text:
Life satisfaction and happiness associated with depressive symptoms among university students: a cross-sectional study in Korea
Eun Hyun Seo1,
Seung-Gon Kim2,3,
Sang Hoon Kim2,3,
Jung Ho Kim2,
Jung Hyun Park2 &
Hyung-Jun Yoon ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3087-88532,3
Annals of General Psychiatry volume 17, Article number: 52 (2018) Cite this article
This cross-sectional study investigated the impact of life satisfaction and happiness, as well as the prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms in a large sample of university students.
We included 2338 students at 6 universities in 1 metropolitan city and 2 provinces of Korea. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory, and scores of 16 or higher were categorized as the presence of depression. Various sociodemographic, life satisfaction, happiness, and clinical factors (alcohol consumption and sleep quality) were measured. According to the presence of depression, sociodemographic, life satisfaction, happiness, and clinical characteristics were compared using statistical analyses. Further, a logistic regression model was constructed to examine the impact of life satisfaction, happiness, and clinical factors on depression.
Among participants, 13.4% were identified as having depression. Life satisfaction and happiness were associated with a lower risk of depression, while hazardous alcohol drinking and poor sleep quality were related to a higher risk of depression. In addition, female gender, subjective body shape as obese, and insufficient pocket money were found to be significant correlates of depressive symptoms.
This study demonstrated possible risk and protective factors of underlying depressive symptoms. Especially, our findings suggest that improvement in life satisfaction and happiness would be important in the prevention and management of depression. Our findings may contribute to developing specialized mental health programs for prevention, screening, and treatment of depression among university students.
Depression is considered an important public health problem owing to its high prevalence rate [1]. It has been predicted that depression will be the second leading cause of disability by 2020 [2]. University students belong to a particular population undergoing a crucial period of transition during which they are required to make major life decisions and prepare for their future. In this critical stage of development, they may encounter diverse problems such as adjustment to a new environment away from home, financial stress, and academic difficulties. As a reaction to this stress, they may suffer from depression without realizing they are depressed. Previous studies have shown that depressive symptoms among university students are substantial around the world [3,4,5,6], and the prevalence rate appears to be increasing [7, 8]. Depression has been emphasized in university students, because depressive symptoms have a negative effect on academic performance [9] and in severe cases may even lead to suicide [10].
Previous studies on the mental health of university students have mainly investigated the prevalence of depressive or anxiety symptoms and related sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, family history of psychiatric disorders, and living or financial situation [3, 11]. Low positive emotions as well as high negative emotions are vulnerable factors for both the development and maintenance of depression [12]. The benefits of positive emotions are particularly relevant to those suffering from depression, since positive emotions have been shown to facilitate recovery from the cardiovascular effects of negative emotions [13, 14] and to buffer against relapses [15]. Nevertheless, most previous studies on depression have mainly focused on negative emotions. Contrary to traditional psychology, positive psychology is primarily concerned with positive aspects of life such as life satisfaction, happiness, gratitude, and resilience rather than psychological deficits [16]. Although life satisfaction and happiness are a broad and non-specific perception, they are important contributors to subjective well-being [17] and have been widely studied owing to their interactive effects on mental health [18, 19]. Positive cognitions and emotions have been shown to be strong predictors of happiness that alleviate automatic negative thoughts that can lead to depression [20], suggesting that higher levels of happiness may have a protective effect on depression. Conversely, dissatisfaction with life has been reported to predict depression longitudinally as well as to be associated with concurrent depressive symptoms [21]. Among the various clinical factors, alcohol consumption [22, 23] and sleep disturbance [24] have been particularly associated with depression.
Despite the research evidence concerning the significant role of positive psychology in improving mental health [16, 25], there have only been a few studies focusing on the impact of life satisfaction and happiness on depressive symptoms among university students, and the sample sizes have been relatively small. Similarly, there are limited studies on the prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms in this population in Korea. For these reasons, we investigated the impact of life satisfaction and happiness on depressive symptoms as well as the prevalence and associated factors of depression in a large sample of university students.
Participants and procedure
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 2451 undergraduate students at six universities in Gwangju metropolitan city and two provinces (Jeollanam-do and Jeollabuk-do) in Korea from November 2013 to April 2014. The selection of participants was done by the convenience sampling method. Written informed consent was obtained after the aims of the study had been explained to the participants. Participants were assured that their information and responses would be confidential and anonymous. The participants then completed a questionnaire regarding sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, grade, religion, subjective socioeconomic status, subjective body shape, and subjective pocket money), depressive symptoms, alcohol consumption, sleep quality, and positive psychological factors including life satisfaction and happiness. This study conformed to the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki, and has been approved by the Institutional Review Board at the Chosun University (Ref. No.: 2-1041055-AB-N-01-2018-50).
Assessment of depressive symptoms
Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) [26]. The BDI is a 21-item instrument designed to evaluate the presence and severity of depressive symptoms. Each item is rated from 0 to 3 with a higher score representing more severe depressive symptoms. The reliability and validity of the scale have been previously confirmed [27]. Cronbach's alpha of the BDI was 0.88 in this sample. In the present study, a cutoff score of ≥ 16 indicated the presence of depression, which was suggested to minimize the false negative rate of depression in a previous study with a Korean sample [28].
Assessment of clinical factors
Alcohol consumption was evaluated using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), which is a screening instrument designed to identify hazardous or harmful alcohol drinking [29]. It consists of ten questions related to alcohol consumption, symptoms of alcohol dependence, and problems resulting from alcohol consumption. The total score ranges from 0 to 40 with a higher score indicating more hazardous alcohol drinking. The reliability and validity of the AUDIT have been previously confirmed in Korea [30]. In this study, the cutoff score indicating the presence of hazardous alcohol drinking was 12 for males and 8 for females, which was suggested by previous studies in Korea [30, 31]. Cronbach's alpha of the AUDIT was 0.83 in this sample.
Sleep quality was assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [32]. The PSQI is a self-administered instrument that differentiates poor sleep from good sleep by measuring seven components including subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, use of sleep medications, and daytime dysfunction over the last month. Each of the seven component scores is weighted equally on a scale of 0 (no difficulty) to 3 (severe difficulty). The sum of the seven component scores yields the global PSQI score. A total score of 6 or greater indicates poor sleep quality; the higher the PSQI score, the poorer the sleep quality [32]. The reliability and validity of the Korean version of the PSQI have been confirmed [33]. Cronbach's alpha of the PSQI was 0.83 in this sample.
Assessment of life satisfaction and happiness
The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) was used to assess life satisfaction [34]. The SWLS is a 5-item scale assessing satisfaction with one's life, and each item is rated from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). Higher scores indicate greater satisfaction with life. The reliability and validity of the SWLS have been confirmed [34]. Cronbach's alpha was found to be 0.89 in this sample. Happiness was assessed by the Positive Psychotherapy Inventory (PPTI) [35], which consists of 21 items measuring three domains of happiness: pleasant life, engaged life, and meaningful life. Each item is rated from 0 to 3 with higher scores indicating a higher level of overall happiness. The Korean version of the PPTI has been previously validated [36]. Cronbach's alpha was found to be 0.92 in this sample.
All participants were divided into two groups (depressed or non-depressed) depending on the BDI cutoff score of 16. Group comparisons of sociodemographic characteristics, hazardous alcohol consumption, and poor sleep quality, and mean AUDIT, PSQI, SWLS, and PPTI scores were analyzed using the independent t-test for continuous variables and Chi square test for categorical variables. Multiple logistic regression analysis using the backward-conditional method was performed to identify life satisfaction, happiness, and clinical factors associated with depression. Provided there were significantly different sociodemographic variables between the two groups, we controlled the variables in the logistic regression model.
These analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 23.0 (SPSS; Chicago, IL). All statistical analyses were two-tailed with a significance level set at p < 0.05.
Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of depression
A total of 2451 students participated in the survey. Excluding 113 invalid questionnaires (those with > 20% questions unanswered), 2338 students completed the self-administered questionnaire. Of these, 1071 (45.8%) were male and 1267 (54.2%) were female. The mean age of the participants was 23.7 ± 4.2 years. The prevalence rate of experiencing depression was 13.4% (n = 314). Female students showed a significantly higher rate of depression than male students (male: 10.2%, female: 16.2%, p < 0.001). The prevalence rate of depression was significantly higher in students who perceived their body shape as obese compared to those who perceived their body shape as average or slim (obese: 16.2%, average: 10.2%, slim: 14.2%, p = 0.001). Depressive symptoms were also significantly higher in students who perceived the level of their pocket money was insufficient compared to those who perceived their pocket money was moderate or sufficient (insufficient: 19.1%, moderate: 10.2%, sufficient: 10.6%, p < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences with regard to age, grade year, religion, and socioeconomic status between the depressed and non-depressed groups. The sociodemographic characteristics of the sample and comparisons according to the presence of depression are presented in Table 1.
Table 1 Group comparisons of sociodemographic characteristics according to the presence of depression
Characteristics of life satisfaction, happiness, and clinical factors according to the presence of depression
The Satisfaction with Life Scale scores were significantly lower in the depressed group than non-depressed group (p < 0.001). Similarly, the depressed group showed significantly lower scores in all three domains of the PPTI (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the clinical factors exhibited the opposite results. The rate of hazardous alcohol drinking was significantly higher in the depressed group compared to the non-depressed group (depressed group: 42.0%, non-depressed group: 35.3%, p = 0.021). In addition, the AUDIT scores were significantly higher in the depressed group (p = 0.003). In terms of sleep quality, the frequency of poor sleep was significantly higher in the depressed group (depressed group: 74.5%, non-depressed group: 40.2%, p < 0.001), and the PSQI total scores were significantly higher in the depressed group than in the non-depressed group (p < 0.001). Further, it was revealed that all 7 component scores of the PSQI were significantly higher in the depressed group than in the non-depressed group (p < 0.001). The comparisons of life satisfaction, happiness, and clinical factors according to the presence of depression are presented in Table 2.
Table 2 Group comparisons of life satisfaction, happiness, and clinical factors according to the presence of depression
Impact of life satisfaction, happiness, and clinical factors on depression
To quantify the factors associated with depression, we conducted multivariate logistic regression analysis. Because gender, subjective body shape, and subjective level of pocket money differed significantly between the two groups, we entered these variables in the first block to control for their effects. Then, SWLS, PPTI, AUDIT, and PSQI scores were entered in the second block. After controlling for the effects of gender, subjective body shape, and subjective level of pocket money, all the positive psychological and clinical variables were significant in the final model (Table 3). SWLS (OR = 0.881, 95% CI 0.837–0.891, p < 0.001), PPTI (OR = 0.908, 95% CI 0.891–0.925, p < 0.001), AUDIT (OR = 1.027, 95% CI 1.006–1.050, p = 0.013), and PSQI (OR = 1.259, 95% CI 1.196–1.324, p < 0.001) scores were each significantly associated with depression.
Table 3 Logistic regression analysis for factors associated with depression
In the current study, we investigated the impact of life satisfaction and happiness as well as the current status and correlates of depressive symptoms in a large sample of Korean university students. Our study demonstrated that life satisfaction and happiness were significantly associated with a lower risk of depression, whereas hazardous alcohol consumption and poor sleep quality were related to a higher risk of depression. Our results also showed specific sociodemographic correlates of depressive symptoms.
Our study indicated that 13.4% of the sample was experiencing depression; a finding that is similar to previous studies with Korean and Chinese university students [5, 37]. Meanwhile, the rate is lower than what has been found in some other studies including samples from the United States and European and Middle Eastern countries reporting prevalence rates of 25–29% [38, 39] and 30–33% in meta-analyses [40, 41]. Koreans have exhibited a higher diagnostic threshold for major depression than have Americans, which results in a lower prevalence of major depression [42]. Koreans are more likely to express the symptoms of fatigue and concentration difficulty, but are less likely to express depressed mood and suicidal ideation than Americans. Hence, cross-cultural differences may influence a lower prevalence rate of depression. In addition, the different scales may partly account for the differences found among studies, because commonly used scales have fewer common and specific factors of depressive symptoms than expected [43]. Regardless of such differences, our results suggest that a substantial number of students experience depression. Therefore, active efforts to evaluate underlying depression should be encouraged, to improve the mental health of students.
Students with depression showed a lower level of life satisfaction and happiness than non-depressed students. Our logistic regression analysis further indicated that individuals with higher levels of life satisfaction and happiness had a decreased probability of having depression. As Seligman pointed out, positive psychology includes various aspects such as well-being and satisfaction (past); flow, joy, the sensual pleasures, and happiness (present); and constructive cognitions about the future [44]. In the current study, we adopted major components of past and present aspects of positive psychology. Our findings suggest that past and present aspects of positive psychology can play an important role in prevention of depression. In line with the results of the current study, it was found that life satisfaction negatively correlated with depressive symptoms in students [45]. Meanwhile, in a previous study using a large cohort sample of middle-aged people, the absence of psychological well-being was a significant risk factor for subsequent depression [46].
These previous studies and our results provide evidence regarding the protective role of life satisfaction and happiness on depression among university students. A promising approach to enhance well-being, positive psychological interventions (PPI) that aim to foster positive cognitions, emotions, or behaviors have been applied to treat a variety of psychiatric disorders [47, 48]. PPI can be particularly useful for depression characterized by a paucity of positive emotions, life meanings, and engagements [47]. A meta-analytic review found that PPI improved well-being and decreased depressive symptoms [49]. Our findings suggest that PPI, focusing on the improvement of life satisfaction and happiness, can be applied to depression in clinical practice. Interestingly, participants who had a depressed mood and voluntarily participated were more likely to benefit from PPI, implying that providing motivation and encouragement may be important in the implementation of PPI. Taken together, development and application of the life satisfaction and happiness-focused novel mental health programs addressing self-motivation may contribute to the prevention and management of depression on college campuses.
Alcohol use is common among university students, often leading to alcohol use disorders such as alcohol abuse and dependence [50]. Alcohol use and depression may be closely associated because individuals who suffer from one disorder are susceptible to the other [23]. Results of our study support this bidirectional relationship. Further, logistic regression analysis indicated that higher levels of hazardous alcohol consumption increased the probability of having depression. It has been shown that interventions including motivational interviewing and personalized normative feedback are effective modalities for reducing alcohol drinking in students [51]. Considering the high prevalence of hazardous alcohol use [52] and its significant effect on depression, efforts to perform screening and intervention programs for alcohol abuse are warranted on campuses. With regard to sleep quality, we found that individuals with poorer sleep quality had an increased probability of having depression. Similarly, previous research found that sleep problems indicated an underlying depression in university students [53], and there is increasing evidence that suggests chronic insomnia is a strong risk factor for the development of depression [24]. Moreover, our results revealed that all individual components of the PSQI, as well as global sleep quality were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. This suggests that diverse aspects of sleep quality including sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction may influence depression in students. Because hazardous alcohol use and sleep disturbances are each associated with depressive symptoms, students who have both may be at an especially high risk for depression. For the university health service, this point should be considered as an important issue.
The prevalence rate of depression was significantly higher in female students than in male students, which is consistent with a higher lifetime prevalence of depression found in women among the general population [1]. This is in line with findings of previous studies reporting that female students had a higher rate of depressive symptoms than male students [4, 54]. As one explanation for this finding, a cross-national study of health proposed that gender differences are greater in countries with greater gender inequalities regarding political rights and job opportunities [55]. However, some researchers have found no significant difference according to gender [5, 38], indicating the reasons for the inconsistency need to be further investigated.
We found that depressive symptoms were associated with perception of body shape as being obese. Koreans are thought to be preoccupied with body image, regardless of actual body weight [56]. Moreover, social norms overemphasize maintaining thinness as a focus of self-presentation in Korea [56]. Therefore, Korean people who perceive their body shape to be obese are likely to be more dissatisfied with their body image compared to those who do not perceive themselves as such. In this regard, a previous study revealed that body image concern, especially obesity, was a mediating factor in the relationship between body weight and depressive symptoms among Korean adults [57]. However, studies focusing on the association of body image concern with depression in university students are limited. Therefore, longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the role of body image concern on depression among students.
Previous studies have consistently reported that lower socioeconomic status was a significant risk factor for depressive symptoms in university students [5, 54]. Interestingly, in our study, the level of subjective pocket money was found to be a significant correlate of depressive symptoms, whereas subjective socioeconomic status was not. In fact, satisfaction or dissatisfaction with economic circumstances has been well established for its significant role in mental health [58]. In addition, one's personal financial condition such as pocket money may be different from subjective socioeconomic status. Our findings imply that personal financial difficulties rather than simply subjective socioeconomic status would be a more important correlate of current depressive symptoms in students.
This study has several limitations and future research should address them. Firstly, because the design of this study was cross-sectional, it is difficult to make causal inferences. A prospective longitudinal study is needed to confirm the causal relationships suggested by our findings. Secondly, we evaluated depression using the BDI without the clinical interview. Additional clinical interviews with those scoring above a cutoff score of the BDI would be helpful to elaborate factors associated with depression in future studies. Thirdly, there is the potential of sampling bias because the selection of participants was based on convenience sampling, limiting the generalizability of our findings. Nevertheless, the large sample size and the use of a validated scale to identify depressive symptoms might have ensured the validity of the results. Fourthly, objective data regarding body image and economic status were not obtained. Moreover, this study did not evaluate specific and major issues related to university students such as school life, academic performance, anxiety, and suicide. Thus, further study on these issues is needed to develop specialized mental health program for university students. Finally, due to the nature of self-report measures, the results of this study should be interpreted cautiously. However, participants were assured confidentiality by anonymous questionnaires, which can reduce the possibility of dishonesty. Regardless of these limitations, the present study could provide valuable information regarding the current status and associated factors of depression among university students.
In conclusion, this study revealed that life satisfaction and happiness were associated with a lower risk of depression in university students. Although the relationship between various positive psychological factors and depression is not yet fully understood, our findings emphasize that enhancing life satisfaction and happiness may be important in the prevention and management of depression among students. In addition, this study identified the current status of, and factors associated with depressive symptoms among university students in Korea. This study has several important implications for administrators of universities when they are considering the sociodemographic, positive psychological, and clinical factors in dealing with the mental health issues of students. Furthermore, our findings may contribute to developing mental health programs for facilitating primary prevention, early detection, and treatment of depression as well as promoting well-being among students.
AUDIT:
the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test
BDI:
the Beck Depression Inventory
PPTI:
the Positive Psychotherapy Inventory
PSQI:
the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
SWLS:
The Satisfaction with Life Scale
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the national comorbidity survey replication (NCS-R). JAMA. 2003;289:3095–105.
Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: global burden of disease study. Lancet. 1997;349:1498–504.
Eisenberg D, Gollust SE, Golberstein E, Hefner JL. Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2007;77:534–42.
Mikolajczyk RT, Maxwell AE, El Ansari W, Naydenova V, Stock C, Ilieva S, et al. Prevalence of depressive symptoms in university students from Germany, Denmark, Poland and Bulgaria. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2008;43:105–12.
Chen L, Wang L, Qiu XH, Yang XX, Qiao ZX, Yang YJ, et al. Depression among Chinese university students: prevalence and socio-demographic correlates. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e58379.
Arslan G, Ayranci U, Unsal A, Arslantas D. Prevalence of depression, its correlates among students, and its effect on health-related quality of life in a Turkish university. Ups J Med Sci. 2009;114:170–7.
Buchanan JL. Prevention of depression in the college student population: a review of the literature. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2012;26:21–42.
Reavley N, Jorm AF. Prevention and early intervention to improve mental health in higher education students: a review. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2010;4:132–42.
Hysenbegasi A, Hass SL, Rowland CR. The impact of depression on the academic productivity of university students. J Ment Health Policy Econ. 2005;8:145–51.
Nemeroff CB, Compton MT, Berger J. The depressed suicidal patient. Assessment and treatment. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001;932:1–23.
Bayram N, Bilgel N. The prevalence and socio-demographic correlations of depression, anxiety and stress among a group of university students. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2008;43:667–72.
Van Beveren ML, Harding K, Beyers W, Braet C. Don't worry, be happy: the role of positive emotionality and adaptive emotion regulation strategies for youth depressive symptoms. Br J Clin Psychol. 2018;57:18–41.
Fredrickson BL, Levenson RW. Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Cogn Emot. 1998;12:191–220.
Tugade MM, Fredrickson BL. Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2004;86:320–33.
Fava GA, Ruini C. Development and characteristics of a well-being enhancing psychotherapeutic strategy: well-being therapy. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2003;34:45–63.
Seligman ME, Steen TA, Park N, Peterson C. Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. Am Psychol. 2005;60:410–21.
Diener E. Subjective well-being. Psychol Bull. 1984;95:542–75.
Diener E. Subjective well-being. The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. Am Psychol. 2000;55:34–43.
Tay L, Kuykendall L. Promoting happiness: the malleability of individual and societal subjective wellbeing. Int J Psychol. 2013;48:159–76.
Lightsey OR. " Thinking positive" as a stress buffer: the role of positive automatic cognitions in depression and happiness. J Couns Psychol. 1994;41:325–34.
Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Kaprio J, Honkanen R, Viinamäki H, Koskenvuo M. Life satisfaction and depression in a 15-year follow-up of healthy adults. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2004;39:994–9.
Weitzman ER. Poor mental health, depression, and associations with alcohol consumption, harm, and abuse in a national sample of young adults in college. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2004;192:269–77.
Jané-Llopis E, Matytsina I. Mental health and alcohol, drugs and tobacco: a review of the comorbidity between mental disorders and the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2006;25:515–36.
Ohayon MM, Roth T. Place of chronic insomnia in the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. J Psychiatr Res. 2003;37:9–15.
Slade M. Mental illness and well-being: the central importance of positive psychology and recovery approaches. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:26.
Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:561–71.
Beck AT, Steer RA, Carbin MG. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: twenty-five years of evaluation. Clin Psychol Rev. 1988;8:77–100.
Shin MS, Kim ZS, Park KB. The cut-off score for the Korean version of Beck Depression Inventory. Korean J Clin Psychol. 1993;12:71–81.
Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, del la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction. 1993;88:791–804.
Lee BO, Lee CH, Lee PG, Choi MJ, Namkoong K. Development of Korean version of alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT-K): its reliability and validity. J Korean Acad Addict Psychiatry. 2000;4:83–92.
Joe KH, Chai SH, Park A, Lee HK, Shin IH, Min SH. Optimum cut-off score for screening of hazardous drinking using the Korean version of alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT-K). J Korean Acad Addict Psychiatry. 2009;13:34–40.
Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28:193–213.
Sohn SI, Kim DH, Lee MY, Cho YW. The reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Sleep Breath. 2012;16:803–12.
Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The satisfaction with life scale. J Pers Assess. 1985;49:71–5.
Guney S. The Positive Psychotherapy Inventory (PPTI): reliability and validity study in Turkish population. Proc Soc Behav Sci. 2011;29:81–6.
Yoon SM, Shin HC. Validation study of the Korean version of positive psychotherapy inventory. Korean J Counsel Psychother. 2010;22:707–32.
Roh MS, Jeon HJ, Lee HW, Lee HJ, Han SK, Hahm BJ. Depressive disorders among the college students: prevalence, risk factors, suicidal behaviors and dysfunctions. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2006;45:432–7.
Bostanci M, Ozdel O, Oguzhanoglu NK, Ozdel L, Ergin A, Ergin N, et al. Depressive symptomatology among university students in Denizli, Turkey: prevalence and sociodemographic correlates. Croat Med J. 2005;46:96–100.
Mahmoud JS, Staten R, Hall LA, Lennie TA. The relationship among young adult college students' depression, anxiety, stress, demographics, life satisfaction, and coping styles. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2012;33:149–56.
Ibrahim AK, Kelly SJ, Adams CE, Glazebrook C. A systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university students. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47:391–400.
Sarokhani D, Delpisheh A, Veisani Y, Sarokhani MT, Manesh RE, Sayehmiri K. Prevalence of depression among university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Depress Res Treat. 2013;2013:373857.
Chang SM, Hahm BJ, Lee JY, Shin MS, Jeon HJ, Hong JP, et al. Cross-national difference in the prevalence of depression caused by the diagnostic threshold. J Affect Disord. 2008;106:159–67.
Shafer AB. Meta-analysis of the factor structures of four depression questionnaires: beck, CES-D, Hamilton, and Zung. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62:123–46.
Seligman ME. Positive psychology, positive prevention, and positive therapy. In: Snyder CR, Lopez SJ, editors. Handbook of positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002. p. 3–9.
Samaranayake CB, Fernando AT. Satisfaction with life and depression among medical students in Auckland, New Zealand. NZ Med J. 2011;124:12–7.
Wood AM, Joseph S. The absence of positive psychological (eudemonic) well-being as a risk factor for depression: a ten year cohort study. J Affect Disord. 2010;122:213–7.
Seligman ME, Rashid T, Parks AC. Positive psychotherapy. Am Psychol. 2006;61:774–88.
Fava GA, Ruini C, Rafanelli C, Finos L, Salmaso L, Mangelli L, et al. Well-being therapy of generalized anxiety disorder. Psychother Psychosom. 2005;74:26–30.
Sin NL, Lyubomirsky S. Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: a practice-friendly meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol. 2009;65:467–87.
Hingson RW, Heeren T, Winter MR. Age of alcohol-dependence onset: associations with severity of dependence and seeking treatment. Pediatrics. 2006;118:e755–63.
Carey KB, Scott-Sheldon LA, Carey MP, DeMartini KS. Individual-level interventions to reduce college student drinking: a meta-analytic review. Addict Behav. 2007;32:2469–94.
Blanco C, Okuda M, Wright C, Hasin DS, Grant BF, Liu SM, et al. Mental health of college students and their non-college-attending peers: results from the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65:1429–37.
Eller T, Aluoja A, Vasar V, Veldi M. Symptoms of anxiety and depression in Estonian medical students with sleep problems. Depress Anxiety. 2006;23:250–6.
Roh MS, Jeon HJ, Kim H, Han SK, Hahm BJ. The prevalence and impact of depression among medical students: a nationwide cross-sectional study in South Korea. Acad Med. 2010;85:1384–90.
Torsheim T, Ravens-Sieberer U, Hetland J, Välimaa R, Danielson M, Overpeck M. Cross-national variation of gender differences in adolescent subjective health in Europe and North America. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62:815–27.
Han M. Body image dissatisfaction and eating disturbance among Korean college female students: relationships to media exposure, upward comparison, and perceived reality. Commun Stud. 2003;54:65–78.
Brewis AA, Han SY, SturtzSreetharan CL. Weight, gender, and depressive symptoms in South Korea. Am J Hum Biol. 2017;29:e22972.
Roberts R, Golding J, Towell T, Weinreb I. The effects of economic circumstances on British students' mental and physical health. J Am Coll Health. 1999;48:103–9.
Study concept and design of article: EHS, SHK, HJY. Data collection: SGK, SHK, JHK, JHP. Interpretation of data: EHS, SGK, SHK, HJY. Writing draft: EHS, HJY. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
All participants to the study gave granted informed consent. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and the ethics committees of the Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (Ref. No.: 2-1041055-AB-N-01-2018-50).
All authors have no funding to declare.
Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
Eun Hyun Seo
Department of Psychiatry, Chosun University Hospital, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
Seung-Gon Kim
, Sang Hoon Kim
, Jung Ho Kim
, Jung Hyun Park
& Hyung-Jun Yoon
Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
Search for Eun Hyun Seo in:
Search for Seung-Gon Kim in:
Search for Sang Hoon Kim in:
Search for Jung Ho Kim in:
Search for Jung Hyun Park in:
Search for Hyung-Jun Yoon in:
Correspondence to Hyung-Jun Yoon.
Seo, E.H., Kim, S., Kim, S.H. et al. Life satisfaction and happiness associated with depressive symptoms among university students: a cross-sectional study in Korea. Ann Gen Psychiatry 17, 52 (2018) doi:10.1186/s12991-018-0223-1
Received: 02 October 2018
Life satisfaction
Unipolar depression


text:
Home Tags Friends reunion
Tag: Friends reunion
Brad Pitt, George Clooney not making cameos in 'Friends' reunion
Entertainment Camille Heimbrod - December 23, 2020
Brad Pitt and George Clooney will, allegedly, star in the upcoming Friends reunion special. Last year, New Idea claimed that other than the main cast...
Jennifer Aniston broke down in tears after a heated confrontation with Matthew Perry: Rumor
Entertainment Camille Heimbrod - November 28, 2020
Jennifer Aniston, allegedly, broke down in tears last year because of her co-star, Matthew Perry. According to Now to Love, the cast of Friends met...
Lisa Kudrow details why she 'hated' being a celebrity
Entertainment Geca Flores - October 26, 2020
Lisa Kudrow dropped a shocking revelation about the ups and downs of being in Hollywood. In her recent interview with Candis Magazine, the blonde beauty...
Jennifer Aniston bye acting; 'Ultimate dream' in Hollywood revealed
Entertainment Krystal Rowe - October 8, 2020
Jennifer Aniston shocked the world when she admitted to almost quitting acting. However, this might come true sooner because Jennifer Aniston is moving ahead with...
'Friends' cast still earning millions after tv show finale
Entertainment Geca Flores - September 27, 2020
"Friends" may have ended more than two decades ago, but the casts are still cashing in as one of the most iconic tv series...
Jennifer Aniston staged mini 'Friends' reunion with Courteney Cox, Lisa Kudrow, not Brad Pitt
Entertainment Camille Heimbrod - September 24, 2020
Jennifer Aniston and Brad Pitt's hoped to see the exes together at the actress's home on Emmys night. However, Jennifer Aniston watched the awards show...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In this paper, a field-deployable diode-laser-based differential absorption lidar (DIAL) has been developed for lower-tropospheric water vapor observation in Tokyo, Japan. A photoacoustic cell is used for spectroscopy experiment around absorption peaks of 829.022 nm and 829.054 nm. The water vapor density extracted from the observational data agrees with the referenced radiosonde data. Furthermore, we applied modulated pulse technique for DIAL transmitter. It enables DIAL to measure water vapor profile for both low and high altitude regions.


Apr 17, 2019 - Rent from people in Mexico from $20/night. Find unique places to stay with local hosts in 191 countries. Belong anywhere with Airbnb.
Apr 17, 2019 - Rent from people in Mexico City, Mexico from $20/night. Find unique places to stay with local hosts in 191 countries. Belong anywhere with Airbnb.
The Best AirBnB in Polanco. Polanco is a very upmarket neighborhood. The main street, President Masaryk, is like the Rodeo Drive of Mexico City. Here you'll find all the name brands, fancy cars parked along the street, and some of the best restaurants in the entire country (I'm looking at you Pujol).
Airbnb Mexico Verified account @airbnb_mx. Airbnb es un confiable mercado comunitario en el que la gente publica, descubre, y reserva alojamientos únicos en todo el mundo.
14 apr 2019 - Huur accommodatie van mensen in Mexico vanaf €18/nacht. Vind unieke plekken om te verblijven bij lokale verhuurders in 191 landen. Voel je overal ter wereld thuis met Airbnb.


"Some communities have lost some of (those) historic structure(s) because they've been torn down or there's not enough left and they're kind of starting over, but Mandan's got a chance to do some really interesting infill projects, which they've already done, as well as doing historic renovation in combination of those two things," the governor said after a roundtable discussion Wednesday with Mandan government and business leaders.
Grand Forks City Council members Monday unanimously approved tax increment financing incentives for two proposed downtown development projects, including a mixed apartment and commercial development and the renovation of a historic building.
Now that the snow has melted people can start dusting off their fishing poles and fueling up their boats.
The North Dakota Department of Game and Fish is doing their part to make the season even more enjoyable for anglers.
The department is pulling catfish out of Lake Sakakawea in Dunn Center and depositing them at community fisheries in the Southwest region like the Dickinson Dike.
It was Mandan's 2nd tour of the downtown area -- it's purpose -- to encourage downtown development.
Last year the tour had around 40 people -- this year over 100.
That means your opinion is highly involved in the growing scene in Mandan.
Residential living, office spaces, and retail and restaurants -- all what Mandan is looking for -- that's what officials say -- but for long-time residents it gives a better variety.
Tyler Huck, Mandan Resident, says, "There's more options. To have fun and entertain and do a show of Mandan."
Hayden Kemp and his colleagues had a few things to say to Gov. Doug Burgum while he was in town for the Main Street roundtable discussion.
Kemp is a Williston High School student, and he was among youths invited to participate in the high level discussion, which also featured many community and business leaders sharing their thoughts on Williston and its challenges.
Called the "Legendary State" for a reason, North Dakota is a serene prairie paradise full of nature.
Read the complete article provided by livability.com.
A panel of 18 people including high schoolers, college students and young professionals on Tuesday night at the University of Jamestown told an audience of less than a dozen community members what Jamestown needs to do to attract and keep young people.
If you haven't looked at North Dakota for your next business venture, you should reconsider doing so now. According to a new infographic based on research conducted by PlayUSA, the state gets high marks.
The infographic, "The States With The Best Economic Prospects" asks which states you should gamble on when making your decision to set up your life. PlayUSA researched the 10 Best US States for Young Pioneers based on key metrics to determine the best prospects for young entrepreneurs.
Grand Forks students can win up to $5,000 — plus other aid — to support community-boosting work through a new opportunity announced this week.
Dubbed the "Main Street Grand Forks Challenge," the contest was announced by Evolve Grand Forks and UND, and offered cash and support — like campus housing, UND scholarships and a membership at a downtown Grand Forks coworking space — for students who pursue projects that "address social issues and spur civic engagement at a grassroots level," per the announcement.
The Killdeer community will soon have a place to hang out and get coffee this summer.
Jenny Dobitz is working to renovate the old Killdeer pharmacy building into a coffee shop and photography studio called Old Crow Corner, LLC. She said the business is set to open in June. Dobitz said she always wanted to start a coffee shop and this will give the community somewhere to hang out. "The community has been really good to us," she said.
In January, city officials and the head of the state Department of Transportation posed this question to a group of sixth-graders in Bismarck: How do you envision Bismarck in 2030?
About three months later, the results have been presented. Powering the city through synthetic leaves, delivery drones and solar-powered sidewalks were just some of the ideas the sixth-grade students envisioned.
When it comes to the best small cities in the nation to start a business, North Dakota ranks 8th.
That's according to personal finance Web site WalletHub, which released its annual survey today.
WalletHub compared more than 1,200 small cities using 18 economic measurements.
Bismarck ranks above the national average in investment accessibility, startups per capita, average revenue per business, industry variety and workforce educational attainment.
Entrepreneurial engagement is surging in Bismarck-Mandan.
Any given Wednesday morning at Dakota Stage in Bismarck, 85 to 90 people gather for the weekly edition of 1 Million Cups, an event aimed at supporting startup companies in the community and state. When the event started five years ago, it attracted about 20 attendees.
With an unemployment rate of just 2% compared to the national average of 4.1%, Hawaii also holds one of the lowest labor force participation rates at just 62.3%. Comparatively, North Dakota, ranked second, has an unemployment rate of 2.6%, but a much higher labor force participation of 70% - the highest of any US state.
Read entire article provided by businesschief.com.
I've had the good fortune to be involved in a number of community initiatives in a few different cities over the years. Recently, we've paid special attention to elevating the presence of young people in project development. And not surprisingly, when we ask them to be involved, we never get turned down. It seems students are craving community engagement at much younger ages today. Maybe it's because they have easier access to information on what's happening in their communities. Maybe it's because they're seeing things they don't like. Maybe it's a little of both.
JAMESTOWN, N.D. (NewsDakota.com) – The Jamestown Arts Center received a $10,000 grant earlier this year to host a weekly event at the park to help promote downtown.
Jamestown Arts Center Executive Director Larry Kopp says the grant from North Dakota Tourism was distributed with the hope of growing downtown's of several communities. Kopp says this was inspired by Governor Burgum.
Mandan is about to see big changes. An old lot sitting empty for years is being transformed into an entertainment center: The Railyard.
The name says a lot about the city's history.
Mandan City Administrator Jim Neubauer says, "Mandan is a railyard town, there's no getting around it. We've got the tracks going right through the center of town. You know, they've been a big part of this community ever since it was created."


This is a "Mandarin" style (Beijing/Sichuan) dish using hot chili, chili bean sauce, garlic and tomato sauce to stir-fry shrimp. The recipe was learned from the same reputable chef. The dish was another best seller in his restaurant. This dish may carry many names: Imperial Shrimp, Mandarin Shrimp, Peking Shrimp or other non-descriptive English names. The Chinese name: 乾燒蝦, which means dry-cooked shrimp, may be more meaningful.
Main ingredients: Medium size shrimp (with shell), about 1 1/4 lb. Other ingredients include garlic, ginger, chili bean sauce, tomato sauce, chicken broth (not shown) and some seasonings (not shown).
Shell each shrimp: trim off the head. Use your fingers to peel off the shell. Use a chef knief or utility knief to make a cut about half-way through along the back of the shrimp. Devein. Rinse under running water.
It is much easier to shell and devein the shrimp with a small utility knief under the running water with a bin underneath.
You may save the shrimp heads and shells to make stock. I usually use them to make a stock, and add some miso paste and cubed tofu to make miso soup. Or add some Thai Tom Yum soup paste, a few pieces of shrimp and some sliced button mushrooms to make Thai style soup.
Marinate the shrimp: In general, seafood is very delicate. Do not use heavy sauces (such as soy sauce and oyster sauce) to marinate seafood.
Add deshelled/deveined shrimp to a small mixing bowl. Add 1/4 tsp of salt, 2 tsp of cooking oil and 2 tsp of corn starch.
Mix all ingredients well. Set aside for about 20 minutes before cooking.
Meanwhile, prepare the aromatics. Use about a 1-inch cut of ginger, 4 to 5 cloves of garlic, and 1 to 2 stalks of green onion.
Use a grater to grate the ginger. Peel and mince the garlic. Trim the ends of the green onions and finely chop.
When ready to cook: use a wok/pan, set stove to high setting, add 3 tblsp of cooking oil. Wait until oil is hot, add the marinated shrimp. Cook until the color of shrimp turns from light grey to white and orange red, about 3 to 5 minutes. Remove from pan and drain. Discard the oil.
Use the same pan, maintain stove setting at high, add 2 tblsp of cooking oil. Wait until oil heats up and just starts fuming. Add the shredded ginger and minced garlic. Add 1 to 1.5 tsp of chili bean sauce. Add 1 tsp of chili sauce. (Note: if you like hot and spicy food, you may add more chili sauce to taste.) No need to add extra salt because the chili bean sauce is very salty and the shrimp has already been salted.
Stir well. Cook for about 15 seconds. Dash in 2 tsp of white vinegar and 1 tsp of Shao Hsing cooking wine.
Add 1/4 cup of chicken broth, 1/2 can (small 8-oz can) of tomato sauce, and 3 tsp of sugar. Stir well. Bring the mixture to a boil. Use a small amount of corn starch slurry (suggest: 1/2 tsp corn starch dissolved in 2 tsp of water) to thicken the sauce to the right consistency.
Re-add the pre-cooked shrimp. Stir well.
Continue to cook for 1 to 2 minutes until shrimp is reheated. Finished.
Transfer to the dinner plate. Add the chopped green onions on top to add flavor and to serve as a garnish.
awesome! I love this dish. I used some of your techniques for a stir-fry tonight with variations. It came out pretty well. Thanks again for taking the time and putting in the effort to do this.
These pictorials are so amazing. Thank you, hzrt8w! I have yet to try any of the dishes, but with the weather what it is now, it should be a good weekend to stay home and cook. I'll have to give this one a try.
Well, the Chili Udang Galah (kind of like big langoustines, also called lobster shrimp and such-like) that I used to get at the "home cooking" Chinese restaurant in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia, used shrimp with the shells and head on, so that's just another way to do things.
When are you going to invite me to your house, Ah Leung?
hzrt - another great one! I wonder why it is called 'gan' when it is fairly saucy.
Would you show what your ginger grater looks like?
One last thing. When you do your book, you will be showing not only that you don't have tomuse a wok to do fantastic Chinese food, but you don't need a big cleaver either! Conventional tools -- fantabulous food!
Thank you all for your support! And Michael: My kitchen door will always be open for you!
Anna: I agree that the "authentic" Chinese way would probably leave the shell and heads on when cooking shrimp. They cook this dish with the shells on in China. But in the USA, all the restaurants I had been to ordering this dish made it with deshelled shrimp.
You may certainly cook it with the shell/head on. Just skip the marination step. No need to marinate the shell!
.....Would you show what your ginger grater looks like?
.....One last thing. When you do your book, you will be showing not only that you don't have tomuse a wok to do fantastic Chinese food, but you don't need a big cleaver either! Conventional tools -- fantabulous food!
jo-mel: I think it is called "gan" because the shrimp is the main and "only" ingredient, not cooked with any vegetable or anything else. I may be off on this.
The grater that I use is an old-fashioned, "one facet" cheese grater with 2 blade/hole sizes. I use the 1/8-inch blades/holes to grate ginger. I don't like using the 4-facet cheese graters. They don't work too well for me.
A wok and a cleaver have long been associated with traditional Chinese cooking. I have a feeling that if I ever find a publisher to print my cookbook, he/she will demand that I demonstrate all cutting techniques with a cleaver and cook everything on a wok! For showmanship sake.
If you unshell the shrimp to cook this dish: You may save the shrimp heads and shells to make stock. I usually use them to make a stock, and add some miso paste and cubed tofu to make miso soup. Or add some Thai Tom Yum soup paste, a few pieces of shrimp and some sliced button mushrooms to make Thai style soup.
If you peel the shrimp to cook this dish: You may save the shrimp heads and shells to make stock. I usually use them to make a stock, and add some miso paste and cubed tofu to make miso soup. Or add some Thai Tom Yum soup paste, a few pieces of shrimp and some sliced button mushrooms to make Thai style soup.
This dish is very popular in many types of Restaurants in Hong Kong. In order to make ours taste better we would take a batch of Shrimp Heads, Bodies and all the trimming accumulated and heat up some oil in a large Wok and stir fry them all until they changed colors and started to get Red, after covering them put into the hot pan a cup of Shao Hsing Wine letting it boil together until the steam quieted down, then strain the oil and discard the Shrimp Shells [to our waiting staff] and glaze the hot pan bottom with some supreme stock letting it cook down and put into a container after mixing it with some Tomato Paste to use as a Shrimp/Tomato Base by adding several spoonfuls to every order about 30/40 seconds before it was served to customers.
If we had lots of Crab Shells they would be Incorporated as well into the base after being prepared the same way.
In our European Style, American Restaurants we would save all our shrimp and prawn shells and heads to incorporate into a base for dishes like Shrimp Scampi by preparing the shells in the same style using Chablis then reducing the base and adding it to a Chicken/Pork Glacé de Villande again adding a spoonful to every order of Scampi just before serving to customers.
This works very well at home or in any Restaurant serving these types of menu items.
Ma used to prepare this dish using unpeeled larger shrimps. She also kept the heads. I made this dish several times using crayfish/crawfish/crawdad' (if yaw from the South).
That's the same grater I use. And I don't bother to peel the ginger. I use that same guage grater for garlic, too, ----when I want a fine mince. I don't peel the garlic. I just pick off the tip with my fingernails and grate away.
One of my cleavers is very narrow - about 1 1/2 inches across a regular length blade. I use it alot for light stuff.
If a publisher starts in on you, just tell him not to question a Master Chef!!
Another winner, hzrt8w!. One small request, though: When you show the bottles of ingredients, would you please turn the bottles so the English description/name is showing to the camera? Some jars of imported Chinese ingredients seem to have Chinese on one side and English on the other.
Thanks again, and don't stop!
...One small request, though: When you show the bottles of ingredients, would you please turn the bottles so the English description/name is showing to the camera?
Thanks, Jay! Sure, you got it! I will do that going forward. Thanks for pointing it out. The Chinese side of my brain typically won over the English side. Many things to improve on these pictures.
Yeah, I was going to mention about it too. Some put chopped onions to make this dish. It brings out the taste by a notch.
I notice you made a lot of sauce ("jup") with the dish. Well, a lot to me. That means you must cook a lot of rice to use up the sauce, ehh?
Not necessarily rice....toast is great for soaking up all that jup, especially, shellfish jup. Or deep-fried mantou.
I use ketchup instead of tomato paste. It comes out tasting a little sweeter.
Oh my, this dish is fantastic! Even though I'm in the midwest (and don't think there is anywhere in the city to get such flavorful shrimp with heads on), was able to make this and it came out super tasty. None of the ingredients are difficult to find and it was so easy.
I'm now ready for an apprenticeship in a good Chinese restaurant.
Thanks, Ah Leung, for sharing this really great recipe, I'll be making it often!


text:
Jonathan O'Brien TD calls for review of Youth Guarantee Scheme
7 May, 2014 - by Jonathan O'Brien TD
Sinn Féin Spokesperson on Education Jonathan O'Brien TD has today called on the Government to review how the Youth Guarantee Scheme is being implemented in Ireland due to its discriminatory effects on young people with disabilities.
The Cork North Central TD said:
"The Youth Guarantee Scheme at European level when it was conceived was intended to address the various needs of all young people across Europe.
"However, the Government, when it began a national implementation plan for the Youth Guarantee in Ireland, decided to target young people between 18 and 24 who were in receipt of Jobseekers payments.
"As a result it excludes certain sections of society who don't get the same benefits as others through the guarantee and young people with disabilities are massively discriminated against because those on Disability Allowance aren't targeted for education or training in the same way as those on Jobseekers.
"People with disabilities have a lot to offer Ireland and are being neglected by this government who seem to only want certain types of persons in employment.
"We are calling on the Government to review the implementation of the Youth Guarantee as a matter of urgency and make it more inclusive for those who are left by the wayside at the moment."


The Capacity Planner Data Manager is a software component that you install at your site on a Windows host (in my case a virtual machine). It gathers data from your hosts, sanitizes it, and relays it or stores it for relaying to VMware's data warehouse (where it's analyzed). One of Data Manager's features is that it's agentless, and will just SSH into my Linux hosts and gather what it needs.
Problem with that, though, is that it wants to log in as root. All the documentation says to have it log in as root. But on my hosts nobody logs in as root, unless there's some big crisis happening.
1. Grant the user sudo rights and change the scripts that run to use sudo for just those commands. On the Data Manager machine the scripts are all stored in C:Program FilesVMwareVMware Capacity Plannerscripts by default, and you can just edit them to use sudo. Depending on how you do your user and rights management this could be either very easy or very hard.
2. Make those commands setuid for the duration of the exercise. Doing something like "chmod +s /usr/sbin/dmidecode" will make it run as its owner, which by default is root. When the data gathering is over you can just "chmod -s" those utilities again. This is more risky than allowing sudo rights, especially if you have a lot of users on your machines, because suddenly users can change network settings, etc. or even worse, trick dmidecode into doing something as root that it shouldn't do. In my case I have very few local users on my hosts, and they're all fellow admins with sudo rights, so the risk is a lot lower.
Another option is that you could make these setuid, do the inventory, remove the setuid bits, and then deactivate the Data Manager daily inventory job. No problem.
3. You can also copy the Capacity Planner scripts out to the hosts, and tell Data Manager where to find them via the Options. This might open up some options, as you could mess with the permissions on the scripts, either via chmod/chown/chgrp or via ACLs, to make them setuid but not readable/runnable by anybody but your Capacity Planner user.
There are some definite pros and cons to each, and a lot of it depends heavily on your environment. Personally, I was looking for an easy way to make this work and be able to revert any changes once we were done. It's like "Leave No Trace" camping, only with servers.
1. On all my hosts I added a user with the same username and password so that I wouldn't have to mess with entering hundreds of separate username/password pairs. This also means I can run one command via Capistrano to add the user, and in a month I'll run one command to remove it again.
This denies the 'vmcap' user from logging in anywhere but those IP addresses.
3. I instructed VMware Capacity Planner Data Manager to sanitize the data it sends to the Capacity Planner dashboard, so that IP addresses and names and the like are stripped out.
As a result of all of this I am okay with, and more importantly, my security officers are okay with having Capacity Planner running in our data center for a month.
I'm pretty new to Capacity Planner overall, and a lot of my knowledge of it is derived from dissecting the inventory and performance gathering scripts, as well as trial and error. As always, if I missed something here or there's a better way to do something let me know in the comments. Thanks!
Bob, is the software free? Appears you have to go through a vmware partner???
I've run into that sort of thing pretty often. (HP, for example).
If we all did that, they'd figure it out eventually.
The software is available through VMware partners, yeah. It's usually used as a consolidation estimation tool.
Next Post: "Meet The Engineer"


text:
Sigmathyris s-argentaria är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Charles Oberthür 1911. Sigmathyris s-argentaria ingår i släktet Sigmathyris och familjen mätare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Mätare
s-argentaria

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
AAP Entertainment
GoT stars to tie the knot, dad 'thrilled'
Game Of Thrones actress Rose Leslie's father says he is "thrilled" for his daughter as she prepares to wed former co-star Kit Harington.
The couple, who played on-screen lovers in the epic TV drama, are tying the knot at Leslie's 12th Century family castle in Scotland.
Fans of Game Of Thrones have been gathering outside Wardhill Castle in Aberdeenshire hoping to catch a glimpse of the couple.
Speaking outside the castle, where the pair, both 31, will exchange vows, Sebastian Leslie said: "We are absolutely thrilled for Kit and Rose to be marrying today."
"It's an absolutely lovely day for us," he added.
The couple met while filming the fantasy saga in 2012 and played on-screen lovers Jon Snow and Ygritte.
Two years after they met, Leslie left Game Of Thrones, while Harington has become one of the show's most popular stars and has appeared in every episode.
Two students from China, currently studying in Glasgow and clutching floral bouquets for the stars, were among the fans who gathered at the venue.
Yunyao Li, 23, and Qiong dan Xu, 23, said they are fans of Harington's alter-ego in Game Of Thrones.
"We would like to see him if possible," they said.
A wedding date of June 23 was previously posted at Aberdeenshire's Huntly registration office.
The stars announced their engagement in the Times newspaper last year.
And speaking to L'Uomo Vogue, Harington said it was "easy" to fall in love with Leslie and his best memory of the show was meeting his future partner while filming in Iceland in 2012.
"The country is beautiful ... the Northern Lights are magical ... it was there that I fell in love," he said.
"If you're already attracted to someone, and then they play your love interest in the show, it becomes very easy to fall in love."
The Good Fight actress Leslie said she had been too busy to plan the wedding, telling Town And Country magazine: "I haven't tackled it. There's just too much to do."


1) Information on how to participate in the Heineken OPEN MANILA Logbook promotion (henceforth the 'Promotion') forms part of these terms and conditions of entry. Participation in the Promotion is deemed acceptance of these terms and conditions of entry.
2) The Promotion commences at 12:00am on Saturday May 6, 2017 and concludes at 11:59pm on Friday June 30, 2017 (henceforth the 'Promotional Period'), and will be conducted in participating Heineken bars, clubs and restaurants in Metro Manila (henceforth the 'Participating Venues'). For a complete list of the Participating Venues, see the 'Participating Venues' tab.
3) Participants must be over 18 years old to partake in the Promotion.
5) For every purchase of one Participating Product, the customer will receive one Heineken sticker to be placed into the sticker page of their Logbook. Customers may trade in their Heineken stickers for prizes at the Participating Venues.
6) Prizes must be claimed directly from Participating Venues using the Logbook's sticker page as proof. When redeeming prizes, the corresponding section of the sticker page must be removed from the Logbook and traded in for the prize. Once a prize has been redeemed, the customer will receive a "redeemed" sticker to place in their Logbook.
7) Prizes must be claimed in order. The T-Shirt is to be claimed first, followed by the passport holder, and finally, the travel bag. Customers will not be able to claim passport holders and travel bags unless they show the redeemed sticker(s) of the previous prize(s).
8) Prize redemptions are subject to availability and must be done while stocks last.
9) Prizes awarded may not be exactly as illustrated in displays or marketing for the giveaway.
10) Unless otherwise specified, prizes are not exchangeable or transferable and cannot be redeemed for cash.
11) Stickers may be transferred from one Logbook to another, provided the customer gives in the Logbook they will no longer be using.
12) AB Heineken Philippines Inc. will not be held liable to reimburse customers for prizes damaged during transportation and distribution.
13) Staff at Participating Venues reserve the right to disqualify participants from partaking in the Promotion if they are deemed to be in breach of the aforementioned terms and conditions.


As an art installation is unveiled in Parliament to commemorate women's struggle for the vote, direct action group Sisters Uncut protested against cuts to domestic violence services.
The group were joined by installation artist Mary Branson and great-granddaughter of Emmeline Pankhurst, Helen Pankhurst.
Sisters Uncut, famous for storming the premiere of 'Suffragette', are a feminist direct action group protesting cuts to domestic violence services.
The event was held on the eve of the anniversary of Emily Wilding Davison's death. Emily was a famous suffragette who was trampled by King James V's horse in 1913.
YESTERDAY, as Parliament unveiled a new art installation to honour women's struggle for the vote in Britain, modern-day feminists protested outside. Politicians, peers and artists leaving the grand launch event around 19:30pm were met by direct action group Sisters Uncut chanting "dead women can't vote!".
The group targeted the evening event to show the struggle for women's liberation is not yet over, given that two women are murdered in acts of domestic violence every week. The event was launched on the evening before the 103 year anniversary of Emily Wilding Davison's death.
"Sisters" of all ages and backgrounds, wearing traditional suffragette colours, symbolically chained themselves to the gates of parliament, set off green and purple smoke flares, and held placards showing domestic violence statistics, one reading "The suffragettes wouldn't stand for this".
The group collectively recited Emmeline Pankhurst's famous 1914 speech "Freedom or Death", and were later congratulated by Emmeline's great-granddaughter, Helen Pankhurst. The artist behind the installation, New Dawn, Mary Branson, also joined them. No arrests were made.
Sisters Uncut was formed in 2014 by domestic violence support workers who saw the damage caused by government funding cuts firsthand. Due to austerity cuts, local support services across the country have been forced to close due to lack of funding, with specialist services for BME women most affected. Latest statistics show that refuges now turn away two in every three women who approach them for safety. Even the biggest domestic violence charities have stated that they are at "crisis point".
Domestic violence services are a lifeline for women fleeing violence, yet austerity cuts to services mean that, dangerously, there are no longer enough to meet demand. Women's Aid statistics released last week show that refuges are now forced to turn away two in every three women who approach them for safety. Just this week, Newcastle Women's Aid is closing its doors after 40 years of service alongside Broken Rainbow, a specialist service supporting LGBT survivors.
Through their sweeping cuts to domestic violence services, the government is reversing progress on women's liberation. The suffragettes fought not just for the vote, but for women's right to live as full, free citizens. They were ridiculed, imprisoned, treated as terrorists and tortured by the state. Today, state violence against women continues in the form of cuts to public services and the persecution of activists.
Sisters Uncut have no quarrel with the artist, Mary Branson, whose artwork "New Dawn" is a too-rare example of a talented female artist being commissioned to create a public installation. The group say they want see more women making public art, and more women taking a public stand against injustice.
Summer of Action: How can she leave when she has #NowhereToGo?


Bayhealth offers free bone density screenings: 1-3 p.m., Bayhealth Outpatient Center, 1020 Mattlind Way, Milford. The screening is painless and noninvasive. To learn your risk for osteoporosis, register for a free screening at Bayhealth, call 744-7135 or toll free at 1-877-453-7101 or visit bayhealth.org.
Free blood pressure clinic: 9-11 a.m., Bayhealth Milford Memorial, Outpatient Rehabilitation Conference Room, 21 W. Clarke Ave., Milford. STEPS is a free program to anyone over 50 in Bayhealth's service area, and is designed to help people live healthier lifestyles. It's important to monitor blood pressure, since hypertension (high blood pressure) may be linked to heart and other chronic diseases. Pre-registration isn't necessary. For more information, call toll-free 1-877-453-7107 or visit bayhealth.org/steps.
Toddler Time – Have Fun in the Forest: 10:30 a.m., Milford Public Library. For children ages 1-2.
$5 Movies at Riverfront Theater (MaRT) – "Raiders of the Lost Ark": 7:30 p.m., Riverfront Theater, Milford. Spanish soundrack. Presented by Milford Second Street Players – sponsored by Delaware Division of the Arts. The film is sponsored by First State Manufacturing.
Run the Goat Again 5K: 6:45 p.m., Arena's Restaurant, 200 N.E. Front St., Milford. There is also a free Running of the Kids K for ages 10 and under. Proceeds go to the Greater Milford Boys and Girls Club. Come in your favorite "goat" costume. Registration is available at www.races2run.com until Thursday prior to the run, and will open at 5:30 p.m. the day of the race. Cost is $25 in advance and $30 on race day.
Fish dinner fundraiser: 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., Metropolitan United Methodist Church, 109 West St., Harrington. All dinners are $10 and sandwiches are $7. Free delivery of three or more dinners. For more information or orders, contact Thomas Morris at 335-5086 or Doris Dickerson at 422-9468.
Let's go to the drive-in movies—you drive: 6:30 p.m., Milford Library. Children will make cars out of boxes and then drive them to the theater to see a movie. All supplies will be provided.
$5 Movies at Riverfront Theater (MaRT) – "Raiders of the Lost Ark": 7:30 p.m., Riverfront Theater, Milford. English soundrack. Presented by Milford Second Street Players – sponsored by Delaware Division of the Arts. The film is sponsored by First State Manufacturing.
Kiwanis Chicken BBQ Fundraiser: Friends of the Greenwood Library are having a fundraiser at the Kiwanis Chicken BBQ. A portion of the proceeds goes to the Friends. For information, call 349-5309.
Story Hour for Children – Imaginary Trip to the Zoo: 10:30 a.m., Milford Public Library. For children ages 3-6.
USA Dance Dover practice sessions in ballroom and rhythm: 7-8:30 p.m., Camden Wyoming Moose Lodge, 760 Moose Lodge Road, near Wyoming. Practice sessions will feature East Coast Swing and Bachata practice for all levels from 7-8 p.m. From 8-8:30 p.m. music for various dances will be provided. Experienced dancers will be on hand. Admission: $3 per person paid at the door. Call 734-8794 or visit www.usadancedoverde.com.
Chamber of Commerce Mixer: 5-7 p.m., Mispillion Gallery, 5 N. Walnut St., Milford. Mispillion Art League will host the Chamber of Commerce for Greater Milford, Inc. (CCGM) monthly mixer. Refreshments will be served. For more information, contact MAL at 430-7646 or www.mispillionarts.org. Contact CCGM at 422-3344.
Toddler Time – Imaginary Trip to the Zoo: 10:30 a.m., Milford Public Library. For childrens ages 1-2.
Sunset cruises to benefit Food Bank of Delaware: 7-10 p.m., 213 Wyatt Avenue, Bowers Beach. Captain's Lady Charters is partnering with the food bank to offer the cruise. Tickets are $30 per person per ride and include light fare prepared by students from The Culinary School at the Milford Branch and tastings from local breweries, wineries or distilleries. To purchase tickets, call 276-6038.
Spaghetti dinner: 5-7 p.m., VFW Auxiliary of Greenwood Memorial, VFW Post 7478, 2 Governors Ave., Greenwood. Menu: spaghetti with a choice tomato sauce or meat sauce, salad, bread, and cookies for dessert. Cost: adults $7, children ages 4-11 $4, children ages 3 and under eat free. Take-outs are available by previous orders if orders are called in to Margo Ellers at 883-4922 or Glenda Houston at 200-2635. Proceeds benefit the homeless veterans and the K-9 service dogs.


Enter the magical world of The Gilded Tarot, where you'll discover answers to life's greatest questions! Explore the ageless images of fair maidens, mystical sages, and brave knights as they spring to life through stunning designs and cutting-edge digital art techniques.Combining the Rider-Waite tarot system's familiar imagery with Ciro Marchetti's exquisite artwork, this stand-alone deck is a valuable tool for any reader. Vibrantly colored and captivating ,The Gilded Tarot deck reimagines one of the most well-known and widely studied tarot models. With the accompanying pocket-sized instruction guidebook, you'll learn to give accurate and intuitive readings for yourself and others.


text:
This Day In Hockey History: Dec 3rd
1947 - Many former Rangers were on hand as New York lost to Toronto, 4-1, on "Lester Patrick Night". The game was preceded by a special tribute to Patrick, who received a scroll testifying his admission to the Hockey Hall of Fame.
1970 - Detroit's Frank Mahovlich became the 6th player in NHL history to score 400 career goals as the Red Wings tied 4-4 with the visiting Los Angeles Kings.
1970 - Claude Ruel resigned as coach of the Montreal Canadiens and was replaced by Al MacNeil, who went on to lead the team to the Stanley Cup Championship five months later.
1988 - Mike Smith was named as the new General Manager of the Winnipeg Jets. Smith replaced John Ferguson, who had been fired Oct 30.
Happy birthday to Bob MacMillan, Tom Preissing, Mike Ramsey and Igor Larionov.


text:
Lesson 6 - Bamboozled Believers by Michael Biehler
page,page-id-17730,page-child,parent-pageid-17701,page-template-default,ajax_fade,page_not_loaded,,qode-theme-ver-9.2,wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-4.11.2.1,vc_responsive
Lesson 6 The Last Days before The Day of the Lord
To carefully scrutinize the phrase "last days" as used by Peter on the Day of Pentecost.
Please read Acts 2:1-21
The disciples had just miraculously spoken many foreign languages. Peter stood up and said that this is one of the signs of the last days as predicted by the prophet Joel (vs. 16 and 17).
Peter went on to say that there would be more miraculous signs before the Day of the Lord comes (20)… we know that miracles were performed during the apostolic era, before the day of the Lord in 70 AD.
Many Christians insist that the phrase "day of the Lord" cannot refer to the events of 70 AD… they believe that the phrase "day of the Lord" refers to a yet future coming. So let's see what Joel says about that day of the Lord.
Please read Joel 2:28-32. Here you can read the words that Peter quoted on the Day of Pentecost. The day of the Lord is described as "terrible, dreadful and awesome" in the various English versions of the Bible. But were the events of 70 AD the dreadful "day of the Lord" that Joel had in mind? Let's note a few facts:
There was a time of terrible, dreadful and awesome judgment in 70 AD. Jerusalem was destroyed, the temple was leveled, 1,100,000 Jews were killed, many in the most grotesque ways, and most of the survivors were sold into slavery. The sacrificial system of worship came to an end and can never be reestablished because the Romans destroyed the genealogical records that identified those who were qualified to be priests.
Please go to Blueletterbible.com search for Joel 2:32 click on "tools" then click on "Bibles". Read the various English translations of Joel's words. You will see that on that day of the Lord, "in Jerusalem, there will be those who escape… and among the survivors will be those whom the Lord calls." Please note that this passage focuses the prophesy on Jerusalem and says that some will survive and some of those survivors will be "those whom the Lord calls".
Christians (those whom the Lord calls) did escape the horrors of 70 AD. They escaped because they obeyed their Lord. He told them that Jerusalem and the temple would be destroyed and he told them when to run for their lives… You can read his warning in Luke 21:20-24.
In most futurist scenarios, the day of the Lord is the day that Jesus returns and time comes to an end; but Joel said that some believers and some non-believers would survive that catastrophic day.
Those words of Joel and Peter seem conclusive to me, but there are more reasons to believe that Peter's "day of the Lord" refers to the events of 70 AD:
Writing shortly before 70 AD, Peter said: "the end of all things is at hand". (1 Pet. 4:7) Christ's glory was "about to be (mello) revealed" (1 Pet. 5:1). Use blueletterbible.org to see "mello" in 1 Pet. 5:1.
On that day of Pentecost almost 2,000 years ago, Peter said that he was living in the last days before the day of the Lord. Dear reader, "last days" is a strange way to describe 2,000 years yet some of our bamboozled leaders insist that we have been in "the last days" for 2,000 years. Please reflect on this truism: "When smart men spout nonsense, it is still nonsense".
It is time to tie up some loose ends. Joel and Peter said that the sun would go dark and the moon turn to blood before that day of the Lord. This is similar to Jesus statement that the stars would fall before he returned. So futurists say: "these things haven't happened so the day of the Lord is yet future". Wrong… these words are poetic language. You should know that the Bible often uses metaphors in prophesy. Therefore, our next four lessons will discuss poetic language in Scripture and you will also see that there have been other "days of the Lord". That phrase simply refers to a day of calamity, a day of judgment.
If you want more information concerning the last days, chapter 4 of Bamboozled Believers deals with that subject and it refers you to other books that give even more information.


Launched at the UVAC National Conference in 2017 a number of Case Studies have been produced in partnership with the Strategic Development Network.
The collection features exciting developments from the University of Exeter, University of Hull, Leeds Trinity University, Manchester Metropolitan University, Middlesex University, Sheffield Hallam and the University of the West of England.
These case studies help build a body of knowledge, showcasing the very best from practice, that detail how apprenticeships are being planned and designed to deliver both the programme and comply with the requirements for funding.
The following 7 case studies were also produced in 2016 before the Degree Apprenticeship Development Fund was launched and reflect early activity in degree apprenticeship delivery and engagement.


This is my first real attempt at researching Satomi's cancer. When she was first diagnosed over a year ago, I started digging in to the details and quickly became depressed. I immediately stopped my online research and relied upon the expertise of our Doctors. That was the only way I remained functional in my day-to-day life.
Now that the cancer has re-surfaced, I am forced to find some mechanism to deal with it all over again. This time the issue is much more serious so I am compelled not to simply rely upon our Doctors recommendations. I need to be educated enough about the issues and alternatives that we can discuss options in an intelligent manner. At least that's what my head says to do. My heart hasn't given me a straight answer in several weeks.
This plans scares the crap out of me. I'm a forced to cope with the realities of my wife's illness and remain functional for my family, my work, and my own sanity. I have been under a tremendous amount of stress. As the days go by, it only increases. Most of you know that I exaggerate details for sake of a good story; I only wish that this was the case now.
Some of you may think that I should have attacked her initial onset of cancer with this sort of fervor. I cannot disagree with you. Maybe things would have been better if I had fully known the statistics of the potential outcomes. I realize that hindsight is 20-20 so I won't allow myself to be overly fixated on this criticism but it does cross my mind. It's just another thing to throw into my black hole of a pysche.
Our results while on Herceptin were quite good as she was given a clean bill of health after treatment.
As we've come to learn, Herceptin is a large molecule drug and the Blood-Brain barrier will stop much of this drug from reaching the brain. According to some articles, "about 25 to 30 percent of metastatic HER2-positive cancer get some form of brain cancer" with "only" 10 to 15 percent of non-HER2 positive breast cancer resulting in brain tumors.
In other words, this ordeal was a distinct possibility from its onset.
Sean, I have some info about possible other treatment sites, if you're interested. Try to hang in there and call us in the group for day to day mundane errands you need taken care of!! We will gladly help out!!!
As hard as I know it must be, please be sure to get rest and take care of yourself too. We do not need 2 people to take care of and worry about in our family. [Blog Author Comment: If you consider Dad, that would be three people (:>)]. Eat whole foods [Blog Author Comment: I ate a whole Big Mac just this afternoon] and stay away from junk because it may make you feel good at first but in the end it will make you feel like crap.
Wow…hang in there, Sean and please give Satomi a giant yet gentle hug from all of us in the group.
Please get some rest and thank you for sharing with us.
Oh, be sure to give the girls a hug, too and enjoy the hug they give back to you.
Love, thoughts and prayers for all of you.


Eastman AR 805CE. LEFTHANDED! NEW.
Fender Precision Bass LEFTHANDED! 1977.
Fender Precision Bass LEFTHANDED.by SQUIRE. New.
Fender Stratocaster LEFTHANDED. 1972ca.Super lightweight:2,90kg!
Fender Telecaster Custom -62 Reissue LEFTHANDED. 1985.Made In JAPAN.Almost mint!
PRS Custom 22. LEFTHANDED NEW.


It will be a big month for Santana, who launch the next leg of their Las Vegas residency at House of Blues at Mandalay Bay tonight. The iconic Latin rock band is slated to play eight shows through the end of next week, and tickets on the secondary market are averaging well under tour average for the upcoming run of gigs.
According to TicketIQ, the median price for Santana tickets in Las Vegas is $194.84. That is 15.4% cheaper than the group's overall tour average of $230.28. 16 more shows will be played over two separate legs in February and May of next year, and each is generating an average price above $200.
Only two shows during the band's November run will exceed the $200 average on the secondary market. Those gigs come tonight ($293 avg./$162 get-in) and on November 7 ($202.52 avg./$134 get-in). Conversely, a November 11 show is the most affordable show with an average secondary market price of $186.66 and $134 get-in price.


This is my second time to Rythmia, the first time I went was around July 2016. I could not wait to get back, and I worked really hard to make it happen and it happened and I got to go again. I simply love Rythmia, it's a vacation where you get deep therapeutic healing and support on where your at in your life no matter where this happens to be at the time. The people you meet there are like minded people and whom you can build life long relationships with, which happens naturally. I have been able to remain friends with a hand full of people since.
The accommodations are great, it's all inclusive which everything is included, food, massages, colonics( if that is your desire) laundry service and the price is more than fair. I have been to vacations where I didn't get all of that and it was more than $300 a night. Oh, I forgot to mention the speakers that they line up, many of the speakers that attend have been guests on "Oprah"show and are experts in their chosen field. What is really amazing about this, is you have an opportunity for and up close and personal ability to spend time with these speakers, and ask questions and because the resort is very personal and in an intimate setting that allows for this to happen.


Write a string to the serial port and start a new line of text by writing \r\n.
Write the word BOFFO to the serial port repeatedly.
Check the compass heading and show the direction on the screen. Also, send both the direction and degree heading to the serial port.


text:
Australia Day 2018
Sharell Cook
India travel expert and contributing writer, Tripsavvy
Tired of her comfortable life as an accountant in Melbourne, Sharell Cook decided she needed a change. India beckoned. It was an assault on the senses but Cook has loved every minute of it. Now based in Mumbai, she makes a living writing about her adopted home online.
How did you start? What made you choose this career path?
My initial career path was very different to my current one. I received a Bachelor of Business degree from Monash University, with a major in Accounting. Accounting was never my passion, but I discovered that writing was. In the end, I decided to write about something that I was equally passionate about – India, and particularly travel in India.
How did your Australian experience contribute to your success, or your approach to your work?
I grew up in rural Australia and then moved to the city, so I'm quite adaptable and resilient. I'm unfazed by a lot of things, which is beneficial for living and travelling in India. I'm also very self-reliant, having earned an income from the age of 14, when I began casually working in a supermarket on weekends. The great thing about my education in Australia was that it was practical, and encouraged me to research and think for myself. This has been invaluable for learning new things and applying knowledge. My time as an accountant definitely wasn't wasted, as it enabled me to hone my writing skills. I approach my work with great attention to detail as a result of it too.
What made you take the leap overseas and why India?
I developed a deep interest in India and wanted to share it with the world. It's such an absorbing country with so much heritage, and so many lessons to teach. I'd like everyone to understand India better and know about its remarkable attractions.
What do you think is the single most influential factor in your success?
India has a huge number of internet users and, increasingly, they're looking online for information to plan their travels. Disposable incomes have jumped in India and people are exploring their country like never before. On a personal level, I have the ability to write well, and I'm devoted to creating the best India travel content on the Internet. I simply love what I do.
"I'd like everyone to understand India better and know about its remarkable attractions" – Sharell Cook
Is there something particular about the Australian character/culture that drives people to search out international experiences?
Australia is isolated and it's a relatively new country, although it has a long indigenous history. This makes Australians keen to check out the rest of the world and see what it has to offer. We're generally adventurous in character, and like to seek out exciting and meaningful experiences. Plus, we're well-placed to take advantage of opportunities and make our mark internationally.
What's one of your most favourite things about living and working in India?
The feeling that anything is possible! India is such a vibrant and diverse country. Every state is unique and has its own culture. There's always something more to discover. India really fuels my curiosity and creativity.
"I'm unfazed by a lot of things, which is beneficial for living and travelling in India" – Sharell Cook
What do you know today that you wished you had known when you first started?
That the most amazing opportunities appear when you have the courage to take a leap of faith and pursue your dreams.
What makes you proud to be Australian?
We have a wonderful culture of informality and disregard for social status. We're down to earth and genuine, and believe it's important to treat everyone equally and fairly. Being an expat has also made me realise that Australians are consistently valued for their friendly and fun attitudes. We know how to have a good time!
More on Sharell Cook: Cook has been crisscrossing India and writing about it since 2005. As well as being the India travel expert and a contributing writer for Tripsavvy website, she has written a memoir documenting her life-changing move to India. Called 'Henna for the Broken Hearted', it was named as one of the Top 10 Global Stories of Reinvention for 2013.
Australians in India
Param Singh
A distinguished alumnus of CQUniversity Australia and winner of the Australia-India young entrepreneur of the year award, Perth-based Param Singh is o ...
Pallavi Sharda
Perth-born actress and classical dancer, Pallavi Sharda, was mad about Bollywood as a child. At 21, the law student packed her bags and headed to the ...
Shaun Star
Shaun Star moved to Bangalore to study Indian law for a year. Seven years later, he's still in India. Now based in New Delhi, the Assistant Dean of L ...
Daniel Bauer
Australian-born, Mumbai-based Daniel Bauer is widely considered to be one of India's best makeup and hair artists. Whether it's the red carpet glamour ...
Sarah Todd
From a small town in Queensland to the beaches of Goa via the catwalks of Europe, Sarah Todd has found her place in India. The celebrity chef, cookboo ...
Alexie Seller
A major in Spanish and Latin American Studies logically meant a career in Central or South America, instead engineer Alexie Seller found herself drawn ...
Subscribe to latest newsSubscribe
/AusUnlimited /AusUnlimited


If you are new to web accessibility, you may want to begin with the "Section 508 Universe Training" Here you can learn about Building and Buying Accessible Software, Designing Accessible Websites, Accessibility and Usability Concerns (Electronic Forms, Email), Buying Accessible Computers and other Electronic and Information Technologies.
For the Academic community, we recommend a free webinar provided for USG personnel called "Section 508 Compliance and Online Course Content". This webinar provides an overview of Section 508 and discusses Accessible Course Design and Accessible Course Content (with a live demo for creating accessible Word and PDF documents). A detailed handout accompanies the webinar. The recording is available at Section 508 Compliance & Online Course Content.
If you are familiar with Section 508 and/or WCAG 2.0, we recommend the following checklists for creating accessible web-based content.


When it comes to demountables it's all about weight, weight, weight. Every kilo you load behind the rear axle lightens the load on the front axle and moves it instead to the rear axle.
'One ton' load capacity doesn't mean a 1000kg hanging out the back of the truck. The maximum load is made up of driver & passengers too (more on that later). The load area is also actually quite small, especially with a double cab, so many demountables extend a long way aft of the load bed. Of course the further aft the weight is carried the lower the effective carrying capacity so to put the buyer's mind at ease some demountable manufacturers simply understate the weight of their campers. This has been happening for decades even with well respected brands and there are well published accounts of cabins weighing up to 40% more than their claimed weight.
Overly heavy cabins are therefore far from uncommon and we regularly come across owners running dangerously over inflated air bags and tyres inflated to the max in an effort to compensate for their overweight and overloaded campers. This is most definitely not a solution, the car still drives like a pig, it's dynamically unstable and puts a potentially intolerable strain on both car and the driver. Something has to give and it is not uncommon for the chassis to break under these circumstances.
On a typical double cab a third or more of the truck's 'payload' is intended to be carried in the cab (i.e. driver and passengers). With almost any 4×4 double cab pickup almost the entire load area is behind the rear axle. Any camper must therefore be both extremely lightweight and possess an extreme forward weight bias.
Note the difference with a 1.5 cab. With a well designed camper nearly all the weight can now be carried above or in front of the rear axle. You still have to watch the weights of course and if you want to carry a reasonable amount of water and supplies you probably want to keep the cabin weight below 600 kg, but you do have a lot more scope.
Of course how you load your camper is also crucially important. Choose your equipment carefully and don't load it with stuff you don't need – just because there are cupboards everywhere doesn't mean you have to fill them. Naturally heavy stuff should all be loaded as far forward and as low as possible.
Water is very heavy, a kilo per litre, so take only what you need and try to avoid driving with grey and black tanks full. Remember every kilo really does make a difference.
Finally some brands offer a software update for the ESP system to take account of a higher than standard Centre of Gravity. Your dealer will be able to give you more information. He will also advise you that this does not in anyway compensate for over and/or poor loading!
Light weight and good weight distribution cannot just be an aspiration, they are both absolutely crucial. You can have the most luxurious, underfloor heated palace ever created, but if it's overweight it has no place on your truck.
Quite apart from anything else, with the current breed of trucks bristling with computers correct loading is even more important than ever before. If the balance of the truck falls too far outside the parameters of the ESP and other electronic safety programs the computer may behave unpredictably or even inappropriately in an emergency situation.
Every camper in our range is designed and built with this in mind but the way you load it is crucial too. It is the owner's responsibility to ensure that options and loading do not exceed vehicle manufacturer's recommendations and Gross Vehicle weight (GVW), individual Axle weights and Centre of Mass guidelines must all be strictly adhered to. If you bring all your camping gear when you come to collect your new camper (make sure your fuel tank is full too!) our load cell system can measure the weight on each wheel for you to make sure your truck is happy before you leave.


text:
IMO 2020: No Fuel Choice Will Avoid Inevitable Requirement to Install Scrubbers, Says EGCSA
EGCSA says there will be no avoiding the eventual need for a scrubber. File Image / Pixabay
When the "IMO 2020" global 0.50% sulfur cap for marine fuel comes into force on January 1, 2020, vessel operators will need to install and use an exhaust gas cleaning system - more commonly known as a scrubber - if they want to continue to burn the same high sulfur fuel oil bunkers they burn today.
While the majority of vessels are currently projected to switch to burning a compliant distillate fuel instead, the Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems Association (EGCSA) now says that whatever bunker fuel vessel operators choose to use in the future, there will be no avoiding the eventual need for a scrubber.
The comments came at the first international conference on marine emissions technology that took place on November 6, 2017 in Singapore.
EGCSA was formed not merely to represent 'scrubber companies' but to take a proactive approach to sustainably and effectively reducing harmful emissions from prime movers on ships
Don Gregory, Director, EGCSA
At the event, Professor Zimmermann of the University of Rostock and Helmholtz Zentrum München shared findings from complex human tissue studies conducted over many years, the conclusion of which was said to be the totally unexpected assessment results for the combustion of "clean" distillate fuels.
Specifically, by looking at the use of 0.10% maximum sulfur fuels within Emission Control Areas (ECAs), Zimmermann said his team found that the fuel prescription approach to regulation has resulted in more toxic emissions for certain populations, such as in ports and regions bordering busy shipping lanes.
Professor Di Natale of the University of Naples, meanwhile, said that while some fuels help to reduce emissions, the very nature of the combustion process means the use of advanced scrubber technologies "remain a necessity if shipping is to play its part in air protection and minimising the impact of emissions on human health."
Commenting on the event as a whole, Don Gregory, Director of EGCSA and conference chair said: "The underlying message was clear: multiple fuel choices will be a headache for ship-owners, but no fuel choice will avoid the inevitable requirement to install exhaust gas treatment systems.
"EGCSA has always encouraged a goal-based and sustainable approach to the protection of human health and the environment. In fact, EGCSA was formed not merely to represent 'scrubber companies' but to take a proactive approach to sustainably and effectively reducing harmful emissions from prime movers on ships. It is a shame that politics and dogma continue to hamper real progress in realising these ambitions."
Hafnia Bunkers Hires Copenhagen-Based Trader From Pure Marine Fuels
Jacob Vilstrup Lisby is set to join Hafnia as a trader in Copenhagen as of February 1.
Firms Agree to Scale up Small Hydrogen-powered Vessels
Navtek, e1 Marine join forces on car carriers and tugboats.
Liquid Wind to Build Third Synthetic Bunker Production Facility in Sweden
The company has carried out a feasibility study with Umeå Energi which concluded th.at there are 'excellent conditions' to build the facility at the Dåva cogeneration plant in Umeå