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Micronesian Archaeological Conference
1. Lobban, C.S. 1990. Preface. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: i Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Lobban, C.S.
During the course of more than twenty years of publishing, Micronesica has had several special issues containing papers from conferences held at the University of Guam. These have included "Island Ecosystems of the Pacific Basin" (vol. 3, no. I, 1967) and "Conservation of Pacific Islands" (vol. 5, no. 2, 1969). We also published one previous Supplement, in 1979: "Archeological Test Excavations: Palau Islands." I am pleased that the organizers of the Micronesian Archaeology Conference selected Micronesica as the vehicle for their conference proceedings.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica Suppl. 2: i 1990.
Lobban 1990
supp02-01ed.pdf (29.88 KB)
2. Hunter-Anderson, R.L. 1990. Foreword. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: ii-iii. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Hunter-Anderson, R.L.
This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the Micronesian Archaeological Conference, convened on Guam September 9-12, 1987. The Guam conference was the first international scholarly meeting entirely devoted to Micronesian prehistory and physical anthropology. It was jointly sponsored by the University of Guam and the IndoPacific Prehistory Association and was funded in part by the University of Guam, the National Science Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. In-kind support was provided by the Government of Guam Department of Parks and Recreation. On behalf of conference co-organizer Michael Graves and my colleagues at the University of Guam, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the generous support of these agencies. Without it we could not have had such a productive and enjoyable meeting nor indeed have produced the present volume.
Micronesica Suppl. 2: ii-iii, 1990.
Hunter-Anderson 1990
3. Hunter-Anderson, R.L. 1990. Micronesian Archaeological Conference Resolutions. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 1-2. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Micronesian Archaeological Conference Resolutions
I. Whereas additional research in linguistics, particularly historical linguistics, could help to answer many questions about population movements in Micronesia, and whereas research of this kind in the Micronesian region has been comparatively neglected,
Resolved: that linguistic research should be fostered and efforts made to stimulate linguistic interest in this region.
4. Hunter-Anderson, R.L & M.W. Graves. 1990. Coming from Where? An Introduction to Recent Advances in Micronesian Archaeology. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 5-16. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Coming from Where? An Introduction to Recent Advances in Micronesian Archaeology
Hunter-Anderson, R.L & M.W. Graves.
'Coming from where' in the title of this introductory paper is intended to convey the idea that the first international conference on Micronesian archaeology and physical anthropology, convened on Guam in September 1987, not only considered the geographic and racial origins of the indigenous peoples of this vast oceanic region, nor only the variations in cultural adaptations that have evolved in the Micronesian islands over the last three or four thousand years. In its topical and geographic breadth the conference also highlighted the variety of motivations, backgrounds, and agendas of the practitioners of the art, some would say science, some would say hobby, some would even say business, of prehistoric and historic archaeology in the western Pacific. Micronesian archaeology today is, indeed, coming from several places.
Hunter-Anderson & Graves 1990
supp02-04ed.pdf (385.7 KB)
5. Athens, J.S. 1990. Nan Madol Pottery, Pohnpei. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 17-32. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Nan Madol Pottery, Pohnpei
Athens, J.S.
Over 7,000 pottery sherds have been recently collected from the Nan Madol site on the island of Pohnpei. A formal description of the pottery is presented, and comparisons with the pottery of other Micronesian islands are made. A series of 36 radiocarbon dates provides a wellgrounded chronology for the Nan Madol pottery. Distributional patterns of pottery at Nan Madol are discussed. It is concluded that I) the pottery is likely a Late Lapila Plain Ware variant, 2) an "island hopping" mode of initial settlement in Micronesia is unlikely, 3) the original settlers may have come directly from the Southeast Solomon or New Hebrides areas, and 4) there was little contact between Pohnpei and the various Micronesian islands after initial settlement.
supp02-05ed.pdf (1.39 MB)
6. Butler, B.M. 1990. Pots As Tools: The Marianas Case. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 33-46. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Pots As Tools: The Marianas Case
Butler, B.M.
Archaeologists have traditionally approached ceramic analysis with culture-historical objectives such as the delineation of certain horizon markers or the separation of various temporal units or ceramic producing groups. An important point, often neglected by archaeologists, is that pots are tools-complex pieces of technology that are designed to perform specific tasks. As such, significant technological changes in a ceramic tradition may have major implications for changes in vessel function. Ceramic data from the Marianas are reviewed in this light with particular attention on the major changes that characterize Lane Period ceramics. Certain of these changes are argued to have functional significance with wider implications for late prehistoric subsistence.
Butler 1990
supp02-06ed.pdf (593.86 KB)
7. Carucci, J. & S. Mitchell. 1990. Lime-Encrusted Shell Artifacts and the Prehistoric Use of Slaked Lime. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 47-64. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Lime-Encrusted Shell Artifacts and the Prehistoric Use of Slaked Lime
Carucci, J. & S. Mitchell.
During recent excavations on Rota in the Mariana Islands, a number of shell artifacts which contained multiple layers of a carbonate compound were recovered. These artifacts are related to the manufacture and use of burned lime, and fall into two categories: lime scoops or containers, and bivalve scrapers. Samples of the carbonate material from several of the artifacts were tested with an X-ray powder diffractometer and compared to the deposits which remained in several non-artifact shells. Natural carbonate encrustations can be differentiated from deposits of culturally produced lime, allowing lime-encrusted shells to be sorted into artifact and nonartifact categories. A typology of the artifacts related to the use of slaked lime is presented, and the function of the different artifact types is discussed.
Carucci & Mitchell 1990
8. Pearsall, D.M. 1990. Application of Phytolith Analysis to Reconstruction of Past Environments and Subsistence: Recent Research in the Pacific. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 65-74. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Application of Phytolith Analysis to Reconstruction of Past Environments and Subsistence: Recent Research in the Pacific
Pearsall, D.M.
Study of phytoliths, plant opaline silica bodies, extracted from archaeological and geological sediments, is a valuable source of information on past subsistence and vegetation. Applications of the technique in the Pacific region are recent but have already contributed to vegetation reconstruction or identification of crops and agricultural activity in Hawaii, Micronesia, and the Philippines. Phytoliths are extracted from soil by heavy liquid flotation and identified by comparison with modern plant specimens. The relative abundance of different phytoliths in archaeological sediments is compared to their occurrence in soil from known vegetation formations to reconstruct past environments. While many cultivated and useful wild plants remain to be tested for phytolith production, progress has been made on identifying rice, millet, banana, and gourd. With the continued support of archaeologists, phytolith analysis will contribute significantly to our understanding of land use, cultivation practices, and vegetation change in the Pacific region.
Pearsall 1990
9. Alkire, W.H. & K. Fujimura. 1990. Principles of Organization in the Outer Islands of Yap State and their Implications for Archaeology. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 75-88. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Principles of Organization in the Outer Islands of Yap State and their Implications for Archaeology
Alkire, W.H. & K. Fujimura.
Research in the outer islands of Yap state has demonstrated the widespread importance of the following organizational principles: matrilineal descent, sibling solidarity and primogeniture; a maritime and horticultural economic system within which male/female complementarity and opposition are emphasized; a hierarchical political order; and an ideology of dualism. This paper suggests how these principles may be reflected in the archaeological record, particularly with respect to changing settlement patterns and burial practices.
Alkire & Fujimura
10. Falgout, S. 1990. Getting to the Truth of the Matter: Prospects and Limitations of Oral Traditions for Archaeological Interpretation in Pohnpei, Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 89-98. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Getting to the Truth of the Matter: Prospects and Limitations of Oral Traditions for Archaeological Interpretation in Pohnpei, Micronesia
Falgout, S.
Oral tradition is used to sample and interpret archaeological sites associated with the Soukiseleng in the Wene area in Pohnpei. The paper argues that careful investigation of oral traditions can enhance the understanding of Pohnpei archaeological sites and settlements and the discovery of the nature and extent of prehistoric pan-Micronesian relations.
Falgout 1990
11. Hanlon, D. 1990. "The Pleasure of Speculation and Conjecture:" Early Euro-American Visions of Nan Madol and their Relevance to Post-Modern Archaeological Investigations. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 99-116. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
"The Pleasure of Speculation and Conjecture:" Early Euro-American Visions of Nan Madol and their Relevance to Post-Modern Archaeological Investigations
Hanlon, D.
Using contemporary post-modern ethnographic discourse as a yard stick, this paper examines the conceptual limitations of early Euro-American descriptions ("visions") of Nan Madol and the ways in which they reflect the context of their times.
Hanlon 1990
12. Knudson, K.E. 1990. Social Complexity on Truk and in the Marianas: Lack of Correspondence Between Anthropological Models and Historical Evidence. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 117-124. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Social Complexity on Truk and in the Marianas: Lack of Correspondence Between Anthropological Models and Historical Evidence
Knudson, K.E.
According to White's theory of energy utilization, the degree of social stratification (social complexity) depends on energy utilization and technological efficiency. While regional, worldwide, and general Micronesian data seem to uphold this theory, the social organizations of Truk and the Marianas seem to be exceptions. The result poses a problem for both archaeologists and ethnologists. This paper explores the Micronesian situation and discusses the Trukese and Mariana anomalies.
Knudson 1990
13. Lucking, L.J. & R.J. Parmentier. 1990. Terraces and Traditions of Uluang: Ethnographic and Archaeological Perspectives on a Prehistoric Belauan Site. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 125-136. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Terraces and Traditions of Uluang: Ethnographic and Archaeological Perspectives on a Prehistoric Belauan Site
Lucking, L.J. & R.J. Parmentier.
This paper combines ethnographic and archaeological perspectives in a study of the earthen terraces of Uluang, an abandoned prehistoric village on Babeldaob Island, Belau. Oral traditions detail the founding and ultimate destruction of Uluang but do not mention the terraces. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Uluang terraces were built well prior to the founding of the village. Their original uses may have been defensive and agricultural.
Lucking & Parmientier 1990
14. Petersen, G. 1990. Some Overlooked Complexities in the Study of Pohnpei Social Complexity. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 137-152. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Some Overlooked Complexities in the Study of Pohnpei Social Complexity
Petersen, G.
The social complexity of Pohnpei has been envisioned primarily as a function of the number of levels of socio-cultural integration it had, and the ideology of Pohnpei chieftainship has been mapped in a one-to-one fashion onto the dynamics of Pohnpei socio-political life. As a result the extraordinary complexity of the relationships between Pohnpeian concepts of rank and the actualities of chiefly authority have been overlooked. Ethnographic data and ethno-historical material are used in an alternative interpretation of Pohnpei socio-political complexity.
Petersen 1990
15. Pickering, R.B. 1990. An Ethno-Archaeological Investigation of Yapese Mortuary Behavior. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 153-170. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
An Ethno-Archaeological Investigation of Yapese Mortuary Behavior
Pickering, R.B.
Information provided by old persons from a number of Yapese villages was compared with data collected by Mueller to gauge stability and change in Yapese mortuary practices. As an attempt to gain a better understanding of how grave monuments are related to social characteristics of the dead, this paper presents detailed morphological descriptions of graves, informants' interpretations of various aspects of grave monuments, and informants' descriptions of biographical details of decedents interred within.
Pickering 1990
16. Athens, J.S. 1990. Kosrae Pottery, Clay, and Early Settlement. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 171-186. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Kosrae Pottery, Clay, and Early Settlement
Recent investigations have disclosed the presence of deeply buried and submerged prehistoric pottery deposits on Kosrae. Radiocarbon determinations with age ranges between 108 B.C. and A.O. 244 indicate that this pottery occupation, known only from a restricted area on Lelu Island, is the locus of the earliest known settlement on Kosrae. Early prehistoric settlement on Kosrae is reviewed, and comparisons with pottery assemblages from Truk and Pohnpei are briefly noted. The highly limited spatial and temporal distribution of Kosraean pottery is tentatively suggested to be the result of the lack of suitable clay resources for pottery manufacture. Geological and geomorphological conditions governing the formation of clay deposits are discussed.
A model focusing on the adaptive role of ethnicity and cultural diacritics is advanced to account for the emergence of the highly distinctive Early Lapila pottery, its later simplification, and finally the cessation of Late Lapila and other pottery manufacture on many isolated Pacific islands. The high islands of eastern Micronesia, including Kosrae, fall within expectations generated by the model.
17. Ayres, W.S. 1990. Pohnpei's Position in Eastern Micronesian Prehistory. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 187-212. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Pohnpei's Position in Eastern Micronesian Prehistory
Ayres, W.S.
A synthesis of available archaeological data from Eastern Micronesian islands provides a general understanding of prehistory in this area and a specific assessment of Pohnpei Island prehistory over more than 2000 years. Critical in any late prehistoric sequence formulation for Pohnpei is Nan Madol, and this complex is positioned chronologically and functionally within the broader island context. Possible inter-island relationships, for example, as reflected in the Kachaw complex and similarities between Nan Madol and Kosrae's Lelu complex, are considered.
Ayres 1990
18. Masse, W.B. 1990. Radiocarbon Dating, Sea-Level Change and the Peopling of Belau. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 213-230. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Radiocarbon Dating, Sea-Level Change and the Peopling of Belau
Masse, W.B.
The initial settlement of the Belau archipelago has been widely posited to have taken place by 1500 B.C., a time coincident with documented early occupation in the Mariana Islands. However, recent geological studies and data obtained by Southern Illinois University's Belau Archaeological Program now suggest that the initial successful colonization of Belau took place after A.D. I. The absence of early radiocarbon dates from Yap suggests that Belau's northern neighbor likewise may have been colonized much later than the southern Marianas. This paper critically evaluates aspects of sea-level change, radiocarbon dating and the distribution of early cultural remains in Belau in order to discuss the nature and timing of colonization.
Masse 1990
19. Shun, K. & J.S. Athens. 1990. Archaeological Investigations on Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 231-240. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Archaeological Investigations on Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, Micronesia
Shun, K. & J.S. Athens.
Extensive archaeological investigations were undertaken along the entire length of the Kwajalein airfield taxiway. Intact prehistoric deposits were documented, and numerous artifacts and archaeological samples were recovered. A lower sediment layer provides evidence for initial human settlement and land use on Kwajalein Islet beginning sometime around 100 B.C. to AD I.
Shun & Athens 1990
20. Solheim, W.G II. 1990. Thoughts on Land and Sea Peoples in Southeast Asia and Their Possible Relationships To Initial Settlement of Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 241-246. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Thoughts on Land and Sea Peoples in Southeast Asia and Their Possible Relationships To Initial Settlement of Micronesia
Solheim, W.G II.
The earliest dates so far reported for initial settlement of Micronesia are from the second millennium B.C. I have hypothesized that by this time in Island Southeast Asia there was a very active maritime network carried on by people I have called the Nusantao. In this paper I look at present day and historic maritime cultures of Southeast Asia which probably developed out of the early Nusanlao and find a great variety in these cultures. Some of them are centered on maritime trade but many combine part-time agriculture on land with part-time fishing or trade by sea. I suggest that the primary settlers of Micronesia-not necessarily the very first people in the islands were Nusantao from the Philippines and eastern Indonesia who were at home both on the land and on the sea.
Solheim 1990
21. Dye, T. & P.L. Cleghorn. 1990. Prehistoric Use of the Interior of Southern Guam. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 261-274. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Prehistoric Use of the Interior of Southern Guam
Dye, T. & P.L. Cleghorn.
The current interpretation of evidence for the prehistoric use of the interior of Southern Guam derives primarily from the work of Fred Reinman. On the basis of survey and excavation Reinman hypothesized that inland settlement on Southern Guam began late in prehistory and/or was infrequent and/or seasonal. Reinman did not comment on the broader issue of how the interior may have been used throughout prehistory. More recent surveys of portions of the Ugum and Inarajan River valleys and published accounts of Reinman's excavations at coastal and river valley sites yield evidence for a more extensive use of the region than adduced by Reinman, possibly beginning over a millennium ago.
Dye & Cleghorn 1990
22. Streck, C.F., Jr. 1990. Prehistoric Settlement in Eastern Micronesia: Archaeology on Bikini Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 247-260. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Prehistoric Settlement in Eastern Micronesia: Archaeology on Bikini Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands
Streck, C.F., Jr.
Recent archaeological research on coral atolls in Micronesia suggest that they may have been settled contemporaneous or prior to the high volcanic islands of the region. Research on Bikini Atoll in the northern Marshall Islands has resulted in the identification of extensive prehistoric cultural deposits despite massive modern disturbance from nuclear weapon testing and construction of support facilities. These cultural desposits have been radiocarbon dated to perhaps greater than 3,000 years B.P., despite Bikini's perceived environmental marginality. The cultural remains also exhibited distinct functional specificity and illustrated the geomorphic dynamism of island landforms on coral atolls. The results of this research indicate that cultural adaptation to coral atoll environments may be of great antiquity in Micronesia.
Streck 1990
23. Bath, J.E. & J.S. Athens. 1990. Prehistoric Social Complexity on Pohnpei: The Saudeleur to Nahnmwarki Transformation. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 275-290. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Prehistoric Social Complexity on Pohnpei: The Saudeleur to Nahnmwarki Transformation
Bath, J.E. & J.S. Athens.
Oral accounts indicate that an island-wide polity under the rule of the Saudeleur titular chiefs was once formed in early prehistoric times and was later transformed or replaced by the Nahnmwarki system in which multiple autonomous polities ruled different parts of Pohnpei. This paper evaluates these accounts against recent archaeological data and attempts to determine whether the transformation represents a substantive change in the complexity of traditional Pohnpeian society.
Bath & Athens 1990
24. Peoples, J.G. 1990. The Evolution of Complex Stratification in Eastern Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 291-302. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
The Evolution of Complex Stratification in Eastern Micronesia
Peoples, J.G.
This paper distinguishes the functional and conflict (or coercive) approaches to stratfication. The former claims that stratification develops out of societal-level needs for efficient production, trade, warfare, and other large-scale activities. The conflict approach holds that inequality is rooted in differential control over resources, technology, and personnel, which provide the means for some groups to coerce others and acquire a greater share of material and social rewards. Applying the conflict approach to eastern Micronesian islands, the paper suggests how variable geographic and ecological conditions influenced the development of stratification and the scale of political integration in Kosrae and Truk.
Peoples 1990
25. Ueki, T. 1990. Formation of a Complex Society in an Island Situation. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 303-316. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Formation of a Complex Society in an Island Situation
Ueki, T.
Archaeological evidence from the district of Utwa and ethnohistorical accounts for the island of Kosrae as a whole are shown to support a new model which ties population pressure to the rise of local conflict and the emergence of three social echelons in Kosrae. However, the data presently available are very limited, and more extensive archaeological surveys are still necessary before this or any other model can be put forward with confidence.
Ueki 1990
26. Pietrusewsky, M. 1990. The Physical Anthropology of Micronesia: a Brief Overview. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 317-322. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
The Physical Anthropology of Micronesia: a Brief Overview
Pietrusewsky, M.
Compared with the other fields of anthropology, there have been relatively few studies in Micronesian physical anthropology (Howells 1973). Some early anthropometric work has been done, primarily by German (e.g., Hambruch 1909, Schlaginhaufen 1929) and later, by Japanese (e.g., Hasebe 1938) anthropologists. According to Hunt (l 950), the work by Hasebe is one of the most extensive anthropometric surveys of living Micronesians ever made. Unfortunately, except for a single English translation mentioned in Hunt (1950), the latter's work is published in Japanese.
Pietrusewsky 1990
27. Brace, M.L., Y. Dodo, K.D. Hunt, W.R. Leonard, L. Yongyi, S. Sangvichien, S. Xiang-qing & Z. Zhenbiao. 1990. Micronesians, Asians, Thais and Relations: A Craniofacial and Odontometric Perspective. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 323-348. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Micronesians, Asians, Thais and Relations: A Craniofacial and Odontometric Perspective
Brace, M.L., Y. Dodo, K.D. Hunt, W.R. Leonard, L. Yongyi, S. Sangvichien, S. Xiang-qing & Z. Zhenbiao.
Mesial-distal and buccal-lingual dental measurements and seventeen craniofacial measurements were made on specimens from some twenty groups from China, Japan, Southeast Asia, the Philippines, Australia, Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia. After the craniofacial measurements had been used to construct Euclidean distance dendrograms, the samples were grouped into three relatively unrelated clusters-Mainland-Asian, Australo-Melanesian and Jomon-Pacific. The Mainland-Asian cluster included Southeast Asian and Chinese Neolithic and modem samples plus Yayoi and modem Japanese samples. The Australo-Melanesian cluster included Australians and samples from island Melanesia. The Jomon-Pacific cluster included the Jomon and Ainu from Japan as well as all the Polynesian and Micronesian samples. Post-Pleistocene dental reduction started earliest and has proceeded furthest in the Jomon-Pacific cluster, especially its northernmost members. The possibility is proposed that the original source of the Austronesian speakers of the Pacific-the Polynesians and Micronesians-may have been the Japanese and Ryukyu archipelago. An in situ transformation of Melanesians into Polynesians is the least likely explanation.
Brace et al 1990
supp02-27ed.pdf (1.6 MB)
28. Hanson, D.B. 1990. Paleopathological Observations on Human Skeletal Remains from Rota, Mariana Islands: Epidemiological Implications. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 349-362. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Paleopathological Observations on Human Skeletal Remains from Rota, Mariana Islands: Epidemiological Implications
Hanson, D.B.
Recently recovered mortuary data from Rota are examined within the context of existing epidemiological models for island populations. It is suggested that the seasonal availability of potable water from catchments along the island's northern coast was a major epidemiological factor in the morbidity and mortality of late prehistoric and early historic coastal populations on Rota.
Hanson 1990
29. Howells, W.W. 1990. Micronesia to Macromongolia: Micro-Polynesian Craniometrics And the Mongoloid Population Complex. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 363-372. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Micronesia to Macromongolia: Micro-Polynesian Craniometrics And the Mongoloid Population Complex
Howells, W.W.
Using previous cranial evidence, this paper considers the Micronesian and the Polynesian populations in terms of their position within the diversity of East Asian populations and meaning for the history of the so-called Mongoloid peoples.
Howells 1990
30. Pietrusewsky, M. 1990. Craniometric Variation in Micronesia and the Pacific: A Multivariate Study. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 373-402. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Craniometric Variation in Micronesia and the Pacific: A Multivariate Study
Multivariate statistical analyses of craniometric data from Micronesia, circumMicronesian Pacific, Southeast Asia, and East Asia, suggest an east-west division within Micronesia. Other comparisons indicate, however, that while there may have been closer ties between Western Micronesian and Southeast or East Asian populations on the one hand and affinities between Eastern Micronesian and Polynesian populations on the other, there is a basic continuity within all the Micronesian peoples. The analysis does not support the belief that either the Micronesian or the Polynesian populations were derived from Melanesian populations.
31. Turner, C.G. II. 1990. Origin and Affinity of the People of Guam: A Dental Anthropological Assessment. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 403-416. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Origin and Affinity of the People of Guam: A Dental Anthropological Assessment
Turner, C.G. II.
Dental morphology of Guam crania is compared with that of other Micronesians, Polynesians, Australmelanesians, and various Asians to assess relationships and probable origins. Using 25 crown and root traits of several thousand individuals, obtained chiefly by archaeological means, clustering analyses of multivariate between-group Mean Measures of Divergence show a major pattern of Pacific Basin affinities with SE Asia. Guam dentition is most like those of some Polynesians and some SE Asians. There is practically no dental support for a close relationship between Guam and Australmelanesians. These findings suggest that the Guam population originated in southern Island SE Asia, either directly, or indirectly by a Polynesian-derived colonization of Micronesia.
32. Underwood, J.H. 1990. Population Studies and Historical Demography: Context of Microevolution in Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 417-430. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Population Studies and Historical Demography: Context of Microevolution in Micronesia
Underwood, J.H.
Demographic models derived for Micronesian islands form the basis for developing hypothetical reconstructions of Micronesian population histories. Population data and estimates from archaeological reports, historical sources and censuses are then compared to these simulated outcomes. The results are used to evaluate extant materials and reconstructions of population histories and current processes responsible for the observed biological variability of Micronesian island populations. The study provides a broad demographic framework essential to better understanding of, and more productive research into, the adaptive processes which led to the ecological successes of proto-Micronesian settlers and their descendants.
Underwood 1990
33. Underwood, J.H. 1990. Physical Anthropology in Micronesia: A Closing Statement. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 431-434. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
Physical Anthropology in Micronesia: A Closing Statement
The present session has emphasized in large measure the critical problem of identifying the ancestral origins of Micronesians, of seeking out the roots of the colonizers of the region's many far-flung islands (Brace et al., Howells, Pietrusewsky, Turner this volume). The discovery of new island homes, a process doubtless repeated again and again in an on-going spread across the Pacific was, however, only the first step. Whatever their ancestral sources, Micronesians are the descendants of the members of those founding colonist groups who survived and successfully flourished after reaching each island's shores. Demographic processes were critical in achieving these successes, as also in producing the genetic and biological characteristics of past and living Micronesian populations.


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The Spirit of Chicano Park: El espíritu del parque Chicano
Join Bettie and Bonky as they discover a magical park located in the most peculiar place, under a bridge! They learn to love their new home in Barrio Logan, a neighborhood with a rich history in San Diego, California. Through the eyes of a mystical señora they travel through a historical journey of a community's struggle to build a park.
The Spirit of Chicano Park/El espiritu del parque Chicano is a bilingual, children's picture book that depicts the history of the creation of a historic park located in the community of Logan Heights in San Diego, California. The park was founded in 1970 as a result of a community Take Over of the land. The park was born out of a community's struggle to create a place for family gatherings amidst the destruction of their community through the enforcement of eminent domain and the building of Interstate 5 freeway and the Coronado Bridge. The park is located underneath the Coronado Bridge. Massive cement pillars support the bridge and fill the park's landscape. Community artists painted murals on the pillars that depict the history of the park and the history of the Chicano community. Housed in the center of the park, is a one-of-a-kind stage, called a Kiosco. The park is a living legacy of the people of Logan Heights, now also known as Barrio Logan. It is a vibrant park with community activities, dance ceremonials, and political gatherings occurring on a regular basis. Chicano Park is known nationally and internationally because of its art, but also because it became a symbol of hope and self-determination for the Chicano/Mexican-American community throughout the United States. The park was designated as a Historical Landmark in 2016.
The book is a full color, historical fiction and magical realism, children's book written in English and Spanish. The back pages of the book showcase profiles of community organizers, artists, dancers, musicians, low-riders, and other activists who have been instrumental to the park's development.
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Q: Possible to run Windows Update Server on FreeNAS? Like the title says...  Is there any way to run a Windows Update Server as a jail or something like that?  Preferably I'd like to keep FreeNAS as the host OS.  I don't think my box is powerful enough to run virtualised (HP mini server).

A: A jail by itself will not work, because that is still a FreeBSD environment.
But before trying virualization, you should try wine. In the wine app database, there is at least one mention of WSUS.
So running WSUS under wine in a jail might work.
If all else fails, you can always run windows server under virtualbox or qemu.

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The Beautiful Meaninglessness of David Bowie
By Ben Greenman
David Bowie has rarely embraced clear meaning, and on his new album, "Blackstar," he's as slippery as ever.Photograph by Terry O'Neill / Getty
David Bowie's "Blackstar," recently released, is his second album since he resurfaced from what seemed like semi-retirement. As it turned out, it was a period of rejuvenation. "The Next Day," released at the beginning of 2013, was a muscular rock record filled with snarling anthems and reflective ballads, and it acknowledged its connection to (or hostility toward) the past with its cover art, which featured an obscured image of the cover art of Bowie's 1977 album "Heroes."
"Blackstar" is a different creature entirely. Where "The Next Day" was, in keeping with contemporary trends in album creation, long and somewhat exhausting (it clocked in at fourteen tracks and fifty-three minutes, a full quarter hour longer than most of Bowie's seventies albums, and deluxe editions were even more bloated), "Blackstar" goes by fast, seven tracks in forty minutes or so—and a full quarter of that running time is devoted to the opener, the spooky, multipart title track. It's also musically distinct. Rather than assembling a crack team of rock vets (and Bowie vets) like Tony Visconti, Earl Slick, and Gail Ann Dorsey, "Blackstar" employs a new band anchored by New York jazz players like the pianist Jason Lindner and the saxophonist Donny McCaslin. The presence of jazz players has led to a mistaken characterization of "Blackstar" as a jazz record, which it isn't. It's a singer-songwriter record that is willing to stretch its compositions around instrumentation that's not typically associated with rock and roll. If the sonic palette of "Blackstar" carves out a space around the record, the imagery for the album, which so far includes the iconic cover design and two excellent videos (the film accompanying the title song features a terrifying version of a Bowie whose eyes are buttons glued to the outside of a head bandage), has been equally powerful and provocative. But the main way in which "Blackstar" is prime Bowie is in its willingness to embrace nonsense.
From the beginning, Bowie showed an interest in exploring the fragmentation of identity and meaning. His career depended heavily on performance, which allowed him to actively deploy various signifiers inside and alongside his music—signifiers of gender, of sexual orientation, even of humanity itself. (The question of radical others, up to and including aliens, surface frequently in his early work.) At some point, he began to look more rigorously into the idea of meaninglessness, and to write songs that were willful participants in their own fragmentation. The most famous early example of this, of course, is the "Diamond Dogs" album, in which Bowie employed the cut-up method developed by William Burroughs and Brion Gysin. Scissors were taken to a text. Slips of paper were drawn at random. The results, subject to chance, were then fashioned into lyrics like these:
Meet his little hussy with his ghost-town approach
Her face is sans feature, but she wears a Dali brooch
Sweetly reminiscent, something mother used to bake
Wrecked up and paralyzed, Diamond Dogs are stabilized
It was rare for Bowie to embrace clear meaning. The title of one of his most plainspoken songs, " 'Heroes,' " is suspended in a second set of quotation marks, largely to disrupt any straightforward interpretation. "Where Are We Now?," Bowie's beautifully fragile comeback ballad and the first single from "The Next Day," was a conspicuous exception—it was a snapshot, relatively easy to parse, of an older man revisiting Berlin and wondering about the city's ch-ch-changes. But on much of the rest of the album he was as slippery as ever, and the same is true of "Blackstar." The new album's title track and lead single opens with a ghostly, vaguely Middle Eastern chant.
In the villa of Ormen, in the villa of Ormen
Stands a solitary candle, ah-ah, ah-ah
In the center of it all, in the center of it all
Your eyes
On the day of execution, on the day of execution
Only women kneel and smile, ah-ah, ah-ah
At the center of it all, at the center of it all
Your eyes, your eyes
People said it was about ISIS, and then Bowie denied it. It's good that he denied it, because his songs should be about nothing, which in turn allows them to be about everything. In another song, "Girl Loves Me," Bowie latches onto a rubbery melody and the echoed, repeated refrain: "Where the fuck did Monday go?" It's evocative, but unexplained. Adding to the song's sense of obfuscation and evasion is the fact that many of the lyrics are in Nadsat, the language Anthony Burgess invented for his teen hooligans in "A Clockwork Orange." There's also some Polari thrown in for good measure.
Cheena so sound, so titty up this Malchick, say
Party up moodge, ninety vellocet round on Tuesday
Real bad dizzy snatch making all the homies mad, Thursday
Popo blind to the polly in the hole by Friday
The lyrics don't need to be straightforwardly interpreted for them to communicate a compelling sense of erotic menace. More to the point: it's the way in which they thwart straightforward interpretation that grants them their power. The British writer and intellectual historian Peter Watson has made a career of publishing books that set out to comprehensively summarize the field of human thought: most notably with "Ideas," in 2009. His books are filled with reductions and lacunae, as any book purporting to summarize human thought must be. But they are also immensely useful for picking out kernels. In "The Modern Mind," in 2001, Watson gives an account of the growth of Surrealism in art, identifying the movement not only as a form of exploration but as a site of resistance:
But above all, taking their lead from dreams and the unconscious, their work showed a deliberate rejection of reason. Their art sought to show that progress, if it were possible, was never a straight line, that nothing was predictable, and that the alternative to the banalities of the acquisitive society, now that religion was failing, was a new form of enchantment.
Rock and roll started as a form of enchantment and has become, in large part, another symptom of the banality of our acquisitive society. By persisting in deliberately rejecting reason, Bowie reminds us that there are plenty of reasons to do so. The most naked moment on the new record is its final song, "I Can't Give Everything Away," which almost reads like a defense of a career of obscurantism.
I know something is very wrong
The post returns for prodigal songs
With blackout harks with flowered muse
With skull designs upon my shoes
I can't give everything
Seeing more and feeling less
Saying no but meaning yes
This is all I ever meant
That's the message that I sent
Unless, of course, that isn't what it means at all.
Postscript: David Bowie's death is sad and surprising, though maybe just partly surprising. There were many rumors of illness even before the release of his 2013 album "The Next Day," but the vitality of that record beat them back a bit. In the videos for "Blackstar," Bowie looks frail, but he often looked frail. The news of his cancer and its advance seems to have been kept close, limited to family, physicians, and a few friends. People will now look for hints in his recent music, and they'll find them. "The Next Day" is filled with a sense of loneliness and the struggle to connect, and "Blackstar" has several songs that seem to bridge life and death. "Lazarus," the song that everyone wants to see as a literal handling of the matter, was written for an Off Broadway play that updates the character of Thomas Jerome Newton, the man who fell to Earth. That doesn't mean that the song is not a way of facing into death, but it also doesn't mean that it is. For me the album's contribution to the vexing question of human existence lies in the way in Bowie struggles to articulate the human struggle to articulate. That seemed true even before Bowie's death, and it seems truer now. It brings to mind Samuel Beckett's last poem, "What Is the Word," which Beckett wrote in bed in a nursing home, in Paris, the year before his death. Except that he didn't really write it at all: it's a translation of an earlier work, "Comment Dire," that he wrote in French in 1982. The inexpressible is expressed twice, one the echo of the other, emptiness mirroring emptiness.
Ben Greenman is the author of several books, including the novel "The Slippage" and the forthcoming "Dig If You Will The Picture: Funk, Sex, God and Genius in the Music of Prince."
More:David Bowiemusic criticism
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By Sasha Frere-Jones
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David Bowie's New Song
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text:
Hernan Cortez
by adipaxton136
Social Studies Subject:
Explorers and Discovers Grade:
Life-Born in 1485 in Medellin, Spain-Died in 1547 in Seville,Spain -62 years old
-1504: voyage to Haiti under command of Alonso Quintero -1506: voyage to Cuba -1519: voyage to Mexico -July 1519: took over Aztec Veracruz city-November 1519: took leader hostage-July 1520: kills leader-1521: takes over capitol
Then: Gained large portions on land for spain, defeated the large Aztec nationNow: Changed the culture of Mexico
-In 1521 Cortes returned to take over Tenochtitlan-After a 3 month siege the Aztec nation fell-He claimed the land for Spain creating a new settlement called Mexico city
Voyage to Mexico-Cortes persuaded Governor Diego Velazquez to make him the commander of the voyage to Mexico -Governor Valezquez canceled the expedition but Cortes went anyway
-The major civilization in the region was the Aztecs under the control of Montezuma II -Cortes landed in present day Veracruz, and started his three month journey to the capitol, Tenochtitlan-Thinking he was a god, they welcomed him-Cortes had other intentions, so he captured Montezuma II-April 1520, Velazquez sent men to capture Cortes-The Aztecs revolted and to quiet them, Cortes showed Montezuma to the crowd resulting in Montezuma's death-The Spanish were then driven out of the city
Aztec Nation
-Caused a large smallpox plague that killed a large number of Aztecs-Many Aztecs were killed during the fight to conquer the Aztec nation
Contrary Opinion
Works cited"Bernal DÍaz del Castillo; being some account of him, taken from his true history of the conquest of New Spain." archive.org. Archive, n.d. Web. 7 Oct 2015."Hernándo Cortés." bbc.co.uk. BBC, n.d. Web. 7 Oct 2015. "Hernándo Cortés." exploration.marinersmuseum.org. The Mariners' Museum, n.d. Web. 7 Oct 2015."Hernán Cortés." biography.com. A&E Networks, n.d. Web. 7 Oct 2015."Hernán Cortés." famous-explorers.org. Famous Explorers, n.d. Web. 7 Oct 2015. "Hernán Cortés." sheppardsoftware.com. Sheppard Software, n.d. Web. 7 Oct 2015."Hernán Cortés: Conqueror of the Aztecs." m.livescience.com. beta live science, n.d. Web. 7 Oct 2015. "Hernán Cortés Timeline." SoftSchools.com. Soft Schools, n.d. Web. 7 Oct 2015.Innes, Ralph Hammond. "Hernan Cortes." britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 7 Oct 2015."The Fall of the Aztec Empire." aztec-history.com. Aztec-History, n.d. Web. 7 Oct 2015."What Did Hernándo Cortés Discover?." biography.yourdictionary.com. Your Dictionary, n.d. Web. 7 Oct 2015.
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After protective order, Simsbury police took firearms, ammunition from Robert Hyde, who is tied to tracking of former U.S. ambassador to Ukraine
Anthony Todt, Colchester man accused of killing wife, three children in Celebration, Fla., held without bond after facing judge
In Disappointing Election, Gun Rights Activists Find Glimmer Of Hope
By Jenny Wilson
The Connecticut Citizens Defense League, the state's largest grassroots Second Amendment rights group, hosted a gun rights rally at the Capitol in Hartford on April 5. (Patrick Raycraft)
Democratic Gov. Dannel P. Malloy's re-election victory last week marked a defeat for Second Amendment rights activists who – enraged by the sweeping gun control legislation enacted last year – had hoped to punish the governor in the first statewide vote since the Dec. 2012 Newtown massacre.
But softening the blow was a handful of wins in the General Assembly by candidates who support deregulating gun ownership and who were endorsed this year by the 15,000-member Connecticut Citizens Defense League. Malloy has promised to veto any legislation to roll back S.B. 1160 - the post-Newtown gun bill that included an assaults weapon ban, a 10-round limit on ammunition magazine size, and a universal background check requirement. But gun rights activists are hopeful that the pickups this year will help pave the road to a legislature more sympathetic to their cause.
"We would have been a lot more pleased if more pro-2A candidates were elected, but we are happy that we made some gains," said CCDL President Scott Wilson, using the group's colloquial name for what they describe as "pro-Second Amendment" candidates. Wilson added that in next year's session, "The odds of anything that would be beneficial to gun owners are remote at best."
The group instead plans to play defense, using their allies in the legislature to block any measures to further regulate guns. The first fight could be over a bill Malloy says he will introduce next year to ban anyone with a temporary restraining order from possessing a gun. CCDL has raised concerns about seizing a weapon without due process, and says that the proposal infringes on individual rights.
[Politics] Special elections scheduled for Jan. 14 to fill legislative seats in eastern Connecticut, Fairfield »
None of the state Senate challenger candidates who were endorsed by the CCDL won their races, but "we're at least happy that there were some inroads made with the state house," Wilson said, mentioning "newly elected pro-2a legislators that hopefuly will be able to have their voices heard in Hartford."
Connecticut Republicans won 10 additional seats in the state House of Representatives Tuesday, riding a national Republican wave that allowed the party to take control of the U.S. Senate and pick up several gubernatorial seats in traditionally blue states.
In three districts, CCDL-endorsed challenger candidates won races against incumbents who had voted for the post-Newtown gun bill.
Republican Charles Ferraro of West Haven defeated incumbent Democratic state rep. Paul Davis of Orange in the state House's 117th District, Cara Pavalock - a Republican who had included in her campaign platform a promise to promote "common sense laws that protect our right to bear arms" - won her race against state Rep. Christopher Wright of Bristol, a Democrat, and Republican Pam Staneski won against Milford Democratic state Rep. James Maroney.
Wilson said their goal this year is "to make sure that nothing gets passed that will harm gun owners."
[Politics] Meet the new members of the Hartford City Council »
He does not expect any of the CCDL candidates who won to try to push through pro-gun measures next year.
Latest Elections
Special elections scheduled for Jan. 14 to fill legislative seats in eastern Connecticut, Fairfield
Meet the new members of the Hartford City Council
Excitement for repairs and wariness about impact in towns where tolls would go up under Gov. Ned Lamont's $21B transportation plan
"Somebody newly-elected is not going to go out and try to blaze any trails," Wilson said, acknowledging that given the "current makeup of the legislature and the governor retaining his seat, that would not be to their benefit."
Malloy, in his first state capitol press conference after the election, said "We're not going to repeal very important gun legislation which was a major part of this campaign."
Gun control advocates, both state and national, supported Malloy in his bid for re-election – spending at a level that far outweighed the $10,000 spent by the National Rifle Association to boost Republican challenger Tom Foley's chances. Outside spending by gun control groups topped $2 million, which included contributions from former Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords Super PAC and former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg's Super PAC. Grassroots advocates from Newtown launched a get-out-the-vote effort that included phone-banking and door-knocking to support Malloy and other candidates who voted in favor of increased firearms regulation as a response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.
The CCDL did not make any expenditures in the race, choosing instead to run an entirely volunteer-based, grassroots campaign.
Recount in Bristol confirms that Democrats completed a sweep of city council
After Zoppo-Sassu's win in Bristol, a recount will determine if she gets an all-Democratic council
Connecticut Children's Surgeons Make Pilgrimage To Haiti


text:
The Controversial Files
Gemini allegedly suffered data breach; 5.7 million emails leaked
No Comments on Gemini allegedly suffered data breach; 5.7 million emails leaked
Users' emails, account numbers and partial phone numbers were allegedly leaked.
Cryptocurrency exchange Gemini appears to have suffered a data breach on or before Dec. 13. According to documents obtained by Cointelegraph, hackers gained access to 5,701,649 lines of information pertaining to customers' account numbers, email addresses and partial phone numbers. In the case of the latter, hackers apparently did not gain access to the full phone numbers, as certain numeric digits were obfuscated.
The leaked database did not include sensitive personal information such as names, addresses and other Know Your Customer information. In addition, some emails were repeated in the document; thus, the number of customers affected is likely lower than the total rows of information. Gemini currently has 13 million active users.
Security breaches in the Web3 industry, even if mild in nature, can have serious consequences. One such incident took place in April this year and involved cryptocurrency hardware wallet manufacturer Trezor. Hackers gained access to Trezor users' email addresses by breaching a third-party newsletter provider and then utilized the information to target users in a phishing scam, leading to losses.
Cointelegraph has reached out to Gemini for comments but has not received a response by press time. This is a developing story and will be updated accordingly.
← Is the Afterlife What We Think It Is? A Challenge from NDE Studies → Will FTX's ill wind reach the Global South? Maybe not
© 2023 The Controversial Files


text:
Microsoft Reveals Halo 5: Guardians is Coming 2015 For Xbox One
Dustin Spino
Microsoft announced that Halo 5 : Guardians will be coming Fall 2015 for Xbox One. The game takes place after Halo 4 and follows the iconic Master Chief following the events of Halo 4.
The game is going to be bigger than previous titles in almost every regard thanks to the power of the new console:
"That applies to the content and scope of the game, as well as the technology in what's now a brand new and more powerful engine. Certainly there are some core elements carried over from prior games, but we've invested a huge effort in retooling our tech to take full advantage of the Xbox One's hardware and ecosystem to create worlds and experiences worthy of next-gen."
With E3 next month we can expect even more details to come during their press conference. Until then, they seem to be a little tight lipped beyond saying Halo has always and will be a major asset for Xbox. Check out the full press release for a couple more quotes and some teasing that something Halo related is still coming this year.
I'm happy to reveal that "Halo 5: Guardians," the next installment in the legendary saga of the Master Chief, will launch on Xbox One in fall of 2015. In the tradition of every "Halo" game since its debut in 2001, it is a massive and exciting project.
"Halo 5: Guardians" is a bigger effort than "Halo 4." That applies to the content and scope of the game, as well as the technology in what's now a brand new and more powerful engine. Certainly there are some core elements carried over from prior games, but we've invested a huge effort in retooling our tech to take full advantage of the Xbox One's hardware and ecosystem to create worlds and experiences worthy of next-gen.
It's a game that will hopefully demonstrate the talent, learnings and abilities of the 343 Industries team. A game that will incorporate the things we learned from "Halo 4" about technology, aesthetics, performance and scale – and perhaps more importantly, understanding and embracing a community of gamers who love what lies at the heart of this game, and the limitless potential of the "Halo" universe.
And 2015 won't simply be the year of "Halo 5: Guardians," it will also be a year that offers us a unique opportunity. The opportunity to invite old friends and new audiences into that universe through the "Halo" television series, launched as a unique collaboration with Steven Spielberg and some of the finest creative minds in the business. A series that will stand alone, as well as complement and enrich the game experience. We'll have more to share on the "Halo" television series as we near its projected fall 2015 release.
Your Journey Begins in 2014
Many fans noted that I was very deliberate with my phrasing on stage at E3 last year. I spoke about a "journey," rather than a destination – and that journey definitely begins in 2014 with a giant leap, rather than one small step. We'll give you much more information about our plans for this year at the Xbox E3 2014 Media Briefing on June 9, and we're confident that "Halo" fans will be pretty excited about the special plans we have in store.
So until E3, I'd like to express my gratitude to our massive and varied Halo community, whose energy, enthusiasm, criticism and kindness are the driving force behind what we do and what we hope to achieve in "Halo 5: Guardians."
Are you excited for Halo 5? What do you think we'll be getting this year in terms of a Halo experience?
Cinelinx Gamer's CLub
Hal 5 Guardians announced
Hal 5: Guardians
Halo 5 officially coming in Fall 2015
Microsoft reveals full title for Halo 5 and release window
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Our white paper lantern has a 30cm diameter. It makes a lovely lampshade but also made a gorgeous outdoor lantern ideal for any occasion. Add some solar seed fairy lights and light up the night. It comes flat-packed with easy to assemble instructions.
Made from paper and wire.


text:
COVID-19 sparks rape, child marriages in Malawi
Published: August 3, 20202:57 pm
YONECO empowering girl-child in Malawi. Photo by Nyasa Post
from MAVHUTO BANDA in Lilongwe, Malawi
LILONGWE, (CAJ News) – THE coronavirus (COVID-19) spread has triggered an upsurge in rapes and child marriages in Malawi.
According to humanitarian agencies, a spike has been noted since April and May, coinciding with a lockdown against the pandemic.
The non-governmental Youth Net and Counselling (YONECO) revealed that the number of child marriages reported through its hotline increased by 18 percent during that period.
The United Nations (UN) office in Malawi bemoaned the trend.
"This is an extremely worrying statistic given that, even before the pandemic, Malawi already had one of the highest rates of child marriage in the world," a spokesperson of the UN stated.
Civil society organisations have teamed up with government to address the scourges that mostly affect the girl child.
They have joined forces under the Spotlight Initiative.
"This is to ensure that women and girls do not become collateral damage of the measures taken to stop the spread of this disease (COVID-19)," the UN spokesperson stated.
The Spotlight Initiative, a joint programme aimed at eliminating violence against women and girls, is the single largest targeted investment in eradicating such abuses that the Southern African country has ever seen.
Around 60 per cent of the programme's implementation has been in the districts of Dowa, Machinga, Mzuzu, Nkhata Bay, Nsanje and Ntchisi.
This is where harmful attitudes and beliefs related to violence against women and girls are prevalent.
Malawi has documented 123 deaths from 4 231 cases of COVID-19 at the time of publication.
Globally, the pandemic has resulted in a steep increase of violence against women and girls.
Previous Previous post: Rwanda deploys robots to fight COVID-19
Next Next post: Ramaphosa warns graft 'scavengers' will be jailed
Government, betting companies at odds
from MARIA MACHARIA in Nairobi, Kenya NAIROBI, (CAJ News) – THE Kenyan government has secured a major legal victory after…
Fury mounts over Chinese racism against Africans
from EMEKA OKONKWO in Abuja, Nigeria Nigeria Bureau ABUJA, (CAJ News) – THERE is growing outrage of the alleged abuse…
Published: April 30, 20204:11 pm


text:
\section{Introduction}

EXIST workshop (sEXism Identification in Social neTworks) is the first shared task at IberLEF 2021 \cite{iberlef_2021_proceedings}. The topic of this particular workshop is to build classifiers for sexism detection.

\subsection{Dataset and Tasks}

As part of the workshop, an annotated dataset \cite{EXIST2021} has been provided, which consists of sexist expressions, both in English and Spanish, commonly used on social media. The source of these texts are Twitter and Gab social media platforms.

The training dataset consists of 6977 texts, 3436 in English and 3541 in Spanish. In the training set, all of the texts have Twitter as their source. The training dataset has been labelled with two separate label sets,  which are essentially the workshop tasks: first, a higher level binary annotation per text, indicating whether the particular text is sexist or not, and a second layer of annotation per text, where if a particular text is identified as sexist, it is also assigned one of the following labels : \{IDEOLOGICAL AND INEQUALITY, STEREOTYPING AND DOMINANCE, OBJECTIFICATION, SEXUAL VIOLENCE, MISOGYNY AND NON-SEXUAL VIOLENCE\}.

For the first task, the dataset contains 3377 texts labelled as sexist and 3600 labelled as non-sexist, so it is rather balanced. For the second task, the distribution of the tweets labelled as sexist in their subcategories is as shown in Table \ref{tab1}:

\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{Number of labels per class, training dataset.}\label{tab1}
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|}
\hline
\bfseries{Label} &  \bfseries{Count of examples} \\
\hline
objectification &  500 \\
sexual-violence &  517\\
misogyny-non-sexual-violence & 685 \\
stereotyping-dominance &  809 \\
ideological-inequality & 866 \\
non-sexist &   3600 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

The test dataset consists of 4368 texts, 2208 in English and 2160 in Spanish. In this dataset 3386 of the texts are sourced from Twitter and 982 from the social network Gab.

\section{System Architecture}

We combine two major approaches in our design: fine-tuning separate BERT \cite{devlin-etal-2019-bert} models trained in Spanish and English; and building ensembles of models per language.

\subsection{Task1}
We fine-tune six separate models starting from different weight configurations, three for English and three for Spanish.

During testing, we report the majority vote of the ensembles, e.g. if more than one of the classifiers agree on a prediction, we report that prediction as the final decision. Our work is following the reasoning and the results of \cite{allen-zhu2020towards}, where several models are trained in the same dataset with the same loss function but starting from a different random weight initialisation. The majority vote of the model ensemble then tends to perform better by each standalone model.

In the training process, we fine-tune the BERT models \cite{attention} on the training data, using an 80-20 training-test split for each model, per language, where the languages available in the dataset are English and Spanish. This choice follows an empirical observation that language-specific pretrained BERT architectures tend to capture better the language subtleties for the tasks posed and tend to perform better in classification benchmarks.

For English texts we use the pre-trained model from \cite{mishra-etal-2020-multilingual}, available in the Huggingface transformers library \cite{wolf2020huggingfaces}. For Spanish texts we fine-tune the BETO pre-trained model \cite{CaneteCFP2020}.

We use PyTorch \cite{paszke2017automatic} for the implementation.

Before feeding the texts to the classifiers, we pre-process them by replacing mentions with the \_\_mention\_\_ token and URLs by the  \_\_URL\_\_ token. While theoretically user mentions and handles can implicitly capture social graph structure and potentially increase the classifier performance \cite{perifanos_idiolect}, we choose to rely only on textual information and discard social graph or source for the tasks in question.

We first filter the input training set based on the language indicator and then seed three neural networks with different initial random weights. We train the networks for 10 epochs and select the one with the best accuracy as the final model per training.
In testing, we feed the same text to all three neural networks and report the majority vote of the classifiers as the final classification. The final output will be classified as sexist if at least two of the three classifiers report it as sexist and similarly, a text will be classified as non-sexist if at least two out of three classifiers report it as non-sexist. Based on our experiments this tends to give a $\sim2\%$ increase in the overall reported accuracy. We use Adam optimiser for the training \cite{kingma2017adam}.

\subsection{Task2}

For the second task, we train a classifier to distinguish between sexist tweets. That is, we only keep the texts in the training dataset that have been flagged as sexist and we train a multi-class model for these texts.

Again, we train different models for Spanish and English language texts. Since we have the language labels of the texts there is no need to attempt to determine the language of a text; however, in the general case it would be straightforward to add one more step in the pipeline for language detection using an off the shelf language detection library, such as langdetect (https://pypi.org/project/langdetect/).

In testing time, we first apply the classifier of task1 to detect whether a tweet is sexist or not. If the text is labelled as non-sexist we report this label for task2 as well. If the task1 model reports sexist as the label, we feed this tweet to the second classifier to obtain a prediction for the sexism categorisation label as described above.

\section{Results and Discussion}

For the first task, we achieve accuracy of 0.767, with f-score (macro) of 0.766 (10th placement in the ranking). For the second task, accuracy is at 0.623 and f1-score at 0.535 (19th placement in the ranking).

Breaking down the final results by language,  for task1 the accuracy in English texts is at 0.7445 and for Spanish texts at 0.789. For task2, the accuracy in English texts is 0.583 with f1-score 0.493, whereas in Spanish texts accuracy is at 0.664 and f1-score at 0.575.

Overall, the system tends to perform better in Spanish, and this is most probably due to the fact that the underlying BERT model for Spanish (BETO) is trained exclusively in Spanish texts.

Whereas we are using ensembles in the first task, we decided not to adopt this strategy for the multiclass classification for task2, as it would have increased significantly training and testing time as well as computational cost. Instead, we are using the output of the first task and we only train one classifier per language for the second task. It is worth noting here that the observation from \cite{allen-zhu2020towards} is validated in this case, as the ensemble achieves up to 2\% higher accuracy than standalone models.

\subsection{Analysis}

It is interesting to see that our models fail to correctly identify texts that have been labelled as non-sexist due to the presence of words that commonly appear in sexist environments. It also fails to correctly categorise sexist tweets that appear in the same context with non-sexist words (for example, the word \textit{friend}), short texts or even sometimes subtle or contextual use of sexists language.

For task2, the predictions are inheriting the error from the task1 classifier, e.g. falsely reporting sexist tweets, which accumulates with the error of the second model. The confusion matrices for the 2 tasks are shown in figure \ref{Confusion_matrix}.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width = 6cm]{images/task2.png}
\includegraphics[width = 6cm]{images/task1.png}
\caption{Confusion matrices}
\label{Confusion_matrix}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Improvements and future research}

One question we aim to investigate is what is the optimal number of models in the ensemble from a classification accuracy perspective. This is a more general question and direction to investigate for Transformer based models for text classification.

Additionally,  most recently it has been shown that Convolutional Neural Networks can over-perform Transform-based architectures in Natural Language Processing tasks \cite{tay2021pretrained}. The use and fine-tuning of pre-trained convolutions in the domain of abusive and toxic speech would be an interesting direction to investigate.

\printbibliography

\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


This item contains one pair (2 pieces) of BRAND NEW 6 Ohm 50W Load Resistors .
Those Could Fix LED Turn Signal Lights From Hyper Flashing, No Flashing or Burnt Out/Error Code.
Those resistors fit on all vehicles.
Simply connect them to LED signal bulbs to simulate the load of a stock bulb.


Overseas aid fell 2.7% in 2018 on the previous year, with the share heading for the neediest countries going down, the organisation's data indicate.
The drop is being attributed to less aid being spent on hosting refugees as arrivals slowed and rules by which refugee costs come out of aid budgets being tightened.
"This picture of stagnating public aid is particularly worrying as it follows data showing that private development flows are also declining," said OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurría.
A new way of calculating official development assistance from the 30 members of the OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC) put this at $153bn in 2018, but under the existing methodology used until now it was $149.3bn – down 2.7% on 2017.
Bilateral ODA to the least-developed countries fell by 3% in real terms from 2017, aid to Africa fell by 4%, and humanitarian aid fell by 8%.
ODA outflows fell in 12 countries – in some cases because of fewer refugee arrivals – with the largest declines in Austria, Finland, Greece, Italy, Japan and Portugal.
However, ODA outflows rose in 17 donor countries, with the biggest increases in Hungary, Iceland and New Zealand.
The latest ODA data follows the OECD's recent Global Outlook on Financing for Sustainable Development which found that foreign direct investment to developing countries dropped by around a third over 2016–17, following a 12% drop in overall external finance from 2013–2016.
The new "grant-equivalent" methodology for assessing ODA that will now be used by the OECD aims to provide a more realistic comparison between grants, which made up 83% of bilateral ODA in 2018, and loans, which were 17%.
"Less ODA is going to least-developed and African countries, where it is most needed. This is worrying," said DAC Chair Susanna Moorehead.
"This new grant-equivalent methodology is a more accurate and transparent way of measuring donor effort.


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If I think my business is in trouble, when should I ask for advice?
You can never ask for advice too early – the sooner we are able to speak with you, the better our chance of finding the best possible solution. Remember your initial consultation is entirely FREE, 100% confidential, and without any obligation. So you have nothing to lose by getting in touch to informally discuss your situation.
Do CFS have experience of working with businesses like mine?
All of our advisors have worked at large international practices, and together we share over 100 years of experience in the industry. We have a wide range of experience across a variety of business sectors, and our knowledge can be applied to any type of company, whatever the size or nature of your business.
Costs vary depending on the circumstances of your business, and the course of action you choose to take. However we keep our professional charge out rates amongst the lowest in the industry, to ensure that the best advice and support is always within your reach. Our professional advisors will ensure where possible that any work which can be undertaken by them is referred back to them from the estate, which ensures they can continue to assist you and earn fee income.
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No. We take a sympathetic approach to our assignments and work in partnership with you, providing advice and help you to find the best course of action. Initial conversations are free, confidential and without any obligation whilst the assignment does not become a formal matter.
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iPad If I use my Smartcase with a body shield underneath will I stretch it out?
Discussion in 'iPad Accessories' started by bobright, Feb 1, 2014.
So I have a full body skin that I always throw on my iPad as soon as I get one. I just recently though bought a Smartcase. It fits fine over the top of my body shield but do you guys think I should take it off as it'll stretch my case perhaps?
I always use one underneath cases for the added protection but it looks like I probably don't need it, it doesn't look like dirt or anything can get in between the case and iPad causing it to scratch as it's a snug fit. Should I take it off?
how much girth does the skin add to the backside of your ipad?
if it's negligible, i doubt there'd be an issue with stretching.
by comparison, i use a skin + semi-transparent/semi-rigid case on my phone, and i haven't experienced any issues.
I usually do the same (full body protector + case). This time around, I bought the official apple case, and only went with a screen protector. The case has such a perfect fit, you'll probably have to squeeze your iPad in there. I suppose it won't matter if it stretches if you'll be using that combo forever, or don't ever plan on removing the back protector.
I ended up taking it off why the added weight when it fits like a glove? The iPad is breathing a little easier was very snug before.


text:
The Reverend Francis Charles Robert Jourdain M.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. (4 March 1865 – 27 February 1940), was a notable British amateur ornithologist and oologist.  He was primarily known for his extensive research into the breeding biology of the birds of the Palaearctic region. He also had interests in the food of British birds and their geographical distribution and strongly encouraged detailed and accurate record keeping in local ornithology. Known for his temper, he came be known by the nickname Pastor Pugnax. He was a founder of the British Oological Association, which changed its name after his death to the Jourdain Society in his memory.

Early years
Jourdain was born in Ashbourne, Derbyshire, the eldest son of Rev. Francis Jourdain, vicar of Ashbourne-cum-Mapleton. He matriculated at Magdalen College, Oxford in 1883, he graduated B.A. in 1887. Ordained in 1890, he had two curacies in Suffolk, and then was appointed vicar of Clifton-by-Ashbourne in 1894.  In 1914 he was appointed rector of Appleton, near Abingdon-on-Thames, where he stayed until he retired in 1925.

Ornithology
He did not publish his first ornithological paper until 1899. From 1900 he went on an ornithological expedition abroad almost every year until his death, which resulted in a number of papers on the birds of the countries he visited.  While at Appleton he actively encouraged ornithological study at Oxford University, welcoming interested students to his home. In 1922 he founded the Oxford Ornithological Society and was president until his retirement in 1925. This society led in later years to the formation of the British Trust for Ornithology and the Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology. He organized and led the Oxford University Spitsbergen Expedition in 1921.

Jourdain produced several ornithological papers, although many were started but never finished, and authored or contributed to a number of books, notably the sections on Breeding-habits, Distribution Abroad and Food in the Handbook of British Birds (1938–41).  He was assistant editor of British Birds, the "illustrated (monthly) magazine devoted to the birds on the British list", from 1909 onwards (until his death in 1940). He was also assistant editor of The Ibis from 1931 onwards and co-editor of The Oologists Record from 1935 onwards.  He joined the British Ornithologists' Union in 1899, serving on the committee including as vice-President in 1934, joined the British Ornithologists' Club in 1905, was a member of the British List Committee for many years and was a founding member of the British Oological Association, of which he was president from 1932–39.  He was also a member of the International Ornithological Committee, an Honorary Fellow of the American Ornithologists' Union and an Honorary Member of the ornithological societies of France, Germany, Holland and Hungary.

He led the first Oxford University Expedition to Spitzbergen and travelled extensively in Europe and North Africa. He served as President of the Oxford Ornithological Society and was associated with many other ornithological bodies.

Jourdain gained a reputation for his temper and went by the nickname of Pastor Pugnax. He retired in 1925, initially to Norfolk and then to Southbourne in Bournemouth two years later. He continued active field ornithology, writing and regularly attending ornithological gatherings right up until his death.

Jourdain died in Southbourne on 27 February 1940.

Publications
In addition to many ornithological papers, books he authored or coauthored include:

.online

 Witherby, H.F.; Jourdain, F.C.R.; Ticehurst, Norman F.; & Tucker, Bernard W. (1938–1941). The Handbook of British Birds. Vols.1–5. H.F. & G. Witherby Ltd: London.

Expeditions
1900	North Brabant, Netherlands
1901	North Holland (and Texel)
1902	Netherlands
1903	Jutland
1904	Netherlands
1905/06/07	Southern Spain
1907	Morocco
1908/09	Corsica
1910/11	Dobrogea, E. Rumania
1912	S.W. Iceland
1913/14	Eastern Algeria
1915/19	Southern Spain
1920	Morocco
1921/22	Norway and Spitzbergen
1923	Netherlands, Haute Savoie and Switzerland
1924	Norway and Finland
1925	Tunisia and the Camargue
1926	Tunisia, Netherlands and Denmark
1927	Algeria
1928	Algeria and Marocco
1929	Cyprus
1930	Balearic Islands and the Netherlands
1931	Cyprus and Palestine
1932	Scotland
1933	Switzerland and Haute Savoie
1934	Wales
1935	Egypt and Palestine
1936	Hungary
1937	Corsica
1938	France
1939	Scotland and Shetland

References

 Manuscript and Drawing Collection of Francis Charles Robert Jourdain (1865–1940). A Collection Description. Natural History Museum: London.  Accessed 15 December 2006.
 Tucker, B.W., 1940. Francis Charles Robert Jourdain: An Appreciation. The Ibis. 1940. 504–518
 Witherby, H.F., 1940. Obituary: The Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain. (1865–1940). British Birds, 33(11), pp. 286–293

External links

English ornithologists
Members of British Ornithologists' Union
Fellows of the Zoological Society of London
1865 births
1940 deaths
Zoological collectors
Egg collectors
People from Ashbourne, Derbyshire
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Oologists

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia