An "anonymous work" is a work on the copies or phonorecords of which no natural person is identified as author.
An "architectural work" is the design of a building as embodied in any tangible medium of expression, including a building, architectural plans, or drawings. The work includes the overall form as well as the arrangement and composition of spaces and elements in the design, but does not include individual standard features.
"Audiovisual works" are works that consist of a series of related images which are intrinsically intended to be shown by the use of machines, or devices such as projectors, viewers, or electronic equipment, together with accompanying sounds, if any, regardless of the nature of the material objects, such as films or tapes, in which the works are embodied.
The "Berne Convention" is the Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, signed at Berne, Switzerland, on September 9, 1886, and all acts, protocols, and revisions thereto.
The "best edition" of a work is the edition, published in the United States at any time before the date of deposit, that the Library of Congress determines to be most suitable for its purposes.
A person's "children" are that person's immediate offspring, whether legitimate or not, and any children legally adopted by that person.
A "collective work" is a work, such as a periodical issue, anthology, or encyclopedia, in which a number of contributions, constituting separate and independent works in themselves, are assembled into a collective whole.
A "compilation" is a work formed by the collection and assembling of preexisting materials or of data that are selected, coordinated, or arranged in such a way that the resulting work as a whole constitutes an original work of authorship. The term "compilation" includes collective works.
A "computer program" is a set of statements or instructions to be used directly or indirectly in a computer in order to bring about a certain result.
"Copyright owner", with respect to any one of the exclusive rights comprised in a copyright, refers to the owner of that particular right.
A "Copyright Royalty Judge" is a Copyright Royalty Judge appointed under section 802 of this title, and includes any individual serving as an interim Copyright Royalty Judge under such section.
A work is "created" when it is fixed in a copy or phonorecord for the first time; where a work is prepared over a period of time, the portion of it that has been fixed at any particular time constitutes the work as of that time, and where the work has been prepared in different versions, each version constitutes a separate work.
A "device", "machine", or "process" is one now known or later developed.
A "digital transmission" is a transmission in whole or in part in a digital or other non-analog format.
To "display" a work means to show a copy of it, either directly or by means of a film, slide, television image, or any other device or process or, in the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to show individual images nonsequentially.
An "establishment" is a store, shop, or any similar place of business open to the general public for the primary purpose of selling goods or services in which the majority of the gross square feet of space that is nonresidential is used for that purpose, and in which nondramatic musical works are performed publicly.
The term "financial gain" includes receipt, or expectation of receipt, of anything of value, including the receipt of other copyrighted works.
A work is "fixed" in a tangible medium of expression when its embodiment in a copy or phonorecord, by or under the authority of the author, is sufficiently permanent or stable to permit it to be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated for a period of more than transitory duration. A work consisting of sounds, images, or both, that are being transmitted, is "fixed" for purposes of this title if a fixation of the work is being made simultaneously with its transmission.
A "food service or drinking establishment" is a restaurant, inn, bar, tavern, or any other similar place of business in which the public or patrons assemble for the primary purpose of being served food or drink, in which the majority of the gross square feet of space that is nonresidential is used for that purpose, and in which nondramatic musical works are performed publicly.
The "Geneva Phonograms Convention" is the Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms, concluded at Geneva, Switzerland, on October 29, 1971.
The "gross square feet of space" of an establishment means the entire interior space of that establishment, and any adjoining outdoor space used to serve patrons, whether on a seasonal basis or otherwise.
The terms "including" and "such as" are illustrative and not limitative.
"Literary works" are works, other than audiovisual works, expressed in words, numbers, or other verbal or numerical symbols or indicia, regardless of the nature of the material objects, such as books, periodicals, manuscripts, phonorecords, film, tapes, disks, or cards, in which they are embodied.
The term "motion picture exhibition facility" means a movie theater, screening room, or other venue that is being used primarily for the exhibition of a copyrighted motion picture, if such exhibition is open to the public or is made to an assembled group of viewers outside of a normal circle of a family and its social acquaintances.
"Motion pictures" are audiovisual works consisting of a series of related images which, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion, together with accompanying sounds, if any.
To "perform" a work means to recite, render, play, dance, or act it, either directly or by means of any device or process or, in the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to show its images in any sequence or to make the sounds accompanying it audible.
A "performing rights society" is an association, corporation, or other entity that licenses the public performance of nondramatic musical works on behalf of copyright owners of such works, such as the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI), and SESAC, Inc.
"Phonorecords" are material objects in which sounds, other than those accompanying a motion picture or other audiovisual work, are fixed by any method now known or later developed, and from which the sounds can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device. The term "phonorecords" includes the material object in which the sounds are first fixed.
For purposes of section 513, a "proprietor" is an individual, corporation, partnership, or other entity, as the case may be, that owns an establishment or a food service or drinking establishment, except that no owner or operator of a radio or television station licensed by the Federal Communications Commission, cable system or satellite carrier, cable or satellite carrier service or programmer, provider of online services or network access or the operator of facilities therefor, telecommunications company, or any other such audio or audiovisual service or programmer now known or as may be developed in the future, commercial subscription music service, or owner or operator of any other transmission service, shall under any circumstances be deemed to be a proprietor.
A "pseudonymous work" is a work on the copies or phonorecords of which the author is identified under a fictitious name.
"Publication" is the distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. The offering to distribute copies or phonorecords to a group of persons for purposes of further distribution, public performance, or public display, constitutes publication. A public performance or display of a work does not of itself constitute publication.
"Registration", for purposes of sections 205(c)(2), 405, 406, 410(d), 411, 412, and 506(e), means a registration of a claim in the original or the renewed and extended term of copyright.
"Sound recordings" are works that result from the fixation of a series of musical, spoken, or other sounds, but not including the sounds accompanying a motion picture or other audiovisual work, regardless of the nature of the material objects, such as disks, tapes, or other phonorecords, in which they are embodied.
"State" includes the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and any territories to which this title is made applicable by an Act of Congress.
A "transfer of copyright ownership" is an assignment, mortgage, exclusive license, or any other conveyance, alienation, or hypothecation of a copyright or of any of the exclusive rights comprised in a copyright, whether or not it is limited in time or place of effect, but not including a nonexclusive license.
A "transmission program" is a body of material that, as an aggregate, has been produced for the sole purpose of transmission to the public in sequence and as a unit.
To "transmit" a performance or display is to communicate it by any device or process whereby images or sounds are received beyond the place from which they are sent.
A "treaty party" is a country or intergovernmental organization other than the United States that is a party to an international agreement.
The "United States", when used in a geographical sense, comprises the several States, the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the organized territories under the jurisdiction of the United States Government.
A "useful article" is an article having an intrinsic utilitarian function that is not merely to portray the appearance of the article or to convey information. An article that is normally a part of a useful article is considered a "useful article".
The author's "widow" or "widower" is the author's surviving spouse under the law of the author's domicile at the time of his or her death, whether or not the spouse has later remarried.
The "WIPO Copyright Treaty" is the WIPO Copyright Treaty concluded at Geneva, Switzerland, on December 20, 1996.
The "WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty" is the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty concluded at Geneva, Switzerland, on December 20, 1996.
A "work of the United States Government" is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person's official duties.
(2) a work specially ordered or commissioned for use as a contribution to a collective work, as a part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, as a translation, as a supplementary work, as a compilation, as an instructional text, as a test, as answer material for a test, or as an atlas, if the parties expressly agree in a written instrument signed by them that the work shall be considered a work made for hire. For the purpose of the foregoing sentence, a "supplementary work" is a work prepared for publication as a secondary adjunct to a work by another author for the purpose of introducing, concluding, illustrating, explaining, revising, commenting upon, or assisting in the use of the other work, such as forewords, afterwords, pictorial illustrations, maps, charts, tables, editorial notes, musical arrangements, answer material for tests, bibliographies, appendixes, and indexes, and an "instructional text" is a literary, pictorial, or graphic work prepared for publication and with the purpose of use in systematic instructional activities.
The terms "WTO Agreement" and "WTO member country" have the meanings given those terms in paragraphs (9) and (10), respectively, of section 2 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act.
The significant definitions in this section will be mentioned or summarized in connection with the provisions to which they are most relevant.
Section 1011(d) of the Intellectual Property and Communications Omnibus Reform Act of 1999, referred to in definition of "work made for hire", is section 1000(a)(9) [title I, §1011(d)] of Pub. L. 106–113, which amended par. (2) of that definition. See 1999 Amendment note below.
Section 2(a)(1) of the Work Made For Hire and Copyright Corrections Act of 2000, referred to in definition of "work made for hire", is section 2(a)(1) of Pub. L. 106-379, which amended par. (2) of that definition. See 2000 Amendment note below.
Section 2 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, referred to in definitions of "WTO Agreement" and "WTO member country", is classified to section 3501 of Title 19, Customs Duties.
2010-Pub. L. 111–295, §6(a)(3), transferred the definition of "food service or drinking establishment" to appear after the definition of "fixed".
Pub. L. 111–295, §6(a)(2), transferred the definition of "motion picture exhibition facility" to appear after the definition of "Literary works".
Pub. L. 111–295, §6(a)(1), which directed transfer of the definition of "Copyright Royalty Judges" to appear after the definition of "Copyright owner", was executed by so transferring the definition of "Copyright Royalty Judge", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
2005-Pub. L. 109–9 inserted definition of "motion picture exhibition facility" after definition of "Motion pictures".
2004-Pub. L. 108–419 inserted definition of "Copyright Royalty Judge" after definition of "Copies".
2002-Pub. L. 107–273, §13210(5)(B), transferred definition of "Registration" to appear after definition of "publicly".
Pub. L. 107–273, §13210(5)(A), transferred definition of "computer program" to appear after definition of "compilation".
2000-Pub. L. 106–379, §2(a)(2), in definition of "work made for hire", inserted after par. (2) provisions relating to considerations and interpretations to be used in determining whether any work is eligible to be considered a work made for hire under par. (2).
Pub. L. 106–379, §2(a)(1), in definition of "work made for hire", struck out "as a sound recording," after "motion picture or other audiovisual work," in par. (2).
1999-Pub. L. 106–113, which directed the insertion of "as a sound recording," after "audiovisual work" in par. (2) of definition relating to work made for hire, was executed by making the insertion after "audiovisual work," to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
Pub. L. 106–44, §1(g)(1)(B), in definition of "proprietor", substituted "For purposes of section 513, a 'proprietor' " for "A 'proprietor' ".
Pub. L. 106–44, §1(g)(1)(A), transferred definition of "United States work" to appear after definition of "United States".
1998-Pub. L. 105–304, §102(a)(1), struck out definition of "Berne Convention work".
Pub. L. 105–304, §102(a)(2), in definition of "country of origin", substituted "For purposes of section 411, a work is a 'United States work' only if" for "The 'country of origin' of a Berne Convention work, for purposes of section 411, is the United States if" in introductory provisions, substituted "treaty party or parties" for "nation or nations adhering to the Berne Convention" in par. (1)(B) and "is not a treaty party" for "does not adhere to the Berne Convention" in par. (1)(C), (D), and struck out at end "For the purposes of section 411, the 'country of origin' of any other Berne Convention work is not the United States."
Pub. L. 105–298, §205(1), inserted definitions of "establishment" and "food service or drinking establishment".
Pub. L. 105–304, §102(a)(3), inserted definition of "Geneva Phonograms Convention".
Pub. L. 105–298, §205(2), inserted definition of "gross square feet of space".
Pub. L. 105–304, §102(a)(4), inserted definition of "international agreement".
Pub. L. 105–298, §205(3), (4), inserted definitions of "performing rights society" and "proprietor".
Pub. L. 105–304, §102(a)(5), inserted definition of term "treaty party".
Pub. L. 105–304, §102(a)(6), inserted definition of term "WIPO Copyright Treaty".
Pub. L. 105–304, §102(a)(7), inserted definition of term "WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty".
Pub. L. 105–304, §102(a)(8), inserted definitions of terms "WTO Agreement" and "WTO member country".
1997-Pub. L. 105–147 inserted definition of "financial gain".
Pub. L. 105–80, in definition of to perform or to display a work "publicly", substituted "process" for "processs" in par. (2).
1995-Pub. L. 104–39 inserted definition of "digital transmission".
1992-Pub. L. 102–563 substituted "Except as otherwise provided in this title, as used" for "As used" in introductory provisions.
Pub. L. 102–307 inserted definition of "registration".
1990-Pub. L. 101–650, §702(a), inserted definition of "architectural work".
Pub. L. 101–650, §702(b), in definition of "Berne Convention work" added par. (5).
Pub. L. 101–650, §602, inserted definition of "work of visual art".
1988-Pub. L. 100–568, §4(a)(1)(B), inserted definitions of "The Berne Convention" and "Berne Convention work".
Pub. L. 100–568, §4(a)(1)(C), inserted definition of "country of origin".
Pub. L. 100–568, §4(a)(1)(A), in definition of "Pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works" substituted "diagrams, models, and technical drawings, including architectural plans" for "technical drawings, diagrams, and models".
1980-Pub. L. 96–517 inserted definition of "computer program".
Pub. L. 106–379, §2(b)(1), Oct. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 1444 , provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall be effective as of November 29, 1999."
Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(9) [title I, §1012], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536 , 1501A-544, provided that: "Sections 1001, 1003, 1005, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, and 1011 [enacting sections 338 and 339 of Title 47, Telecommunications, amending this section, sections 111, 119, 501, and 510 of this title, and section 325 of Title 47, enacting provisions set out as a note under this section and section 325 of Title 47, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 119 of this title] (and the amendments made by such sections) shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1999]. The amendments made by sections 1002, 1004, and 1006 [enacting section 122 of this title and amending sections 119 and 501 of this title] shall be effective as of July 1, 1999."
"(a) In General.-Except as otherwise provided in this title [see section 101 of Pub. L. 105–304, set out as a Short Title of 1998 Amendment note below], this title and the amendments made by this title shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 28, 1998].
"(A) Paragraph (5) of the definition of 'international agreement' contained in section 101 of title 17, United States Code, as amended by section 102(a)(4) of this Act.
"(B) The amendment made by section 102(a)(6) of this Act [amending this section].
"(C) Subparagraph (C) of section 104A(h)(1) of title 17, United States Code, as amended by section 102(c)(1) of this Act.
"(D) Subparagraph (C) of section 104A(h)(3) of title 17, United States Code, as amended by section 102(c)(2) of this Act.
"(A) Paragraph (6) of the definition of 'international agreement' contained in section 101 of title 17, United States Code, as amended by section 102(a)(4) of this Act.
"(B) The amendment made by section 102(a)(7) of this Act [amending this section].
"(C) The amendment made by section 102(b)(2) of this Act [amending section 104 of this title].
"(D) Subparagraph (D) of section 104A(h)(1) of title 17, United States Code, as amended by section 102(c)(1) of this Act.
"(E) Subparagraph (D) of section 104A(h)(3) of title 17, United States Code, as amended by section 102(c)(2) of this Act.
"(F) The amendments made by section 102(c)(3) of this Act [amending section 104A of this title]."
Pub. L. 105–298, title II, §207, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2834 , provided that: "This title [enacting section 512 of this title, amending this section and sections 110 and 504 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] and the amendments made by this title shall take effect 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 27, 1998]."
Pub. L. 104–39, §6, Nov. 1, 1995, 109 Stat. 349 , provided that: "This Act [see Short Title of 1995 Amendment note below] and the amendments made by this Act shall take effect 3 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 1, 1995], except that the provisions of sections 114(e) and 114(f) of title 17, United States Code (as added by section 3 of this Act) shall take effect immediately upon the date of enactment of this Act."
"(1) Subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), this section [amending this section and sections 304, 408, 409, and 708 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 304 of this title] and the amendments made by this section shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [June 26, 1992].
"(2) The amendments made by this section shall apply only to those copyrights secured between January 1, 1964, and December 31, 1977. Copyrights secured before January 1, 1964, shall be governed by the provisions of section 304(a) of title 17, United States Code, as in effect on the day before the effective date of this section [June 26, 1992], except each reference to forty-seven years in such provisions shall be deemed to be 67 years.
"(3) This section and the amendments made by this section shall not affect any court proceedings pending on the effective date of this section."
Amendment by section 602 of Pub. L. 101–650 effective 6 months after Dec. 1, 1990, see section 610 of Pub. L. 101–650, set out as an Effective Date note under section 106A of this title.
"(2) any architectural work that, on the date of the enactment of this Act, is unconstructed and embodied in unpublished plans or drawings, except that protection for such architectural work under title 17, United States Code, by virtue of the amendments made by this title, shall terminate on December 31, 2002, unless the work is constructed by that date."
"(b) Effect on Pending Cases.-Any cause of action arising under title 17, United States Code, before the effective date of this Act shall be governed by the provisions of such title as in effect when the cause of action arose."
Pub. L. 115–264, §1(a), Oct. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 3676 , provided that: "This Act [enacting chapter 14 of this title, amending sections 114, 115, 301, 801, 803, and 804 of this title, section 58c of Title 19, Customs Duties, and section 137 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 106, 114, and 115 of this title] may be cited as the 'Orrin G. Hatch–Bob Goodlatte Music Modernization Act'."
Pub. L. 115–264, title I, §101, Oct. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 3676 , provided that: "This title [amending sections 114, 115, 801, 803, and 804 of this title and section 137 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 106, 114, and 115 of this title] may be cited as the 'Musical Works Modernization Act'."
Pub. L. 115–264, title II, §201, Oct. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 3728 , provided that: "This title [enacting chapter 14 of this title and amending section 301 of this title] may be cited as the 'Classics Protection and Access Act'."
Pub. L. 115–264, title III, §301, Oct. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 3737 , provided that: "This title [amending section 114 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 114 of this title] may be cited as the 'Allocation for Music Producers Act' or the 'AMP Act'."
Pub. L. 115–261, §1, Oct. 9, 2018, 132 Stat. 3667 , provided that: "This Act [enacting section 121A of this title and amending section 121 of this title] may be cited as the 'Marrakesh Treaty Implementation Act'."
Pub. L. 111–295, §1, Dec. 9, 2010, 124 Stat. 3180 , provided that: "This Act [amending this section and sections 114, 115, 119, 205, 303, 409, 503, 504, 512, 602, 704, 803, 1203, and 1204 of this title and section 2318 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and repealing section 601 of this title] may be cited as the 'Copyright Cleanup, Clarification, and Corrections Act of 2010'."
Pub. L. 111–175, §1(a), May 27, 2010, 124 Stat. 1218 , provided that: "This Act [enacting section 342 of Title 47, Telecommunications, amending sections 111, 119, 122, 708, and 804 of this title and sections 325, 335, and 338 to 340 of Title 47, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 111 and 119 of this title and sections 325, 338, and 340 of Title 47, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 119 of this title] may be cited as the 'Satellite Television Extension and Localism Act of 2010'."
Pub. L. 111–151, §1, Mar. 26, 2010, 124 Stat. 1027 , provided that: "This Act [amending section 119 of this title and section 325 of Title 47, Telecommunications, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 119 of this title] may be cited as the 'Satellite Televison [sic] Extension Act of 2010'."
Pub. L. 111–36, §1, June 30, 2009, 123 Stat. 1926 , provided that: "This Act [amending section 114 of this title] may be cited as the 'Webcaster Settlement Act of 2009'."
Pub. L. 110–435, §1, Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4974 , provided that: "This Act [amending section 114 of this title] may be cited as the 'Webcaster Settlement Act of 2008'."
Pub. L. 110–434, §1(a), Oct. 16, 2008, 122 Stat. 4972 , provided that: "This Act [amending section 1301 of this title] may be cited as the 'Vessel Hull Design Protection Amendments of 2008'."
Pub. L. 109–303, §1, Oct. 6, 2006, 120 Stat. 1478 , provided that: "This Act [amending sections 111, 114, 115, 118, 119, 801 to 804, and 1007 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 111 and 119 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 801 of this title] may be cited as the 'Copyright Royalty Judges Program Technical Corrections Act'."
Pub. L. 109–9, §1, Apr. 27, 2005, 119 Stat. 218 , provided that: "This Act [enacting section 2319B of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, amending this section and sections 108, 110, 408, 411, 412, and 506 of this title, sections 179m, 179n, 179p, 179q, and 179w of Title 2, The Congress, section 1114 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, section 2319 of Title 18, and sections 151703, 151705, 151706, and 151711 of Title 36, Patriotic and National Observances, Ceremonies, and Organizations, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, section 179l of Title 2, and section 101 of Title 36, and provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the 'Family Entertainment and Copyright Act of 2005'."
Pub. L. 109–9, title I, §101, Apr. 27, 2005, 119 Stat. 218 , provided that: "This title [enacting section 2319B of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, amending this section, sections 408, 411, 412, and 506 of this title, and section 2319 of Title 18, and enacting provisions listed in a table relating to sentencing guidelines set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the 'Artists' Rights and Theft Prevention Act of 2005' or the 'ART Act'."
Pub. L. 109–9, title II, §201, Apr. 27, 2005, 119 Stat. 223 , provided that: "This title [amending section 110 of this title and section 1114 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade] may be cited as the 'Family Movie Act of 2005'."
Pub. L. 109–9, title IV, §401, Apr. 27, 2005, 119 Stat. 226 , provided that: "This title [amending section 108 of this title] may be cited as the 'Preservation of Orphan Works Act'."
Pub. L. 108–447, div. J, title IX, §1(a), Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3393 , provided that: "This title [enacting sections 340 and 341 of Title 47, Telecommunications, amending sections 111, 119, 122, and 803 of this title and sections 307, 312, 325, 338, and 339 of Title 47, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 119 of this title and sections 325 and 338 of Title 47, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 119 of this title] may be cited as the 'Satellite Home Viewer Extension and Reauthorization Act of 2004' or the 'W. J. (Billy) Tauzin Satellite Television Act of 2004'."
Pub. L. 108–419, §1, Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2341 , provided that: "This Act [enacting chapter 8 of this title, amending this section and sections 111, 112, 114 to 116, 118, 119, 1004, 1006, 1007, and 1010 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 801 of this title] may be cited as the 'Copyright Royalty and Distribution Reform Act of 2004'."
Pub. L. 107–321, §1, Dec. 4, 2002, 116 Stat. 2780 , provided that: "This Act [amending section 114 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 114 of this title] may be cited as the 'Small Webcaster Settlement Act of 2002'."
Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title III, §13301(a), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1910 , provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle C (§13301) of title III of div. C of Pub. L. 107–273, amending sections 110, 112, and 802 of this title] may be cited as the 'Technology, Education, and Copyright Harmonization Act of 2002'."
Pub. L. 106–379, §1, Oct. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 1444 , provided that: "This Act [amending this section and sections 121, 705, and 708 of this title, repealing section 710 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 708 of this title] may be cited as the 'Work Made For Hire and Copyright Corrections Act of 2000'."
Pub. L. 106–160, §1, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1774 , provided that: "This Act [amending section 504 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 504 of this title and section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the 'Digital Theft Deterrence and Copyright Damages Improvement Act of 1999'."
Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(9) [title I, §1001], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536 , 1501A-523, provided that: "This title [enacting section 122 of this title and sections 338 and 339 of Title 47, Telecommunications, amending this section, sections 111, 119, 501, and 510 of this title, and section 325 of Title 47, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 325 of Title 47, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 119 of this title] may be cited as the 'Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act of 1999'."
Pub. L. 105–304, §1, Oct. 28, 1998, 112 Stat. 2860 , provided that: "This Act [enacting section 512 and chapters 12 and 13 of this title and section 4001 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, amending this section, sections 104, 104A, 108, 112, 114, 117, 411, 507, 701, and 801 to 803 of this title, section 5314 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, sections 1338, 1400, and 1498 of Title 28, and section 3 of Title 35, Patents, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 108, 109, 112, 114, 512, and 1301 of this title] may be cited as the 'Digital Millennium Copyright Act'."
Pub. L. 105–304, title I, §101, Oct. 28, 1998, 112 Stat. 2861 , provided that: "This title [enacting chapter 12 of this title, amending this section and sections 104, 104A, 411, and 507 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 109 of this title] may be cited as the 'WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act of 1998'."
Pub. L. 105–304, title II, §201, Oct. 28, 1998, 112 Stat. 2877 , provided that: "This title [enacting section 512 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 512 of this title] may be cited as the 'Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act'."
Pub. L. 105–304, title III, §301, Oct. 28, 1998, 112 Stat. 2886 , provided that: "This title [amending section 117 of this title] may be cited as the 'Computer Maintenance Competition Assurance Act'."
Pub. L. 105–304, title V, §501, Oct. 28, 1998, 112 Stat. 2905 , provided that: "This Act [probably means "this title", enacting chapter 13 of this title and amending sections 1338, 1400, and 1498 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be referred to as the 'Vessel Hull Design Protection Act'."
Pub. L. 105–298, title I, §101, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2827 , provided that: "This title [amending sections 108, 203, and 301 to 304 of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 108 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under this section and section 304 of this title] may be referred to as the 'Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act'."
Pub. L. 105–298, title II, §201, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2830 , provided that: "This title [enacting section 512 of this title, amending this section and sections 110 and 504 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] may be cited as the 'Fairness In Music Licensing Act of 1998'."
Pub. L. 104–39, §1, Nov. 1, 1995, 109 Stat. 336 , provided that: "This Act [amending this section and sections 106, 111, 114, 115, 119, and 801 to 803 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note above] may be cited as the 'Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act of 1995'."
Pub. L. 103–369, §1, Oct. 18, 1994, 108 Stat. 3477 , provided that: "This Act [amending sections 111 and 119 of this title and enacting and repealing provisions set out as notes under section 119 of this title] may be cited as the 'Satellite Home Viewer Act of 1994'."
Pub. L. 103–198, §1, Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2304 , provided that: "This Act [amending sections 111, 116, 118, 119, 801 to 803, 1004 to 1007, and 1010 of this title and section 1288 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, renumbering sections 116A and 804 of this title as sections 116 and 803, respectively, of this title, repealing sections 116, 803, and 805 to 810 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 801 of this title and section 1288 of Title 8] may be cited as the 'Copyright Royalty Tribunal Reform Act of 1993'."
Pub. L. 102–563, §1, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4237 , provided that: "This Act [enacting chapter 10 of this title, amending this section, sections 801, 804, and 912 of this title, and section 1337 of Title 19, Customs Duties, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 1001 of this title] may be cited as the 'Audio Home Recording Act of 1992'."
Pub. L. 102–307, §1, June 26, 1992, 106 Stat. 264 , provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 179 to 179k of Title 2, The Congress, amending this section and sections 108, 304, 408, 409, and 708 of this title, repealing sections 178 to 178l of Title 2, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, section 304 of this title, and section 179 of Title 2, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 178 of Title 2] may be cited as the 'Copyright Amendments Act of 1992'."
Pub. L. 102–307, title I, §101, June 26, 1992, 106 Stat. 264 , provided that: "This title [amending this section and sections 304, 408, 409, and 708 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 304 of this title] may be referred to as the 'Copyright Renewal Act of 1992'."
Pub. L. 102–64, §1, June 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 320 , provided that: "This Act [amending section 914 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 914 of this title] may be cited as the 'Semiconductor International Protection Extension Act of 1991'."
Pub. L. 101–650, title VI, §601, Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5128 , provided that: "This title [enacting section 106A of this title, amending this section and sections 107, 113, 301, 411, 412, 501, and 506 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 106A of this title] may be cited as the 'Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990'."
Pub. L. 101–650, title VII, §701, Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5133 , provided that: "This title [enacting section 120 of this title, amending this section and sections 102, 106, and 301 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note above] may be cited as the 'Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act'."
Pub. L. 101–650, title VIII, §801, Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5134 , provided that: "This title [amending section 109 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 109 and 205 of this title] may be cited as the 'Computer Software Rental Amendments Act of 1990'."
Pub. L. 101–553, §1, Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2749 , provided that: "This Act [enacting section 511 of this title, amending sections 501, 910, and 911 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 501 of this title] may be cited as the 'Copyright Remedy Clarification Act'."
Pub. L. 101–319, §1, July 3, 1990, 104 Stat. 290 , provided that: "This Act [amending sections 701 and 802 of this title and sections 5315 and 5316 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 701 of this title] may be cited as the 'Copyright Royalty Tribunal Reform and Miscellaneous Pay Act of 1989'."
Pub. L. 101–318, §1, July 3, 1990, 104 Stat. 287 , provided that: "This Act [amending sections 106, 111, 704, 708, 801, and 804 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 106, 111, 708, and 804 of this title] may be cited as the 'Copyright Fees and Technical Amendments Act of 1989'."
Pub. L. 100–568, §1(a), Oct. 31, 1988, 102 Stat. 2853 , provided that: "This Act [enacting section 116A of this title, amending this section and sections 104, 116, 205, 301, 401 to 408, 411, 501, 504, 801, and 804 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] may be cited as the 'Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988'."
Pub. L. 98–620, title III, §301, Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3347 , provided that: "This title [enacting chapter 9 of this title] may be cited as the 'Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984'."
Pub. L. 98–450, §1, Oct. 4, 1984, 98 Stat. 1727 , provided that: "This Act [amending sections 109 and 115 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 109 of this title] may be cited as the 'Record Rental Amendment of 1984'."
Pub. L. 94–553, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2541 , which enacted this title and section 170 of Title 2, The Congress, amended section 131 of Title 2, section 290e of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, section 2318 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, section 543 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, section 1498 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, sections 3202 and 3206 of Title 39, Postal Service, and sections 505 and 2117 of Title 44, Public Printing and Documents, and enacted provisions set out as notes preceding this section and under sections 104, 115, 304, 401, 407, 410, and 501 of this title, is popularly known as the "Copyright Act of 1976".
Pub. L. 106–379, §2(b)(2), Oct. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 1444 , provided that: "If the provisions of paragraph (1) [see Effective Date of 2000 Amendment note above], or any application of such provisions to any person or circumstance, is held to be invalid, the remainder of this section [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as a note above], the amendments made by this section, and the application of this section to any other person or circumstance shall not be affected by such invalidation."
Pub. L. 105–298, title II, §206, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2834 , provided that: "Except as otherwise provided in this title [enacting section 512 of this title, amending this section and sections 110 and 504 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section], nothing in this title shall be construed to relieve any performing rights society of any obligation under any State or local statute, ordinance, or law, or consent decree or other court order governing its operation, as such statute, ordinance, law, decree, or order is in effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 27, 1998], as it may be amended after such date, or as it may be issued or agreed to after such date."
Pub. L. 101–650, title VI, §609, Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5132 , provided that: "This title [see Short Title of 1990 Amendment note above] does not authorize any governmental entity to take any action or enforce restrictions prohibited by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution."
"(1) The Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, signed at Berne, Switzerland, on September 9, 1886, and all acts, protocols, and revisions thereto (hereafter in this Act [see Short Title of 1988 Amendment note above] referred to as the 'Berne Convention') are not self-executing under the Constitution and laws of the United States.
"(2) The obligations of the United States under the Berne Convention may be performed only pursuant to appropriate domestic law.
"(3) The amendments made by this Act, together with the law as it exists on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 31, 1988], satisfy the obligations of the United States in adhering to the Berne Convention and no further rights or interests shall be recognized or created for that purpose."
"(2) shall not be enforceable in any action brought pursuant to the provisions of the Berne Convention itself.
"(2) to object to any distortion, mutilation, or other modification of, or other derogatory action in relation to, the work, that would prejudice the author's honor or reputation."
Pub. L. 100–568, §12, Oct. 31, 1988, 102 Stat. 2860 , provided that: "Title 17, United States Code, as amended by this Act [see Short Title of 1988 Amendment note above], does not provide copyright protection for any work that is in the public domain in the United States."
"(2) the term 'WTO member country' has the meaning given that term in section 2(10) of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act."


text:
title: 'and then there''s me'
date: 2015-12-01T16:29:00.001-07:00
draft: false
slug: and-then-theres-me
tags: [My Life]
---

so I have been super conflicted for so long
I just don't know what to do about so many things
There is no part of my life that feels safe.
except this tiny place I have at the edge of the woods
which could go away at any moment
I'm here on someone else's whim
and while frightening... it's a grace.

I keep coming back to this idea of self-love
and I don't mean the gushy woowoo kind that sevreal of my friends use to justify their selfie-ddiction.
but the kind where, if I was my own bff... watching from the sidelines... I'd have to say something. Like, you know... "Are you really sure you need to be in this situation where you're really, really not happy? Where you never feel safe? Where you don't feel able to be open? Is your trust EVER really going to return or are you just going to sit here and wallow in your legally not hollow existence, knowing that good enough for many will never be... for you? Knowing that until you are open again, you cannot be who you are SUPPOSED TO BE?
Are you really okay with feeling lost and afraid?
Because honey it's on you to not be. Fuck people. They are not dependable. Not really. There's always something.
And you're not freaking healthy.
THIS... is not freaking healthy.
Stop this. Please."

and then hugs you like a bear mama til you start bawling all over the place
and eventually, after all the slobbery sobbing wail-screaming
all that's left is nothing

can I get there without all the drama?
please

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


"Inequality denial generally involves four dodges — all four of which are present in this article.
"First is a narrow technical issue — the misuse of the Consumer Expenditure Survey, which is used to claim that there hasn't been much rise in spending inequality. First of all, that's not true even if you believe the survey; plus, there's good reason to believe that the Survey has been systematically underreporting the growth in higher-income-group consumption. See CBPP on all this.
"Second is the use of very long-run comparisons — what I think of as the "but even Louis the XIV didn't have electricity!" defense. Yes, over the centuries economic progress has reduced some gross disparities — modern Americans are relatively unlikely to simply starve to death (though it can happen), so in that sense the gap between rich and poor has narrowed. But the question isn't whether society is, in some sense, more equal than it was in 1900. It's whether it is radically more unequal than it was in 1970. And of course it is.
"Third is the downplaying of poverty. Seventy percent of the poor have cars! They must be doing fine! Except that they often can't afford medical care, sometimes can't afford enough food, and usually can't find a way to get their children a decent education.
Elsewhere on his blog Krugman includes an audio link to a speech he gave on The Conscience of Liberal at the Commonwealth Club of San Francisco.


First Tutors: Business enables you to contact Greater London sales trainers in your local area. Our service lists Greater London sales tutors offering popular subjects from beginner through to expert level.
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Most challenges your team will complete along the racecourse will be mystery challenges. You will not know what the challenge is until you receive your challenge card during the race. Below is an example of a mystery challenge from last year - click on the music link to listen to the tracks, then try and fill in the crossword below to see how your team would have gone.
Each season there are several compulsory challenges. What makes these special is that teams are told in advance of their race day what a compulsory challenge is and how to prepare for it. The true value of a compulsory challenge is all about increasing your bonding experience by having to work, practice and train together. Last year, these included dance, button sewing and paper plane challenges.
You line up in the start chute by order of start time. You will receive your first challenge card 60 seconds before your team leaves the Start House. You will then be directed to where the first challenge is.
Once you have successfully completed the first challenge will you be given your next challenge card along with directions to and instructions for the next challenge.
Challenge cards are your key to getting to the next challenge and contain all the information you need to complete it.
The marshal will point you to where you'll start the challenge.
*Marshals don't provide instructions - all the info is written for you on the challenge card.
Once you've completed the challenge, you locate the OUT marshal at the 'OUT FLAG'.
This marshal will check you have completed the challenge satisfactorily and give you your next challenge card along with where to go next.
An XRACE course varies from city to city. Some XRACES are held in parks, while others are near a beach. Each event will take advantage of the local geography - visit your event page to see how far and how hilly your course is. The average distance between challenges is between 250 m and 350 m. We really stress that you do not need to run - a fast walk or jog will still get your team around the course. Teams complete the course at a range of speeds with a range of fitness levels.
XRACE is only as competitive as your team wants to be.
Some teams go from the gun and try and chase out an age-group trophy or even the overall win. Most don't. The majority of families are at XRACE to enjoy the family experience of being outdoors and completing awesome challenges together as a family.
Families of a wide variety of physical fitness and ability enjoy our races. XRACE is the perfect training goal for your family to run or walk 3-4KM. We have heard from many families that XRACE was a huge source of motivation and ultimately, of pride, to train, race and finish together.
You decide your pace and you decide your level of competitiveness.
Firstly, congratulations! At the finish line, your team will receive a finisher medal each. At XRACE, we have a ritual that only teammates can place the finisher medal on their teammate and visa versa. It's a pretty cool moment, and one we hope you treasure.
Then there is a little bit of housekeeping. Your team need to take off their transponders and place them in the transponder bin (just after the finish line).
When the last teams arrive, we will hold prize-giving. This is fun filled where we all enjoy each other's company having all just experienced a fantastic XRACE together.
Trophies are awarded to the fastest boys and girls for each age group. One team will be crowned XRACE champion and take home the big trophy. There will also be some awesome spot prizes given away at prize-giving.
For more detailed information - what to wear, what to bring along - visit the your city's event page, everything is listed there.


The maximum aperture of the lens of this type of VPK is externally limited to a maximum of f/11 with a lens hood in front of the actual aperture mechanism in order to prevent fully opening the aperture, which would produce excessive image softness and lens flare. The lens hood can easily be removed to produce a quite reasonable soft focus camera, which possibility was utilised e.g. by the "Vesu-tan" group of photographers in Japan in the late 1910's.
I extracted the lens complex from the broken-down VPK, removed the for my purposes unnecessary aperture and shutter mechanisms, and fixed the lens to the focusing helicoid of the lens barrel from a no-good 135 mm M42 lens producing a focusable lens with a fixed aperture of about f/5.6 - f/6, i.e. roughly two f-stops wider open than the original maximum of f/11. I covered the inner surface of the helicoid tube with self-adhesive black flocked material (dc-fix) in order to prevent reflections.
Luminosity often acquires an almost ethereal dimension.
In this photo, the flare is minimal but still there.
using modified VPKs to cheaply produce soft focus photographs.


Today is the day! You can get all of the FREE, printable resources today. I want you to know the 2013 goal upfront. What is new? What is exciting? Here it is.
100 GROUPS in 100 cities to light up others with kindness.
I think we can easily do that. Last year, we found there was strength in numbers. Band together and build memories as a group. Be sure to comment at the end (include City, ST).
What is a Light 'Em Up GROUP?
If your family grabs two neighbors (and their kids) and you feed the homeless one weekends – that's a Light 'Em Up group.
If you lead a small group of kids at church and you challenge them to do one act of kindness in December – that's a Light 'Em Up group.
If you are a teacher and you have your kids pick up trash in the classroom for one another – that's a group.
If you are a mom of toddlers, and you schedule a playdate, and those angels color the NEW coloring sheets for servants in your community – that's a Light 'Em Up group.
If your small group or connect group skips "studying" one week – and you hit the community to love, give or serve – that's a Light' Em Up group.
If you are a group of at least three adults and a group of kids – and you're doing something to GIVE or SERVE your community – that's a Light 'Em Up group.
The options are endless. If you are new, you can start with the BACK STORY here. Or, the ORIGINAL post here. Please note the first two years were done on my first site (before updated) so you won't see all the comments or thousands of pins/shares that was so fun to watch it spread.
The purpose of Light 'Em Up is for our kids to experience generosity in a way that strikes the depths of their heart. So, they will see Christmas is always about GIVING over GETTING. Light 'Em up shows children of every age that they can be used to impact others.
It is imperative you get them involved in the plan. So, plan a night to get their input. Hot chocolate and reindeer head gear optional. DOWNLOAD FAMILY PLANNING GUIDE HERE.
These are AWESOME! You can tie them onto ANYTHING. A candy cane. A homemade bag of cookies. They say what your heart wants to say to the garbage men, your bank teller, your church volunteer, your pastor, etc.
Step 6. Share. Share. Share.
Facebook – Like the Lil Light O' Mine page and post away. Stories, photos – anything that's working for your family. I want to celebrate your kids! I'll compile them into an album.
Pin Away! When you share THIS POST, your friends notice. And they want to join the fun. So, pin, tweet, insta – whatever suits your fancy. Invite your crew to join the #lightemup13 party.
NOTE: The above images/documents just show the FIRST PAGE – so click DOWNLOAD to get full docs under each point.
100 Groups in 100 cities. Let's do this.
Tell me your CITY, ST below if you are IN!


text:
Where Are the Decent Liberals?
Does Being Presidential Matter Anymore?
Outrage after network appears to threaten Reddit user #CNNBlackmail
US watched North Korea prepare for ICBM launch
May 11, 2022 By chris Congress
Judge Andrew Napolitano,
The original Obamacare proposal had the taxpayers foot everyone's medical bills through a series of taxes, regulations and controls. That is the so-called single-payer system that former President Barack Obama dreamed of. It would have been much like the systems in place today in Great Britain, Canada and Australia, where one waits for months to see government-employed physicians who are stingy with government-owned medications and mired in red tape and long lines over government-financed medical procedures.
Even many of the Democrats who controlled both houses of Congress during Obama's first two years in office were unable to accept that idea. In its place, they produced a 2,700-page piece of legislation, which candidate Trump vowed to dismantle — saying he favored a market-based, state-regulated system with no federal involvement, the kind we knew in the pre-Obamacare era.
Obamacare's imposition of the federal government between all patients and their physicians was a radical departure from the traditional delivery of medical services in America. This was done with utter disregard to the constitutional constraints imposed upon Congress — whereby the regulation of health, safety and welfare was retained by the states — and by radically expanding federal power derived from the Constitution.
Congress' favorite constitutional hook upon which to hang its regulatory hat has been the commerce clause. After more than a half-century of letting Congress characterize nearly any human activity as commerce — and thus regulable federally — the Supreme Court in 1995 required that only those behaviors that constitute or support a truly commercial transaction can be reached by the feds. The professions — medicine, law, architecture, engineering, university teaching, for example — though one pays for them, had never been considered to be commercial in the sense that they could be federally regulable, until Obamacare came along.
And the faceless bureaucrats still reign. The House-passed bill permits the feds to decide whether your doctor is treating you in a manner consistent with the availability of government resources and to administer Obamacare's thousands of minute politically driven regulations.
By definition, Obamacare will soon be a failure because it causes the expenditure of more money than it takes in. Eventually, it will have no cash.
But Barack Obama may have subtly succeeded in changing the landscape of thinking about federal involvement in health care. For those who believe that the Constitution means what it says, it was disheartening to see President Trump and so many Republicans in Congress who once defended the free market now assume that all Americans want the feds to care for them and that somehow the Constitution permits it.
That's the same federal government that can't deliver the mail.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Ercon pallets are ideal for stacking of products one above the other.
Ercon pallets can be used for stacking of packaging items, vitrified tiles, jumbobags, etc.
Ercon pallets can take load upto 4-6 tonnes static.


Kene Chine has been a member of HBCU CONNECT since Sep 8th, 2016. Kene represents - College Not Listed - class of 2011 and is located in the Irving, TX area. You can connect with Kene Chine and other interesting members of HBCU CONNECT by signing up or logging in.


NORTHEAST – In just under one month, registrations for the Ivy Tech Community College-Northeast's have exceeded expectations with response. "Disney's Approach to Leadership Excellence" will be in Fort Wayne on Wednesday, April 20, 2011, at the Holiday Inn Fort Wayne. With almost 200 spots available, less than 25 spots remain. The full-day event will allow area professionals to learn how a leader's behaviors are instrumental in conveying values, guiding strategy, and inspiring passion and interest among employees.
The program will give participants new ideas for being more effective leaders and generating high-performance teams. Ivy Tech–Northeast is also partnering with Indiana's NewsCenter and The Greater Fort Wayne Chamber of Commerce to provide this leadership opportunity to the northeast Indiana community.
Program registration is $359 per person prior to March 21 (early-bird registration) or $399 after March 21 (regular registration). The price includes all course materials, a continental breakfast, and lunch. Employers sending five or more participants receive $20 off each registration. Ivy Tech alumni, students, and employees will receive a $20 discount, as well.
For more information or to register, go to http://www.ivytech.edu/leadership or call Ivy Tech–Northeast's Workforce and Economic Development office at 260-480-4118.
Disney Institute was created to help you think differently about your business success – Disney best practices that easily adapt to other organizations. One of the most recognized names in professional development, Disney Institute travels the world offering engaging seminars, workshops and presentations, as well as fully customized programming. Immersive learning experiences are also offered at Disney destinations in the Americas, Europe and Asia, enabling participants to go behind the scenes and see firsthand how business theory drives operational excellence. The Disney Institute client roster includes more than half of the Fortune 500 and a wide range of small businesses, non-profits and government agencies. To learn more about Disney Institute, please visit www.disneyinstitute.com, www.facebook.com/disneyinstitute, or follow us at www.twitter.com/disneyinstitute.


text:
Home Hyper-Local NYC News HPD, HDC, ALEMBIC, SUS AND PARTNERS ANNOUNCE THE COMPLETION OF 134-UNIT NEW SUPPORTIVE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN OCEAN HILL, BROOKLYN
Hyper-Local NYC NewsReal Estate
HPD, HDC, ALEMBIC, SUS AND PARTNERS ANNOUNCE THE COMPLETION OF 134-UNIT NEW SUPPORTIVE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN OCEAN HILL, BROOKLYN
NYC Newswire - May 11, 201701688
On-site supportive services include case management, personalized recovery programs, skills and employment training and structured social and recreational activities.
Brooklyn, N.Y. – The New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development (HPD) and New York City Housing Development Corporation (HDC) joined Alembic Community Development, Services for the UnderServed (SUS), and project partners to celebrate the opening of Henry Apartments, a two-building, 134-unit supportive housing development in the Ocean Hill neighborhood of Brooklyn. Of the total 134 units of affordable housing, 78 units are set aside for formerly homeless families and individuals. The remaining units serve extremely low- and low-income individuals and families. Residents will have access to on-site supportive services through Services for the UnderServed.
"The ability to start and end each day in a secure, affordable home is a basic human need. This new development will provide affordable homes to 134 low-income and formerly homeless families, offering not just stability but opportunity," said HPD Commissioner Maria Torres-Springer. "On site supportive services will ensure that residents receive individualized attention and training to improve their lives. Thank you to our teams at HPD and HDC as well as Alembic Community Development and Services for the UnderServed for all of their hard work to make this project a reality."
"Today we witness the incredible outcome we can achieve through strong public and private partnership. At Henry Apartments, we've combined an under-used City-owned site with private land to lock-in permanent affordability for more than half of the 134 homes that will serve low-income and formerly homeless New Yorkers," said HDC President Eric Enderlin. "Thanks to our partners at Alembic, Services for the UnderServed, HPD, NYCHA, and NYS Office of Mental Health, future residents will benefit from the security of an affordable home and the supportive services they need to help build a better future."
1676 Broadway is a six-story building with 55 affordable apartments. The building includes 40 studios, 10 one-bedrooms, and five two-bedroom units, as well as 2,500 square feet of commercial space.
8 Rockaway Avenue, located across the street from 1676 Broadway, is also a six-story building. The building includes 79 affordable apartments with 37 studios, 15 one-bedrooms, 20 two-bedrooms, and six three-bedroom units, as well as a two-bedroom unit for a live-in super and 4,500 square feet of commercial space.
Building amenities include laundry facilities, and bicycle parking space in the buildings' cellars. Each building features a landscaped outdoor recreation space with seating and tables, as well as an area for urban farming.
NYS Assemblymember Latrice Monique Walker said, "We applaud New York City Housing Development Corporation for investing in affordable housing in Ocean Hill. We know that for to many families in Brooklyn are being priced out, so building and preserving our affordable housing stock is critical to our communities. We will continue to fight for more real affordable housing in the 55th Assembly District, like the Henry Apartments affordable housing development."
"I am thrilled to see this exciting and much-needed development open," said Michael McCarthy, Director, New York Office, Alembic Community Development. "As with many affordable and supportive housing developments, Henry Apartments required many financing partners and a creative financing structure. Thanks go to the many financing partners who stepped up and committed to this development – HPD, HDC, NYCHA, Wells Fargo Bank, The Richman Group, the Corporation for Supportive Housing and others. Their steadfast and essential support is a key reason we are standing here today. Alembic looks forward to our future collaborations with SUS and all who made today possible."
"Services for the UnderServed is proud and grateful to stand with our partners to celebrate the Henry Apartments as a new home for 134 deserving individuals and families. The Henry Apartments represent a substantial, long-term solution to challenges faced by thousands who find themselves homeless across our city. This project moves SUS closer to its vision of a New York that provides opportunity for all," said SUS CEO Donna Colonna.
"The opening of Henry Apartments will further Wells Fargo's goals of supporting long-term economic growth and improving the quality of life for everyone in our communities," said David Mayseless, Vice President, Community Lending and Investment of Well Fargo. "We are proud to help further the City's goal of reducing homelessness, while providing necessary supportive housing services to deserving New Yorkers. Congratulations to Alembic Community Development, SUS, the City and everyone who helped bring the project to fruition."
All units in Henry Apartments serve very low- and low-income families and formerly homeless families and individuals. Rents for 106 of the households will be subsidized with Project-based Section 8 vouchers from NYCHA. Residents will be expected to contribute 30 percent of their monthly income toward rent payments.
On-site supportive services, provided by SUS, include individualized case management and personalized recovery programs based on identified needs. Daily life skills training, employment training and job placement services, and structured social and recreation activities will also be offered to the buildings' residents.
"We congratulate Alembic Community Development and SUS for its commitment to create new apartment units for extremely low-and low income individuals and families," said Moshe McKie-Krisberg Executive Vice President of Richman Housing Resources LLC. "Henry Apartments is a great example of how public-private partnerships, using federal low income housing tax credit programs, can create housing for the formerly homeless. We would also like to thank all of our partners, the City and State as well as Wells Fargo, for making Henry Apartments a great success."
"CSH congratulates Alembic Community Development and SUS on the opening of this beautiful project that revitalizes Ocean Hill, Brooklyn, and provides affordable and safe homes for New York individuals and families," said
Jennifer Trepinski, Senior Loan Officer of the Corporation for Supportive Housing. "CSH is proud to have provided $750,000 in early-stage predevelopment funding for this excellent public-private collaboration.
The total development cost of Henry Apartments is approximately $61.9 million. HDC provided $30.5 in tax exempt bonds and $8.7 million in 421a Funds towards construction financing. HPD provided $10 million in Federal HOME Funds towards construction and permanent financing and allocated Low-Income Housing Tax Credits that generated $24 million in equity. The project also received NYSERDA Multi-Family Performance Benefits in the amount of $100,000. Richman Housing Resources acts as the tax credit syndicator and Wells Fargo acts as the credit enhancer. The Corporation for Supportive Housing (CSH) provided predevelopment funding to the project.
For additional information, visit: http://www.nychdc.com
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For the past several months I've been trying to write a diary to update everyone on the condition of my injury. I've written several and liked none of them. Here I am almost eight months later finally writing a diary I like and I think it happened because I'm finally putting a number on again and racing.
I was quite nervous about my first race back for several reasons, the least of them being that my last race was eight months ago. It was going to be hot in Napa, there's tons of poison oak in the area and I wasn't sure how my ankle was going to take to a long hot race. I've put in several long hot mountain bikes rides in the mountains over the summer but they all somehow involved taking long mid-ride breaks and swimming in rivers.
My team-mate Shannon Edson took the hole shot - trying to keep up with her put me in a world of hurt as I haven't gone that hard in a very long time. I was very impressed by the single speeder who put the hurt on me for part of the first lap. I finally caught her on a steep climb.
In the second lap I had a stupid crash and was passed by Jaime Stamps. I landed on the heel of my palm and bruised the thumb attachment making shifting very difficult. On the third lap my ankle started to hurt. (I have about one hundred more excuses for this race but that would get boring) I could feel that it was swollen and descents jiggled it around uncomfortably.
This was when I decided to make the most of the rear suspension on my Hei Hei Supreme. One of the reasons I got the bike was because I figured that it would be more comfortable on my cripple foot than a hard tail. I figured correctly and sat down for several of the downhills, not the fastest way to get to the bottom but more comfortable on my cranky foot.
One of the highlights of the race was on the 'whoops section' when a spectator yelled at me (or perhaps the guy next to me) "shred the gnar." It's been several years since I've heard that phrase and even longer since it's been directed at me. It would be a very long stretch of the imagination to use the word "shred" to describe my descending style unless "shred" is referring to the state of my skin after crashing.
Either way I had a much needed laugh towards the end of the race. Upon finishing my left leg acted as if it was going to cramp but I never got the knife twisting in my leg feeling. However I was lucky enough to get all the benefits of a cramp without the cramp itself. That muscle hurt for about two days. It feels really good to get the first race post injury out of the way.
Here are some things I should have already addressed but didn't.
Will you be racing 'cross this fall?
Heck yeah. I'm very excited to race cross this fall and I have some unfinished business over in Belgium.
How long were you off the bike?
Three months. I had to wear the hobbling boot until week eight then I had to relearn how to walk and get enough range of motion in my foot before I could ride.
What did you do all of that time?
Pondered the meaning of life, worked and did lots of PT. Being unable to walk makes all of your daily routines take twice as long as normal so I didn't really have too much free time. I did get to spend a week at the beach with my family in March. Swimming in the ocean and trying to walk in the sand was excellent PT. I also worked hard on perfecting a breakfast crepe recipe. I'm still working on that one.
Did you stay active while wearing the boot?
As active as a person can be in a hobbling boot. I swam a few days a week to keep myself sane. I also rode the trainer an hour at a time every other day while wearing the boot. I set up the trainer in the garage and watched poorly dubbed kung fu movies on my laptop to take my mind off the mindless task of riding the trainer.
Coming soon: a waffle recipe in next week's diary!


Crowd is continuing to grow larger. More and more protestors are arriving.
Sikh women providing the voice of a community, standing for justice.
Sister raising her voice in dissent, solidarity, and power.
Just took over the streets around Ross Street Gurdwara - police threatening mass arrests. Without fear and without hate - Nirbhau and Nirvair!
Uncle ji saying in Punjabi, let humanity witness that men and women came together on this day to stand for justice - together!
Honored to be shoulder to shoulder with Adivasia community!
This is what democracy looks like - Communities United finding their voice!
Pictures from the protestors. Communities United and Together to Stand up to Modi.
The rainbow coalition of Canadian Communities United Against Modi is growing!
Breaking News - Moninder Singh and members of the Sangat has been arrested by the Vancouver Police for PEACEFULLY protesting and exercising their right as a Canadian citizen to engage in free speech and as Sikhs speaking truth to power at the Guru's door - Gurdwara!
Crowd of different communities coming together and starting to grow in size.
Sikh members of sangat are confronting the cowardly committee members of Ross Street Gurdwara.
Cops already swarming the Gurdwara. Is this the Guru's house?
By the first post, volunteers have been at the Gurdwara bright and early before even 7am. Despite Gurdwara committee member assuring the community that the Sangat would be allowed entry at the Gurdwara, the pics show that the gates are locked and they are not allowing anyone.
CBC is already beginning to cover the protests as well.


text:
ValleyNewsNow.com
News from Chester, Deep River, Essex and Old Saybrook
Charles Stannard
Jerome Wilson
You are here: Home / Towns / Essex / Needleman States Priorities for Possible Third Term as Essex First Selectman
Needleman States Priorities for Possible Third Term as Essex First Selectman
July 26, 2015 by Jerome Wilson
Selectman Stacia Libby stands with First Selectman Norman Needleman.
ESSEX — At his July 22 announcement of his intention to run for a third, two-year-term as First Selectman of Essex, Norman Needleman noted two priorities that he would address, if re-elected. The first is the completion of the new public works projects presently underway in Essex and the second is to establish a new, more accountable way for delivering public services to the residents of Essex by the various town agencies.
New Public Works in Essex: Several Projects Already Complete …
With regard to the first electoral priority — completing new public works in Essex — that one is well underway. The old tennis courts behind Essex Town Hall have been brought up to "tournament play" condition.
Essex First Selectman Norman Needleman holds his treasured grandson.
The parking lots, also behind the town hall, have been completely regraded with a new playground installed that has proved to be very popular with both young and old alike. Also, Essex Town's Hall's frontage has been refreshed with a new lawn and improved signage, along with a general upgrade.
… Others Still on the Agenda
Needleman has ahead of him, should he be re-elected, the completion of the total refashioning of the Ivoryton section of the Town of Essex. Extensive new streets have already been put in place and the final touches of the new streetscape improvements in Ivoryton would likely extend well into a possible Needleman third term.
Also, contemplated by Needleman are upgrades in the Centerbrook section of Essex, but these are still on the drawing boards.
Improved Coordination of Services to Residents by Essex Town Employees
In addition to these superstructure improvements on Needleman's re-election roster is a determination to tackle the manner in which Essex Town Departments and workers deliver services to Essex residents. Such an initiative would review the degrees of coordination among Town agencies.
It is Needleman's view that there is presently a serious lack of coordination among Town agencies in the delivery of services to the town and, if re-elected, he intends to change this.
Filed Under: Essex, Jerome Wilson, Politics
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Reed Professional Services
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RPS Insight
The DPP Committed to Sustainability Programme
« Return to RPS Insights
The DPP, the media industry's business network, launched a major new initiative at their Annual Tech Leaders Briefing last week to promote environmentally sustainable practices among suppliers and content providers.
The DPP Committed to Sustainability Programme provides a self-assessment checklist that enables companies to record their progress in implementing sustainability policies, and awards them a score out of five accordingly. Completion of the assessment entitles a company to display the Committed to Sustainability mark, and to publicise their engagement with the Programme.
The score is private to the company concerned, but it can be used in procurement submissions, in marketing, and as a motivating force for further improvement. The DPP will monitor the average score for the media industry as a whole, and report regularly on the sector's progress.
The Programme is available to all companies, free of charge, irrespective of whether they are a member of the DPP.
"We all have an obligation to take action to address the climate emergency." says DPP Managing Director, Mark Harrison, "This programme creates a simple and effective means for all media companies to ensure they understand how they can minimise their environmental impact – and record their progress."
The Committed to Sustainability Programme is enabled by DPP member company Atos, which, along with other members, shared its own expertise to help the DPP shape the new initiative.
Chief Digital Officer Kavi Pelpola, Atos UK & Ireland, says "The case for collective action at an industry level to help tackle the effects of climate change is compelling. We are delighted that Committed to Sustainability has been launched with close involvement and support from a broad range of partners. This programme is a clear signal of intent by the Media and Entertainment industry, and an important step on the road to reducing its environmental footprint in the UK in a tangible and coordinated way."
As a member of the DPP and a sponsor of the Tech Leaders Briefing, we feel this is a bold and much needed move from the organisation, which will help drive real change in this sector. Protecting and caring for the environment is something close to our hearts at Reed Professional Services. Last year's Ditch The Plastic campaign was a huge success, and resulted in us drastically cutting the amount of single-use plastic in our offices.
As part of the Reed Group (the first UK recruitment company to go carbon-neutral), we're always looking for ways to further reduce our carbon footprint. That's why earlier this year we planted 1,000 trees in partnership with One Tree Planted. That's two trees for every project we've completed over the last 12 months.
Trees are incredibly important to ecosystems around the world, and help reduce global warming by filtering CO2 from the air. More than that, forests are habitats for endangered species and an important source of livelihood for communities local to them. The trees we're planting will be sown in Ethiopia, helping communities and wildlife in the region. This lines up well with the Reed Group's support of EthiopiAid, a Reed Group-run charity that aims to alleviate poverty in impoverished areas of the country.
We're looking forward to making the pledge with the DPP to work towards our Committed to Sustainability mark, and hope our partner clients in the Broadcast sector (BBC, ITV, Sky) will also be leading the way.
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"I have viewed and winced at the complexity of the project from a distance. The result is excellent and you should all be pleased and proud of the outcome. It is a great step forward and much more impressive as the showcase the Academy has hoped for. Thanks you all for sticking with it and making it work so well."
Miles Runham
Despite over 16 years of experience of working with mobile services, I have learnt quite a lot myself from working together with this outstanding team and will truly miss them when the work package ends.
James Simcock – BBC
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Billy Cobham•Books
Latest Reviews for "Six Days at Ronnie Scott's"
DownBeat, the "granddaddy of music magazines" has just asked to do a review of the book. Jazz FM, London's premiere jazz radio station interviewed me for a feature on their highest rated show, airing Saturday, August 25.
There is a new, superb review from the UK's top jazz magazine Jazzwise.
And this from Eric "Doc" Smith.
"Brian Gruber's fantastic new book… has captured Cobham's anecdotes, insights, and humor like no one before him… Gruber gives us a rare, behind the scenes look at the making of a six night performance… Gruber virtually puts the reader in the cafe, the nightclub, or in the car alongside him and Cobham. There are so many fantastic stories and so much musical history…
"Brian Gruber's "Six Days at Ronnie Scott's: Billy Cobham on Jazz Fusion and the Act of Creation", will certainly stand the test of time alongside some of the greatest tomes ever penned about jazz musicians."


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Q: Changing FPS in OpenCV I have an application that needs to capture only a few frames per second from a webcam. Setting videowriter in the below code to 3 frames per second results in the webcam's normal framerate of approximately 30 fps being saved.
What are the options to save only the recorded 3 frames per second, and let the other 27 or so go? Thanks in advance.
import cv2
import numpy as np
import time
import datetime
import pathlib
import imutils

cap = cv2.VideoCapture(0)

if (cap.isOpened() == False):
  print("Unable to read camera feed")

capture_duration = 15
frame_per_sec = 3
frame_width = 80
frame_height = 60

out = cv2.VideoWriter('C:\\Users\\student\\Desktop\\videoFile.avi',cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc('m','j','p','g'),frame_per_sec, (frame_width,frame_height))

start_time = time.time()
while( int(time.time() - start_time) < capture_duration ):
    ret, frame = cap.read()
    if ret==True:
        frame = imutils.resize(frame, width=frame_width)
        out.write(frame)
        cv2.imshow('frame',frame)
        if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):
          break
    else:
        break

cap.release()
out.release()

cv2.destroyAllWindows()

A: You set the FPS for the output via the VideoWriter,
but you didn't attempt to set the FPS for the input via the VideoCapture.
In order to do that you can try to call cv2.VideoCapture, with the cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS property after you create cap.
For example:
cap.set(cv2.CAP_PROP_FPS, 3)

However - note that the actual behavior is dependant on the specific capture device you are using. Some support only certain FPSs. See also this post regarding it: change frame rate in opencv 3.4.2.
If it does work you will be able to simplify your code a lot - just capture frames, process them and save (without any manual fps management).

A: This method programmatically sets frames per second. A 6.1mb file was created when frame rate was set for 30fps, and a 0.9mb file when set for 3fps.
#!/usr/bin/env python3

import cv2
import numpy as np
import time
import datetime
import pathlib
import imutils

cap = cv2.VideoCapture(0)

if (cap.isOpened() == False):
  print("Unable to read camera feed")

capture_duration = 15
frame_per_sec = 30
prev = 0
frame_width = int(cap.get(3))
frame_height = int(cap.get(4))
out = cv2.VideoWriter('C:\\videoPy\\LZ\\'outpout.avi',cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc('m','j','p','g'),frame_per_sec, (frame_width,frame_height))
start_time = time.time()
while( int(time.time() - start_time) < capture_duration ):
#start fps
  time_elapsed = time.time() - prev
  while(time_elapsed > 1./frame_per_sec):
        ret, frame = cap.read()
        if not ret:
            break
        if time_elapsed > 1./frame_per_sec:
          prev = time.time()
#end fps
        if ret==True:
          frame = imutils.resize(frame, width=frame_width)
          out.write(frame)
          cv2.imshow('frame',frame)
        if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):
          break
        else:
           break

cap.release()
out.release()

cv2.destroyAllWindows()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I don't know about you, but as a full-time geek, my mind is always buzzing with something. If I'm not on a computer, I'm checking my iPhone. If I'm not on either one of those, then I am on my iPad reading my comic books or watching the latest Mythbusters episode on my Apple TV. No matter where I turn, my mind it seems is always connected to some piece of technology. The constant overloading of my internal circuits does nothing less than stress me out!
I was first introduced to the practice of meditation in a hot yoga class. It was part of the teacher's routine to do a short meditation session at the end of the class. After 45 minutes of grueling hot yoga, the last 15 minutes of relaxing were heaven on Earth. A centuries-old tradition, meditation has been recommend by doctors as a means to help reduce stress and anxiety in their patients. As a mother who suffers daily from anxiety, I've found meditation to be very useful in helping to lower my anxiety levels.
The basic definition of meditation is "the practice of concentrated focus upon a sound, object, visualization, the breath, movement, or attention itself in order to increase awareness of the present moment, reduce stress, promote relaxation, and enhance personal and spiritual growth." Some people enjoy just relaxing and focusing on their breath, while others prefer a pre-recorded guided meditation. I started with breathing exercises and moved on to guided meditation later on. When I was first starting out, I found Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche's video on how to meditate, very helpful.
At work, I'm lucky to have an office with a door and a really big window. When I'm at work and need a break, I shut my door, turn everything off (the hardest part of the whole routine), put on my headphones and I count my breathing for 5 to 8 minutes. By the time my chimes go off, I feel refreshed and renewed. It's amazing what such a short time can do.
Guided meditation has been very helpful not only for me, but also my six-year-old son. He first learned how to meditate with Ziji the puppy . After he had the concept down, he decided to try some guided meditation with me. For three nights we visited the beach for eight minutes before bed. It was easy to follow along with the soft voice and background music. After the third night, we took a trip into space with Magical Adventures . I can't say that I saw an immediate improvement in my son's anxiety levels, but it was a neat way to spend some quality time with him.
For me, the most difficult part of meditation was turning off my phone and other tech devices. The only tech device I leave on is my iPod for my nature music and timer. I was surprised at just how painful it was to just turn my phone on airplane mode for as little as 5 minutes. My addiction to my iPhone is a different issue that I will get into in another post.
Next week, I'll introduce some geeky necessities that I have found helpful in my meditation and relaxation practice. Until then, Namaste.


A partial complex seizure is a brief and temporary alteration in brain function. It is caused by abnormal electrical activity in a specific, discrete area of the brain. The seizure is characterized by a change in alertness or awareness, behavioral or emotional symptoms, and temporary loss of memory. See also temporal lobe seizure.
Partial complex seizures may occur at any age, as a single episode or as a repeated, chronic condition (seizure disorder, epilepsy). They are uncommon in very young children.
During the normal functioning of the brain, information is transmitted from nerve cell to nerve cell by an electrochemical process. This process can be detected as electrical activity by an electroencephalograph (EEG). Abnormal patterns of electrical activity are associated with seizures.
Given sufficient circumstances, any person will have a seizure. Partial complex seizures are usually the result of abnormal electrical activity in the temporal lobes of the brain. The most common cause is when a specific area of the brain has been damaged by lack of oxygen, trauma, brain tumors, or discrete brain lesions of any sort.
In tissue studies, about 47% of children with partial complex seizures were found to have hippocampal sclerosis (hardening in the area of the brain called the hippocampus).
Note: Symptoms commonly persist for longer than 15 seconds. Typically they last no longer than 2 minutes.
The diagnosis is based primarily on the symptoms of the patient. The diagnosis of the cause begins with a completephysical examination, including a detailed neuromuscular examination, blood tests, and a possible lumbar puncture to rule out infection of the central nervous system.
An EEG may show changes characteristic of partial seizures, and may show the focus (the location of the cause) in the temporal or frontal lobe of the brain. A normal EEG does not rule out the possibility of seizures.
A head CT or head MRI scan may show the location and extent of the lesion causing the symptoms.
You should write down details of the seizure so you can report them to the health care provider. Include the date and time of the seizure, how long it lasted, which body parts were affected, the type of movements or other symptoms, possible causes, and other factors noted.
Emergency treatment may not be required unless the seizure becomes generalized or consciousness is lost - call an emerency number (such as 911) if you have any questions. First-aid measures should be performed as appropriate, including protecting the patient from injury during the seizure, preventing the patient from inhaling vomit or mucus into the lungs, protecting the patient's airway, or assistance with breathing.
Complex partial status epilepticus is a condition in which partial complex seizures recur frequently in minutes. It is characterized by changes in mental status, decreased alertness, confusion, decreased responsiveness, and automatic behaviors. It may be very difficult to diagnose and may require and EEG to confirm.
Diazepam (Valium) given intravenously is the primary treatment for status epilepticus of any type. Other medications may be given (as with the status epilepticus of a generalized tonic-clonic seizure).
Treatment of the causes may stop the seizures from recurring in the future. This may include medication, surgical repair of tumors or brain lesions, or other treatments.
An isolated seizure with an obvious avoidable trigger (such as fever or toxic reactions) is treated by removing or treating the precipitating factor.
An isolated seizure without an obvious cause (examination and EEG are normal, and no abnormalities appear on other testing) may not require treatment.
Oral anticonvulsants (anti-seizure medications) may prevent or reduce the number of future seizures. Response varies, and medication and dosage may have to be adjusted repeatedly.
An isolated seizure with abnormal findings on an EEG or other tests is treated with anticonvulsant medications such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, or valproic acid. Multiple, repeated seizures are often treated with phenytoin or carbamazepine for long-term, preventive use. Other medications include levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, topiramate, and Gabitril.
During followup appointments, the physician would probably want to review the need for drugs at least yearly. Drugs may need to be continued indefinitely. Plasma drug-level monitoring is important for continued control of seizures and keeping side effects to a minimum.
Pregnancy, lack of sleep, skipping doses of medications, use of drugs and medications or alcohol, or illness may cause seizures in a person with a previously well controlled seizure disorder.
The patient may be advised to wear informational jewelry or cards (such as Medic-Alert) to help ensure prompt medical treatment if a seizure occurs.
Seizures can occur as a single isolated incident, at closely repeated intervals (recurrent multiple seizures), or at various intervals (episodic, paroxysmal). Seizures that recur with little or no observable cause are most commonly associated with seizure disorders (epilepsy). This is a chronic, lifelong condition.
Seizures that occur singly or in a closely associated group are commonly caused by an acute condition such as brain injury. They may occur as an isolated incident, or they may develop into a chronic seizure disorder. Seizures within the first two weeks of a brain injury do not necessarily mean that a chronic seizure disorder will develop.
A seizure-free period may mean that medications may be reduced or eliminated. Medications should be changed only under the supervision of the health care provider.
Death or permanent brain damage from seizures is rare, but either can occur if the seizure is prolonged or many seizures occur soon after each other.
Serious injury can occur if the seizure happens while the person is driving or operating dangerous equipment. These activities may be restricted for people with poorly controlled seizure disorders. Infrequent seizures may not severely restrict lifestyle. Work, school, and recreation do not necessarily need to be restricted.
Treatment of any underlying disorders may reduce the risk of developing seizures. In many cases, however, the seizures may not be preventable.


text:
Q: Remove leading zeroes but not all zeroes in C# I have the string value  000001 and need to get the last three digits -  001
Zeroes quantity before 001 can be different and the value itself can be 011 or 111
     Value   Expected Value
       000   000
      0001   001
     00011   011
    000111   111
   0001111   Not a case

There is a way to remove all leading zeros value.TrimStart('0') but how to keep zeros that are in scope of the last three chars?
Is there a way to trim till specified chars left?

A: Do a trim followed by a PadLeft:
value.TrimStart('0').PadLeft(3,'0')

A: Since you need last three characters, extracting will do.
string value = "12345"; // "0012";
Console.WriteLine(value.Substring(value.Length - 3));

A: In modern C# we have quite a nice way of expressing parts of a string with indexes and ranges
value[^3..];

It means "3 from the end, to the end, of value".
Your question was a bit confusing; you seem to say that your value will always have more than 3 digits so this will be safe to do.. If it won't always have more than 3 digits you could either PadLeft it first, or, more compactly, concat your value onto "00" (assuming you'll always have a digit)
value.PadLeft(3,'0')[^3..];

("00"+value)[^3..];