High performance electronic circuits made entirely from transparent materials could have countless applications, from head up displays on car windscreens to transparent TV sets and smart windows in homes and offices. Researchers at KAUST have found a way to make transparent transistors and other essential components of electronic circuitry using inexpensive and readily available materials and a simple fabrication technique.
Indium tin oxide (ITO) is the current material of choice for electronics because it combines optical transparency with electrical conductivity. Its use ranges from touch-sensitive smartphone screens to light-harvesting solar panels. Indium is in short supply, however, and as demand increases for ITO-containing devices, so does the price of indium.
One promising low-cost ITO alternative is a transparent material known as aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO).
To overcome this limitation, Alshareef and his research team used a high-precision technology called atomic layer deposition, a process in which the circuitry is built up a single layer of atoms at a time. Volatile vapors of aluminum and zinc in the form of trimethyl aluminum and diethyl zinc were alternately introduced onto the transparent substrate, where they adhere to the surface in a single layer before reacting in situ to form AZO.
"Using atomic layer deposition to grow all active layers simplifies the circuit fabrication process and significantly improves circuit performance by controlling layer growth at the atomic scale," Alshareef explained.
For many electronic devices, the key component is the thin film transistor. When combined in great numbers, these devices allow computers to do calculations, drive displays and act as active sensors. Alshareef used a transparent material called hafnium oxide that was sandwiched between layers of zinc oxide to form the highly-stable transistors used to fabricate the transparent circuits.
"Our transistor properties are the best reported so far for fully transparent transistors using AZO contacts," said Ph.D. student Zhenwei Wang, who carried out much of the experimental work.
Another advantage of Alshareef's approach is that atomic layer deposition only requires a temperature of 160 degrees Celsius to form each layer, which is low enough for the transparent circuitry to be formed on flexible plastic substrates as well as on rigid glass.


Staten Island Breast Cancer Research Initiative (SIBCRI).
CES has established the Staten Island Breast Cancer Research Initiative, convening an interdisciplinary team of experts to spearhead this effort.
All cancers are caused by abnormal cell growth. Cells in our body grow, divide, and die continually. Some cells develop incorrectly and grow out of control.
With breast cancer these uncontrolled cells form a lump or tumor (mass). The tumor invades and destroys nearby tissues. If left untreated, cancer cells can break away from the tumor and travel, spreading cancer to other parts of the body.
Breast cancer can spread to the bones, lungs, brain, and other organs.
Raloxifene for the Reduction in the Risk of Invasive Breast Cancer -July 24, 2007 eli lilly and company oncologic drugs advisory committee presentation. raloxifene for the reduction in the risk of invasive breast cancer. lilly's presentation.
P63 Expression in Breast Cancer -. a highly sensitive and specific marker of metaplastic carcinoma meryem m. koker, md and celina g. kleer, md (am j surg pathol 2004 ; 28 : 1506 – 1512).
Breast Cancer Research -. presented by manish modi. stevens institute of technology reu summer 2005. statistics. more than 180,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer are diagnosed and more than 40,000 deaths result from the disease each year.
Life Voyages: Stories of Breast Cancer Survivorship -Life voyages: stories of breast cancer survivorship why write a book? do we not all ask ourselves: could i face cancer? would i handle cancer with grace and dignity? would i loose control?


The following are the papers submitted and presentations given at the 2018 Western District Annual meeting in Keystone, Colorado. Please see the Technical Session Program for descriptions of the papers/presentations. If your paper or presentation is missing, and you would like to have it posted here, please contact the Web Manager.


text:
Business Vietnam to allow foreigners to own homes for 100 years
Vietnam to allow foreigners to own homes for 100 years
Thanh Nien News
HO CHI MINH CITY - Saturday, May 09, 2015 10:23 Email Print
Motorcyclists ride at a residential quarter in Hanoi. Photo credit: AFP
Metro trains will drive up Saigon land prices, set off property boom: report
Foreigners can own homes in Vietnam starting next July
Vietnam will allow foreigners to extend their home ownership by another 50 years, after the first 50-year period ends, according to a draft decree.
Last November legislators amended the law on foreign property ownership to allow foreign investment funds, foreigners with valid visas, international firms operating in Vietnam and overseas Vietnamese to buy residential properties.
They are able to buy up to 30 percent of an apartment building or up to 250 houses in a ward -- a subdistrict-level administrative area that can contain thousands of properties. Ho Chi Minh City, for instance, is divided into more than 250 wards.
These changes will take effect in July 2015.
In a draft decree that offers instructions on implementing the amended law, the Ministry of Construction stipulates that foreigners can apply to extend their home ownership period at province-level administrations three months before the first 50-year term expires.
The draft decree, pending government approval, is expected to be introduced later this month.
Under the amended law, foreign individuals married to Vietnamese citizens are entitled to freehold tenure.
The relaxation of foreign ownership restrictions is expected to boost an ailing real estate market saddled with oversupply.
Foreigners working in Vietnam have been permitted to own apartments since 2009, but red tape and usage restrictions dissuaded buyers, with just 126 out of some 80,000 foreigners becoming home owners in the country as of 2013.
Vietnam's new foreign ownership property law:
WHO: Foreigners with a valid visa; foreign investment funds, banks; Vietnamese branches and representative offices of overseas companies are eligible to buy.
TYPES: All residential property types including apartments, villas and townhouses. Previously only applicable to apartments.
VOLUME: There is no limit on the number of units a foreigner can buy, but the total number of units owned by all foreign buyers must not exceed 30 percent of the units in one apartment building, or 250 landed property units in one ward. Previously an eligible foreigner could buy only one apartment in Vietnam.
PURPOSE OF PURCHASE: The properties owned by foreigners can be sub-leased, traded, inherited and collateralized. Previously ownership was strictly for residential purpose.
foreigners real estate property
More Business News
Japanese fashion retailer Miniso comes to Vietnam
The chain plans 12 stores this year and 200 by 2021
Uber must pay tax for drivers in Vietnam: finance ministry
German companies eye young solar energy market in Vietnam
Emerging markets in longest slump since june as volatility jumps
Vinamilk seeks to buy second U.S. dairy company in growth push

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


One of the many obstacles a newly turned vegan face is how to handle family members who are not on board with her or his lifestyle change. I speak from experience because I first became plant-based then vegan even before my husband did. And while some of our relatives (his side and mine) are either plant-based, vegetarian or vegan, we have more that are still carni's. I know our topic is focused on family but you can also apply the following tips when dealing with your friends and/or officemates (read a beginner's guide on how to shop vegan groceries).
Focus on the person, not on their food choices. Hypocrisy aside, before you became vegan, you walked the same shoes and shared the same table with them. Don't be the next superior vegan. Becoming vegan does not give you an invisible title to treat them differently. During family gatherings, focus on the time spent with them, not the food they eat versus what you can and cannot eat (read my vegan journey).
Bring vegan food and share it with them. It is easy to veganize foods, even comfort and traditional ones for that matter. A pot of vegan chili, nicely bottled vegan ceasar dressing, mixed nuts for snacks, even just a platter of fruits! This is my trick, I bring my food in case there is nothing for me to eat in a gathering. Let them taste your dish, you'd be amazed with a lot of "wow! what?, that taste good!". And next thing you know, you just converted one to become plant-based or vegan (read how to transition to plant-based food) !
Share your success story, only if they ask why you're vegan. If you're vegan for health reasons, tell them what has changed in your life or health overall. If you're vegan for animals, tell them that you don't need animal meat to survive. Which will lead you to their next question: where do you get your proteins? I hate to sound like a broken record, plus you can google it anyways. Plants have proteins. What do cows eat? grass, plants, proteins (read the happy side of being vegan).
Speak if you have to and be the voice of change. I have personally encountered people questioning my philosophy but because I am a healthcare professional (RN), having seen patients with diabetes, hypertension, high, cholesterol, to name a few, I always and with absolute confidence, explain the good side of plant-based/ vegan lifestyle from a medical standpoint. When you touch animal cruelty, expect to ruffle feathers so my advice to you is to speak calmly and use your own personal experience as point of reference. Having a debate with a family member who is clueless with this lifestyle is like speaking to a deaf person. Go back to tip #1, focus on the person. Veganism is a journey. Walk the talk. Speak for the voiceless. But at the end of the day, it is their life, their health, their own journey (read accidentally vegan favorites).
I hope the above tips enlightened you. I am currently spearheading a plant-based lifestyle program to our medical patients. It's a 12-week program with different topics per week, covering chronic diseases and how plant-based food can help reverse and prevent them. Our medical doctor presents the clinical side, supported by studies, while I cover the practical and personal side, including meal planning, weekly recipes and on-site demo cooking. It's the first of its kind in Hawai'i and I am glad to be able to create positive impact and change to our dear patients.
Excellent tips! Also, wonderful of you to bring food to share and that you can eat in case. I was shocked when my cousin and his family from Cali arrived for Thanksgiving dinner at my house, where I was feeding 33 adults and children, and they told me they were vegan just then. Unfortunately, they were kind of out of luck because the veggies had butter on them at that point. Fortunately, there was salad.
Thanks Allison. Wow, that's a lot of people to feed. Yeah, the easiest is always to bring food. I grew up in a family that's customary to bring something as token for the host/hostess.
I like that you aren't pushy with your choices on others, but help explain when people have questions. You gave some great tips!
My brother and his wife have gone through several lifestyle diets. They always bring something they can eat that they think the rest of us would like too. What you believe in for your diet is important as long as you don't make others feel guilty for their beliefs.
My niece has decided to be pescatarian and our family is 100% supportive, it's odd to me that people aren't supportive of others' choices and life styles? When she was here for the summer visiting with my mom, we just made sure she had options if we went anywhere. usually I would join her in her fish eating too.
When my ex-husband went vegan–20 years ago! I always had to make something just for him to eat and take it with us at holiday gatherings. You can't expect people who aren't vegan to offer vegan food.
Thank you for stating to not be a hypocrite if you are vegan. Aside from a few close friends I find most vegans to have a holier than thou attitude and it's just not cool. I don't judge your food choices and don't want mine judged either. I also agree that plenty of dishes are delicious without meat!
Yes. I don't like holier than thou attitude too coz it rubs me the wrong way. It takes a lot of maturity to be able to swallow pride. I don't like aggression based mentality.
Great tips! Its kind of crazy that so many extended family people can really question and put one down so much for their food choices. Its such a bummer! I just try to not eat too much bread because if its a store bought one they just make me feel bad so I try to avoid it but others cant understand that which is weird.
I think "Don't be the next Superior Vegan" is the best advice ever. The quickest way to alienate those who we want to make different choices is to act like they are somehow less than because they eat meat.
Thanks! My friends are thankful that I don't force my beliefs to them. When my best friend visited me, whom I haven't seen in the last 11 years, didn't feel a single alienation at all. She initially told me that she's a bit hesitant to eat with me but I told her, cmon we've been best friends for 30+ yrs, I'm not going to throw our friendship away because of what you're going to order today. We both laughed.
I think it's really nice when people bring food if they are following a specific diet/lifestyle. It can be very uncomfortable for the hostess if she thinks that some guests feel unwelcome because there's nothing on the table to cater to their dietary choices.
Great advice, and I love your outlook on the whole thing. Also, I adore that jumper!
I'm definitely not at the point where I am ready to become vegan, but I have been trying to introduce an even higher vegetarian diet into my family's eating habits. It's been a little bit of a struggle with the littles though. They're ok with veggies, and tbh, better than other kids their ages I've seen at their preschool/pre-K classes, but we have a bit to go before making any significant jumps.
I'm happy to read your comment. It's a journey and I am glad your kids are eating healthier than most kids their age group!


The growing middle class, affordable air travel and accommodation, as well as the ASEAN Open Skies Policy are creating enormous potential for local and international brands.
FIA has signalled its commitment to help scale-up food safety capacity building in China and the ASEAN region with the signing of an agreement with the World Bank for the Global Food Safety Partnership (GFSP) — and making an initial contribution of US$150,000.
As the world's food economy expands and international supply chains grow more complex, many countries in Asia are facing challenges in food safety capacity.
While the vast majority of food is delivered safely to our tables, the World Health Organization (WHO) states that foodborne and waterborne diarrhoeal diseases kill an estimated two million people annually, including many children, and particularly in developing countries.
Where food supplies are insecure, economic progress is inhibited; people tend to shift to less healthy diets and consume more "unsafe foods" — in which chemical, microbiological and other hazards pose health risks.
Since 2010, FIA has successfully brought together leading F&B companies around three key challenges of food safety, harmonisation and health & nutrition, forming meaningful tri-sector partnerships across Asia.
FIA members representing the food industry in Asia and beyond have recognised that the best way to tackle food safety effectively on a global scale is through multi-sectoral partnerships where knowledge can be cascaded freely to those most in need.
In particular, FIA has been an active player and a key supporter of the Global Food Safety Partnership (GFSP), convened by the World Bank. Since the creation of the GFSP in 2012 to improve capacity-building and training programmes for food safety practitioners in both public and private sectors, FIA has worked to ensure that this initiative is well informed and responsive to the needs of the F&B sector in the region.
Signing the agreement on September 11 at the Vienna Food Safety Forum, FIA's president Amit Banati said: "By signing this agreement in the presence of leaders from the World Bank, the UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the China Food & Drug Administration and global industry partners, we are reaffirming FIA's role as a valuable partner to businesses and governments in Asia as we seek to scale up our collaborative efforts to strengthen food safety systems.
We are delighted to be part of this unique global partnership that aims to drive a joined-up food safety agenda especially in China, where there is a real opportunity to build a strong food safety culture between the government and the food industry.


FX packs for only $7!
Create amazing music with this incredible FX bundle before it's gone!
What exactly is "FX Toolkit"?
With this offer, every producer will be given access to high-quality resources, whether they're bedroom producers still in high school or some of the best producers who are killing it.
This means that no matter where you are on your production journey, you can get 900 amazing Risers, Impacts, Downlifters, Buildup Drums, Ambience, and more for less than 1 cent per file.
So, if you've been looking to boost your production skills without breaking the bank, this is a perfect offer to take advantage of.
This bonuses are ONLY available with your copy of "FX Toolkit Bundle".
Producers always underestimate the importance of FX in a song.
The right FX will turn a stale arrangement into an exciting adventure. Without them, you are left with a bunch of parts that don't connect and have no flow or energy.
So with Tension, we created a whopping 150 samples and loops that will meet ANY of your FX needs!
Save yourself hours of undesirable FX work and sped up our entire production workflow with Tension FX now.
With Tension FX Vol 2, our production team wanted to expand on the previous volume and make even MORE high quality sounds so you always have the perfect FX sample when you need it.
Our team has included everything from Buildup Drums to Risers to White Noise -- all ready for you to use and propel your tracks and arrangements to a professional level.
FX samples are crucial for any track to be coherently arranged, so make sure you get your hands on this pack now!
WHAT'S INCLUDED IN FX TOOLKIT BUNDLE?
Make your songs sound complete with this incredible "Fx Toolkit Bundle" offer before it's gone!


Every day the Trinacria Express connects Palermo Centrale station with Punta Raisi airport.
The first departure from Palermo Centrale station is at 4.45 and the last is at 20.09. From Falcone-Borsellino airport, the first departure is at 5.54 and the last is at 22.05 . The journey times vary depending on the departure time and the number of stops, and can take between 45 and 70 minutes.
The cost of the ticket is €5.50 euro. You can buy tickets on Trenitalia website , at the ticket desks, at the self-service machines, in travel agencies and at authorised sales points.
2) By bus (Prestia and Comandè).
The "Prestia and Comandè" Bus Service runs from/To Palermo daily. The time to arrive to the Central Station (Stazione Centrale) is about 55 minutes, and to Piazza Politeama about 40 minutes.
The journey from/to the airport to/from palermo strongly depends on the time of the departures, and it can last up to 75min. The Taxi station outside the airport is close to the Bus station.
From Palermo you can ask for a Taxi by calling the "Autoradio Taxi Palermo" phone-numbers: +39091513311, +39091512727.
The extimated cost is €45.


Do you want to manage your widget by your way? Well, the Widgets Controller is highly important application for managing your page-widget. It allows you to showing or hiding the widgets' content just by few mouse clicks. There is no requirement of PHP knowledge. Easy-to-install Widgets Controller is a smart plug-in with smart features.
What are iBeacons? How do Beacons Work for Businesses?


Older and weaker oak trees are more susceptible to fungal diseases.
Unseen killers can attack mighty oak trees (Quercus spp.) from the inside out. When fungus causes a disease to spread inside an oak, the center of the trunk and branches can decay. As the rot progresses, it creates hollow pockets that prevent the oak's ability to move water and nutrients, which effectively starves the tree.
Just underneath the protective bark covering of trees lies a layer called the cambium. As the cambium continually grows, it produces phloem on the outside and sapwood on the inside. The phloem moves sugar that is manufactured in the leaves downward to nourish the tree and the sapwood moves water upward from the roots to the leaves. As sapwood naturally dies, it becomes heartwood, which is the central core of a tree trunk, and is replaced by new sapwood. When a fungus invades the inside of oak trees, it disrupts the inner workings of this upward-downward transport system and can rot any or all of these inner layers.
Fungal diseases that promote decay inside oak trees are collectively called sap or heart rots because of the damage they cause to the sapwood and heartwood. In addition to disrupting the flow of water and nutrients, the strength of an oak tree is compromised as wood rot creates hollow pockets. Trunks and limbs become unable to support their weight and fall, especially during high winds or strong rain storms. The outer appearance of an oak may give no clues that the tree is sick until fallen limbs reveal rotten or hollow cores.
By the time the fruiting bodies of a fungus appear on the outside of an oak tree, the disease may have progressed beyond a salvageable threshold for the tree's life. Ganoderma applanatum is the causal pathogen that is identified by the formation of conks, which are bracket or shelf fungi. Generally, conks form at the base of oak trees around the trunk. Turkey tail conks, which fan out like their descriptive name along tree trunks, are the fruiting bodies of the Trametes versicolor fungus. Oyster mushrooms form shelflike clusters on trunks and indicate the presence of the Pleurotus ostreatus fungus.
Once sap and heart rots take hold of an oak tree, disease management is difficult. It's easier and more effective to manage injuries that place trees at higher risk of contracting diseases. Wounds from mowers or pruning tools create portals through which a fungus may invade a tree. Shaping young trees while they're still small by properly pruning them reduces the need to prune large limbs from older trees, which opens large wounds. All dead or dying limbs should be removed to minimize the spread of a fungus. Making pruning cuts just outside the collar, which is the thickened ring of cells near the trunk, helps the tree heal the wound itself.
eXtension.org: What Makes a Tree Unique?
Lee, Victoria. "Fungus That Grows Inside Hollow Oak Trees." Home Guides | SF Gate, http://homeguides.sfgate.com/fungus-grows-inside-hollow-oak-trees-69458.html. Accessed 19 April 2019.
What Is Fungus on a Tree & Can It Affect Anyone?


text:
Although a 2020 Trump victory seems unlikely, so did a 2016 one
Why America's most unexpected president can snag another four years, and what young voters can do to stop it.
Sophia Gamble, Editor|March 16, 2018
https://www.270towin.com/maps/2016-actual-electoral-map
The 2016 election turned America red. But in 2020, it's our job to paint the white house blue.
When the year 2020 arrives, Shorecrest's current seniors, juniors, and most sophomores will be able to vote in the presidential election. While we don't know who our candidates will be, we can be pretty sure that the hotly criticized current president Donald Trump will be one of them. On January 8th, 2018, White House spokesperson Hogan Gidley stated that Trump will in fact seek re-election. So we as Americans have to ask ourselves two questions. Do we want another four years of Trump? And if not, what do we need to do to stop him?
In order to keep Trump from grasping a second term, we have to take a look at how he got elected the first time around. We all remember that night; sitting in front of the television watching wide-eyed as Hillary Clinton's seemingly easy victory was swept out from under our feet. Many are doubtful that after so many missteps, inappropriate tweets, and outrageous scandals that the Trump administration will find victory in three years time. However, much of America had the same thought in 2016. This false sense of comfort is likely one of the reasons Trump is sitting in the White House today. We can organize the sources of his success into three categories: voting choices, the failures of our political system, and Trump's ideological campaign. If we can disable any of these three factors, we can avoid another four years of Trump; all we have to do is find the weakest link. If nothing changes, Trump has a pretty good shot at being in the White House again.
Many blame the catastrophe that was the 2016 election on third party voters and lack of voter turnout. They aren't far off. Only 55.4% of eligible voters showed up to the polls, but just 50.3% of the electorate chose a legitimate candidate. Many see choosing a candidate outside of the party binary as a poor choice. According to CNN, alternative candidates took about 5.1% of America's votes. "Basically you're kind of throwing away your vote," says Shorecrest senior Mumina Ali. Third party votes came primarily from the political left, splitting the liberal vote and opening up space for conservative ballots to pour into the boxes.
Historically red states had greater voter turnout in 2016 than in 2012. CNN Politics lists that Michigan cast 4.8 million ballots in 2016, compared to 4.7 million four years prior, North Carolina's turnout was uped by over 100,000 votes, and Florida experienced a hugely significant almost one-million vote increase. It seems that Republican voters were more concerned with getting Trump in office than they were about keeping Obama, a president that many Republican voters heavily criticized and ridiculed, out of office. So what brought on this conservative fervor in the United States? What was it exactly that attracted even moderate Republicans to Trump like flies to honey? It has something to do with the way he ran his presidential race.
It comes down to xenophobia. Trump's campaign survived off of attaching sentimental value to the 'old days' when America was supposedly a better, more moral country (hence the "Make America Great Again" slogan). And as Americans across the country, especially in the middle, reminisced upon the fake glory that encompassed years past, they found the greatest threat to their beloved America was the outside world, and all the people who came with it. By painting the new and the unknown as threats to our American Dream, Trump was able to alienate and put down not only marginalized groups, but entire countries and regions. Fear is likely one of the greatest catalysts in human life, and when a politician can tap into that fear and corrupt it, they become almost unstoppable.
Trump is a master of this tactic. Not only did he win the election, he built a nation of fearful Conservatives within the United States and told its citizens that everyone who wasn't in their group were people to be scared of: that they were trying to trick them, hurt them, tear away their hopes and dreams. And it worked. It worked very well. Suddenly everyone and everything that wasn't traditionally "American" was an enemy: immigrants, abortion rights, the LGBTQ+ community, gun control, etc. no longer belonged here in their eyes. Trump had made America theirs, and anything that presented a danger to their America no longer had a place in the country at all, let alone the political scene. Which is why Hillary Clinton suffered so greatly at the hands of Trump's anti-government sentiment.
Clinton is both a woman and a true life-long politician, which are two characteristics Trump easily spun as a risk to his description of the old-America, the one that was great and prosperous. Think about it, America's foundation lies with those who defied the establishment, shook up the government, and started their own nation free from the control of monarch-like forces. Someone like Clinton, whose family tree is rooted in politics, seems to embody everything Trump's supporters are against. His "drain the swamp" rhetoric turned Clinton into a very loathable opponent. Whereas her history made her appear corrupt and against American fundamentalism, Trump's complete absence of a political background made him appear as a clean slate. Those who support him are the ones who feel most attacked and harmed by big government: the rich who don't want to give up their uneven gains, and the uneducated poor who are easily tricked into believing established politicians will forget about them. This keeps his base believing that his actions are valid and will serve them, the Americans — the true Americans, as certain people view it.
With Trump in the White House a whole new door has been opened. His rise to the presidency has proved one major fact: literally anyone can be president. Many Americans no longer want a politician in office, they want someone who they think will fight for them. Somehow Trump has made it seem favorable to have someone with no political background in charge of one of the most powerful and important political systems in the world. This sudden want for a non-political government is a direct effect of America's electoral and political party process's shortcomings, the third reason why Trump was so easily able to find victory.
You don't have to be a political scientist to understand the basic idea of democracy: the option which the majority desires is the option taken. We're all taught this function from a young age. Don't you remember sitting in elementary school classes and taking votes over what book will be read at storytime, or what will be eaten for snack? Why then does democracy not work that way in real life? How is it that Clinton won almost three-million more votes than Trump and still ended up in second place? The answer is the electoral college. We're all familiar with this system; electors are chosen from each state (a number decided on by adding each state's two senators to their number of representatives in the House), who then are supposed to reflect the popular vote of their state. The problem lies in the fact that populations are disproportionately represented.
The reason for the electoral college's existence was to find a middle-ground between state and federal power. Early America needed this system as many were afraid of turning power fully over to the citizens. Founders were worried that the American population, mostly rural uneducated farmers, were incapable of making such an important decision. In a time when America had just dismantled the failed and state controlled Articles of Confederation, in which state governments were superior to the federal government, allocating more electoral control to the states made sense: the country needed a chance to transition. Before the United States was a sovereign entity, colonists identified themselves as a citizen of Virginia, Colorado, or New York, not a citizen of the United States. It is understandable that those in less populous states worried about their representation if a popular vote for president was implemented. By securing the electoral college in small states, it is ensured that no one was left out of the process, and made sure that enough states were happy with the new system to accept it as their own in the young country.
But, what actually happens is that some citizens end up with more electorates representing them than others. The Huffington Post Blog exposed the fact that the citizens of the least populous US state, Wyoming, have more representation than those of the most populous state, California. This is because Wyoming, whose population makes up less than one-fifth of a percent of America's population has three, or one-half of a percent, of the national electoral college votes. This is because Wyoming has three people in Congress due to the fact that each state automatically gets two senators. If based on population, the state would have a single electoral vote for the one representative they have in the House. The result is that in Wyoming each elector represents about 200,000 voters, while in California each elector represents about 700,000 voters. This flawed system is the reason that candidate Donald Trump was able to beat Hillary Clinton by 74 electoral college votes even though the majority of the population voted for her; his fan base is mostly in rural, low population states where each individual's vote matters more than an individual in a high population state. Since urban centers are generally liberal hotspots, the Republican vote in America is more powerful than the Democratic.
We are at a point where the electoral college doesn't need to play a role any longer. If more people want a certain candidate, that candidate should be the one in office. It's simple, really. Alexander Hamilton stated that the electoral college ensures "that the office of President will never fall to the lot of any man who is not in an eminent degree endowed with the requisite qualifications." But, that is exactly what the electoral college allowed to happen in the most recent election: someone very unqualified for the position made it to the presidency. This electoral system was developed two-hundred some years ago. We as a nation have outgrown it.
The final piece in the puzzle of Trump's victory is party politics. How was it possible for Trump's extreme ideology to make it onto the ballot in the first place? It comes down to the lethal combination of weak parties and strong party loyalty. America seems to be divided between blue and red, leaving no room for any shade of purple. Someone is either a Democrat or a Republican, and this is because those two parties seem to be in a battle over political issues. In other countries, parties represent a singular problem, say women's rights or the environment. Citizens then tend to vote for the party that they feel best represents their major concerns. Two people, then, could have the same general political leaning but vote for different parties based on what they care the most about getting changed in the country. In America, however, the Democrats and Republicans have created a monopoly on government: pulling every possible social, economic, and political issue under their umbrella, while actively opposing anything the other party agrees with. This severely weakens the parties as they run on a solely anti-opponent platform and lose the ability to actually work with the opposing party once elected, as any deviation from strict red or blue lines would mean venturing into a scary and uncharted purple territory. The American citizens don't like purple and politicians try to stay out of it as much as possible in order to stay in office. We have a strange system in this country that favors getting elected over getting things done in government.
With strong party loyalty from Americans fostered by the two parties' partisan ideals, it becomes very hard for a true Republican (those who are traditional and view Trump as too right) to vote Democratically. In fact, people would rather vote for a party rather than a person. This is the fatal flaw of our otherwise carefully constructed democracy. Putting party over candidate works exceedingly well in other developed democratic nations due to well established and specific political parties, but our weak party system doesn't allow for similar success. When anyone from a full-out communist to a moderate with liberal leanings can fall under the umbrella of "Democrat," and an alt-right white nationalist can share the label "Republican" with a mild libertarian, we really have no idea who we're voting for if we look just at party association. In this way, many Republicans who would probably have preferred Clinton marked Trump's name on their ballot just because of his label and their blind commitment to the Republican party.
https://www.dmv.org/wa-washington/voter-registration.php
Visit this site to register to vote in Washington State.
Now that we have some ideas about why and how Trump won, we have to look at what will stop him. First, can we dismantle the big picture political and electoral institutions in America and renovate them before 2020? Probably not. Every election year Americans question and criticize the electoral college and bash partisan politics, but nothing seems to be changing. Third party candidates made amazing strides in 2016, and we can look forward to days when they are truly valid ballot options. Having faith is important, but realism is an equal virtue-; we can't change these problems in three years, but they are valid goals to continue to work towards for the future. Second, can we change the way people think about Trump and his ideology? Not easily. His rhetorical success is at the mercy of whatever events happen in the next few years. If terrorist attacks and immigrant crimes increase, so will Trump's support. But if collusion with Russia is proved, his support might decrease, though that may not be enough. . Unfortunately we can't predict any of that, so there lies one last option: voting. "We should use [voting] to our advantage, we shouldn't take it for granted," said Ali. Smarter voting is something we can fix, and it's in the hands of young people today.
Millenials and Gen Z seem to be the most liberal voters yet, which is why we need to them to do two things: show up to vote, and not select third party. According to CNN, in 2016 55% of voters age 18-29 voted for Clinton, while 9% voted third party. No other age range voted so clearly in favor of Clinton. Imagine if that left over 9% had gone towards Clinton, not a candidate with no chance, raising her percentage to 64%. According to Brookings, only 50% of voters age 18-29 actually showed up to the polls. This age group, as stated by Marketing Charts, made up 16.6% of the total population in 2016. What if we could double this presence at the ballot box next time? What if we had 8.3% more people voting blue? By voting, said Shorecrest senior Luke Kane, "You are changing the fate of how your country is going to be run."
Imagine in key states like Florida and Pennsylvania, where Trump won by under 2% of the vote, or in Michigan and Wisconsin, where Clinton lost by less than a single percent. Those votes would have mattered, they could have tipped the scale. If even just Florida and Wisconsin would have went blue, Hillary would have reached 271 electoral votes, winning the election; leaving Trump sitting at 267 votes.
Our government is so well set up that we can't dismantle its institutions from the outside; we have to get inside the system first. We can't destroy the xenophobic attitudes in our nation quickly, and we surely can't fix the ineffective electoral system in a timely manner either. We have to vote, and we have to vote for a viable candidates. At the very least, "vote against the person you feel like isn't going to help our country," said Ali, instead of taking the third party route. Hillary may not have been the most likeable candidate, and there might be unattractive candidates in the future, but we have to ask ourselves if the alternative is worth it. The fact is that if everything stays the same Trump will win re-election. Don't let Trump's failures make you comfortable come 2020; as long as he can still win, we have to still vote.
Don't Worry About Controlling Your Rights. Worry About Controlling Your Life.
Why I Still Wear a Mask
Is Wikipedia a reliable source?
How Not to Ace Your First Homecoming
An open letter from a tired Jewish student
Why ARE the curtains blue? A defense of over-analyzing
Scots Ready to Serve: The Appeal of Joining the Military
The Flaws of the AP System
ASB Elections Reform


text:
Le chemin de fer du Panama est une ligne de chemin de fer reliant les océans Atlantique et Pacifique au Panama, en Amérique centrale. Depuis 1998, il est exploité en concession par la Panama Canal Railway Company, filiale commune du Kansas City Southern Railway et de la société Mi-Jack. La ligne, longue de , franchit l'isthme de Panama entre Colón et Panama (en passant par Gatun, Bujio, Barbacoas, Matachin et Summit). Désigné par ses partisans comme le chemin de fer inter-océanique lors de son ouverture en 1855, on l'a plus tard décrit comme constituant le premier chemin de fer transcontinental.

Construit afin de permettre d'écouler un trafic de plus en plus intense vers la Californie, en particulier lors de la ruée vers l'or de 1849, ses travaux de construction ont commencé en 1850 pour voir ensuite passer le premier train assurant la desserte de bout en bout le .

Un demi-siècle plus tard, l'itinéraire de cette ligne a été fortement modifié lors de la construction du canal de Panama sur un itinéraire parallèle.

Depuis 2001, la ligne entièrement rénovée, assure un transit important de conteneurs entre les deux océans.

L'exploitation actuelle
Une liaison quotidienne de trains de voyageurs est assurée entre les deux océans.

Environ 10 trains quotidiens de fret (transport de conteneurs) transportent  conteneurs chaque année entre les deux océans.

Histoire

Les premiers projets
Alors que les sentiers du Camino Real, puis de Las Cruces, construits et entretenus à l'origine par les Espagnols, ont permis à quelques voyageurs et à quelques marchandises de franchir l'isthme de Panama pendant plus de trois siècles, il est apparu, au cours du , que devait être établi un moyen de franchissement moins coûteux, plus sûr et plus rapide. Vu le développement de la technologie ferroviaire au début des années 1800 et étant donné le coût et la difficulté que présentait alors, compte tenu des technologies disponibles, le percement d'un canal, la construction d'une ligne de chemin de fer parut la solution idéale.

Simón Bolívar, président de Grande Colombie, dont faisait alors partie l'actuel Panama, mandate une étude relative à la possibilité de construire une ligne de chemin de fer entre Chagres, sur la rivière du même nom, et la ville de Panama. Cette étude réalisée entre 1827 et 1829, établit qu'une telle ligne était envisageable ; toutefois, l'idée n'aura pas de suite immédiate.

En 1836, Andrew Jackson, président des États-Unis d'Amérique, commande une étude afin de lister les itinéraires possibles afin d'établir une relation interocéanique, pour protéger les intérêts des Américains transitant entre les deux océans, en particulier ceux vivant dans la région de l'Oregon. Les États-Unis acquièrent, à la suite de cette étude, une franchise sur un chemin de fer franchissant l'isthme. Cependant, cette entreprise est victime de la panique de 1837, et n'aura, elle non plus, aucune suite.

En 1838, une entreprise française reçoit la concession d'une liaison par route, par fer ou par voie d'eau à travers l'isthme. Une première étude recommande la construction d'un canal au niveau de la mer entre Limón Bay et la baie Boca del Monte, une vingtaine de kilomètres à l'ouest de Panama. Mais là encore, l'entreprise capote, faute de fonds et de technologie appropriée.

À la suite de l'achat, par les États-Unis, de la Haute-Californie et du Territoire de l'Oregon en 1846, et de la perspective d'un nombre accru de colons voyageant entre les deux côtes de l'Amérique du Nord, les États-Unis cherchent à nouveau à ce qu'existe un lien sûr et rapide entre les océans Atlantique et Pacifique. Le Congrès des États-Unis, en 1847 (soit un an avant que de l'or soit découvert en Californie), autorise la libération de fonds afin que soient exploitées deux lignes de bateaux à vapeur pour le transport du courrier et des passagers : une ligne dans l'Atlantique, l'autre dans le Pacifique. La ligne de l'Atlantique relia New York, La Havane et La Nouvelle-Orléans au Río Chagres au Panama en traversant la mer des Caraïbes (subvention de ). La ligne du Pacifique devait relier la ville de Panama à la Californie et à l'Oregon (subvention de ). Aucun des navires du Pacifique ne fut construit avant que le service de transport du courrier ne fut abandonné.

En 1847, le transit à travers l'isthme était assuré par des barques monoxyles traditionnelles (plus tard, des canots de sauvetage modifiés furent également utilisés), qui remontaient le Río Chagres, souvent sauvage et dangereux. Ensuite, des mules prenaient le relais pour la trentaine de kilomètres suivant les anciens sentiers créés par les Espagnols. Ces sentiers étaient en très mauvais état, n'ayant pas été entretenus pendant plus de 50 ans, alors que la pluviométrie locale peut atteindre plus de  chaque année lors de la saison des pluies entre avril et décembre. Un trajet entre l'Atlantique et le Pacifique (ou réciproquement) prenait entre 4 et 8 jours aller-retour, et n'était pas exempt de dangers ni de risques de contracter une maladie.

William H. Aspinwall, l'homme à qui la concession de la ligne de bateaux à vapeur du Pacifique avait échu, conçoit un nouveau projet de chemin de fer à travers l'isthme. Associé à des partenaires, il enregistre à New York la compagnie Panama Railroad Company, fait une levée de fonds d'un million de dollars en vendant du bétail, et prend l'appui de sociétés privées afin d'étudier le tracé et l'ingénierie nécessaire à la construction de cette ligne. Ce projet arrive en temps opportun, car la découverte d'or en Californie en janvier 1848 crée une ruée d'émigrants souhaitant traverser l'isthme de Panama pour rejoindre la Californie. Le premier bateau à vapeur à aubes et à trois mâts, sur les trois qui furent construits, à opérer la ligne du Pacifique, fut le SS California, d'un coût de . Il était d'une longueur de , d'une largeur de  et d'un tirant d'eau de , il déplaçait  ; lorsqu'il contourna (à la voile) le Cap Horn, il fut le premier bateau à vapeur à naviguer sur la côte Ouest de l'Amérique. Le , lorsqu'il fit escale à Panama, il fut pris d'assaut par 700 chercheurs d'or, mais n'en embarqua que 400 lorsqu'il appareilla le  à destination de la baie de San Francisco,  plus au nord, qu'il atteignit le , après un voyage de 145 jours depuis le départ de New York. À San Francisco, tout l'équipage, excepté le commandant, déserta, et le navire fut échoué pendant environ 4 mois avant qu'un ravitaillement en charbon et un nouvel équipage, bien plus coûteux, pût être trouvé.

La première construction de la ligne
En mai 1850 débute la construction de la ligne. Mais très rapidement, les difficultés de l'entreprise apparurent. Une très grande partie du tracé se situait dans la jungle marécageuse ; la chaleur était étouffante, les moustiques étaient omniprésents et les pluies torrentielles durant près de la moitié de l'année obligèrent certains des ouvriers à travailler dans l'eau jusqu'à la taille. Certains marais semblaient sans fond et souvent, il fallut accumuler plus de  de remblai afin d'obtenir une assise correcte pour la voie. Les seuls équipements motorisés disponibles étaient la voie ferrée et ses locomotives ; le reste du travail devait être fait à la force des bras et à l'aide de mules. Le choléra, la fièvre jaune et le paludisme causèrent de nombreuses morts, et, malgré le recrutement continu de nouveaux ouvriers, il y eut des périodes durant lesquelles le chantier dut être arrêté, faute de personnel suffisant en bonne santé. Tout le matériel et toute la nourriture devaient être importés des États-Unis, ce qui contribua à l'élévation du coût de construction de la ligne.

Le destin du projet tourna en novembre 1851, alors que le fonds initial d'un million de dollars était en passe d'être épuisé. Deux gros bateaux à vapeur, transportant un millier de passagers, furent forcés de s'abriter dans la Limón Bay, au nord de l'isthme, afin d'échapper à un cyclone tropical dans la mer des Caraïbes.  Puisque la ligne était, à ce moment-là, déjà achevée sur , jusqu'à la ville de Gatún sur le Río Chagres, il fut possible de débarquer les voyageurs et leurs bagages et de les transporter sur ce tronçon, à l'aide de wagons plats, ce qui limita d'autant leur périple sur la rivière. Pressés de débarquer et de franchir l'isthme, les chercheurs d'or payèrent  par mile parcouru et  les 100 livres de bagage. Cette injection d'argent sauva la compagnie concessionnaire et commença à la rendre rentable. Des voitures à passagers furent immédiatement commandés, et la ligne fut ouverte au trafic alors que plus de  de son tracé restait à construire. Chaque année, le tronçon exploitable augmentait en longueur, le prix du billet augmentait proportionnellement, et ceci contribua à l'augmentation de la valeur de l'entreprise. De ce fait, des fonds purent être levés, ce qui permit l'achèvement des travaux, qui finalement s'élevèrent à  et coûtèrent la vie de  à .

En juillet 1852, à  de l'origine, les travaux atteignirent le Río Chagres, où un important pont devait être construit. Le premier pont, construit en bois, fut détruit à la première crue du Chagres ; les travaux reprirent, afin de construire un nouveau pont, cette fois-ci métallique, plus haut, et long d'une centaine de mètres. Les travaux prirent un an. En tout, plus de 170 ponts et ponceaux furent construits.

En janvier 1854, les travaux commencèrent au sommet du Continental Divide, la ligne de partage des eaux entre l'Atlantique et le Pacifique. Une tranchée de plus de  de profondeur dut être creusée, et ces travaux durèrent plusieurs mois. Le tracé au sommet du Continental Divide, à Culebra, fut terminé du côté Atlantique en janvier 1855,  de voies ayant été posé depuis l'origine de la ligne à Colón (alors dénommé Aspinwall). Une deuxième équipe, travaillant dans des conditions plus favorables, disposant d'un outillage et de matériel (rails, traverses, locomotives, wagons…) amenés par bateau via le Cap Horn, finirent leurs  de voies depuis Panama du côté du Pacifique au milieu d'une nuit pluvieuse le . Éclairé à l'aide de lampe à huile de baleine, l'ingénieur en chef George Totten mit en place le dernier tire-fond, fixant le dernier rail sur des traverses en pin. Le lendemain matin, les premiers trains de voyageurs franchissaient la section et reliaient les deux océans. Le pari ambitieux était réussi !

La ligne s'étendait sur  ( et ) et la rampe maximale était de 11,4‰ (). Le point sommital, situé à  de l'Atlantique et à  du Pacifique, était situé à une altitude de  plus élevée que celle du terminus côté Atlantique, de  plus élevée que celle du terminus côté Pacifique, de  plus élevée que le niveau moyen de l'océan Atlantique, alors que le niveau du Continental Divide est de  par rapport à la même référence.

Désormais, les travaux s'évertuèrent à pérenniser la voie. Les ponts, hâtivement construits en bois, durent rapidement être remplacés par des ponts métalliques, afin de leur permettre de mieux résister au pourrissement engendré par la chaleur tropicale et souvent emportés par les pluies torrentielles. Des estacades en bois furent remplacés par des remblais en dur ; les traverses en pin ne durèrent qu'un an, et durent être remplacées par des traverses en gaïac, un bois tropical originaire des Caraïbes, si dur qu'il devait être percé mécaniquement avant de pouvoir y fixer les tire-fonds.

Le financement des travaux

La ligne coûta quelque huit millions de dollars, soit huit fois le coût estimé en 1850. Elle présenta d'extraordinaires défis d'ingénierie, franchissant une chaîne montagneuse et traversant les marais. Plus de 300 ponts et ponceaux durent être construits tout au long de la voie.

Elle fut financée par des capitaux privés des États-Unis. Parmi les hommes-clefs se trouvent William H. Aspinwall, David Hoadley, George Muirson Totten et John Lloyd Stephens. Elle fut construite et à l'origine propriété de la Panama Rail Road Company, société américaine basée à New York et enregistrée dans l'État du même nom le , qui fut une des sociétés les plus valorisées de l'époque. La société avait acquis le droit exclusif auprès de la République de Nouvelle-Grenade de construire une ligne ferroviaire à travers l'isthme.

La ligne connut un trafic conséquent, y compris lorsqu'elle était encore en construction ; la poursuite du voyage, sur les sections encore non ouvertes, se faisant en canoë ou à dos de  mule. Ceci n'était pas prévu à l'origine, mais l'empressement des voyageurs à gagner la Californie, à l'époque de la ruée vers l'or, conduisit la société à offrir des places sur les sections achevées, à un tarif de  à l'origine, s'élevant à  par voyageur lorsque la ligne fut ouverte en intégralité. Lors de cette ouverture en intégralité, le , plus d'un tiers du coût de huit millions de dollars avait déjà été remboursé par le bénéfice des voyageurs et des marchandises transportés.

Le tarif de  par voyageur pour un aller simple pour une distance de  était l'un des plus élevés alors pratiqués à l'époque. Ce tarif, malgré les coûts très élevés de la maintenance et des améliorations apportées à la ligne, en fit une des plus rentables du monde. D'un autre côté, les difficultés d'ingénierie et de santé rencontrées lors de sa construction en avaient fait une des plus coûteuses (au kilomètre) à construire…

Les utilisations commerciales

Dans les années 1850, marquée par une forte croissance économique mondiale, la demande de café est en forte hausse et des plantations sont créées en Amérique centrale. La Panama Railroad Company est représentée par la firme de négoce allemande Hockmeyer & Rittscher, qui s'implante au Guatemala en 1858 et organise les exportations vers le port de Hambourg, important centre de réexpédition du café en Europe. Le café du Guatemala sort par le Pacifique, puis traverse l'isthme grâce à la Panama Railroad Company, ce qui permet aux navires d'éviter le contournement du Cap Horn. Du coup, le rôle des anglais dans les exportations du Guatemala par Belize diminue fortement.

Une autre maison de négoce allemande s'implante, "Rieper Augener". Venue de Brème, cette dernière est agent du North German Lloyd, fondée en 1857, à Brême, par le négociant Eduard Crüsemann, après un voyage d'affaires aux États-Unis et dans les Caraïbes en 1853, avec l'aide du financier Hermann Henrich Meier, qui sera fondateur de la nouvelle Bourse de Brême en 1861.

Le tremblement de terre de 1882 cause de graves dommages au chemin de fer.

La deuxième construction de la ligne
À l'occasion du percement du canal, le tracé de la ligne ferroviaire est entièrement modifié sur sa partie centrale, le canal utilisant le même itinéraire.
La ligne est donc déviée reconstruite sur le flanc nord.

La troisième construction de la ligne

Le , l'État du Panama a accordé une concession de 50 ans à la Panama Canal Railway Company, filiale commune de Kansas City Southern (compagnie américaine de chemins de fer) et Mi-Jack Products (un opérateur américain de terminaux intermodaux) pour reconstruire et exploiter la ligne.

Les travaux de reconstruction ont commencé en février 2000 et se sont terminés en juillet 2001. Le premier train de voyageur a circulé dès juillet 2001 et le premier train de fret en décembre 2001.

Avec un investissement de 80 millions de dollars américains, l'infrastructure a été entièrement renouvelée (Renouvellement Voie Ballast) et mise à l'écartement standard. Elle permet désormais d'assurer le transport de conteneurs entre les deux ports des deux océans. En 2012,  conteneurs ont été transportés.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Liens externes
  Site officiel

Canal de Panama
Panama
Panama
Transport au Panama
Histoire du Panama

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Soooo I'm back in my second home, New York City, and I'm really happy to be here. I'm trying to enjoy these last few beautifully weathered weeks on the east coast before winter hits it hard. Plus, it's so refreshing to actually be able to wear my winter coats and give off serious Yohji Yamamoto/Hasidic Jew vibes. Nothing compares to this city--I'm head over heels for this charming place where the pace is bustling, the people are hustling, and every stop along the way is a beautiful photo opportunity. Sad to say that this will be my shortest NYC trip yet, not to mention the last one of 2014. Gonna make the most of it and make some serious moves out here. Check back here and on my Instagram for updates on what I'm cooking up!
Hope you're having a nice stay in NY.
You look so fab, your hair always look amaaazing!!
Ah, just can't get over your gorgeous hair! <3 Oh wish I could get to take my outfit pics in NYC some day...that would be out of this world cool!!
The coat is so beautiful. Love your hair.


Our unique and festive Candy Bouquets make the sweetest gift for any holiday or occasion. The perfect gift for all ages, men, women or children, to celebrate their special day. Send this scrumptious candy bouquet "as is" or let us custom make one to meet your needs.


text:
«Лотте Отель» — гостиничная сеть, принадлежащая южнокорейской компании «Lotte Hotels & Resorts». В настоящее время включает 30 гостиниц.

История
Концерн «Lotte Group» начал своё развитие в Республике Корея в 1967 году, когда была основана компания «Lotte Confectionery». Последующее десятилетие компания расширяла своё присутствие на национальном рынке, развиваясь в области пищевого производства, строительства, нефтехимии, розничных продаж, гостиничном бизнесе и других отраслях хозяйства.

Компания «Lotte Hotel» была основана в 1973 году, на протяжении нескольких лет основатель Шин Гёк Хо ездил по всему миру, изучая работу крупнейших лидеров гостиничного бизнеса и первый отель был открыт в 1979 году. Им стал отель в Сеуле «Lotte Hotel Seoul», который и по сей день является визитной карточкой отельной индустрии Южной Кореи и компании Lotte.

В 1984 году в портовом городе Пусан, втором по значению городе Южной Кореи после столицы, открывается «Lotte Hotel Busan».
В 1989 году компания расширяется с открытием новой гостиницы и парка развлечений «Lotte World Adventure», созданном по аналогии со знаменитым «Диснейлендом».

В 2000 году открывается гостиница-курорт на популярном у туристов острове Чеджу «Lotte Hotel Jeju».

Два года спустя в 2002 году в цепи появляется новый отель «Lotte Hotel Ulsan», возведённый в Ульсане, седьмом по величине городе Республики Корея.

В 2009 году происходит открытие шестого отеля сети в Сеуле «Lotte City Hotel Mapo».

Первая гостиница за пределами Кореи была открыта в 2010 году в Москве — «Lotte Hotel Moscow».

Первая гостиница на территории Средней Азии была открыта в 2013 году в Ташкенте — «LOTTE City Hotel Tashkent Palace».

В 2014 году компания приобрела 100 % долей в уставном капитале петербургского ООО «Файв Стар», которая владела правом на реконструкцию исторического здания на Исаакиевской площади в Санкт-Петербурге. Компания запланировала создание отеля класса Люкс. Официальное открытие состоялось 31 мая 2017 года при участии губернатора Санкт-Петербурга Георгия Полтавченко. Торжественное открытие произошло 15 сентября 2017 года при участии CEO Lotte Group Шина Дон Бина. В 2015 году началось строительство отеля в Самаре, открытие которого было приурочено к Чемпионату Мира по футболу 2018. В конце 2017 года руководство компании анонсировало о планах ребрендинга действующего отеля во Владивостоке под бренд Lotte Hotel.

В 2017 году состоялось торжественное открытие новой категории отелей Lotte — Signiel, ещё более премиальной. Новый отель в Сеуле будет размещён в небоскребе World Tower на уровне с 75 этажа. Сам небоскреб стал пятым по высоте зданием в мире (555 метров).

В 2015 году рейтинговое агентство Standard & Poor's присвоило концерну рейтинг A- за успешное закрытие финансовой сделки по приобретению европейского отельного холдинга.
В 2016 году рейтинг сохранился на прежнем уровне.

28 января 2019 года журнал Forbes представил рейтинг «Крупнейшие отельные сети России». Сеть отелей Lotte Hotels & Resorts, владеющая 4 объектами в 4 регионах России, заняла восьмое место в данном рейтинге. В 2018 году доход Lotte Hotels & Resorts от деятельности на территории России составил 51 000 000 долларов.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Официальный сайт компании
 Lotte Hotel Seoul
 Lotte Hotel World
 Lotte Hotel Ulsan
 Lotte Hotel Jeju
 Lotte Hotel Busan
 Lotte Hotel Moscow
 Lotte City Tashkent Palace

Lotte
Гостиничные сети


I love these little towelettes. They're perfect for after a quick trip to the gym or a thorough dog walk - when you just need a little freshening up. I ordered the Eucalyptus towelettes, and am definitely going to try all the scents. Each towelette is individually wrapped, and each little package is about the size of an iphone. It unfolds to be a hand-sized towelette. Great purchase, I'm glad I bought these for myself.


Painting by John Clayton White (1835-1907), construction of the Collins Overland Telegraph.
When I consider monumental works of humankind, I think of the Great Pyramid, the Eiffel Tower, the Statue of Liberty, the Saturn 5 rocket, the Panama Canal, Boulder Dam ... and Perry Collins' Overland Telegraph. The last mentioned isn't usually included in those lists of "mankind's greatest achievements" for the good reason that it was never finished. Not because it wouldn't have succeeded, but because it was preempted by another wild scheme.
In the mid-1800s, with communication between Europe and America limited by the speed of sailing ships, several entrepreneurs dreamed of a telegraph line linking the Old World with the New. After the failure of several attempts to lay an undersea cable across the Atlantic, Perry McDonough Collins, a well-traveled American businessman with good connections in both Washington and St. Petersburg, conceived of an overland telegraph between San Francisco and Moscow via British Columbia and Russia.
His plan was to extend the newly built trans-continental telegraph line into the interior of British Columbia, through Russian America (future Alaska), and undersea across the 52-mile wide Bering Strait to the mouth of the Amoor River. From there it would run 5,000 miles overland across Siberia to Moscow, which was already connected to St. Petersburg and the rest of Europe.
After years of negotiations, Collins' crews started construction in 1865. By summer of the following year, the Canadian and Russian sections were well on their way to completion, and given the rapid rate of construction, the telegraph would probably have been operational by 1867. Fate intervened, in the form of another bold entrepreneur, Cyrus Field.
Field had failed in his first attempts to lay an undersea cable across the Atlantic in 1857 and again in 1858. Finally he leased the Great Eastern, a ship five times larger than any other afloat at its launching in 1858. On its third attempt, the Great Eastern succeeded in connecting America to Europe by copper cable, and in July, 1866, the first message was transmitted under the Atlantic from Cape Clear, Ireland, to Heart's Content, Newfoundland. Eight months later, with the transatlantic cable still working, work was stopped on the now obsolete overland line.
One lasting consequence of Collins' aborted plan was to put Russian America onto the map and into the consciousness of the government of the United States. Without Collins' vision, our flag might have 49 stars and Alaska might still be Russian.


text:
Euler's Disk
Euler's disk is a fascinating physics toy. When you give it an initial spin on a smooth surface, it begins spinning and rolling (spolling) on its own.
The spolling action of Euler's disk is similar to what happens when you spin a coin on a flat surface, but it lasts much longer!
Check out a video of Euler's disk:
It's very interesting how the disk spins faster and faster as time goes on. The reason for this will be investigated.
Analysis Of Euler's Disk
To analyze the physics of Euler's disk let's start off by drawing a schematic (shown below) which illustrates the disk spolling on a flat surface.
ws is the rate of spin of the disk, in radians/second
wp is the rate of precession, in radians/second
A is the contact point between the disk and the flat surface
C is the point where the axis of precession intersects the flat surface
rc is the horizontal distance from the axis of precession to the center of mass G of the disk, as shown. It is assumed that the center of mass of the disk coincides with the geometric center of the disk.
r is the radius of the disk
θ is the angle between the horizontal and the disk
To analyze the physics of Euler's disk as simply as possible, we shall treat ws, wp, and θ as constant. In reality, these quantities slowly change with time (e.g. the angle θ slowly gets smaller as the disk is spolling). However, since the rate of change of these quantities is small, approximating them as constant is reasonable.
Further simplifying assumptions include:
• The disk rolls on the flat surface without slipping
• The disk is thin relative to its radius
• The disk rolls such that rc = 0. This is approximately true as θ becomes small. This means that the diameter of the circular path traveled by point A (represented by the dashed line) approaches the diameter of the disk as θ becomes smaller. You can see this is approximately true by looking at the previous video showing a spolling disk.
With simplifying assumptions in mind, let's now redraw the schematic. The disk is treated as "thin" such that the thickness can be neglected.
A global XYZ axes is defined as shown, with origin at point C, and fixed to ground
A local xyz axes is defined as shown, with origin at point G, and attached to the disk so that it moves with the disk. Note that this axes is aligned with the principal directions of inertia of the disk. Also note that the local x-axis is parallel to the global X-axis
g is the acceleration due to gravity
w is the angular velocity of the disk, with respect to ground
α is the angular acceleration of the disk, with respect to ground
a is the distance from point C to point A
FAX is the force acting on the disk in the global X-direction, at point A
FAY is the force acting on the disk in the global Y-direction, at point A
FAZ is the force acting on the disk in the global Z-direction, at point A
Lastly, we shall define I, J, and K as unit vectors pointing along the positive directions of the global X, Y, and Z axis respectively
The angular velocity of the disk, with respect to ground, is
The angular acceleration of the disk, with respect to ground, is
Looking at the first term:
Looking at the second term:
Therefore, for the disk
Note that the terms dJ/dt and dK/dt are calculated using vector differentiation. To learn more about it visit the vector derivative page.
For the general case of slipping between disk and surface, the velocity of point A (on the disk) is calculated by adding the linear velocity of point A due to precession (awp), to the linear velocity of point A due to the spin of the disk (rws). These two linear velocities are acting in opposite directions, so the following equation results:
For rolling without slipping, VA = 0. Therefore
Now, for rc = 0 we have
This expression conveniently relates ws and wp.
By Newton's Second Law:
m is the mass of the disk
aGX is the acceleration of point G in the global X-direction
aGY is the acceleration of point G in the global Y-direction
aGZ is the acceleration of point G in the global Z-direction
If rc = 0 then point G is stationary, which means that the acceleration of point G is zero. Looking at the above three equations we see that they are equal to zero, as a result. This means that FAX = 0, FAY = 0, and FAZ = mg.
Next, apply the Euler equations of motion for a rigid body, given that xyz is aligned with the principal directions of inertia of the disk (treated as a solid disk).
This is the angular velocity of the disk (with respect to ground) resolved along the local xyz axes.
This is the angular acceleration of the disk (with respect to ground) resolved along the local xyz axes.
Thus, the second and third equations (of Euler's equations) are equal to zero. Therefore ΣMGy = 0 and ΣMGz = 0. As a result, the second and third equations do not contribute to the solution.
Therefore, we only need to consider the first equation:
ΣMGx is the sum of the moments about point G, in the local x-direction.
IGx, IGy, and IGz are the principal moments of inertia of the disk about point G about the local x, y, and z directions (respectively).
By symmetry (treat the disk as a thin circular disk),
This is the sum of the moments in the x-direction about point G.
Substitute this into equation (2) and we get
Now, substitute IGx, IGy, IGz, αx, wy, wz, and equation (1) into the above equation. We get
This informative result tells us that as θ→0, wp goes to infinity. This is consistent with the rapid speed increase we see in a real Euler's disk as θ becomes small. The reason for this is because the right side of equation (3) contains a sinθ term, which goes to zero as θ→0. This means that (mathematically speaking) wp must increase to a large value.
However, the above formula for wp is an idealized result. In reality there is a bit of slipping (friction) at point A and some rolling resistance as well. This would affect the solution somewhat if taken into account.
As Euler's disk loses energy due to friction and rolling resistance losses, it also loses gravitational potential energy by an equal amount. This means that the center of mass G of the disk must gradually drop in height, which causes the angle θ to get smaller and smaller (as a result). This in turn causes the disk to precess faster and faster, according to the above equation. This process continues until the angle θ becomes so small that contact with the surface is inevitable and the disk is brought to a sudden halt.
Euler's disk works best when friction and rolling resistance is minimized. This is achieved on hard, low friction surfaces, such as glass.
Although the model here neglects friction, Euler's disk cannot be modeled as a conservation of angular momentum problem. This is because there is a net moment (torque) acting on the disk about its center of mass G (due to the contact force FAZ between disk and surface, at point A).
In closing, it is worth mentioning that the physics of Euler's disk is similar to the physics of a gyroscope. Their analysis is in fact very similar.
Return to Miscellaneous Physics page
Return to Real World Physics Problems home page
Follow @FrancoNormani
Real World Applications —
for high school level and above
Battle & Weapons
Education & Theory —
Example Mechanics Problems
Learn Physics Compendium
Physics For Kids
Science Fair Ideas
Commercial Disclosure
Sign up below to receive insightful physics related bonus material. It's sent about once a month. Easily unsubscribe at any time.
Join me on Patreon and help support this website.
© Copyright 2009-2021 real-world-physics-problems.com


How to stay warm on the water. The accessory issue.
Did you discover a new watersport this summer and would love to continue with it through the autumn and winter but not sure what to wear to keep warm?
In this post we will focus on the accessory side of things, for our tips on how to choose the right wetsuit, head over to this blog post.
It may sound obvious but keeping your feet and toes warm will extend your time in or on the water. Which ones to go for though?
If you are swimming, your goal should be to keep the flexibility in your foot and toes, so rather than going for a soled neoprene boot, choose a neoprene sock. These will keep your feet warm without hindering your swimming (too much).
If you are surfing, paddleboarding, kiting or windsurfing, a neoprene boot is the obvious choice, you just have to decide between round toe, internal split toe and split toe. Each have advantages and often it is down to personal preference and not just to how warm they keep you.
There is also the option of going for a neoprene sock with kevlar sole such as O'Neills Ninja sock. The Ninja sock will not give maximum warmth but it will extend that bare foot feeling later in the season and for those that have to get their feet in and out of straps they work amazingly well. This model sock/boot hybrid comes with a split toe as standard.
Split toe boots will keep your big toe separate from the others and therefore give you a better feeling for the board under your feet and so better balance on the board. Unless you go for a very high end model boot you will be compromising warmth in comparison to a round toe boot. A good compromise is a boot with an internal split toe which on the outside looks much like a round toe boot, in practise gives you a good feeling for your board and keeps your toes a bit warmer.
Minimum thickness during the Winter season in Ireland is 5mm, but if you feel the cold we stock boots in 6/5/4mm and even 7mm.
Depending on your budget, you can pick up an entry level 5mm round toe boot for around €32 and if you want to step it up from there, you have the choice to go for strapped boots (better hold on your foot, not great for footstraps though), boots with drylining/firewall lining and boots with higher grade neoprene that are extra stretchy, warm and dry faster. A high end boot will cost you around €60 from any of the major brands.
Top tip: If you have never worn a split toe boot before, we strongly recommend trying them on in a shop before you buy, as they just might not be your thing.
It's a fairly straight forward choice for surfing, go for a full hood with peak to give you maximum protection from cold flushes on your head and down your neck and go with 1.5mm thickness until it's time to step it up to 3mm in deep winter.
Kitesurfers, windsurfers, paddleboarders and swimmers will often choose neoprene beanies over full hoods. Beanies won't be quite as warm, but will keep the wind out of your ears without being too restrictive. Most versions have a little leash at the back to attach to your wetsuit so you won't lose it mid session.
If you do decide to go with a full hood for swimming, make sure to get one without a peak as that is a hindrance for swimming. Choose a dive hood without a peak.
If you are a kitesurfer or windsurfer and want to go for a full surf style hood, we would recommend choosing a 1.5mm model to maximise freedom of movement.
Headbands are also a thing – they give great freedom of movement and will keep your ears nice and toasty.
Gloves are the last of the three essential accessories (having said that, if you invest in a very high end suit like this one (link to pyschotech 6/4) you might not need them at all), but it can be tricky choosing the right ones.
For swimming and surfing it is fairly straight forward. Go for 1.5mm or 2mm as long as you can bear it and bring out the 3mm/4mm/5mm gloves for your deep winter sessions. You do compromise flexibility when going for the thicker ones, but if the choice is between getting out on the water or watching from the car then it is worth putting up with a reduction in flexibility.
If you are a windsurfer or kitesurfer, you have less options and so the choice is easier. Full surf gloves can cause cramping when holding onto the boom and to some extent the kite bar so a good alternative are open palm mittens that will keep the wind off without affecting the feeling in your fingers and arms. They might not be as warm as gloves, but will make a big difference in the depths of Winter.
Paddleboarders will have similar issues with gloves, you tend to stay warmer when paddleboarding because you are constantly moving but if you are really feeling the cold then your best bet is a pair of the thinnest surf glove such as the 1.5mm Psycho DL Glove.
These thermal tops and bottoms are ideal for those that don't have a 6/4 deep winter suit in their wardrobe to move on to. A thermal layer can transform a 4/3 or 5/4 suit when the weather gets colder. Most of them also feel super cosy thanks to their fluffy material and even when wet are comfortable going on where a wet wetsuit can make you grit the teeth.
Choose between short or long sleeved and add a pair of thermal shorts for extra warmth. Of course, you could also step it up and go for the next thicker wetsuit if you feel the water temperature is getting too cold for your current one.
Also called rigging jackets, neoprene jackets or neoprene hoods – these guys are mostly for windsurfers and kitesurfers or paddleboarders that are out on flat water/touring (wakeboarders use them too in the winter time). They are a great add on to keep the wind chill off either when you are on the board or to keep you warm before and after your session.
These will not strictly speaking extend your time on the water but they sure are the business and our top must have accessory for whichever watersport you choose.
There are plenty of changing robes to choose from with Dryrobe offering the ultimate in warmth and Mystic and Northcore having released their own similar products offering a waterproof outer shell and extra cosy interior. They make changing at the side of your car or van a breeze no matter what the weather and are ideal for those lucky enough to live a quick drive from their break. Throw your Dryrobe over your wetsuit and voila a wearable waterproof car seat.
If you don't have the budget for a Dryrobe, any towelling changing robe will make changing at the beach/reef in the winter time so much more comfortable. With prices from €36 for adults, there really is no reason not to have one.


text:
Responding to Gary DeMar's Critique of My Article (Pt. 2)
Posted on July 13, 2022 October 19, 2022 by sakeofthetruth
Gary DeMar on July 12th, 2022, continued with his critique of my position, please follow this link to read the article: "This Generation' as a Single Generation in Jesus' Day." This will be my response to his critique.
In reading DeMar's most recent article some steps have been made to narrow in more closely to my view. This is to be commended! It is clear that DeMar realized that he was strawmanning my position in his previous article and has since attempted to rectify this by using direct quotations: "While he believes the phrase applies to the generation of Jesus' day, he also claims it refers to "trans-historical people [that] includes (past generations) tied to Cain, through to the contemporaries of Jesus, and will extend down until the return of Christ. My view of genea," Hicks argues, "is not limited to a singular group identified in the New Testament, my view extends and encompasses what I believe is more of the biblical data." Clearly, DeMar recognizes that I affirm that "this generation" does apply in some sense to the contemporaries, but is not limited to the contemporaries.
Does DeMar continue down this road, however? No. He decides to a.) simply assert that his position is true ad nauseum ("the use of "this generation" by Jesus only refers to the generation of His day because only that generation was guilty of the covenantal evil of crucifying "the Lord of glory" (1 Cor. 2:8))" b.) restate that his position is correct without proof ("Jesus always used "this generation" in reference to His contemporaries (Matt. 11:16; 12:41, 42; 23:36; 24:34; Mark 8:12; 13:30; Luke 7:31; 11:29, 30, 31, 32, 50, 51; 17:25; 21:32), and it doesn't mean any other generation.") and c.) bring up irrelevant people to make an argument that I am not making (Henry Morris, who insisted the Bible should be interpreted literally on issues related to the creation, does not take the same approach when he interpreted the meaning of "this generation"). Instead of responding to my arguments set forth in my 26-page article, DeMar has sidestepped our discussion in order to propagate his own ideas, but not to directly respond to me.
DeMar in attempting to move forward begins a discussion on the near demonstrative, something no one is arguing against. DeMar claims that it "always refers to something present-day as Greek lexicons and grammars demonstrate in their definitions." Again, had DeMar been working on a rebuttal to my work, he wouldn't be so busy trying to counter arguments I am not making. Of course, "this" refers to nearness, which is why it includes the contemporaries. The issue is not the near demonstrative, the question is are we discussing a qualitative type or class of people, or are we discussing quantitative chronology?
DeMar then uses F.F. Bruce as a source to argue against what he again seems to think is my position. Not sure why? F.F. Bruce is clearly not countering my understanding of "this generation" but a solely futuristic argument, "Moreover, if the generation of the end-time had been intended, 'that generation' would have been a more natural way of referring to it than 'this generation." Like DeMar, Bruce believes there are only two positions on the table, past/future. That isn't the position I am arguing for, so DeMar in leveraging citations from Bruce has not dealt with my argument and neither has Bruce. If my view is "novel" then it wouldn't fall under the typical futuristic argument, and thereby DeMar will need to conjure up a better response than to appeal to scholars that don't directly respond to what I believe.
In a final attempt to respond to my position, DeMar responds to my last article (which was a rebuttal to his first article) instead of responding to anything in my 26-page article. In attempting to respond to my arguments surrounding Matthew 23:34-35 DeMar sloppily makes assertions while avoiding any accountability for his statements. Take, for instance, his citations below:
"It might be claimed that this is an argument from silence. True enough, except that Jesus states that His present audience had a hand in killing someone named Zechariah son of Berechiah." https://americanvision.org/3334/who-is-zechariah-the-son-of-berechiah/
DeMar in attempting to answer questions regarding the identity of Zechariah in Matthew 23 admits that his argument is an argument from silence.
He then merely presupposes that his position is correct, with absolutely no evidence. He asserts that "any contemporary person named Zechariah fits," but no evidence is given.
"So any contemporary person named Zechariah would fit."
https://americanvision.org/3334/who-is-zechariah-the-son-of-berechiah/
Basically, DeMar wants us to believe that Zechariah was an unknown contemporary, nowhere recorded in Scripture (except in the very text we are discussing) thereby begging the question. Where is the proof provided for who Zechariah is? None is given by DeMar; it is merely a "possibility". Why does DeMar take this route of a contemporary person named Zechariah? Because if there is evidence that it is any person other than a contemporary his position crumbles. As I will demonstrate below, the best evidence we have indicates that Zechariah the OT prophet-priest is in view. If that is the case and a reasonable counter-argument is made, then DeMar should abandon his argument from silence.
Let's look at the actual evidence, not arguments from silence.
There are 4 possible Zechariah's that are in view based on all the evidence we have:
1.) Zechariah the Son of Baruch
2.) Zechariah the Son of Jehoiada
3.) Zechariah the Son of the Baptizer
4.) Zechariah the Son of Berechiah or Iddo
Of these possible options, the best is #4 and here is why:
A.) Zechariah the prophet in Zechariah 1:1 is called the Son of Berechiah (Zechariah 1:1 In the eighth month of the second year of Darius, the word of the Lord came to Zechariah the prophet, the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo saying)
Note: We already have more evidence than DeMar does at this point. We have a direct reference to Zechariah the Son of Berechiah in Zechariah 1:1.
B.) The Aramaic Targum to Lamentations 2:20 affirms that Zechariah the prophet was killed in the temple (Aramaic Targum to Lamentations 2:20 – See, O Lord, and observe from heaven against whom you have turned. Thus is it right for the daughters of Israel to eat the fruit of their wombs due to starvation, the lovely boys wrapped in fine linen? The Attribute of Justice replied, and said, "Is it right to kill priest and prophet in the Temple of the LORD, as when you killed Zechariah son of Iddo, the High Priest and faithful prophet in the Temple of the Lord on the Day of Atonement because he admonished you not to do evil before the Lord?)"
C.) Marvin Pate, agrees with the above assessment from the Aramaic Targum and adds more information: "In Matthew 23:35 Jesus accuses the Jewish leaders of having a history of killing Old Testament righteous men, from Abel to Zechariah the son of Berachiah. Yet, the Old Testament says nothing of the prophet Zechariah being murdered. Skeptics of the Gospels seize on this point arguing that Jesus mistakenly confused the prophet Zechariah with another Zechariah, the son of Jehoiada, who was a priest. According to 2 Chronicles 24:20–22, the latter was killed in the temple court. However, rabbinic traditions (e.g., the Targum on Lam. 2:20 and the Midrash Rabbah on Eccl. 3:16) also refer to Zechariah the prophet as being killed in the temple. On this understanding, Jesus and extra-biblical tradition converge in reporting an actual incident not mentioned in the Old Testament. Other New Testament notables also refer to individuals not recorded in the Hebrew Bible but mentioned in non-canonical Jewish literature." (pg 37) https://www.mybibleteacher.net/uploads/1/2/4/6/124618875/40_questions_about_the_historical_jesus_by_c._marvin_pate__z-lib.org_.epub.pdf
D.) Zechariah the prophet/priest is the next-to-last OT prophet (chronologically), so it makes sense that Abel is the first righteous one killed and Zechariah the prophet/priest is last. Why pick Abel (a well-known personage) and then Zechariah (some unknown contemporary) that the present audience might not have even known. This is pure conjecture.
E.) Jesus expected his audience to know who Zechariah the Son of Berechiah was, that is why we do not have an unknown Zechariah in view, but a known Zechariah with the emphatic usage of "Son of Berechiah."
F.) Tatian Diatessaron Gospel Harmony and Irenaeus Against Heresies, Book 5:14:1 affirm that there is no textual variation with Zachariah the son of Barachiah, so we can have certainty that the Son of Barachiah is in view and not someone else.
G.) Zechariah the prophet-priest is the only possible candidate for being killed between the temple and the altar (i.e. this area was located in the inner court/court of priests, cf. 2 Ki 21:5, 2 Chr. 4:9) because this was only a place where a priest could go. No other candidate would have been close enough, and this excludes the other plausible option of Zechariah the son of Jehoiada.
H.) The murder of OT prophets is stated in Mt. 23:31 (So you testify against yourselves, that you are sons of those who murdered the prophets). Zechariah was one of those OT prophets. The fathers of those in the presence of Jesus killed the OT prophets, meaning that an OT prophet was in view. The fathers of the contemporaries could not have killed a present contemporary Zechariah.
I.) The context of Mt. 23:34 and vs. 35 actually refutes the idea that a contemporary was in view. Jesus says that He will send prophets, wise men, and scribes, some who will be scourged and killed, and this is SO THAT (vs. 35) the guilt of all righteous bloodshed will fall upon them. Their killings that would come afterward were to allow for the fact that the guilt of all bloodshed of the OT saints would fall on them (which includes Zechariah the prophet).
J.) Isaiah 8:2 closes the door on the argument, as Zechariah the son of JeBerechiah (Barachias, LXX) was stated as being a martyr. (2 And I will take to Myself faithful witnesses [μάρτυράς – martyrs in the LXX] for testimony, Uriah the priest and Zechariah the son of Jeberechiah.). Zechariah the prophet (the expected martyr) was the one in view, as John Gill states, "and Zechariah the son of Jeberechiah; this was Zechariah the prophet, as the Targum, and all the Jewish writers, say; who lived in the times of Darius, which was two hundred and forty years after this" https://www.biblestudytools.com/commentaries/gills-exposition-of-the-bible/isaiah-8-2.html#o (cf. T. Bab. Maccot, fol. 24. 2.). Rabbi Akiva agrees, "Uriah was [in the time of] the First Temple, and Zechariah was [in the time of] the Second Temple! The Torah makes Zechariah's prophecy dependent upon Uriah's prophecy."
To summarize, there are several good lines of evidence to conclude that Zechariah the prophet is in view:
Zechariah the prophet is named in his book Zechariah 1:1 as the Son of Berechiah or Iddo,
Zechariah the prophet is stated as dying in the temple in Lam 2:20, and Midrash Rabbah Eccl. 3:16,
Zechariah the prophet-priest makes sense as the next-to-last OT prophet chronologically because Abel is the first OT saint slain and Zechariah the Son of Berechiah would be the last OT saint slain
Zechariah the Son of Berechiah or Iddo would be expected to be known at the time of the proclamation of the words in Matthew 23:34-35,
Zechariah is the only possible candidate that fits the prophet-priest role that could have been killed between the temple and the altar, no one else could have been that close to the altar and temple unless they were a priest and no other options suffices
An OT prophet was clearly in view in light of the context of Mt. 23:30-32,
Zechariah the prophet was killed as Isaiah 8:2 states clearly in the LXX
Darby summarizes this well: "The prophet Zechariah, son of Berachiah, was grandson of Iddo, and is called son of Iddo twice in Ezra. We have a priest Iddo, whose son or descendant is called Zechariah precisely at this epoch; for Zechariah, the son of Iddo, was a chief priest in the days of the son of Jeshua the priest. The Jewish Targum states, that Zechariah, the son of Iddo, a prophet and priest, was slain in the sanctuary. Further, the name of Iddo in Zechariah and Ezra is the same (the latter adding a silent aleph), and so is the priest in Neh. 12 (See Ken, and 5. 4.) I am aware some have referred the Targum on Jeremiah to Zechariah, the son of Jehoiada, taking Iddo for this latter name; but there is no relationship between the two names whatever. Not only this, but the way Ezra speaks of Haggai and Zechariah is remarkable: he calls Haggai, in both the passages, Haggai the prophet. But Zechariah has, as his title, Zechariah the son of Iddo, not Zechariah the prophet, though shown to be such. The reason seems evident. This was Haggai's only distinction. Whereas, Zechariah, the son of Iddo, was a well-known personage, Iddo being a chief priest over his brethren; that is, Zechariah, though a prophet, had a distinct and well known title by which he would be designated: he was a priest, and Iddo was a well known chief priest, so that he was called his son, though really his grandson. Hence, as the Targum declares that a prophet and priest of the name of Zechariah, the son of Iddo, was slain in the sanctuary- Zechariah, the son of Iddo, being certainly son of Berachiah, and a priest and a prophet, why should I be surprised if the Lord should say, that Zechariah, the son of Berachiah, was slain in the sanctuary?" https://bibletruthpublishers.com/zacharias-son-of-barachias/john-nelson-darby-jnd/collected-writings-of-j-n-darby-apologetic-1/la62431
What is DeMar's response to all of this? Nothing, he doesn't even bother to respond to any of this in his article from 2010, and yet as it has been shown, DeMar doesn't have a leg to stand on, his entire position is merely presupposed. He invents a position, not even considered seriously amongst scholars, and pretends that it is a viable solution. Desperation is the mother of invention folks, and DeMar proves it!
Others that affirm this position:
J. W. McGarvey "…but otherwise we shall be constrained to think that the prophet Zachariah is the one alluded to, and that he was slain as is declared in the text." (p. 641) https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/89e5b14f-4d2d-47ef-b910-401cef9bec29/downloads/J%20W%20McGarvey%20-%20-%20Commentary%20On%20Matthew%20and%20Mar.pdf?ver=1626822613781
"Conclusion: Based on the criteria, the most likely Zechariah son of Berechiah who Jesus had in mind in Mt.23:35 is either…Zech #4 the prophet-priest who wrote the book of Zechariah, or Zech/Zach #3 the father of John the Baptizer." https://bibletopicexpo.wordpress.com/2015/12/02/zechariah-son-of-berechiah-mt-2335/
Tim Chaffey "So the solution to this supposed contradiction is that Jesus did not refer to the events of 2 Chronicles 24. Instead, He was speaking about the murder of the prophet Zechariah, the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo. This makes sense in light of the context. Jesus told the scribes and Pharisees that they were guilty of all the righteous blood that had been shed on earth, ""from the blood of righteous Abel to the blood of Zechariah"" (Matthew 23:35). Abel was the first person to be murdered, and both Jesus and the writer of Hebrews identify him as righteous (Hebrews 11:4). Zechariah the son of Berechiah lived near the end of the Old Testament." https://answersingenesis.org/jesus/jesus-is-god/was-jesus-wrong-about-zechariahs-father/
Norman Geisler and Thomas Howe "The Zechariah referred to has to be the son of Berechiah. This Zechariah is one of the minor prophets, and his father is listed as Berechiah (Zech. 1:1). He would be the most likely candidate because the other Zechariah (son of Jehoiada) died about 800 b.c. If one thinks Christ referred to this Zechariah, then the time span from Abel to this Zechariah would not cover the OT period, which extended to 400 b.c. Abel to Zechariah the son of Berechiah would make a much better sweep of the OT period than would the period from Abel to Zechariah the son of Jehoiada. Since many Zechariahs are mentioned in the OT, it would not be too difficult to imagine two Zechariahs dying from similar circumstances." https://defendinginerrancy.com/bible-solutions/Matthew_23.34-35.php
George Klein Zechariah "The Old Testament doesn't record anything about the martyrdom of Zechariah the prophet, but rabbinic literature from the early Christian period suggests that 'Zechariah son of Berechiah' was murdered." Taken from: https://bibletopicexpo.wordpress.com/2015/12/02/zechariah-son-of-berechiah-mt-2335/
Gleason Archer "the prophet Zechariah, son of Berechiah" https://americanvision.org/3334/who-is-zechariah-the-son-of-berechiah/
If the position above is to be rejected, the alternatives would still cause an issue for DeMar, because if DeMar is on the side of scholars, he should abandon his contemporary Zechariah, for what is a far more biblical argument, but then a pillar would fall for his preteristic beliefs and that can't happen.
In failing to deal with my rebuttals, numerous other contentions were left hanging in my previous article:
"DeMar needs to explain how Zechariah son of Berekiah was killed by the contemporaries of Jesus?" – This was not done, it was merely assumed that some unknown mysterious Zechariah was in view, but no evidence was given that the contemporaries actually killed a Zechariah son of Berekiah, and this surmounts to the argument from silence. My position however has several strong lines of evidence that DeMar will need to deal with before moving beyond this.
"So, again, how were they, the contemporaries, responsible for the sin of Cain, the sin of the ones who murdered Zechariah, and ALL righteous blood shed on the earth?" – No response was given.
"DeMar, how do you reconcile sin falling on them since Ezekiel 18:20 claims this is impossible." – No response was given.
https://sakeofthetruth.wordpress.com/2022/07/07/responding-to-gary-demars-critique-of-my-article-pt-1/
Before I finish and conclude this blog, I want to point out that Gary has asserted in this article that "this generation" only refers to the contemporaries, and that no other usage is in view. My question for Gary is how he accounts for these usages:
Genesis 7:1 "Then the Lord said to Noah, "Enter the ark, you and all your household, for you alone I have seen to be righteous before Me in this generation." – This can't be the contemporaries, and the LXX uses the same term as the Gospels (7:1 – καὶ εἶπεν κύριος ὁ θεὸς πρὸς Νωε εἴσελθε σὺ καὶ πᾶς ὁ οἶκός σου εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν ὅτι σὲ εἶδον δίκαιον ἐναντίον μου ἐν τῇ γενεᾷ ταύτῃ)
Deuteronomy 32:5 "They have acted corruptly toward Him, They are not His children, because of their defect; But are a perverse and crooked generation." – Not a reference to the contemporaries, but an evil and wicked generation that existed before Jesus.
Deuteronomy 32:20 ""Then He said, 'I will hide My face from them, I will see what their end shall be; For they are a perverse generation, Sons in whom is no faithfulness. – Not a reference to the contemporaries, but an evil and wicked generation that existed before Jesus.
Hebrews 3:10 "Therefore I was angry with this generation, And said, 'They always go astray in their heart, And they did not know My ways'; – This is an OT quotation from Psalm 95, so how is this a restrictive title to only the contemporaries?
In conclusion, as we have seen from PT. 2, DeMar has not made a dent in the actual argument I am making. Each multipart series has failed to address key arguments that my position stands for and instead wastes precious time arguing for things I am not saying and beliefs I have not articulated.
My hope is that Gary will bring the heat in future articles.
Published by sakeofthetruth
View all posts by sakeofthetruth
Previous Post Responding to Gary DeMar's Critique of My Article (Pt. 1)
Next Post Responding to Gary DeMar's Critique of My Article (Pt. 3)
One thought on "Responding to Gary DeMar's Critique of My Article (Pt. 2)"
Pingback: Responding to Gary DeMar's Critique of My Article (Pt. 3) – For the sake of the truth


This entry was posted on November 30, 2018 at 14:50 and is filed under 2018, Club.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
What software do you use for mapping shooting locations?