{sec:design} presents the algorithm design of our multicast system DuSM. We evaluate the performance of DuSM in Section \ref{sec:simulation} and discuss some open issues and future work in Section \ref{sec:challenges}. We present related work in Section \ref{sec:related}. Finally we conclude our work in Section \ref{sec:conclusion}.

\section{Background and Data Analysis}
\label{sec:background}

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm]{fattree.eps}
\vspace{-3ex}
\caption{A Fat Tree topology for a data center network}
\label{fig:fattree}
\vspace{-4ex}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}[t]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{p{200pt}p{200pt}}
\subfigure[Histogram of WVE]
 {
   \includegraphics[width=5.5cm]{tfc-wve-freq.eps}
   \label{fig:tfc-wve-freq}
 }
 &
\subfigure[Histogram of Telecom]
 {
   \includegraphics[width=5.5cm]{tfc-att-freq.eps}
   \label{fig:tfc-att-freq}
 }
\end{tabular}
\vspace{-3ex} \caption{Group traffic distribution in real data center networks} \label{fig:traffic_dist}
\end{center}
\vspace{-4ex}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Data Center Topologies}
Today's data center networks often use \emph{multi-rooted hierarchical tree} topologies (e.g., fat tree \cite{fattree} and Clos \cite{clos}) to exploit multiple parallel paths between any pair of hosts. A standard fat tree topology has three vertical layers: edge, aggregate, and core. A \emph{pod} is a management unit down from the core layer, which consists of a set of interconnected end hosts and a set of edge and aggregate switches that connect these hosts. As illustrated in Figure \ref{fig:fattree}, a \emph{fat-tree network} is built from a large number of $k$-port switches and end hosts. There are $k$ pods, interconnected by $(k/2)^2$ core switches. Every pod consists of $(k/2)$ edge switches and $(k/2)$ aggregate switches. Each edge switch also connects $(k/2)$ end hosts. In the example of Figure \ref{fig:fattree}, $k=4$. The current design of DuSM focuses on a fat tree topology. However, we believe our design can be easily extended to other hierarchical topologies, and the design on arbitrary topologies is for future work.

\subsection{Group Traffic Distribution}

We analyze real data center multicast traffic data from two sources, IBM WebSphere Virtual Enterprise (WVE) \cite{IBMWebSphere} that is widely used for other multicast design \cite{Vigfusson:2010:DMR:1755913.1755949, Li:2013:SIM:2535372.2535380} and another data center network of a large telecommunication corporation (we use Telecom as the name of this trace). Due to privacy concerns, all traffics are samples by an unknown rate in each set of data. Hence we only focus on the traffic distribution and pay less attention to the absolute traffic volumes.   The WVE trace has 127 hosts in 1364 groups and the Telecom trace has 512 Virtual Machines (VMs) in 44 groups. For each group, we calculated the total amount of traffic samples in bytes.

Figure~\ref{fig:tfc-wve-freq} and Figure~\ref{fig:tfc-att-freq} show the traffic distribution of the two multicast traces in frequency histograms. We find similar observations from the two sets of data. Although the maximum traffic size in both traces reach a large value, around 70\% groups only have extremely small multicast traffic. A small proportion of groups contribute to the majority of traffic.  We find  strong heterogeneity of multicast traffic in both DCNs. Our observation also validates the assumption made by other multicast design that multicast group traffic follows a power law distribution  \cite{DanLi2011ESM}.

\subsection{Multicast Management by SDN}
\label{sec:controller}

A traditional multicast solution uses a decentralized protocol like IGMP \cite{rfc3228} for group management. As a consequence, multicast routing and group management are usually bundled by listening to IGMP messages and maintaining a multicast forwarding table accordingly. However, emerging trends in SDN provide opportunities to move group management logic from switches or routers to the controller. Recent work has suggested to use the SDN controller for multicast management such as group join and leave \cite{Li:2013:SIM:2535372.2535380, Domainflow}. Our unique contribution is to let the SDN controller utilizes the traffic heterogeneity property and data center topologies for scalable multicast system design.

Centralized group controller can manage multicast group membership in different ways: for example the controller can intercept IGMP messages at edge switches or VM hypervisors for backward compatibility. Although in this work we consider the controller as centralized, DuSM can also deploy multiple controllers in a distributed manner for load balancing and fault tolerance purposes. For example, we can partition the multicast address space into multiple blocks and assign each controller different blocks. The SDN controller can also keep track of group traffic volumes and dynamics using measurement tools on switches \cite{opensketch} so that appropriate actions can be applied for different groups.
Our protocol uses features that can be implemented in most commodity switches, like ECMP routing\cite{rfc6754}, multicast forwarding, IP over IP tunnelling \cite{rfc1853} and GRE encapsulation \cite{rfc1701}. Furthermore, we have a discussion on how to implement the protocol on OpenFlow-enabled switches in Section~\ref{sec:openflow_discussion}.

\section{DuSM Design}
\label{sec:design}

\subsection{Group Classification}
The essential idea of DuSM is to use state-free multicast for the majority mice groups that contribute very little traffic, and save the state capacity for elephant groups. In this paper, a multicast group is identified by a unique class D IP address, which is compatible with current sparse-mode multicast protocols like PIM-SM \cite{PIMSM}. Motivated by our observation on group traffic distribution, the controller first classifies multicast groups based on their traffic amounts and apply different strategies to elephant and mice groups. In DuSM, elephants are large groups whose traffic amount is higher than a threshold. The other groups are called mice groups. As discussed in Section~\ref{sec:controller}, most groups would be classifies as mice if the threshold is set appropriately.

The group classification module of the controller keeps track of group traffic by periodically collecting flow statistics from switches using existing measurement tools \cite{opensketch}. All new groups are treated as mice. When the traffic of a group traffic exceeds a pre-defined threshold, this group will be promoted to elephant and new multicast rules will be installed on corresponding switches.

\subsection{Multicast for Mice Groups}
\label{sec:branching}
DuSM applies state-free multicast to mice groups by using techniques that trade bandwidth capacity for state capacity. We here provide two possibilities.

(1) \emph{Multicast to unicast translation.} We allow the hypervisor of a server obtains information of all mice groups in which its VMs participate, by consulting the controller.  When a hypervisor receives a multicast packet from one of its VMs, it produces multiple duplicate packets, each of which is sent to a single receiver. Mice group packets will then be forwarded by unicast forwarding rules on switches. When the hypervisor of a receiver gets the packet, it can translate the packet back to a multicast packet for backward compatibility. There are many existing techniques to translate a multicast header to unicast-like packet header by rewriting or overloading socket operations \cite{Vigfusson:2010:DMR:1755913.1755949}, IP over IP tunnelling \cite{rfc1853}, or Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) \cite{rfc1701} to encapsulate multicast packets in the network layer. We use this solution in our experiments.

(2) \emph{In-packet Bloom filter} has been proposed for state-free multicast \cite{Jokela:2009:LLS:1594977.1592592} \cite{DanLi2011ESM}. Extra processing time and bandwidth may be needed to forward multicast packets with in-packet Bloom filter.

\subsection{Multicast for Elephant Groups}

When the controller detects that the traffic of a group exceeds a pre-defined threshold, it treats the group as an elephant group.  If all group members are in a same pod, the controller uses a single shared tree for the group. Otherwise, the controller constructs multiple shared trees for the group. Given a core switch as the RP we can uniquely and trivially determine a Steiner tree for a group on a fat tree. Hence the controller  randomly selects multiple cores and computes a Steiner tree for each of them. The controller then installs multicast rules on the switches of these trees. A packet will be matched to one of the trees and delivered along the tree to all receivers. We expect that all packets of the group can be matched evenly on these trees to balance bandwidth cost. Note that for TCP-based unicast, splitting packets on different paths is undesired because it will cause out-of-order delivery. However most multicast applications do not use TCP as the transport protocol, thus in-order delivery is not required.

For example, the controller computes four Steiner trees for an elephant group. The edge switch of a group member would store four rules for these trees. When the edge switch receives a multicast packet, it matches the packet to one Steiner tree. The matching method is static, i.e., a packet will always be matched to a particular Steiner tree on different switches. A possible implementation could be hashing a small piece of packet-related data (such as the checksum) to four bins, each of which corresponds to a tree. The packet will then be forwarded along the tree to all receivers.

\subsection{Discussion on OpenFlow Implementation}
\label{sec:openflow_discussion}
In this section we will discuss possible approaches to implement our protocol on an OpenFlow-enabled platform.
An OpenFlow switch usually has one or more flow tables.
Each flow table contains a set of flow entries with matching fields, count and forwarding actions. For switches supporting OpenFlow 1.1 \cite{OpenFlow-spec-v1.1.0} or higher, actions in the flow table can direct packets to a group table for advanced forwarding actions like multicast. Multicast rules representing the Steiner trees computed by the SDN controller are installed in the group table. All group management requests such as group join and leave are directed to the controller, and the controller can update multicast rules accordingly.
The packet translation module for mice groups is installed to the hypervisors on physical servers. For each receiver of the group, this module simply creates a duplicate unicast packet and write the receiver address onto the destination field.  A simpler way is to apply existing protocols such as IP over IP tunnelling and GRE. In fact, GRE/L3 tunnelling has been listed in OpenFlow 1.2 proposals \cite{OpenFlow-1.2-proposals}. This packet will then be forwarded by unicast rules of switches. Since unicast rules can always be aggregated to wildcard rules \cite{fattree}, they usually do not have scalability problem.

\iffalse
\begin{figure*}[t]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{p{150pt}p{150pt}p{150pt}}
\subfigure[Edge State Capacity]
 {
   \includegraphics[width=6cm]{wve128-4k-random-states-edges.eps}
   \label{fig:wve128-4k-random-states-edges}
 }
 &
\subfigure[Aggr State Capacity]
 {
   \includegraphics[width=6cm]{wve128-4k-random-states-aggrs.eps}
   \label{fig:wve128-4k-random-states-aggrs}
 }
 &
\subfigure[Core State Capacity]
 {
   \includegraphics[width=6cm]{wve128-4k-random-states-cores.eps}
   \label{fig:wve128-4k-random-states-cores}
 }
 \\
\end{tabular}
\vspace{-1ex} \caption{4K groups on a fattree with k = 8. A groups's members are placed randomly. } \label{fig:wve128-4k-random-states}
\end{center}
\vspace{-4ex}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[t]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{p{150pt}p{150pt}p{150pt}}
\subfigure[Edge State Capacity]
 {
   \includegraphics[width=6cm]{wve128-8k-nearby-states-edges.eps}
   \label{fig:wve128-8k-nearby-states-edges}
 }
 &
\subfigure[Aggr State Capacity]
 {
   \includegraphics[width=6cm]{wve128-8k-nearby-states-aggrs.eps}
   \label{fig:wve128-8k-nearby-states-aggrs}
 }
 &
\subfigure[Core State Capacity]
 {
   \includegraphics[width=6cm]{wve128-8k-nearby-states-cores.eps}
   \label{fig:wve128-8k-nearby-states-cores}
 }
 \\
\end{tabular}
\vspace{-1ex} \caption{8K groups on a fattree with k = 8. A groups's members are placed on nearby hosts.} \label{fig:wve128-8k-nearby-states}
\end{center}
\vspace{-4ex}
\end{figure*}
\fi

\input{evaluation}

\section{Challenges and Open Issues}
\label{sec:challenges}
In this section, we will highlight some challenges and open issues of the complete design and implementation of DuSM.

\textbf{Dynamic group classification.}
Our evaluation exhibits a trade-off between multicast state  and traffic overhead. However, a proper value of the threshold for group classification usually relies on real network properties and communication environment. In the current design we assume a pre-defined threshold given the multicast traffic distribution is stable and known. In practice, we may prefer a dynamic tuning algorithm for group classification.

\textbf{Extension to general topologies.}
In this paper our design focuses on fat tree networks. Although DuSM can be easily extended to other hierarchical networks, we are also interested in whether we can apply this system to general topologies. In fact the major problem for elephant groups is to determine the multiple shared multicast trees in an arbitrary topology. The  RP (or core) selection problem  of DuSM is more complicated than core selection of IP multicast \cite{Calvert95core}, because multiple RPs are required to determine for an elephant group. In addition, the Steiner tree computation is NP-hard in an arbitrary topology. For mice groups, the problem is how to allow the unicast packets to avoid bottleneck links.

\textbf{Packet translation on switches.}
In this paper we suggest translating multicast packets to unicast packets  on hypervisors. If we move the translation module to edge switches, DuSM can save more bandwidth cost. Although some  current network techniques can achieve this function, such as IP over IP tunnelling \cite{rfc1853} and Generic Routing Encapsulation \cite{rfc1701}. A major concern is that how the edge switch knows the receivers of a multicast packet. One solution is writing all receiver addresses into the option field of an IP packet.

\textbf{Prototype implementation.} We will also implement a system prototype of DuSM using an OpenFlow-enabled platform.

\section{Related Works}
\label{sec:related}
Various multicast protocols has been proposed over the past two decades in the aspects of  reliable packet delivery \cite{Floyd:1997:RMF:270856.270863}, security \cite{judge03survey} and congestion control \cite{Widmer:2001:EEC:964723.383081} and scalability \cite{Jokela:2009:LLS:1594977.1592592, Vigfusson:2010:DMR:1755913.1755949, DanLi2011ESM, Cao:2012:DSE:2413176.2413182, Li:2013:SIM:2535372.2535380}. In this section, we restrict our consideration to scalable multicast protocols in Data Center Networks.

Jokela \emph{et al.} propose to encode multicast tree information into in-packet bloom filters and hence eliminate the use of multicast states \cite{Jokela:2009:LLS:1594977.1592592}. ESM \cite{DanLi2011ESM} enhances this approach by implementing source routing in DCNs with switch-based Bloom Filters.
Some other protocols improve scalability by locally aggregating multicast states at bottleneck switches \cite{Li:2013:SIM:2535372.2535380} or globally merging similar multicast groups \cite{Vigfusson:2010:DMR:1755913.1755949}. DataCast \cite{Cao:2012:DSE:2413176.2413182} leverages in-network packet caching and multiple Steiner trees in a DCN to address the scalability issues of IP multicast.

Unicast routing is widely adopted as a complementary technique for multicast protocols. Narada \cite{Chu:2000:CES:339331.339337} organizes end systems into an overlay structure and runs a distance vector protocol on top of the overlay for end-system multicast. Banerjee \emph{et al.} \cite{Banerjee:2002:SAL:633025.633045} design a scalable application-layer multicast solution using hierarchical clustering of multicast peers to avoid unnecessary packet replication. Dr.~Multicast \cite{Vigfusson:2010:DMR:1755913.1755949} uses a combination of point-to-point unicast and traditional IP Multicast by overloading the relevant socket operations.

\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:conclusion}
Software defined networking enables the separation of multicast group management and forwarding. This paper proposes a dual-structure multicast system DuSM by utilizing the heterogeneity property of multicast traffic and centralized control for data center networks. DuSM uses state-free multicast  for  mice groups,  and uses multiple shared Steiner tree for a small number of elephant groups to balance their traffic in the network. Experimental results show that DuSM has great potential as a data center multicast system: it can support much more groups using commodity switches and achieves better load balance, compared to IP multicast.

{\small
\bibliographystyle{abbrv}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: Desktop looks weird as PC wakes after suspension That's what it looks like
Desktop icons have no text but shadows of it. Some parts of GUI still have normal labels but if you hover them with mouse cursor only few letters left.
It happens roughly every 5th time
lspci | grep -i --color 'vga\|3d\|2d'
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 4th Gen Core Processor Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 06)
01:00.0 3D controller: NVIDIA Corporation GK208M [GeForce GT 740M] (rev ff)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I recently had the opportunity to cover a sold out arena show for the band Third Day, who gave me full access to do pretty much anything I wanted. Today I want to share some of those shots with you, as well as my experience covering the show. I also recently shot some band portraits for another artist that I'll share after the concert stuff.
As soon as I got the phone call asking if I was available to come to Atlanta and cover the Third Day show, and being told I would have full access, I knew I wanted to set up a remote camera on stage to capture the view of the band performing with the sold-out audience as well. I set it up during the band's sound check (as you can see in the test shot above) using two Manfrotto Variable Friction Magic Arm with Super Clamp setups (one to hold the camera and another attached to the rail and arm holding the camera for added security/support).
The camera itself is a Canon 5D Mark III with a 8-15mm fisheye lens at 15mm, and I put the biggest memory card I had in it to make sure I didn't run out of card space during the show as I wouldn't have access to it to swap out cards. Since this was my first time setting up a remote camera on stage, I just took a guess at the settings and hoped it would work. I went with Spot Metering, Auto ISO with 1/250 as the minimum shutter and 12,800 as the max ISO, and f/5.6 just to be safe on depth of field.
To trigger the camera, there's a PocketWizard Plus III in the hot shoe and connected to the remote port with the appropriate cable (in this case the CM-N3-ACC), and I had another PocketWizard Plus III in my front shirt pocket that I used to trigger it during the show. I could have put the PocketWizard I had on me on one of the cameras I was carrying if I wanted the on-stage camera to shoot at the same time I was shooting, but I opted not to.
This allowed me to capture some key moments during the show from a unique perspective, as well as show the size of the crowd. These guys aren't doing too badly for a band that's both been around for over 20 years, and it's still four of the founding members!
It's a cool experience being able to shoot for a band that you grew up listening to and can now call friends, so I'm hoping to have the privilege of shooting for these guys more in the future!


Congressman Anthony Brown was elected to represent Maryland's 4th Congressional District on November 8, 2016.
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He represented Maryland previously as a Delegate from Prince George's County and later as Lieutenant Governor.


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BMW's fabled M Division has produced some of the finest cars to grace the world's roads and race tracks. In 2014, the latest chapter will be written, with the new BMW M3 saloon and M4 coupe being launched.
To mark this occasion, we look back at the history of M Division with some of their greatest hits.
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What is the world coming to- no manual gear box in a BMW M division car. That is criminal. The new Porsche GT3 has already did away with manual gearboxes. Does this spell the end for manual cars? I sure hope not.


With the HAMT-1, we have combined one of the most advanced headphone driver technologies, called Air Motion Transformer(AMT) Tweeter with Dynamic Neodymium Drivers, to deliver the finest bass performance of any headphone in its class. Enhanced by its coaxial structure design, these over-the-ear headphones enable a brand new listening experience. From studio recordings to live performances, the Air Motion Transformer Tweeter and the Dynamic Neodymium drivers stage a full spectrum of audio. Every nuance is captured and heard. Every note is felt. The rich wood design of the HAMT-1 not only looks elegant, but their comfort and durability using Alcantara (you wouldn't know it wasn't suede) make wearing them feel new each time you lower them over your ears.
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Teacher-child interactions are always positive, caring and respectful. Teachers foster cooperation and facilitate problem-solving skills among children. Children are encouraged to make choices and take an active part in their self-care, play and learning time.