text:
Paris police arrest 102 as thousands of Yellow Vests mobilize for fresh round of protests
by Compiled from Wire Services
ISTANBUL Jan 26, 2019 - 3:39 pm GMT+3
A protester wearing a yellow vest takes part in a demonstration by the ,yellow vests, movement near the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, France, January 12, 2019. (REUTERS Photo)
by Compiled from Wire Services Jan 26, 2019 3:39 pm
At least 102 Yellow Vest protestors were arrested on Saturday in the French capital Paris, where the police officers used tear gas and water cannon on the protestors.
Protesters walked through central Paris from the Finance Ministry in the east to the surroundings of the Arc de Triomphe in the west.
Some scuffles broke out between police and protesters near the monument. Security forces used tear gas to push back some protesters who were throwing rocks and other objects at them.
Police established a car ban on the nearby Champs-Elysees avenue.
Paris police say 40 people were arrested Saturday before and during the protests, primarily for carrying potential weapons.
Meanwhile, more than 1,000 yellow vest protesters, according to local authorities were marching in Bourges, a provincial capital with a renowned Gothic cathedral and picturesque wood-framed houses. Online groups mounted calls over the past week for actions in the town because of its location in the center of France.
Authorities deployed 80,000 security forces nationwide for the anti-government protests. Interior Minister Christophe Castaner threatened tough retaliation against rioters and their backers, warning of increasing radicalization among the largely peaceful demonstrators.
The movement waned over the holidays but appears to be resurging, despite Macron's promises of billions of euros in tax relief and an upcoming "national debate" to address demonstrators' concerns. Protesters want deeper changes to France's economy and politics, seen as favoring the rich.
Paris police said they wouldn't let down their guard, and deployed armored vehicles, horses and attack dogs around the city. Subway stations and some shops closed, notably around government buildings and the Champs-Elysees, the sparkling avenue whose luxury boutiques have been hit by repeated rioting in past protests.
Paris police said in a statement they made several arrests before Saturday's actions, notably in France's historic Gypsy or traveler community, which has called for protests in support of a boxer caught on video punching police last weekend in central Paris.
That incident dominated French media over the past week and prompted fears of resurgent tensions between protesters and police. Boxer Christophe Dettinger turned himself in to police and is in custody pending trial.
Other protests are planned in several French cities Saturday, but many actions aren't officially declared in advance and pop up in unexpected places. Last Saturday, authorities estimated 50,000 people protested nationwide, including 3,500 in Paris.
The protests started with drivers opposing fuel tax increases, which is why participants wear the fluorescent vests French motorists must keep in their vehicles. But it has mushroomed into a broad-based revolt against years of shrinking purchasing power and Macron's pro-business policies.
Some yellow vest groups hope to translate that into votes in the European elections in May.
5,000-year-old artifacts unearthed in Sumerian city of Girsu in Iraq


The optimal management of chronic abacterial prostatitis is not known. A systematic review of the literature was done to answer the following questions: Are there accurate, reliable tests to diagnose chronic abacterial prostatitis? Are there effective therapies for it?
Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE (1966 to 1999), the Cochrane Library, and bibliographies of identified articles and reviews and by contacting an expert.
Diagnostic test articles were included if they reported on controlled studies; treatment articles were included if they reported on randomized or controlled trials. No language restrictions were applied.
For each selected article, two investigators independently extracted key data on study design, patient characteristics, diagnostic test or treatment characteristics, and outcomes.
19 diagnostic test articles and 14 treatment trials met the inclusion criteria. The disparity among studies in design, interventions, and other factors precluded quantitative analysis or pooling of the findings. Diagnostic test articles included 1384 men (mean age, 33 to 67 years) and evaluated infection; inflammation, immunology, and biochemistry; psychological factors; and ultrasonography. Treatment trials included 570 men (mean age, 38 to 45 years) and evaluated medications used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, thermotherapy, and miscellaneous medications. No trial was done in the United States.
There is no gold-standard diagnostic test for chronic abacterial prostatitis, and the methodologic quality of available studies of diagnostic tests is low. The few treatment trials are methodologically weak and involved small samples. The routine use of antibiotics and α-blockers to treat chronic abacterial prostatitis is not supported by the existing evidence.
Published: Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(5):367-381.


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814 F. 2d 1523 - Kennedy v. R Bowen
814 F2d 1523 Kennedy v. R Bowen
17 Soc.Sec.Rep.Ser. 140, Unempl.Ins.Rep. CCH 17,346
James E. KENNEDY, Plaintiff-Appellant,
Otis R. BOWEN, Secretary, Department of Health and Human
Services, Defendant-Appellee.
David W. Palmer, Crestview, Fla., for plaintiff-appellant.
Michael P. Finney, Asst. U.S. Atty., Pensacola, Fla., Elyse S. Sharfman, Office of General Counsel, Dept. of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Ga., for defendant-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida.
Before RONEY, Chief Judge, EDMONDSON, Circuit Judge, and TUTTLE, Senior Circuit Judge.
TUTTLE, Senior Circuit Judge:
This case addresses a disability claimant's right to procedural due process when seeking review of a decision within the Social Security Administration. We hold that when a partially-successful claimant appeals from an administrative law judge's decision, the appeals council must give notice of its intent to re-examine issues not challenged by the claimant. Once given notice, the claimant may not object to the council's authority to revisit any aspect of the ALJ's decision. Absent such notice, an appeals council may not sua sponte expand the scope of review and upset a claimant's partially favorable decision by raising an issue that was not appealed.
We find that this notice requirement stems from the regulations and that its observance meets the dictates of due process and fundamental fairness. Pacific Molasses Co. v. Federal Trade Commission, 356 F.2d 386 (5th Cir.1966).1 Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the district court and order the appellant's disability benefits reinstated on the ground that no such notice was afforded in this case.
James E. Kennedy, age 56, worked as a truck driver until October 5, 1977. Mr. Kennedy ceased work because of a host of physical and mental disabilities. On March 1, 1978, in an effort to get Social Security disability benefits, Mr. Kennedy submitted an application to the administration claiming that he has been disabled since October, 1977. On February 1, 1979, the administration denied his application.
Kennedy filed a second application, this time with the help of counsel, on September 14, 1979. Kennedy again claimed October, 1977 as the onset date of his disability. This application resulted in a hearing before an administrative law judge on August 20, 1981. The ALJ found Kennedy disabled and therefore entitled to benefits but ruled that his disability began in April of 1980. Content with the finding of disability but dissatisfied as to its date of onset, Kennedy sought to appeal in order to again show that his disability began in October of 1977. Kennedy filed a timely request for review as required by the regulations. In his appeal, Kennedy only addressed the issue of the onset date of his disability.
Apparently, the only contact the administration had with Kennedy during the pendency of his appeal was to begin paying him disability benefits. On November 6, 1981, the administration awarded him a lump sum to compensate him retroactively to April of 1980, in addition to initiating his monthly payments. These payments continued for some two and one-half years. Significantly, the administration neglected to inform Kennedy during this time of its intent to challenge the ALJ's disability determination.
On July 21, 1982, eleven months after the ALJ entered its finding of disability, the appeals council rendered its decision without a hearing. Re-visiting sua sponte the issue of disability and not merely its onset date, the council expressed its dissatisfaction with the ALJ's underlying finding of disability and remanded the case to a different ALJ for further proceedings.
On November 30, 1982, the new ALJ issued a decision denying Kennedy benefits. This judge placed particular emphasis on Kennedy's alleged failure to cooperate with an examining physician. Apparently, Kennedy had become upset and acted uncooperatively during a psychological examination. On this basis, and independently on his belief that Kennedy was not disabled, this ALJ overturned the first ALJ's finding of disability. Kennedy timely sought review but this time the appeals council disallowed his appeal and the decision became final. On August 5, 1983, Kennedy timely filed an action before the district court which gave rise to this appeal. In July of 1984, Kennedy's benefits were terminated.
This opinion addresses the issue of what notice, if any, is due in the case of a claimant-initiated appeal when the appeals council intends to revisit an issue decided favorably to the claimant below that the claimant has not challenged on appeal. The importance of such notice is clearly apparent. A partially successful claimant, not given reason to believe that a favorable portion of the decision below is at risk, will direct his or her appeal to that portion of the decision that was unfavorable. Absent a reason to act to the contrary, claimants will not waste time and energy telling an appeals council why a favorable yet unchallenged aspect of a decision should stand. When an appeals council sua sponte and without notice expands the scope of its review in this manner the council typically finds the claimant off guard and unprepared. Understandably, the claimant has not tendered evidence in support of the favorable finding nor has the claimant addressed the unanticipated legal issues in his or her brief. Such action not only severely disadvantages the claimant's case, it also works to the detriment of the appeals council. The reliability of a council's decisions is undermined when a council decides an appeal on less than all the relevant evidence and legal arguments as is the case when a council acts in this manner.
Our mere recognition of the advantages of notice in this situation, however, is not authority for the proposition that such notice must be given. Rather, the notice requirement must stem from the Social Security Administration's regulations. Furthermore, this Court is not unmindful of the deference it must give to an administrative agency's interpretation of its regulations. United States v. Larionoff, 431 U.S. 864, 872-73, 97 S.Ct. 2150, 2155-56, 53 L.Ed.2d 48 (1977). In reaching our conclusion, we find inherent in our reading of the Social Security regulations the requirement that in the case of a claimant-initiated review the appeals council must give reasonable notice to the claimant of its intent to revisit an issue decided favorably to the claimant below which the claimant is not challenging on appeal. Absent such notice, the appeals council may not sua sponte expand the scope of review to the detriment of the claimant. As this notice requirement may be discerned from the regulations, the dictates of due process and fundamental fairness require that the administration follow it.
In recognizing this notice requirement, we acknowledge that we address a relatively novel issue. Two Circuits have approached this question and they are split. In deciding this matter, we align ourselves with the Third Circuit and its well reasoned opinion in Powell v. Heckler, 789 F.2d 176 (3rd Cir.1986). In so doing, we reject the reasoning of the Seventh Circuit in DeLong v. Heckler, 771 F.2d 266 (7th Cir.1985).
Turning now to the regulations, we note that the appeals council is the final step in the Social Security Administration's multi-tiered administrative review process.2 The decision of the appeals council carries the weight of a final decision of the Secretary of Health and Human Services.3 Typically, review of the Secretary's decisions must come from without the system and in the federal courts.4
The administrative law judge's tribunal is one tier below the appeals council in the system of review.5 There are two ways for an ALJ's decision to come before the appeals council. A claimant may initiate review6 or the appeals council may decide to review a decision on its own-motion.7 A decision not reviewed by the council becomes the final decision of the Secretary.8 The two methods of origin for appeals council review deserve some focus.
Sections 404.967 and 404.968 provide for claimant-initiated review.9 Summarized as follows, they allow a dissatisfied claimant to file a written request for review before the appeals council within sixty days of the administrative law judge's decision. Significantly, the council has the discretion to deny the claimant's request, in which case the ALJ's decision becomes binding, or alternatively, to grant the request for review. In either case, the council must notify the claimant of its action.
The other origin of review is when the appeals council decides to hear a case on its own-motion. Section 404.969 describes this method. It provides that:
Anytime within 60 days after the date of a hearing decision or dismissal, the Appeals Council itself may decide to review the action that was taken. If the Appeals Council does review the hearing decision or dismissal, notice of the action will be mailed to all parties at their last known address.
20 C.F.R. Sec. 404.969 (1986).
In conjunction, these regulations illustrate the appeals council's complete control over the review process. In the case of a claimant-initiated review, the council decides whether or not to allow the appeal. Alternatively, when the council wishes to review a case on its own-motion, it has the authority to do so. Furthermore, while there is a limited number of cases which the council is constrained to review, the council exercises unbridled discretion in the overwhelming majority of cases in deciding whether or not to review a case or to allow an appeal.10
Turning to the merits, we view that section of the regulations governing notice. Section 404.973 speaks directly to the council's responsibility in this regard. It provides that:
When the Appeals Council decides to review a case, it shall mail a notice to all parties at their last known address stating the reasons for the review and the issues to be considered.
20 C.F.R. Sec. 404.973 (1986) (emphasis added).
The meaning of Sec. 404.973 is clear. This provision applies in cases of both claimant-initiated and appeals council own-motion review. Under each circumstance, it is beyond question that "the Appeals Council decides to review a case." Id. This is so in the case of a claimant-initiated review because once the claimant has sought an appeal, "[t]he appeals council may deny or dismiss the request for review, or it may grant the request...." When the council grants the request, it has in effect "decide[d] to review [the] case." In cases of appeals council own-motion review, the provision also states that the council decides to review the case. The regulation provides that "[a]nytime within 60 days after the date of a hearing decision or dismissal, the Appeals Council may itself decide to review the action that was taken...." Sec. 404.969 (1986) (emphasis added).
Since in each method for initiating review the appeals council decides to review a case, we find that the plain language of Sec. 404.973 is applicable in both types of cases. Accordingly, the council must abide by the notice requirement by "stating the reasons for the review and the issues to be considered." Sec. 404.973 (emphasis added). Furthermore, we hold that as a correllary of this provision, failure to provide the appropriate notice limits the appeals council's authority to expand the scope of review and consider issues not appealed by the claimant in order to upset the claimant's partial success in the tribunal below.
In reaching our decision today, we align ourselves with the Third Circuit's holding in Powell v. Heckler, 789 F.2d 176 (3rd Cir.1986). We note, however, that in basing our decision directly on Sec. 404.973 of the regulations, our reasoning is somewhat different than the Third Circuit's in Powell.
In Powell, the Third Circuit extrapolated its notice requirement from Sec. 404.969 which addresses appeals council own-motion review. The Court reasoned that when the council expands its scope of review in a claimant-initiated appeal, this expansion is equivalent to the appeals council's own-motion review of the added issues. As such, the council is not absolved from its usual notice requirement under Sec. 404.969. Powell, 789 F.2d at 178. This reasoning, added to the Court's reading of the regulatory scheme as a whole, led the Powell Court to the same result, albeit by a different route, as this Court reaches today.
While we find the Powell Court's interpretation of the regulations is a reasonable one, we believe that a more appropriate basis for the decision lies in Sec. 404.973. As stated, the plain language of this provision is applicable in cases of claimant-initiated and own-motion review. Because we find that the general notice requirement of Sec. 404.973 is applicable, we choose to rely on it as the basis of our holding instead of inferring a notice requirement from Sec. 404.969 which by definition applies in cases of appeals council own-motion review. We note, however, that the result is the same.
Having expressed our decision, we write briefly on the subject of the Seventh Circuit's decision in DeLong v. Heckler, 771 F.2d 266 (7th Cir.1985). The DeLong Court found the type of notice we consider today to be redundant and therefore unnecessary. According to the Seventh Circuit, since the claimant requests the appeal in the case of a claimant-initiated review, the claimant is aware of the pendency of the appeal and therefore notice from the council is pointless. DeLong, 771 F.2d at 268.
We are unable to adopt the Seventh Circuit's reasoning in DeLong. Notice of the council's intent to expand the scope of review beyond those issues challenged by the claimant is simply not redundant. While notice may be considered redundant where the council intends to review only those issues challenged by the claimant, such is not the case when the council intends to broaden the scope of review. The DeLong Court's ruling promotes the use of the element of surprise and to encourage decisions on less than all the relevant evidence and fewer than all the pertinent legal arguments. We decline to adopt such a practice.11
In conclusion, we find the notice requirement of Sec. 404.973 applicable in cases of both claimant-initiated review under Sec. 404.967 and appeals council own-motion review under Sec. 404.969, and that observance of the notice provision is dictated by due process and fundamental fairness. In this case, as Mr. Kennedy was denied such notice, the appeals council exceeded the scope of its authority in re-visiting the underlying issue of disability on appeal. Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the district court and order that Mr. Kennedy's disability benefits be reinstated as of the date of their termination in July of 1984.
REVERSED and REMANDED with instructions.
In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206 (11th Cir.1981) (en banc), this Court adopted as precedent all of the decisions of the former Fifth Circuit decided prior to October 1, 1981
For a concise description of the Social Security administrative review process, see Stieberger v. Heckler, 615 F.Supp. 1315, 1324-25 (S.D.N.Y.1985) modified in Steiberger v. Bowen, 801 F.2d 29 (2nd Cir.1986)
See, e.g., Parker v. Bowen, 788 F.2d 1512, 1516-17 (11th Cir.1986) (en banc)
20 C.F.R. Sec. 404.981 (1986)
20 C.F.R. Sec. 404.929--Sec. 404.965 (1986)
Sec. 404.967 Appeals Council review--general
If you or any other party is dissatisfied with the hearing decision or with the dismissal of a hearing request, you may request that the Appeals Council review that action. The Appeals Council may deny or dismiss the request for review, or it may grant the request and either issue a decision or remand the case to an administrative law judge. The Appeals Council shall notify the parties at their last known address of the action it takes.
Sec. 404.968. How to request Appeals Council review.
(a) Time and place to request Appeals Council review. You may request Appeals Council review by filing a written request. Any documents or other evidence you wish to have considered by the Appeals Council should be submitted with your request for review. You may file your request--
(1) Within 60 days after the date you receive notice of the hearing decision or dismissal (or within the extended time period if we extend the time as provided in paragraph (b) of this section);
Parker v. Bowen, 788 F.2d 1512, 1518 (11th Cir.1986) (en banc), see also Mullen v. Bowen, 800 F.2d 535 (6th Cir.1986) (en banc); Deters v. Secretary of Health, Educ. & Welfare, 789 F.2d 1181, 1184 (5th Cir.1986); Bauzo v. Bowen, 803 F.2d 917 (7th Cir.1986); Fierro v. Bowen, 798 F.2d 1351, 1354 (10th Cir.1986); Razey v. Heckler, 785 F.2d 1426 (9th Cir.1986), amended 794 F.2d 1348; Lopez-Cardona v. Secretary, 747 F.2d 1081, 1083 (1st Cir.1984); Baker v. Heckler, 730 F.2d 1147, 1150 (8th Cir.1984); Kellough v. Heckler, 785 F.2d 1147, 1149, n. 2 (4th Cir.1986) criticizing Parris v. Heckler, 733 F.2d 324, 325-26 (4th Cir.1984)
Hypothetically, we can imagine only one set of circumstances under which to accept the DeLong Court's redundancy argument. The notice this Court provides for today would be redundant only if in each case the appeals council's role is to re-examine every aspect of the case on appeal. In other words, if the council's role was to, in effect, re-try each case then mere notice of the pendency of appeal would be sufficient because a claimant would prepare for an appeal as though it were a re-enactment of the entire ALJ proceeding. This, of course, would require the claimant to re-parade each witness, re-supply all the evidence, and re-state each legal argument made before the ALJ
We can imagine the devastating effect of such a practice on an already overburdened and backlogged system. Fortunately, the regulations provide for a more workable review process. This opinion has examined the appeals council's ability to limit its caseload by declining to review a claimant-initiated appeal. Further, in those cases the council does review, the regulations grant the council the authority to limit the issues on appeal. 20 C.F.R. Sec. 404.976(a) (1986). Similarly, the type of notice provided for in this opinion works to expedite the review process by focusing the claimant's appeal on those matters concerning the council.
In sum, since the appeals council does not typically intend to re-visit every aspect of a case in the course of its review, it is unfair to expect a claimant to be prepared to completely re-try his or her case without notice. As the redundancy argument made in DeLong distorts the realities of the review process, we decline to accept it.

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You teach so many people, have written books, taught other masters, attained such a high level of awakening, what is your greatest wisdom from all your knowledge and experience? What would your fundamental message be to our readers?
Once I asked my teacher, Sifu Ho Fatt Nam, what he considered the highest attainment in our training. He thought for a while, then replied.
This is Cantonese, the language my teacher and I used. Word by word the phrase means "heart thinks events materialize". What your future is going to be is what you conceptualize it to be!
Although I was not matured enough then to grasp the deep meaning and full significance, even at that young age I could see this great wisdom rightly described all important aspects of my life.
When I was a small boy in primary (elementary) school, I heard of a great secondary (high) school called Penang Free School, described by its headmaster as the best school east of Suez. I was so fascinated that with a friend of my age we took a bus to have a look at this school, which in my boyish mind seemed so far, far away from my house.
I was not outstanding in my studies then and there was nowhere I could be admitted to this prestigious school. But I made up my mind to study there. Just before an important common examination for all primary schools, I was sick with influenza, which was uncommon for me since practicing Shaolin Kungfu two years ago from my first teacher, Uncle Righteousness.
So I could not attend kungfu classes, which I loved, nor go out to play. I was confined to my bed. But I could study my school lessons, which I hardly did before. Miraculously, what I studied came out in the important examination and I was graded to be among the top students of the state, and thus gained admission to the fabulous Penang Free School.
Although I was not studious in school, I had a very happy and colourful school life. So I wanted to be a teacher. While I was undergoing teachers' training at the Malayan Teachers' College in Kuala Lumpur, I met an exceptionally brilliant student who became my good friend at the college.
I knew my limitations, knowing that there was no doubt my friend would be the best student of the collage, I wanted to be the second best. And it turned out to be. When the final examination results were out, my friend and I were the first and second topping the list of all students.
Later when I continued my studies at university, while my university mates studied very hard, I spend most of my time playing Chinese chess, reading on books not related to my university studies and helping a childhood friend, who was then a famous kungfu master in Kuala Lumpur, teaching kungfu and Lion Dance. But I still want to do well in my university examination. I scored all As in my results. Heart thinks and events materialize.
I wanted to have a good and beautiful wife, a lot of lovely children and a happy family. I did – of course, I still do and will always do. Heart thinks and events materialize.
When I found that kungfu had deteriorated to a ridiculous level, I wanted to preserve its glory and greatness and spread its wonderful benefits to deserving students all over the world irrespective of their race, culture and religion. I made this wish at a time when it seemed impossible to do so. Now I am glad and grateful that I have succeeded.
Traditionally high-level chi kung, or nei kung which means internal art, is taught only to selected kungfu students who have proven their worthiness after many years with the master. I found that this traditional manner of teaching could not help those in need of it to overcome their so-called incurable diseases.
I wished to help these people, irrespective of their race, culture and religion, to regain good health. So I did the unthinkable, much to the opposition and chargin of many traditional masters. I opened high-level chi kung to the public and unlocked its secrets. Today, countless people have overcome their so-called incurable diseases after learning from our school, Shaolin Wahnam.
All these events illustrate the great wisdom taught to me by my teacher, Sifu Ho Fatt Nam – heart thinks, events materialize.
This great wisdom is also taught by ancient great teachers, and confirmed by the latest science.
The Buddha, for example, teaches that the most important cause of karma is thought. In other words, what your future will turn out to be is most influenced by what you think. In fact, the phenomenal world is the result of thought. Not only your future is the result of your thought, the phenomenal world itself is the result of what people think it to be.
This great truth is confirmed by the latest science. A famous scientist puts it in an interesting way. If you put a cat into a box with deadly poison, and close the lid of the box, whether the cat is alive or dead depends on whether you think the cat is alive or dead.
Another famous scientist asserts that when you see the moon in the sky, it is because you conceptualize the moon in the sky; if you do not think of it, there is no moon in the sky.
Scientists have confirmed that an electron is where it is because we conceptualize it to be where it is. Otherwise it is nowhere or everywhere – again depending on how we conceptualize it.
This great wisdom points to a greater wisdom. As heart thinks, events materialize, it is of utmost importance to think only of noble thoughts. This is not just for altruism, it is for your own sake.
When one thinks of bad things, bad things will happen to him. When he thinks of good things, good things will happen to him. When he thinks of evil, be becomes evil. When he thinks nobly, he becomes noble.
This is not superstition, and has nothing to do with religion. It is karma, which means cause and effect. Goodness will always result in goodness, evilness will always result in evilness, and the most important cause is thought.
This wisdom has been validated throughout centuries, and is now confirmed by science. If you want good things to happen to you, think of good things. If one has bad thoughts, even when he does not want bad things to happen to him, they will happen. It is not that he is punished by God or whatever term he calls the Supreme, but he gets the result of his evil mind. After all, the whole world is a result of mind.
This is the greatest wisdom from all my knowledge and experience – that the phenomenal, including the world we live in and various heavens many people aspire to go to in their afterlife, is a function of mind. The Supreme Cosmic Realtiy is undifferentiated, infinite and eternal, called by different peoples by different names, such as God, Brahman, Tao, Suchness, Original Face or the collapse of particles into universal energy.
But "greatest" is relative. What is greatest to some, may not be greatest to others. For those who want to live a happy, healthy, long life, which in practical terms means all people except fools and saints, the greatest wisdom is always to have noble thoughts for themselves and other people.
Evil or bad is what brings harm. Noble or good is what brings benefit.
When a friend is sick, for example, if you think, or worse, tell him that he has to resign himself to a life of taking medication, it is having evil thought. If you tell him that he can recover, it is having noble thoughts.
Please note that you are not telling him a lie. It is true that he can get well. A lot of people suffering from so-called incurable diseases and are supposed to die, have recovered and now lead healthy lives after learning chi kung from me or my certified instructors or chi kung healers.
Please also note that telling a person that he can recover does not necessarily mean he will certainly recover. In the same principle, everyone in our modern society can become a millionaire, but not everyone will certainly become a millionaire.
If you are not as happy as you feel you should be in your workplace or family life, and think it is your destiny, it is having an evil thought. If you think that your boss or your spouse, and not you, should improve your work or family life, it is also having an evil thought. If you think you can have a happier workplace or family life, and you, not your boss or spouse, are going to do something about it, it is having noble thoughts.
This is the fundamental message I would like to share with our readers. Regardless of whether we are a pauper or a king, living in a desert or a crowded city, just coming out of school or entering retirement, we have a choice. We can choose to have good thoughts or bad thoughts. Good thoughts will result in good things happening to us, bad thoughts will result in bad things. The choice is yours.
The above extract is reproduced from "Your True Nature: Wisdom of Living Masters" by Natalie Deane and Damian Lafont.
This entry was posted in Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit and tagged Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit, Lessons on October 10, 2017 by Wei Joo Lee.


text:
Nguyen Duc Long
You are here: Home1 / Nguyen Duc Long
Name: Nguyen Duc Long
Firm Name: TRI VIET & ASSOCIATES
Country: Vietnam
Expertise: Intellectual Property Law
Email: longnd@trivietlaw.com.vn
No. 01, Tran Quy Kien Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
Nguyen Duc Long is our exclusively recommended Intellectual Property Law expert in Vietnam on the Advisory Excellence website. If you need assistance in this area, please contact Nguyen directly using the contact details listed above.
Mr. Nguyen Duc Long is a licensed and registered Lawyer and Patent Attorney in Vietnam. He also is the Founder and Managing Partner of TRI VIET & ASSOCIATES – a full licensed International IP Agent & Law Firm in Vietnam. For more information about TRI VIET & ASSOCIATES and personnel, you are kindly invited to visit www.trivietlaw.com.vn.
Prior to the foundation of TRI VIET & ASSOCIATES, Mr. Nguyen Duc Long has involved in the field of intellectual property, especially in addressing issues relating to patent since 1992. He was the Head of Patent Department of the Investment Consultancy & IP Company (a first and leading stated owned IP company belonging to Ministry of Science and Technology) from 1992 to 2002, ALPHA Intellectual Property Agent from 2002 to 2004, and TRI VIET & ASSOCIATES from 2004 to present. In the capacity as the Head of Patent Department of these IP firms, Mr. Long has managed and directly handled more than one thousand patent applications (especially PCT applications) of the clients from USA, England, Japan, France, Germany, Korea, Taiwan…. and from other countries around the world. Therefore, Mr. Long has much experience and expertise in patent prosecution, enforcement, litigation and other related-patent issues in Vietnam. These have been certified by Director of the Investment Consultancy & IP Company and recommended by NOIP's Officers.
Mr. Long was an APAA Patent Committee member of Vietnam Recognized Group in the period of 2009-2012, and in this period, he has made and reported the Vietnam Patent Country Reports at annual APAA council meetings.
2009-2012: APAA Patent Committee Member of Vietnam Recognized Group
2004 to present: Managing Director, IP Lawyer, Registered Patent Attorney – Tri Viet & Associates
2002-2004: Head of Patent Division – Alpha Intellectual Property Law Firm.
1992-2002: Investment Consultancy & IP Company – a first and leading state owned IP company belonging to Ministry of Science, Technology and Environments
1989-1991: Physical Engineer – Vietnam National Center for Environmental Protection
Vietnam Bar Federation (VBF)
Hanoi Bar Association (HBA)
Vietnam Intellectual Property Association (VIPA)
Asian Patent Attorney Association (APAA)
International Trademark Association (INTA)
1998: LLB – Hanoi Law University
1996: Patenting in Asian Countries course, held by WIPO in Singapore
1996: Sales & Marketing Management course, held by AOTS (Japan) and PSB (Singapore) in Singapore
1988: BSc – Physical Department – Hanoi University of Science – National University of Vietnam
TRI VIET & ASSOCIATES is a registered and fully licensed INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY & LAW FIRM based in Hanoi, Vietnam. The firm was founded in 2004 by Mr. Nguyen Duc Long – an engineer, licensed and registered Patent Attorney and Attorney at Law, who has involved in the field of intellectual property since 1992, especially in dealing with PATENT related matters, and two other qualified partners: one is a trademark attorney and the other is a licensed lawyer, who also have nearly 25 years of experience in TRADEMARK, LITIGATION and other IP related matters in Vietnam.
Practice Areas and Jurisdictions
TRI VIET & ASSOCIATES provides clients with a full range of IP services, strongly focuses on PATENT and PCT services, including but not limited to Searching, Advising, Counseling, Drafting, Translation, Preparation, Filing, Prosecution, Appeal and Opposition, Licensing, Transferring, Litigation, Maintenance, etc. in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar and in any other jurisdictions upon client's requests.
Industries and Technologies
TRI VIET & ASSOCIATES provides PATENT and IP services in a wide range of industries and modern technologies, including but not limited to:
AgriBio / Agricultural / AgriFood / Agrochemicals / Automation / Automotive / Aviation / Biochemical / Biomedical / Biophysical / Biotechnology / Chemical / Chemicals / Clean & Green Technology / Communications / Computer / Construction / Consumer Products / Edutech / Electrical / Electromechanical / Electronic / Energy / Food & Beverage / Genetic / Laser / Machinery / Manufacturing / Materials / Mechanical / Mechatronic / Medical / Metallurgy / Molecular Biology / Nanotechnology / Oil and Gas / Optical / Packaging / Petro-Chemical / Pharmaceutical / Pharmaceuticals / Physical / Polymers / Printing / Robotics / Semiconductor / Signal Processing / Telecommunications / Textiles / Transportation / Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ….
TRI VIET & ASSOCIATES has a team of in-house patent and trademark attorneys and practitioners, who hold the law, science and engineering degrees and some of them hold advanced degrees from the universities in Vietnam and abroad. In addition, a network of local technical advisers from technical universities, science universities and research institutes has been established and it always supports our patent staff in difficult, specific and high-tech cases.
Physical Resource
A computerized IP record management system (including hardware and software) together with the digitization of records enable us to store, manage, process and execute the works efficiently, quickly and accurately.
Professional Relationships
TRI VIET & ASSOCIATES has a good professional relationship and effective cooperation with state competent authorities to take protection, enforcement and handling infringements of client's IP rights in Vietnam, such as Courts, Inspectorates, Market Management Agencies, Customs Offices, Police Agencies and the People's Committees of all levels.
The location of TRI VIET & ASSOCIATES head office in Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, about 6km away from NOIP, plus a close and professional relationship with NOIP, enable us to directly meet, work and discuss with examiners for solving any urgent and complicated problem in relation to a pending application.
TRI VIET & ASSOCIATES is a member of VBF (Vietnam Bar Federation), HBA (Hanoi Bar Association), VIPA (Vietnam Intellectual Property Association), INTA, AIPPI and APAA.
With nearly 30 years of experience in the field of IP protection and enforcement in Vietnam, along with the above highlighted strengths in professional experience, human resources, physical resources and professional relationships, all that enable TRI VIET & ASSOCIATES to provide IP services in general and PATENT services in particular to the domestic and international clients in all technical fields, ranging from multinational companies to individual inventors in a qualitative, effective, reliable, and cost-effective manner.
Dahlia Joseph Rowe Lusungu Gondwe


Price does not include residence tax and is charged per adult per day: €1,1. Accommodation lasting less than 3 days increases the price by 30%. Addition for half board (breakfast + dinner) for apartment guests, per person, per day: €22,-.
Children from 12 to 18 years old on the extra bed who do not use the half board service: per day: €12,-.


text:
La place du Marché ou place Rynok (, ) est la place centrale de la ville de Lviv, en Ukraine. Selon des données archéologiques, la place aurait été planifiée dans la seconde moitié du XIIIe siècle, sous le règne du prince Léon Ier de Galicie Cependant, il existe une longue tradition de datation ultérieure de l'émergence de la place, associée aux activités du roi polonais Casimir III de Pologne.

Description
La place est de forme rectangulaire, avec des dimensions de 142 mètres sur 129 mètres et avec deux rues qui partent de chaque coin. Au milieu se trouvait une rangée de maisons, dont le mur sud était constitué par l'hôtel de ville. Cependant, lorsqu'en 1825 la tour de l'hôtel de ville a brûlé, toutes les maisons adjacentes ont été démolies et un nouvel hôtel, avec une tour de 65 mètres, a été construit en 1835 par les architectes J. Markl et F. Trescher.

lieux d'intérêt

Autour de la place, il y a 44 maisons à étages, qui représentent plusieurs styles architecturaux, de la Renaissance au modernisme. Aux quatre coins, on trouve des fontaines-puits datant de 1793, probablement conçues par Hartman Witwer. Les sculptures représentent quatre figures mythologiques grecques : Neptune, Diane, Amphitrite et Adonis. En 1998, la place du marché, ainsi que le centre historique de la ville de Lviv, ont été reconnus comme patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO. Le Musée des uniformes militaires ukrainiens au 40, le palais Bandinelli, l'hôtel de ville de Lviv.

En images

Références

Liens externes

Place à Lviv
Place
Quartier de ville en Ukraine
Patrimoine mondial en Ukraine

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The ever-changing landscape of the private golf club industry has brought some recent changes to where you will be playing golf during the 2019 golf season. We are aware that you have many options but we would like you to consider Hollow Brook for your private club. If you are not aware, we are currently offering a dues reduction for any returning golf members. Please contact Eugene for details.
Over the past few seasons we completed our bunker renovation. We also hired a new golf course superintendent in September of 2017. Chris Smith comes with an impressive resume that incudes Hudson National Golf Club and Minisceongo Golf Club. In the short time that he has been with our team he has made an immediate impact to the condition of the golf course and his attention to detail will set Hollow Brook apart. The management team at Hollow Brook is committed to the day to day operations of the Club and keeping the golf course up to the standards of both the high and low handicap player.
Our unique affiliation continues with New Jersey National, Pine Barrens Country Club and Twisted Dunes (reduced greens fees at Twisted Dunes) which allows our members to play a variety of courses throughout the year.
If you would like to be reintroduced to our fine facility, please contact Eugene Peterson, our General Manager, at (914) 734-1500 Ext. 1113 and he will be happy to discuss the opportunities that are available to you as a former member.
Members are responsible for informing their guests of our guidelines and ensuring that each is adhered to.
All members are required to check in with the front desk or the pro shop prior to play, and must check in their guest(s), if any, as well.
Appropriate attire is required. It is the responsibility of the members to inform their guests, prior to visiting the club, of the dress code policy. Should a member hold or sponsor an event, it is the member's responsibility to notify guests, entertainment, photographer, volunteers, etc. of this policy.
Men's Golf Attire includes slacks, walking or Bermuda shorts and collared shirts, turtlenecks and mock turtlenecks with a neck length of 1 1⁄2" or longer. Shorts must be mid-thigh length or longer. Shirt tails must be tucked in at all times. Caps and hats are prohibited from being worn inside the clubhouse except for in the grille room, where, although the club prefers otherwise, hats or caps may be worn.
Women's Golf Attire includes slacks, walking or Bermuda shorts, skirts, collared and/or sleeved shirts, turtlenecks and mock turtlenecks with a neck length of 1 1⁄2" or longer. Shorts and skirts must be mid-thigh length or longer.
Inappropriate attire includes shorts and skirts that are shorter than mid-thigh length, sweat pants, cargo pants and shorts, tank tops, T-shirts, swimming or tennis attire and jeans. The club reserves the right to decide what is appropriate attire, in its sole discretion.
The practice range will be open on all days when the course is open. Range ball fees are included in the club's annual dues billing.
USGA Rules apply. All tournament contestants have an obligation to learn, understand and play within USGA Rules of Golf.
Although cell phones have become a common communications device, usage is restricted on the golf course and in the clubhouse, except in the case of an emergency or in designated areas.
Clubhouse: Approved locations include the conference room, offices, computer room, cart staging area, pavilion and in the parking lot. Members will be held responsible for their guests' cell phone usage. Please be courteous of your fellow members and keep calls to a minimum.
Cell phones are prohibited inside all areas of the locker room.
Golf Course: If you must place or receive a phone call on the golf course, you may do so from the cart on the way to your ball, on the tee box or behind the green after putting out. Playing partners and other golfers should be unaware of the call, and it should not slow up play. If necessary, skip the hole.
The General Manager and clubhouse staff have the authority to enforce this policy.
Violations of this policy will be brought to the attention of the General Manager and a warning may be issued. A second violation may result in the suspension of playing privileges for a period of time to be determined.
Cell phones used at Hollow Brook Golf Club must be on vibrate and not have an audible ring.
In large part, the success of our continued membership growth depends upon our members and your willingness to help. While great golf comes first, it is the cohesiveness of our membership that makes Hollow Brook truly remarkable. By referring your friends, family and associates to Hollow Brook Golf Club you will help expand the club with people you already know, thereby enhancing the camaraderie and fellowship of all. Through your recommendations, you will intensify Member pride by spreading the great word about our esteemed golf club. Our membership department is always available to help answer questions and to arrange for tours.
The club's liquor license is issued under the jurisdiction of the New York State Liquor Authority. This does not allow for the sale of alcohol to anyone under the age of twenty-one (21). Legal identification of age must be presented upon request. This ruling is strictly enforced. Staff is required to check for proper identification.
Alcohol purchases are for consumption on Club grounds only. Alcohol is not to be transported onto or off Club grounds by members, their families or their guests.
It is the responsibility of the staff to deny alcoholic beverages to anyone who appears intoxicated.
An intoxicated person is not permitted to operate a vehicle upon leaving Club grounds. If necessary, the Club will arrange an alternate form of transportation. The General Manager and the staff are authorized to strictly enforce this policy.
The management is sincerely concerned with the safety of all members, their families and their guests. Time spent at the club should be enjoyable. We would also like to fulfill our responsibilities as members of the community.
Smoking is NOT PERMITTED inside any part of any clubhouse, or any covered outside area of the clubhouse. This includes the entire clubhouse, all covered patios, the pro shop/bag storage room and the maintenance buildings. Smoking is allowed on the lower patio and in the cigar area located at the end of the veranda by the Pavilion.
Members may reserve golf starting times up to two weeks in advance in accordance with the Membership Plan. Members are urged to call the club in advance to avoid possible delays and to allow the staff to best serve them. Members and guests are required to register with the pro shop or front desk upon their arrival at the club.
All play will begin from the 1st tee unless specifically directed by the starter.
From opening day through May 1, tee times start at 8 AM.
From May 2 through September 7, tee times begin at 7 AM.
From September 8 through closing day, tee times begin at 8 AM.
Primary Members only from first tee time through 9:30 AM.
Secondary Members & Guests after 9:30 AM.
Tee times are subject to change at any time in the discretion of management.
AT ALL TIMES, BUT PARTICULARLY DURING THE HOUR FOLLOWING THE FIRST TEE TIME, GOLFERS MUST YIELD TO ALL WORKERS. DO NOT PLAY INTO ANY WORKER UNLESS THAT WORKER IS FIRST MADE AWARE OF YOUR PRESENCE. PLEASE BE 100% SURE THE WORKER IS IN FACT AWARE OF YOUR PRESENCE.
(2) When there is a clear hole ahead, invite properly constituted matches through.
Slow play will not be tolerated. Four hours and fifteen minutes is the acceptable pace of play for a four-ball. Our golf staff will monitor the pace of play.
(6) Encourage other players in your group to observe these rules.


text:
/// <reference path='_all.ts' />

namespace VeryfayIntern {

    export abstract class Activity<TTarget> {
        constructor(private _target: Common.Ctor<TTarget>) {
        }
        get target(): Common.Ctor<TTarget> {
            return this._target;
        }
        get targetType(): string {
            let type = Common.Utils.functionName(this.target);
            return type;
        }
    }
    export abstract class Container<TTarget> {
        abstract activities(): Activity<TTarget>[];
    }

    export class Create<TTarget> extends Activity<TTarget> {
        constructor(target: Common.Ctor<TTarget>) {
            super(target);
        }
    }
    export class Read<TTarget> extends Activity<TTarget> {
        constructor(target: Common.Ctor<TTarget>) {
            super(target);
        }
    }
    export class Update<TTarget> extends Activity<TTarget> {
        constructor(target: Common.Ctor<TTarget>) {
            super(target);
        }
    }
    export class Patch<TTarget> extends Activity<TTarget> {
        constructor(target: Common.Ctor<TTarget>) {
            super(target);
        }
    }
    export class Delete<TTarget> extends Activity<TTarget> {
        constructor(target: Common.Ctor<TTarget>) {
            super(target);
        }
    }

    export class CRUD<TTarget> extends Activity<TTarget> implements Container<TTarget> {
        private _activities: Activity<TTarget>[];
        constructor(target: Common.Ctor<TTarget>) {
            super(target);
            this._activities = [
                new Create<TTarget>(this.target),
                new Read<TTarget>(this.target),
                new Update<TTarget>(this.target),
                new Delete<TTarget>(this.target)];
        }
        activities() { return this._activities; }
    }
    Common.Utils.applyMixins(CRUD, [Container]);

    export class CRUDP<TTarget> extends Activity<TTarget> implements Container<TTarget> {
        private _activities: Activity<TTarget>[];
        constructor(target: Common.Ctor<TTarget>) {
            super(target);
            this._activities = [
                new CRUD<TTarget>(this.target),
                new Patch<TTarget>(this.target)];
        }
        activities() { return this._activities; }
    }
    Common.Utils.applyMixins(CRUDP, [Container]);
}


text:
Missouri backs off on rule requiring women get pelvic exam three days before abortion
Protesters opposed to Missouri's restrictive abortion law gathered at the St. Louis arch and marched to Gov. Mike Parson's office on May 30. JILL TOYOSHIBA JTOYOSHIBA@KCSTAR.COM
The state health department will no longer require Missouri's sole abortion provider to perform pelvic exams on patients at least three days prior to receiving an abortion, it announced Friday.
The practice has drawn major backlash nationally and been called "dehumanizing" by the clinic's operator, Planned Parenthood clinic of St. Louis. The clinic has always performed a pelvic the same day a patient receives a surgical abortion, and the requirement means two invasive vaginal exams per patient days apart. The clinic told the state Tuesday it would not comply.
Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services (DHSS) Director Dr. Randall Williams told reporters Friday that the agency would issue an emergency rule to relieve Planned Parenthood of the requirement.
"In looking at what they are doing and the fact that they think that causes a burden for patients to do (the pelvic exam) twice…as a clinician who practiced for 30 years, I'm sensitive to that," Williams said.
Williams said the rule would allow physicians to conduct pelvic exams the same day of a surgical abortion.
Physicians could also forgo the exam if it is deemed not "medically indicated," according to a lettersent to Planned Parenthood Friday morning notifying it that the agency would deny its licenserenewal application.
Planned Parenthood is in the midst of fighting DHSS in St. Louis Circuit Court after the agency allowed the clinic's license to lapse May 31. Judge Michael Stelzer ordered the agency to officially act on the application by Friday.
Even though Planned Parenthood has officially denied the license, the clinic can still offer abortions because of a preliminary injunction issued by Stelzer. He is deliberating on what will happen next in the case and has promised to issue an order in the coming weeks.
The issue of pelvic exams first arose after the clinic's annual inspection in March. DHSS cited the clinic for not performing a pelvic during the informed consent portion of the process, which comes at least 72 hours prior to the procedure.
During informed consent, physicians are required to discuss, or counsel, patients on the complications of abortion and read state-mandated literature.
DHSS has maintained that pelvic exams guide doctors in choosing the correct procedure so that it can be discussed with the patient during the informed consent period.
In the denial letter, DHSS said Planned Parenthood choosing to not perform the exam during informed consent is a "conflict with current law."
"Nevertheless, the Department believes that this issue may be resolved in a manner that promotes the Department's goals of quality patient care and safety," the letter stated.
Planned Parenthood held that the violation was a new interpretation by DHSS of a regulation to perform a pelvic exam prior to an abortion. In the last week of May, it reluctantly agreed to comply in the face of losing its license and has only performed two pelvic exams per patient since then, according to Planned Parenthood spokesperson Jesse Lawder.
Dr. Colleen McNicholas, a physician with the clinic, called for Gov. Mike Parson to remove Williams from office over the flip-flop.
"Williams abused his authority as a doctor and a health department director and traumatized over 100 women who were forced to undergo this exam," McNicholas, a physician with the clinic, said in a statement.
Pelvic exams will still be required for medication abortions, because they provide information needed by physicians to make medical decisions, Williams said.
Planned Parenthood has stopped offering medication abortions in Missouri, saying that performing pelvic exams for patients who take an abortfacient orally to be unethical. It has instead directed patients to its clinic across the border in St. Clair County, Ill.
Source: https://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article231835048.html?fbclid=IwAR0orYgskxH-8y-anH7-c7QQcGDm3b2UdmSyr9WLEqLVR0WjAgoPNomLDBE
3 Responses to "Missouri backs off on rule requiring women get pelvic exam three days before abortion"
Good to see that Missouri's Dept. of Public Health is not behaving like the Nazis' Ministry of Public Health.
WHEN are you going to get rid of the Lincoln green wallpaper or switch to WHITE FONT?
Do you ever read your readers' feedback??????
A few posts ago regarding a 12 yr old pregnant rape victim who cannot get an abortion, the devil incarnate John Dunkle wrote "we'll never stop rape by making it legal to murder a third party." (its "kill" not "murder").
Dunkle completely missed the point. He puts a non-sentient mass of cells that cannot exist except for the girl's body (and is therefore not a separate entity) ahead of the girl whose life he is OK with ruining. He is OK that she will likley suffer the memory of the rape every day for the next 9 months and probably much longer as well as go through a life threatening birth that likley will be by a cesarean section.
So let's kill the "mass of cells" who raped her. When we kill the innocent "mass of cells," that's murder.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Cosmological perturbation theory is an essential tool which connects
theories of the early universe with observation. Until recently
it was sufficient to use linear perturbation theory to make and compare
theoretical predictions with Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
experiments and data from large scale structure surveys. One of the
major breakthroughs at first order was the development of the
gauge-invariant formalism, initiated by Bardeen and others
\cite{Bardeen80,KS,MFB,LLBook}.
The next round of CMB observations, which will be carried by
observatories such as \emph{Planck}, together with data from
anisotropies in matter fields such as the neutral hydrogen, will
require gauge-invariant \emph{second order} perturbation theory. A
vigorous effort is therefore under way to develop higher-order
perturbation theory, and change it from what was once of mere academic
interest and a calculational nuisance, into a powerful tool, see for
example Refs.~\cite{Mukhanov,Gauge1,Met2,Noh,MW2004,Rigopoulos:2004gr,
Bartolo:2004if,Bart1,Nak3,LMS,Tom1,Lyth:2005du,
Rigopoulos:2005xx,Malik2005,Bart2,Nak5,Malik2006,Cov1,
Ananda1,Mena1,Ananda2}.

Considerable progress has already been made. Within the last five
years, reliable predictions have become available for the degree of
non-linearity imprinted by inflation in the CMB temperature anisotropy
beyond linear order,
e.g.~\cite{Maldacena,BartNG5,Seery:2005wm,Seery:2005gb,Vernizzi:2006ve,
Seery:2006vu,Battefeld:2006sz,Seery:2006js,Battefeld:2007en}.
Indeed, there is already some interesting tension between large
classes of theoretically well-motivated models and observation
on the basis of the non-linearity they predict
\cite{Lidsey:2007gq,Baumann:2006cd,Peiris:2007gz,Bean:2007eh}.
For example, one of the strongest bounds on the parameter space in the
curvaton scenario comes from the limit on the non-gaussianity
parameter $f_{\rm{NL}}$
\cite{Lyth:2002my,Bartolo:2003jx,Malik:2006pm,Sasaki:2006kq}. However,
despite the considerable effort expended on the development of the
theory, some interesting surprises can be found in unexpected
``corners''.

Much of this research has been framed in the context of the Lagrangian
formalism, where one begins with an \emph{action} and quantises it. In
doing so, one encounters a variant of the Feynman diagrams which are
used to compute scattering amplitudes in particle physics. This method
of calculation has the advantage that a good deal of pre-existing
knowledge can be imported wholesale from high-energy physics.
Its principal drawback arises when making comparisons with the
cosmological literature, which has traditionally approached perturbation
theory from the standpoint of the Einstein equations.

In this paper we explore the relationship between these two approaches
by returning to the Einstein equations and calculating the Klein--Gordon
equation at second order in perturbation
theory, specialising to the case of a single scalar field and working
to first order in the slow-roll approximation.
This result has already been published in
Ref.~\cite{Malik2006} in the general case, but here we relate it to a
different method of derivation, namely variation of the Einstein action
coupled to a scalar field.
In doing so we
highlight a potential pitfall in the reduction of the full Einstein
equations, which if unobserved can lead to errors at second order. In
particular, this means that techniques which have been applied
successfully at first order \cite{MFB} may need treating with
more care once one incorporates the effect of non-linearities.
We obtain consistent results in both cases.

Throughout this paper we use natural units where
$8\pi G\equiv M_{\mathrm{P}}^{-1/2}$ is set equal to unity, where $M_{\mathrm{P}}$
is the so-called reduced Planck mass.
Derivatives with respect to conformal time are denoted by a
prime. Greek indices, $\mu,\nu,\lambda$, label spacetime coordinates and
run from $0$ to $3$, while lower case Latin indices, $i,j,k$,
label purely spatial coordinates and run from $1$ to $3$.
The metric convention is $(-,+,+,+)$ and the background spacetime
is taken to be of Friedmann--Robertson--Walker (FRW) form,
\begin{equation}
    \d s^2 = g_{\mu\nu} \d x^\mu \d x^\nu
        = - \d t^2 + a^2 \delta_{ij} \d x^i \d x^j \,,
\end{equation}
where $a = a(t)$ is the scale factor. It is usually more convenient to
work in so-called conformal time, defined by
$\eta = \int_{t}^{\infty} \d t / a(t)$.
Note that throughout this paper we work in a spatially flat background
spacetime, and evaluate all perturbed quantities on uniform curvature
hypersurfaces~\cite{Malik2005}.

The paper is organised as follows. In the following section we define
the metric and and the matter content of our spacetime. In Section
\ref{KGusingfield} we derive the Klein--Gordon equation using the field
equations and highlight possible difficulties involving the
spatial part of the second order field equations. In Section \ref{KGusingaction}
we derive the Klein--Gordon equation directly from the action.
We conclude with a discussion in Section~\ref{discussion}.

\section{Preliminaries}

In this section we define the metric and the matter variables we will
use in the following sections.

\subsection{Notation}

We begin by defining the metric tensor in the uniform curvature gauge
up to second order in the perturbations, including scalar
perturbations only,
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{metric1}
g_{00} & = & -a^2\left(1+2\phi_1+\phi_2\right) \,, \qquad
g_{0i} = a^2\left(B_1+\frac{1}{2}B_2\right)_{,i}\,, \qquad
g_{ij} = a^2\delta_{ij}\,,
\end{eqnarray}
where
$\phi_1$ and $\phi_2$ together describe the
lapse function, and $B_1$ and $B_2$ comprise the scalar part of the shift
function (describing the the shear in this gauge). Numerical
subscripts denote the
order of the perturbation, and a comma denotes a partial derivative,
that is, $X_{,i} \equiv \partial X/\partial x^i$.
The notation used in the present paper coincides with the conventions
used, for example, in Ref.~\cite{Malik2006}. In this notation,
any tensorial quantity is expanded in a truncated power series, as shown above
for the metric tensor (\ref{metric1}).
Similarly the scalar field $\varphi$ can be split into a
background part and a perturbation, which we take to be
\begin{equation}
\varphi\equiv \varphi_0+\dvp1+\frac{1}{2}\dvp2\,,
\end{equation}
where $\varphi_0$ is the homogeneous background, $\dvp1$ is chosen to obey
Gaussian statistics, and the higher terms $\dvp{n}$, $\phi_{n}$ and
$B_{n}$ for $n \geq 2$ are polynomials in $\dvp1$ of order $n$.
Note that since we work in the flat gauge, the field fluctuation at
first and second order is merely the
associated Sasaki--Mukhanov variable, \cite{Sasaki1986,Mukhanov88,MW2004}.
The authors of Refs.~\cite{Seery:2005wm,Seery:2005gb} use a different
convention for the perturbations. However, by observing that their
field perturbation $\delta\phi_{\rm{SL}}$ is related to our
perturbations $\dvp1$ and $\dvp2$ by
$\delta\phi_{\rm{SL}}\equiv\dvp1+\frac{1}{2}\dvp2$, we can readily
compare our results.

\subsection{Action and energy--momentum tensor}

The action for a single scalar field minimally coupled to standard
Einstein gravity is \cite{Boundary,Chamblin:1999ya}
\begin{equation}
    \label{action}
    S=\int \d^4 x\sqrt{-g}\left(\frac{1}{2}\mathcal{R}+{\cal{L}}_\varphi\right)
    + \int_{\partial} \d^3 x \sqrt{h} \; \mathcal{K}\,,
\end{equation}
where $g_{\mu\nu}$ is the spacetime metric, $g \equiv \det g_{\mu\nu}$
is its determinant, $\mathcal{R}$ is the spacetime Ricci scalar, and $\partial$
denotes the boundary of spacetime, if one exists. If a boundary is
present, then $h_{ij}$ is its first fundamental form (also referred to
as the induced metric, obeying $h_{ij}\equiv g_{ij}$ in the case of
the boundary being a hypersurface of constant time), and $\mathcal{K}_{ij}$ its
second fundamental form (or extrinsic curvature), where
$\mathcal{K} = \tr\mathcal{K}_{ij}$.

The matter Lagrangian is given by
\begin{equation}
\label{Lscal}
{\cal{L}}_\varphi =
-\frac{1}{2}g^{\mu\nu}\varphi_{,\nu}\varphi_{,\mu}
-U(\varphi) \,,
\end{equation}
where $\varphi$ is the scalar field, $U$ is its potential,
and $\varphi_{,\mu}\equiv \partial\varphi / \partial x^\mu$.
The energy--momentum tensor is obtained by varying the action with respect
to the metric, giving
\begin{equation}
T_{\mu\nu}=-2\frac{\partial {\cal{L}}_\varphi}{\partial g^{\mu\nu}}
+g_{\mu\nu} {\cal{L}}_\varphi \,.
\end{equation}
When the field equations are satisfied, this is automatically
conserved as a consequence of Noether's theorem.  For a single scalar
field, $T_{\mu\nu}$ takes the form
\begin{equation}
\label{multiTmunu}
T_{\mu\nu}
=\left[\varphi_{,\mu}\varphi_{,\nu}
-\frac{1}{2}g_{\mu\nu}g^{\alpha\beta}\varphi_{,\alpha}\varphi_{,\beta}
\right] - g_{\mu\nu} U(\varphi) \,.
\end{equation}

\section{Deriving the second order Klein--Gordon equation
using the field equations}
\label{KGusingfield}

We now proceed to derive the governing equation for the scalar field,
namely the Klein--Gordon equation, using the field equations. We
therefore start by writing down Einstein's field equations
\begin{equation}
    \label{einstein}
    G_{\mu\nu}=T_{\mu\nu}\,,
\end{equation}
which can be found by varying the action (\ref{action}). For this purpose
the inclusion of the Gibbons--Hawking term on the boundary is essential.
The Bianchi identities then imply the conservation of energy--momentum,
\begin{equation}
    \label{energy}
    \nabla^\mu T_{\mu\nu}=0\,,
\end{equation}
where $\nabla^\mu$ denotes the covariant derivative.

\subsection{Field dynamics}
\label{field_dyn}

The energy conservation equation, Eq.~(\ref{energy}),
gives an evolution equation for the $\dvp{n}$ order-by-order (see
e.g. Ref.~\cite{Malik2005} for details).
At zeroth order in perturbations, one finds the background equation
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{KGback}
\varphi_{0}''+2\H\varphi_{0}'+a^2 U_{,\varphi}=0\,,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\H\equiv a'/a$ and is related to the Hubble parameter
$H$ by $\H=aH$. At first order we find
\begin{equation}
\label{KG1_raw}
\dvp1''+2\H\dvp1'-\nabla^2\dvp1+2a^2 U_{,\varphi}\phi_1
-\varphi_{0}'\nabla^2 B_1
-\varphi_{0}'\phi'_1+a^2 U_{,\varphi\vp}\dvp1
=0\,,
\end{equation}
whereas after some calculation the second order equation becomes
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{KG2_raw}
\dvp2''&+&2\H\dvp2'-\nabla^2\dvp2+a^2 U_{,\varphi\vp}\dvp2
+a^2  U_{,\varphi\vp\varphi} \dvp1\dvp1 +2a^2 U_{,\varphi}\phi_2
-\varphi_{0}'\left(\nabla^2 B_2+\phi_2'\right)\nonumber\\
&+&4\varphi_{0}' \partial_kB_{1}\partial^k\phi_{1} +2\left(2\H\varphi_{0}'+a^2
U_{,\varphi}\right) \partial_kB_{1}\partial^k B_{1} +4\phi_1\left(a^2
U_{,\varphi\vp}\dvp1-\nabla^2\dvp1\right)
+4\varphi_{0}'\phi_1\phi_1'\nonumber\\
&-&2\dvp1'\left(\nabla^2 B_1+\phi_1'\right)-4\partial_k\dvp1'\partial^kB_{1}
=0\,.
\end{eqnarray}

In order to arrive at an equation which can reasonably be thought of as a
second-order version of the Klein--Gordon equation, we must eliminate the
terms $\{ B_1, B_2, \phi_1, \phi_2 \}$ which come from the metric
and rewrite them in terms of the field fluctuations $\{ \dvp1, \dvp2 \}$.
This is done by using the constraint part of the Einstein equations.
Since we will use the slow-roll approximation to control this part of the
calculation, it is first necessary to decide to what order in the
approximation our calculations must be carried.

The slow-roll expansion can be thought of as an expansion in powers of
$2 \epsilon \equiv (\varphi_0'/\H)^2$, together with other small
quantities obtained by differentiating $\epsilon$ with respect to
cosmic time $t$.  It is easy to see from Eq.~(\ref{KG2_raw}) that all
intrinsically second order terms (namely, $B_2$ and $\phi_2$) are
accompanied by a factor of $\varphi_0'$, whereas some terms formed from
the product of first order quantities appear without any factors of
the time derivative of the background field.
Therefore we will aim to compute only to $\varphi_0'/\H \sim \sqrt{\epsilon}$,
for which purpose it is sufficient
to obtain second order quantities only to zeroth order in slow-roll,
but we must carry the calculation of first order quantities to the
first non-trivial order.

When $\epsilon \ll 1$, one says that the field is in the slow-roll
regime. Extracting the leading slow-roll part of the background equation,
\eq{KGback}, we obtain
\begin{equation} \label{KGslowroll}
3\H\varphi_{0}'+a^2 U_{,\varphi}=0\,.
\end{equation}

\subsection{Einstein equations}
\label{Einstein_sec}

We now turn to the Einstein equations. These break into ten independent
equations, of which some are evolution equations and some are constraints.
In the present case there is only one degree of freedom, the field
fluctuation $\{ \dvp1, \dvp2 \}$, and therefore there will ultimately
be only one non-trivial evolution equation.
In this section we aim to use the remaining equations, which are constraints,
to obtain the metric quantities $\{ B_1, B_2, \phi_1, \phi_2 \}$
in terms of the gaussian field fluctuation, $\dvp1$.

\subsubsection{Background}

At zeroth order in slow roll the background Einstein equations
imply the Friedmann equation, which simplifies to
\begin{equation}
\label{Friedmann}
\H^2=\frac{1}{3} a^2 U_0\, .
\end{equation}
This gives an evolution equation for $\H$, namely $\H'=\H^2$.

\subsubsection{First order}
\label{first_order_field}

Now consider the terms which are first order in perturbations.
The $(0,0)$ component of the Einstein equations is
\begin{equation}
\label{00Ein1v1}
2a^2U_0{\phi_1}+ \varphi_{0}'{{\dvp1}}'+a^2{\delta U_1}
+2{\H}\nabla^2B_1
=0\,,
\end{equation}
and the $(0,i)$ part gives
\begin{equation}
\label{0iEin1}
\partial_i\left(2\H\phi_1-\varphi_{0}'{{\dvp1}}\right)=0\,,
\end{equation}
where the gradient can readily be removed, e.g.~by working Fourier space.
Working to first order in slow roll and using the background equations
given above, we find that \eq{00Ein1v1} can be rewritten as
\begin{equation}
\label{00Ein1v2}
\varphi_{0}'{{\dvp1}}'+2{\H}\nabla^2B_1
=0\,.
\end{equation}
This is a constraint which allows us to eliminate $B_1$ from
Eq.~(\ref{KG2_raw}) in favour of of the field fluctuation $\dvp1$.

The $(i,j)$ component of the Einstein equation is given by
\begin{equation}
\label{Einij_full1}
\left(2\H\phi_1'-\varphi_0'\dvp1+2a^2 U_0\phi_1+a^2\delta U_1\right)\delta_{ij}
+\left(\nabla^2\delta_{ij}-\partial_i\partial_j\right)\left(B_1'+2\H B_1+\phi_1\right)
=0\,.
\end{equation}
Taking the trace of \eq{Einij_full1} gives one scalar equation,
\begin{equation}
\label{trace1raw}
3\left(2\H\phi_1'-\varphi_0'\dvp1+2a^2 U_0\phi_1+a^2\delta U_1\right)
+2\nabla^2\left(B_1'+2\H B_1+\phi_1\right)=0\,.
\end{equation}
At linear
order we have now two options to ``extract'' another scalar equations
from \eq{Einij_full1}:
\begin{itemize}
\item
It is possible to simply read off the off-diagonal (or $i \neq j$)
part of the $(i,j)$ equation, \eq{Einij_full1}. This method was used
by Mukhanov, Feldman \& Brandenberger \cite{MFB} at first order, in
conjunction with invariance arguments which allowed them to extend the
three independent $i \neq j$ equations to a single scalar equation
which constrained the $i \neq j$ term to vanish.
\item
Another possibility, advocated here, is to apply the operator $\partial^i
\partial^j$ to \eq{Einij_full1}. The benefit in doing so is that one arrives
at a scalar equation via manipulations which are manifestly
tensorial. Observe that the operator $\nabla^2\delta_{ij}-\partial_i\partial_j$ is
transverse to $\partial^i \partial^j$ and therefore vanishes, leaving an evolution
equation for $\phi_1$.
\end{itemize}
Although both methods yield valid results at first order, it is not
clear how the former should be extended
to second order. On the other hand, the
second method requires only textbook manipulations, leading to a
correct scalar equation via an essentially mechanical process. Its
principal disadvantage is the necessity to introduce inverse Laplacian
operators.
In either case, one can extract an evolution equation for the shear,
\begin{equation}
\label{shear1}
\nabla^2\left(B_1'+2\H B_1+\phi_1\right)=0\,,
\end{equation}
and an evolution equation for the lapse function
\begin{equation}
\label{trace1refined}
2\H\phi_1'+
a^2\delta U_1+2a^2U_0{\phi_1}- \varphi_{0}'{{\dvp1}}'=0\, .
\end{equation}
After dropping terms which are higher order in slow-roll this
simplifies substantially, yielding
\begin{equation}
\label{trace1}
2\H\phi_1'- \varphi_{0}'{{\dvp1}}'=0\,,
\end{equation}
Any combination of Eq.~(\ref{00Ein1v2}) with Eqs.~(\ref{shear1})
or~(\ref{trace1}) allows us to determine $\phi_1$ in terms of
$\dvp1$. We therefore have both metric potentials which are necessary
to rewrite Eq.~(\ref{KG1_raw}) as a single equation for $\dvp1$.

\subsubsection{Second order}

As pointed out in Section \ref{field_dyn} above we only require the
second order field equations to zeroth order in slow roll.  Reducing
the calculation to the leading order slow-roll effect considerably
simplifies both the calculation and presentation of our results.

The $(0,i)$ Einstein equation is given by
\begin{equation}
\label{0i_2}
\partial_i\H\phi_{2}-\dvp1'\partial_i\dvp1=0
\end{equation}
This can be rewritten as a scalar equation by taking its divergence,
yielding
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{0i_2version2}
&&\H\phi_{2}
- \nabla^{-2}\left(
\dvp1'\nabla^{2}\dvp1+\partial_k\delta\varphi_{1}'\partial^k\delta\varphi_{1}
\right)=0\,,
\end{eqnarray}
where we introduce the inverse Laplacian,
which satisfies the identity $\nabla^{-2}(\nabla^{2})X=X$.

The second order $(i,j)$-equation is given by
\begin{equation}
\label{Einij_full2}
\left(2\H\phi_2'+2a^2U_0\phi_2\right)\delta_{ij}
+\left(\nabla^2\delta_{ij}-\partial_i\partial_j\right)\left(B_2'+2\H B_2+\phi_2\right)
+\left(\partial_k\dvp1\partial^k\dvp1-{\dvp1'}^2\right)\delta_{ij}
-2\partial_i\dvp1\partial_j\dvp1=0\,.
\end{equation}
The spatial trace is obtained from \eq{Einij_full2} and satisfies
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{spatialtrace2}
&&3\H\phi_2'+3 a^2 U_0 \phi_2
+\nabla^2\left(B_2'+2\H B_2+\phi_2\right)
+\frac{1}{2}\left(
-3{\dvp1'}^2
+\partial_k\dvp1\partial^k\dvp1\right)=0\,.
\end{eqnarray}

Following the discussion above, we now let $\partial_i\partial_j$ act on
\eq{Einij_full2} to extract another scalar equation from the $(i,j)$
part, and observe that
$\partial^i\partial^j\left(\nabla^2\delta_{ij}-\partial_i\partial_j\right)X=0$. This gives
\begin{equation}
\label{phi2dash}
\H\phi_2'+3\H\nabla^{-2}\left(\dvp1'\nabla^{2}\dvp1
+\partial_k\dvp1'\partial^k\dvp1\right)
-\nabla^{-2}\left(\nabla^{2}\dvp1\nabla^{2}\dvp1
+\dvp1'\nabla^{2}\dvp1'+\partial_k\dvp1\nabla^{2}\partial^k\dvp1
+\partial_k\dvp1'\partial^k\dvp1^{\prime}\right)=0\,.
\end{equation}

Note that this usefulness of this procedure
is not specific to our choice of gauge or
dependent on invoking the slow roll approximation.
We believe it is simplest to employ our method
to extract a scalar equation from the
$(i,j)$ part of the Einstein equation, (\ref{Einij_full2}), whenever
the equation can not be written as a total derivative. This is in
general the case at second order and higher, when terms of the form
$X_{1i}Y_{1i}$ etc. will appear.

How can we be confident
that we are proposing the correct method? The first
reason is that only this approach leads to a consistent set of
Einstein equations.
The other is that we get the same result for the Klein--Gordon equation
using the action method, as shown in Section
\ref{KGusingaction}.

Since equation (\ref{phi2dash}) is just an evolution equation for the
second order lapse function, another way of deriving it, is to take
the time derivative of the constraint (\ref{0i_2version2}).
In this case we also need the first order Klein--Gordon equation in the
extreme slow roll limit, which follows from \eq{KG1_raw} as
\begin{equation}
\label{KG1extreme}
\dvp1''+2\H\dvp1'-\nabla^2\dvp1=0\,.
\end{equation}
Substituting \eq{KG1extreme} into the time derivative of
\eq{0i_2version2}, we recover \eq{phi2dash}, as required.

\subsection{The Klein--Gordon equation at second order}

We can now substitute the field equations at first and second order
into the Klein--Gordon equation (\ref{KG2_raw}). Working to leading order
in slow roll we get
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{KG2_field}
\dvp2''&+&2\H\dvp2'-\nabla^2\dvp2 +a^2  U_{,\varphi\vp\varphi} \dvp1^2 \nonumber\\
&+&\frac{\varphi_{0}'}{\H}\Bigg\{
\frac{1}{2}\left({\dvp1'}^2+\partial_k\dvp1\partial^k\dvp1\right)
-2\dvp1\nabla^2\dvp1
-\nabla^{-2}\Big[\nabla^2\dvp1\nabla^2\dvp1+\dvp1'\nabla^2\dvp1'
\nonumber\\
&&\hspace{44mm}
+\partial_k\dvp1\nabla^2\partial^k\dvp1+\partial_k\dvp1'\partial^k\dvp1^{\prime}
\Big]
+2\partial_k\dvp1'\nabla^{-2}\partial^k\dvp1^{\prime}\Bigg\}
=0\,.
\end{eqnarray}
When applying the slow-roll expansion, one ordinarily thinks of the
higher derivatives of the potential, such as
$U_{,\varphi\vp\varphi}$, as being negligible in comparison with the leading
slow-roll terms. In Eq.~(\ref{KG2_field}) this term has been
retained.  This is because although $U_{,\varphi}/U \ll 1$ is necessary in
order for inflation to occur at all, and $U_{,\varphi\vp}/U \ll 1$ is
necessary in order to have sufficient e-foldings, there
are no such constraints for higher derivatives.  Therefore it may well
be that models exist in which $U_{,\varphi\vp\varphi}$ is unusually
large. In such a model, $U_{,\varphi\vp\varphi}$ will make a contribution to
the non-gaussianity imprinted in the cosmic microwave background which
cannot be ignored \cite{Zaldarriaga}.

\section{Derivation from the third order action}
\label{KGusingaction}

Let us now return to the action and derive the Klein--Gordon equation
from it. This follows a somewhat different procedure than that used
with the field equations, owing to the way constraints are implemented
in the action formalism.

The action is found to depend only algebraically on the lapse and shift
functions and their spatial derivatives; it involves no time derivatives
of these quantities. Since one finds the equation of motion for each
field, say $W$, by varying the action with respect to $W$ and demanding
that the resulting variation $\delta S/\delta W$ is zero, the equations
of motion for the lapse $\phi$ and the shift $B$ are also purely algebraic.
They can be solved to give expressions in terms of the field fluctuation
which hold at all times and do not require integrating any equation of motion.
Once $\phi$ and $B$ have been determined, they can be eliminated from
the Lagrangian. Varying the resulting action with respect to the field
gives the equation of motion directly, which must coincide with the
Klein--Gordon equation derived above.

This calculation was initially given (in the flat and comoving
slicings) by Maldacena \cite{Maldacena} and refined in the flat
slicing in Ref.~\cite{Seery:2005gb}. In conformal time, the part of
the action quadratic in $\dvp2$ can be written
\begin{equation}
    S_2 = \frac{1}{8} \int \d\eta \, \d^3 x \; a^2 \Big\{
        (\dvp2')^2 - (\partial\dvp2)^2 \Big\} .
    \label{action-quadratic}
\end{equation}
On the other hand, there is also an ``interaction'' term which
involves a product of the $\dvp{n}$. The leading term in this interaction
is linear in $\dvp2$ and quadratic in $\dvp1$,
\begin{equation}
    S_3 = \int \d\eta \, \d^3 x \; a^2 \left[
        \frac{1}{3!} U_{,\varphi\vp\varphi} \dvp2 (\dvp1)^2 +
        \frac{\varphi_0'}{4\H}\left\{
            \dvp2' \partial^k \nabla^{-2} \dvp1' \partial_k \dvp1 -
            \frac{1}{2} \dvp2 \left[ (\dvp1')^2 + (\partial \dvp1)^2 \right]
        \right\}
    \right]+ \mbox{permutations} ,
    \label{action-cubic}
\end{equation}
where the permutations are formed by swapping the position of $\dvp2$ among
the three possible locations.
The higher derivative $U_{,\varphi\vp\varphi}$ has been
included to account for the possibility that it is
unusually large, as discussed above.
The field equation for $\dvp2$ is obtained
by demanding that $\delta S/\delta(\dvp2) = 0$, ignoring any boundary terms.

Consider first $S_2$. It is clear that $\delta S_2/\delta(\dvp2)$
can be written
\begin{equation}
	\label{quad-variation}
    \delta S_2 =
    \frac{1}{4} \int \d \eta \, \d^3 x \; \delta(\dvp2) \;
    a^2 ( - \dvp2'' - 2\H \dvp2' + \nabla^2 \dvp2 )
    + \frac{1}{4} \int_\partial \d^3 x \; a^2 \delta(\dvp2) \dvp2' .
\end{equation}
Now consider $S_3$. From left to right this breaks into four terms,
the first of which is the variation of the $U_{,\varphi\vp\varphi}$ term and
is trivial.
The variation of the second term gives (including the effect of permuting
the location of $\dvp2$)
\begin{eqnarray}
    \nonumber
    \delta S_3 & \supseteq &
    \int_{\partial} \d^3 x \; a^2 \frac{\varphi_0'}{4\H} \delta(\dvp2) \left\{
    	\partial^k \nabla^{-2} \dvp1' \partial_k \dvp1 -
    	\nabla^{-2}\left[
    		\partial^k \dvp1' \partial_k \dvp1 +
    		\dvp1' \nabla^2 \dvp1
    	\right] \right\}
    \\ & & \nonumber \mbox{} +
    \int \d \eta \, \d^3 x \; a^2 \frac{\varphi_0'}{4\H} \delta(\dvp2) \left\{
        \frac{4}{a^2} \partial^k \dvp1 \partial_k \nabla^{-2} \frac{\delta S_2}{\delta(\dvp1)} -
        \frac{4}{a^2} \nabla^{-2} \left[ (\nabla^2 \dvp1 + \partial^k \dvp1 \partial_k)
            \frac{\delta S_2}{(\dvp1)}
        \right]
    \right\}
    \\ & & \nonumber \mbox{} +
    \int \d \eta \, \d^3 x \; a^2 \frac{\varphi_0'}{4\H} \delta(\dvp2) \Bigg\{
        \nabla^{-2} \left[
            \nabla^2 \dvp1 \nabla^2 \dvp1 + \partial^k \dvp1 \partial_k \nabla^2 \dvp1 +
            \partial^k \dvp1' \partial_k \dvp1' + \dvp1' \nabla^2 \dvp1' \right]
            \\ & & \hspace{40mm} \mbox{} -
            \partial^k \dvp1 \partial_k \dvp1 - 2 \partial^k \dvp1' \partial_k \nabla^{-2} \dvp1'
            - (\dvp1')^2 \Bigg\} .
	\label{cubic-variation}
\end{eqnarray}
The terms proportional to $\delta S_2/\delta(\dvp1)$ vanish when they
are evaluated on the classical solution, which is obtained by demanding
that Eq.~(\ref{quad-variation}) is zero. For this purpose one ignores
the surface term, choosing boundary conditions for $\delta(\dvp1)$ such that
it vanishes. If one chooses to retain the surface term then the
corresponding surface terms in Eq.~(\ref{cubic-variation}) are eliminated,
but any gain is illusory since they must then be added back in
from the equation of motion for $\dvp1$.

The third term in \eq{action-cubic} gives a variation
\begin{equation}
    \delta S_3 \supseteq
    \int_{\partial} \d^3 x \; a^2 \frac{\varphi_0'}{4\H} \delta(\dvp2) \left\{
    	- \dvp1 \dvp1' \right\} +
    \int \d \eta \, \d^3 x \; a^2 \frac{\varphi_0'}{4\H} \delta(\dvp2) \left\{
        - \frac{4}{a^2} \dvp1 \frac{\delta S_2}{\delta(\dvp1)} +
        \dvp1 \nabla^2 \dvp1 + \frac{1}{2} (\dvp1')^2 \right\} ;
\end{equation}
and, likewise, the fourth term contributes
\begin{equation}
    \delta S_3 \supseteq \int \d \eta \, \d^3 x \; a^2
        \frac{\varphi_0'}{4\H} \delta(\dvp2) \left\{
        \frac{1}{2} \partial^k \dvp1 \partial_k \dvp1 + \dvp1 \nabla^2 \dvp1
    \right\} .
\end{equation}
These terms all combine to give the total variation. Discarding
those terms proportional to $\delta S_2/\delta(\dvp1)$
together with all surface terms,
one finds the overall Klein--Gordon equation
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{KG2_action}
    \nonumber
    \dvp2'' & + & 2\H \dvp2' - \nabla^2 \dvp2 + U_{,\varphi\vp\varphi} (\dvp1)^2 =
    \\ & + & \nonumber
    \frac{\varphi_0'}{\H} \Big\{
        - \frac{1}{2} \partial^k \dvp1 \partial_k \dvp1 - \frac{1}{2} (\dvp1')^2 +
        2 \dvp1 \nabla^2 \dvp1 - 2 \partial^k \dvp1' \partial_k \nabla^{-2} \dvp1'
    \\ & & \hspace{20mm} \mbox{} +
        \nabla^{-2} \left[
            \nabla^2 \dvp1 \nabla^2 \dvp1 + \partial^k \dvp1 \partial_k \nabla^2 \dvp1 +
            \partial^k \dvp1' \partial_k \dvp1' + \dvp1' \nabla^2 \dvp1' \right]
    \Big\} .
\end{eqnarray}
Equation (\ref{KG2_action}) agrees exactly with the Klein--Gordon equation
which was found using the Einstein equations, \eq{KG2_field}.

\section{Discussion}
\label{discussion}

In this paper, we have derived the Klein--Gordon equation at second order
in the perturbations and leading order in slow-roll. We have shown
explicitly for the first time that the two most popular approaches in the
literature, based on the Einstein field equations and the action
principle, yield equivalent results. This goes some way to demonstrating
the consistency of current beyond-leading-order calculations,
including those of the non-linearity parameters $f_{\mathrm{NL}}$ and $\tau_{\mathrm{NL}}$
\cite{Maldacena,Seery:2005gb,Seery:2006vu}
which will be important for future CMB experiments.

In many cases one can choose freely whether the action principle or the
Einstein field equations are more appropriate for the task in hand.
In the case of the Einstein equations, one needs the relevant constraint
equations at $n$th order, and an evolution equation. In principle this
is contained in the Einstein equations themselves, but in practise
it is often more convenient to obtain an evolution equation from the
Bianchi identities, as we have done in the present paper. For the
action, one must compute the Lagrangian to $(n+1)$th order, and then
eliminate the constraints associated with the lapse function and shift
vector. However, owing to the precise way these
appear in the action, there is a special simplification which implies
one need obtain explicit expressions only to $(n-1)$th order.
The result, at least for low orders of
perturbation theory, is that the amount of work required in both
approaches seems much the same.

These two methods are traditionally used for different purposes.
The field equations are ordinarily the method of choice for obtaining
numerical solutions. On the other hand, the action is typically preferred
when one aims to compute scattering amplitudes, or more generally the
correlation functions of a quantised theory. This is because the action,
being a scalar, manifestly exhibits the full group of symmetries
associated with the theory. Moreover, it facilitates the use of the
so-called ``interaction picture'' which is the most common approach for
dealing with fields beyond first order in perturbation theory.

In some cases, however, there is no choice and one must work with the
equations of motion. For example, this is the case with dissipative systems
such as fluids for which it is difficult or impossible to formulate an
action principle. In this case one would like to extend the existing
second-order framework to allow the computation of quantities
traditionally associated with the action, such as the correlation functions
of the quantised theory. The analysis given in this paper is a first step
in that direction.

We have pointed out that some care is required in reducing the full set
of Einstein equations. In general this necessitates contracting spatial
tensors into scalar equations by the application of a suitable derivative
operator. Together with the spatial trace, this gives two scalar
equations which at first order coincide with the well-known standard
results \cite{MFB}. At second order, the analysis requires some more
care in order to obtain correct results.

\acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Jim Lidsey, David Lyth and David
Matravers for useful discussions and comments.
KNA and DS are grateful to the Astronomy Unit at QMUL for their
hospitality while visiting.
KNA is supported by the National Research Foundation (South Africa)
and the {\it Ministrero deli Affari Esteri- DIG per la Promozione e
Cooperazione Culturale} (Italy) under the joint Italy/South Africa
science and technology agreement.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
The IF Production Book
Network Ten uncorks '600 Bottles of Wine'
by Staff Writer June 13, 2018 June 15, 2018
'600 Bottles of Wine.'
Network Ten is the latest broadcaster to acquire 600 Bottles of Wine, a short-form comedy/drama about a newly-single woman as she navigates the dating scene.
Produced by Bec Bignell and Marius Foley's Cockatoo Co.Lab, the series stars and is written by Grace Rouvray, adapted from her popular blog.
Rouvray plays a woman who navigates new relationship territory after breaking up with her long-term boyfriend. When she hooks up with an advertising manager her pals help her to figure out where she stands in the non-committal, non-relationship.
Director Ainslie Clouston said: "600 Bottles of Wine interrogates the female ritual of retelling and dissecting stories and how it can alter your perspective of a situation or relationship, sometimes for the best, sometimes not.
"The comedy lives in the unapologetic points of view, utter authenticity of situations and its characteristic montages that transport the audience from the bar to the bedroom and back again."
Natalie Lawley's Escapade Media negotiated the deal with Ten, which will screen the 4 x 18' episodes on its linear channel and stream on tenplay as 8 x 9.'
Previously Escapade sold the show to the UK's online-only channel BB3 and to Television New Zealand's on-demand service.
Clouston continued: "I wanted to create a gritty comedy rooted in authenticity and vulnerability. The situation of having to gauge where you stand in a new relationship can be brutal so I wanted to add a sense of quirk and warmth. I was able to meticulously craft an immersive audience experience from script edit to final edit, weaving my slightly bent, poignant comedic tone through all aspects of the series."
Rouvray added: "When I launched my proof of concept blog (based on personal experiences) it was very fulfilling that it resonated, which clearly substantiated a strong audience appetite for the development of a series. We've paid careful consideration to audience expectation throughout and I ensured we translated the online engagement, retained the very heart of the story and delivered a high quality experience across every medium."
Tagged: 600-bottles-of-wine, bec-bignell, escapade-media, grace-rouvray, network-ten


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Approximately 20,000 tons of trash from GSWA curbside trash customers are collected and landfilled each year in the Layon Landfill. GSWA currently collects trash from about 16,500 curbside customers each week. Collection service is provided on every holiday except on Christmas Day and New Year's Day.
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text:
Edward (Eddie) Redmond
Athlete / Builder, Hockey
Eddie Redmond was born in Cobalt, Ontario in 1923. Along with his wife May and sons Mick and Dick, he moved to Peterborough in 1953 to become the playing coach for the Senior Petes Hockey Club. This was on the heels of a 7 year professional career that included stops in San Francisco, Philadelphia, Fresno, Milwaukee and a stint in the Quebec Hockey League. He amalgamated the arch rivals Petes and Eagles into one senior team. With the decline of senior hockey and the arrival of a Junior A franchise, the club was disbanded in 1955. Also in 1953, he commenced work with the Toronto Peterborough Transport company which would become the major sponsor of the T.P.T. Junior A Hockey Club. In 1955 Wren Blair would convince Eddie and goalie Jack Donlevy to play senior hockey for the Whitby Dunlops. The Dunlops won 2 Allan Cup Canadian Senior A Hockey Championships and the 1958 World Hockey Championship in Oslo, Norway. Ed was the team captain and assistant coach. A talented athlete, he played senior baseball in the E.O.B.A. and softball in the City Men's Softball League. After retiring as a player, Ed would spend the remainder of his life volunteering his time as a coach and manager of local hockey and lacrosse teams. He was the manager of the 1959 Mann Cup finalists Peterborough Mercury's lacrosse team. In 1968 he was asked to become an executive member of the Peterborough Petes Hockey Club and went on to become the club's President. He served for over 20 years with the Petes and saw them compete in two World Championships and win the Memorial Cup in 1979. Eddie was always available to share his knowledge and his passion for all sports in the Peterborough area. Ed and May were avid promoters of the Petes from their perch in Section 3 at the Memorial Centre and very outspoken supporters of their adopted city. Eddie joins his sons, Mick and Dick as honoured members of the Peterborough & District Sports Hall of Fame.
Posted in Athlete / Builder, Hockey
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