The Ferguson Report was released by the US Department of Justice this past September. While the report mainly focused on police practice and procedure, the report also looked at the practices of the Ferguson Municipal Court. Essentially, the Report found Ferguson's Municipal court was used by the city as a source of revenue generation, with little regard to justice and fairness. There are a number of policy and legal reform recommendations, which has caused me to think about connections to Georgia and the Supreme Court case Bearden v. Georgia.
Danny Bearden, who had only a ninth grade education and couldn't read, pled guilty to burglary and theft by receiving stolen property on October 8, 1980. He was sentenced as a first offender to three total years on probation. As a condition of his probation, the trial court ordered Bearden to pay a $500 fine and $250 in restitution. Per the sentence, Bearden had to pay $100 on the day he was sentenced, $100 the next day, and then the balance within four months. His parents lent him $200 to make the first two payments.
A month later, he was laid off from his job. Although he searched repeatedly for work, he couldn't find anything else. He had no income or assets . Just before he was due back to make the last payment in February 1981, Bearden let his probation officer know that he was not going to be able to make his payment on time because he couldn't find a job.
In May 1981, the State moved to revoke his probation because he failed to pay the fine and restitution. After an evidentiary hearing, the trial court revoked the entire balance of his probation for failure to pay, and he was sentenced to serve the remaining time in prison.
When it considered Bearden v. Georgia in 1983, the United States Supreme Court stated that it granted certiorari in Bearden's case "to resolve this important issue in the administration of criminal justice." Bearden, at 664. Working from the principle that "there can be no equal justice where the kind of trial a man gets depends on the amount of money he has," the Supreme Court held in Bearden that "in revocation proceedings for failure to pay a fine or restitution, a sentencing court must inquire into the reasons for the failure to pay." Griffin v. Illinois, 351 US 12, 19 (1956) (as quoted in Bearden at 664) and Bearden, at 673 (emphasis added).
But the Supreme Court also stated in Bearden its holding did not apply in cases where a defendant "with the means to pay a fine …refuses or neglects to do so." Bearden, at 668.
For many judges, the struggle is determining when a defendant genuinely cannot pay a fine because of indigence, and when the defendant has just chosen not to pay the fine at all. The difficulty in making this determination is complicated by a court's truth seeking function. Many judges wonder if the information they are receiving from defendants (and really anyone who appears before them) can be believed. Some judges see their role of determining ability to pay as a quest to ferret out whether a defendant has really tried at all to make good on the fine. They become interrogators looking to find the lie behind the defendant's claim that he or she cannot pay, rather than judges fairly and impartially reviewing information and evidence. In some instances, this quest has spawned abuses, the debasement of justice, and potentially cruel treatment of defendants. Right now, we see reports of these twisted approaches to Bearden on a daily basis.
When courts do have a valid means of reviewing a defendant's income and expenses, they often do not have much guidance on how to interpret and understand such information. Questions about defendants' owning cell phones or using cable television come to mind. If a person is indigent, how can he or she afford a cell phone or cable? Should he or she have such "luxuries?" But really, who are we to judge what is truly a luxury in a person's life? If a person is indigent, cable may be the most economical way for him or her to have entertainment in his or her life.
Bearden, like many of the Supreme Court's criminal procedure opinions, is a case about human dignity. Its ultimate lesson is: how do we guarantee that a person who has committed a crime satisfies his or her debt to society after having been found in violation of the law without unjustly penalizing the person because poverty prevents the person from completing a portion of the sentence that other people of means could complete?
Punishment should not necessarily be designed just to punish, but should also be designed to deter and rehabilitate. With low level offenses, particularly traffic offenses, the determination of just punishment has, in many jurisdictions, unfortunately become a mechanical process of referring solely to a rigid fine schedule and imposing the same fine for everyone, regardless of the factual and legal circumstances, not to mention justice and societal considerations. In the worst abuses, fine schedules have become a way to raise revenue for cash strapped governments. But, under such a system, what if a person can't pay a fine? Although Bearden deals specifically with probation revocations, its message is clear: If a person says he or she can't pay, the court has to determine their ability to pay. If the person cannot pay, the court should determine a just alternative punishment.
A person punished in a court is paying a debt to society for a crime or offense he or she has committed. What punishment is truly appropriate for an 18 year old high school student with no prior offenses who appears on a red light violation, who claims that he went through the light when it was yellow, but it turned red as he went under the light? How about the same violation on the same facts with a retired 65 year old on social security who suffers from early-onset dementia and has only 1 prior traffic citation that occurred last year? Or, a 43 year old with the same violation and same facts who has 8 priors and works part-time after having been laid off 2 years ago? Rigid fine schedules fail to address the unique opportunities to do justice, rehabilitate, and deter the person from future violations in each of these cases.
As judges, our goal should always be to seek justice in each case. Vested with discretion to determine what is right in each case, we do not have to restrict our determinations to rigid fine schedules, even schedules we have created. Each case, every circumstance, and all people who come before us are different; all require specific approaches. When a person is found in violation of the law, or has pled guilty, we should always attempt to understand what the real penalty—if any—should be in each case. Sometimes, a fine doesn't really speak to a person. Maybe community service, reading a book and reporting back to the court, creating a presentation, making a poster or brochure, court observation, or some other reasonable alternative makes sense. Sometimes a combination of penalties is appropriate. Sometimes no penalty is required at all; the incident itself was enough to create a lasting impression on the person. Such determinations should be made at all times.
If, however, we are in a situation where a fine is appropriate, and the person before us cannot pay it, judicial patience is warranted. While it is important to see people comply with the court's orders, it is not so important that we remedy noncompliance with injustice.


text:
package com.antonio.samir.wonderfulredtooth.proxyrecorder.conservation;

import android.util.Log;

import org.apache.commons.lang3.ObjectUtils;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Objects;

/**
 * Created by samir on 7/10/15.
 */
public class SequencialRecorder implements ConversationRecorder {

    public static final String TAG = ConversationRecorder.class.getSimpleName();
    private ArrayList<Byte> incomming = null;

    private MessageType currentStremDirection = null;

    private ArrayList<Message> messages = null;

    @Override
    public void start() {
        incomming = new ArrayList<>();
        messages = new ArrayList<>();
    }

    @Override
    public void stop() {

        if (currentStremDirection != null){
            messageSent();
            currentStremDirection = null;
        }

    }

    public void messageSent() {

        saveMessage();

        currentStremDirection = null;

    }

    @Override
    public void request(byte[] buffer) {

        MessageType type = MessageType.REQUEST;

        processBuffer(buffer, type);

    }

    @Override
    public void response(byte[] buffer) {

        MessageType type = MessageType.RESPONSE;

        processBuffer(buffer, type);

    }

    private void processBuffer(byte[] buffer, MessageType type) {
        final boolean isDifferentStream = !Objects.equals(type, currentStremDirection);
        if (isDifferentStream) {
            if (currentStremDirection!=null) {
                saveMessage();
            }
            currentStremDirection = type;
        }
        final String msg = String.format("%s - %s", type, new String(buffer));
        Log.i(TAG, msg);
        copyToIncommingBuffer(buffer);
    }

    private void copyToIncommingBuffer(byte[] buffer) {
        for (Byte byt : buffer) {
            incomming.add(byt);
        }
    }

    private void saveMessage() {
        final Message message = new Message(currentStremDirection, incomming);
        final List<Message> messages = getMessages();
        messages.add(message);
        incomming = new ArrayList<>();
    }

    public List<Message> getMessages() {
        return messages;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
/**
 * A simple test case that determines if elements, specified by a selector,
 * exist or not.
 *
 * The test fails for elements that are found and a case is created for each
 * one. The test passes is the selector finds no matching elements.
 */
var Case = require('Case');
var DocumentLangNotIdentified = {
  run: function (test) {
    test.get('scope').forEach(function (scope) {
      var lang = document.documentElement.lang;
      if (lang && lang.length > 1) {
        test.add(Case({
          element: scope,
          status: 'passed'
        }));
      }
      else {
        test.add(Case({
          element: scope,
          status: 'failed'
        }));
      }
    });
  },

  meta: {
    testability: 1,
    title: {
      en: 'The document must have a \"lang\" attribute',
      nl: 'Het document moet een \"lang\"-attribuut hebben'
    },
    description: {
      en: 'The document should have a default langauge, by setting the \"lang\" attribute in the html element.',
      nl: 'Het document moet een standaardtaal hebben, vastgelegd in het \"lang\"-attribuut in het html-element.'
    },
    guidelines: [

    ],
    tags: [
      'document',
      'language'
    ]
  }
};
module.exports = DocumentLangNotIdentified;


text:
Q: Add Previous and Next to slider to JS This slider is working great:
http://pastebin.com/BxN8vbAt
One thing I want to add is a Prev and Next
Anyone know how to make the Prev/Next links work properly?:

Prev

Opens Slide 1

Opens Slide 2

Opens Slide 3

Next

*Resolved

A: Add class link-prev and class link-next to your previous and next links.
Prev
Next

And to make a pager use the class switcher on your ul. You will not be able to have your previous and next links in the ul however.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


As can you see second product is 2-pentanol.
Thanks for comment! Yes, the conclusion above is mistaken, 3-pentanol will be the second collected product.
Wouldn't the second product be 3-pentanol since the Methyl Alcohol would come out first? Methyl Alcohol has a boiling point of 63.9 °C.
7. why the yellow colour of the oil disappeared on heating ?


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DISCLAIMER – Any member of team VoStory do not support the coin master mod apk and highly respect the legal terms, we highly recommend buying the original version to support the developers. The above post describing the steps for how to download the coin master mod apk is just for the purpose of Tips & Tricks, not any kind of hacking is included.
Honor 10 With 19:9 Display Dual Rear Cameras Launched in India.


text:
Q: how to include multiple xhtml pages, which are extending same template into a summary xhtml page, How can we include multiple xhtml pages into a summary page.
Here all the xhtml pages including same template.
commonTemplate.xhtml
<!DOCTYPE html>

<title> SNS </title>
<meta http-equiv="expires" content="0"/>
<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache"/>
<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"/>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="sns.css" type="text/css" />

<h:body>

        <ui:insert name="commonHeader">
            <ui:include src="header.xhtml" />
        </ui:insert>

        <ui:insert name="commonBodyContent">
            Common Body Content.
        </ui:insert>

        <ui:insert name="commonFooter">
            <ui:include src="footer.xhtml" />
        </ui:insert>

</h:body>

updatePersonalDetails.xhtml
<ui:composition xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                xmlns:f="http://java.sun.com/jsf/core"
                xmlns:h="http://java.sun.com/jsf/html"
                xmlns:ui="http://java.sun.com/jsf/facelets"
                template="commonTemplate.xhtml">

    <ui:define name="commonBodyContent">
        .........;
        ..........;
    </ui:define>

</ui:composition>

updatedAddress.xhtml
<ui:composition xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                xmlns:f="http://java.sun.com/jsf/core"
                xmlns:h="http://java.sun.com/jsf/html"
                xmlns:ui="http://java.sun.com/jsf/facelets"
                template="commonTemplate.xhtml">

    <ui:define name="commonBodyContent">
        .........;
        ..........;
    </ui:define>

</ui:composition>

selectPreferences.xhtml
<ui:composition xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                xmlns:f="http://java.sun.com/jsf/core"
                xmlns:h="http://java.sun.com/jsf/html"
                xmlns:ui="http://java.sun.com/jsf/facelets"
                template="commonTemplate.xhtml">

    <ui:define name="commonBodyContent">
        .........;
        ..........;
    </ui:define>

</ui:composition>

summary.xhtml
<ui:composition xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                xmlns:f="http://java.sun.com/jsf/core"
                xmlns:h="http://java.sun.com/jsf/html"
                xmlns:ui="http://java.sun.com/jsf/facelets">

    <ui:include src="updatePersonalDetails.xhtml" />
    <ui:include src="updatedAddress.xhtml" />
    <ui:include src="selectPreferences.xhtml" />

</ui:composition>

Whatever the data i have in all xhtml pages, supposed to display exactly same in summary page. But including this causes multiple  documents to render on page.
How can we solve this ?

A: Move the body content into another template which you include by <ui:include> in the template clients as well.
E.g. updatePersonalDetails.xhtml
<ui:composition xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                xmlns:f="http://java.sun.com/jsf/core"
                xmlns:h="http://java.sun.com/jsf/html"
                xmlns:ui="http://java.sun.com/jsf/facelets"
                template="commonTemplate.xhtml">

    <ui:define name="commonBodyContent">
        <ui:include src="updatePersonalDetails-content.xhtml" />
    </ui:define>

</ui:composition>

(repeat for the others as well)
so that you can just do this in summary.xhtml:
<ui:composition xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                xmlns:f="http://java.sun.com/jsf/core"
                xmlns:h="http://java.sun.com/jsf/html"
                xmlns:ui="http://java.sun.com/jsf/facelets"
                template="commonTemplate.xhtml">

    <ui:define name="commonBodyContent">
        <ui:include src="updatePersonalDetails-content.xhtml" />
        <ui:include src="updatedAddress-content.xhtml" />
        <ui:include src="selectPreferences-content.xhtml" />
    </ui:define>

</ui:composition>

Unrelated to the concrete problem, consider placing templates and includes in /WEB-INF folder to prevent them from being accessed directly. See also Which XHTML files do I need to put in /WEB-INF and which not?


text:
← New York Moves to Stop Foraging in City's Parks
outside lands festival continues tradition in golden gate park →
urban evolution right under our noses
Posted on August 4, 2011	by fromthethicket
by Carl Zimmer, New York Times, July 25, 2011
'Dr. Munshi-South has joined the ranks of a small but growing number of field biologists who study urban evolution — not the rise and fall of skyscrapers and neighborhoods, but the biological changes that cities bring to the wildlife that inhabits them. For these scientists, the New York metropolitan region is one great laboratory.
White-footed mice, stranded on isolated urban islands, are evolving to adapt to urban stress. Fish in the Hudson have evolved to cope with poisons in the water. Native ants find refuge in the median strips on Broadway. And more familiar urban organisms, like bedbugs, rats and bacteria, also mutate and change in response to the pressures of the metropolis. In short, the process of evolution is responding to New York and other cities the way it has responded to countless environmental changes over the past few billion years. Life adapts.
The mice are the object of Dr. Munshi-South's attention. Since 2008, he and his colleagues have fanned out across the city to study how the rise of New York influenced the evolution of the deer mice.
On this day in Highbridge Park his students, Mr. Cocco and Mr. Harris, spread a blue tarp on the forest floor, while Dr. Munshi-South walked to an orange flag planted in the ground. He picked up an aluminum box sitting next to the flag and pushed in a door at one end. At the other end of the box crouched a white-footed mouse. It gazed back at Dr. Munshi-South with bulging black eyes.
The researchers inspected 50 traps laid the day before and found seven mice inside. They plopped each mouse out of its trap and into a Ziploc bag. They clipped a scale to each bag to weigh the mice. Dr. Munshi-South gently took hold of the animals so his students could measure them with a ruler along their backs.
Dr. Munshi-South and his colleagues have been analyzing the DNA of the mice. He's been surprised to find that the populations of mice in each park are genetically distinct from the mice in others. "The amount of differences you see among populations of mice in the same borough is similar to what you'd see across the whole southeastern United States," he said.
White-footed mice live today in forests from Canada to Mexico. They arrived in the New York City region after ice age glaciers retreated 12,000 years ago. In the past few centuries, as their forest home became a city, they survived in New York's patches of woods. (House mice, which New Yorkers battle in their apartments, arrived with European settlers.) Research by Dr. Munshi-South and his colleagues suggests that New York's white-footed mice, which occupy isolated patches, are adapting to life in the city. . . .
On a recent afternoon, James Danoff-Burg and Rob Dunn were clambering around in a narrow Broadway median on the Upper West Side. Dr. Danoff-Burg, a biologist at Columbia University, was digging up plastic cups from the ivy. Dr. Dunn, a biologist from North Carolina State University, was five feet in the air, crouched on a bough of a Japanese maple.
"New one! New one!" Dr. Dunn shouted over the traffic. He and Dr. Danoff-Burg were surveying the median for species of ants. Dr. Dunn had spotted Crematogaster lineolata, an ant species that he and Dr. Danoff-Burg had never found before in this particular urban habitat.
From his backpack, Dr. Dunn pulled out an aspirator, a rubber tube connected to a glass jar. Holding one end of the tube over the ant, he sucked it in. Instead of going into his mouth, the insect tumbled into the jar. (One hazard of urban evolutionary biology, said Dr. Dunn, is having your aspirator mistaken for a piece of drug paraphernalia.)
Dr. Danoff-Burg, Dr. Dunn and their colleagues chose to study the medians of Broadway to see how human activity alters biodiversity. In this artificial city, there is no environment more artificial than these medians, which sit on fill that was poured on top of subway tunnels. The scientists have found a blend of ant species, some that have been here since before the city existed, and others that have arrived more recently, hitching rides on ships, planes and trucks. The most common ant Dr. Danoff-Burg and Dr. Dunn encounter is the pavement ant (Tetramorium caespitum), which came from somewhere in Europe.
Biologists find a mixture of native and non-native in all the life forms they study in New York, from the trees in Central Park to the birds of Jamaica Bay. The biodiversity of New York today is the result of extinctions, invasions and adaptations. Manhattan was once home to 21 native species of orchids; today they're all gone. In the current issue of Global Ecology and Biogeography, a team of scientists surveyedplant biodiversity in New York and 10 other cities. They found that 401 native plant species have vanished from New York since 1624, while 1,159 remain. New York's native flora is vulnerable to extinction today in part because it was well adapted to the closed forests that once stood where the city is now.
Newcomers and Natives
As native species became extinct, new ones came to the city. As a major point of entry to the United States, New York is where many of North America's invasive species first arrived. Some introductions were intentional. Starlings were brought to Central Park in 1890, for instance, as part of a project to bring every bird mentioned in Shakespeare to the United States. But most introduced species slipped in quietly.
Many non-native species quickly died out, but some fit comfortably into the city's wildlife, and others wreaked havoc — first in New York and then beyond. New York was the port of entry for Dutch elm disease, chestnut blight, Asian longhorned beetles and other threats to trees across the country.
As the invaders adapted to New York, they put extra pressure on native species, competing with them for space and food. Recent research by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden found that American bittersweet vines are dwindling away within a 50-mile radius of New York City, outcompeted by Oriental bittersweet. At the same time, the two species are interbreeding, producing hybrids. "It's a double-whammy," said James D. Lewis, a plant ecologist at Fordham University.
Yet many native species still hold on. Dr. Danoff-Burg and Dr. Dunn were surprised to find that 9 out of the 13 ant species living in Broadway's medians are native. Once the medians were built, the native species rushed in along with the invaders and created an ecosystem.
Dr. Danoff-Burg and Dr. Dunn are trying to figure out what controls the balance of native and new species in New York. They don't understand why some medians have more biodiversity than others, for example. On natural islands, biodiversity tends to increase with the size of the islands. Dr. Danoff-Burg and Dr. Dunn find no such correlation in the medians on Broadway. They also have to determine how native species of ants are coexisting in such close quarters with invasive species.
New York, in other words, is an evolutionary experiment — one that some scientists find fascinating to observe. "It's some new thing emerging around us," Dr. Dunn said.'
via New York – Empire of Evolution – NYTimes.com.
This entry was posted in plants, urban ecology, wildlife and tagged golden gate park, invasive plants, urban ecology, urban evolution, urban parks. Bookmark the permalink.
3 Responses to urban evolution right under our noses
Hilary S says:
So interesting! I love that there is a whole ecosystem on the traffic median!
milliontrees says:
San Francisco is one of the 11 cities studied in the cited article ("Duncan et al, "Plant traits and extinction in urban areas: a meta-analysis of 11 cities," Global Ecology and Biogeography, July 2011). Happily, the study reports that Ninety-seven percent of the 714 plant species known to exist in San Francisco in 1850 are still found in San Francisco.
Barbar Massey says:
This article is fascinating. And one of its most intriguing aspects is that urban biologists can find unique research material by walking to a local park. Another example of an opportunity so close and accessible that it is overlooked until the right inquiring minds find it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
File-In this March 27, 2019, file photo, Robert Zangrillo departs federal court in Boston after a hearing in a nationwide college admissions bribery scandal. Records released in federal court reveal that the University of Southern California sometimes takes family donations into account when deciding who gets admitted.
Spreadsheets and emails shared among admissions and athletics officials appear to track the fundraising history of certain applicants, with notes including "given 2 million already" and "potential donor." The records were filed in Boston's federal court Tuesday, Sept. 3, 2019, by a parent charged in a sweeping admissions bribery scheme. Lawyers for Zangrillo aim to argue that his alleged bribe to USC was no different than donations made by other parents. USC officials say Zangrillo is only trying to divert attention from the fraud charges he faces. (Craig F. Walker/The Boston Globe via AP, File)
Records: USC gave extra attention to students tied to donors
BOSTON (AP) — A trove of records released in federal court shows the University of Southern California routinely has taken family donations into account when deciding who gets accepted, with notes alongside some applicants' names including "1 mil pledge," ''given 2 million already," and "potential donor."
The notes tracking the fundraising history associated with applicants were included in spreadsheets shared among top admissions and athletics officials. In some cases, students with ties to donors were labeled as "VIP" and were accepted despite having grades and test scores below the school's average.
It has long been known that some schools consider fundraising when choosing applicants, but it's unclear how widespread the practice is, and only rarely has such explicit detail about the process been made available to the public.
The records were filed in Boston's federal court Tuesday by a parent charged in a sweeping admissions bribery scheme. Lawyers for Robert Zangrillo are requesting a subpoena for wider access to USC records detailing the role of wealth in admissions, saying it will prove that Zangrillo's alleged bribe to USC was "indistinguishable from the vast numbers of other donations by parents of students."
"The documents being sought will help demonstrate how the practice of making donations was welcomed and tracked at USC and how such donations had a significant effect on improving a prospective student's chances for admission," his lawyers wrote in the court document.
Zangrillo is accused of paying $250,000 to get his daughter into college as a fake athlete.
A statement from USC says Zangrillo's filing is "part of a legal and public relations strategy to divert attention from the criminal fraud for which he has been indicted by a federal grand jury." The school acknowledged that it allows "many departments" to flag applicants for special consideration, but that athletics officials cannot compel the admissions office to accept or deny students.
In an Aug. 22 court filing opposing the subpoena, USC said it does not consistently track information on students flagged as special interest, but the Tuesday filing from Zangrillo attempts to prove otherwise.
Included in the filing are more than a dozen email chains and spreadsheets with information about applicants who were flagged for extra attention, often by sports officials. One spreadsheet purports to be a cumulative list of students flagged as special interest from 2012 through 2015, detailing their grades, test scores and family donations, along with the person who added them to the list and why.
Dozens of the students were listed as accepted, while some were denied. In one case, a student appears to have been accepted with a 3.0 grade point average and an SAT score of 1410, both below the school's average around that time. The student was recommended by a sports official, and a notes field said "$3 mil to Men's Golf."
Also included in the filing were several email chains among admissions, fundraising and athletics officials discussing applicants from wealthy families. In one email from March 2018, a sports official lobbied on behalf of a prospective student, saying her test scores were "well below the standard" but that her family had "helped build the foundation of many USC projects and initiatives."
Another email chain from 2014 reveals a dispute between the athletics department and USC's business school over which one would receive funding from an applicant's family. In an exchange between sports officials, one said "If this is not working out the way you planned, I can have Admissions pull the approval." The other sports officials replied: "Really sucks don't pull we will guilt them."
In its previous court filing, USC argued that most students who get flagged for extra attention are not admitted, and that those who do get in have applications "consistent with other admitted students in terms of grades, academic rigor, test scores, extracurricular activities and several other factors."
Zangrillo's lawyers counter that, according to records they have obtained, the admission rate for students flagged by the athletics department was far higher, reaching as high as 91% in 2016. A judge has ordered a hearing later this month before deciding whether the subpoena should be allowed to go forward.
USC's previous filing also played down the influence of wealth in admissions: "The Office of Admission has no role with respect to donations," the school said. "It does not track donations; it does not know how much the family of an applicant has donated; and it does not focus on donations in deciding whether to admit an applicant."
Elite universities closely guard the inner workings of their admissions offices and the role wealth can play, but details occasionally surface. Last year, a lawsuit against Harvard University revealed that admissions and athletics officials paid extra attention to the children of some donors. Harvard officials said they only accept qualified students, but that donations are important to help provide scholarships and position the school well for the future.
Follow Collin Binkley on Twitter at https://twitter.com/cbinkley
graft and conflicts of interest
Student testing
National courts
National governments


text:
Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius, általánosan elterjedt néven Maxentius császár (278 körül – Róma, 312. október 28.) 306-tól haláláig a Római Birodalom egyik augustusa. Maximianus császár fia és Galerius császár veje volt.

Élete, uralkodása
Maxentius születésének pontos dátuma nem ismert, valószínűleg 278 körül született. Maximianus császár és Eutropia császárné fia volt.

Miután apját 285-ben augustusnak, azaz császárnak nevezték ki, Maxentiust tekintették a trónörökösnek, azonban Diocletianus és Maximianus uralma idején nem játszott szerepet sem a katonai sem pedig az adminisztratív irányításban.
Korán megnősült, felesége Valeria Maximilla, Galerius lánya volt. Két fiuk született, de csak egyiküket ismertjük név szerint, Marcus Valerius Romulust (kb. 295 – 309).

305-ben Diocletianus és Maximianus visszavonultak a hatalomból, és a korábbi caesarok, Constantius Chlorus és Galerius léptek elő augustusszá. A két új caeser pedig Galerius harcostársai közül került ki, Severus lett a nyugati részen Constantius Chlorus mellett caesar és Maximinus Daia a keleti részen, Galerius mellett. A tetrarchia rendszeréből tehát megpróbálták teljesen kizárni az öröklődéssel történő hatalomátadást, azaz teljesen figyelmen kívül hagyták Constantinus, I. Constantius császár törvényes fia és Maxentius hatalmi ambícióit. Maximianus visszavonult Róma közelében fekvő vidéki birtokára.

306-ban, Constantius Chlorus halálakor azonban csapatai fiát, Constantinust kiáltották ki augustusszá, figyelmen kívül hagyva, hogy Galerius a tetrarchia rendszerének megfelelően Severust léptette elő augustusszá. Ekkor Maxentius is elérkezettnek látta az időt, hogy apja örökébe lépjen, és a főváros támogatását élvezve princepsnek kiáltotta ki magát Rómában.

Hatalomra kerülése

Amikor a hír elérte a fővárost, hogy a császárok a római lakosságot is meg akarják adóztatni, megszüntetve ezzel a régi főváros kiváltságát, illetve, hogy a még mindig Rómában állomásozó pretoriánus gárda maradékát is fel akarják számolni, akkor lázadás tört ki. A város helyőrségének parancsnokai (Zószimusz szerint Marcellianus, Marcellus és Lucianus) Maxentiushoz fordultak segítségül, hogy fogadja el a császári címet, mert valószínűleg arra számítottak, hogy Constantinushoz hasonlóan, Maxentiustól sem merik megvonni utólag ezt a címet. Maxentius elfogadta a címet és támogatást ígért a csapatoknak, majd 306. október 28-án nyilvánosan is császárnak, illetve princepsnek kiáltották ki. A hatalomátvétel nyilvánvalóan vérontás nélkül ment végbe (Zosimus csak egyetlen áldozatról számol be). Róma prefektusa átállt Maxentius oldalára, és megtarthatta hivatalát. A lázadók megkeresték a már visszavonult Maximianust is birtokán, de ő ekkor még visszautasította az együttműködést és a visszatérést a hatalomba.

Maxentiusnak sikerült elismertetnie uralmát Itália középső és déli részein, Korzika szigetén, Szardínián és Szicíliában, valamint az afrikai provinciákban. Itália északi része továbbra is a nyugati részek augustusa, Severus uralma alatt maradt, aki Mediolanumban tartotta székhelyét.

Maxentius először tartózkodott attól, hogy magát augustusnak vagy caesarnak nevezze, és ezért a princeps invictus címet vette fel. Tette ezt annak reményében, hogy ezáltal később hivatalos elismerést is kaphat Galeriustól a hatalomátvétel törvényesítésére, aki azonban megtagadta tőle ezt. Eltekintve attól a kérdéstől, hogy ebben a lépésben mennyire játszott esetleg szerepet Galerius Maxentiusszal szembeni ellenszenve, Galerius ezzel meg akarta akadályozni azt is, hogy Constantinus és Maxentius példáját követve mások is császárrá kiáltsák ki magukat, és a birodalom szétessen. Constantinus szilárdan uralta az apjától örökölt területeket, és ebben egy erős hadseregre támaszkodhatott, ezért Galerius úgy tett, mintha törvényes trónöröklésről lett volna szó, de nem ez volt a helyzet Maxentiusszal: ő már az ötödik uralkodó lett volna a birodalomban és csak néhány egység tartozott a parancsnoksága alá. Galerius úgy látta, hogy nem lenne túl nehéz elfojtani a lázadást, és megszüntetni a trónbitorlást, ezért 307 elején Severust küldte Róma ellen egy viszonylag nagy sereg élén.

Azonban ennek a seregnek a nagy része éveken át Maxentius apjának, Maximianusnak a parancsnoksága alatt szolgált, és így történhetett, hogy Róma alatt az ostromló sereg nagy része átállt az ostromlottak oldalára, akikhez ekkor már a Maximianus is csatlakozott, újra felvéve az augustus címet. Severusnak nem maradt más választása, minthogy serege megmaradt részével visszavonult Ravennába. Nem sokkal később pedig kénytelen volt megadni magát Maximianusnak, akik megígérte neki, hogy megkímélik az életét.

Severus veresége után Maxentius átvette a hatalmat Itália északi része felett is egészen az Alpokig és az Isztriai-félszigetig, és felvette az augustus címet, ami Severus lemondásával megüresedett.

Császársága

307 nyarán Maxentius és Maximianus szövetségének egy még nehezebb próbát kellett kiállnia: Galerius személyesen vonult ellenük egy még erősebb sereggel. Mialatt a megszálló sereggel egyezkedett Maxentius megismételhette, amit Severus ellenében tett: pénzadományokkal és Maximianus befolyásának felhasználásával idővel a megszálló sereg jelentős részét rávette, hogy pártoljon át hozzá. Galerius visszavonulásra kényszerült, végigrabolva Itáliát. A megszállás ideje alatt azonban Severust kivégeztették Tres Tabernae-i börtönében. A kivégzés pontos körülményei tisztázatlanok. Miután Galerius hadjárata kudarcot vallott, Maxentius uralma Itália és Africa felett hosszú időre megszilárdult.

Maxentius már 307 elején megpróbált szövetségesi kapcsolatokat kiépíteni Constantinusszal, és ezért Maximianus még 307 nyarán Galliába utazott, ahol Constantinus feleségül vette Maximianus Fausta nevű lányát, Maximianus pedig elismerte augustusnak Constantinust. Azonban Constantinus megpróbálta elkerülni az összetűzést Galeriusszal, és ezért nyíltan nem támogatta Maxentiust és Maximianust, amikor Galerius megszállta Itáliát.

308-ban, valószínűleg áprilisban, Maximianus megpróbálta lemondatni a fiát egy Rómában tartott katonai gyűlésen, azonban legnagyobb meglepetésére a csapatok hűségesek maradtak Maxentiushoz és neki Constantinushoz kellett menekülnie.

A 308 őszén Carnuntumban megtartott konferencián Maxentius császárként történő elismerését ismét elutasították, és Liciniust nevezték ki augustusszá azzal a feladattal, hogy a Maxentius által elfoglalt területeket hódítsa vissza.

308 végén Domitius Alexandert császárrá kiáltották ki Karthágóban, és az afrikai provinciák elszakadtak Maxentiustól
Tekintettel arra, hogy Africa kritikus szerepet játszott a főváros élelmezése szempontjából, ez a helyzet különösen veszélyes volt Maxentius számára, ezért Rufius Volusianus pretoriánus prefektus parancsnoksága alatt kisebb sereget küldött Afrikába, aminek 310-ben vagy 311-ben sikerült is legyőznie Alexandert. Maxentius kihasználta a lehetőséget, hogy lefoglalja Alexander támogatóinak a vagyonát, és nagy mennyiségű gabonát vitetett Rómába. 310-ben azonban elveszítette Isztriát Licinius ellenénen, aki azonban nem tudta folytatni hadjáratát, mivel Galerius megbetegedett és a rákövetkező évben meg is halt.

Maxentius legidősebb fia, Valerius Romulus 309-ben, 14 éves korában meghalt. A Via Appián található Villa di Maxentius mauzóleumában temették el.

Maximianus 309-ben vagy 310-ben bekövetkezett halála után Maxentius és Constantinus viszonya nagyon gyorsan megromlott, és Maxentius Maximinus Daiával lépett szövetségre, válaszul a Constantinus és Licinius között létrejött szövetségre. Állítólag (Zosimus tudósítása szerint) biztosítani akarta Raetia provinciát, hogy ezzel elvágja egymástól Constantinus és Licinius területeit, azonban Constantinus hamarabb lépett, ezért tervét nem tudta kivitelezni.

Halála

312 elején Constantinus átkelt az Alpokon, és betört Itáliába. Több csatában is legyőzte Maxentius csapatait, és október végén elérte Rómát. Feltételezhető volt, hogy Maxentius ugyanazt a stratégiát fogja követni Constantinus ellen is, mint tette korábban Severus és Galerius ellenében, azaz a jól védhető városfalak mögött marad, és megvárja, amíg ellenfele kimerül az ostromban és kifogy az erőforrásokból. Közelebbről meg nem határozható okokból azonban Maxentius eltért ettől a jól bevált stratégiától, és nyílt ütközetbe bocsátkozott Constantinusszal a Milvius-hídi csatában 312. október 28-án. Az ókori források általában babonával (vagy a Constantinus iránt elfogultak isteni gondviseléssel) magyarázzák Maxentius szokatlan és nem várt lépését. Természetesen Maxentius is kikérte jósok véleményét is a csata előtt, ahogy az akkoriban szokásos volt, és feltételezhető, hogy a jósok kedvező jelt láttak abban, hogyha a csata trónrakerülésének évfordulóján (azaz október 28-án) zajlik le. Hogy ezen kívül mi motiválhatta még őt a nyílt ütközet felvállalásában, ma már nem mondható meg.

Maxentius és Constantinus csapatai a várostól északra találkoztak, a város falain kívül. a Tiberis folyón túl a Via Flaminián. Keresztény hagyomány szerint (Lactantius és Caesareai Eusebius alapján), Constantinus a labarum zászlaja alatt vonult a csatába, ami előtte egy álomban jelent meg neki. A csatáról magáról nem sokat tudunk: Constantinus csapatai legyőzték Maxentius erőit, ezért Maxentiusnak vissza kellett vonulnia a Tiberishez, a káoszban a menekülő sereg megpróbált átkelni a folyón, Maxentius a folyóba esett és megfulladt. Holttestét másnap találták meg, végighordozták a városon, majd Afrikába küldték annak bizonyításaként, hogy meghalt.

Belpolitikája
Maxentius uralmának belső konfliktusai nagyrészt ismeretlenek, mivel nem maradt fenn erről tudósító kútfő, illetve olyan forrás, amit ne befolyásolt volna később a keresztény történetírás a maga szempontjai alapján.
Uralmának alapja az volt, hogy Róma városa elfogadja őt uralkodójának, mivel így a rómaiak újra a birodalom fővárosának nyilváníthatták városukat. 308-ig élvezhette továbbá apja támogatását is.

Külső hivatkozások

De imperatoribus Romanis Maxentiusról
Catholic Encyclopedia szócikke
Insignia of Emperor Maxentius Unearthed

Maxentius négyszer volt consul, de mindig csak Rómában. Ebből első két alkalommal Marcus Valerius Romulus volt a társa, másik két évben nem volt Rómában másik consul. Consulsága a birodalom többi részének consuli rendjét nem befolyásolta.

Római császárok
Római hadvezérek, katonák
Consulok a 4. században
Többszörös római consulok
A 270-es években született személyek
312-ben elhunyt személyek
Balesetben elhunyt személyek

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
import * as React from 'react'

import Head from 'next/head'

import ResetButton from 'core/components/ui/reset-button'
import { StoryContext } from 'core/containers/store-container'
import { ReactFCC } from 'core/types'

export type GridProps = {
    /**
     * Content to be included inside the NextJS {@link Head} (@see {@link https://nextjs.org/docs/api-reference/next/head}).
     * Defaults to the HTML title and viewport specification. */
    head?: React.ReactNode

    /** Optional content for the top nav header; defaults to a top-level nav with the story title and {@link ResetButton}. */
    header?: React.ReactNode

    /** Optional content for the left-hand body column. @default "" */
    left?: React.ReactNode

    /** Optional content for the right-hand body column. @default "" */
    right?: React.ReactNode

    /** A style object as imported from a CSS or SCSS file
     *
     * @example
     * import styles from 'public/stories/manual/styles/Index.module.scss'
     */
    styles?: Record<string, string>

    children: React.ReactNode
}

/**
 * The default HTML layout including a three-column body grid.
 * Will automatically pull in the {@link Config} from {@link StoryContext} to provide
 * access to story-level details.
 *
 * @see stories/manual/index for an example implementation
 *
 */
const Grid: ReactFCC<GridProps> = ({ children, head, header, left, right, styles }) => {
    const { config } = React.useContext(StoryContext)

    return (
        <>

                <title lang={config.language}>{config.title}</title>
                <meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1.0, width=device-width" />
                {head}

                {header || (

{config.title}

                            <ResetButton />

                )}

                {left}

{children}

                {right}

        </>
    )
}

export default Grid


text:
Hailed for her "deliciously over the top" and "powerful mezzo" by Opera News, Alissa Anderson wields her comic prowess, striking features, and her "powerful vocalism" to great acclaim.
In 2021, Ms. Anderson joined the roster of The Metropolitan Opera for the first time covering the role of the Nurse in Boris Godunov. She sang Erda in Graham Vick and Jonathan Dove's version of Wagner's Das Rheingold with Opera Santa Barbara. She also made her debut with the Berkshire Opera Festival as Dame Quickly in Falstaff and her Austin Lyric Opera debut as Marcellina in Le nozze di Figaro. She made her debut with HeartBeat Opera in New York City in December 2021 as the mezzo soloist in The Messy Messiah Drag Extravaganza . In 2022, Ms. Anderson made her debut with Opéra de Rennes and Nantes Opera in France as Mother Goose in The Rake's Progress and debuted with Urban Arias in Washington, D.C. in 2022 as Mama in the world premiere of Why I live at the P.O. Future debuts in 2022-2023 include The Deaconess in Król Roger and Florence Pike in Albert Herring with Chicago Opera Theatre, Madame Flora in The Medium with Nashville Opera, and Mrs. Medlock in The Secret Garden with Hawaii Opera Theatre.
In the 2019/2020 season, Ms. Anderson made her company and role debuts with Opera Philadelphia as Princess Clarissa in Prokofiev's The Love of Three Oranges as well as both her European and role debuts as Mrs. Lovett in Sweeney Todd with The Royal Danish Opera in Copenhagen, Denmark. In the spring she returned to Opera Birmingham to sing the role of Madame de la Haltière in Massenet's Cendrillion (cancelled due to Covid). Other engagements this season included her debut with Austin Lyric Opera as Marcellina in Le nozze di Figaro (postponed to 2021 due to Covid), a return to Opera Philadelphia to cover the lead in the world premiere of Jennifer Higdon's Woman with eyes closed (postponed due to Covid), and a return to Opera Santa Barbara for a role debut as La Marquise de Berkenfield in La fille du régiment (cancelled due to Covid).
The 2018-2019 season included Ms. Anderson's return to San Diego Opera as Maddalena in Rigoletto, her debut with Opera San Antonio as Marthe in Faust, Marcellina in Le nozze di Figaro and Ms. Andrew/The Bird Woman in Mary Poppins in a return to Utah Festival Opera, and the starring role in the world premiere of the opera Debussy & Ravel: The Flowers of Evil with Mercury Chamber Orchestra at the Wortham Center in Houston, TX. The 2017-2018 season featured her debut with Opera Birmingham and Opera Louisiana in the title role of La tragédie de Carmen, her debut with Opera Delaware as Frugola/La Zia Principessa in Il trittico, and her debut with Utah Festival Opera as The Witch in Into the Woods.
The 2016-2017 season saw her debut with San Diego Opera as Tisbe in La Cenerentola, a New Year's Eve gala concert with Opera Southwest, Marcellina in Le nozze di Figaro with North Carolina Opera, Verdi's Requiem with the Houston Camerata, and La Zia Principessa/Ciesca in Il trittico with the Opera Company of Middlebury. Other recent performances for Ms. Anderson include La Zia Principessa/Zita in Suor Angelica/Gianni Schicchi with Opera Santa Barbara, Cleo in The Most Happy Fella with Tulsa Opera, Mother Goose in The Rake's Progress with Utah Opera, and her debut with Houston Grand Opera's East + West series in River of Light by composer Jack Perla and librettist Chitra Divakaruni. In addition, she made, her "comically perfect" debut as Mistress Quickly in Falstaff with Opera in the Heights, Lampito in Lysistrata with Fort Worth Opera, Marcellina in Le nozze di Figaro with Opera Santa Barbara, Emilia in Otello and Zulma in L'italiana in Algeri with Opera Southwest, Madame de la Haltiere in Cendrillion and the Mother in Hansel and Gretel with the Santa Fe Concert Association, Maddalena in Rigoletto with Opera in the Heights, and her return to Santa Fe Opera where she sang the Society Woman in The Last Savage. Recent concert engagements have included John Adams' Grand Pianola Music with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra, Haydn's Lord Nelson Mass with Concordia University Symphony Orchestra, her European concert debut as mezzo soloist in Verdi's Requiem with performances throughout Germany and France and her Lincoln Center debut as the mezzo soloist in Mahler's 2nd Symphony.
In 2010, Ms. Anderson achieved a remarkable success and was celebrated for being "impeccably prepared" and "splendid in every way" when, as a young artist, she stepped in as Florence Pike in Santa Fe Opera's Albert Herring under the baton of Sir Andrew Davis. At the Sarasota Opera, Ms. Anderson performed the roles of Dritte Dame in Die Zauberflöte, Sandman in Hansel and Gretel, and Flora in La Traviata. As a resident and principal artist with Fort Worth Opera she performed the roles of Tisbe in La Cenerentola, Mother in Amahl and the Night Visitors, Alisa in Lucia di Lammermoor, and the Angel Trio in Angels in America. Scott Cantrell of the Dallas Morning News praised her 2010 performance of Verdi's Requiem with the University of North Texas Symphony Orchestra stating, "Mezzo Alissa Anderson supplied aptly rich tones and an awesome chest voice."
Other notable engagements include her Tisbe in La Cenerentola and Ruth in The Pirates of Penzance with Opera New Jersey, Flora in La Traviata and Mercedes in Carmen with Pensacola Opera, and Flora in La Traviata with Nevada Opera. As a young artist, she performed with the Santa Fe Opera, Des Moines Metro Opera, and Ashlawn-Highland Opera, as well as spending three consecutive summers at the Seagle Music Colony where she sang the title role in Carmen, Anita in West Side Story, Hippolyta in A Midsummer Night's Dream, Alma March in Little Women, Woman in Marry Me A Little, and Hedy La Rue in How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying.
Ms. Anderson holds her Master of Music in Opera Performance from The University of Maryland and her Bachelor of Music in Vocal Performance from the University of North Texas.
Photo credit - Fay Fox
Photo credit: Fay Fox


I'd need a URL to reproduce the problem and FTP access to debug what is going wrong.
I apologize for not responding sooner. I have been ill for two weeks while trying to plan our biggest event of the year. I am back !! I will provide the info requested in the private message secition.


text:
Buck James is an American medical drama television series created by Paul F. Edwards that aired on ABC from September 27, 1987 until May 5, 1988.

Premise
Buck James is a middle-aged surgeon at a hospital in Texas who also has a passion for ranching. James, a "hard-driving, daredevil, brilliant sort of fellow", is chief surgeon at Holloman University Hospital and head of one of its trauma units. In addition to his challenges at work, at home he has a son "who is going through all the usual painful gyrations of growing up" and a two-months-pregnant daughter who has separated from her husband and he had to deal with "a divorced wife who wouldn't let go."

The title character was based on real-life physician Red Duke. Star Dennis Weaver shadowed Duke at work (including being present during surgeries that Duke performed) to prepare for playing James, and Duke was a consultant on scripts for the show. Memorial Hermann Hospital in Houston, where Duke practiced, was the location for filming of the show's pilot.

Buck James was broadcast from 10 to 11 p.m. Eastern Time on Sundays on ABC from September 27, 1987, until January 10, 1988. and from 10 to 11 p.m. Eastern Time on Thursdays on ABC from March 10, 1988, until May 5, 1988. It was produced by Entertainment Partners in association with Tri Star Productions.

Cast
Dennis Weaver as Buck James
Alberta Watson as Rebecca Meyer
Shannon Wilcox as Jenny James
Jon Maynard Pennell as Clint James
Dehl Berti as Vittorio
John Cullum as Henry Carliner
Elena Stitiler as Dinah James
Perry Anzilotti as Myron

Episodes

References

External links

1987 American television series debuts
1988 American television series endings
1980s American drama television series
1980s American medical television series
English-language television shows
American Broadcasting Company original programming
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Television shows set in Texas


text:
Camp William Penn and the Fight for Historical Memory
By Blake McGready | August 24, 2016 | Comments 0 Comment
If you were to drive down Cheltenham Avenue north of Philadelphia today between Penrose Avenue and School Lane, you would pass standard urban blocks, nothing extraordinary. A cemetery, gas station, a mixed collection of residences, and a community center. Casual passersby—many residents, even–do not recognize the historical significance of the site, the part those few city blocks played in history. For on those four blocks on Cheltenham Avenue lie the ruins of the largest training camp for African American soldiers in the Civil War, Camp William Penn. A Pennsylvania State Historical marker describing the camp's history can be found along Sycamore Avenue, situated near where former gates to the camp are located. The Veterans Association (VA) of Pennsylvania erected a stone monument nearby that honors the camp. And about twenty yards from the VA monument, a small former firehouse serves as a seasonal museum, where a small staff of volunteers interpret this history using objects and artifacts from the camp. No federal or state money is spent on the museum, and the volunteers who run the place fight periodically to protect what little they have. Beyond the marker, the monument, and the firehouse-museum, all of which can be missed if you blink, there is no other indication that between 1863 and 1865, more black soldiers in the United States Colored Troops (USCT) trained at Camp William Penn than any other camp in the Union. Nothing here gives a hint of how central the camp was to African American life during the Civil War era. Indeed, without increased awareness, the site is in danger of being erased, entirely. For some time now historians have underscored how important black enlistment was to U.S. victory in the Civil War—nearly 200,000 of these men entered the fight as fresh recruits just when the U.S. Army most needed them–and, yet, this most significant site in that story is in danger of being lost.
A picture of the Pennsylvania State Historical Marker near the surviving gates of the camp. Courtesy of the Camp William Penn museum site, by Jonathan White.
Several unique developments came together to make Philadelphia the home to the U.S. Army's Camp William Penn. Philadelphia-area Quakers boasted a long and distinguished history of abolitionism, and when the war began, and were able to generate enthusiastic support for the USCT. Gentlemen's clubs like the Union League provided the financial muscle necessary to support the camp and recruit troops. The North Pennsylvania Railroad that traveled through Cheltenham supplied the infrastructure to transport soldiers. And, most importantly, Philadelphia's free blacks pressured city and state leaders to be included in the fight against slavery and the Confederacy. "Men in earnest don't fight with one hand, when they might fight with two," Frederick Douglass said in 1861, "and a man drowning would not refuse to be saved even by a colored hand." The Camp opened in the summer of 1863, and by the time its gates closed in 1865, approximately eleven thousand soldiers trained at the site. Eleven Camp William Penn regiments saw fighting in the final years of the war, from Olustee to Petersburg. But beyond the camp's important work producing black soldiers, Camp William Penn became a center of black community life and a place where recruits and others fought for civil rights.
Camp William Penn, camps and headquarters. Courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Digital Library.
Racial tensions and conflicts ran through life in the camp, as black city residents, recruits and those who came to support them, came in contact with Cheltenham's white community members and U.S. Army officers, and white and black Americans negotiated the racial limits of a country in the midst of emancipation. Slave owners from Delaware and Maryland traveled to the camp on several occasions in an attempt to reclaim escaped slaves. Tense showdowns ensued between the masters and the soldiers, a mix of free blacks and formers slaves. According to The Philadelphia Inquirer, the troops often became "excited." On one occasion, soldiers surrounded a slave owner and threatened him, forcing him to "beat a hasty retreat."[1] White neighbors complained loudly about "uncivilized" blacks who visited the camp. "Unless [black visitors] soon change their course," an unnamed author threatened, "the residents in the neighborhood of the camp will take the matter in their own hands and teach a few how to behave themselves."[2] Violence in and around the camp was not uncommon. In August 1863, a sentinel named Charles Ridley shot a local white man who had been harassing him while on duty, leading to a public debate over Ridley's fate. The case extended all the way to the state capital in Harrisburg, when in June 1864, following a campaign by Pennsylvanians who believed the sentinel had been unjustly convicted, Governor Andrew Curtain decided to pardon Ridley, reversing the court's decision. The soldiers' white US Army officers treated black civilians harshly. In 1864, black women suspected of bringing liquor to the men were made to wear signs that read "I brought whiskey into camp" while they were paraded around camp. When one woman resisted the shaming, officers shaved her head and expelled her from the grounds.[3]
The racial animosities of the period were on full display. USCT soldiers were initially paid a fraction of the wages received by their white compatriots, were held suspect by white soldiers who thought they could not fight, and were threatened by Confederate soldiers with either death or enslavement if caught. While they fought for equal treatment in the army, that fight continued at their training ground. Friends and family of Camp William Penn soldiers wishing to visit loved ones at the camp suffered the humiliation of being barred from some of Philadelphia's segregated street cars. These and other hardships engendered a sense of disillusionment among men who had enthusiastically turned out to fight for their country. While in the field, one man in the 6th USCT Regiment wrote in the midst of the struggle over wages,
When I was home I could make a living for [my wife] and my two little ones; but now that I am a soldier they must do the best they can or starve. It almost tempts me to desert and run a chance of getting shot, when I read her letters, hoping that I would come to her relief. But what am I to do…I thought I was a soldier, and it made me feel somewhat proud to think that I had a right to fight for Uncle Sam…but my wife's letters have brought my patriotism down to the freezing point, and I don't think it will ever rise again.
The story of Camp William Penn provides historians and the general public a window into not only the story of the USCT, but also racial tension and civil rights activism of the Civil War era.[4]
The photograph that became the basis for the "Come Join Us Brothers" United States Colored Troops recruitment painting.[5]
Thanks to the work of the volunteers at Camp William Penn Museum and the Citizens for the Restoration of Historical La Mott–and the latter's strong online presence–remnants of this important piece of U.S. history remain. Yet their conservation efforts have yielded few visible results. Only fragments of the camp walls and gates remain. A walking tour of the blocks might allow interpreters to point out where barracks or camp streets were once located. Indeed, fragments of the destroyed barracks and buildings have been repurposed to construct homes in the neighborhood, but these are not marked nor is it clear if these remnants of the city's distinguished civil rights history are one home remodel or urban renewal away from vanishing too. Although the battle to preserve the camp has been underway for decades, a bigger fight remains to be waged—this one against the public's nearly complete lack of interest in the site. The story of Camp William Penn is about how hundreds of thousands of men, young and not so young, free and enslaved, turned out to fight for their country, often with other Americans actively working against them. In the process these men realized they had another fight to wage at home, for equality and for respect. Yet our memory of these men, like the camp where they trained and lived, has been slowly disappearing for more than one hundred and fifty years. Out of respect for their memory, Camp William Penn deserves more than a marker and a seasonal museum.
[1] "Incident at Camp William Penn," The Philadelphia Inquirer, September 21, 1863, America's Historical Newspapers.
[2] "The Negro Camp," The Age, February 1, 1864, in David I. Harrower and Thomas J. Weickowski, A Spectacle for Men and Angels: A Documentary Narrative of Camp William Penn and the Raising of Colored Regiments in Pennsylvania (West Conshohocken, PA: Infinity Publishing, 2013).
[3] "Temperance Movement at Camp William Penn," The Philadelphia Inquirer, March 31, 1864, America's Historical Newspapers.
[4] A Grand Army of Black Men: Letters from African-American Soldiers in the Union Army, 1861-1865, ed. Edwin S. Redkey (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 237.
[5] Jerome S. Handler and Michael L. Tuite, Jr., "Retouching History: The Modern Falsification of a Civil War Photograph," the University of Virginia.
Blake McGready
Blake is a graduate student at Villanova University and is interested in early American history and public history. In addition to his coursework and assistantship, he works as a tour guide for the Encampment Store at Valley Forge National Historical Park in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. He can be reached at bmcgread@villanova.edu.
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African American history, Philadelphia, preservation, public history, USCT
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As our final week of the 2015 Telluride Experience comes to a close, our Telluride blog has been nourished by a new year of talented healthcare trainee reflections. Many of these young physicians and physicians-in-training, along with their nursing colleagues, have submitted reflections that we will share more on moving forward, but they can be viewed here today.
Because our scholars and Alumni often return to the ETY blog as a reference tool, we wanted to share another opportunity for all to showcase their passion and commitment for keeping patients safe through writing. The Doctors Company Foundation, an organization that also sponsors a number of medical student attendees to participate in our Academy for Emerging Leaders in Patient Safety each year, is once again partnering with the Lucian Leape Institute at the National Patient Safety Foundation (NPSF) to offer The Doctors Company Foundation Young Physicians Patient Safety Award. The award will recognize young physicians for "their personal insight into the importance of applying the principles of patient safety to reduce the incidence of medical error." Applicants are invited to submit essays of 500-1,000 words about a patient safety event they personally experienced during clinical rotations that resulted in a personal transformation.
Applicants are invited to submit essays that will be judged by a panel identified by NPSF. Six winners of this prestigious award will be selected and receive a $5,000 award, which will be presented at the Association of American Medical College's (AAMC) Integrating Quality meeting in Chicago, June 2016. Nominations must be submitted by 5:00pm ET, Monday Jan 25, 2016.
Examples of winning essays from 2014 can be viewed via a past ETY posts (click here), and a review of the 2015 Essay Winners will soon follow. For additional questions, visit The Doctors Company Foundation website, here. We know there are many Telluride Alumni deserving of an award like this so please enter, and share the patient-centered care you are working so hard to make standard of care. Good luck!
One of the highlights of our Telluride East Patient Safety Summer Camp each year is our trip to Arlington National Cemetery. The cemetery serves as a burial-place for "laying our Nation's veterans and their family members to rest with dignity and honor." Numerous daily honors remind visitors of the service, sacrifice and valor displayed by those in the military protecting our freedoms.
Again this year, our group hiked up the hill and to a spot just beneath Robert E. Lee's House where Rosemary Gibson provided a touching "eulogy" on the history of the cemetery and lives lost due to preventable medical harm. She concluded by asking all of us to share the name of a patient or family member we knew who died from a medical error so we could all remember them…many names were shared and honored.
As we stood on the hill at the end of the ceremony reflecting on those lost to medical error along with those who gave their lives for our country, we looked out upon the white gravestones that could be seen in all directions. Gravestones that seemed to go on forever. The informational brochure says the cemetery is currently the final resting place for more than 400,000 people.
The irony of the 400,000 laid to rest in Arlington hits me each year, as this is the same number of patients who die every year due to preventable medical errors according to an article published in September 2013, A New Evidenced-based Estimate of Patient Harms Associated with Hospital Care in The Journal of Patient Safety. All the white tombstones that stretched to the end of the landscape and seemed to go on forever also represented the same number of patients who die each year from preventable medical harm. We fill an Arlington Cemetery every year.
On Memorial Day, 1921, four unknowns were exhumed from four World War I American cemeteries in France. U.S. Army Sgt. Edward F. Younger, who was wounded in combat, highly decorated for valor and received the Distinguished Service Medal in "The Great War, the war to end all wars," selected the Unknown Soldier of World War I from four identical caskets at the city hall in Chalons-sur-Marne, France, Oct. 24, 1921. Sgt. Younger selected the unknown by placing a spray of white roses on one of the caskets. He chose the third casket from the left. The chosen unknown soldier was transported to the United States aboard the USS Olympia. Those remaining were interred in the Meuse Argonne Cemetery, France.
Standing in front of that Tomb, I couldn't help but think that each of those unreported adverse events and medical error deaths that Classen and colleagues are referring to are the unknown soldiers of healthcare. In our own Telluride East ceremony at Arlington the last three years, we have paid tribute to those we knew had been lost to medical harm, but we failed to remember our own unknown soldiers. They say that what is seen cannot be unseen. What is felt or experienced first hand, or even vicariously through the experience of others, also leaves a lasting impact. Knowledge of the magnitude of our losses due to harm through study, along with the sharing of their stories firsthand through family members at Telluride ensures that next year, we will make sure to also remember the unknown soldiers of our own.
A colleague forwarded on a momentarily disheartening clip from the Washington Post last week. The article, entitled Anesthesiologist trashes sedated patient–and it ends up costing her, included an audio clip from the patient's cell phone that he had inadvertently left running during a colonoscopy in which healthcare professionals charged to care for him instead chose to act like grade school bullies. The anesthesiologist, who was one of two physicians named in a lawsuit for medical malpractice and defamation, is clearly heard on the audio clip belittling and taunting the patient while sedated. Additional staff is heard laughing as the proceduralist and anesthesiologist continue their disturbing banter. No one in the room, or at least no one on the audio clip included in the Post article, told them to stop. I will bet, however, there was at least one person in the room who wanted to say something.
I say momentarily disheartening because as I sat listening and briefly wondering how any of the work we do educating the young–teaching them to stand up to bullies and disruptive healthcare "professionals" like this in the workplace–was going to overcome the still so well-ensconced medical culture, I quickly found solace in the fact that we like to elevate the train wrecks in all walks of life. And the Post was most definitely covering the story of a train wreck.
Knowing that our culture is comprised of the stories we share, I just as quickly recalled multiple stories of the great work being done in my small corner of healthcare alone. Take, for example, the weekly Good Catch stories shared throughout the MedStar Health system showing exactly how the 80-20 rule can be applied to the prevalence of healthcare bullies. I was comforted by the fact that for the 2 physicians mentioned in the Post story, I knew of at least 8 good people protecting patients in just one health system. Stories of visiting nurses who ensure the safety of those in the home, or of the local security guard who sits with a soon-to-be patient until help arrives. Stories of nurses who speak up when care does not seem to be going in the needed direction, and stories of physician leaders who actually lead, setting the stage for those often silenced to share their voice. Yes, the 80% is alive and well!
Those who aren't convinced it is just good form or good karma to treat patients and/or colleagues with dignity and respect can turn to a growing body of formal research that contends bullying and incivility in the workplace has many costs, including patient safety and workforce overall well-being. An opinion piece in the New York Times on June 19th entitled, No Time to Be Nice At Work, by Christine Porath refers to a survey of more than 4,500 doctors, nurses and other hospital personnel of which "…71 percent tied disruptive behavior, such as abusive, condescending or insulting personal conduct, to medical errors, and 27 percent tied such behavior to patient deaths." Porath also references work recently published in the American Journal of Management, Does Rudeness Really Matter? The Effects of Rudeness on Task Performance and Helpfulness, which showed people working in an environment that lacked civility missed information directly in front of them and offered fewer creative solutions to tasks before them. The same was true if individuals simply witnessed an exchange of rudeness.
It matters not whether it ends up being the data or the stories that drives us to treat one another, especially patients, with dignity and respect in the healthcare environment. And maybe stories like the one in the Post last week are needed in some strange way, if only so that they might discourage the next bad actor who has failed to mature themselves from lashing out at the vulnerable. I do know, however, that we need to add at least five stories of the good work healthcare professionals are doing each day to counteract the negative force a story like this carries into the mainstream. In the meantime, we need to continue to empower those healthcare professionals who want to do better, especially young healthcare trainees. There are many within healthcare who look at the Post story and are embarrassed to be part of a profession that would allow this to continue but have yet to find their voice or platform. Here's to the good guys and gals–the 80%–we know you're out there. It is up to healthcare leaders to give them a pen…or a mic!


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Fallen by Karin Slaughter
*Rating* 3.5
*Genre* Suspense/Mystery
*Review*
Faith Mitchell is a Special Agent for the Georgia Bureau of Investigations (GBI) and has been partnered with Will Trent for the past 2 years. Faith is late arriving at her mother's home to pick up her 4 month old daughter Emma thanks to a seminar that went on too long. As Faith is driving towards her destination, she is unable to connect with her mother either by email, or by phone.
When she arrives at her mother's home, she finds it destroyed and two men are still alive in the house. A shoot out soon occurs, and Faith finds that she is being questioned as a suspect, and not as a police officer with nearly 20 years' experience.
*Positive* - It's nice to actually see more of Faith as the main character in a story. She has the capability to lead an entire novel without anyone worrying that she will stumble or bumble along and mess things up. There are some family secrets that are finally revealed to Faith as well, and a closer look into her past as a rebel rousing teenager which nearly broke her family apart. Faith is real to me. Her struggles with her own health, trying to raise her two children in the best way possible, as well as the discovery of a secret past that surrounds her own mother, were way more interesting than the blooming relationship between Will and Sara.
Special Agent Will Trent has a sorted past with Faith's mother Evelyn Mitchell. There are those who still question how Will and Faith can remain partners for the past 2 years after his investigation led to her mother's resignation from the Atlanta PD. Will's solo act as well as his sometimes brazen techniques, have left fellow law enforcement officers at arm's length not wanting anything to do with him. He often finds that he works solo in trying to solve cases while often getting things wrong because of his inability to read. This time around he ends up stuck with his boss Deputy Director Amanda Wagner who is an enabler and couldn't tell Will the truth even if it bit her in the ass. Wagner is also a life long friend of Evelyn Mitchell as they came up together as police officers.
Will has tried extremely hard to hide the fact that he is dyslexic from his fellow co-workers. (Sara, Amanda and Faith all know) Will is extremely smart which is typical of Dyslexic people who tend to be very creative and intuitive and are very good at hands on learning. Will is also stuck in an abusive relationship with his wife Angie; one that I sincerely hope Slaughter finds a way to end soon.
*Positive* - One of the reasons I started reading the Georgia series in the first place is because of Will Trent. Will has had such an awful upbringing, and his abusive wife just drives a stake thru his heart each and every time with her subtle threats and refusal to go away permanently. He is surrounded by bossy women, including Faith, and Amanda, who he can't seem to get away from. Will seems to know instinctively things that no one else does. He and Amanda have a son/mother relationship that is often harsh in content, while Faith and Will are more like brother and sister.
Dr. Sara Linton once worked in her own private practice for 12 years. She was also the part time Grant County coroner while married to Chief of Police Jeffrey Tolliver. Sara has since moved to Atlanta to work for Grady Hospital. It has been 4 ½ years since the incident that changed her entire life and she is still struggling with moving on. Sara ends up in the middle of the investigation because of her concurrent relationship with Will and Faith as well as a target of Angie Trent who she comes face to face with in the book.
*Undecided* - I've had a problem with Sara for some time now and I'm not sure if Fallen has made me change my mind about her or not. She just seems to get involved in things she shouldn't have access to. It's not realistic. I know she was one of the main characters of the Grant County series from inception to finish, and now with the combined Georgia series she seems to be thrown into the mix as almost as a tertiary character who knows it all and who is having a change of heart regarding Will and their ongoing relationship.
She often comes across as smarter than everyone else no matter what setting you put her in. Or maybe it's because I still hold resentment at what happened at the end of the Grant County series and haven't been able to move onward with Sara in the picture. I have no problem with Sara moving on with her life after 4 ½ years of self-pity and self-doubt. I'm just not sure if I care one way or the other if Sara and Will find happiness together.
Fallen is the third book in the Georgia series by Karin Slaughter and continues the story of characters from the Grant County and Will Trent series. If you haven't read any of the previous books by Slaughter including Undone, or Broken, I would definitely recommend that you read them before attempting to read Fallen. There's a lot of back story including why Sara Linton is working for Grady Hospital now, and how she ended up connected with Will Trent and Faith Mitchell.
Posted by Shelley Romano at 9:50 PM No comments:
Hellbent by Cherie Priest
*Rating* 4 stars
*Genre* Urban Fantasy
Hellbent is the second novel in the Cheshire Red Reports series by Cherie Priest. Our protagonist is Raylene Pendle who is a thief and a vampire who drinks blood but can't fly nor can she be exposed to the sunlight. She is often mistaken for a man since international intelligence officials who have been hunted her for years; find it hard to believe that a woman could actually be such an accomplished thief, or as she calls herself--acquisitions specialist.
Raylene currently has two children living with her--8 year old Pepper and 14 year old Domino. Raylene took them in after the events of Bloodshot. Also living with Raylene is Ian Stott a blind vampire for whom Raylene has a friend with benefits relationship with. Ian was experimented on by the government and lost his eye sight permanently. Lastly, there's ex-Navy SEAL Adrian deJesus who is a drag queen better known as Sister Rose. Adrian continues to hold out hope that he will one day find his vampire sister Isabelle who was last seen in Atlanta.
Raylene lives in Seattle, Washington where she has had to change sceneries and locations after the FBI raided her warehouse where she stored a lifetime of items she either stole or collected over the years. Having used up so much of her own fortune and capital in acquiring her new place, she agrees to work with Horace Bishop who is her pimp/agent if you like.
Bishop is the director of acquisitions for a NYC auction house and has discovered some rare and highly valuable Baculum or penis bones while at an auction house. Bishop offers Raylene a substantial finder's fee for the cigar box filled with the bones. The only problem is that Raylene is in a race against a schizophrenic genius named Elizabeth Creed who used to work for NASA and who just happens to be a powerful sorcerer when in possession of the bones. Creed has her own plans for the bones that includes changing past events.
If chasing bones around the country weren't enough to keep our OCD with several neuroses occupied. Raylene also has to find a way to keep Ian away from his former House in San Francisco where he was once a major player before he was captured, blinded permanently, and experimented upon by the government and Jeffrey Sykes. With the death of his "father" he is now in line to become the new Judge of the house of Renner. Something he has no desire becoming which is why he has stayed undergound for the past 10 years.
I adore Raylene's humor, snarkiness, determination, as well as her motherly tendencies towards Ian, Adrian, Domino, and Pepper. Raylene is far from done collecting lost souls, and soon adds Isabelle in an attempt to keep Chicago, San Francisco and Atlanta away from Seattle.
I also appreciate that the snarkiness between Raylene and the other characters isn't overly overdone as in other novels. There is a serious issue that underlies this series and that is the fact that Raylene wants to get even with Jeffrey Sykes for what he did to Ian, Isabelle, and other vampires he captured, and also stand up and help her fellow vampires in their time of need.
I look forward to reading the next book in the series whenever it becomes available, and thank Netgalley and the publisher for allowing me access to this book before it is to be released.
Book Review - Those Across the Water
*Genre* Horror/Fiction
*~Review~*
Those Across the River, by Christopher Buehlman, is a strange, disturbing, and yet fascinating journey through the eyes of World War I veteran Frank Nichols as he and his fiancé nee wife to be, Eudora Chambers, travel to Whitbrow, Georgia where they hope to start a new life together.
Frank has been ostracized from the academic community because of his actions concerning Eudora's current relationship with him while he was a teacher at the university. By moving to Whitbrow, he hopes to write a novel based on his great-grandfather Lucien Savoyard's life and exploits as a member of the Georgia 18th Cavalry during the Civil War. There have been disturbing stories concerning Lucien's treatment of his own slaves, and his refusal to set them free when Union forces closed in on Atlanta. Frank also wants to have tell the story of the slave survivors.
Instead of paying attention to his Aunt Dottie McComb's warning about staying where he is, and selling the property to whomever wants it. Frank and Eudora end up in Whitbrow anyway and end up in the middle of a decades old hatred that goes back to the Civil War and slavery. Continued bad choices will changed their lives forever; especially Eudora's.
There are undercurrents afoot across the river and in the woods where Frank is warned to stay away from. Anyone who goes into those woods doesn't return the same way. Frank ignores the fact that there is bad blood here, and even though he personally wasn't responsible for what happened during the Civil War, memories die hard in the Deep South and Frank just happens to be the one outlet for justice for those who survived his great-grandfathers atrocities.
The story takes place during the early 20th century (1935 to be exact) when there is still strong hatred towards those with the wrong skin color or who are different. Hostilities continue to be at a tipping point where one man's innocence or guilt is measured by hanging the condemned until he is dead.
The language is somewhat offensive at times and anyone who harbors any reservations or resentment over the use of derogatory comments, may be turned off by the use of them. But, without it, the story would have been a farce since any story that takes place in the deep south must contend with the reality of the time period and those who are still dealing with racial hatred.
The story development is slow at first, but necessary to the overall understanding and mindset of the main and sub-characters as they move through a course of action that puts them in direct conflict with the monsters in the woods. The only real surprise is what these monsters really are and why they end up going after certain people.
The second half of this book will boggle your mind after things are set in motion by the townsfolk decisions in regards to sending pigs into the woods. Because of this decision, people end up dead and missing and a desire for payback stews in the residents counteractions. This, of course, leaves Frank and Eudora's lives forever changed; especially Eudora's.
I highly recommend this book, but warn potention readers that you must put away pre-conceived notions of what you are going to read about. I would put this book squarely in the horror genre as to it's content and expectations.
ARC Accepted on 07/11/2011. Expected publication: September 6th 2011 by Ace Hardcover


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Home | Company News | This Morning in Metals: U.S. jobless claims reach record 3.3M as coronavirus outbreak intensifies
This Morning in Metals: U.S. jobless claims reach record 3.3M as coronavirus outbreak intensifies
by Fouad Egbaria on March 26, 2020
Company News, Global Trade
uwimages/Adobe Stock
This morning in metals news, U.S. unemployment insurance claims soared last week as the coronavirus outbreak intensified, Thyssenkrupp announced 3,000 layoffs and the United States Trade Representative (USTR) said there had been progress in enforcing some provisions of the recently signed Phase One trade deal with China.
U.S. jobless claims surge to 3.3M
U.S. unemployment insurance claims reached 3.3 million for the week ending March 21, the Department of Labor reported Thursday, marking a record weekly total.
"During the week ending March 21, the increase in initial claims are due to the impacts of the COVID-19 virus," the Department of Labor announcement notes. "Nearly every state providing comments cited the COVID-19 virus impacts. States continued to cite services industries broadly, particularly accommodation and food services. Additional industries heavily cited for the increases included the health care and social assistance, arts, entertainment and recreation, transportation and warehousing, and manufacturing industries.
Jobless claims for the week prior (ending March 14) totaled 282,000.
Thyssenkrupp announces layoffs
German firm Thyssenkrupp announced plans to lay off 3,000 workers in its steel division by 2026, Reuters reported.
In February, Thyssenkrupp announced it would be selling its profitable elevator business to a consortium led by Advent, Cinven and RAG foundation for €17.2 billion.
Progress in Phase One implementation
Earlier this year, the U.S. hailed its so-called "Phase One" trade deal with China after more than two years of trade hostilities, including an exchange of hundreds of billions worth of tariffs.
However, even with a deal, enforcement has always been the tricky part.
This week, the USTR claimed there had been progress toward enforcing agricultural provisions of the deal (building on earlier implementation actions).
"We are working with China on a daily basis as we implement the Phase One trade agreement," USTR Robert Lighthizer said. "We recognize China's efforts to keep the commitments in the agreement and look forward to continuing our work together on trade matters."
Among the recent actions was the agreement that, "in the event of a detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza or virulent Newcastle disease in a particular region of the United States, will allow U.S. poultry exports from unaffected regions of the country to continue (APHIS Regionalization Protocol Announcement)."
"This action will help protect the increased access American farmers have gained in China's poultry market," the USTR announcement said. "U.S. poultry exports have the potential to exceed $1 billion per year."
Global copper mine production down 0.7% in 2019
Europe's steel industry under pressure amid falling orders, personnel challenges


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German submarine U-261 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 17 May 1941 at the Bremer Vulkan yard at Bremen-Vegesack as yard number 26, launched on 16 February 1942 and commissioned on 28 March under the command of Kapitänleutnant Hans Lange. After training with the 8th U-boat Flotilla, U-261 was transferred to the 6th U-boat Flotilla, for front-line service from 1 September 1942.

U-261 sank no ships in her short career. Her only patrol began when she departed Kiel on 8 September 1942. Her route took her through the gap between the Faroe and Shetland Islands toward the Atlantic Ocean. She never got that far. On 15 September 1942, she was sunk by an Armstrong Whitworth Whitley of No. 58 Squadron RAF west of the Scottish island group.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-261 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8-276 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-261 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and two twin  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

References

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1942
U-boats sunk in 1942
World War II submarines of Germany
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
1941 ships
Ships built in Bremen (state)
U-boats sunk by British aircraft
U-boats sunk by depth charges
Ships lost with all hands
Maritime incidents in September 1942


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Here we see the Goldus Domeus plant, which is native to Concord and sprouts beautiful golden domes, but only after interminable winters. Thanks to Instagram user @mr_puppet_edenwald for tagging us! You should do the same when you post – just tag us with #concordinsider and we'll find it.


11 year old Mikayla MacDonald took part in the 4 mile sled dog races which took place on the weekend of Feb 6 and 7 in Marmora. Mikayla and her 4 dogs finished 5th in the race. Not bad when you consider that she was up against older and more experienced handlers. Mikayla trains her own dogs and is totally responsible for their care. Well done Mikayla!


Today, I was at the bus stop waiting for the bus and I heard two kids saying 'tomorrow is a holiday'; the discussion was in a typical Hyderabadi style. The kid said, "Arrey kal holiday hai kateh", the other kid said, "Hau aaj school mein bole ki kal Gandhi Jayanthi hai".
Then the kid asked, "Arrey ye Gandhi Jayanthi ko kyun chutti dete?" The other kid said, "Nai malum rey, patha nai". At this point I wanted to interrupt their conversation and tell them about Mahatma Gandhi, but couldn't, because just then my bus came and I had to catch the bus.
In the bus, I couldn't stop myself thinking about the two kids. It is a very sad reality that many of our kids are not aware of Mahatma Gandhi, the man who brought Independence to India.
If you pick any kid, I repeat, 'any kid', and ask him or her about, who are Chota Bheem's friends, they will answer it without a pause – Chutki, Jaggu and Raju. Even a 3 or 4-year old kid will give the answer to this question. But, if you ask them who Mahatma Gandhi is, they will have a big question mark on their face.
I am not blaming that every kid is not aware of Mahatma Gandhi, but a majority of kids are still not aware. We need to raise awareness about Mahatma Gandhi and try to inculcate his values and principles among kids/youngsters.
Dear kids, it's the time you should know some facts about Mahatma Gandhi and know why October 2nd is observed as a national holiday in India.
Coming to the point, here are a few lessons for kids from the 'Father of the Nation', Mahatma Gandhi.
On second thoughts, I think parents should also teach their kids the significance and importance of Gandhi Jayanthi and not make this important day just like another holiday. So, the next time your kid asks you who the man on the 500 rupee note is, you need to respond to the question, take some time out and explain your kid about Mahatma Gandhi.
Happy Gandhi Jayanthi – Enjoy the holiday in true spirit!
What is Mahatma Gandhi's full name?
Gandhiji was born on 2nd October 1869.
What is the meaning of Mahatma?
It means one who has a great soul.
Who gave the title of Mahatma to Gandhiji?
Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore, in the year 1915.
What is 2nd October celebrated as?
This entry was posted on Oct 2013 at 10:08 PM	and is filed under Public Speak. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Your Feedback Matters!


text:
La contea di Pierce (in inglese Pierce County) è una contea dello Stato di Washington, negli Stati Uniti. La popolazione al censimento del 2000 era di  abitanti. Il capoluogo di contea è Tacoma.

Geografia

Contee confinanti

 King County — nord
Yakima County — est
 Lewis County — sud
Thurston County — ovest/sudovest
Mason County — ovest/nordovest
Kitsap County — nord/nordovest

Politica

Località

Città

Auburn (parziale)
Bonney Lake
Buckley
DuPont
Edgewood
Fife
Fircrest
Gig Harbor
Lakewood
Milton (parziale)
Orting
Pacific (parziale)
Puyallup
Roy
Ruston
Sumner
 Tacoma (capoluogo della contea)
University Place

Towns
Carbonado
Eatonville
South Prairie
Steilacoom
Wilkeson

Census-designated places

Alder
Alderton
 Anderson Island
Artondale
Ashford
Browns Point
Canterwood
Clear Lake
Clover Creek
Crocker
Dash Point
Elbe
Elk Plain
Fife Heights
 Fort Lewis
Fox Island
 Frederickson
 Graham
 Greenwater
 Herron Island
 Home
 Kapowsin
 Ketron Island
 Key Center
 La Grande
 Lake Tapps
 Longbranch
 Maplewood
 McChord AFB
 McKenna
 McMillin
 Midland
 North Fort Lewis
 North Puyallup
 Parkland
 Prairie Heights
 Prairie Ridge
 Purdy
 Raft Island
 Rosedale
 South Creek
 South Hill
 Spanaway
 Stansberry Lake
 Summit
 Summit View
 Vaughn
 Waller
 Wauna
 Wollochet

Unincorporated communities

 American Lake
 Burnett
 Crescent Valley
 Cromwell
 Electron
 Elgin
 Firwood
 Glencove
 Lakebay
 McNeil Island
 National
 Ohop
 Paradise
 Point Fosdick
 Shore Acres
 Shorewood Beach
 Sunny Bay
 Sunrise Beach
 Sylvan
 Tehaleh
 Victor
 Villa Beach

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni


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