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Effect of altitude on...
Effect of altitude on physiological performance: a statistical analysis using results of international football games
BMJ 2007; 335 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39393.451516.AD (Published 20 December 2007) Cite this as: BMJ 2007;335:1278
Patrick E McSharry, Royal Academy of Engineering research fellow
1Systems Analysis, Modelling, and Prediction Group, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ
patrick{at}mcsharry.net
Objective To assess the effect of altitude on match results and physiological performance of a large and diverse population of professional athletes.
Design Statistical analysis of international football (soccer) scores and results.
Data resources FIFA extensive database of 1460 football matches in 10 countries spanning over 100 years.
Results Altitude had a significant (P<0.001) negative impact on physiological performance as revealed through the overall underperformance of low altitude teams when playing against high altitude teams in South America. High altitude teams score more and concede fewer goals with increasing altitude difference. Each additional 1000 m of altitude difference increases the goal difference by about half of a goal. The probability of the home team winning for two teams from the same altitude is 0.537, whereas this rises to 0.825 for a home team with an altitude difference of 3695 m (such as Bolivia v Brazil) and falls to 0.213 when the altitude difference is −3695 m (such as Brazil v Bolivia).
Conclusions Altitude provides a significant advantage for high altitude teams when playing international football games at both low and high altitudes. Lowland teams are unable to acclimatise to high altitude, reducing physiological performance. As physiological performance does not protect against the effect of altitude, better predictors of individual susceptibility to altitude illness would facilitate team selection.
In May 2007, football's governing body, the Federation of International Football Associations (FIFA), banned international matches from being played at more than 2500 m above sea level. International football games in South America often take place in high altitude cities—Bogotá, Colombia (2600 m); Quito, Ecuador (2800 m); and La Paz, Bolivia (3600 m) (table 1⇓)—presenting a serious challenge to players' acclimatisation mechanisms, particularly for teams playing away games at higher altitudes,1 with the drop in air pressure making it difficult for the body to obtain sufficient oxygen.2 At high altitude hypoxia, cold, and dehydration can lead to breathlessness, headaches, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue, and possibly altitude illness including syndromes such as acute mountain sickness, high altitude pulmonary oedema, and cerebral oedema.345678 Activities such as football can exacerbate symptoms,9 10 preventing players from performing at full capacity.11
South American countries, cities and altitudes
Ability to consume oxygen, which is reduced by acute exposure to high altitude, reflects players' physiological performance and correlates with football performance at a national level.12 13 The Sport Medicine Commission of FIFA recommends that football matches above 3000 m should be played only after an acclimatisation period of 10 days because of the effects of acute exposure to altitude on performance.1 Awareness of the most efficient means of acclimatising to altitude has important implications for all professional athletes.
Although it is recognised that teams acclimatised to high altitude benefit from favourable physiological conditions, the direct link with football performance at an international level has not been shown or quantified before. I investigated the effect of altitude on a large and diverse population of professional athletes. International football scores and results offer a direct measure of the performance of different teams at multiple altitudes, which can be linked to their ability to acclimatise. The primary hypothesis tested was whether and by how much altitude affects international football performance. By using a database covering a century of matches, I quantified the dependence of football results and scores on altitude and assessed how altitude can be a disadvantage or advantage for professional athletes.
By the analysis of scores of international football games played in South America between 1900 and 2004, I directly assessed the influence of altitude on football. Only home and away games were included; I omitted all matches played in neutral venues. This dataset contained football scores for 10 national teams with a total of 1460 games. The well recognised advantage of playing at home as opposed to away is reported in detail elsewhere.14
Many factors influence the outcome of football games—including technique, strategy, management, and the players' physiological and psychological condition. I attempted to reduce the effect of these factors by investigating the results of football matches over more than a century. By analysing football results for the entire region of South America, I reduced the influence of any one country. I used dummy variables to code for each country, to control for the differing historical performances of the individual countries. The varying abilities of the different teams are shown by their performances (fig 1⇓). The lowland teams—Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay—are ranked first, second, and third by the percentage of home wins in our dataset and have won nine of the 17 World Cups (five, two, and two respectively). This high level of skill in the lowland teams serves to disguise the influence of altitude on football performance in South America.
Fig 1 Percentage of wins at home and away for each country in South America
In order to investigate the dependence of performance on altitude, I defined four variables: (i) the probability of a win, (ii) the number of goals scored, (iii) the number of goals conceded, and (iv) the altitude difference between the home venue of a specific team and that of the opposition. The altitude difference variable, Δh, is zero when both home and away teams are from the same altitude, is positive when the home team is at high altitude and the away team has travelled up to altitude, and is negative when the away team has travelled down from altitude toward sea level. I considered three models resulting from different combinations of the above explanatory variables in order to quantify the relative contributions of the altitude and that of the difference in performance between individual countries. These models were intercept and Δh (model A); dummy variables for each country (model B); and Δh and dummy variables for each country (model C).
Probability of a win
I investigated the probability of a win using the same explanatory variables as above and a generalised linear model with a binomial distribution and a logit relation. The set of explanatory variables consisted of dummy variables for each of the 10 countries and one variable for the altitude difference, Δh.
Goals scored and conceded
I used generalised linear models with a Poisson distribution to describe the variation in the number of goals scored and conceded as a function of Δh.
The home advantage for South American football teams was reflected in the significant difference (P<0.001) between the number of goals scored and conceded, with averages of 1.81 and 1.04 respectively. The percentage of home wins was 53.7%.
Table 2⇓ shows the parameters and diagnostics for the probability of a win with each of the three models. Altitude difference (model A) and country code (model B) are significant explanatory variables when used independently. The best fit is obtained when using both altitude difference and country code (model C). This result confirms that the inherent differences in performance between countries do not explain the altitude effect. Altitude difference was a significant (P<0.001) determinant of outcome for these international football games in both models A and C.
Parameters and diagnostics for each model of the probability of a win in international football matches between South American countries
The average effect of altitude on the probability of winning was calculated from model C as shown in fig 2⇓. The probability of a home win for two teams from the same altitude is 0.537, whereas this rises to 0.825 for Δh=3695 m (for example, Bolivia v Brazil) and falls to 0.213 when Δh=−3695 m (such as Brazil v Bolivia).
Fig 2 Effect of altitude difference on the probability of winning (top panel) and on the number of goals scored (middle panel) and conceded (bottom panel). The shaded area indicates the 95% confidence interval.
I also used altitude difference and country code to construct separate models for the number of goals scored and the number conceded. In each model, the coefficient for Δh was significant (P<0.001), but its impact was greatest on the number of goals scored. Teams score more (and concede fewer) goals with increasing Δh (fig 2⇑), suggesting that altitude difference has a significant negative impact on performance. In the case of two teams from the same altitude the home team will, on average, win by 0.70 goals. For each 1000 m of altitude difference, the home team gains almost half of a goal. In the case of Bolivia, playing at home in La Paz, this represents on average a win by 2.18 goals and an advantage of 1.48 goals when competing against teams from sea level (Δh=3695 m). Of this increased home advantage, 1.00 goal is gained by increased goal scoring and 0.48 goal is gained by fewer goals being conceded.
The altitude difference between home and away teams in international football games in South America significantly affected the outcome of games. High altitude home teams scored more and conceded fewer goals when playing low altitude teams, and for each additional 1000 m of altitude difference the home team's score increased by about half a goal. In the case of Bolivia playing against a sea level opponent such as Brazil, the probability of a home win was effectively increased from 0.537 to 0.825 because of altitude. The advantage of high altitude teams over their low altitude opponents was greatest at high altitude, but it was also present at low altitude.
The advantage when playing at high altitude is to be expected given the differential in oxygen consumption between the two teams and the effect this has on physiological response and football performance. The surprising result is that the high altitude teams also had an advantage when playing at low altitude, benefiting from a significant advantage over their low altitude opponents at all locations. Although "living high and training high" is accepted as beneficial for athletes performing at high altitude, its effects on performance at sea level are less clear.15 A growing body of evidence indicates that "living high and training low" is an effective training technique, leading to increased numbers of red blood cells, oxygen consumption, and running performance. It has also been shown to improve sea level performance in accomplished and elite runners.16 17
Strengths and weaknesses of study
The strength of the study is the novel approach of using a large football database, containing results of 1460 games played at multiple altitudes over a 100 year period. This is in contrast to previous studies on the effects of altitude, which are based on population sizes of the order of 10.1 My statistical analysis of football scores provides a direct measure of the relation between physiological performance and altitude that is not susceptible to the effects of any one individual or team.
The weakness of the study is the difficulty in controlling for other factors that influence football outcome, such as the quality of the training and manager. With such a long record of data, however, the results are unlikely to be affected by any single manager. I used dummy variables for each country to control for the differing levels of ability of the teams. There are other effects of altitude such as air resistance which could affect performance. For example, the ball travels differently at high altitudes; it spins less, sails further, and moves faster.
Implications of results
Low altitude teams may adopt different strategies to cope with playing at high altitude. One approach is to arrive at high altitude only hours before the game, whereas another is to allow sufficient time for acclimatisation. The latter approach is often not feasible given the busy schedules of today's international football players. Furthermore, there is no agreed time for acclimatisation, apart from the knowledge that the longer the duration of the activity and the higher the altitude, the more time required for acclimatisation. When possible, the best approach for avoiding altitude illness is to ascend slowly, allowing sufficient time for acclimatisation.6 Recommendations for above 3000 m include increasing sleeping altitude by only 300-600 m each day and taking a rest day for every additional 1000 m in altitude. Drug treatment may also provide some protection against altitude illness. Ginkgo biloba and aspirin have been shown to be more effective than placebo, but most evidence supports the prophylactic use of acetazolamide.6 18
What is already known on this subject
The ability to consume oxygen, which is reduced by acute exposure to altitude, reflects athletes' physiological performance
The better trained teams, on average, have higher mean consumption rates of oxygen
This study quantifies the effect of altitude on football games between the national teams of South American countries
Teams from high altitude countries have a significant advantage when playing football at both low and high altitudes
Funding: This research was supported by the Royal Academy of Engineering and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) through the funding of a research fellowship.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Brutsaert TD, Spielvogel H, Soria R, Araoz M, Caceres E, Buzenet G, et al. Performance of altitude acclimatized and non acclimatized professional football (soccer) players at 3600 m. J Exerc Physiol2000;3:28-37.
Monge CC. Acclimatization in the Andes. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1932.
Ward M, Milledge JS, West JB, Ward MP. High altitude medicine and physiology. 3rd ed. Arnold: London, 2000.
Roach RC, Bartsch P, Hackett PH, Oelz O. The Lake Louise acute mountain sickness scoring system. In: Sutton JR, Coates G, Houston CS, eds. Hypoxia and molecular medicine. Burlington, VT: Queen City Printers, 1993:272-4.
Peacock AJ. Oxygen at high altitude. BMJ1998;317:1063-6.
Barry PW, Pollard AJ. Altitude illness. BMJ2003;326:915-9.
Dejours P, Kellog RH, Pace N. Regulations of respiration and heart rate response in exercise during altitude acclimatization. J Appl Physiol1963;18:10-8.
Hermansen L, Saltin B. Blood lactate concentration during exercise at acute exposure to altitude. In: Margaria R, ed. Exercise at altitude. New York: Excerpta Medica Foundation, 1967:48-53.
Hackett PH, Rennie D, Levine HD. The incidence, importance, and prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness. Lancet1976;ii:1149-54.
Zubieta-Calleja GR, Zubieta-Castillo G. High altitude pathology at 12999 ft. La Paz, Bolivia: Imprenta Papiro, 1989.
Maresh CM, Deschenes MR, Seip RL, Armestron LE, Robertson KL, Noble BJ. Perceived exertion during hypobaric hypoxia in low- and moderate-altitude natives. Med Sci Sports Exerc1993;25:945-51.
Apor P. Successful formulae for fitness training. In: Reilly T, Lees A, Davids K, Murphy W-J, eds. Science and football. London: E & FN Spoon, 1988: 95-107.
Wisloff U, Helgerud J, Hoff J. Strength and endurance of elite soccer players. Med Sci Sports Exerc1998;30:462-7.
Goddard J. Who wins the football? Significance2006;3:16-9.
Rusko HK, Tikkanen HO, Peltonen JE. Altitude and endurance training. J Sport Sci2004;22:928-44.
Levine BD, Stray-Gundersen J. "Living high-training low": effect of moderate-altitude acclimatization with low-altitude training on performance. J Appl Physiol1997;83:102-12.
Stray-Gundersen J, Chapman RF, Levine BD. "Living high-training low" altitude training improves sea level performance in male and female elite runners. J Appl Physiol2001;91:1113-20.
Dumont L, Mardirosoff C, Tramer MR. Efficacy and harm of pharmacological prevention of acute mountain sickness: quantitative systemic review. BMJ2000;321:267-72.
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Players control a skier on a downhill slope on a mountain. From the start, three types of courses can be selected, but these can also be ignored. In Slalom, the skier needs to pass flags on the right side and makes his way down to the finish. Tree Slalom is identical, but has a lot of trees on the course. The final one is Freestyle were points are scored by performing jumps and doing tricks in the air, followed by a safe landing.


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Story The Sounds of War – Music and the Music Business during the War Years
Militarism and Terror Set to Music
Hans Dietrich: "Wozzek", photo of Alban Berg with singers of the performance at the Vienna State Opera House, 1930
Copyright: ÖNB Bildarchiv und Grafiksammlung
Partner: Austrian National Library
While Richard Strauss's musical output continued apparently uninfluenced and unimpressed by the terror of the First World War, there are two major connecting lines to be drawn between the music of Alban Berg and the war.
The first of these concerns the last of the Drei Orchesterstücke (Three Pieces for Orchestra), op.6, which were mostly composed before August 1914. This movement, marked as 'March' in the score, suggests a terrible vision of the last days and a premonition of all that was lying in wait for the European world in the shape of death, chaos and destruction. It is no chance that this part was completed immediately before the outbreak of war.
A close connection can also be established between Wozzeck – one of the greatest operas of the twentieth century, if not the greatest– and the First World War, even if the war itself was not actually the immediate reason for Berg's decision to set Georg Büchner's drama Woyzeck to music. In May 1914, one month after the twenty-nine-year-old had been called up for his medical and found 'unfit for armed service', he went to the first performance of Büchner's play in Vienna. He was so impressed by the social content, the language and the formal structure of the drama that he decided spontaneously to make an opera out of it. The first sketches for the music were quickly written. The real work of composition did not, however, begin until 1915.
'It is not only the fate of this poor person who is exploited and tormented by the whole world that upsets me so much,' he wrote to his friend, the composer Anton Webern, 'but also the tremendous atmospheric content of the individual scenes'. In the course of the war empathy with the figure of Woyzeck, the tormented and abused soldier, was enlarged by Berg's own experience of military service, as a letter to his wife shows. 'There's a bit of me in the figure of Woyzeck after all, ever since I've been spending these war years in a way that makes me just as dependent on hated people, tied, ailing, unfree, resigned, humiliated in fact.' In his book on the life and work of Alban Berg Willi Reich reports that the composer's inspiration for the chorus of the sleeping soldiers in Act II, Scene 5, came from the dejected atmosphere in the dormitories of the barracks in which he was quartered.
The outbreak of the First World War changed Berg's situation completely. Having originally been exempted, in 1915 he was again examined, classified as 'fit for auxiliary service' and in August was called up for three years with the army. While at first he still felt 'tremendous impatience and restlessness because of the war' and the 'urge to take part, the feeling of impotence at not being able to serve the fatherland', his opinion changed after several physical and mental breakdowns. His wife Helene, who was probably the natural daughter of Emperor Franz Joseph out of his liaison with Anna Nahowski (in Czech the name is Nahowska), turned to the emperor for help and was able to get Berg transferred to clerical work. In 1916 he was sent to the War Ministry as a clerk and on several occasions was granted leave for weeks at a time. (He used these periods to work on Wozzeck.)
In the middle of the work on the inn scene in Act II the phrase 'end of the war' occurs. The opera was completed in 1921. Parts of the music were heard on 15 June 1924 in a concertante performance conducted by Hermann Scherchen under the title Drei Bruchstücke aus Wozzeck (Three Fragments from Wozzeck). The stage premiere took place at the State Opera Unter den Linden in Berlin under Erich Kleiber on 14 December 1925.
The Pieces for Orchestra and the opera are also closely connected musically. They are among the most impressive works of art which owe their creation to the World War.
Translation: Leigh Bailey
Derek Weber
De Voto, Mark: Alban Bergs Drei Orchesterstücke op. 6: Struktur, Thematik und ihr Verhältnis zu Wozzeck, in: Grasberger, Franz/Stefan, Rudolf (Hrsg.): Alban Berg Studien, Bd. 2, Wien 1981, 97-107
Hilmar, Ernst: Wozzeck von Alban Berg. Entstehung – erste Erfolge – Repressionen (1914 – 1935), Wien 1975
Reich, Willi: A guide to Alban Berg's opera Wozzeck. New York 1932
Tonaufnahme "3 Orchesterstücke" Alban Berg. Unter: http://klassik.s-fahl.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55... (20.06.2014)
"It is not only the fate ...": Hilmar, Ernst: Wozzeck von Alban Berg, 21(Translation)
"There's a bit of me ...": Berg, Helene (Hrsg.): Alban Berg, Briefe an seine Frau, München/Wien 1965, 376 (Translation)
"tremendous impatience and restlessness ..." zitiert nach: Scherliess, Volker: Alban Berg, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1975, 60 (Translation)
'Long jackets instead of Tailcoats' – The Music Business in Times of Austerity
Arousing Patriotic Sentiments in the Concert of Nations
'In War the Muses Learn How to Serve'
Serious Times – Serious Art
'I'd like to dance, I'd like to shout for joy' – Popular Music in the First World War
'German Musical Life and How to Delouse It' – Music for Use in the War
'What the soldier in battle dress is singing now will be sung by the entire German people in rare unity.' – Soldiers' Songs as Collectors' Items
'It's Hugo's damned duty not to die for the fatherland before I've got my Act III.' – Richard Strauss and the First World War
'La Victoire en chantant' – The French chanson in the First World War
Musical Innovations in the First World War
Composers' Fates: War, Death and the Longing for Peace and Overcoming Memories
Star Composers and the Great War
Contents related to this chapter
War and art
Many artists, intellectuals and writers welcomed the outbreak of the First World War. They saw it not as an apocalypse but as the opportunity for a change for the better. As such they joined in the patriotic fervour of the first weeks and months of the war. What motivated them not only to devote their artistic energies to the fatherland but also to take an active part in the fighting? How were anti-war sentiments articulated by artists? What other forms of relationship were there between art and warfare during and after the First World War?
The role of the intellectual in the war
The year 1914 brought about an incisive change in their private and professional lives of many intellectuals. Formerly international intellectual and artist circles collapsed, many intellectuals entered the war, voluntarily or not, and many of them failed to return.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Is 2020 the new 1939?
God loves America
On Trump's phony "Mideast peace plan"
Posted by steve on Sep 15, 2020 in News, Opinion, Politics | 0 comments
In politics, they say, timing is everything. Today, less than 50 days before the election, Trump is enjoying a spectacle of great pomp and historicity: the signing of a Mideast agreement between the United Arab Emirates and Israel.
Of course, the timing is blatant: with this move, Trump not only cements the support of his evangelical base, he picks up some Jewish votes and furthers the possibility—a dim one, in my estimation—of winning a Nobel Peace Prize, when the winner is announced on Oct. 11.
Trump wouldn't be the first politician to time good news with an upcoming election. That's how the game is played. And he's pulled this one off rather well. The peace agreement will receive widespread news coverage, especially in conservative media, where they're already touting this as the equivalent of Teddy Roosevelt ending the Russo-Japanese war (for which T.R. got his own Nobel Peace Prize). Trump knows how to do this kind of stuff. It's all part of getting the T.V. ratings, and I don't fault him for a moment for doing it.
The problem, from the point of view of this Jew, is that Trump's Mideast policy is a catastrophe. It gives Israel everything it has always wanted—formalizing Jerusalem as the capital and letting Israel "immediately" annex its West Bank settlements. More importantly, the Trump plan basically jettisons a two-state solution forever. The Palestinian people have thus been robbed of the goal for which they've fought for the last seventy years; Trump has essentially told them to forget about ever having their own country.
I'm no hardline lefty, but I do read history, and I don't like the fact that Israel, with United Nations connivance, has purloined the land the Palestinians have lived on since time immemorial. This is a people, the Palestinians, who through no fault of their own have been robbed of nationhood, been consigned to the most dismal poverty, and have had their hopes and dreams stolen from them. Yes, it's true that the Palestinians have been some of the most recalcitrant people on earth. Their insane vow—to drive Israel into the sea—has never been reneged. Their obvious hatred of Jews is psychopathological, but then, so is Israel's obvious hatred of the Palestinians. The latter have done some of the most egregious things against Israel for decades, a period of time in which they could have reached some kind of settlement with their neighbors. But what was offered to them was never, in their estimation, what they really wanted and deserved: their own country.
Who can criticize a people for rebelling against having their nationhood taken from them? Can you imagine how the armed militias in our own country would react if, somehow or other, another country seized control of large parts of America? The Proud Boys and their ilk would launch their own Intifada and the fighting would be horrendous. I was totally shocked when I heard of Jared Kushner's "peace plan," which predictably drew howls of outrage from the Palestinians, who will never support it. Far from being a "peace plan," this is simply a continuing step towards war.
To understand why Trump and Kushner did what they did, you have to understand two things. First is Trump's reliance on the evangelicals, and vice versa. The evangelicals believe in a literal interpretation of the Bible. We all know the Bible can be interpreted pretty much any way anyone wants; in the case of the evangelicals, they think that Jesus won't return for a second coming until Jerusalem is restored as Israel's capital (check that one off as accomplished) and Israel is restored to her Biblical borders, including Judea and Samaria, i.e. the West Bank. Again, mission accomplished.
But you also have to understand that Jared Kushner's brand of Judaism is very similar to the Wahhabi brand of Islam, which is to say, one of its most fundamentalist, militant and irrational sects; Osama bin Laden was a Wahhabist. Most American Jews properly shun the Kushner brand of Orthodox Judaism, which, while not as extreme as the cult-like Hasidic forms of Judaism, nonetheless sees the Bible as literally true, and Israel as the most important country in the world. That this makes Kushner something of a dual-allegiance American is seldom discussed, but there can be no doubt that he views Israel's Jews as a superior class of human and the Palestinians as a lesser form, not deserving of the same rights and privileges as Jews.
This runs counter to everything I've ever understood about my religion. We believe in fairness, in equity, in righting historical wrongs, not continuing them. We believe in compassion for a slighted people, the Palestinians, who have been kicked around by the West for centuries: by the Ottoman Turks, by Britain and France during their heyday, and, since World War II, by Israel and its patron, America.
The plight of the Palestinian people has not been abated one bit by this fake "peace plan" of Trump and Kushner. The day of reckoning hasn't even been postponed. The Palestinians aren't going away. Their birth rate is one of the highest in the world; Israel will continue to be surrounded by hostile Muslims made even angrier and more desperate by Trump's betrayal of the Palestinians. It's sad to see history being raped in the way that Trump currently is raping it, and it's even sadder to see the news media not telling the truth about the "peace deal."
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Make sure the spine surgeon is board certified (or board eligible) and fellowship trained in spine.
This means that in addition to the usual surgical residency requirements, he or she has completed a fellowship program in spine that included at least one additional year of training specific to spine surgery.
A physician who sees mostly spine patients will be more up-to-date on newer technologies and techniques than a physician who only sees spine patients occasionally.
In addition to the physician's credentials, make sure the physician you choose is someone you feel comfortable with.
After all, finding a physician you can trust is almost as important as his or her experience. Good communication is essential in a doctor/patient relationship.


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PYJAMA PARTY?
Pune Mirror | Updated: Apr 30, 2018, 02:30 IST
█ PYJAMA PARTY?
Actor Kajol was spotted at a film studio in Mumbai over the weekend (PIC: RAJU SHELAR)
■ Cat fight?
HIS last film 'Baaghi 2' is still running in movie theatres, but superman Tiger Shroff has already been signed on for the third installment of the film. The first film saw him team up with Shraddha Kapoor, and he was with Disha Patani in the second. But now we hear the talented actor will not be cast alongside his rumoured lady love for the next one. The film's makers are on a massive hunt to cast a new face opposite Shroff, and we hear every leading lady — established and new — is vying for this role. There are rumours that Kriti Sanon is being considered, but that surely won't make Ms Patani, her most obvious competitor, too happy.
■ Sabya says same-same
WE can only get prouder and prouder of Sabyasachi Mukherjee. Not only do his clothes and boutiques take our breath away, but he also keeps raising the bar pretty regularly. Mukherjee was conferred the Intellectual Property award last week by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The national award was given to him for 'Top Indian Company for Designs & Commercialisation', and his firm was chosen over several research institutes and tech companies. "We have over 700 of our patterns and designs sent to them for copyright purposes, and they have chosen from there. I didn't even know these awards existed,' says Sabyasachi. The country's most copied designer has spent over two years (and a lot of money) chronicling and registering his works. "Yes, now I can take all my copycats to court." Meanwhile, he is thoroughly enjoying his namesake, the handle 'DietSabya', which names and shames all the me-toos in the business.
■ Internationally Indian
OUR friend, the Los Angeles-based filmmaker Tabrez Noorani, has great news to share. His film, 'Love, Sonia', produced by 'Life of Pi' producer David Womark, will have its world premiere on June 21 at a Leicester Square theatre in London. It will be the opening film of the Bagri Foundation London Indian Film Festival. Tabrez is the son of ex-Bayer head Mohammed and his Hyderabadi aristocrat wife Sartaj; his uncle is the filmmaker Zafar Hai. The film, a US– Indian production that stars Mrunal Thakur, Richa Chadda, Demi Moore, Freida Pinto, Manoj Bajpayee and Rajkummar Rao, revolves around two sisters forced into prostitution in Mumbai. "We are very excited to be opening this festival," Tabrez tells your diarist. "A lot of the cast and crew will be there for the screening, so it should be fun."
■ Repeat, re-party
HERE'S a party by fashion police of another sort; this one urges you to repeat what you wear. Suki Dusanj Lenz heads a fashion revolution which promotes sustainability in fashion. And Thursday night at a Mumbai restaurant, slow fashion met slow food, as a host of celebrities were requested to dress in "re-worn clothes that you love". Several young, stylish and responsible peeps showed up showing that loved clothes were better. Some of these were Adhuna Bhabani Akhtar, Maithili Ahluwalia, Rocky S, Gautam Vazirani, Cecelia Oldne, Sikander Kher and Pallavi Sharda.
■ Tailpiece
THE long-awaited next film of this one-time super-successful filmmaker has run into a bit of bad luck. The film finished its shooting schedule several months ago, but there's still no word on its release. Word is that the producers aren't too happy with the way the film has shaped up and are planning to let it just sit in their studio. Which is a pity really, as the lead cast is quite easy on the eye. But mostly, the filmmaker needs to make a film ASAP.
► @one_by_two This week is turning out good as far as World Peace is considered. India meets China South Korea meets North Korea Now when will South Mumbaikars & North Mumbaikars shake hands and agree to live as one??
From Columns
India, don't copy Kerala
The biggest takeaway from the World Cup... The biggest takeaway from the World Cup defeat
Sushant Singh Rajput gifts a platinum p... Sushant Singh Rajput gifts a platinum pendant to Rhea Chakraborty
Are Sara Ali Khan and Kartik Aaryan a c... Are Sara Ali Khan and Kartik Aaryan a couple?
Age and fertility
Here's why Vani Kapoor refuses to endor... Here's why Vani Kapoor refuses to endorse a skincare brand


Poochera is a kaolin district of global significance. It contains many kaolin deposits with unique characteristics, including the deposit of "bright white" kaolin at Carey's Well, some 45km east of Streaky Bay on western Eyre Peninsula in South Australia.
On 25 June 2018 Andromeda Metals Ltd (ASX: ADN, 'Andromeda') and Minotaur Exploration entered into a formal joint venture agreement (JV) over Minotaur's Poochera tenements. The JV requires Andromeda to expend minimum A$400,000 by mid January 2019, before it may withdraw from the JV. Should Andromeda then elect to continue it must expend A$3 million within 3 years (effectively by the close of the 2021 financial year) in return for which it will earn 51% beneficial interest in the tenements, after which it may increase its interest by an additional 24% through the further expenditure of A$3 million over the following 2 years (for a total investment of A$6 million over 5 years for 75% interest). Andromeda is the designated Manager and Operator of the JV while it is sole funding work programmes.


Turn yourself into a ravishing Roman fighter in our Adult Gorgeous Gladiator Fancy Dress, an exquisitely styled dress with a exotic antique appearance that will allow you to become a glamorous gladiatrix with ease.
The Adult Gorgeous Gladiator Fancy Dress includes a beautiful floor-length dress with a brown satin top half and a bright red skirt. The vivid and bold combination of colours gives this outfit a fantastic look that will really make you stand out in a crowd. The neckline has a sweetheart cut for a figure-flattering look, and the straps are made of black leather-effect fabric that adds to the ancient appearance.
At the front of the dress is a printed pattern in metallic brown that's designed to look like the ornate armour that was worn by ancient combatants in the arena, and there are long black strips of leather-effect fabric attached to the waist, each embellished with a stylised spear head.
The alluring look of the dress is completed with a knee-high slit at the front of the skirt, and there are further gold-coloured embellishments at the bottom of the skirt that make this an exceptionally detailed and interesting costume.
Finishing this gladiatorial costume is a set of brown leather-effect wrist cuffs with a elegant printed swirl design on the front. The wrist cuffs simply slip on over the hands and are the perfect finishing touch to your classical look.
Good for size, great value, will be just the job for carnival.


The 2010 State House rally flyers are here!
We've created two flyers for the upcoming 2012 State House rally. One is entirely black and white, and the other, for you with color printers, has a green pot leaf to make the flyer more attention-getting.
The flyers are full 8½×11″ sheets. We recommend printing them "4-up" so you can get four times the flyers.


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Master's Programme 'Global and Regional History'
Programme Facts
What Will You Study
Russian Applicants
Student Ratings
Important Dates and Deadlines Calendar
For First-Year Students
For Second-Year Students
Get a Reference or Transcript
Exam Timetable
Master's Programme in Global and Regional History
We Study not for School but for Life: Graduation-2022
Academic Committee
Ssorin-Chaikov, Nikolai
Borisenko, Maksim
Study Office
Curriculum support office
Mon - Fri from 9:30 until 18:00
To be used only for spelling or punctuation mistakes.
On July 1, for the first time since 2019, the multi-purpose sporting Sibur Arena hosted the traditional graduation ceremony for the entire campus in the usual face-to-face format! Diplomas were solemnly awarded to graduates of bachelor's and master's degrees, and the celebration ended with a concert by the Royal Band cover group.
© Sofia Volkova / HSE – St. Petersburg
The general graduation party is a tradition of the Higher School of Economics in St. Petersburg. Students and professors of different educational programmes and faculties feel like one big family and are ready to share the happiest moment together. More than one and a half thousand graduates and their parents took part in the event this year. On the stage, congratulations and parting words were heard from the Director of the campus Anna Tyshetskaya, as well as the deans of the faculties. Diplomas with honors were awarded to 181 bachelors and 138 masters.
This year, 16 masters graduated from the educational programme "Global and Regional History". Five of them received diplomas with honors: Mustafa Serdar Karakaya, Svetlana Kokotkina, Daria Moskvina, Anna Smirnova and Arda Kukul. Congratulations to the guys on their successful graduation from the Higher School of Economics in St. Petersburg and wish them all the best in the future!
The graduation ceremony ended with a surprise concert from the university administration. The music group Royal Band performed the best songs of Lady Gaga, Artik&Asti, Little Big, Slava Marlow and others.
The celebration became really special — during the performance of the Royal Band, Alina, a graduate of the Master's programme "Applied Economics and Mathematical Methods" of the St. Petersburg School of Economics and Management, received a marriage proposal from her boyfriend Daniil right on the stage.
alumnistudentsReporting an eventmaster's programmes
Main → HSE Campus in St. Petersburg → Master's programmes → School of Arts and Humanities → Master's Programme in Global and Regional History → News → We Study not for School but for Life: Graduation-2022


text:
const _ = require('lodash');
const Promise = require('bluebird');
const models = require('../../models');
const errors = require('@tryghost/errors');
const tpl = require('@tryghost/tpl');

const messages = {
    userNotFound: 'User not found',
    apiKeyNotFound: 'API Key not found',
    memberNotFound: 'Member not found'
};

module.exports = {
    user: function (id) {
        return models.User.findOne({id: id}, {withRelated: ['permissions', 'roles', 'roles.permissions']})
            .then(function (foundUser) {
            // CASE: {context: {user: id}} where the id is not in our database
                if (!foundUser) {
                    return Promise.reject(new errors.NotFoundError({
                        message: tpl(messages.userNotFound)
                    }));
                }

                if (foundUser.get('status') !== 'active') {
                    return Promise.reject(new errors.UnauthorizedError());
                }

                const seenPerms = {};

                const rolePerms = _.map(foundUser.related('roles').models, function (role) {
                    return role.related('permissions').models;
                });

                const allPerms = [];
                const user = foundUser.toJSON();

                rolePerms.push(foundUser.related('permissions').models);

                _.each(rolePerms, function (rolePermGroup) {
                    _.each(rolePermGroup, function (perm) {
                        const key = perm.get('action_type') + '-' + perm.get('object_type') + '-' + perm.get('object_id');

                        // Only add perms once
                        if (seenPerms[key]) {
                            return;
                        }

                        allPerms.push(perm);
                        seenPerms[key] = true;
                    });
                });

                // @TODO fix this!
                // Permissions is an array of models
                // Roles is a JSON array
                return {permissions: allPerms, roles: user.roles};
            });
    },

    apiKey(id) {
        return models.ApiKey.findOne({id}, {withRelated: ['role', 'role.permissions']})
            .then((foundApiKey) => {
                if (!foundApiKey) {
                    throw new errors.NotFoundError({
                        message: tpl(messages.apiKeyNotFound)
                    });
                }

                // api keys have a belongs_to relationship to a role and no individual permissions
                // so there's no need for permission deduplication
                const permissions = foundApiKey.related('role').related('permissions').models;
                const roles = [foundApiKey.toJSON().role];

                return {permissions, roles};
            });
    },

    async member(id) {
        const foundMember = await models.Member.findOne({id});
        if (!foundMember) {
            throw new errors.NotFoundError({
                message: tpl(messages.memberNotFound)
            });
        }

        // @TODO: figure out how we want to associate members with permissions
        // Dirty code to load all comment permissions except moderation for members
        const permissions = await models.Permission.findAll({filter: 'object_type:comment+action_type:-moderate'});

        return {permissions: permissions.models};
    }
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Prairie Dog Prays * Martha Anne St. Claire, M.A.
Just before Thanksgiving last year, NPR interviewed Terry Tempest Williams, author of Finding Beauty in a Broken World. In part of the interview, Ms. Williams talked about prairie dogs.
Indeed! In peace and stillness, may we find our sacred center and each other, ONE being that we are..


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Bernardo Chua is a Filipino-Canadian businessman who founded Organo Gold. His company produces supplements that contain Ganoderma Lucidum, a Chinese herb that he learned all about in his youth. His company sells teas, coffees, nutritional shakes, and other products through independent contractors in several countries.
He was born and raised in the Philippines, the youngest of 15 siblings. After earning an undergraduate degree at the University of Santo Tomas, he joined the company that his family owned. Before long he wanted to venture out and find his own path in life so he took a job as the manager of a small travel agency. See more of Bernardo Chua on Slideshare.
He grew this travel agency into one that sent Filipinos on vacation throughout Southeast Asia. The Filipino supplements industry became interested in Bernardo Chua because of how successful he was as a manager and because of the knowledge he had about traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Gano Excel hired him to build their business which provided Ganoderma Lucidum-infused beverages.
Through hard work, he grew Gano Excel's market share and introduced its products across Asia. When this company decided to introduce its products in North America, he was tapped to lead this effort. Since the Philippines had political unrest at the time, he was happy to move to Canada along with his family.
About five years after moving to Canada he launched Organo Gold. His company is now one of the leaders in both the supplements and direct selling industries. When he started his company in Vancouver, BC, it was just him and three employees.
His company now has thousands of employees and independent contractors in over 35 nations and brings in millions a year. He is continuously expanding what his company offers such as recently introducing a grapeseed oil supplement which is rich with Procyandidolic Oligomer, a powerful antioxidant. Learn More: http://cajamediterraneo.net/bernardo-chua-turkey-welcomes-health-in-a-cup-of-coffee/
This entry was posted in Businessman, CEO, Entrepreneur, Founder, Ganoderma. Bookmark the permalink.
Max Salk a Man of Wisdom
If you haven't heard of him he may be your inspiration and motivation when it comes to balancing life in what we've found to be in a sense: chaotic. A businessman in New York who lives by one principal, and as simple as it may be, so many seem to miss it. He is known for balance in life when the world has become stressful and busy for so many.
Taking Advantage of Opportunity
Max is known for his landscape photography, and he has built the habit of taking his camera no matter what, or wherever he may go. A business trip or perhaps passing from one meeting to another, he has gained the habit of opportunity. The pictures he has taken while on the job have provided murals his audience adores. Realizing simple opportunities in life can teach the masses of success in such simple ways. There are other factors in life required to create those opportunities.
This simple action can also provide success in even greater ways. Opportunity doesn't always fall in our laps it may never present itself, and for Max, patience is a virtue, has proven exemplary when it comes to nature and photography. Patience combined with possible opportunities can bring forth success, and his photography, at the right moment, should be seen as a business model in a world of chaotic rush an impatience.
Like business the perfect snap of a picture isn't immediate. Pictures vary and nature's ever changing array of outcomes coincide with the business world a dynamic and constant transformation of results.
This view and approach with photography, and capturing nature is no different when it comes to business in Max's world. Analyzing while carefully referring to his colleagues about ever changing data on the business side proves patience is key. Taking time to carefully observe the world around us will bring forth, not only epic pictures of the landscape around us, but that strategic moment in time when decisions will always matter.
https://www.zoominfo.com/p/Max-Salk/-1791095071
https://prabook.com/web/max.salk/3754344
This entry was posted in Entrepreneur, Finance, Investment, Philanthropist, Photographer and tagged Max Salk, Navy Seal Foundation, Photography Online, PPM America, The Blackstone Group. Bookmark the permalink.
Dr.Vijay Eswaran's Entrepreneurial Journey And The Achievement He Has Made
Vijay Eswaran is an entrepreneur and the co-founder of QI Group of Companies. The e-commerce conglomerate is also the chairperson of QI Group of Companies. He co-founded QI Group in 1998. Eswaran has businesses in telecommunications, leisure, lifestyle, collectibles, education, property development, and logistics. He completed his education in UK and USA having studied in leading universities.
He has recorded an impressive achievement by working for top ranking companies such as IBM. Dr. Eswaran has held responsible positions in Canada, Australia, US, and Europe before he returned to Asia in the beginning of 1990s. This is when he decided to venture in entrepreneurship.
In 1998, Dr. Eswaran led a team of dedicated and like-minded individuals in founding a training and direct sales company the QI Group. This multi-business conglomerate has offices in various regions including Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Thailand. Its presence is found in more than 30 countries where the QI Group has subsidiary companies.
On top of that, Dr. Eswaran is a renowned motivation speaker and presents lectures around the world. He speaks about spirituality and business among other subjects. Dr. Eswaran has spoken at different leading universities and leadership or business forums. For example, he has spoken at Commonwealth Business Forums at CHOGM and World Economic Forum events.
He is also a philanthropist and has established a corporate social responsibly section of the QI Group known as RYTHM Foundation. In 2011, he was featured in Forbes magazine in the annual list of Heros of Philanthropy of that year. In recent times, he obtained a lifetime award presented by Asian Strategic Leadership Institute during the 3rd World Chinese Economic Forum.
At the 18th Malaysian Education Summit, he received the Special Award for Education Entrepreneurship and Leadership. The award recognizes the innovation, vision, leadership, as well as the success of Eswaran in bringing rapid growth in Quest International University Perak within the last three years.
The University is a joint venture between Perak state government and QI Group. Dr. Eswaran is a recognized author of bestselling books such as Sphere of Silence. The Sphere of Silence is a book that touches issues about life management, and it has gained a lot of reputation in different countries. The book has been published in multiple languages.
Eswaran has also authored other books such as the On the Wings of Thought, 18 Stepping Stones, and In The Thinking Zone. He has regularly been contributing to newspaper columns in Sri Lanka and Malaysia. Eswaran said that when he first started his entrepreneur journey, he had nothing in his favor. He points out that he had no connections, funding, or even family when he ventured into business. No one believed that he would succeed when he started a business because, at that time, Asia was in a terrible economic crisis.
This entry was posted in Business Career, Business Leader, Businessman, CEO, Entrepreneur. Bookmark the permalink.
Marc Beer
Marc Beer has been in the medical industry for over two decades. During that time, he has accomplished a lot and contributed to the growth and expansion of various medical institutions. Marc Beer has worked with prominent institutions as well as starting institutions. Marc has assisted both of them firms by guiding each of them to success. Marc's recognition in the medical industry is from his works with small companies; he has shown high success rates in working with these companies. In his assistance roles helps startups discover their growth strategies and helps them find ways to grow and expand their profit margins. Apart from offering assistance to firms, Marc has also established two firms. He developed Renovia Inc in 2016 to help in discovering treatments for pelvic floor disease. The firm's extreme dedication is to help out women suffering from the illness and provide them with correct treatment procedures. Marc also established Minerva Neurosciences Inc. He is the founding chairperson of the firm. Minerva is a clinical stage institution that carries out trials on individuals to obtain diagnostics for central nervous system disease. Other than carrying out clinical trials, the institution is also developing treatments for conditions such as Parkinson's and Major depressive disorders. Marc Beer is a great leader; he has worked with several companies leading each one of them to success. Marc has held various leadership roles in the past for prominent institutions. Marc has worked with Genzyme as the Global Brand President where his primary task was to make public announcements of treatments for uncommon diseases. Marc has also worked with Erytech Pharma, Abbott Laboratories, ViaCell among others. Recently, Marc Beer got the role of the head of the board at LumeNXT. The Co-Founder believes that Marc is the best candidate for the positions due to his high success rates with startup institutions, and his many years of experience in the pharmaceutical field. LumeNXT is a private medical organization, whose principal focus is to develop illumination technology for minimally invasive surgery. The institution develops illumination surgery products that are well-advanced to ensure positive and precise results out of a surgical procedure. The illumination technology is excellent since it enables medical experts to get a good view of the area under operation. Marc Beer is glad to be a part of the LumeNXT team. He is delighted to be working with a professional team in illumination surgery, who will make use of the LumeNXT technology to operate on individuals carefully. Marc Beer has confidence in LumeNXT technology. He believes that with the incorporation of minimally invasive procedures for surgery, pharmaceutical companies will make use of the LumeNXT technology leading to its expansion. Surgeons making use of the illumination technology state that it provides a high percentage of precision and high visualization of internal organs Learn more: https://ideamensch.com/marc-beer/
This entry was posted in Biotechnology, Entrepreneur, Finance, People, Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink.
Why Igor Cornelsen is an investment genius
Investment is crucial for any entrepreneur who wants to become wealthy and even benefits his kin generation. Making passive income is the goal of most modern investors because they understand how important it is. Igor Cornelsen is one of the current business people who keen when it comes to passive forms of investments. He believes in making money you need the right strategies and this is what makes him an investment genius. It is a way of making money without making a lot of effort because of working smart. Some of the sectors you can invest include bonds, stocks, and real estate as well as starting businesses.
The great entrepreneur believes it is not easy to invest in industries like the stock market. While it is possible to be successful in such sectors, you need working strategies and knowledge to enable you to make the correct decisions. Being confident and having knowledge is crucial to achieving your wealth goals. Without following the proper steps, there are high chances of failing. Igor Cornelsen is a renowned investor from Brazil. He has assisted many people in excelling in the investment sector. Igor is talented in learning and understanding the financial field.
Igor Cornelsen can be said to be an exceptional investor because of his unique approach when it comes to the banking sector, stock market and establishing successful businesses. For many years, he has worked for various organizations enabling them to achieve their goals. Igor has also held different top positions in these firms due to his outstanding performance. He has gained a lot of experience working for these companies, and today he knows how you can start a company from scratch and make it successful.
Igor was born in Brazil and attended the Federal University of Parana where he studied engineering courses. The institution which is in Curitiba was the only university offering such courses during the time.
This entry was posted in Businessman, Entrepreneur. Bookmark the permalink.
Isabel dos Santos Continues with International Investment Strategies
Isabel dos Santos is a prominent investor that defied all odds and built her brand in the industry dominated by men. Besides investing in Angola her native country, Isabel has businesses in other countries across the globe. Portugal is one of the countries that Santos has invested in different industries. Mário Leite da Silva ensures Isabel's activities in Portugal run smoothly as her manager.
During a recent interview, Mário Leite da Silva pointed out that they intend to invest more in the country. He went ahead and cleared the air on any plans to do away with doing business there. Silva was quick to note that their investments in the country are not short term. He told the Business that Isabel dos Santos believes in long-term investments that would create jobs and add value to the economy.
Mário Leite da Silva told the Business that Efacec and other companies owned by Isabel dos Santos would not leave Portugal any soon. Additionally, Silva admitted that he never knew of any plans for the Angolan ENDE, National Electricity Distribution Company to exit from Efacec. ENDE has 15% and 75% stake in Winterfell and Efacec respectively. Both companies operate under Isabel's portfolio.
According to Silva, the shareholders are confident about the company's performance. He admitted that Efacec improved tremendously since Isabel dos Santos stepped in at the end of 2015. The once loss-making company continues to post positive results since its last loss of 90 million Euros in 2015. The company had made losses consecutively there before.
Isabel dos Santos uses her power and wealth to improve the lives of the less fortunate. The second daughter to former Angola president Eduardo Santos has interests in banking, media, infrastructure, telecommunication, and media to name but a few. Besides employing over 50,000 people, she finds time to support charities and mentor people through her outstanding motivational speeches.
Although Isabel stands as the richest woman in Africa, her humbleness is out of this world. She continuously advocates for the improvement of the living standards of the people living in Africa. During her speeches abroad, Isabel reminds the people in the diaspora to remember their people back in Africa. Read more: https://vivenciaspressnews.com/isabel-dos-santos-continua-entre-os-mais-ricos-do-mundo-com-fortuna-de-23-mil-milhoes-de-dolares/
This entry was posted in Businesswoman, CEO, Entrepreneur. Bookmark the permalink.
Donata Meirelles Adores the New Collection of Salvatore Ferragamo
Donata Meirelles was able to select only the best of the best in the Salvatore Ferragamo store in Sao Paolo, Brazil. The British Vogue style director was able to carefully point out the wisest and desirable items in the newest and latest collection of the luxurious Italian brand in Brazil. Visiting the Ferragamo store made her realize how much she wants to purchase all items of Ferragamo. She was amazed by how the new collection was made and how each and every piece was designed perfectly. The latest episode of Vogue's Quero Já program, it can be seen how the Vogue Brazil style director happily visited the Ferragamo store in Sao Paolo. Learn more about Donata Meirelles at Marathi.tv
Ferragamo has been producing exclusive products for movie stars and celebrities such as Marilyn Monroe and Audrey Hepburn. The brand Salvatore Ferragamo has been creating exquisite products for decades and is well-known for producing footwear, clothing, leather goods, silk products, perfume, eyewear, watches, and accessories both for men and women. It was founded for more than eighty years ago in Florence, Italy and is now known for its designer shoes. All of their products are made from Italy and each item has a unique and exclusive design. The craftsmanship, style, and over the quality of the brand is what people like Donata Meirelles appreciate the most.
According to the company, the success of the brand was based on Ferragamo's extensive expertise and his good judgment and sense for selecting materials along with his understanding of clothes and the body and his admiration for the legs and the feet. The brand continuously produces products that are high-quality and created from excellent materials because of its sophisticated standards. They continue to sustain the legacy of Salvatore Ferragamo.
The company was able to be in partnership with Aquazzura for their summer collection and Donata was able to select the items that will be on sale. The video uploaded in British Vogue was directed and produced by Camila Guerreiro and her team and is also coordinated by Alline Cury.
In addition to this, Donata Meirelles was also able to visit the newest Jardins store at Bela Cintra Street in Sao Paolo. Reinaldo Lourenço went to Sweden just to create his winter collection last 2017, and his references were based on how people in Sweden dressed up in street style during the cold season. The new collection of the brand launched as well as its newly renovated shop.
Check out: https://vogue.globo.com/lifestyle/noticia/2019/01/casa-perfumada-4-dicas-de-donata-meirelles-sobre-velas-decorativas.html
This entry was posted in Entrepreneur, Fashion Expert, Fashion Industry. Bookmark the permalink.
Max Salk Discussion
Max Salk is an analyst on investments in New York. He has a degree in finance and minor in history from the University of Illinois. Max has worked with Morningstar company in Chicago and later moved to PPM America where he worked for three years in the investment sector as an analyst. In 2015, he joined Blackstone Group in New York.
Max said that he had interests in landscape photography and he always made sure that he brought his digital camera with him in every time he traveled. This was during his semester time at the university. He liked to travel to many different places where he took many photographs. But he enjoyed taking pictures of open and dramatic landscapes. This finally made him have huge and wide portfolio which made him to begin a committed photography website.
He said that his day starts by looking at his emails when he wakes up in the morning but his time was limited to read emails and when he gets to the office he directly starts working on what he is supposed to do. When he requires directing his concentration on a matter he usually puts on headphones and listens to music. He also attempts getting up occasionally over the day to take a walk and stretch his legs which assists him to become more productive.
Max said that for him to achieve success he remains diligent and pragmatic in his strategy on things. He has also been able to control his priorities, spend more time on the correct issues and to enhance his work products.He further said that the world has many opportunities and that the journey to prosperity is not one. He also added that young people should look for the things they love to do and work towards achieving it passionately. And at the moments things fail, they should try something else.
Max said that he finds himself old fashioned on technology issues because he does not like to buy new devices and when he does he makes sure that the device will help him improve his success line and also help him in finding solutions to issues.
He further said that he prepares full details of everything that he has to make a presentation and that his strategy on being diligent and reliable by paying keen concentration on things and going on further step in his work products always sees him succeeding.
https://www.maxsalkphotography.com/
This entry was posted in Entrepreneur, Finance, Investment, Investment Analyst, Photographer and tagged Max Salk, Navy Seal Foundation, Photography Online, PPM America, SEAL Foundation, The Blackstone Group. Bookmark the permalink.


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Pa., N.J. volunteers mobilize for Harvey relief in Texas
Dozens of volunteers from Pennsylvania and New Jersey have set out to assist in search-and-rescue and other relief efforts.
Volunteers evacuate a neighborhood in west Houston inundated by floodwaters.Read moreCHARLIE RIEDEL / AP
by Erin McCarthy
Several Philadelphia firefighters were pulled off their overnight shifts early Sunday. Their help was needed elsewhere — 1,500 miles away in flood-ravaged southeast Texas.
Around 2:30 a.m., 45 members of Pennsylvania's Task Force 1 — 20 of whom were Philadelphia Fire Department employees — were deployed, beginning a 22-hour drive with an initial destination of Fort Worth, according to Fire Department Capt. William Dixon.
From there they would be sent to help those affected by the landfall of Hurricane Harvey. The storm, Category 4 before touching land, pounded parts of Texas this weekend with high winds and relentless drenching rains, leaving at least eight people dead as of Monday. The devastation included severe structural damage to properties along the Gulf of Mexico coast and unprecedented flooding in the Houston area.
Harvey, though downgraded to a tropical storm, was still dumping epic amounts of rain on the region on Monday, with as much as 15 more inches expected by Thursday — bringing rainfall amounts in some areas up to 35 to 40 inches or more. Emergency crews worked nonstop to rescue thousands of people from houses where rising waters reached rooftops.
Soon after the Pennsylvania task force arrives, Dixon said, "they're going to hit the ground running." Officials in New Jersey and Pennsylvania said even more volunteers — operating under an agreement with the Federal Emergency Management Agency — could be sent in coming days. The crews could be on location for at least two weeks.
New Jersey dispatched 16 of its Task Force 1 members on Sunday, as well as three New Jersey State Police personnel to manage the team, according to Laura Connolly, spokeswoman for the New Jersey Office of Emergency Management.
The 16 N.J. volunteers are highly skilled in swift-water rescues — such as freeing people trapped in cars — but could also use that expertise to help in going home-to-home and rescuing those trapped in attics and other areas, Connolly said. The group will be self-sustainable for two weeks, but that time frame could be extended, she said.
The team arrived Tuesday in San Antonio, which is serving as a staging area for Harvey relief.
"The whole situation is so dynamic," Connolly said, "with flood levels rising and roads being impassable."
The Pennsylvania task force had been slightly rerouted, Dixon said. As of Monday afternoon, that group was headed to AT&T Stadium in Arlington, midway between Fort Worth and Dallas, he said, and was 11 hours from its destination.
Mechanical issues with vehicles had caused some delay. However, repairs had been made, and the group was continuing, Dixon said.
The 45-person convoy included a command vehicle, three tractor-trailers, two box trucks, and two trucks pulling boats, as well as two dogs and two handlers, Dixon said.
The group will not have a specific assignment until its arrival, he added.
Nongovernmental aid, including faith-based operations, was also mobilizing in Southeastern Pennsylvania.
Outside Lancaster, in Lititz, people at the headquarters of the Mennonite Disaster Service (MDS) were watching and waiting, communications manager Mark Beach said. The volunteer group, which is focused on long-term recovery from disasters in the United States and Canada, will send an early-response team once search-and-rescue operations are complete, Beach said.
MDS director Kevin King, who is based in Lititz, planned to fly to Texas on Wednesday, Beach said, and make assessments for the group's first stage of response, having volunteers work to clean out flood-damaged houses. Beach said that if needed, additional crews will then work on long-term recovery efforts, such as rebuilding homes. Long-term recovery volunteers could come from the Pennsylvania area or even from as far north as Canada, Beach said.
As the rain was forecast to continue into the week, more local volunteers could be called to help.
The American Red Cross' Eastern Pennsylvania branch had sent nine volunteers as of Monday, while the New Jersey branch had sent 17.
The American Red Cross of Eastern Pennsylvania expected more volunteers to be sent as the week progressed, communications director Dave Skutnik said. Two Red Cross volunteers planned to head out from Center City Tuesday morning with an emergency-response vehicle, Skutnik said.
Philadelphia Archdiocese spokesman Kenneth Gavin said the archdiocese was prepared to send Catholic Social Services workers to Texas as requested, but on Monday, planning was in the early stages.
I write about how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted life in the Philly region, sports, and whatever else gets newsy.


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After the glorious reign of Catherine the Great (ruled 1762 to 1796), Russia suffered under the reactionary and at times insane rule of her son, Paul I, but after his murder in 1801 Russia under Alexander I returned to playing a major role in Europe. During the first 15 years of his reign the new Tsar saw his enormous armed forces participate in many campaigns, including full wars against the Ottoman Empire (1806-1812), Sweden (1808-1809) and Persia (1804-1813). However it is the wars against France that are best remembered today, and while the events of the disastrous French advance upon and retreat from Moscow in 1812 have captured the public's imagination, another major campaign was that of 1805 to 1807, which began with the Battle of Austerlitz and ended with the Treaty of Tilsit. With many sets already produced for the 1812 campaign by various manufacturers, this product from RedBox is one of a series depicting the earlier and equally important period in the Wars of Napoleon.
The box for this set tells us these are musketeers, which is to say ordinary infantry rather than any sort of elite body. It also gives us a nice precise date range of 1805 to 1808, so in looking at the details of these figures we can test that claim. Working from the top down we start with one of the most important aspects of their appearance – the shako. For ordinary musketeers the shako first replaced the bicorn hat in 1805, and it was given a cockade badge at the front, above which was a pompon and tuft. All of this we find here, and properly done too, so 1805 is indeed the earliest date for this uniform. All the men's hair is dressed with a queue, which is correct for 1805 but was abolished for the men the following year (but remained optional for officers until 1809). The coat all are wearing is well done with the two rows of buttons down the front and the short tails behind, and the cuffs with flaps and three buttons. On the legs all wear breeches and boots with the proper 'V'-shaped slit in the back, so for 1805 these figures are correct, as they are for the whole period if you remove the queued hair. Wearing boots rather than shoes and gaiters means this is winter uniform, as might have been worn at Austerlitz, for example.
For kit the men have a cartridge pouch with circular badge on the right hip held by a belt over the left shoulder, and a waist belt which supports the scabbard for their infantry sabre. Interestingly they all also have a bayonet scabbard beside the belt. Generally it is thought bayonet scabbards are not widespread in 1805, when the infantry had the bayonet always fixed to the musket, but they became more common in later years, so this is another aspect that seems to have changed over the course of these three or four years. Also to be found on each man is the correct cylindrical valise, carried here by a strap over the right shoulder, and with a mess tin strapped to it. Each man also has another roll beside the valise, which is the greatcoat. Before 1805 this was carried on the regimental wagon, but by this time the men carried it themselves, in this manner.
The muskets the men carry look conventional for the time, and as the Russian Army carried many different models of musket at this date these would be quite acceptable, although all have barrel bands when the common Russian model of the day had none. All have the slightly curved sabre, and all have the bayonet fixed, which as we have said is good.
Exceptions in uniform and kit are naturally to be found in the four command poses in our bottom row. The first man is an NCO, distinguishable partly by his holding his musket on the right side, and partly by the cane attached to a button on his coat. Most musketeer NCOs carried a halberd, but this man is carrying a musket, possibly rifled, as did four NCOs per company (an NCO with a halberd can be found in the Guard set). However he has a pouch on the right hip like that of the men, when it seems they actually had this at the front of the waist belt. Next we have a fifer, holding his fife and equipped with its case, but otherwise having only a sword as kit. His uniform is like that of the men but has six lace chevrons down each arm, 'wings' on each shoulder and lace loops on the breast of his coat, all of which are correct. He has shoulder straps on both shoulders, but some sources say fifers only had one on the left shoulder (and drummers on the right), although this is a pretty minor detail. The flag-bearer is like the men but has no firearm, pouch or scabbard, and while he does have a sword this is much shorter than we would have expected.
Finally the officer has a coat with longer tails, and a waist belt holding a full-length sword which looks good. He also wears a sash which unfortunately is tied at the right when it should be at the left. He wears an enormous gorget which is nevertheless accurate, and holds a spontoon which was the usual weapon for junior officers, which must be what this is (more senior officers carried a cane instead). Finally he has the old bicorn hat with cockade and plume, again correct for the period, so everything is fine apart from the sash.
The quality of sculpting is very good, with nice detail everywhere and good work done on faces. There is no flash on the main figures, but we found a little on the command figures, especially round the officer's spontoon. Also there is some plastic between musket and man on a couple of the poses, but no more than you find on many such sets. However the officer's spontoon is quite a bit shorter than the actual 240cm it should be (including the head), and the flag staff is also much too short, being about 30mm (216cm) in length without the finial when it should be a full metre longer. Also the flag, although limp, is only about 15mm (108cm) by 12mm (86cm) when it should be 142cm square at this period (or at least 126cm square if the old 1797 pattern).
We thought all the poses looked very natural, and exhibited good general proportions. The range of firing, loading and advancing poses covers all the basics, although we were not convinced of the need for two marching poses, even though one is stiff and formal while the other is more relaxed. There is not a lot of action in these poses, which of course is exactly what you would expect in troops that fought mostly in large formations, so wargamers will probably be the most pleased by the offerings here, but everything is perfectly appropriate and usable and very nicely presented.
Officers started getting shakos from 1807, and the following year the cylindrical valise began to be replaced by a more conventional rectangular knapsack, so the dating of these troops is exactly right. The various errors with the command figures will cause problems for the purist, especially as it would be a considerable struggle to remove the provided flag and replace it with a correct paper alternative. Nevertheless the sculpting is very good and the mould equally well done, and the poses are an unexciting but appropriate mix of useful positions with a fair array of command poses to complete the picture. This is a long-awaited addition to a little-visited but important period in the history of the Imperial Russian Army, and in many ways it was worth the wait. However the problems with the command figures do dampen the enthusiasm a little, and spoil what could otherwise have been a great set.


TOD (Training & Organizational Development) is a section of Human Resources for Bernalillo County.
We offer training courses and consulting services to all Bernalillo County employees and are located at 415 Tijeras Avenue NW.
Courses are designed and led by the Human Resources Training team members.
At Bernalillo County, we collaborate with divisions, departments, and sections to empower employees and management who are experts in their field to create and train in courses in their field of expertise.
TOD is happy to be of service to county employees and members of the public who wish to take an active role in developing your skills and knowledge. These webpages will provide you with information on career development services, online courses, our supervisor and succession programs, our leadership program, and the Public Safety Academy, among other great programs and training offerings.
Bernalillo County employees are able to take various courses throughout the year - including communication, strategic planning, negotiations, software usage, project planning, interpersonal skills, and leadership development. This broad range of courses allows Bernalillo County employees to enhance their skill bases and grow their careers.


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In addition to his body of residential work in both urban and rural settings, Eric also has extensive experience in commercial, corporate and institutional arenas with previous firms in Minnesota, Michigan and California. His work at SALA and William Adams Architects has been published in such books and magazines as Architecture, Fine Homebuilding, Interiors, Cottage Living and Home by Design as well as The Not so Big House, by former partner Sarah Susanka.
Eric earned a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature at Denison University and a Master of Architecture at the University of Minnesota. He is a registered architect in Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin, South Dakota, Montana, Florida, North Carolina and Oregon and is NCARB-certified.


text:
Q: How improve performance when join pyspark Dataframes I have 2 pyspark Dataframess, the first one contain ~500.000 rows and the second contain ~300.000 rows. I did 2 join, in the second join will take cell by cell from the second dataframe (300.000 rows) and compare it with all the cells in the first dataframe (500.000 rows).
So, there's is very slow join. I broadcasted the dataframes before join.
Test 1:
df_join = df1.join(F.broadcast(df2), df1.String.contains(df2["search.subString"]), "left")

The job took many hours to finish.
Test 2:
df_join = F.broadcast(df1).join(F.broadcast(df2), df1.String.contains(df2["search.subString"]), "left")

The running is very slow than the first code above, so the performance is very bad.
I tried to cache the dataframes before join.
I used:
df.cache() for each dataframe. But, the performance always not good.
I tried to use persist in memory_only:
df.persist(MEMORY_ONLY) ==> NameError: global name 'MEMORY_ONLY' is not defined
df.persist(StorageLevel.MEMORY_ONLY) ==> NameError: global name 'StorageLevel' is not defined

How can I persist the Dataframe in memory ?
Can you please suggest me a solution to improve the performance ?
Thanks in advance.

A: Use
df=df.cache()
print(df.count())
Basically, you need to call an action to get the effect of caching.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I'm standing in the line at the Virginia DMV, waiting for a ticket so I can then talk to someone who will eventually issue me transfer tags for my new-to-me 1990 Porsche 911 Carrera 2. I'll admit I've got a little bit of angst. You see, this isn't just my first 964. It is my first Porsche and also my first air-cooled car. I'd just bought the thing about 10 minutes ago, and on my way from the bank to the DMV, I smelled some burning oil. After nabbing the spot closest to the door, I noticed a bit of smoke floating up from the engine vent. Now Bill, my wingman for this potential boondoggle, has just walked hurriedly across the DMV to my position and informed me the car is on fire.
Exactly what do you do in a situation like this? There's no book for it... no FAQ... no how-to video on some YouTube-suggested watch list between Patrick Long heel-and-toe how-to videos and Petrolicious P car profiles.
So, I ask Bill an obvious question. "Is it still on fire?"
Bill walks past me and out a second door. He yanks a fire extinguisher from the wall on his way out. Shortly thereafter, he passes the large plate glass windows in full sprint.
A girl behind me asks her boyfriend, "Is something on fire?"
"I think it's that Porsche," he answers.
Yeah. That Porsche. I wince.
The process of buying myself a 964 began four years ago. I went for a test drive and missed out on my new car's near twin because the shop I'd booked for a pre-purchase inspection (PPI) scheduled me later in the week, allowing time for another buyer to swoop in and offer cash with no PPI. That car was gone, and I spent the next four years off and on searching for a very particular spec car. Unfortunately, I wasn't the only one searching for a clean manual transmission 964 Carrera 2. It seems the fire, at least in regards to 964 pricing, had begun long before I arrived in Virginia.
A lot happened during the past four years. Singer happened. Rauh Welt happened. Magnus Walker happened. The 964 became a popular choice for the stance and tuning scene, while countless guys my age who also fantasized about these cars back in school began earmarking newly found disposable income for cars just like this one. As a result, the market price of my target spec 964 nearly doubled during that time. Consider the pricing of certain car dealers in major markets hording these cars, and you might even assume they'd tripled in value.
Fast-forward to one week ago and I'm haggling with a guy in another city about one somewhat worn track-prepped coupe that is definitely a fixer-upper. Then, an almost perfectly optioned car popped up in a very driveable distance. This 911 ticked all the boxes; good color combo, manual transmission, limited -lip differential, big bolster seats. The owner listed it as recently having undergone a full restoration, though the mileage was a bit high. That said, it was fairly priced at just a few grand more than the worn track weapon over which I'd been haggling. Even better, the owner claimed it had received a full top and bottom engine rebuild and glass-out repaint, both less than 5,000 miles ago. I went to see it posthaste.
The owner struck me as just the sort I'd want to buy from. Meticulous in most every detail, he had records for everything he'd done. The vehicle's Carfax history threw no red flags, so I took a deep breath and made my offer at basically what he'd been asking for it. I skipped the PPI so as to not allow any will-travel West Coaster or erstwhile future RWB builder to swoop in and grab it. A handshake was made, and I literally nodded to the guy in a BMW 3 series wagon confirmed later as coming to look at it as I departed the owner's driveway. Forty-eight hours later, the car was mine... albeit on an unplanned smoke break in front of the Virginia DMV.
So why'd it catch fire? What we know now is that the previous owner hoped to do me a favor by expertly detailing the car and changing the oil one last time before I picked it up. He probably overfilled it. That caused the smoke, and then he and my buddy had let it idle there while he tried to diagnose. Overflow oil dripping onto the exhaust ignited momentarily, but not before he did me one last very valuable favor by ripping off his sweatshirt and suffocating the fire... probably even before my buddy had even entered the DMV.
The fire trucks still came. That is apparently a matter of policy at the Virginia DMV when you remove one of their extinguishers from its holder. The firemen complimented me on my new car, made sure it was no longer on fire, and were on their way. Not sure about my new acquisition and unwilling to risk it on the first day, I skipped out on baiting another fire in now rush hour D.C. metro traffic and called local European car tuner New German Performance (NGP). The guys at NGP were quick with a recommendation for towing the lowered 911, so it was trucked from there to NGP, then on to my home dealership, Porsche Mechanicsburg in Pennsylvania. They'd look it over and make sure there were no further issues before prepping it for use, including state inspection and tags.
As you can see, it is already a nicely sorted car. Even still, I'm hoping to improve on it. No, this won't be a more radical backdate, track weapon, or widebody build. Rather, I intend to emphasize the narrow body 964 form that this car already exemplifies. While it may see minor autocross courses or track days, its primary purpose will be for enjoyment on public roads.
Obviously, there is a huge network of products and companies that caters to owners of air-cooled 911s. From Porsche Classic's range of factory parts to countless aftermarket specialists, I aim to modify this car in a very subtle OEM+ sort of way that augments it while exploring what Porsche may have built had the company been building its GTS models during the 964 era.
What will be upgraded? Well, the engine's been rebuilt, so another full rebuild currently isn't necessary. Wheels and tires are an obvious place to start. Brakes, intake, and exhaust offer further performance potential, and there are some interesting new suspension options that have been introduced for the 964 since our car was rebuilt several years ago. Beyond that, we're amassing a list of improvements for the interior, the inoperable audio system, the car's lighting systems, and a few exterior upgrades.
With all of that said, I'd like to introduce Project P964 GTS. This series is a joint effort between european car and my new startup Porsche-focused website P9xx.com. Follow along with the progress of this car across both of these outlets, as well as #ProjectP964_GTS on various social media platforms.