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Bed and breakfast Holiday Accommodation in Pyrenees Atlantiques France
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Pyrénées-Atlantiques (department 64) is situated in the region of Aquitaine in the south-west of France, and lies at its most southerly point by the Basque country in the Pyrénées and the Spanish border.
Aquitaine has a turbulent history which has left the region dotted with bastides, fortified hilltop towns and villages, ancient strongholds of Charlemagne, Richard the Lionheart and the Black Prince.
Still relatively undiscovered, this is the land of truffles and armagnac, sunflowers and foie-gras, vast uncrowded beaches, mountain villages, warm, generous people and wine.
Why you should visit the Pyrénées-Atlantiques for your next holiday in France
Where else can you surf the finest beaches in the morning before skiing the pistes in the afternoon. The contrasting landscapes of the Pyrenees Atlantiques is amazing. It is packed full of scenic gems; from the immense sandy beaches of the Atlantic coast to the lakes, gorges and cirques of the Pyrenees National Park.
What to see and do in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques
The ski resorts of Artouste, Gourette and La Pierre Saint Martin benefit from a good snow record, the weather conditions are influenced by the nearby Atlantic Ocean. There are plenty of sporting activities in the Pyreneean Valleys such as fishing, rafting, canyoning, horse riding and hiking. Plus the Spa's with their therapeutic waters.
Biarritz is considered one of the world's surfing capitals and an all year round golfing paradise. The picturesque fishing port of Saint-Jean-de-Luz cannot fail to inspire and is the perfect setting for a relaxing meal on a balmy evening.
To walk in the Pyrenees is magical, full of magnificent landscapes and crystal clear mountain lakes. The Baretous valley is renowned for its pot holes and green landscapes.
For those who enjoy cycling or driving the high mountain passes in summer, such as at the col d'Aubisque in the Ossau Valley, provide superb panoramic views. They also feature in the gruelling mountain stages of the tour de France.
Nearby places to visit
Dax is a pleasant spa town with a small casino and smart teashops.
Villeneuve-de-Marsan is an important centre for the production of armagnac and has two excellent Michelin restaurants.
Bayonne is a quiet cathedral city with mediaeval streets and riverside boulevards. It lies on the far south coast and is where Gascony and the Pays-Basque meet.
Lourdes is celebrated as the holy shrine of St. Bernadette and the grotto is visited by many thousands of pilgrims each year. The town is situated within sight of the Pyrénées and has many good cafes, restaurants and enticing food shops as well as endless souvenir shops selling religious bric-a-brac.
Just south of the town is the Lavedan, a series of seven valleys whose people are famous for their fiery independence. These take you into the mountains through villages and hamlets, steep pastures, gorges, waterfalls and outstanding scenery.
You can fly into, and out of, the Pyrenees Atlantiques from Pau or Biarritz. For example to fly from London (Heathrow) to Pau will take 4hours 50mins, planes usually leave about 14.00 hours. Cars can be hired from either airport.
Eurostar has made the journey easy from London St Pancras International to Paris Gare du Nord is just 2 hours 15 minutes. Trains to Pau and Biarritz usually leave from Montparnasse station, therefore a taxi or Metro across Paris is required. A taxi could be expensive, the Metro is easy with one direct journey. The train journey from Paris to Pau and Biarritz takes approximately 5 to 6 hours. It is cheaper to book a month in advance and if travelling to Pau to buy a ticket to Lourdes (the station after Pau).
If you travel via Calais you have to go through Paris, down the A10, past Bordeaux, then towards Toulouse on the A62, turning off at junction 3 (Langon) to take the D932 which becomes the N124 and then the N134 towards Pau. Please be aware you will encounter tolls on this route.
A preferred route is via St Malo using the fast boat crossing. This take you via good motorway/dual carriage ways all the way to Langon. The route is Rennes, Nantes, and Bordeaux.
By Ferry:
The port of St Malo offers the shortest car journey once in France and is only 450 miles to Pyrénées-Atlantiques and can be driven in about 9 hours. Brittany Ferries travel to St Malo from Portsmouth and Condor Ferries make the journey in about 5 hours from Poole with a stop at the Channel Islands. Cherbourg, Caen, Roscoff and Le Havre are also convenient if you do not wish to travel from St Malo, none of which are more than 550 miles from Biarritz.
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Everyone can benefit significantly from a good diet plan, even if they are not really suffering from any physical problems. In fact a healthy, nutritious and good diet plan can be very effective in the prevention of many medical conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and heart diseases. Many people are advised to follow healthy heart eating measures, mainly because they are at a high risk of suffering from heart attacks, heart failure and other similar heart problems. In fact, there are many fad diets that claim to offer heart healthy diet menus, such as the sacred heart diet plan.
The sacred heart diet plan is a 7-day plan that focuses mainly on healthy heart eating.
This diet plan has been used for years now, by people who are overweight and are at a high risk of heart diseases. This soup based diet claims that a person can lose around 10 to 17 pounds within one week. However, since it is a fad diet, it cannot be followed on a long term basis, because of which people could regain all the weight they lost, as soon as they resume normal eating habits. Therefore, it is best for people to make a few lifestyle changes, in which they incorporate healthy heart cooking techniques on a long term basis. This means eating foods that are fried should be strictly avoided. This includes deep fried, shallow fried and stir fried food. Instead, most healthy heart foods are prepared using cooking techniques like steaming, simmering, poaching, baking, broiling or roasting.
Heart healthy diet menus should mainly include those foods that improve the health and the functioning of the heart. Some of the most highly recommended healthy heart foods include tofu, oranges, spinach, kidney beans, broccoli, tomatoes, salmon, brown rice, almonds, sweet potato, acorn squash, flaxseed, soymilk, walnuts, red pepper, cantaloupe, oatmeal, blueberries, red wine, asparagus, papaya, tuna, carrots, black beans, tea and a small amount of dark chocolate.
Fortunately, it is possible to access several examples of heart healthy diet menus though various resources, such as health articles, online websites and so on. However, it is absolutely essential to consult a medical health care provider as well as a nutritionist, while designing a heart healthy diet for women and men. Before including any heart healthy foods in an existing diet, it is best to consult a doctor; this is all the more important in case of men and women who are elderly or are suffering from other preexisting medical conditions. People should avoid switching over to any diet, without getting a go ahead from their health care providers.
Most of the recipes mentioned above are heart healthy weight loss recipes, which are quite good for most people. However, the nutritional value may vary, based on the way they are prepared. Moreover, it is best to consult a doctor and get an approval before incorporating any of them in a regular diet.
Healthy spices and herbs can also be to improve the flavor and taste of food, since the condiments should be avoided. Good spices include ginger, garlic, cinnamon, rosemary, parsley, sage and so on.
Exercise also plays a very important role in the maintenance of a healthy heart. People are advised to walk, run, jog or swim for at least half an hour each day, to improve heart health. While weight training is also good for the heart, most health experts advise people to engage in cardio exercises.
Apart from a heart healthy diet and exercise routine, people are also advised to practice relaxation techniques like yoga, meditation, deep breathing, or massage therapy for a stronger heart. Habits like smoking and alcohol consumption should be completely avoided.
Before making any changes to a diet, it is best to consult a doctor.


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Ricardo Núñez Lissarrague (Betanzos, La Coruña, 16 de julio de 1904 - Palma de Mallorca, 14 de junio de 1998) fue un actor, guionista, productor y director de cine español.

Biografía
Nacido en el seno de una familia acomodada del Betanzos de principios del siglo XX, Ricardo se traslada a Madrid en 1923, donde abre una cafetería denominada "Atocha". Asiduo a las tertulias artísticas del café "María Cristina", allí descubre al actor y director Florián Rey, que le contrata para actuar en la película muda El pilluelo de Madrid. Esta colaboración le abriría las puertas para participar en otras muchas películas del citado director, como Águilas de acero y, sobre todo, La hermana San Sulpicio, film este último que le haría saltar a la fama junto a Imperio Argentina.

La aparición del sonido en el cine supone un gran reto para Ricardo: el de camuflar su marcado acento gallego. Superado este hándicap, y tras algunas apariciones menores, se pone a las órdenes del director Benito Perojo para rodar Susana tiene un secreto, Se ha fugado un preso o Rumbo al Cairo, convirtiéndose en una de las estrellas más representativas del cine español del momento.

Al estallar, el 18 de julio de 1936, la Guerra Civil Española, Ricardo colabora en varias películas de apoyo a la República, que a la postre perdería la guerra. Se ve obligado a exiliarse a Argentina, donde se estrena como director con los largometrajes Madre Alegría y Fuego sagrado. Igualmente, produce varias películas para Benito Perojo, como Chiruca o La copla de la Dolores, de nuevo con Imperio Argentina como protagonista.

La revolución que estallaría en Argentina en 1955 provoca el regreso de Ricardo Núñez a España, donde dirigiría "La chica del barrio" y hasta cuatro películas más. En su penúltimo trabajo como director, Lo que cuesta vivir, realiza un cameo apareciendo como taxista.

A partir de 1962 se centra en su labor de guionista y productor, procurando aislarse de la popularidad y llevar una vida tranquila hasta su fallecimiento a la edad de 93 años.

Filmografía

Como actor
 Lo que cuesta vivir (1958), de Ricardo Núñez.
 Nuestro culpable (1938), de Fernando Mignoni.
 En busca de una canción (1937), de Eusebio Fernández Ardavín.
 Rumbo al Cairo (1935), de Benito Perojo.
 Es mi hombre (1935), de Benito Perojo.
 Crisis mundial (1934), de Benito Perojo.
 Se ha fugado un preso (1934), de Benito Perojo.
 Sol en la nieve (1933), de León Artola.
 Alalá (1933), de Adolf Trotz.
 Corre, mulilla (1933), de Benito Perojo (cortometraje).
 Susana tiene un secreto (1933), de Benito Perojo.
 El hombre que se reía del amor (1933), de Benito Perojo.
 Las noches de Port Said (1931), de Leo Mittler.
 La aldea maldita (1930), de Florián Rey.
 48 pesetas de taxi (1930), de Fernando Delgado.
 Fútbol, amor y toros (1929), de Florián Rey.
 La Hermana San Sulpicio (1927), de Florián Rey, junto a Imperio Argentina.
 Águilas de acero o los misterios de Tánger (1927), de Florián Rey.
 El Pilluelo de Madrid (1927), de Florián Rey.

Como director
 Detective con faldas (1962).
 Lo que cuesta vivir (1958).
 Tremolina (1957).
 Malagueña (1956).
 La chica del barrio (1956).
 Fuego sagrado (1950).
 Madre Alegría (1950).

Como productor
 Cuentos de las sábanas blancas (1977), de Mariano Ozores.
 El alma se serena (1970), de José Luis Sáenz de Heredia.
 Miss Cuplé (1959), de Pedro Lazaga.
 Lo que cuesta vivir (1958), de Ricardo Núñez.
 Tremolina (1957), de Ricardo Núñez.
 Malagueña (1956), de Ricardo Núñez.
 La copla de la Dolores (1947), de Benito Perojo.
 Villa Rica del Espíritu Santo (1945), de Benito Perojo.
 Martingala (1940), de Fernando Mignoni.
 Nuestra Natacha (1936), de Benito Perojo.

Como guionista
 Escándalo en el internado (1966), de Marino Girolami.
 Lo que cuesta vivir (1958), de Ricardo Núñez.
 Tremolina (1957), de Ricardo Núñez, en cooperación con Mauricio Torres.
 Madre Alegría (1950), de Ricardo Núñez.

Bibliografía
 Mosquera Camba, José Luis. Ricardo Núñez, una vida para el cine. Anuario Brigantino, 1986.

Enlaces externos

Actores de la provincia de La Coruña
Directores de cine de España
Guionistas de cine de España
Productores de cine de España
Nacidos en Betanzos
Fallecidos en Palma de Mallorca

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Editors' Choice Articles
ACVAA
IVAPM
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia thinks big to widen reach
Q&A with Professor Mads Bertelsen, contributor to Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia
Q&A with Professor Bruno Pypendop, regular contributor to Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia
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RESEARCH PAPER| Volume 48, ISSUE 6, P861-870, November 01, 2021
The Canine Postamputation Pain (CAMPPAIN) initiative: a retrospective study and development of a diagnostic scale
Jordyn M. Boesch
Correspondence: Jordyn M Boesch, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
Karina E. Roinestad
Daniel J. Lopez
Ashley K. Newman
Luis Campoy
Robin D. Gleed
Galina M. Hayes
Published:August 12, 2021DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2021.07.003
Previous ArticlePreanaesthetic blood tests in cats and dogs older than 8 years: anaesthetists' prediction and peri-anaesthetic changes
Next ArticleInvestigation of biomarkers for impending fluid overload in a feline acute haemorrhage-resuscitation model
To develop a scale to diagnose and assess the severity of postamputation pain (PAP) in dogs.
Single-center retrospective study.
A total of 66 dogs that underwent thoracic or pelvic limb amputation and 139 dogs that underwent tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) at a veterinary teaching hospital.
An online survey regarding postoperative behavioral changes was sent to owners. Categorical, multiple-choice responses were entered into a univariable logistic regression model and tested for association with amputation using the Wald test. If p < 0.2, variables were forwarded to a multivariable logistic regression model for manual build. Model simplicity and predictive ability were optimized using the area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) characteristic, and model calibration was assessed using the Hosmer–Lemeshow test. The selected model was converted to an integer scale (0–10), the Canine Postamputation Pain (CAMPPAIN) scale. Univariable logistic regression related each dog's calculated score to the probability of PAP.
Multivariable logistic regression identified four independent predictors of PAP (p < 0.05): 1) restlessness or difficulty sleeping, 2) episodes of panic or anxiety, 3) sudden vocalization, and 4) compulsive grooming of the residual limb. Score AUROC was 0.70 (95% confidence interval = 0.63–0.78) with good calibration (Hosmer–Lemeshow statistic p = 0.82). A score of 2 corresponded to a risk probability of 0.5. Taking a score ≥ 2 to indicate PAP, score specificity and sensitivity were 92.1% and 36.4%, respectively. When this score was used to diagnose PAP, prevalence was 36.4% (24/66) and 7.9% (11/139) in the amputation and TPLO groups, respectively.
Conclusions and clinical relevance
Postamputation pain is characterized by specific postoperative behaviors and appears to affect approximately one-third of canine amputees. The CAMPPAIN scale generated from these data could facilitate diagnosis, treatment and further study of PAP but requires external validation.
postamputation pain
residual limb pain
Postamputation pain (PAP) in humans was first documented in the medical literature by the military surgeon Ambroise Paré almost 500 years ago (
Paré, 1552
Paré A.
La maniere de traicter les playes faictes tant par hacquebutes: que par fleches: & les accidentz d'icelles, comme fractures & caries des os, grangrene & mortification; avec les pourtraictz des instrumentz necessaires pour leur curation. Et La methode de curer les combustions principalement faictes par la pouldre a canon.
Arnoul L'Angelie, 1552
). Today, PAP is well described in human patients, due largely to the many amputations in conflict zones around the world; although traffic and other accidents, vascular disease, infection and cancer may also necessitate amputation in people (
Ziegler-Graham et al., 2008
Ziegler-Graham K.
MacKenzie E.J.
Ephraim P.L.
Estimating the prevalence of limb loss in the United States: 2005 to 2050.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008; 89: 422-429
Alviar et al., 2016
Alviar M.J.M.
Hale T.
Dungca M.
Pharmacologic interventions for treating phantom limb pain.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; 10CD006380
The Postamputation Pain Algorithm (PAPA) developed for humans by the Durham Pain Investigations Group divides PAP into phantom limb pain (PLP, pain perceived in a missing limb or other body part) and residual limb pain (RLP, pain perceived in the residual limb) (
Clarke et al., 2013
Clarke C.
Lindsay D.R.
Pyati S.
Buchheit T.
Residual limb pain is not a diagnosis: a proposed algorithm to classify postamputation pain.
Clin J Pain. 2013; 29: 551-562
). A review of PAP is beyond the scope of this article, and readers are referred to other sources on this topic (
Collins et al., 2018
Collins K.L.
Russell H.G.
Schumacher P.J.
A review of current theories and treatments for phantom limb pain.
J Clin Invest. 2018; 128: 2168-2176
Kuffler, 2018
Kuffler D.P.
Origins of phantom limb pain.
Mol Neurobiol. 2018; 55: 60-69
). PLP is an incompletely understood, complex pain state involving the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system; it has a neurophysiological basis and is not solely psychogenic as once thought (
Machin and Williams, 1998
Machin P.
Williams A.C.
Stiff upper lip: coping strategies of World War II veterans with phantom limb pain.
). By contrast, RLP can have both nociceptive (i.e., caused by nociceptor stimulation in the residual limb) and neuropathic (e.g., caused by neuroma) components (
). Both PLP and RLP are distinct from the postoperative nociceptive pain caused by surgical tissue handling in all patients (
Hanley et al., 2007
Hanley M.A.
Jensen M.P.
Smith D.G.
Preamputation pain and acute pain predict chronic pain after lower extremity amputation.
J Pain. 2007; 8: 102-109
). In humans, PAP can trigger depression and anxiety and profoundly affect virtually every aspect of daily living, substantially decreasing quality of life (
Padovani et al., 2015
Padovani M.T.
Martins M.R.I.
Venâncio A.
Forni J.E.N.
Anxiety, depression and quality of life in individuals with phantom limb pain.
Acta Ortop Bras. 2015; 23: 107-110
In general, amputation in the dog produces positive outcomes. Most dogs are fully functional shortly after surgery, and most owners are satisfied with their decision to amputate (
Carberry and Harvey, 1987
Carberry C.A.
Harvey H.J.
Owner satisfaction with limb amputation in dogs and cats.
J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1987; 23: 227-232
Kirpensteijn et al., 1999
Kirpensteijn J.
van den Bos R.
Endenburg N.
Adaptation of dogs to the amputation of a limb and their owners' satisfaction with the procedure.
Vet Rec. 1999; 144: 115-118
Dickerson et al., 2015
Dickerson V.M.
Coleman K.D.
Ogawa M.
Outcomes of dogs undergoing limb amputation, owner satisfaction with limb amputation procedures, and owner perceptions regarding postsurgical adaptation: 64 cases (2005-2012).
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015; 247: 786-792
Galindo-Zamora et al., 2016
Galindo-Zamora V.
von Babo V.
Eberle N.
Kinetic, kinematic, magnetic resonance and owner evaluation of dogs before and after the amputation of a hind limb.
BMC Vet Res. 2016; 12: 20
). However, behavioral changes such as aggression, anxiety, compulsive licking or biting of the residual limb and vocalization have been reported in dogs after amputation and may reflect the presence of PAP (
Gross and Carr, 1990
Gross T.L.
Carr S.H.
Amputation neuroma of docked tails in dogs.
Vet Pathol. 1990; 27: 61-62
Menchetti et al., 2017
Menchetti M.
Gandini G.
Gallucci A.
Approaching phantom complex after limb amputation in the canine species.
J Vet Behav. 2017; 22: 24-28
Ferreira et al., 2019
Ferreira M.G.
Antunes A.V.
Pascoli A.L.
Neuropathic pain and prognosis of a dog submitted to limb amputation after diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma - case report.
Arquivo Brasileiro De Medicina Veterinaria E Zootecnia. 2019; 71: 1116-1120
). In the authors' clinical experience, some canine amputees display behaviors consistent with descriptions of neuropathic pain in human amputees.
Although PAP has been hypothesized to be incidental in canine amputee populations, there have been limited attempts to date to formally differentiate it from the nociceptive pain expected in any dog after surgery [e.g., a major orthopedic surgery such as tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO)]. The objective of this study was to use owner responses to a survey of postoperative behavioral changes in dogs that had undergone amputation or TPLO to develop a scale that could be used clinically to diagnose and assess the severity of PAP in dogs. The hypothesis was that PAP could be characterized by a constellation of postoperative behaviors unique to amputees. Based on the authors' clinical experience, it was anticipated that one of these behaviors would be spontaneous, paroxysmal vocalization.
This study was designed in accordance with the guidelines in the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement (
von Elm et al., 2007
An online survey was developed using Qualtrics software (Drive Provo, UT, USA) by a veterinary anesthesiologist (JB), surgeon (DL) and student (KR), with input from a behaviorist (Appendix SA). It consisted primarily of multiple-choice questions based on clinical signs described in canine amputees in other publications and the investigators' clinical experience with behavioral changes in canine amputees (
). A brief description of the study objective (identification of signs of pain after amputation or TPLO) was described within the e-mail. 'Skip logic' was used so that questions pertaining to a previous response only appeared if relevant to the previous answer. All questions (the number of which varied related to the use of skip logic) were mandatory before a respondent could continue. After some questions, a box was provided for owners to expand upon or clarify their answers; these boxes were optional.
Identification of amputation group
Dogs that underwent amputation in the Cornell University Hospital for Animals (CUHA) from June 2007 through March 2019 were identified via query for 'amputation' in the CUHA electronic medical record system [Universal Veterinary Information System (UVIS); Ross Group Inc., OH, USA] or a procedure code corresponding to amputation in a case log spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel 2016; Microsoft, WA, USA) maintained by the surgery service. Dogs of any age, sex or breed that underwent amputation for any reason were included. After all survey responses had been collected, exclusion criteria were applied prior to data analysis to increase uniformity in the amputation group (Fig. 1).
Figure 1Flow diagram showing the number of cases (dogs undergoing amputation) potentially eligible for the study (n = 333), the number of cases after each exclusion criterion was applied and the final number of cases for analysis (n = 66).
Identification of TPLO group
Dogs that underwent TPLO in the CUHA from March 2007 through June 2015 were identified using a list from another study (
Lopez et al., 2018
Lopez D.J.
VanDeventer G.M.
Krotscheck U.
Retrospective study of factors associated with surgical site infection in dogs following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy.
). Any age, sex or breed was included.
Dogs that underwent TPLO were selected as the comparison group because: 1) TPLO was the most common orthopedic surgery performed at the authors' institution; 2) amputation and TPLO are commonly performed in large-breed dogs, minimizing size and breed differences; and 3) TPLO is expected to cause pain that is quantitatively similar to PAP (i.e., severe pain) but might be qualitatively different, optimizing the likelihood of identifying behaviors specific to PAP. In other words, whereas both amputation and TPLO result in severe nociceptive pain (pain that arises from damage to non-neural tissue and resulting from stimulation of nociceptors), TPLO, like total knee arthroplasty in humans, might be less likely to produce neuropathic pain (pain from a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system) (
Kooijman et al., 2000
Kooijman C.M.
Dijkstra P.U.
Geertzen J.H.B.
Phantom pain and phantom sensations in upper limb amputees: an epidemiological study.
Pain. 2000; 87: 33-41
Task Force on Taxonomy, 2017
Task Force on Taxonomy
IASP Terminology. International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP).
https://www.iasp-pain.org/Education/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=1698
Date accessed: April 16, 2021
Fitzsimmons et al., 2018
Fitzsimmons M.
Carr E.
Woodhouse L.
Bostick G.P.
Development and persistence of suspected neuropathic pain after total knee arthroplasty in individuals with osteoarthritis.
PM R. 2018; 10: 903-909
The study design sought two dogs that had undergone TPLO for each dog that had undergone amputation. These could not be matched based on signalment or date of surgery because of the limited number of owner responses and problems with the medical record query function.
For both groups, a board-certified anesthesiologist approved the anesthetic/analgesic plan, which was carried out by an anesthesiology resident, licensed veterinary technician and/or veterinary student under the anesthesiologist's supervision. A board-certified surgeon (or resident under supervision) performed amputation or TPLO according to standard techniques (
Kowaleski et al., 2012
Kowaleski M.
Boudrieau R.
Pozzi A.
Stifle joint.
in: Tobias K.M. Johnston S.A. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal. 2nd edn. Elsevier, USA2012: 906-998
Seguin and Weigel, 2012
Seguin B.
Weigel J.
Amputations.
in: Tobias K.M. Johnston S.A. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal. 2nd edn. Elsevier, USA2012: 1029-1036
Survey administration
Exemption from institutional review board approval was obtained. The survey was sent electronically to owners using the e-mail addresses provided in the medical record. If the e-mail address was not provided, or an owner did not complete the survey after 2 weeks, these owners were called using the telephone number provided in the medical record and asked to participate (and provide their e-mail address if needed). Reminder e-mails were sent periodically to owners who had not yet completed the survey. Owners were called twice at 48 hour intervals before being removed from the calling list.
Completed survey responses were imported into a spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel 2016). Additional data about each dog was retrieved from CUHA electronic medical records systems (UVIS; ezyVet, TX, USA and/or Perceptive Content; Hyland Software Inc., OH, USA), including signalment and body mass on the day of surgery, reason for amputation, details about the surgical procedure and any complications, and date of death (if applicable).
All analyses were performed using Stata Version 15 (StataCorp, TX, USA). Normality was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Continuous data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation if normally distributed and median (interquartile range) if not normally distributed. Between-group differences were assessed using the Student t test if data were normally distributed, and the Mann–Whitney test if data were not normally distributed. Categorical data were presented as proportions. Categorical differences were assessed using the Fisher's exact test where cell number was ≤ 5 and the chi-square test where > 5.
If an owner responded 'unknown or can't remember', this response was recorded as equivalent to 'never' for the purposes of analysis. Answers to multiple-choice questions about postoperative behaviors (questions 7–32) were converted to integers and modelled as categorical data. These values were entered into a univariable logistic regression model and tested for association with amputation using the Wald test. Behavioral variables were included in a multivariable model if they achieved significance (p < 0.2) in the univariable analysis. A multivariable logistic regression model was then constructed, optimizing model simplicity and predictive ability using the area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) characteristic. Model calibration was assessed using the Hosmer–Lemeshow test.
The selected logistic regression model was then converted to an integer scale, the Canine Postamputation Pain (CAMPPAIN) scale, to distinguish PAP from post-TPLO pain using standard methods as follows (
Hosmer and Lemeshow, 2000
Hosmer D.W.
Lemeshow S.
Applied Logistic Regression.
2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons Inc., USA2000: 91-116
Hayes et al., 2010
Hayes G.
Mathews K.
Doig G.
The acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation (APPLE) score: a severity of illness stratification system for hospitalized dogs.
J Vet Intern Med. 2010; 24: 1034-1047
). The desired maximum score was selected arbitrarily as 10. The lowest yield categories for each behavioral variable were set as the referent (score = 0) categories. The coefficients assigned to the highest yield category for each behavioral variable in the model were then summed. The desired maximal score for the model was divided by this value to derive a constant. All coefficients were then multiplied by this value and rounded to the nearest 0.5 to obtain the integer scores for each behavioral variable. Univariable logistic regression was then used to relate the calculated score for each dog to the probability of the presence of PAP. The score AUROC and calibration was assessed within this case population. Because of the relatively small number of dogs in each group and the large variability in the perioperative anesthetic/analgesic protocols, associations between drugs or locoregional techniques and postoperative behavioral changes were not investigated.
Population characteristics
Medical record query identified 333 dogs that had undergone amputation and 612 dogs that had undergone TPLO over the specified time periods. Survey response rates were similar at 27.0% and 22.7%, respectively (p > 0.05). After applying exclusion criteria (Fig. 1), 66 dogs with complete surveys remained in the amputation group, which consisted of 37 thoracic limb amputations [scapulectomy, 35/37 (94.6%); distal radius, 1/37 (2.7%); or radiocarpal joint, 1/37 (2.7%)] and 29 pelvic limb amputations [coxofemoral disarticulation, 22/29 (75.9%); acetabulectomy, 1/29 (3.4%); mid-femur, 5/29 (17.2%); or mid-tibia, 1/29 (3.4%)]. The reasons for amputation were bony neoplasia (n = 40), trauma (n = 14), soft tissue neoplasia (n = 7), failure of an orthopedic procedure (n = 4) and vascular ischemia (n = 1). A surgical complication (cellulitis) developed in one dog postoperatively that resolved with antibiotic treatment. This dog displayed signs of pain including restlessness or difficulty sleeping (at least daily), episodes of panic or anxiety (at least weekly) and spontaneous, paroxysmal vocalization (at least daily) that resolved 1–6 months after amputation. Complete surveys of 139 dogs remained in the TPLO group, of which 92/139 (66.2%) underwent unilateral TPLO, 40/139 (28.8%) underwent bilateral TPLO on different days, and 7/139 (5.0%) underwent bilateral TPLO on the same day. Surgical complications (infection) developed in 13/139 (9.4%) dogs.
The amputation group was older (7.4 ± 3.4 versus 5.7 ± 2.7 years, p < 0.01) and weighed less [32 (22.6–39.5) versus 35.3 (28–41.1) kg, p = 0.04]. There was no difference in sex distribution between groups (p = 0.14). The most common breeds in the amputation and TPLO groups were mixed breed [12/66 (18.2%) and 39/139 (28.1%), respectively] and Labrador Retriever [10/66 (15.2%) and 44/139 (31.7%), respectively]. The proportion of dogs alive at the time of survey completion was greater in the TPLO than in the amputation group (71.2% versus 56.1%, respectively, p = 0.03). Length of time between the surgery and survey completion differed between the amputation and TPLO groups [925 (659–2248) days and 1494 (1037–2288) days, respectively, p < 0.01]. Owners' assessments of pain severity prior to surgery on a 1 (none) to 4 (severe) scale were similar in the amputation [median 3 (2–4)] and TPLO [median 3 (3–4)] groups (p = 0.85). Appendix SA provides frequency distributions for answers to survey questions.
Scale construction
Overall, seven behavioral variables were identified that distinguished PAP from post-TPLO pain at p < 0.2 (Table 1). In multivariable logistic regression, four behaviors were independent predictors of PAP (p < 0.05; Fig. 2 & Table 2). Following adjustment of referent categories to make all score values positive, and with collapse of adjoining categories if coefficients were similar, these variables comprised the CAMPPAIN scale (Table 3). The scale included: 1) presence and severity of restlessness or difficulty sleeping, 2) presence and frequency of episodes of panic or anxiety, 3) presence and frequency of episodes of sudden vocalization, and 4) presence or absence of compulsive grooming of the residual limb. The score functioned on a 0 to 10 scale, with greater scores indicating greater likelihood of PAP. Score AUROC was 0.70 (95% confidence interval = 0.63–0.78) with good calibration (Hosmer–Lemeshow statistic p = 0.82). The risk probability of PAP could be calculated from the score as follows (where p = risk probability and R = logit p):
PAP score: p = exp(R)/[1 + exp(R)]
R = (1.021616 ∗ score) – 2.02185
Table 1Postoperative behaviors differentiating postamputation pain (PAP, n = 66) from pain after tibial plateau-leveling osteotomy (TPLO, n = 139) in dogs determined by univariable analysis. A p value < 0.2 indicates the behavior was significantly more likely to occur in dogs that underwent amputation. CI, confidence interval
95% CI
Pain behavior triggered by startling or excitement 3.70 1.16–11.78 0.025
Hyporexia (moderate or severe) 2.38 1.03–5.47 0.043
Restlessness or difficulty sleeping (on a daily basis) 3.47 1.45–8.31 0.005
Episodes of anxiety or panic (on a monthly or more frequent basis) 4.63 1.75–12.23 0.002
Episodes of spontaneous, paroxysmal vocalization (on a monthly or more frequent basis) 2.61 1.15–5.93 0.022
Vocalization when residual limb touched 2.22 0.69–7.16 0.17
Compulsive grooming (licking or pulling of hair) at residual limb 6.57 0.67–64.42 0.106
Figure 2Frequency distribution of behaviors [(a) restlessness, (b) panic or anxiety, (c) vocalization and (d) compulsive grooming] in survey responses from owners of dogs undergoing amputation (n = 66) and dogs undergoing tibial plateau-leveling osteotomy (TPLO, n = 139). These four behavioral variables comprise the Canine Postamputation Pain (CAMPPAIN) scale.
Table 2Model coefficients from the multivariable model containing the four behavioral variables translated into the Canine Postamputation Pain (CAMPPAIN) scale, with the 'never, or unable to recall' category set as the referent category for all variables. CI, confidence interval
Behavioral variable
Coefficients
Restlessness or difficulty sleeping
–0.24 to 2.10 0.05
Episodes of anxiety or panic
Episodes of spontaneous, paroxysmal vocalization (on a monthly or more frequent basis)
Compulsive grooming (licking or pulling of hair) at residual limb 2.97 0.66 to 5.27 <0.01
Table 3The Canine Postamputation Pain (CAMPPAIN) scale. Subtotals from each column are summed to obtain a total score, with a maximum possible total score of 10. A score ≥ 2 is 92% specific, 36% sensitive for the presence of postamputation pain
Restlessness/difficulty sleeping Never or can't recall
0.5 points Occasionally or weekly
0 points Daily
___ / 2 points
Episodes of anxiety or panic Never, rarely, or can't recall
0 points Occasionally
2.5 points Weekly or daily
___ / 3.5 points
Vocalization Never, rarely, or can't recall
0.5 points Monthly
3 points Weekly or daily
Compulsive grooming of residual limb Behavior absent or can't recall
0 points Behavior noted
___ / 10 points
A score of 2 corresponded to a risk probability of 0.5. Taking a score of ≥ 2 to indicate the presence of PAP gave a score specificity of 92.1% and sensitivity of 36.4%. When this criterion was used to diagnose PAP, prevalence was 36.4% (24/66) and 7.9% (11/139) in the amputation and TPLO groups, respectively.
The authors were unable to find any previous publications describing specific behavioral changes that differentiate dogs that had undergone amputation from a comparison group that had undergone a common orthopedic surgery. Although previous studies have described behavioral changes in canine amputees, these behaviors may have been reported by owners of dogs undergoing other major surgeries (
). The identification of behaviors that are more likely postamputation than post-TPLO suggests a pathophysiological process more common in amputees. Although the reason for such behaviors may never be certain, the authors suggest pain is most plausible. Based on experience with other veterinary patients and on descriptions by human patients, these behaviors appear to reflect neuropathic pain specifically.
Assuming a score ≥ 2 to indicate PAP, prevalence was approximately 36% and 8% in the amputation and TPLO groups, respectively. Several possible explanations for the 8% prevalence in the TPLO group exist. One possibility is that the wording of some questions may have been too vague and led owners of dogs that had undergone TPLO to erroneously believe they had witnessed a behavior. For instance, in the authors' experience, vocalization quality after amputation is always high-pitched and unprovoked, beginning and ending suddenly in an otherwise apparently comfortable dog (illustrated in the Video Clip S1), a characterization that was not clarified in the survey. By contrast, post-TPLO vocalization is continuous and/or triggered by palpation, weight bearing or movement. The second possibility is that some dogs experienced neuropathic pain post-TPLO. Although macroscopic nerves are not intentionally severed during TPLO as they are during amputation, cutting tissue during any surgery inevitably damages microscopic nerves. Indeed, suspected neuropathic pain has been documented in 39% of humans 1 month after total knee arthroplasty (
). A third possibility is that nociceptive pain was present in both groups.
Residual limb pain in humans can have a nociceptive component resulting from infection, failure of incisional healing, heterotopic ossification/osteophytes, edema, vascular insufficiency and myofascial pain/trigger points, among many other problems; such lesions may also have been present in dogs post-TPLO but went undiagnosed, or were diagnosed elsewhere (
Wolff et al., 2011
Wolff A.
Vanduynhoven E.
van Kleef M.
Phantom pain.
Pain Pract. 2011; 11: 403-413
O'Reilly et al., 2013
O'Reilly M.A.R.
O'Reilly P.M.R.
O'Reilly H.M.R.
High-resolution ultrasound findings in the symptomatic residual limbs of amputees.
Mil Med. 2013; 178: 1291-1297
Buchheit et al., 2016
Van de Ven T.
Hsia H.L.J.
Pain phenotypes and associated clinical risk factors following traumatic amputation: results from veterans integrated pain evaluation research (VIPER).
Pain Med. 2016; 17: 149-161
). In humans, some lesions can only be identified using diagnostic imaging (
). Some of the dogs developed infection post-TPLO, but infection and behavioral changes were not associated in all cases.
The most common cause of neuropathic RLP is neuroma, a non-neoplastic proliferation of regenerating axons, Schwann cells and connective tissue that can develop as soon as 1 month after nerve transection and can be identified using diagnostic imaging (
Oliveira et al., 2018
Oliveira K.M.C.
Pindur L.
Han Z.
Time course of traumatic neuroma development.
PLoS One. 2018; 13e0200548
). Neuromas have been identified in tissue removed from the residual tail of dogs that presented for severe self-mutilation after tail docking (
). In humans, another cause of neuropathic RLP is sympathetically maintained pain, also called complex regional pain syndromes (CRPS) I and II (
Schlereth and Birklein, 2008
Schlereth T.
Birklein F.
The sympathetic nervous system and pain.
Neuromolec Med. 2008; 10: 141-147
Knudsen et al., 2019
Knudsen L.F.
Terkelsen A.J.
Drummond P.D.
Complex regional pain syndrome: a focus on the autonomic nervous system.
Clin Auton Res. 2019; 29: 457-467
). Although CRPS appears to occur only in humans, the sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in the pathophysiology of some pain states (
). Following nerve injury, abnormal expression of functional adrenoceptors on peripheral nociceptors is stimulated; sympathetic activation (e.g., from stress) induces the release of norepinephrine, which then directly activates α-receptors on neurons (
Sato and Perl, 1991
Sato J.
Perl E.R.
Adrenergic excitation of cutaneous pain receptors induced by peripheral nerve injury.
Science. 1991; 251: 1608-1610
). Peripheral nerve transection also stimulates sprouting of noradrenergic neurons into dorsal root ganglia, where they contact the cell bodies of the transected nerves (
McLachlan et al., 1993
McLachlan E.M.
Jänig W.
Devor M.
Michaelis M.
Peripheral nerve injury triggers noradrenergic sprouting within dorsal root ganglia.
). In the univariable logistic regression model, pain triggered by startling or excitement (e.g., when a dog saw its owner or the doorbell rang) was significantly more likely to occur postamputation. Although this behavior was not retained in the multivariable logistic regression model, it deserves further investigation. No other features of CRPS were noted in the medical records or owner comments.
Phantom limb pain may not be unique to humans, either. The most widely posited theory of the role of the CNS in PLP is the cortical remapping theory. This theory states that, following peripheral nerve transection or amputation, the somatosensory and motor cortices undergo massive reorganization such that a cortical region that formerly received projection neurons from a limb may begin to receive input from adjacent cortical regions (
). Although cortical remapping is beyond the scope of this study, this reorganization has been documented in animals, including nonhuman primates, rodents and cats, after nerve injury (
Kaas et al., 1983
Kaas J.H.
Merzenich M.M.
Killackey H.P.
The reorganization of somatosensory cortex following peripheral nerve damage in adult and developing mammals.
Annu Rev Neurosci. 1983; 6: 325-356
Merzenich et al., 1983a
Wall J.
Topographic reorganization of somatosensory cortical areas 3b and 1 in adult monkeys following restricted deafferentation.
Neuroscience. 1983; 8: 33-55
Merzenich et al., 1983b
Wall J.T.
Progression of change following median nerve section in the cortical representation of the hand in areas 3b and 1 in adult owl and squirrel monkeys.
Neuroscience. 1983; 10: 639-665
The behaviors comprising the CAMPPAIN scale have been identified in previous research on PAP (
). Humans describe neuropathic RLP and PLP as sharp, tingling, shooting, stabbing, throbbing, aching, burning, shocking or some combination of these (
Ehde et al., 2000
Ehde D.M.
Czerniecki J.M.
Chronic phantom sensations, phantom pain, residual limb pain, and other regional pain after lower limb amputation.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000; 81: 1039-1044
). In humans, the pain is usually intermittent and paroxysmal (rather than constant), occurring daily or weekly, with attacks lasting from seconds to hours in most patients (
Desmond and Maclachlan, 2010
Desmond D.M.
Maclachlan M.
Prevalence and characteristics of phantom limb pain and residual limb pain in the long term after upper limb amputation.
Int J Rehabil Res. 2010; 33: 279-282
). In a previous PAP study, 53% of owners described their dogs' pain as 'sudden and transient'; none described it as 'persistent' (
). Sudden, severe pain could explain the spontaneous, paroxysmal vocalizations and episodes of panic or anxiety in canine amputees. These episodes appear to be caused by abnormal electrogenesis in the peripheral and CNS, caused by upregulation of voltage-gated sodium channels and numerous other molecular changes, which create sudden depolarizations called ectopic discharges (
). In a small percentage of humans with PAP, the pain is constant (
). Continuous pain in some dogs may be responsible for the restlessness and compulsive grooming observed by some owners. Notably, resentment of palpation of the residual limb was not retained in the multivariable model. Human amputees can suffer severe hyperesthesia and allodynia at the residual limb; however, palpation may identify areas of hypoesthesia (
Nikolajsen et al., 1998
Nikolajsen L.
Ilkjaer S.
Christensen J.H.
Pain after amputation.
Br J Anaesth. 1998; 81: 486
). Because pain may occur only during ectopic discharges, and areas of hypoesthesia may be present, clinicians should not rule out neuropathic pain based on lack of response to palpation. Physical examination is often unremarkable in human amputees (
The CAMPPAIN scale could serve several useful functions. It would establish diagnostic criteria for PAP in dogs, facilitating recognition of this syndrome by clinicians and prompting adjustment of pain management protocols. It may alert owners caring for amputees to the need for additional medical intervention. Finally, it may facilitate selection of homogenous clinical research populations for clinical trials targeted at determining risk factors for PAP in dogs and reducing incidence.
Applying population-generated probabilities to an individual animal that can only experience a binary outcome always raises challenges. The CAMPPAIN scale cut-point of ≥ 2 for diagnosis optimizes specificity. On the one hand, this allows a high degree of confidence that PAP is present if the score indicates as such, while minimizing false positives. This is important if a PAP diagnosis would prompt a change in prescriptions, particularly of controlled substances. On the other hand, low sensitivity may lead to undertreatment of PAP; therefore, if a clinician has a high suspicion that a dog has PAP, it may be reasonable to treat for pain and monitor the dog's response, regardless of the CAMPPAIN score.
The definition of the relationship between a variable and an outcome event in the context of a multivariable model is the association between the two that remains after the influences of all other variables acting concurrently have been controlled. As such, the relationship between a variable and outcome event may differ substantially from that seen in a univariable setting, where only that variable is modelled. Because the PAP score is a direct reflection of the multivariable model that was used to develop it, which in turn was data-dependent, some of the scores for the different subcategories do not ascend according to intuitive expectations of their progression in a univariable context. A prospective study probably will lead to revision of the scale, with increasing frequency of a behavior increasing the score in that subcategory.
The most important limitation of the present study is the retrospective nature and possible bias. More time passed between surgery and survey completion in the TPLO group; therefore, these responses may be less accurate. There was substantial passage of time between surgery and survey completion in both groups. Although this provided ample opportunity for owners to witness chronic behaviors, extended time may have contributed to recall bias. The 'unknown/can't remember' response is often a problem with retrospective surveys, and the most conservative method of handling this without major data loss was making this response equivalent to a null value. Replacing this response with 'missing' would have resulted in loss of the entire survey response from the model and may have introduced bias. Owners of amputees may have been more likely to respond if their dog experienced problems after surgery than if their dog recovered uneventfully. Questionnaires may underestimate the frequency of behaviors because owners may not observe all episodes of such behaviors. Furthermore, model and scale performance characteristics are generally inflated when calculated on the population from which a scale is derived (
). Dogs in each group could not be matched based on signalment; the amputation and TPLO groups differed by both age and body weight. The authors could not find any publications demonstrating association between either of these characteristics and differences in the way neuropathic pain is displayed in dogs. However, increasing age has been associated with neuropathic pain in humans, and the possibility that the age difference, albeit relatively minor, may have introduced bias cannot be ruled out (
Fitzgerald and McKelvey, 2016
Fitzgerald M.
McKelvey R.
Nerve injury and neuropathic pain - a question of age.
Exp Neurol. 2016; 275: 296-302
). The present study was single center, and the anesthetic/analgesic protocols for the two groups were not standardized. The incidence of PAP may be influenced by pain management practices, which vary from center to center, and between clinicians within the same center; consequently, these results may not be reflective of other centers. Certain drugs or locoregional techniques may decrease the risk of PAP. For all these reasons, a prospective study to externally validate the CAMPPAIN scale is required.
A 10 point scale was developed that could be simply calculated from readily observed behaviors in dogs that showed high specificity for pain after amputation. Following external validation, this scale may improve recognition of this syndrome and facilitate further clinical trials targeted at reducing incidence.
The authors thank Dr. Abigail Hooker, and Carol Frederick and Lucinda Bennett, licensed veterinary technicians, at the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine for assistance with data collection. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
JMB and DJL: study conception and design, data collection, manuscript preparation. KER and AKN: data collection, manuscript preparation. LC and RDG: study conception and design, manuscript preparation. GMH: study conception and design, statistical analysis, manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
The following are the Supplementary data to this article:
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Arnoul L'Angelie, 1552 (Paris U6 - ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:book&rft.genre=book&rft.title=La+maniere+de+traicter+les+playes+faictes+tant+par+hacquebutes&rft.au=Paré,+Ambroise&rft.series=French+books+before+1601&rft.date=1552-01-01&rft.pub=Arnoul+L'Angelie&rft.volume=r.334+item+4&rft.externalDocID=b13560293&paramdict=en-US U7 - Book)
Published online: August 12, 2021
Accepted: July 7, 2021
Received: January 1, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2021.07.003
© 2021 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
/*
© 2017 Altavant Technologies Inc.
Web: http://www.altavant.com
*/

namespace Altavant.Fusion.UI.Animation
{
	using System;
	using System.Collections.Generic;
	using System.Linq;
	using Fusion.UI.Animation.Interpolators;
	using Fusion.Graphics;
	using Fusion.Core;
	using Fusion.Utils;

	public class Animator
	{
		private Dictionary<string, IAnimation> _animations;

		public Animator()
		{
			_animations = new Dictionary<string, IAnimation>();
		}

		public string MakeId()
		{
			while (true)
			{
				string id = Utils.RandomName(5);

				if (!_animations.ContainsKey(id))
					return id;
			}
		}

		public bool ContainsAnimation(string id)
		{
			return _animations.ContainsKey(id);
		}

		public IAnimation GetAnimation(string id)
		{
			if (_animations.ContainsKey(id))
				return _animations[id];

			return null;
		}

		public void AddAnimation(string id, IAnimation animation)
		{
			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(id))
				throw new ArgumentException(nameof(id));

			if (animation == null)
				throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(animation));

			if (!_animations.ContainsKey(id))
			{
				animation.Signal = new Signal(id, OnSignal);

				_animations.Add(id, animation);
			}
		}

		public FloatAnimation AddFloatAnimation(string id, float duration, float startValue, float endValue)
		{
			return AddFloatAnimation(id, duration, startValue, endValue, null);
		}

		public FloatAnimation AddFloatAnimation(string id, float duration, float startValue, float endValue, IInterpolator interpolator)
		{
			FloatAnimation animation = new FloatAnimation(duration, startValue, endValue, interpolator);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public FloatAnimation AddFloatAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, float endValue)
		{
			return AddFloatAnimation(id, duration, property, endValue, null);
		}

		public FloatAnimation AddFloatAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, float endValue, IInterpolator interpolator)
		{
			FloatAnimation animation = new FloatAnimation(duration, property, endValue, interpolator);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public FloatAnimation AddFloatAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, float startValue, float endValue)
		{
			return AddFloatAnimation(id, duration, property, startValue, endValue, null);
		}

		public FloatAnimation AddFloatAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, float startValue, float endValue, IInterpolator interpolator)
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			FloatAnimation animation = new FloatAnimation(duration, property, startValue, endValue, interpolator);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
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		public IntAnimation AddIntAnimation(string id, float duration, int startValue, int endValue, IInterpolator interpolator)
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			IntAnimation animation = new IntAnimation(duration, startValue, endValue, interpolator);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
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			return AddIntAnimation(id, duration, property, endValue, null);
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		public IntAnimation AddIntAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, int endValue, IInterpolator interpolator)
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			IntAnimation animation = new IntAnimation(duration, property, endValue, interpolator);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
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		{
			IntAnimation animation = new IntAnimation(duration, property, startValue, endValue, interpolator);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
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		public PointAnimation AddPointAnimation(string id, float duration, Point startValue, Point endValue, IInterpolator interpolator)
		{
			PointAnimation animation = new PointAnimation(duration, startValue, endValue, interpolator);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
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		public PointAnimation AddPointAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, Point endValue)
		{
			return AddPointAnimation(id, duration, property, endValue, (IInterpolator)null);
		}

		public PointAnimation AddPointAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, Point endValue, IInterpolator interpolator)
		{
			PointAnimation animation = new PointAnimation(duration, property, endValue, interpolator);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
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		public PointAnimation AddPointAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, Point startValue, Point endValue)
		{
			return AddPointAnimation(id, duration, property, startValue, endValue, null);
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		public PointAnimation AddPointAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, Point startValue, Point endValue, IInterpolator interpolator)
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			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
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			return AddSizeAnimation(id, duration, startValue, endValue, null);
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		public SizeAnimation AddSizeAnimation(string id, float duration, Size startValue, Size endValue, IInterpolator interpolator)
		{
			SizeAnimation animation = new SizeAnimation(duration, startValue, endValue, interpolator);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
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		public SizeAnimation AddSizeAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, Size endValue)
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			return AddSizeAnimation(id, duration, property, endValue, (IInterpolator)null);
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		{
			SizeAnimation animation = new SizeAnimation(duration, property, endValue, interpolator);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public SizeAnimation AddSizeAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, Size startValue, Size endValue)
		{
			return AddSizeAnimation(id, duration, property, startValue, endValue, null);
		}

		public SizeAnimation AddSizeAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, Size startValue, Size endValue, IInterpolator interpolator)
		{
			SizeAnimation animation = new SizeAnimation(duration, property, startValue, endValue, interpolator);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public ColorAnimation AddColorAnimation(string id, float duration, Color startValue, Color endValue)
		{
			return AddColorAnimation(id, duration, startValue, endValue, null);
		}

		public ColorAnimation AddColorAnimation(string id, float duration, Color startValue, Color endValue, IInterpolator interpolator)
		{
			ColorAnimation animation = new ColorAnimation(duration, startValue, endValue, interpolator);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public ColorAnimation AddColorAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, Color endValue)
		{
			return AddColorAnimation(id, duration, property, endValue, (IInterpolator)null);
		}

		public ColorAnimation AddColorAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, Color endValue, IInterpolator interpolator)
		{
			ColorAnimation animation = new ColorAnimation(duration, property, endValue, interpolator);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public ColorAnimation AddColorAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, Color startValue, Color endValue)
		{
			return AddColorAnimation(id, duration, property, startValue, endValue, null);
		}

		public ColorAnimation AddColorAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, Color startValue, Color endValue, IInterpolator interpolator)
		{
			ColorAnimation animation = new ColorAnimation(duration, property, startValue, endValue, interpolator);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public FloatKeyFrameAnimation AddFloatKeyFrameAnimation(string id, float duration, float startValue)
		{
			FloatKeyFrameAnimation animation = new FloatKeyFrameAnimation(duration, startValue);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public FloatKeyFrameAnimation AddFloatKeyFrameAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property)
		{
			FloatKeyFrameAnimation animation = new FloatKeyFrameAnimation(duration, property);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public FloatKeyFrameAnimation AddFloatKeyFrameAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, float startValue)
		{
			FloatKeyFrameAnimation animation = new FloatKeyFrameAnimation(duration, property, startValue);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public IntKeyFrameAnimation AddIntKeyFrameAnimation(string id, float duration, int startValue)
		{
			IntKeyFrameAnimation animation = new IntKeyFrameAnimation(duration, startValue);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public IntKeyFrameAnimation AddIntKeyFrameAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property)
		{
			IntKeyFrameAnimation animation = new IntKeyFrameAnimation(duration, property);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public IntKeyFrameAnimation AddIntKeyFrameAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, int startValue)
		{
			IntKeyFrameAnimation animation = new IntKeyFrameAnimation(duration, property, startValue);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public PointKeyFrameAnimation AddPointKeyFrameAnimation(string id, float duration, Point startValue)
		{
			PointKeyFrameAnimation animation = new PointKeyFrameAnimation(duration, startValue);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public PointKeyFrameAnimation AddPointKeyFrameAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property)
		{
			PointKeyFrameAnimation animation = new PointKeyFrameAnimation(duration, property);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public PointKeyFrameAnimation AddPointKeyFrameAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, Point startValue)
		{
			PointKeyFrameAnimation animation = new PointKeyFrameAnimation(duration, property, startValue);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public SizeKeyFrameAnimation AddSizeKeyFrameAnimation(string id, float duration, Size startValue)
		{
			SizeKeyFrameAnimation animation = new SizeKeyFrameAnimation(duration, startValue);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public SizeKeyFrameAnimation AddSizeKeyFrameAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property)
		{
			SizeKeyFrameAnimation animation = new SizeKeyFrameAnimation(duration, property);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public SizeKeyFrameAnimation AddSizeKeyFrameAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, Size startValue)
		{
			SizeKeyFrameAnimation animation = new SizeKeyFrameAnimation(duration, property, startValue);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public ColorKeyFrameAnimation AddColorKeyFrameAnimation(string id, float duration, Color startValue)
		{
			ColorKeyFrameAnimation animation = new ColorKeyFrameAnimation(duration, startValue);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public ColorKeyFrameAnimation AddColorKeyFrameAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property)
		{
			ColorKeyFrameAnimation animation = new ColorKeyFrameAnimation(duration, property);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public ColorKeyFrameAnimation AddColorKeyFrameAnimation(string id, float duration, AnimationProperty property, Color startValue)
		{
			ColorKeyFrameAnimation animation = new ColorKeyFrameAnimation(duration, property, startValue);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public PointOnPathAnimation AddPointOnPathAnimation(string id, float duration, Path path)
		{
			return AddPointOnPathAnimation(id, duration, path, (IInterpolator)null);
		}

		public PointOnPathAnimation AddPointOnPathAnimation(string id, float duration, Path path, IInterpolator interpolator)
		{
			PointOnPathAnimation animation = new PointOnPathAnimation(duration, path, interpolator);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public PointOnPathAnimation AddPointOnPathAnimation(string id, float duration, Path path, AnimationProperty property)
		{
			return AddPointOnPathAnimation(id, duration, path, property, null);
		}

		public PointOnPathAnimation AddPointOnPathAnimation(string id, float duration, Path path, AnimationProperty property, IInterpolator interpolator)
		{
			PointOnPathAnimation animation = new PointOnPathAnimation(duration, path, property, interpolator);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public PointOnCircleAnimation AddPointOnCircleAnimation(string id, float duration, Point center, float radius, float startAngle, float endAngle)
		{
			return AddPointOnCircleAnimation(id, duration, center, radius, startAngle, endAngle, (IInterpolator)null);
		}

		public PointOnCircleAnimation AddPointOnCircleAnimation(string id, float duration, Point center, float radius, float startAngle, float endAngle, IInterpolator interpolator)
		{
			PointOnCircleAnimation animation = new PointOnCircleAnimation(duration, center, radius, startAngle, endAngle, interpolator);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public PointOnCircleAnimation AddPointOnCircleAnimation(string id, float duration, Point center, float radius, float startAngle, float endAngle, AnimationProperty property)
		{
			return AddPointOnCircleAnimation(id, duration, center, radius, startAngle, endAngle, property, null);
		}

		public PointOnCircleAnimation AddPointOnCircleAnimation(string id, float duration, Point center, float radius, float startAngle, float endAngle, AnimationProperty property, IInterpolator interpolator)
		{
			PointOnCircleAnimation animation = new PointOnCircleAnimation(duration, center, radius, startAngle, endAngle, property, interpolator);

			AddAnimation(id, animation);

			return animation;
		}

		public AnimationGroup AddAnimationGroup(string id)
		{
			AnimationGroup group = new AnimationGroup();

			AddAnimation(id, group);

			return group;
		}

		public AnimationSequence AddAnimationSequence(string id)
		{
			AnimationSequence sequence = new AnimationSequence();

			AddAnimation(id, sequence);

			return sequence;
		}

		public void StartAnimation(string id)
		{
			if (_animations.ContainsKey(id))
			{
				IAnimation animation = _animations[id];

				animation.Start();
			}
		}

		public void CancelAnimation(string id)
		{
			if (_animations.ContainsKey(id))
			{
				IAnimation animation = _animations[id];

				animation.Signal = null;

				animation.Cancel();

				_animations.Remove(id);
			}
		}

		public void CancelAllAnimations()
		{
			List<IAnimation> animations = _animations.Values.ToList();

			_animations.Clear();

			foreach (IAnimation animation in animations)
			{
				animation.Signal = null;

				animation.Cancel();
			}
		}

		public void RemoveAnimation(string id)
		{
			if (_animations.ContainsKey(id))
			{
				IAnimation animation = _animations[id];

				animation.Signal = null;

				_animations.Remove(id);
			}
		}

		private void OnSignal(Signal signal, object data)
		{
			RemoveAnimation(signal.Id);
		}

		public void Release()
		{
			CancelAllAnimations();

			_animations = null;
		}
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Chennai is located around 1362 KM away from Shirdi via bus route. Chennai to Shirdi travel time by bus in the concerned bus route may take around 27 hours and 15.28 minutes apporximately when your bus travels at an average speed of fifty kilometers per hour. The bus ticket fare may cost around 2044.0995 if the bus charges is 1.5 per kilometer.
The following bus route direction guides you to reach Shirdi from Chennai.
You are most welcome to add more information about Chennai to Shirdi bus route.
Chennai to Shirdi bus routes may be enriched by the viewers . you are welcome to add more travel information alike Chennai to Shirdi bus timings, Chennai to Shirdi bus route numbers,Chennai to Shirdi bus fare and buses from Chennai to Shirdi.


text:
Kinetics and coverage dependent reaction mechanisms of the copper atomic layer deposition from copper dimethylamino-2-propoxide and diethylzinc
Tyndall National Institute
Tyndall National Institute - Journal Articles
Maimaiti, Yasheng; Elliott, Simon D.
Copyright: This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Chemistry Materials, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02522
Related: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02522
Full text restriction information: Access to this article is restricted until 12 months after publication by the request of the publisher.
Citation: Maimaiti, Yasheng; Elliott, Simon D. (2016) 'Kinetics and coverage dependent reaction mechanisms of the copper atomic layer deposition from copper dimethylamino-2-propoxide and diethylzinc'. Chemistry Materials, 28 (17) :6282-6295. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02522
Published Version: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02522
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been recognized as a promising method to deposit conformal and uniform thin film of copper for future electronic devices. However, many aspects of the reaction mechanism and the surface chemistry of copper ALD remain unclear. In this paper, we employ plane wave density functional theory (DFT) to study the transmetalation ALD reaction of copper dimethylamino-2-propoxide [Cu(dmap)2] and diethylzinc [Et2Zn] that was realized experimentally by Lee et al. [ Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 4536−4539]. We find that the Cu(dmap)2 molecule adsorbs and dissociates through the scission of one or two Cu–O bonds into surface-bound dmap and Cu(dmap) fragments during the copper pulse. As Et2Zn adsorbs on the surface covered with Cu(dmap) and dmap fragments, butane formation and desorption was found to be facilitated by the surrounding ligands, which leads to one reaction mechanism, while the migration of ethyl groups to the surface leads to another reaction mechanism. During both reaction mechanisms, ligand diffusion and reordering are generally endothermic processes, which may result in residual ligands blocking the surface sites at the end of the Et2Zn pulse, and in residual Zn being reduced and incorporated as an impurity. We also find that the nearby ligands play a cooperative role in lowering the activation energy for formation and desorption of byproducts, which explains the advantage of using organometallic precursors and reducing agents in Cu ALD. The ALD growth rate estimated for the mechanism is consistent with the experimental value of 0.2 Å/cycle. The proposed reaction mechanisms provide insight into ALD processes for copper and other transition metals.


text:
Q: AppActivate wrd.Name error 5 - trying to Batch replace header image in several MS Word I need to update a massive number of documents with our new company logo. The task its just to replace the existing header image with a new one. I found an ancient code that should work with older versions of MS Word but it breaks on 365, so I need the help of a kind soul to guide me as I'm illiterate in VBA.
I tried the following code:
Sub ReplaceEntireHdr()
    Dim wrd As Word.Application
    Set wrd = CreateObject("word.application")
    wrd.Visible = True
    AppActivate wrd.Name
     'Change the directory to YOUR folder's path
    FName = Dir("C:\Test\*.doc")
    Do While (FName <> "")
        With wrd
             'Change the directory to YOUR folder's path
            .Documents.Open ("C:\Test\" & FName)
            If .ActiveWindow.View.SplitSpecial = wdPaneNone Then
                .ActiveWindow.ActivePane.View.Type = wdPrintView
            Else
                .ActiveWindow.View.Type = wdPrintView
            End If
            .ActiveWindow.ActivePane.View.SeekView = wdSeekCurrentPageHeader
            .Selection.WholeStory
            .Selection.Paste
            .ActiveDocument.Save
            .ActiveDocument.Close
        End With
        FName = Dir
    Loop
    Set wrd = Nothing
End Sub

It should open all files on a given directory, delete the header and paste the one held on the clipboard. When I try to run it, I get error '5' on line 5 (AppActivate wrd.Name).

A: The code you in your question is written to be run from outside Word, probably from Excel.
One thing that you need to figure out is which of the three types of header you are replacing. The code below assumes it is the main header. If you need just the first page header replace wdHeaderFooterPrimary with wdHeaderFooterFirstPage. You can tell which header you need by editing the header in the UI and checking the grey label.

The code you have is not well written and can be simplified as below.
Sub ReplaceEntireHdrXL()
    Dim wrd As Word.Application
    Set wrd = CreateObject("word.application")
    wrd.Visible = True
     'Change the directory to YOUR folder's path
    Dim FName As String
    FName = Dir("C:\Test\*.doc")
    Dim doc As Document
    Do While (FName <> "")
             'Change the directory to YOUR folder's path
        Set doc = wrd.Documents.Open("C:\Test\" & FName)
        With doc
            With .Sections(1).Headers(wdHeaderFooterPrimary).Range
                .Paste
                'if what you have copied includes a paragpraph mark at the end
                'you may need to delete the last para in the header
                .Paragraphs.Last.Range.Delete
            End With
            .Save
            .Close
        End With
        FName = Dir
    Loop
    Set wrd = Nothing
End Sub

You can simplify things further if you run it from Word instead.
Sub ReplaceEntireHdr()
    Dim FName As String
     'Change the directory to YOUR folder's path
    FName = Dir("C:\Test\*.doc")
    Dim doc As Document
    Do While (FName <> "")
             'Change the directory to YOUR folder's path
        Set doc = Documents.Open("C:\Test\" & FName)
        With doc
            With .Sections(1).Headers(wdHeaderFooterPrimary).Range
                .Paste
                'if what you have copied includes a paragpraph mark at the end
                'you may need to delete the last para in the header
                .Paragraphs.Last.Range.Delete
            End With
            .Save
            .Close
        End With
        FName = Dir
    Loop
End Sub

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: React Router 4 - passing state in Link component React newb here, I've noticed when I pass state with the router Link component to another component ie:
<Link to={{ pathname: '/myPath', state: { foo: myVar } }}>Text</Link>

when Link is clicked myPath loads, then I can access myVar by typing this.props.location.state.foo. even if the page is reloaded (browser refresh), myVar isn't lost and still holds its value which is what i want
another way i can get to myPath in my app is by this.props.history.push("/myPath"). can i achieve the exact same functionality as the Link component doing it this way?
Thanks

A: Haven't tried but from the document, history.push accepts optional state object as well:
push(path, [state]) - (function) Pushes a new entry onto the history stack

I would try this.props.history.push('/myPath', { foo: myVar });.


text:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<title>Constant Field Values (Reputation Simulation)</title>
<meta name="date" content="2012-04-04">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" title="Style">

JavaScript is disabled on your browser.

Overview

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Constant Field Values

Contents

edu.lognet.*

edu.lognet.*

edu.lognet.reputation.view.gui.Simulator

Modifier and Type
Constant Field
Value

public static final int
SIMULATION_PRECISION
8

public static final int
SIMULATION_SIZE
400

private static final int
TIMER_INTERVAL
10

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How To Install A Shower Curtain Rod Brilliant Full Surround Rods Bath With Tiled And Skirt Regarding 18 is one of pictures thet are related with the picture before in the collection gallery. If you would like to see the How To Install A Shower Curtain Rod Brilliant Full Surround Rods Bath With Tiled And Skirt Regarding 18 in High Resolution [HD Resolution] version, please press the right click on picures/image then choose "Save as Image" option, and done. You will get How To Install A Shower Curtain Rod Brilliant Full Surround Rods Bath With Tiled And Skirt Regarding 18 pictures that you want. The exactly dimension of How To Install A Shower Curtain Rod Brilliant Full Surround Rods Bath With Tiled And Skirt Regarding 18 was 900x607 pixels. You can also look for some pictures by collection on below this picture. Find the other picture or article about How To Install A Shower Curtain Rod here. We hope it can help you to get information of the picture.


The Fjällräven Women's Övik Flannel Shirt is a classic long-sleeved flannel shirt in a lovely, soft blend of wool and cotton. A comfortable outdoor garment in the cooler months of the year. The soft feel of cotton against the skin is combined with wool's moisture-wicking and warming properties.


text:
Home BIM Showcases Successful Projects
AIM - Archaeological Information Modeling Unveil the Covered Remnants through BIM
This project is a proposed development in Kai Tak Development Area with significant archaeological content. The project aims to provide a landscaped open space within a 30-metre wide Preservation Corridor for heritage conservation and public appreciation of the Lung Tsun Stone Bridge remnants in situ at Kai Tak. The remnants were backfilled with soil and were fully covered in 2012 by CEDD. No remnants can be seen currently on site. As there are remnants in the site, a Heritage Impact Study is required to assess the archaeological impact arising from the design and construction and to propose any necessary mitigation measures at the design stage for the approval by Antiquities Advisory Board. (Directed from Autodesk Hong Kong BIM Awards 2019: https://damassets.autodesk.net/content/dam/autodesk/www/campaigns/hk-bim-awards-site-project/2019/honorable-mention-asd.pdf)
The Town Plaza Urban Design Study for the Establishment of the Kwu Tung North, New Development Area
The Hong Kong government decided to create new development areas (NDAs) to address long-term housing demands. AECOM Asia Co. was engaged as the planning, design, and construction consultant for the NDA in Kwu Tung North. The estimated HKD 100 million project will cover 4.5 square kilometers and will accommodate 119,600 people, becoming one of the most densely populated towns in Hong Kong. The project team used ContextCapture and OpenBuildings Designer to create 3D spatial models for stakeholders. LumenRT helped conduct analyses to show a 360-degree view of design's ability to withstand wind and seasonal weather. During design review, the team made about 10 significant and 50 minor design changes directly in the model. In 2018, the design was finalized. (Directed from Bentley's Winners of Year in Infrastructure 2019: https://www.yearininfrastructure-digital.com/yearininfrastructure/year_in_infrastructure_2019/MobilePagedReplica.action?pm=2&folio=22#pg22)
Real Practice of Adopting BIM with Integrated Project Delivery
Kerry Properties Limited (KPL) has been adopting Building Information Modelling (BIM) since 2006, resulting from the benefits of BIM Usage such as reducing rework, better predictability, reducing errors, etc. From the past BIM project experiences, it was found that the core value was not grounded to the working team or to the project directly due to the fragmental execution process to treat the information and model, so Kerry's Project Management Team has an intention to take this project as a pioneer to experiment of implementing BIM process entirely cross along the project life-cycle of this property development. "The objective is to integrate the objectives and responsibilities of all stakeholders across the entire BIM spectrum in order to bringing out the true potential in application of BIM." said Executive Director – Mr. Wilkie Lee from the Project Management Department of Kerry Properties (H.K.) Limited. When it comes to transforming the process to break through the traditional workflow such as implementing BIM, resource investment is inevitable whether government or developers as the top of supply chain. (Directed from Autodesk Hong Kong BIM Awards 2019: https://damassets.autodesk.net/content/dam/autodesk/www/campaigns/hk-bim-awards-site-project/2019/award-winner-kerry-ainoland-MTR.pdf)
Full Building Life Cycle Approach with Open BIM and Open Data Concept
As part of the "Conserving Central" initiative proposed in the 2009-10 Policy Address, the Urban Renewal Authority was commissioned by the HKSAR Government to revitalize the Central Market, a grade 3 historic building. The Project involves the alteration and addition works for conservation and adaptive reuse of the existing reinforced concrete market building which is more than 80 years old. A minimum intervention approach is adopted to conserve the Central Market without affecting the existing foundation, structure and façade as well as architectural and historical significant building elements. (Directed from Autodesk Hong Kong BIM Awards 2019: https://damassets.autodesk.net/content/dam/autodesk/www/campaigns/hk-bim-awards-site-project/2019/award-winner-ura.pdf)
CIC-Zero Carbon Park – Integration of BIM-AM with IoT
Being the largest MEP government maintenance agency in Hong Kong, EMSD currently operates and maintains more than 8,000 government buildings. In 2016, to streamline the fault localization process for Building Operation & Maintenance (O&M), EMSD and CIC developed a tailormade BIM-AM System in which a novel architecture for managing decentralized building facilities information was proposed, by exploiting the information interoperability and reusability among Building Information Modelling, System Topology, Radio Frequency Identification technology, and real-time data acquisition system interfaces including Building Management System, IoT wireless sensors and Closed Circuit Television system. Crossplatform mobile and desktop systems have been developed based on the proposed architecture. The benefits to O&M was proven with around 15% time-saving compared with the traditional workflow. (Directed from Autodesk Hong Kong BIM Awards 2019: https://damassets.autodesk.net/content/dam/autodesk/www/campaigns/hk-bim-awards-site-project/2019/cic-zero-carbon-park.pdf)
Unique Cable Tunnel Design Helps Power Kai Tak
The Government of Hong Kong is set to redevelop the former airport area at Kai Tak, in eastern Kowloon, and CLP Power is preparing to supply electricity to the area, through building the Kai Tak Cable Tunnel which will connect to five new substations in the area. "In future, this cable tunnel will minimise the need for future road opening works during the power supply connection," says Ir Anthony Ip Wai-leung, Senior Project Engineer, CLP Power. "Plus, it's an innovative way of leaving a strip of land around a kilometre long for other community development." (Directed from Autodesk Hong Kong BIM Awards 2017: https://damassets.autodesk.net/content/dam/autodesk/www/campaigns/hk-bim-awards-site-project/2017/Award_Winners_CLP.pdf)


text:
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<PRONOM-Report xmlns="http://pronom.nationalarchives.gov.uk">
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      <FormatID>1060</FormatID>
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      <FormatTypes>Audio</FormatTypes>
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      <FormatDescription>This is an outline record only, and requires further details, research or authentication to provide information that will enable users to further understand the format and to assess digital preservation risks associated with it if appropriate. If you are able to help by supplying any additional information concerning this entry, please return to the main PRONOM page and select 'Add an Entry'.</FormatDescription>
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      <ProvenanceName>Digital Preservation Department / The National Archives</ProvenanceName>
      <ProvenanceSourceDate>18 Jan 2011</ProvenanceSourceDate>
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      <LastUpdatedDate>18 Jan 2011</LastUpdatedDate>
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A popular day trip from Arusha, before embarking on your main safari circuit, this small national park offers a calm and quiet space for enjoying the richness of Tanzanian wildlife. At a laid-back pace, you can take the time to look up into the canopy and spot the acrobatics of the rare black and white colobus monkeys, as well as playful blue monkeys, and the dazzling colors of turacos and trogons.
If the three-day trek up Mount Meru isn't for you, you can enjoy a relaxing exploration of its lower slopes, along trails that wind around crystal clear mountain streams and cascading waterfalls. The tranquil greens and blues of the Momela Lakes often provide a backdrop for thousands of vibrant flamingos, as well as a rich diversity of migrant waterfowl, and both giraffes and zebras graze on the grassy hills. There may be no lions to see here, and elephants are uncommon, but you might be lucky enough to see some elegant leopards and spotted hyenas in the early morning and late afternoon.
The slopes, summit, and ash cone of Mount Meru dominate this small park, as well as lush highland forests of ancient fig trees. When the clouds clear on the eastern horizon, you might even get a glimpse of the snow-capped peak of Kilimanjaro.
The striking façade of Mount Meru, Tanzania's second highest mountain, is the result of a massive volcanic blast that destroyed the eastern flank, some 250,000 years ago. Your ascent to the summit will take you on a journey from dry forests to dense mountain rainforest, which then gives way to scrubland. Higher up, heath and moorland take over, until all that's left is the barren alpine desert. The changing wildlife is equally diverse and impressive, offering regular encounters with large game, such as elephants and buffalo, and you may even spot some leopards as you climb. Of course, it's essential to be guided by an experienced and armed park ranger.
This is one of our top picks because of its unique character and the range of facilities on offer. Situated in the grounds of a coffee plantation, we just love how the wooden chalets seem to nuzzle into the lush gardens. We prefer the standard plantation rooms to the luxury suites, as we find them more tasteful, just as comfortable, and less pricey. We particularly like to use Arusha Coffee Lodge when clients are flying out of Arusha Airport the next day, as the morning transfer is only ten minutes. This is also a great spot for buying some extra special gifts for friends and family before you head off, with a collection of boutiques selling arts and crafts, jewelry, clothes, coffee, cakes and traditional Swahili food.
Located in the heart of lush tropical gardens, the cottages of Legendary Lodge are fully equipped to a high standard and all have private verandahs, offering great views of Mt. Meru. We like to recommend Legendary Lodge for guests who prefer to enjoy their own space, privacy and flexibility. At Legendary, you can choose whether to take your meals in The Old Farmhouse, on the terrace, or in the comfort of your own cottage. There are two designated family cottages, which work great for families travelling with younger children. This is also a convenient location for our clients as the transfer to Arusha Airport is just a ten minute drive, and Kilimanjaro International Airport is an hour away.
We love this luxury boutique hotel because it offers more privacy than a lodge, more comfort than a camp, and a level of personal service and attention that you wouldn't get in a larger hotel. Since the opening of Machweo Wellness Retreat & Fine Dining next door, you can enjoy an even greater level of luxury and gourmet indulgence. There are nine rooms, each with five-star amenities and a private balcony, so you can drink in the views without distraction. This would make a perfect base for your safari, Kilimanjaro trek or beach holiday in Zanzibar, where you can enjoy the extravagance of classic French cuisine and a refreshing refuge at the end of a long day.
For even more of your home comforts, we would recommend staying in one of these six luxurious cottages. They share the same owners as Onsea House but we prefer the layout and ambience. Each of the cottages is furnished to a high standard, with satellite TV, WiFi, and even a minibar, and decorated with stunning African art. Our favorite thing about Machweo is that you get your own private terrace, looking out to Mt. Meru and the awe-inspiring African sunset.
READY TO ANSWER THE CALL OF THE WILD?
Let us plan your African adventure of a lifetime so that you can experience the beauty and wonder of this stunning continent in confidence and comfort. We are privileged to be part of this life-changing experience, making your dreams come true in style.


text:
Ronco Briantino est une commune italienne de la province de Monza et de la Brianza dans la région Lombardie en Italie.

Administration

Hameaux

Communes limitrophes
Merate, Robbiate, Osnago, Verderio Inferiore, Bernareggio, Carnate

Notes et références

Commune dans la province de Monza et de la Brianza


We have a fast and efficient dispatch and delivery system, which includes Australia Post and Courier Services depending on your location. Horse n Rider normally holds stock of all products. In the event that we are unable to fill your order one of our friendly staff will contact you. Orders will normally be dispatched within 48 hours of order completion. We are situated in Queensland so no dispatches will be made on public holidays in Queensland.
Free pick-up from our store in Jimboomba, Queensland is welcomed.
Cost of freight is dependant on packed cubic weight and destination of the parcel and will automatically be calculated at checkout. Our site will provide an indication of shipping days based on the various options available in your area. We rely on outside providers for delivery so delivery days are as indicated by them and are not guaranteed.
All of our freight options are trackable for your peace of mind so you know when your order has been dispatched and when you can expect delivery. When your order has been dispatched, you will be sent a Shipping email that will include a tracking number. If you have selected Fastway Courier freight option, you can click here to see Fastway's tracking page. If you have selected Australia Post, you can click here to go to the Australia Post website If you have any difficulty tracking your parcel, please contact us.
For smaller orders we provide shipment via Australia Post Regular and Express satchels. The cost of Post satchels if applicable will be displayed in the 'shipping estimate' in 'My Cart' and in the 'Checkout'. Please refer above for instructions on how to see these estimates.
For most major areas of Australia we offer the competitive service of Fastway Couriers. If this courier service is available in your area a courier price will appear in the 'shipping estimate' and 'The Checkout'.
Couriers CAN NOT deliver to Post Office boxes so requests for a courier delivery must be to a street address.
Please also note that whilst our online 'shipping estimate' or 'Checkout' may indicate that your area is serviced by the courier company, some outlying areas may not be serviced. Some country areas are depot service only. If you consider that you maybe in such an area, please contact us to check. Alternatively, if you select 'courier' and service is not available to your area, we will contact you to make alternative arrangements.
If you are not going to be present to receive a courier delivery, please advise us of where you would like the parcel left.
We ship products to clients all over Australia, from Far North Qld, to WA, to TAS, or to Darwin NT. Where ever you are in Australia, we will provide an online quote to ship your products direct to your door, or your P.O. box.
We rely on outside providers for delivery so delivery days are as indicated by them and are not guaranteed.
Our quotes are based on freight tables from Australia Post and Fastway Couriers.