text:
You are viewing the archived content of Scholarly Editing, Volumes 33 – 38 issued between 2012 and 2017. Go to the new site.
The Annual of the Association for Documentary Editing
2017, Volume 38
LITTLE WARS, by H. G. Wells
Edited by Nigel Lepianka and Deanna Stover
Streamlined Rules
Page XML ⇓
Edition XML ⇓
Deanna Stover and Nigel Lepianka
H. G. Wells (1866–1946) published two books about play with miniatures (specifically, toy soldiers): Floor Games in 1911, and then Little Wars in 1913. In Floor Games, Wells explains the supplies needed to create a world on the nursery floor and dramatizes his sons' play. Little Wars, however, provides a more complex, codified game. More importantly, Little Wars was unprecedented. As Jon Peterson notes, it was the first time "miniature wargame rules [were] marketed in book form to the general public."[1] Little Wars continues to be influential on modern gaming: the book has become the norm for popular role-playing game rulebooks such as Dungeons & Dragons and Pathfinder. Although Little Wars has always remained in print since its first publication, and later editions feature forewords by influential figures including writer Isaac Asimov and Dungeons & Dragons creator Gary Gygax, to date there has not been a critical scholarly edition of the text.
As a rulebook, the primary goal of Little Wars is, in the end, to produce play (even if it is play with an ideological bent—in this case, pacifism). However, the text is far more than a straightforward account of rules. Esther MacCallum-Stewart points out that Little Wars consists of three main sections: an early version of the "development diary" (chapter 2); a rules section (chapter 3); and an "example of play" detailing Wells's successful "Battle of Hook's Farm" (chapter 4).[2] Like writers of modern development diaries, Wells uses chapter 2 to chronicle how the game began and how it changed through play-testing various iterations. He records successes and failures; explains the reasoning behind certain rules; and gives advice about setting up "The Country" where the wars will take place, the making of which he had previously detailed in Floor Games.
Black-and-white photographs of play and setup taken by Wells's wife and marginal illustrations by J. R. Sinclair accompany the text. The illustrations, photos, and text all interact, which is partially why current digital transcripts that fail to include the marginal illustrations do not accurately represent Little Wars. A few photographs feature Wells and his opponent, Jerome K. Jerome, thereby helping to show the scale of the battles, but many other photos show how incredibly detailed Wells's sets were. Moreover, these sets are often shot in a way that makes them seem life-size rather than in miniature. The marginal illustrations similarly depict both lifeless figurines in a player's hand or placed behind books as if for cover and seemingly animate toys in naturalistic settings.
This tension between game and fiction exists throughout Little Wars. When describing the Battle of Hook's Farm, Wells adopts the persona of a general, and what follows is more like a short story than simply a description of play:
And suddenly your author changes. He changes into what perhaps he might have been—under different circumstances. His inky fingers become large, manly hands, his drooping scholastic back stiffens, his elbows go out, his etiolated complexion corrugates and darkens, his moustaches increase and grow and spread, and curl up horribly; a large, red scar, a sabre cut, grows lurid over one eye. He expands—all over he expands.[3]
It is here, in Wells's narration, where we can begin to see elements of modern role-playing games (RPGs) where players adopt personas. Wells clearly sees his games as participatory literature. The title to chapter 6, "Ending with a Sort of Challenge," is joined by an illustration of a bookcase labeled "Little Wars," topped with a general's bust and featuring nineteen volumes of books—books that may depict his readers' wars as much as his own. And yet, potential stories must still exist within a set of rules. Like in modern RPGs, prescribed guidelines add structure to a game; limitations allow for more interesting play because players must strategically and creatively navigate through a fixed framework to win. In the end, as many gamers will agree, the story that plays out as a result of these rules is as satisfying as any victory.
While Little Wars is much more than rules, our approach to this critical edition is meant to frame the text around the rules and suggestions of gameplay prescribed in chapter 3 in order to highlight the participatory nature of Wells's work. Although it is a narrative in its own right, Little Wars gives its readers and players (mutually inclusive groups that they are) the chance to create their own narratives. It could be argued that other works or texts could allow for such a phenomenon, and we would not presume Little Wars and other game manuals to be the sole purveyors of such a productive element of literary works; however, game manuals like Little Wars presuppose as their raison d'être that the game will be played. Readers will interact with and build on the initial text, creating narratives that even Wells at his most fantastical could not predict. In addition, we see our edition of Little Wars as a contribution to the growing scholarly body on games and gaming. Part of our purpose here is to begin a conversation about how to use current TEI standards to encode rules.[4] We have explained our choices below and hope that our decisions will continue to be refined as similar projects develop.
In order to emphasize that Little Wars is both a readable text and a playable game, we have also included TEI-encoded streamlined rules. Asides and narratives often accompany Wells's rules, and we felt that simplifying and clarifying the rules would help make gameplay more accessible. Although Wells sketches out ideas for adjusting Little Wars for military training in an appendix, our streamlined rules privilege Wells's original rule set. Of course, readers should feel free to read through and play along with Wells's addenda as well. In either case we invite readers to engage with Little Wars by creating their own miniature battles. As Wells himself demands: "It is for you, dear reader, now to get a floor, a friend, some soldiers and some guns, and show by a groveling devotion your appreciation of this noble and beautiful gift of limitless game that I have given you."[5]
Wells's Floor Games and Little Wars came out of a contemporary growing cultural interest in toy soldiers (also referred to as miniatures, a term that allows for a more varied understanding of small figurines used for play or display). The Prussian invention of kriegspiel was a watershed moment for the creation and use of structured systems for simulating war and helped to spur the growth of toy industries at the turn of the twentieth century. Little Wars represents Wells's expansion of and response to the war-game concept. However, the books were not Wells's idea. Floor Games and Little Wars came about after a small publisher, Frank Palmer, reached out to Wells (already an established and popular author at this point) and asked him to write a book about games for children. Wells obviously agreed, penning Floor Games soon after. His second book for Palmer, Little Wars, would be published in 1913, but it was first serialized (without J. R. Sinclair's illustrations but under the copyright of Frank Palmer) in the Windsor Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly for Men and Women beginning in December 1912.[6]
While most of the changes between the serial and volume versions of Little Wars consist of grammatical emendations, Wells added a fourth chapter, "Extensions and Amplifications of Little War," and an appendix to the 1913 publication. These sections introduce additional ideas (some tested, some not) for more advanced play, both as a larger, more challenging version of his original Little War or as a kriegspiel meant for military training purposes (something he devised with the help of Colonel Mark Sykes). In both cases, we can see how Wells continued to devote time and energy into his creation.
Certainly Floor Games and Little Wars were not the first or the last instances of Wells writing about play with miniatures. Palmer recruited Wells after reading the author's semi-autobiographical and controversial novel The New Machiavelli, first serialized in 1910. The novel features multiple references to the war games played by the main character, Dick Remington, and his friend Britten:[7]
We developed a war game of our own at Britten's home with nearly a couple of hundred lead soldiers, some excellent spring cannons that shot hard and true at six yards, hills of books and a constantly elaborated set of rules. For some months that occupied an immense proportion of our leisure. Some of the battles lasted several days. We kept the game a profound secret from the other fellows. They would not have understood.[8]
However, unlike Dick Remington, Palmer knew that "other fellows" would certainly understand the appeal of staging little wars—he was tapping into an already popular and ever-growing market.
In 1893 William Britain had revolutionized the toy world by introducing hollow miniatures, making them more affordable. Due in part to the general increase in leisure time, literacy, and income among the middle class, toys became a staple during the latter half of the nineteenth century.[9] In fact, Kenneth Brown identifies in particular a "toy soldier craze" in the two decades leading up to the Great War, or World War I.[10] Notably, while children were certainly a part of the intended market, they were not necessarily the only intended audience. Many adults played with miniatures with and without children, and Wells was clearly not writing to an exclusively child audience. The venue in which Little Wars was published, Windsor Magazine, was for "men and women," and Wells consistently speaks to adults throughout the rulebook.
The subtitle of Little Wars itself, "A game for Boys from twelve years of age to one hundred and fifty and for that more intelligent sort of girl who likes boys' games and books," explicitly highlights the belief that adults (primarily male—a misconception about gaming that still exists today) could enjoy these games. This subtitle is even more interesting after realizing that Wells's oldest son, George Philip, was not quite twelve at the time Little Wars was first published, excluding both of Wells's children from the audience for Little Wars despite them being the focus of his earlier Floor Games.[11] Moreover, Kimberley Reynolds points out that "there is, in fact, a notable absence of children in the photographs that illustrate Little Wars"[12] —four of the photos do feature Wells and his opponent, Jerome K. Jerome, giants in comparison to the miniature world they are creating. And Wells was not the only adult literary figure involved in war games. Besides his companion Jerome, we know that Robert Louis Stevenson and others enjoyed playing with miniatures.[13] Wells even claims to have played war games with various political leaders, including Winston Churchill.[14]
And girls did play too. As early as 1826, Branwell's toy soldiers inspired the Brontës to create Glasstown and write about the imagined lands of Angria and Gondal. Although the Brontë sisters surely were an intelligent set of girls, Edith Nesbit proves that women were also involved in a similar kind of play. In 1910—before Wells had even begun to serialize The New Machiavelli—Nesbit published The Magic City, the story of a girl and boy shrinking in size to enter a mini-city built out of household objects on the playroom floor. Nesbit followed this novel with a book for parents that provided instructions for how adults and children could build their own "magic cities" together. Entitled Wings and the Child, this book came out the same year as Little Wars.[15] These nearly concurrent publications show the contemporary marketability of instructions for building worlds and wars for both the young and the old.
In any case, Wells's war-game rules continue to be considered the most influential rules from the time. This is, no doubt, in part because of Wells's status as a popular writer and the co-occurring advancement of toy technologies. Many scholars have commented on how Wells's rulebooks nearly function as advertising for William Britain's toys. J. R. Sinclair's illustrations certainly resemble contemporary toy soldier advertisements. In Floor Games, at least, Wells directly addresses the toy industry: "And of the war game I must either write volumes or nothing. Some day, perhaps, I will write a great book about the war game and tell of battles and campaigns and strategy and tactics. But this time I set out merely to tell of the ordinary joys of playing with the floor, and to gird improvingly and usefully at toymakers."[16] James Opie suggests that Wells's girding in Floor Games was successful, as Wells calls for a larger variety of citizen miniatures, something that Britain delivered in 1912 with the Civilians Set 168. Opie even goes so far as to "wonder if contact [between Wells and Britain] ensued, and Little Wars was the result."[17] In many ways, Wells was advertising miniatures; at the time he hoped that playing at war would discourage real war, a particularly timely purpose considering Little Wars was released just a year before the start of the First World War.
Wells and War
What Wells knew as the "Great War" was clearly on his mind as he was writing Little Wars. He repeatedly juxtaposes his games with reality, even claiming to believe that Little Wars might function as a deterrent for the "Real Thing." Specifically, Wells imagines that players of his game would begin to see the horrors and impracticality of real warfare: "I have never yet met in little battle any military gentleman, any captain, major, colonel, general, or eminent commander, who did not presently get into difficulties and confusions among even the elementary rules of the Battle. You have only to play at Little Wars three or four times to realise just what a blundering thing Great War must be."[18] His preoccupation with the coming war is perhaps further highlighted by the initial serialization of Little Wars. In addition to the new chapters and grammatical emendations we mentioned earlier, Wells's most substantial revisions to Little Wars occur in chapter 4, "Ending With a Sort of Challenge." Wells was more aggressive in the serial, having written: "I have never yet met in little battle any military gentleman, any captain, major, colonel, general, or eminent commander, who wasn't quite easily anticipated, outmanœuvred, and licked at these miniature exercises."[19] A few other rewordings follow, often softening Wells's criticism of the incompetency of the military, but the sentiment in both versions remains the same. Thus, Peterson aptly qualifies Little Wars: "Nominally it describes a game, but it served just as well as a polemic."[20]
Wells appears to be reacting to fears about modern warfare between world powers in particular. Much of this fear seems to stem from rapidly evolving weapon technologies. Even by 1909, Wells admitted that "we have over-developed war" in his essay entitled "The Possible Collapse of Civilisation."[21] In fact, many of his writings foretold the destruction of man through war. And while Little Wars was his first war "game," "by the time the world went to war in August 1914, H. G. Wells had already fought a goodly number of major wars, most of them global in scope, in his scientific romances, short stories, and essays."[22] Wells was incredibly gifted at predicting future war technologies, conceivably making the realities of a fast-approaching war all the more terrifying for him. After all, he imagined what are essentially tanks in The Land Ironclad (1903), aerial warfare in The War in the Air (1908), and atomic bombs in The World Set Free (1914).
Perhaps his fear is what made playing at war so fascinating to Wells. Peterson and others have pointed out how antiquated Wells's battle rules are. Unlike real battle, chapter 2 shows how Wells modified his game tirelessly in order to develop a fair form of war. One might say that Little Wars even offers up a utopian version of war since it works toward setting up a battle among equals. The little wars staged according to Wells's rules are not representations of an Imperial Britain against indigenous peoples resisting colonization, nor even are they battles of Waterloo, between two distinct yet Western powers. Instead, Little Wars can be most accurately understood as a battle between two Englands before modern war technologies.[23]
At all points, Wells constructs the procedures of his game to indicate the necessary equality between Players A and B. Even in cases where an advantage may be inferred, Wells considers and implements rules to eliminate or mitigate those advantages. Aside from determining the country designer (a privilege Wells also attempts to make more equitable by allowing the other player to choose where their army enters), the mechanics of Little Wars are designed to help eliminate chance: players receive an equal number of units, although they can choose the configuration (more cavalry versus more cannons or infantry, etc.), who all obey a mutual set of rules with little difference between the opposing sides. Battle is also reliant on mutual trust; although players can use a curtain to hide their setup, much of the game is fought in the open and each player is responsible for keeping track of time during their opponent's turn.
This egalitarian and trustful approach to warfare reflects Wells's romanticization of a simpler time within his rules. Peterson notes that Little Wars recalls "a romantic era of warfare, that of a century before: a time when two uniformed armies in orderly columns conducted the business of war under a common law of arms, in a bounded arena far from civilians."[24] Compared to the threat of increasingly technological warfare, Wells's wars are tame, simple, and clean. Attacks rely almost completely on the aimed cannon fire or capture; until the appendix where Wells and Colonel Mark Sykes adapt the rules of Little Wars to be more effective as a training mechanism, Wells does not make any instructions for arming the soldiers with rifles. In fact, "in the Little Wars systems infantry and cavalry effectively fight in melee range,"[25] an anachronistic decision that reflects Wells's anxieties about and dismissal of a more modern, technologically advanced form of warfare.
And yet, Wells's desire for Little Wars to function as a sort of substitution for war, while educating and providing entertainment, necessitates that the little wars reflect, in some way, the complexities and realities of a real war. Referencing proponents of war, Wells believed that "my game is just as good as their game, and saner by reason of its size. Here is War, done down to rational proportions, and yet out of the way of mankind."[26] Despite the possible annoyance of toy war spilling out into the staircase,[27] little wars were abstracted from reality. The game allowed for more control than the looming Great War; it granted the players a feeling of agency while also removing war simulation from any real world: "The miniature . . . presents a diminutive, and thereby manipulatable, version of experience, a version which is domesticated and protected from contamination. It marks the pure body, the inorganic body of the machine and its repetition of a death that is thereby not a death."[28] Wells continuously reminds the reader that, lacking any visceral ends and capable of repeated play, these little toy soldiers and their little wars do not replicate reality, even if they satisfy a desire for violence. Wells challenges the realities of war through the very ability to reenact and reimagine battles and scenery again and again. This combined with antiquated weapon technology allows the warfare in Little Wars to be relatively harmless compared to the "Real Thing."
Famous for his "Imaginative Romances" and articles of social commentary that often forebode man's destruction at the hands of increasingly dangerous weapons, Wells unsurprisingly uses Little Wars to once more expound his beliefs:
And if I might for a moment trumpet! How much better is this amiable miniature than the Real Thing! . . . Here is the premeditation, the thrill, the strain of accumulating victory or disaster—and no smashed nor sanguinary bodies, no shattered fine buildings nor devastated country sides, no petty cruelties, none of that awful universal boredom and embitterment, that tiresome delay or stoppage or embarrassment of every gracious bold, sweet, and charming thing, that we who are old enough to remember a real modern war know to be the reality of belligerence.[29]
It is this idea of a modern war that Wells fears and tries to leave out of his rulebook, an interesting but conscious choice for someone who regularly incorporated technology into his writings. Asimov would later remark in his foreword to Little Wars, "There is an air of glamor and excitement about war—past wars, that is, that one need not actually live through. The dangers and the daring and the gallant defeats and the clever stratagems and the final triumph—what can replace it? In the absence of reality, there is the driving desire to find a substitute."[30] With such a gifted imagination, perhaps in miniatures Wells finally found a way to create a utopian version of war that (toy) technology allowed for rather than made monstrous.
However, throughout his life Wells was conflicted about war games. While in Little Wars Wells imagines his games as "a homeopathic remedy for the imaginative strategist,"[31] twenty-one years later in his autobiography he laments how the current educational system glamorizes war and socializes children to desire to reconstruct it: "I think there is no natural bias towards bloodshed in imaginative youngsters, but the only vivid and inspiring things that history fed me with were campaigns and conquests."[32] He claims that his pre-World War I self saw war games as an outlet, but the beginning of the "Great War" affected his outlook: "Up to 1914, I found a lively interest in playing a war game, with toy soldiers and guns, that recalled a peculiar quality and pleasure of those early reveries."[33] In fact, Wells seems to have come to the belief that these games and the culture that produced them were actually dangerous as opposed to an outlet.[34] He bemoans that "men in responsible positions" such as Winston Churchill, had imaginations "built upon a similar framework" causing them to remain "puerile in their political outlook."[35] Instead, Wells believed he had moved beyond his little wars: "I like to think I grew up out of that stage somewhere between 1916 and 1920 and began to think about war as a responsible adult should."[36] But something about war games attracted Wells. He certainly continued to include depictions of war games in his works, from the kriegspiel in The World Set Free (1914) to toy soldiers in Joan and Peter (1918). Far from Wells growing out of "that stage," Morgan Fritz even argues that we can see the same sort of desire for control over miniatures in Wells's fiction.[37] Regardless of what Wells actually felt about war games, it was a motif he kept returning to, and his rules would go on to affect the future of the genre.
Little Wars and Influence
Despite Wells recanting his belief that little wars could help curtail great ones, many other war gamers have continued to see play as an outlet for violence. In his foreword to a 2004 edition of Little Wars, tabletop gaming icon Gary Gygax admits to defending war gaming with an argument very similar to Wells's claim in Little Wars; Gygax explains that "miniature soldiers leave no widows or orphans, and that if more people were busy fighting little wars, they might not be involved in fighting big ones."[38] But Gygax found far more inspiration in Wells than a stance on the importance of war gaming; Gygax praises Wells's game for its formative role in the development of his own tabletop games in the 1970s:
Little Wars influenced my development of both the Chainmail miniatures rules and the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy roleplaying game. For example, it established the concept of a burst radius for cannon rounds, an idea that was translated into both the Chainmail catapult missile diameters and the areas of effect for Fireballs in D&D.[39]
By declaring the adaptation of Wells's rules for his own works, Gygax reveals a piece of the transmission history of common game mechanics. Burst Radius and Area of Effect have proliferated beyond tabletop gaming into the digital world of video games by way of Dungeons & Dragons, and have become colloquialized into the common acronym AoE. Examples of the reliance on the concept of AoE are numerous: World of Warcraft, Final Fantasy Tactics, and Dragon Age are popular and prime examples of the simple application of Euclidean geometry as Wells prescribes it for operationalizing cannon fire or any analogous mechanism a game may desire to express. How far the concept has come from lengths of string and a spring-loaded toy![40]
We mention Gygax not to divert interest from how innovative and interesting Little Wars is in and of itself, but to include an additional motive for its study and its relevance to game studies in particular. The passage above shows how the theory of transmission, well known to textual scholars and editors, can be seen as an overt force that works in a unique way when compared to traditional textual transmission. The way a concept such as a rule carries through time and through different works by different authors highlights how games, although narratives in their own right, are also just as much texts in a physical and phenomenological sense, capable of being adapted and interpreted (as we do in the streamlined rules), but also borrowed from, modernized, and, for lack of a better phrase, played with.
Little Wars is also special because of the previously mentioned "development diary" in chapter 2. This chapter traces Wells's journey in not only creating but revising the rules of Little Wars; a book of rules was already revolutionary at the time, but that he described his process shows what a careful and thoughtful game designer Wells was. Not only can we view Wells's rulebook in terms of what it has contributed to the games that have come after it, but also we are rewarded when Little Wars points back to itself, investing space in its own process of creation and refinement as a game worth carrying forward.
Our transcription is based on the first edition of Little Wars, published by Frank Palmer in 1913. We removed extra spacing around punctuation to make the text more readable but otherwise maintained Wells's grammar and spelling. While Little Wars first appeared in Windsor Magazine, the magazine notes that Palmer maintains the copyright. Since Palmer had already released Floor Games with marginal illustrations—in fact, with marginal illustrations that Wells mentioned within the body of his text—we can assume that once again Palmer and Wells imagined a publication with similar marginalia. Because of this, we felt it particularly important to create a digital edition that allowed readers to see Little Wars in book form, something many (unedited) digital editions have failed to do.
In addition to notes that help contextualize the book or provide clarification, we have also noted possible issues and inconsistencies within the rules themselves. We have provided emendations to these issues in our streamlined rules, which, although derived from Wells's, are simplified in order to make the game more accessible and playable. These streamlined rules are meant to encourage play, but they are also the product of an interpretive process of clarifying Wells's rules. Those who wish to adopt and play Little Wars may review our notes in the body of the text to determine whether or not they agree with the decisions we have made.
Our XML is based on the TEI P5 guidelines. To our knowledge, there have not been published or extended discussions of how TEI may be used for the markup of games and rules. Thus, many of our decisions were made through a combination of both intuition and trial and error. Our decisions are based on how best to treat the rules in Little Wars in a way that represents Wells's organizational structure: he created divisions for his instructions (for instance, combat would be one division and movement another) and then used lists to organize specifications. Since the text exists as a means of guiding play, we felt that encoding the rules helped to accentuate the game itself as the core of Little Wars, and the rules' representation as discrete parts of the text formed the basis for our encoding decisions.
Each set of rules (as Wells groups them) are enclosed by <div> elements and represented by <list> with the @type attribute to declare the purpose (that is, usually, "instructions") of the list. In some cases, where Wells further subdivides his rules (e.g., a rule 3 contains both rules 3a and 3b), <list> is used within <item> as well. The streamlined rules also follow the same standards for consistency, although they were written to be less complicated, in terms of format, than Wells's writing.
In addition to the rules, our XML also attempts to be faithful to Wells's own representation of the text and the structure of the book. To that extent, we encoded the bibliographical properties of the text, such as the page breaks or page signatures (marked by the <fw> tag) to show the book's physical composition. We have included <graphic> elements that point to the photographic inserts. While these inserts disrupt the body of the text, the photographs are valuable in that they help to clarify Wells's descriptions of battle and highlight Little Wars as a means of participatory play.
There are many people we would like to thank for their help in making this edition happen and for their continued support. Jointly, we would like to show our immense gratitude to our editor, Nicole Gray, for her patience and assistance, and to our peer reviewers for their helpful feedback. We would also like to thank Laura Mandell for her encouragement and advice from the beginning, Mary Nelson for her transcription help, and Jason Fairfield for drafting the simplified rules. We are indebted to Florence Davies, who has put many hours into reading our work, both for this project and others. In addition, Nigel Lepianka would like to thank Amy Earhart, for tolerating this edition as a distraction from dissertation work; Neil Fraistat, for incorporating TEI and XML encoding into his graduate seminar; and Julia Flanders, for her advanced TEI course at 2014's Digital Humanities Summer Institute (DHSI). Deanna Stover would like to thank Erica Cavanaugh, Cathy Moran Hajo, and Jennifer Stertzer for their DHSI course on Conceptualizing and Creating a Digital Edition. Finally, we would like to thank the Institute for Digital Humanities, Media, and Culture at Texas A&M University for the Programming4Humanists courses that helped in conceptualizing this project, and for covering Stover's 2016 DHSI tuition.
1. Jon Peterson, Playing at the World: A History of Simulating Wars, People and Fantastic Adventures from Chess to Role-Playing Games, 2nd ed. (San Diego: Unreason Press, 2012), 16. [back]
2. Esther MacCallum-Stewart, "Wargaming (as) Literature," in Zones of Control: Perspectives on Wargaming, ed. Pat Harrigan and Matthew G. Kirschenbaum (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016), 556. [back]
3. H. G. Wells, Little Wars (London: Frank Palmer, 1913), 63–64. [back]
4. TEI, the Text Encoding Initiative, is a set of standards—established by an organization of the same name—for marking up text in the XML language. XML is a hierarchical language that uses elements, or tags, to label portions of a text based on a set of classifications (e.g., page breaks, lists, and images are all marked as such in XML). TEI is used in the creation of digital editions such as this because it allows editors more control over how their texts are viewed, read, or otherwise processed in digital environments (by both humans and machines). [back]
5. Wells, Little Wars, 96–97. We, of course, do not wish for you to grovel. [back]
6. Wells, "Little Wars," Windsor Magazine, December 1912, 39–50; January 1913, 244–52. You can find digital copies here and here. [back]
7. Kenneth D. Brown speculates that Wells named this character Britten after the influential toy maker William Britain. "Modelling for War? Toy Soldiers in Late Victorian and Edwardian Britain," Journal of Social History 24 (1990): 252. [back]
8. H. G. Wells, The New Machiavelli (New York: Duffard and Company, 1910), 79. [back]
9. Jon Peterson, "A Game Out of All Proportion: How a Hobby Miniaturized War," in Harrigan and Kirschenbaum, Zones of Control, 10. [back]
10. Brown, "Modelling for War?," 237. [back]
11. Peterson, Playing at the World, 265. [back]
12. Kimberley Reynolds, Left Out: The Forgotten Tradition of Radical Publishing for Children in Britain, 1910–1949 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). [back]
13. Like Wells, Robert Louis Stevenson wrote about his imagined battles after the game as if he were reporting on the war. Unlike Wells, Stevenson was not famous when he was playing his war games. However, a portion of Stevenson's game descriptions were published as "Stevenson at Play: With an Introduction by Lloyd Osbourne" in Scribner's Magazine in December 1898. You can find this publication, along with Stevenson's poem "A Marital Elegy for Some Lead Soldiers" (just one of his poems about toy soldiers), here. [back]
15. Nesbit and Wells knew each other from the Fabian Society, but by the time of these projects they had a strained relationship; however, it is possible that Wells and Nesbit were influenced by each other. Jan Susina, "Textual Building Blocks: Charles Dickens and E. Nesbit's Literary Borrowings in Five Children and It," in E. Nesbit's Psammead Trilogy: A Children's Classic at 100 (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006): 165–66n1. [back]
16. H. G. Wells, Floor Games (London: Frank Palmer, 1911), 71. [back]
17. James Opie, Britain's Toy Soldiers: The History and Handbook, 1893–2013 (South Yorkshire: Pen and Ink Military, 2016), 75. [back]
18. Wells, Little Wars, 99–100. [back]
19. Wells, "Little Wars," 252. [back]
20. Peterson, "A Game Out of All Proportion," 10. [back]
21. Wells, "The Possible Collapse of Civilisation (1909)," in Social Forces in England and America (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1914), 387. [back]
22. W. Warren Wagar, H. G. Wells: Traversing Time (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2004), 135. [back]
23. Interestingly, aside from a man with a bow and arrow on the first page of chapter 1, all the marginal illustrations appear to depict British soldiers. However, William Britain's toy soldiers often "came in sets of opposing armies, and their production provides a virtual catalog of European and extra-European conflict between 1985 and 1914." Brown, "Modelling for War?," 245. [back]
26. Wells, Little Wars, 99. [back]
27. In Cynthia Asquith's autobiography, she reminisces about her brother, Ego, playing Little Wars: "There was a remarkably uncomfortable phase when practically every inch of 62 Cadogan Square—staircase and all—was given up to a war game invented by H. G. Wells and played with toy mechanical guns and tin soldiers." Haply I May Remember (London: J. Barrie, 1950), 169. [back]
28. Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection (London: Duke University Press, 1993), 69. [back]
30. Isaac Asimov, foreword to Little Wars (New York: Macmillan, 1970), n.p. [back]
32. H. G. Wells, An Experiment in Autobiography: Discoveries and Conclusions of a Very Ordinary Brain (New York: Macmillan, 1934), 74. [back]
33. Wells, An Experiment, 75. [back]
34. Notably, even before World War I some people spoke out against toy soldiers, including Oscar Wilde's wife, Constance Lloyd. Brown, "Modelling for War?," 246. Brown and other scholars have also made causal connections between the popularization of militarism in Britain during the years before 1914 and the coming war. [back]
37. Morgan Fritz, "Miniaturization and Cosmopolitan Future History in the Fiction of H. G. Wells," Science Fiction Studies 37 (2010): 210–29. [back]
38. Gary Gygax, foreword to Little Wars (Spring Branch, TX: Skirmisher Publishing, 2004), xxi. [back]
39. Gygax, foreword, xxi–xxii. [back]
40. Wells credits Little Wars to the invention of toy cannons, and he recommends string as a measurement device during game play. Developing "toy" technologies have continued to make war-gaming more sophisticated. [back]
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Sponsored by the Center for Digital Research in the Humanities at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.ISSN 2167-1257


This Collection Of Prints Is Accented By Textured Linen Mats And Then Surrounded By Distressed Wooden Frames With Gold Beads Accents. Prints Are Under Glass.
Maison Living is proud to represent Uttermost, which supplies one of the most broad and current product lines found in prestigious home-furnishing retailers world-wide. Their designers include Carolyn Kinder, Grace Feyock, Billy Moon, Matthew Williams, David Frisch, Joe Famulari, and Constance Lael-Linyard. They focus every day on developing the latest designs, and understand that good design means nothing without quality manufacturing. You can be confident that with the Green Floral Botanical Study Set/6 - Framed Artwork and all other Uttermost products, no shortcuts are taken in manufacturing, so as to ensure that all products exceed customer expectations.


It lasts even when our memories start to get a little fuzzy around the edges.
I was one of those happy kids who probably drove all their friends crazy carrying a camera around everywhere. This resulted in driving my mother crazy by begging her to go develop film and sequentially ruining her walls with Funtac while attempting to create the world's largest wall collection of random portraits! Since those days I have helped my mother repaint her walls and have moved on to bigger and better wall collections.
I have a degree in professional photography technology and I enjoy filling my home full of the art I love to create. My husband Ben and our wonderful pups Daisy and Bernard are never ending sources of inspiration.
When working with you I want us all to have fun! The result will be beautiful images that you will cherish always! If my style makes you happy I would love the opportunity to capture the memories you cherish most.


text:
Янтарное () — посёлок в Белозёрском районе Херсонской области Украины.

Население по переписи 2001 года составляло 199 человек. Почтовый индекс — 75003. Телефонный код — 5547. Код КОАТУУ — 6520381402.

Местный совет
75003, Херсонская обл., Белозёрский р-н, пос. Днепровское, ул. Центральная, 1а

Ссылки

Населённые пункты Белозёрского района

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
News.MikeCallicrate.com | A NoBull News Service
news supplement to news.mikecallicrate.com
Visit & Subscribe to Mike's Blog & Listserve
MenuHomeVisit & Subscribe to Mike's Blog & Listserve
Sep 12 2017 September 12, 2017 September 12, 2017 NoComment	by Mike Callicrate
Bloomberg: JBS's Batista Turns Himself Into Police After Arrest Order
Posted in Daily
Joesley Batista arrives at the airport after speaking as a witness to Brazilian Attorney General Rodrigo Jano in Brasilia on Sept. 7. Photographer: Sergio Lima/AFP via Getty Images
By Tatiana Freitas and Felipe Marques | September 10, 2017
Joesley Batista, the Brazilian tycoon who turned JBS SA into a global meat powerhouse, has handed himself into police, the latest chapter of a scandal that has tipped Brazil back into political chaos and left his family's business empire reeling.
Batista, 45, went into police custody in Sao Paulo on Sunday afternoon following a Supreme Court order for his arrest. J&F Investimentos SA, the holding company that controls JBS, confirmed that J&F executive Ricardo Saud also turned himself in. Earlier, Judge Edson Fachin issued arrest warrants and the temporary suspension of the immunity granted in a plea-bargain agreement signed by the businessmen with Brazilian authorities in May.
Batista's detention is another dramatic twist in a saga that has gripped Brazil and raised doubts about the future of his family's business empire. The May plea deal followed Batista's testimony to the authorities that he was was complicit in a widespread and sustained scheme to bribe politicians. The revelations caused public outrage but at the time appeared to spare Batista the threat of jail.
On Monday, Federal Police carried out search and seizure warrants in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo at addresses linked to Batista, JBS and former prosecutor Marcello Miller, newspaper Folha de S. Paulo reported. Police confirmed via text message that an operation tied to the J&F executives' plea deal was in progress, without giving further details.
Lawyer Hired
Press officers for JBS, J&F, Batista and Miller didn't immediately respond to requests for comments on the searches.
Antonio Carlos de Almeida Castro, a renowned criminal defense attorney who recently joined J&F's defense team, said the searches had been expected, Folha reported. Kakay, as the lawyer is known in Brazil, was photographed in the backseat of a car with Batista on Sunday as the tycoon turned himself in to police. His list of rich and famous clients includes billionaire banker Andre Esteves, who was jailed in the Carwash probe in 2015 and released three weeks later.
The court decision to arrest Batista followed a request by Rodrigo Janot, the country's chief prosecutor, who said Batista and Saud omitted information from testimony submitted to prosecutors earlier this year in which they confessed to graft and other crimes. According to the judge, if the two executives remained at liberty, they would continue to see advantages in concealing evidence.
The alleged omissions came to light on Sept. 5, when an audio recording emerged of a conversation between the pair, receiving blanket coverage in the Brazilian media.
Both men didn't lie or omit information from their plea-bargain and they're willing to co-operate with prosecutors, according to a statement issued by J&F. Batista and Saud also said last week in a separate statement that what they had said on the tape wasn't true, while also offering an apology for their comments.
In a separate statement, a lawyer for the two men said that Janot's decision to request their arrest despite their cooperation undermined the credibility of plea-bargain deals in general.
In the recording, Saud is heard telling Batista that Miller, who at the time worked with the Prosecutor General's Office, was trying to influence Janot's position on the terms of the plea deal. Miller resigned a short time later and was hired as a lawyer by the legal firm that worked on the plea agreements signed by the seven J&F executives.
The tape raised questions over the terms of the plea deal, which has been criticized for treating too leniently Batista and other executives connected to the case. Some of Batista's remarks on the recording, including a comment that he would never go to jail, have further enraged Brazilians.
Miller, who gave testimony to police in Rio last week, said in a Sept. 5 statement he didn't commit any crimes.
New terms
In order to prevent the May plea agreement from being scrapped completely, J&F and its executives are said to be discussing new terms with prosecutors, including raising the fines that Batista would have to pay, Folha reported Saturday.
The imprisonment of Batista will likely boost President Michel Temer, putting him in a better position to fight any new accusations from the prosecutor general. Last month, Temer's allies in the lower house defeated the motion that would have put him on trial and forced him to step aside. That victory paved the way for the president, at least temporarily, to turn his attention to the economic reforms needed to fix Brazil's battered public finances.
Batista and Temer have been publicly trading barbs since May, when it emerged that the beef tycoon had secretly recorded a meeting with the president and submitted the tape to the Supreme Court as evidence that Temer was part of a cover-up scheme involving a jailed former lawmaker. Batista has called Temer a thief and the head the country's "largest and most dangerous criminal organization." Temer has described Batista as a "notorious bandit."
JBS shares rose 1 percent to 8.27 reais at 12:41 p.m. in Sao Paulo.
Batista led JBS's transformation from a privately held slaughterhouse into the world's largest meatpacker between 2005 and 2011. Working alongside older sibling Wesley Batista — who also admitted crimes in the plea-bargain deal, but still has immunity — he's appeared regularly in Brazilian social columns, partly thanks to a lavish wedding to a Brazilian television journalist.
Life got tougher for the younger Batista in January 2016, when he was accused by a Brazilian prosecutor of financial crimes. He was subsequently ordered by a federal judge to step down as chairman of J&F amid an investigation into investments made by Brazilian pension funds in companies including Eldorado Brasil Celulose SA, the pulp producer owned by the family.
In videoed testimony to prosecutors, Batista admitted to making illicit payments to secure loans for the construction of an Eldorado plant, as well as other crimes. He also said the meteoric rise of JBS, marked by a $20 billion acquisition spree, wouldn't have been possible without help from politicians, hundreds of millions of dollars in bribes and a series of sweetheart deals with Brazilian state development bank BNDES. The lender, which is the company's second-largest shareholder, is now trying to remove Wesley from the helm of JBS.
Tags:JBS
Subscribe to Mike's NoBull News Service
Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog news service and receive notifications of new posts by email.
Mike's Recent News Posts
U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack pushes Biden administration's supply chain plan in Wheat Ridge
Booker introduces Protecting America's Meatpacking Workers Act
Colorado Springs Utilities plans to share water with Eastern Plains farmers
judyreyher46 on Booker introduces Protecting America's Meatpacking Workers Act
Alton Terry on The White House – Recent Data Show Dominant Meat Processing Companies Are Taking Advantage of Market Power to Raise Prices and Grow Profit Margins
Gilles Stockton on Alfred McCoy – a must read – To Govern the Globe
judyreyher46 on Omaha World Herald: The State of Beef: Cattle producers, Nebraska politicians seek solutions to low profits
Wally Graeber on Lincoln Journal Star: Column: Locally grown food gives more than nourishment
NoBull.MikeCallicrate.com
Please visit and subscribe to Mike's Blog
Subscribe to Mike's Listserve
Copyright © 2022 News.MikeCallicrate.com | A NoBull News Service. Proudly powered by WordPress. BoldR design by Iceable Themes.
Overfishing, Conservation, Sustainability, and Farmed Fish
Subscribe to ListServe

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Decisions by Topic: Poverty eradication
A/RES/70/1 - Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
[Arabic] [Chinese] [English] [French] [Russian] [Spanish]
Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than
$1.25 a day
1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all
its dimensions according to national definitions
1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030
achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable
1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to
economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of
property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including
1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and
vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and
1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced
development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in
particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions
1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and
gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions
Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes,
poverty reduction strategies and accounts
Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable
Systemic issues
17.15 Respect each country's policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty
eradication and sustainable development
A/RES/69/313- Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development (Addis Ababa Action Agenda)
23. We recognize that the ability of the small island developing States to sustain high levels of economic growth and job creation has been affected by the ongoing adverse impacts of the global economic crisis, declining foreign direct investment, trade imbalances, increased indebtedness, the lack of adequate transportation, energy and information and communications technology infrastructure networks, limited human and institutional capacity and the inability to integrate effectively into the global economy. The growth prospects of the small island developing States have also been hindered by other factors, including climate change, the impact of natural disasters, the high cost of imported energy and the degradation of coastal and marine ecosystems and sea-level rise.
24. As it is vitally important to support the efforts of small island developing States to build resilient societies and economies, we recognize that beyond the rich ecosystems of those States, people are their greatest resource. In order to achieve sustained, inclusive and equitable growth with full and productive employment, social protection and the creation of decent work for all, small island developing States, in partnership with the international community, will seek to increase investment in the education and training of their people. Migrants and diaspora communities and organizations also play an important role in enhancing development in their communities of origin. Sound macroeconomic policies and sustainable economic management, fiscal predictability, investment and regulatory certainty, responsible borrowing and lending and debt sustainability are also critical, as is the need to address high rates of unemployment, particularly among youth, women and persons with disabilities.
25. We affirm that there are different approaches, visions, models and tools available to each country, in accordance with its national circumstances and priorities, for achieving sustainable development in its three dimensions, which is our overarching goal. In this regard, we consider the green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication as one of the important tools available for achieving sustainable development. We call upon the United Nations system, in collaboration with other stakeholders, to strengthen its coordination and support of small island developing States that want to pursue green economy policies.
26. We acknowledge that the implementation of sustainable development depends primarily on national action and leadership. We recognize that the private sector plays an increasingly important role in achieving sustainable economic development, including through public-private partnerships. We recognize that sustainable development will also depend, inter alia, on intergovernmental and international cooperation and the active engagement of both the public and private sectors.
27. Taking into full account their national development priorities and individual country circumstances and legislation, we call for support for the efforts of small island developing States to take the following actions:
(a) Enhancing international cooperation, exchanges and investments in formal and non-formal education and training to create an environment that supports sustainable investments and growth. This includes the development of entrepreneurial and vocational skills, support for transitions from basic to secondary education and from school to work, the building and strengthening of education infrastructure, better health, active citizenship, respect for cultural diversity, non‑discrimination and environmental consciousness for all people, including women, youth and persons with disabilities;
(b) Enhancing the enabling environment at the national and regional levels to attract more public and private investment in building and maintaining appropriate infrastructure, including ports, roads, transportation, electricity and power generation and information and communications technology infrastructure, and also enhancing the development impact of the private sector and the financial services industry;
(c) Fostering entrepreneurship and innovation, building capacity and increasing the competitiveness and social entrepreneurship of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises and State-owned enterprises in small island developing States, as well as encouraging inclusive and sustainable industrial development with the participation of all people, including the poor, women, youth and persons with disabilities;
(d) Supporting national, regional and international initiatives that develop and increase the capacity and development impact of the financial services industry in small island developing States;
(e) Creating local decent jobs through private and public projects and encouraging entrepreneurs to start up environmentally sound businesses through adequate and appropriate incentives;
(f) Promoting and fostering an environment conducive to increased public and private sector investment and the creation of decent jobs and livelihoods that contribute to sustainable development, with full respect for international labour standards;
(g) Promoting and enhancing the use of information and communications technologies for, inter alia, education, the creation of employment, in particular youth employment, and economic sustainability purposes in small island developing States;
(h) Promoting and enhancing gender equality and women's equal participation, including in policies and programmes in the public and private sectors in small island developing States;
(i) Setting national regulatory and policy frameworks, as appropriate, that enable business and industry to advance sustainable development initiatives, taking into account the importance of transparency, accountability and corporate social responsibility.
28. Acknowledging the way in which debt servicing limits the fiscal space of highly indebted small island developing States, we support the consideration of traditional and innovative approaches to promote the debt sustainability of highly indebted small island developing States, including their continued eligibility for concessionary financing from international financial institutions, as appropriate, and the strengthening of domestic revenue mobilization.
29. We acknowledge the importance of addressing debt sustainability to ensure the smooth transition of those small island developing States that have graduated from least developed country status.
12. Delivering social protection and essential public services for all. To end poverty in all its forms everywhere and finish the unfinished business of the Millennium Development Goals, we commit to a new social compact. In this effort, we will provide fiscally sustainable and nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, with a focus on those furthest below the poverty line and the vulnerable, persons with disabilities, indigenous persons, children, youth and older persons. We also encourage countries to consider setting nationally appropriate spending targets for quality investments in essential public services for all, including health, education, energy, water and sanitation, consistent with national sustainable development strategies. We will make every effort to meet the needs of all communities through delivering high-quality services that make effective use of resources. We commit to strong international support for these efforts, and will explore coherent funding modalities to mobilize additional resources, building on country-led experiences.
A/RES/66/288 - The Future We Want
105.	We recognize that, three years from the 2015 target date of the Millennium Development Goals, while there has been progress in reducing poverty in some regions, this progress has been uneven and the number of people living in poverty in some countries continues to increase, with women and children constituting the majority of the most affected groups, especially in the least developed countries and particularly in Africa.
106.	We recognize that sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth in developing countries is a key requirement for eradicating poverty and hunger and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. In this regard, we emphasize that national efforts of developing countries should be complemented by an enabling environment aimed at expanding the development opportunities of developing countries. We also emphasize the need to accord the highest priority to poverty eradication within the United Nations development agenda, addressing the root causes and challenges of poverty through integrated, coordinated and coherent strategies at all levels.
107.	We recognize that promoting universal access to social services can make an important contribution to consolidating and achieving development gains. Social protection systems that address and reduce inequality and social exclusion are essential for eradicating poverty and advancing the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. In this regard, we strongly encourage initiatives aimed at enhancing social protection for all people.
E/CN.17/1996/38 - Report of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development on the 4th Session (18 April-3 May 1996). International legal instruments and mechanisms
Decision 4/2. Combating poverty
1. The Commission on Sustainable Development takes note of the report of the
Secretary-General on combating poverty (E/CN.17/1996/9).
2. The Commission reiterates all the decisions made at its third session on
the issue of combating poverty.
3. In accordance with commitment 2 of the Copenhagen Declaration on Social
Development 6/ adopted by the World Summit for Social Development, the
Commission urges Governments to formulate or strengthen, as a matter of urgency
and preferably by the end of the International Year for the Eradication of
Poverty (1996), national strategies to eradicate absolute poverty and reduce
overall poverty. Such strategies should be comprehensive in order to address
all aspects of poverty and integrate gender perspectives, and should also be
geared towards substantially and sustainably reducing overall poverty in the
* Chapter 3 of Agenda 21. For the discussion, see chapter III below.
6/ Report of the World Summit for Social Development, Copenhagen,
6-12 March 1995 (A/CONF.166/9), chap. I, resolution 1, annex I.
shortest possible time, reducing inequalities, and eradicating absolute poverty
by a target date to be specified by each country in its national context. In
addition, the Commission recommends that Governments integrate environmental
issues in such strategies and ensure that they are related to national
sustainable development strategies, while recognizing that economic growth is a
fundamental element of sustainable development. Such strategies should be
supported by the international community, which should assist developing
countries, including through international organizations, in their efforts to
achieve the overall goal of eradicating poverty and ensuring basic social
protection.
4. The Commission recognizes that meeting the basic human needs of all and
eradicating absolute poverty is an objective of the highest priority that has
been regarded as such in all the recent United Nations conferences convened
since the World Summit for Children in 1990. In addition to the relevant
conferences and conventions mentioned in the report on its third session, 5/ the
Commission welcomes the Beijing Platform for Action of the Fourth World
Conference on Women. 7/ The Commission notes, in particular, the important
role played by women in poverty eradication strategies and the particularly
difficult situations that they face, as described in chapter IV.A of the
Platform, as well as the importance of integrating gender perspectives in
policies and programmes. The Commission welcomes the preparatory work for the
forthcoming United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), which
emphasizes the importance of achieving the eradication of absolute poverty, the
reduction of overall poverty and the creation of sustainable human settlements
for ensuring sustainable development.
5. Since the general problem of poverty in developing countries, particularly
in the least developed countries, is related to political, economic and social
marginalization, all efforts to eradicate absolute poverty and reduce overall
poverty within the context of sustainable development must be accompanied by
mechanisms that would effectively address those issues.
6. The Commission suggests to the Economic and Social Council that in its
future work the Commission focus its attention on the interlinkages between
poverty and the environment, taking into account the fact that poverty is a
complex multidimensional problem with origins in both the national and
international domains, and recognizing that economic development, social
development and environmental protection are interdependent and mutually
reinforcing components of sustainable development.
E/CN.17/1995/36 - Report on the 3rd Session of CSD
6. Combating poverty
73. The Commission welcomes the Copenhagen Declaration on Social
Development 7/ and Programme of Action of the World Summit for Social
Development. 8/ With reference to combating poverty, it takes note, in
particular, of commitment 2 of the Declaration 9/ in which Governments commit
themselves to the goal of eradicating poverty in the world, through decisive
national actions and international cooperation. The Commission recalls that the
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 6/ embodies the principle that
eradicating poverty is an indispensable requirement of sustainable development,
and that all States and all people shall cooperate in this essential task. The
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 10/ in its section on
commitments, 11/ and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification,
particularly in Africa, 12/ in its preambular section also recognize that
economic and social development and poverty eradication are the first and
overriding priorities of the developing countries and are essential to meeting
sustainability objectives. This was reiterated in the recent decisions of the
first session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change held in Berlin. The Commission further notes that
in all the major United Nations conferences held since 1990, including the World
Summit for Children, the International Conference on Nutrition, the World
Conference on Human Rights, the International Conference on Population and
Development and the World Summit for Social Development, there has been a
recognition of the need to launch a global attack on poverty and commitments
made in recognition of that need. The forthcoming 1995 World Conference on
Women should similarly emphasize the importance of women in strategies to
eradicate poverty.
74. The Commission stresses that the link between poverty eradication and
sustainable development is complex and must be clearly understood. People
living in poverty, with their meagre consumption, are also often reduced, by
their lack of income and command over productive resources and their social
exclusion, to eking out a precarious existence on marginal and ecologically
fragile ecosystems where they often live under life- and health-threatening
circumstances as well. The Commission is deeply convinced that economic
development, social development and environmental protection are interdependent
and mutually reinforcing components of sustainable development, which is the
framework for efforts to achieve a higher quality of life for all people.
Equitable social development that recognizes empowering of the poor to utilize
environmental resources sustainably is a necessary foundation for sustainable
development. Broad-based and sustained economic growth within the context of
sustainable development is necessary to sustain social development and social
75. The Commission affirms that economic growth will continue to be important
to combat poverty in the long run particularly in developing countries, but
reliance cannot be placed on economic growth alone to combat poverty. There is
an urgent need to formulate or strengthen policies and strategies geared to
substantially reducing overall poverty in the shortest possible time, and
reducing inequalities, and to eradicate absolute poverty by a target date to be
specified by each country within its national context. Such strategies should
also incorporate measures to ensure environmental sustainability. The essential
task of eradicating poverty is an indispensable requirement for sustainable
development. Strategies aimed at poverty eradication are also necessary to
prevent the overexploiting of natural resources out of sheer survival
strategies, which leads to the degradation of resources required to sustain
populations over the long term.
76. The Commission stresses the need for a multidimensional and integrated
approach towards the goal of poverty eradication in partnership with all actors
of civil society. To this end, national strategies should be geared towards the
implementation of the Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development and Programme
of Action of the World Summit for Social Development, in particular commitment 2
of the Declaration and chapter II of the Programme of Action. National budgets
and policies should be oriented, as necessary, to meeting basic needs, reducing
inequalities and targeting poverty as a strategic objective. The Commission
further stresses that the promotion of full employment and the sustainable use
of resources is an essential requirement for combating poverty and promoting
social integration. The Commission notes that this is the primary
responsibility of States themselves. Governments must create an enabling
economic environment aimed at promoting more equitable access for all to income,
resources and social services. The Commission recognizes that women, as
constituting the majority of the people living in abject poverty, and who bear a
disproportionate share of the burden of poverty, must be a central focus of
poverty eradication efforts. It also urges the introduction of programmes that
would focus on the specific needs of children and youth, consistent with the
Convention on the Rights of the Child. 13/ The Commission also recognizes
that full participation of people living in poverty in the design, planning and
implementation of projects aimed at the eradication of poverty would help ensure
effective implementation of such strategies.
77. The Commission urges Governments to reaffirm, promote and strive to ensure
the realization of rights contained in relevant international instruments and
declarations, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 14/ the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 15/ and the
Declaration on the Right to Development, 16/ including those relating to
education, food, shelter, employment, health and information, particularly in
order to assist people living in poverty. The Commission also recognizes the
need to promote, as regards people living in poverty, access to - and
opportunity for - food, water, employment, shelter, education, health,
information, transportation and other essential public services. People living
in poverty must be enabled so as to have access to productive resources and
sustainable livelihoods, including credit, land, education and training, and
technology. They should also be empowered to participate in the formulation and
implementation of the policies and decisions affecting them.
78. The Commission reaffirms that a favourable international economic
environment, and the critical provision of financial and technical assistance
flows, are essential catalysts towards poverty eradication. Better terms of
trade, better access to markets, particularly for labour-intensive products, for
agricultural and agro-based products, and for those of medium- and small-scale
enterprises, access to and transfer of environmentally sound technology on
favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually
agreed, taking into account the need to protect intellectual property rights as
well as the special needs of developing countries are therefore also important
conditions for sustainability. An effective, equitable, development-oriented
and durable solution to the external debt problems of heavily indebted least
developed and other low-income countries, particularly sub-Saharan countries,
would be helpful to free up resources for programmes aimed at the eradication of
poverty. Transfer of environmentally sound technologies is also indispensable
for the adoption of sustainable production patterns both in industry and in
agriculture. The Commission also stresses that activities geared towards
eradication of poverty should be accompanied by meaningful programmes that aim
to substantially reduce environmentally and socially unsustainable patterns of
production and consumption.
79. The Commission stresses the need for the public accountability of private
businesses.
80. The Commission reiterates the need for full implementation of the
commitments, agreements and targets agreed upon by the international community
aimed at the eradication of poverty. The Commission calls upon Governments, the
international community, including the United Nations system, and IFIs as well
as non-governmental organizations to pursue implementation in this context of
commitment 2 of the Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development and chapters II
and V of the Programme of Action of the World Summit for Social Development, and
chapter 3 of Agenda 21.
81. The Commission recommends that the Economic and Social Council, when
considering a common framework for the implementation of the outcome of United
Nations conferences in the economic and social fields, examine how to ensure
synergy and cooperation between the Commission on Sustainable Development and
other functional Commissions with responsibilities in the area of poverty
eradication, including consideration about the proper division of labour among
82. The Commission suggests to the Economic and Social Council that in its
future work the Commission on Sustainable Development focus its attention on the
linkages between programmes aimed at poverty eradication and sustainable
development deriving from Agenda 21 and the Copenhagen Declaration on Social
Development and Programme of Action of the World Summit for Social Development.


text:
Con de Wet de Lange (Belville, Sudáfrica, 11 de febrero de 1981-18 de abril de 2019)  fue un jugador de cricket que representó a Escocia. Era bateador, nacido en Sudáfrica, De Lange hizo su debut de primera clase para Boland en marzo de 1998 contra los Sri Lanka de gira.  Jugó para Northamptonshire County Cricket Club en las temporadas 2012 y 2013.

Carrera internacional
Jugó para Escocia en la Copa Intercontinental ICC 2015-17 contra Afganistán en junio de 2015.

Hizo su debut en Twenty20 International (T20I) para Escocia contra Irlanda el 19 de junio de 2015, aunque no fue posible jugar debido a la lluvia.  Hizo su debut en One Day International (ODI) para Escocia contra Afganistán el 4 de julio de 2016.

En una carrera que duró trece ODI y ocho T20Is,  de Lange fue el vice-capitán del equipo para el torneo Desert T20 Challenge que se jugó en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos en enero de 2017.  Su momento más famoso para Escocia fue contra Zimbabue en junio de 2017, cuando su partida de cinco ventanillas para 60 ayudó a su equipo a causar un famoso malestar, su primera victoria contra un miembro de pleno derecho de la CPI.

Enfermedad y muerte
Poco después de la victoria contra Zimbabue, De Lange comenzó a perder partidos en los campeonatos de la World Cricket League (WCL) en Dubái. Inicialmente, se dijo que el motivo de su ausencia era "dolores de cabeza de migraña severos". Al regresar a Escocia para otras pruebas, se supo que el diagnóstico era mucho más grave. De Lange jugó su último partido internacional para Escocia, un ODI contra Papúa Nueva Guinea, el 25 de noviembre de 2017.

Los resultados de las pruebas no se publicaron inicialmente y fue solo durante los clasificatorios para la Copa Mundial 2019 en Zimbabue, jugados en octubre de 2018, que Cricket Escocia envió un comunicado de prensa en el que afirmaba que De Lange, de 37 años de edad, había estado luchando contra un  tumor cerebral. Los últimos diez meses, después del diagnóstico, De Lange se sometió a una serie de tratamientos que incluyeron una operación y luego una dosis de quimioterapia y radioterapia.

Junto con su esposa Claire y sus hijos, De Lange organizó un llamamiento para recaudar fondos llamado 'Brain Tumor Charity' en memoria de un amigo cercano que murió a causa de la enfermedad.  Como parte de la iniciativa, los De Lange organizaron caminatas para recaudar donaciones para la enfermedad.

Referencias

Wikipedia:Páginas con traducciones sin revisar
Fallecidos por tumor cerebral
Fallecidos por cáncer en Escocia


text:
Graduway
The OB Community
News from OBs
Marriages & Births
Notable OBs
Film, Theatre & Television
OB of the Month
Welcome from the Head Master
The Pelican
OBs in the Great War
OBs in WW2
OB Sport
OB & College Rugby
OB Cricket
OB Football
OB Netball
OB Golf
Contact the OBs
Overseas Ambassadors
Visit your school
OB Events
Brighton College Today
About Brighton College
Brighton College Admissions
Brighton College School family
Volunteering & Giving Back
Careers and Networking
Current & Past Projects
The College Archive
Brighton College Remembers
Memories of Brighton College
Major Andrew Cayley QC (B. 1977-82) - OB of the Month, May 2012
Andrew Cayley was in Bristol House under Peter Perfect from 1977 to 1982. After Brighton College he practised law in the south east of England joining the British Army in 1991 and serving as an infantry platoon commander in Belize (on attachment to the Kings Own Royal Border Regiment) and as a military prosecutor and command legal adviser in Germany and the United Kingdom.
Placed on loan service in 1995, as a military prosecutor, by the Foreign & Commonwealth Office and the Ministry of Defence to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia he investigated and prosecuted war crime and crimes against humanity arising from the breakup of the former Yugoslavia in 1991. He was on the prosecution team that secured the first conviction for genocide in Europe since the Second World War. This was the prosecution arising from events in Srebrenica where upwards of 9000 men and boys were murdered in less than two weeks. He led the investigation against Colonel General Ratko Mladic – now on trial in The Hague - and the first prosecution of members of the Kosovo Liberation Army for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in 1998 in Kosovo.
In February 2005 he was appointed Senior Prosecuting Counsel at the permanent International Criminal Court by the Prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo. Here he investigated war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Darfur Sudan. In 2007 the International Criminal Court charged the Deputy Minister of Interior of Sudan with serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in Darfur since 2003.
In 2007 after departing from the International Criminal Court the former President of Liberia, Charles Taylor, instructed him in his case before the Special Court for Sierra Leone. In 2009 he became the International Co-Prosecutor of the Khmer Rouge Tribunal in Cambodia.
Currently he is the International Co-Prosecutor of the Khmer Rouge Tribunal in Cambodia having been nominated by the Secretary General of the United Nations on 18 August 2009 and appointed by the King of Cambodia, His Majesty King Norodom Sihamoni, to that position on 27 November 2009. On 29 February 2012 it was announced by the Ministry of Justice that Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, on the advice of the Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice, has appointed Andrew to be Queens Counsel.
When you were at Brighton College, what did you want to be when you 'grew-up'?
I cannot recall what I aspired to now. I loved History and English but my father wanted me to be a doctor so I recall a tension in what I wanted to do and what was expected of me.
What are you now you've grown up?
Still the thirteen year old boy who arrived at Bristol House in September 1977. I have been lucky and have been encouraged by some wonderful people. I am now a Queen's Counsel and currently International Co-Prosecutor of the Khmer Rouge Tribunal in Phnom Penh Cambodia.
What is your best memory of school?
Best memory is not being on the Friday evening drill list at Bristol House in freezing February. This punishment usually required climbing down into the "areas" outside the basement of the house and collecting the accumulated rubbish and rotting food for an hour. Other good memories include playing Mynheer Cornelis in The Strong are Lonely by Fritz Hochwalder in 1980 and also leading the CCF colour parade, as a CPO Coxswain, in 1982 before a Vice Admiral who's name I now forget. Also the yearly Bristol Christmas party which was always well done with skits and plenty of cheer.
What was the best piece of advice you were given
Don't get caught and if you do deny absolutely everything. Advice given to me by an unnamed but persistent offender in the UV in Bristol when I was a new boy. Times have changed I am quite sure.
Serious advice I still have framed on my desk :" The only guide to a man is his conscience the only shield to his memory is the rectitude and sincerity of his actions." From Churchill's Collected speeches I was given in the LVI.
What do you do /did you do as a career
I have had an unorthodox career. I started life as a solicitor on the south coast of England with Thomas Eggar in 1989. Two lawyers in that firm were my greatest mentors: Michael Camps and Anthony Edwards. Two wonderful lawyers, in different ways, who had the decency to see beyond themselves and help those coming on in the firm. In 1991 I joined the British army, then went to the international courts prosecuting genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity in the nineties. Now I am newly minted Queens Counsel. I have had a wonderful career and I thank my wife and children,my parents and sister Jane (also an OB) and BC for that.
What does your job involve?
I am principally an international criminal lawyer involved in the the prosecution of large scale crimes such as genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. I have been involved in cases in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Uganda, Sudan, Sierra Leone and Cambodia. So trying to bring some degree of personal accountability in respect of criminal conduct during and in the aftermath of wars and civil unrest.
What are the most challenging parts of your job?
The evidence I address is often very distressing. The victims often suffer in silence for years on end. The trials are very long and evidence degrades the older it is. Physical evidence disappears and memories fade. In Cambodia we are addressing events that took place over 30 years ago.
What have you done that you are most proud of?
First my family : My wife Andrea and my four children Alexander, Anna, Edmund and Eleanor. The second, this year, being appointed one of Her Majesty's Queen's Counsel learned in the law. Third the successful prosecution of events in Srebrenica in 2001. Where we proved genocide for the murder of over 9000 men and boys in the space of a week. In the face of lies and propaganda we demonstrated that these tragic events took place and that was vital for the victims and the world.
What is the single thing that would most improve the quality of your life?
48 hours in a day.
What are the three objects you would take with you to a desert island?
A photograph of my wife and children, an endless subscription to Private Eye and a good bottle of red wine (refillable from passing ships).
How would you like to be remembered?
In passing I would not wish to be enlarged beyond that which I was in life. I saw terrible wrongs and as a member of the human race simply reacted and played a modest part in condemning those responsible. Like most people I am complex and I have many flaws but I hope my children remember me as someone who tried hard to stand firmly against the oppression and killing of defenceless and innocent people throughout the world. And that they might be inspired to follow a less conventional path in life. The temptation to follow a prosperous course, that private education generally opens, is very great. But there is much that needs to be done in a world which yields painfully to change. And I think there is a great deal that my children and indeed students of BC have to offer such a challenge. Self-confidence, sound education, resilience, sincerity, courage, honesty and integrity and most important the idealism of youth. These are values that are timeless but are required today more than ever before.
Dr Ralph Abraham (Br. 1959-63), OB of the Month, January 2021
Nigel Thomas (Sc./Ch. 1996-98), OB of the Month, December 2020
Arnold Yok Fai Wong (Ab. 2006-08), OB of the Month, November 2020
#OB of the Month
#Andrew Cayley (B. 197782)
Brighton College
Eastern Road
Brighton, BN2 0AL
ob@oldbrightonians.com
Website by 3B Digital, London UK
© 2021 Brighton College


FC Cincinnati is gearing up for its move to Major League Soccer by bringing in Dennis Carroll as the club's first chief operating officer.
The former Philadelphia Union executive "will oversee key internal operating departments, including finance, construction, administration, information technology and operations".
"We look forward to having Dennis use his extensive experience in MLS to help enhance our business operations consistent with our vision to be an innovative franchise," said FC Cincinnati president and general manager Jeff Berding.
Elsewhere, the Columbus Crew has hired Tim Bezbatchenko as club president. Dee Haslam, JW Johnson and Pete Edwards will be confirmed as new 'investor-operators' on Wednesday. A press conference that "ushers in a new era" has been announced.
Andy Loughnane has been named the Austin FC president.


text:
FCA fines Barclays £26 million over treatment of customers in financial difficulty
The bank has redressed customers, paying more than £273 million to at least 1.53 million account holders since 2017
FCA found that the bank failed to properly understand customers' circumstances, leading it to offer unaffordable solutions (Image: Reuters)
The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) has fined Barclays Bank £26m for failures in relation to the treatment of consumer credit customers who fell into arrears or experienced financial difficulties.
Barclays has pro-actively redressed these customers, paying more than £273m to at least 1.53 million customer accounts since 2017.
Between April 2014 and December 2018 some retail and small business customers who had been offered consumer credit were treated poorly when they fell into arrears. The FCA found that Barclays failed to treat customers fairly or to act with due skill, care and diligence.
Specifically, Barclays:
failed to follow its customers' contact policies for customers who fell into arrears;
failed to have appropriate conversations with customers to help understand the reasons for the arrears, and;
failed to properly understand customers' circumstances leading it to offer unaffordable, or unsustainable, forbearance solutions.
The FCA requires consumer credit firms to take adequate measures to properly understand customers' financial difficulties. It also requires firms to show forbearance and due consideration to customers in arrears or in financial difficulties. Otherwise, a customer under financial pressures could end up making payments on a consumer credit loan at the expense of a priority debt, such as a mortgage, council tax, child support and utility bills.
Mark Steward, the FCA's executive director of enforcement and market oversight, said: "Consumers should feel reassured that their lender will work with them to help resolve any financial difficulties, whereas Barclays's poor treatment of its customers risked making these difficulties worse.
"Firms must treat consumer credit customers fairly, including when they find themselves in arrears - we will take action against unfair treatment, or where firm systems expose customers to the risk of unfairness.
"While this case predates the pandemic, this message is especially important as the impact of coronavirus continues to affect household incomes and budgets."
Bank branch consultation rules have done little to halt tide of closures, says Which?
Banking industry hit with glitches five times per week
Barclays identified some of the problems as early as 2014, but due to systems and controls failings these were not fully rectified. Adequate measures to resolve the problems were subsequently taken.
The FCA took the redress programme into account when setting its fine. Barclays did not dispute the FCA's findings and agreed to settle the case - as a result, the bank qualified for a 30% discount and the financial penalty would otherwise have been £37.2m.
The regulator warned that firms should ensure there is appropriate investment in their staff who work in collections and recoveries, including in training and effective management information, to allow firms to monitor customer outcomes and take appropriate action where needed.


text:
Hrabstwo Dinwiddie – hrabstwo w USA, w stanie Wirginia, według spisu z 2000 roku liczba ludności wynosiła 24533. Siedzibą hrabstwa jest Dinwiddie.

Geografia
Według spisu hrabstwo zajmuje powierzchnię 1313 km², z czego 1304 km² stanowią lądy, a 9 km² stanowią wody.

Miasta
 McKenney

Dinwiddie