text:
A Doozy of a Do That Did
By Culver City Historical Society in Society Events September 26, 2011 Comments
More than 80 people, many dressed to the nines in 1920s finery, filled the lobby of the Culver Hotel to celebrate Culver City's 94th anniversary at the Culver City Historical Society's Doozy of a Do fundraising event on Sunday, September 18.
Setting the mood with sentimental tunes, Doozy, a band playing sounds of the 1920s and 1930s kept guests entertained with dancing and listening tunes while waiters traversed the room with bountiful trays of appetizers.
One of the highlights of the event was the raffle and auction conducted by former mayors Jozelle Smith and Andy Weissman who performed their duties mimicking characters from Glee. A Tom and Jerry cartoon cel created by Martha Sigall and an original speaker from the Studio Drive-In were just two of the many items that brought a rally of bids to help benefit the Culver City Historical Society.
Among the guests were Mayor Micheal O'Leary; Vice Mayor Scott Malsin; Councilmen Jeffrey Cooper; and Andy Weissman; City Manager John Nachbar; former mayors Gary Silbiger, Jozelle Smith, Paul Jacobs and Steve Rose; and City Attorney Carol Schwab.
Douglas Newton, general manger of the Culver Hotel, who also serves as vice president of ways and means for the CCHS, recently renovated the hotel with Art Deco furnishings, creating an ambiance that made guests feel as if Jay Gatsby would walk through the door at any minute!
All proceeds from this event will benefit the CCHS Archive and Resource Center (ARC) and support its mission in the community. There is no admission charge for visitors to the ARC, which is located at the back of the Veterans Memorial Building at 4117 Overland Avenue, Culver City and open on the first and third Saturday of each month from 1-3 p.m.
Tags auctiondancesfundraisingmusic
Free Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Screening September 17
Save the Date: Membership Program 10/19
Broadway Melodies Come to Life in Culver City


Pakistan former premier Nawaz Sharif has been asked to maintain his jail room on his own. According to a report, the Punjab province government on Wednesday refused to provide him a prisoner who could serve as his orderly.
The report in the Dawn said Punjab's Inspector General of Prisons Shahid Saleem Beg said on Wednesday that Punjab government decided that it could not provide a prisoner to Sharif who could serve as his orderly and that he would have to maintain his room on his own. The prisons chief said "Nawaz Sharif has been asked to maintain his room" to serve out the seven-year rigorous imprisonment handed down to him in the Al-Azizia Steel Mills/Hill Metal Establishment reference.
Sharif has been serving a seven-year jail term in Lahore's Kot Lakhpat jail in the Al-Azizia Steel Mills graft case. Being a former prime minister, he is entitled to better facilities including an orderly who is from prisoners. Speaking to media personnel in the presence of Punjab Governor Chaudhry Sarwar at the Governor House, the prisons chief said Sharif's case was highly sensitive and he could not be allowed to go outside his barracks in the prison. He said Sharif's rigour had been kept within his barracks.


text:
ros lehtinen
Ros-Lehtinen out of Foreign Affairs' top GOP slot, Engel snags top Dem spot
Rep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, a pro-Israel stalwart, is stepping down as chairwoman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee and Rep. Eliot Engel is set to become its senior Democrat.
By	Ron Kampeas	 November 29, 2012 11:11 am
Berman, Ros-Lehtinen seek loan guarantees extension for Israel
Leaders of the U.S. House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee introduced legislation that would extend a program providing loan guarantees to the State of Israel.
Ros-Lehtinen: Israel will remain top priority
Funding for Israel will remain a top priority in a Republican-led U.S. House of Representatives, a top GOP congresswoman said.
Berman, Ros-Lehtinen press Obama on sanctions enforcement
By	Ron Kampeas	 December 2, 2010 12:31 am
U.S. lawmakers: Block Goldstone report
By	Ron Kampeas	 October 25, 2009 4:24 pm
By	Zach Silberman	 March 16, 2012 7:16 pm
By	Ron Kampeas	 December 24, 2010 2:00 am

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Headlines for November 26, 2014 | Democracy Now!
Protests are set to begin for a third day in a row in Ferguson, Missouri, over a grand jury's decision not to indict Officer Darren Wilson for killing unarmed black teenager Michael Brown. Missouri Governor Jay Nixon deployed more than 2,000 National Guard troops to patrol the St. Louis area. Police said more than 40 people were arrested. Some property damage was reported, but far less than Monday night when buildings were broken into and set on fire.
Protests against police brutality have erupted in more than 170 cities across the United States. In Los Angeles, more than 100 people were arrested. From Oakland, California, to Providence, Rhode Island, protesters walked onto major highways and shut them down. In New York, protesters blocked traffic across the city, including at the Lincoln Tunnel, West Side Highway, the Manhattan Bridge, Williamsburg Bridge and the Queens Midtown Tunnel. More than 1,000 protesters marched on the FDR Drive, at one point shutting down traffic in both directions. Protester Henoc Montes was among thousands who rallied in Times Square.
The protests in New York came on the heels of actions Monday, when demonstrators shut down three bridges and threw fake blood onto New York City Police Commissioner William Bratton.
President Obama responded to the unrest in Ferguson Tuesday by calling for calm in remarks that drew a strict contrast to his more impassioned speech last year on the killing of Trayvon Martin. Obama condemned the destruction of property by some protesters in Ferguson.
Ferguson Police Officer Darren Wilson has spoken publicly for the first time since he fatally shot Michael Brown. In an interview broadcast on ABC News, Wilson described how he shot Brown repeatedly because he feared for his life. He was interviewed by George Stephanopoulos.
Stephanopoulos also asked Wilson whether the killing of Michael Brown would always haunt him.
Protests spurred by the grand jury's decision not to indict Wilson are set to continue with a national day of action planned for Black Friday, the biggest consumer holiday of the year. Activists are organizing a national boycott of retail venues and protests against police brutality. The actions coincide with a wave of protests by Wal-Mart workers at more than 1,600 stores across the country who are demanding a $15-an-hour wage and the right to form a union. This year marks the third time in a row Wal-Mart workers have gone on strike on Black Friday. Organizers say it will be their biggest action to date.
In news from Syria, the regime of President Bashar al-Assad has bombarded the northeastern city of Raqqa, the stronghold of Islamic State militants, killing at least 95 people. According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, more than half of those killed were civilians. It's one of the deadliest attacks to hit Raqqa in years.
In southwestern Pakistan, gunmen have killed three female polio workers and their driver. Militants have targeted health workers in such attacks after it was revealed the CIA used a fake vaccination program to help locate Osama bin Laden.
In the Pakistani region of North Waziristan, a U.S. drone strike has killed seven people. Officials said the dead were suspected militants and the target was a compound.
In Yemen, U.S. commandos have conducted a raid alongside Yemeni troops to rescue eight hostages held in a cave by an al-Qaeda affiliate. The United States reportedly intervened at the behest of Yemen's president to rescue the hostages, who included Yemeni citizens, a Saudi and an Ethiopian. Seven militants were reportedly killed in the raid.
In Nigeria, a double suicide bombing has killed more than 40 people in the northeastern city of Maiduguri. The bombers were two teenage girls who entered a bustling marketplace before blowing themselves up. Suspicion has centered on the militant group Boko Haram.
In Sierra Leone, striking burial workers in the eastern town of Kenema have dumped the bodies of Ebola victims at the entrance to a hospital in an act of protest over pay. The workers say they have not received their weekly hazard payments in nearly two months despite the dangers of their work. Officials said the workers would be fired for mistreating the bodies. The protest comes as Dr. Aiah Solomon Konoyeima has become the eighth Sierra Leonean doctor to contract Ebola. All seven others have died.
In the United States, Michèle Flournoy, who was considered the top contender to replace outgoing Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel, has taken herself out of the running for the post. Citing family concerns, Flournoy said she would keep her position as head of the Center for a New American Security, a think tank with close Pentagon ties which receives key financial backing from military contractors. The move comes after another possible contender, Rhode Island Democratic Senator Jack Reed, also removed his name from consideration. Obama announced Hagel's departure Monday after pressuring him to resign, but he will stay on until a replacement is confirmed.
The United States is reportedly poised to increase the number of U.S. troops it is keeping in Afghanistan next year. In May, Obama vowed to reduce U.S. troop levels to 9,800 by the end of this year, with further reductions to come. But according to Reuters, the administration will instead add up to 1,000 extra troops in order to bridge a gap left by other members of the NATO coalition. The move came after Obama signed a secret order to broaden and extend the U.S. role in Afghanistan, contradicting his earlier promise the U.S. military would have no combat role in Afghanistan next year.
A United Nations panel has adopted a resolution expressing concern about mass surveillance. The proposal was drafted by Germany and Brazil, which, according to revelations by Edward Snowden, have both been subjected to extensive U.S. spying. But the measure was toned down following pressure from the United States, Britain and other allies. A reference to the intrusive nature of collecting metadata — details like which phone numbers are involved in a call and how long the call lasts — was spiked. Brazil's deputy ambassador to the U.N. said the measure should have been stronger.
The Obama administration is releasing new limits on ozone, the most widespread form of air pollution and the main ingredient in smog. Ozone, which is formed through a reaction of pollutants from power plants, factories and cars, has been linked to asthma, heart disease and premature death. U.S. restrictions imposed under President George W. Bush remain far looser than those in the European Union and Canada. Environmental groups have sued the Obama administration for tighter standards, prompting a court order to issue new draft regulations by December 1. According to The New York Times, the new rules would reduce the current threshold for ozone pollution from 75 parts per billion to between 65 and 70 parts per billion.
The news comes as environmental groups have sued the Obama administration over its program of leasing federal land to coal companies. The lawsuit demands the Bureau of Land Management conduct an analysis of the environmental impact of the program, which it says accounts for 14 percent of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions. The BLM has never studied the program's impact on climate change.
President Obama has vowed to veto a proposed $440 billion tax deal which the White House says favors corporations and neglects working families. The bulk of the deal between House Republicans and Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid would serve to enrich businesses, while the deal excludes measures to enshrine two key breaks for working-class families — an earned income tax credit and a child tax credit. The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities estimates more than 16 million people would fall into poverty — or deeper into poverty — if the provisions are not made permanent.
And about half of all people with HIV in the United States are not receiving treatment. According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, less than a third of people in the United States currently living with HIV have been able to get their infections under control. Most patients have already been diagnosed, but factors including poverty and homelessness may prevent them from accessing drugs.


This paper argues that state sovereignty should not be thought of as an empty concept. In the first section, Andrea Dolcetti considers three contemporary scholarly contributions on the concept of state sovereignty, all of which are sceptical about the semantic content of 'state sovereignty'. He argues that their scepticism is intrinsically linked to the notion that (state) sovereignty is an empty concept, in the sense that it lacks semantic reference. He subsequently shows how this notion is germane to Alf Ross' view that legal concepts (e.g. ownership) simply amount to "technical tools of presentation". Dolcetti, then, critically revisits Ross' analysis of the concept of sovereignty, which mirrors his analysis of ownership as a Tû-Tû concept. In conclusion, Dolcetti suggests that, in order to further one's understanding of state sovereignty, Ross' study of the concept of democracy - which he conceptualises as an ideal type - should be favoured over his explanation of ownership. For this reason, Dolcetti submits that there are two lessons to be learnt from a critical study of Alf Ross' analysis of legal concepts. First, that state sovereignty is not necessarily an empty concept. Secondly, that in order to illuminate the concept of state sovereignty it would be more useful to focus on the ideal type (or central/paradigm case) of state sovereignty.
Dr Andrea Dolcetti is a College Lecturer in Law at the University of Oxford (St. Hilda's College and University College), where he teaches constitutional law and jurisprudence. He is also a course convener and tutor on the Global Rule of Law & Constitutional Democracy Masters at the University of Genoa, Italy. Andrea's research interests include: jurisprudence; (comparative) public law; political theory; history of political thought; and the epistemology of the social sciences.
© 2002-2015 The University of Sydney.


How do you convert ideas into finished work? Where do you get ideas from? This course will help you to establish the link between ideas and the process of making. It will give you practical investigative methods to start this process. You will work quickly with a focus on starting alternative directions and experimenting with different approaches.
You will visit London institutions and learn how to use your research as a source of inspiration. This may include inspiration from contemporary and ancient sculpture, architecture or photographic documentation as a basis for generating ideas.
Practical exercises will include working from your sketches, words, music, and collections.
Through individual attention and group dialogue, you will be encouraged to rework, transform and present ideas.
You will experiment with different materials and methods.
Practice is completed by an introduction to contemporary theories around the influential role of research in contemporary artistic practice.
You will explore themes associated with museums, archives and collections.
Anyone interested in developing their ability to generate and develop ideas and concepts.
Level: The course is open for students of all levels and abilities.


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Isolating and confirming the Mudrinserted flanking sequences of maize.
Induction of salt resistance of arabidopsis salicylatedeficient transformants NahG by influence of nitric oxide donor.
Molecular characterization of Fusarium resistance from Elymus repens introgressed into bread wheat.
Diversity of ukrainian winter common wheat varieties with respect to storage protein loci and molecular markers for disease resistance genes.
Plants and microgravity: patterns of microgravity effects at the cellular and molecular levels.
Cell genetic engineering – transmission genetics of plants.
125 years of virology and ascentof biotechnologies based on viral expression.
Double helix of the journal «Сytology and genetics»: fity years later.
Morphogenesis in vitro in inbreds of maize Lancaster heterotic group.
THE EFFECTS OF COLCHICINEINDUCED AUTOTETRAPLOIDY ON SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF NURUOZAK (SALVIA LERIIFOLIA).
Formaldehyde induces DNA strand breaks on spermatozoa and lymphocytes of Wistar rats.
A novel Alui-polymorphism in the fourth intron of the chicken growth hormone gene.
ISSR-PCR fingerprinting of Ukrainian sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars.
Features inheritance of root system Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. the interaction of genes CTR1 AND ALF3, NPH4 and IAR2.
Time-course of pathogen induced accumulation of callose as mechanical protective barrier in wheat seedlings.
Degree of phenotypic dominance and heritability on the plant height character in wheat hybrids with different Rht-gene alleles.
Analysis of cellulose synthase gene expression strategies in higher plants using RNA-sequencing data.
Establishment of transgenic lettuce plants producing potentially anti-hypertensive shRNA sequencing data.
Adaptation of the gymnosperms to the conditions of irradiation in Chornobyl zone: from morphological anomalies to the molecular genetic consequences.
Systems biology is an efficient tool for investigation of low-dose chronic irradiation influence on plants in the Chernobyl zone.
Long term effects of chernobyl contamination on dna repair function and plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors.
Morphological evaluation of the effectiveness of bipolar radiofrequency ablation for thyroid nodules.
Influence of nitrate in drinking water on the prevalence of thyroid cancer and other diseases (literature review and experience in post-chernobyl period in Belarus).
30 years of the Chernobyl accident. Molecular genetic mechanisms of carcinogenesis of thyroid gland.
Experience of thyroid gland status screening in postchernobyl period.
Chornobyl thirty years later: evaluation of the consequence by biologists and medics Experience of thyroid gland status screening in postchernobyl period.
IFNL4 polymorphism as a predictor of chronic hepatitis C treatment efficiency in Ukrainian patients.
Production of branched root hairs under progressive drought stress in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Influence of cold on organization of actin filament in various cell types root Arabidopsis thaliana.
Association of polymorphisms in intron 2 of FGFR2 and breast cancer risk in Сhinese women.
Association of the ace I/D gene polymorphism with DNA damage in hypertensive men.
Parathyroid hormone influence on chondrogenic progenitor cells differentiation.
Specific features of root aerenchyma formation in Sium latifolium L. (Apiaceae).
Anatomical abnormalities of the intertribal cybrid between Brassica napus and Lesquerella fendleri.
Loss of heterozygosity of individual loci in Arabidopsis thaliana regenerants cultured with para-fluorophenylalanine.
Intra- and intertissular cytomictic interactions in mic-rosporogenesis of mono- and dicotyledonous plants.
Chromosomal DNA balance in human stem cell line 4BL.
A case of prenatal detection of a de novo unbalanced complex chromosomal rearrangement involving four chromosomes.
Regulation of leucogenesis by extracellular ubiquitin in rodents after chemically induced inhibition.
The polyphasic taxonomic analysis of the strain Bacillus sp. C6 – phytopathogenic microorganisms antagonist.
Inhibiting effect of agmatine on genetically programmed death of leukocytes in experimental diabetes mellitus.
Immunoregulatory effects of vitamin D3 in experimental type 1 diabetes.
Sr33 & Sr35 gene homolog indentification in genomes of cereals related with Aegilops tauschii & Triticum monococcum.
Differential expression of a cysteine proteinase and cystatin pair as sidebyside fusion forms in Escherichia coli.
Colocalization of USP1 and РН domain of BcrAbl oncoprotein in terms of cronic myeloid leukemia cell rearrangements.
The influence of protein kinase KIN10 gene expression on root phenotype of Arabidopsis thaliana root system in condition of energy stress.
[Ya.B. BLUME (on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the birth)].
[Elie Metchnikoff: father of phagocytosis theory and pioneer of experiments in vivo].
[THE ROLE OF (p)ppGpp MOLECULES IN FORMATION OF "STRICT RESPONSE" IN BACTERIA AND BIOSYNTHESIS OF ANTIBIOTICS AND MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION IN ACTINOMYCETES].
[CYTOSKELETON ORIENTATION IN THE EPIDERMAL CELLS OF ROOTS FORMED DE NOVO ON LEAF EXPLANTS UNDER CLINOROTATION].


These models are made from high density plastic and feature snap-fit construction. Assembly by snapping together the wings, tail and vertical stabiliser to the fuselage. Assembly is very easy, requires no glue, and can be completed in minutes. Disassembly is quick and easy for storage. Features include high-detail printing and graphics and a display stand.
Sky Marks 1/200th scale SKR888 China Southern Boeing 777-300. Buy now online at Flying Tigers.
The Boeing 777 is a family of long-range wide-body twin-engine jet airliners developed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It is the world's largest twinjet and has a typical seating capacity for 314 to 396 passengers, with a range of 5,240 to 8,555 nautical miles (9,704 to 15,844 km). Commonly referred to as the "Triple Seven", its distinguishing features include the largest-diameter turbofan engines of any aircraft, six wheels on each main landing gear, fully circular fuselage cross-section, and a blade-shaped tail cone. Developed in consultation with eight major airlines, the 777 was designed to replace older wide-body airliners and bridge the capacity difference between Boeing's 767 and 747. As Boeing's first fly-by-wire airliner, it has computer-mediated controls. It was also the first commercial aircraft to be designed entirely with computer-aided design.
The 777 is produced in two fuselage lengths as of 2014. The original 777-200 variant entered commercial service in 1995, followed by the extended-range 777-200ER in 1997. The stretched 777-300, which is 33.25 ft (10.1 m) longer, followed in 1998. The initial 777-200, -200ER and -300 versions are equipped with General Electric GE90, Pratt & Whitney PW4000, or Rolls-Royce Trent 800 engines. The extended-range 777-300ER and ultra long-range 777-200LR variants entered service in 2004 and 2006 respectively, while the 777F, a freighter version, debuted in February 2009; these variants all feature high-output GE90 engines and extended raked wingtips. The 777-200LR is the world's longest-range airliner, able to fly more than halfway around the globe, and holds the record for the longest distance flown non-stop by a commercial aircraft.
The 777 first entered commercial service with United Airlines on June 7, 1995. It has received more orders than any other wide-body airliner; as of November 2016, 60 customers had placed orders for 1,902 aircraft of all variants, with 1,446 delivered. The most common and successful variant is the 777-300ER with 689 delivered and 809 orders; Emirates operates the largest 777 fleet, with 157 passenger and freighter aircraft as of July 2016. The 777 has been involved in six hull losses as of October 2016; the Asiana Airlines Flight 214 accident in July 2013 was its first fatal crash in 18 years of service.
The 777 ranks as one of Boeing's best-selling models. Airlines have acquired the type as a comparatively fuel-efficient alternative to other wide-body jets and have increasingly deployed the aircraft on long-haul transoceanic routes. Direct market competitors include the Airbus A330-300, newly launched Airbus A350 XWB, and the out-of-production A340 and McDonnell Douglas MD-11. The 787 Dreamliner, which entered service in 2011, shares design features with the 777. In November 2013, Boeing announced the development of upgraded 777-8 and 777-9 variants, collectively named 777X, featuring composite wings and GE9X engines and further technologies developed for the 787. The new 777X series is planned to enter service by 2020.


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I have been slowly cleaning out the attic, and ridding myself of things that I thought were important to keep at one point in my life. Some of the things that I found were many (not all) of the sweaters that I made for the kids when they were growing up. These 2 sweaters are the ones that I will always keep. They speak to me of my children, and their personalities.
This is the sweater that I made for my daughter at age 6. I was so proud of the colors, the heart design, and how much it fit a little girl who loved clothes and dressing well. Much to my surprise, after I gave Sofia this sweater, she announced to me that she did not want any other things that I made for her, she wanted store bought clothes. Even at an early age, she had a style all her own. One that she now is embarrassed by. I will say that she has evolved, and is now always beautifully put together. When she was little, I would only have a clothing discussion when we were going out, and then I would beg her to wear one of the outfits that I had chosen.
Here is a sweater that I made for Ethan when he was about 11 years old. I had made a sweater for my husband using similar construction where you work each panel separately while attaching it to its neighbor while knitting. This allowed you to do complex cable patterns side by side, and not have to worry about keeping them straight, or having a similar repeat number. It also meant that I could change colors for the different cables. So, Ethan wanted a sweater, and I had recently acquired all of the Barbara Walker Treasury books. He was fascinated with the patterns in the books, and chose all of the cables to be knit up; including a spider, a peace sign, and an hour glass. We call this the Time for Peace Sweater. I couldn't find a way to add the spiders to the name, although they are front and center. He lovingly wore this sweater. He has always been a great fan of my knitting, and telling me what beautiful things I make.
Frances, I came across a couple of sweaters that you made Traver the other night. They are still in a safe place waiting to give them to my grandchildren! That's a long ways away–maybe I should give them to Stacey and John if they have a little boy! The one sweater brought back fond memories of our trip to Mesa Verde.


text:
// ==========================================================================
//                 SeqAn - The Library for Sequence Analysis
// ==========================================================================
// Copyright (c) 2006-2013, Knut Reinert, FU Berlin
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
//
//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
//       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
//     * Neither the name of Knut Reinert or the FU Berlin nor the names of
//       its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
// AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
// ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL KNUT REINERT OR THE FU BERLIN BE LIABLE
// FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
// DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
// SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
// CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
// LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
// OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
// DAMAGE.
//
// ==========================================================================
// Author: Stephan Aiche <stephan.aiche@fu-berlin.de>
// ==========================================================================

#ifndef CORE_INCLUDE_SEQAN_MISC_CMDPARSER_CMDPARSER_PARSE_H_
#define CORE_INCLUDE_SEQAN_MISC_CMDPARSER_CMDPARSER_PARSE_H_

#include <seqan/misc/cmdparser/cmdoption.h>
#include <seqan/misc/cmdparser/cmdparser.h>
#include <seqan/misc/cmdparser/cmdparser_ctd_support.h>

namespace seqan {

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Function parse()
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/*
 .Function.parse:
 ..summary:Parses the command line.
 ..cat:Miscellaneous
 ..signature:parse(parser, argc, argv[, errorStream])
 ..param.parser:The @Class.CommandLineParser@ object.
 ...type:Class.CommandLineParser
 ..param.argc:Count of the objects on the command line.
 ..param.argv:Array of the different command line arguments ($const char *argv[]$).
 ..param.errorStream:A stream where error messages are sent to.
 ..remarks:Must be called before retrieving options or arguments.
 ..returns:$true$ if all required arguments are set and parseable and neither the help nor version argument is set.
 ..include:seqan/misc/misc_cmdparser.h
 */

template <typename TErrorStream>
bool parse(CommandLineParser & me, int argc, const char * argv[], TErrorStream & estream)
{
    // if the appName wasn't set .. parse from command line
    if (empty(me._appName))
        me._appName = _parseAppName(argv[0]);

    for (int argument_index = 1; argument_index < argc; ++argument_index)
    {
        if (argv[argument_index][0] == '-')  // this is possibly an option value
        {
            CharString inParam = argv[argument_index];
            unsigned len = length(inParam);

            if (len == 1)
            {
                streamPut(estream, me._appName);
                streamPut(estream, ": invalid option '-'\n");
                return false;
            }
            else if (inParam[1] != '-') // maybe a combination of multiple bool opts
            {
                for (unsigned s = 1; s < len; ++s)
                {
                    unsigned e = len;
                    for (; s < e; --e)
                    {
                        if (hasOption(me, infix(inParam, s, e)))
                        {
                            CommandLineOption & opt = getOption(me, infix(inParam, s, e));
                            s = --e;
                            if (isBooleanOption(opt))
                                _assignOptionValue(me, opt, "true", estream);
                            else
                            {
                                int firstArgIndex = 0;

                                if (e < len - 1)
                                {
                                    // Try getting the first option argument from the remaining characters
                                    // of this program argument. Use-case: immediately adjacent option
                                    // values without separating space, as in `-x1` instead of `-x 1`.
                                    if (!_assignOptionValue(me, opt, suffix(inParam, e + 1), 0, estream))
                                        return false;

                                    firstArgIndex = 1;
                                    s = len - 1;
                                }

                                if (argument_index + opt.argumentsPerOption - firstArgIndex < argc)
                                {
                                    for (int t = firstArgIndex; t < opt.argumentsPerOption; ++t)
                                        if (!_assignOptionValue(me, opt, argv[++argument_index], t, estream))
                                            return false;
                                }
                                else  // no value available
                                {
                                    _reportMissingArgument(me, opt, estream);
                                    return false;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if (s == e)
                    {
                        CharString invalidOpt("-");
                        append(invalidOpt, suffix(inParam, s));

                        _reportInvalidOption(me, invalidOpt, estream);
                        return false;
                    }
                }
            }
            else if (inParam[1] == '-')  // this is a long option
            {
                unsigned t = 2;
                CharString longOpt, val;
                for (; t < len && inParam[t] != '='; ++t)
                    appendValue(longOpt, inParam[t], Generous());
                if (t < len) // this one is a --name=value option
                    val = suffix(inParam, t + 1);

                // We might already have a value
                if (hasOption(me, longOpt))
                {
                    CommandLineOption & opt = getOption(me, longOpt);

                    if (!empty(val))
                    {
                        if (opt.argumentsPerOption == 1)
                        {
                            if (!_assignOptionValue(me, opt, val, estream))
                                return false;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            _reportMissingArgument(me, opt, estream);
                            return false;
                        }
                    }
                    else if (isBooleanOption(opt))
                    {
                        _assignOptionValue(me, opt, "true", estream);
                    }
                    else if (argument_index + opt.argumentsPerOption < argc)
                    {
                        for (int t = 0; t < opt.argumentsPerOption; ++t)
                            if (!_assignOptionValue(me, opt, argv[++argument_index], t, estream))
                                return false;
                    }
                    else  // no value available
                    {
                        _reportMissingArgument(me, opt, estream);
                        return false;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    CharString invalidOpt("--");
                    append(invalidOpt, longOpt);
                    _reportInvalidOption(me, invalidOpt, estream);
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        else  // this seems to be a normal argument
        {
            appendValue(me._arguments, argv[argument_index]);
        }
    }
    if (hasOption(me, "version") && isSet(me, "version"))
    {
        printVersion(me, estream);
        return false;
    }
    if (hasOption(me, "write-ctd") && isSet(me, "write-ctd"))
    {
        writeCTD(me);
        return false;
    }
    if (isSet(me, "help"))
    {
        printHelp(me, estream);
        return false;
    }
    if (argc == 1 && me._requiredArguments > 0)
    {
        // print short help and exit
        printShortHelp(me, estream);
        return false;
    }

    return _allMandatorySet(me) && (length(me._arguments) >= me._requiredArguments);
}

inline bool
parse(CommandLineParser & me, int argc, const char * argv[])
{
    return parse(me, argc, argv, std::cerr);
}

} // namespace seqan

#endif // CORE_INCLUDE_SEQAN_MISC_CMDPARSER_CMDPARSER_PARSE_H_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Beloved Math Teacher To Depart Benjamin After 8 Years
Ms. Cheryl McKenney explains a trigonometry problem to a student. She will be retiring at the end of this school year and splitting her time between Florida and Utah.
Tvisha Goel, Co-Editor-in-Chief
The Benjamin community will be waving goodbye and wishing good luck to many teachers in their next steps in their life, including Math Teacher Ms. Cheryl McKenney.
Ms. McKenney has been working at The Benjamin School for eight years, and has provided much value to her students and advisees. When she came to the school eight years ago, she decided Benjamin was the place for her for a multitude of reasons.
"So my previous school was at Wellington Christian School, and the school closed down and I was Math Department Head there, so I had to find a job somewhere else. Besides just loving the campus and the environment, and the community, I didn't have to bring my daughter here. So all the other schools, like Kings Academy, and American Heritage, required your children to go to the school, and my daughter was a junior at Wilmington High School. And she was in leadership positions, and I didn't want to pull her. So that was one of the considerations. But the main pull was Benjamin's reputation as an excellent academic high school," she said.
A former student, junior Darian Salehi, speaks about her Algebra 2 Honors class, which he took as a freshman. "I had Ms. McKenney for Algebra II Honors in 9th grade. She was a great teacher, provided plenty of resources, was always available for help after school, and was a great teacher. She was a great transition into high school as she was very supportive and a very nice person," he praised.
Ms. McKenney, when asked about having worked at the school, raved about her experience, saying, "It was amazing. The faculty were very supportive, and the students were very respectful, mature, and wanted to learn. It's been great."
She will always cherish her time at the Upper School, especially the relationships she's made throughout the eight years she has been teaching at Benjamin. "I definitely will always remember my coworkers. We have so much fun together, especially Mr. Ruggie. He cracks me up all the time. The friendships that I've had in the math department will always be with me," she continued.
Not only will Ms. McKenney's time at Benjamin stay with her but it will also remain with the students that she has impacted most.
Sophomore and current advisee of Ms. McKenney, Savannah Maynard, reflected on Ms. McKenney's value as her advisor for the last two years. "Ms. McKenney was a great advisor who always provided help when needed and always made advisory fun. We played Quordle, watched fun YouTube videos and always worked on last minute studying. I will miss her and so will the rest of the advisory."
Another advisee, sophomore Atticus Fasnakis – Nosal, said, "Ms. McKenney is always smiling and laughing in our advisory; her fun presence will very much be missed, especially in looking back when we played Wordle or watched people on YouTube eat live octopuses as an advisory. I think most significantly though, she taught me the importance of getting involved in the Benjamin community, which pushed me as a freshman to create the Classics Club and join and be involved in many other extracurricular activities."
While she will miss being at Benjamin, Ms. McKenney has big plans for her retirement. "I plan on splitting my time between Florida and out west in Utah. I think it's time for me to enjoy more of my life and do things that I love, like skiing and hiking, while I am physically able and my knees won't give out. And out west, we love skiing and hiking. But I also have to do something with math. So I hope to find a nonprofit that needs a math tutor, and just kind of help out that way. Or maybe a children's hospital where I can go and help them. I also want to spend the extra free time to train the puppy that I will be getting in December to go into nursing homes to visit with the elderly."
The Benjamin community will greatly miss Ms. McKenney, and has benefited from what she has given to the School. We wish her the best of luck in this new chapter of her life.
Tvisha Goel is a senior at The Benjamin School is the Co-Editor-in-Chief for The Pharcyde and has been a part of the staff for three years. She loves...
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Ms. Schuler Takes Up the Baton as New US Maestro
Upper School Welcomes Eight New Faculty to Campus
Bissell Named To Prestigious FHSAA Team For Success as Student-Athlete
Roe, Tuong Earn Blakeslee Erdmann Scholarships Award Created in Memory of Benjamin Alumnus
Peck Goes From the Big Stage to the Small Screen
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Pasteur first formulated the idea that bacteria are responsible for the diseases of fermented liquids; the corollary of this was a demand for pure yeast.
The pear is subject to several diseases caused by fungi.
At Belcoo, near Enniskillen, there is a famous well called Daragh Phadric, held in repute by the peasantry for its cure of paralytic and other diseases; and 4 m.
Hales (1727I 733) discussed the rotting of wounds, cankers, &c., but much had to be done with the microscope before any real progress was possible, and it is easily intelligible that until the theory of nutrition of the higher plants had been founded by the work of Ingenhouss, Priestley and De Saussure, the way was not even prepared for accurate knowledge of cryptogamic parasites and the diseases they induce.
Diseases am] SymptomsThe symptoms of plant diseases are, as already said, apt to be very general in their nature, and are sometimes so vaguely defined that little can be learned from them as to the causes at work.
By far the greater number of spot-diseases are due to Fungi, as indicated by the numerous leaf-diseases described, but such is by no means always the case.
No sharp line can be drawn between these diseases and some of the preceding, inasmuch as it often depends on the external conditions whether necrosis is a dry-rot, in the sense I employ the term here, or a wet-rot, when it would come under the preceding category.
General attacks of leaf-diseases invariably lead to starvation and necrosis of twigs, and similarly with the ravages of caterpillars and other insects.
394; and Timber and some of its Diseases (London, 1889).
Wounds, &c.Marshall Ward, Timber and some of its Diseases, p. 210; Hartig, Diseases of Trees (London, 1894).
At St Petersburg a women's medical academy, the examinations of which were even more searching than those of the ordinary academy (especially as regards diseases of women and children), was opened, but after about one hundred women had received the degree of M.D.
With regard to the parasites, which are the actual cause of malaria in man, an account of them is given under the heading of Parasitic Diseases, and little need be said about them here.
- Celli, Malaria; Christy, Mosquitoes and Malaria; Manson, Tropical Diseases; Allbutt's System of Medicine; Ross, "Malaria," Quain's Dictionary of Medicine, 3rd ed.; The Practitioner, March, 1901 (Malaria Number); Lancet (Sept.
Thousands of people suffering from bites from rabid animals, from all lands, have been treated in this institute, and the death-rate from this most horrible of all diseases has been reduced to less than i %.
The work on agriculture' of Ibn-al-Awam, who lived in the 12th century A.D., treats of the varieties of soils, manuring, irrigation, ploughing, sowing, harvesting, stock, horticulture, arboriculture and plant diseases, and is a lasting record of their skill and industry.
His remarks on horses, cattle, &c., are not less interesting; and there is a very good account of the diseases of each species, and some just observations on the advantage of mixing different kinds on the same pasture.
By the Diseases of Animals Act 1896 (59 & 60 Vict.
As a whole, the Malays are, however, a remarkably healthy people, and deformity and hereditary diseases are rare among them.
NecrosisA number of diseases the obvious symptoms of which are the local drying up and death of tissues, in many cases with secondary results on organs or parts of organs, may be brought together under this heading.
Its use in febrile diseases, at one time extensive, is now obsolete.
Stakman had determined that immunity to these diseases, or at least resistance, could be bred into crops.
Thousands of people research diseases because they individually want to cure them.


Fresh off a vindicating win in Saturday's Nevada caucuses, Democratic presidential frontrunner Hillary Clinton found herself embroiled in a controversy over remarks denigrating rival Bernie Sanders' policy proposals as "free everything" — an attack, critics charge, that echoes Republican talking points.
The former secretary of state actually delivered the jab on Thursday, as polls showed her locked in a tight contest with Sanders in the Silver State. But the remarks didn't receive widespread attention until late this weekend, after Clinton defeated Sanders by more than 5 percentage points.
Speaking at a campaign rally, Clinton said, "I'm not just making speeches and not just promising free this and free that and free everything." The line was widely interpreted as a dig at Sanders' proposals for tuition-free public college and a single-payer, Medicare-for-All health system.
A familiar refrain? For many listeners, Clinton's remarks evoked memories of Mitt Romney and Jeb Bush, both patrician Republicans who came under fire for comments suggesting that Democrats sought to curry favor with voters by offering free benefits.
After his criticism of President Barack Obama's health care law elicited boos during a 2012 address before the NAACP, Romney shrugged off the incident by saying, "Your friends who like Obamacare, you remind them of this, if they want more stuff from government, tell them to go vote for the other guy — more free stuff. But don't forget nothing is really free."
Following his loss to Obama that November, Romney chalked up the result to Obama's "gifts" to key demographic groups, "especially the African-American community, the Hispanic community and young people."
"With regards to the young people, for instance, a forgiveness of college loan interest was a big gift," Romney told donors in a conference call. "Free contraceptives were very big with young, college-aged women. And then, finally, Obamacare also made a difference for them, because as you know, anybody now 26 years of age and younger was now going to be part of their parents' plan, and that was a big gift to young people."
For a party seeking to combat perceptions that it was callous toward minorities and the poor, Romney's comments proved decidedly unhelpful. But three years later — despite running for president on a platform of inclusive conservatism — Bush set off a firestorm with similar remarks. Stumping in South Carolina in September, the former Florida governor argued that Republicans should appeal for black voters by countering the Democrats' message of "free stuff."
"Our message is one of hope and aspiration," Bush said. "It isn't one of division and 'Get in line and we'll take care of you with free stuff.'"
Among the most vehement critics of Bush's statement? Hillary Clinton.
"Republicans have no problem promising tax breaks and sweetheart deals to their corporate friends, but when Democrats fight to make sure all Americans have access to quality, affordable health care, early childhood education and job training, that's giving away 'free stuff'?!," she wrote in a Facebook discussion. "Talk about backwards."
Hillary Clinton doesn't believe in "free stuff" unless that "free stuff" is weapons being sent to affluent countries in the Middle East.
Asked for comment on Clinton's remarks, Symone Sanders, Sanders' national press secretary, told Mic that the senator has laid out funding mechanisms for his programs.
"The plans he has put forth on health care and college, he has told the American people how he would pay for them," Sanders said.
Specifically, Sanders has called for a tax on Wall Street transactions to fund his plan for free public college, while his Medicare-for-All system relies on a mixture of estate, income and payroll taxes, as well as a 2.2% premium.
But is Clinton becoming Romney 2.0? Symone Sanders wouldn't comment on that score — but it's a question on the lips of many observers in light of Clinton's attack.
For all the obvious similarities between Clinton's rhetoric and that espoused by Romney and Bush, though, there are important substantive differences.
Both men favored repeal of the administration's health care reform law and advocated drastic cutbacks to the social safety net. Bush, for instance, proposed eliminating food stamps, federal housing assistance, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families — which itself was a dramatically gutted version of an earlier cash welfare program, Aid to Families with Dependent Children. Like Bush, Romney also supported gutting federal programs like food stamps and housing vouchers, preferring to leave them to states.
By contrast, Clinton pledges to safeguard and build upon the Affordable Care Act, vows not to impose Social Security benefit cuts and decries GOP-backed cuts to food stamps and unemployment insurance. She may not champion a Scandinavian-style social democracy, as Sanders does. But neither does her critique of his policies emerge from the vantage point shared by conservative Republicans like Romney and Bush.
Still, the language Clinton chose to employ — suggesting, as Rush Limbaugh recently did, the Sanders supports "free everything" — understandably irks progressives who envision a more ambitious, expansive role for the federal government. They look at President Bill Clinton's 1996 welfare reform law — which kicked millions off the federal assistance rolls, even as extreme poverty soared — and see a safety need in need of expansion. Hillary Clinton backed that law as first lady and touted it as a success during her 2008 White House bid.
Writing in New York magazine last week, Annie Lowrey made the case for Clinton and Sanders to lend their full-throated support to an overhaul of welfare reform, with a return to the more generous assistance that defined the pre-1996 welfare regime.
"It might not be popular," Lowrey acknowledged. "But Sanders and Clinton should embrace welfare for the extraordinary good that it could be, and should hate welfare for leaving so many families adrift — and should push back on the narrative that the only deserving poor are the working poor, and the only deserving families are working families."
So long as Democrats appropriate conservative rhetoric on the role of government, achieving such public goods will be a tall order indeed.


text:
New Community Centre in Hailsham Now Open
August 10 2018 — Community, Council News & Services
Bookings from residents and local community groups are now being taken for the hire of Hailsham's brand new community hall – the James West Community Centre – which is located off Brunel Drive in the north of the town and opened its doors to the public on Monday [25 June].
The James West Centre, named after the founder and Chairman of the Hailsham & District Sports Alliance who passed away in November 2016, consists of an 18m x 11.7m hall, able to accommodate an audience of around 200 seated for licensed public performances.
The building also includes two meeting rooms (10 and 16-person capacity), a large kitchen, store rooms, toilets, changing rooms and a P.A. system.
The facility can be hired for community events, sports, business meetings, memorial services, youth groups and other social events, as well as private function hire.
The provision of a community hall and sports facility was made as part of the initial planning agreement between Wealden District Council and Welbury Farm developer, Taylor Wimpey.
The Town Council, which agreed to take on responsibility of the new James West Community Centre, considered various proposals for the design of the building in 2013 and formally agreed a design plan which will allow the Council to accommodate a wider variety of users and to provide improved facilities which help meet the demands of the local sports clubs and community groups.
"We're very excited about the new community hall," said Town Mayor Councillor Nigel Coltman. "Not only will this new space expand our opportunity for community and local sports activities in Hailsham, but also meet the growing need for community hall hire space in the area."
"Our hope is to offer community and sporting groups low cost hire space, along with providing a quality and accessible new venue option for wedding receptions and other private function hires."
Deputy Town Clerk & Business Enterprise Manager Mickey Caira commented: "Hailsham has needed a new sports and community hall facility to cater for the increasing population locally."
"This new purpose-built centre will play a key role in enabling Hailsham to fulfil its potential as a vibrant and inclusive town and we hope that the centre will be a hub of community life, offering a broad range of activities that meet the requirements and interests of sports clubs, businesses, community groups and public-sector organisations, as well as private hirers."
An official opening ceremony will take place later this year and construction of a separate website for the Centre will commence soon.
For further information about the James West Community Centre, or to make a booking, contact Hailsham Town Council on 01323 841702 or by email: enquiries@hailsham-tc.gov.uk.
25.06.18.West.Comm.Sports.Hall 97 KB
Enquiries relating to this media release
Terry Hall, Communications & Public Information Officer
Hailsham Town Council, Market Street, Hailsham, East Sussex, BN27 2AE
Telephone: 01323 841702 | Email: terry.hall@hailsham-tc.gov.uk
March 7 2018 — Council News & Services
Invitation to Hailsham Annual Town Meeting
Hailsham Town Council invites residents to attend the next Annual Town Meeting which takes place at the Hailsham Civic Community Hall in Vicarage Lane on Wednesday…
August 3 2015 — Council News & Services, Youth Services
Hailsham's Young People Invited To Eastside Youth Cafe
Young people in Hailsham can enjoy a wide range of activities throughout the remainder of the summer months and autumn at the Eastside Youth Café, which…
June 6 2018 — Community
Town Councillors Attend Hailsham FM Re-launch
Town councillors attended Hailsham FM's official opening ceremony to launch with Ofcom on Saturday [26 May]. Hailsham FM took over part of the Cortlandt stable block…
June 15 2021 — Community
Confirmed Go-ahead for 'Hailsham Live' Summer Extravaganza
This year's summer season in Hailsham looks a lot more promising than it did last year, with a range of live entertainment and retail offerings planned…
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text:
Q: ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'gspread' on python anywhere What I am trying to achieve.
Run a python script saved On pythonanywhere host from google sheets on a button press.
Check the answer by Dustin Michels
Task of Each File?
app.py: contains code of REST API made using Flask.
runMe.py: contains code for that get values from(google sheet cell A1:A2). And sum both values send sum back to A3.
main.py:  contains code for a GET request with an argument as name(runMe.py).filename may change if the user wants to run another file.
I Made an API by using Flask.it works online and offline perfectly but still, if you want to recommend anything related to the app.py.Code Review App.py
from flask import Flask, jsonify
from flask_restful import Api, Resource
import os

app = Flask(__name__)
api = Api(app)

class callApi(Resource):
    def get(self, file_name):
        my_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
        file_path = os.path.join(my_dir, file_name)
        file = open(file_path)
        getvalues = {}
        exec(file.read(), getvalues)
        return jsonify({'data': getvalues['total']})

api.add_resource(callApi, "/callApi/<string:file_name>")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()

Here is the Code of runMe2.py
import gspread
from oauth2client.service_account import ServiceAccountCredentials

# use creds to create a client to interact with the Google Drive API

scopes =['https://www.googleapis.com/auth/spreadsheets',"https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive.file","https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive"]

creds = ServiceAccountCredentials.from_json_keyfile_name('service_account.json', scopes)
client = gspread.authorize(creds)

# Find a workbook by name and open the first sheet
# Make sure you use the right name here.
sheet = client.open("Demosheet").sheet1

# Extract and print all of the values
list_of_hashes = sheet.get_all_records()
print(list_of_hashes)

below is the main.py code
import requests

BASE = 'https://username.pythonanywhere.com/callApi/test.py'

response = requests.get(BASE)
print(response.json())

main.py output
{'data': 54}

Test.py code
a = 20
b = 34
total = a+b
print(total)

PROBLEM IS
if I request runMe2.py at that time I am got this error.
check runMe2.py code above
app.py is hosted on https://www.pythonanywhere.com/
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'gspread'

However, I installed gspread on pythonanywhere why using the command. but it's not working.

A: You either haven't installed the gspread package on your current python environment or it is installed somewhere (e.g. in a diff. virtual env) and your script cant find it.
Try installing the package inside the environment your running your script in using pip3:
pip3 install gspread

A: You can try something like this on Windows
pip install gspread

or on Mac
pip3 install gspread

If you're running on Docker, or building with a requirements.txt you can try adding this line you your requirements.txt file
gspread==3.7.0

Any other instructions for this package can be found here => https://github.com/burnash/gspread

A: Download gspread here
Download the tar file: gspread-3.7.0.tar.gz from the above link
Extract file and convert folder in zip then upload it back on server
Open bash console and use command as
$ unzip gspread-3.7.0
$ cd gspread-3.7.0
$ python3.7 setup.py install --user

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Hank Nuwer has written four books on hazing and spent more than three decades analyzing cases in which it has been taken to sometimes criminal and tragic extremes. He does not take lightly the current issue involving Dallas Cowboys rookieDez Bryant and his refusal to carry a veteran's shoulder pads off the practice field.
"It's non-criminal, but what you're dealing with is the idea of humiliation," says Nuwer, an associate professor of journalism at Franklin College in Indiana.
Nuwer has seen the opinions expressed by media members, including former coaches and players, that Bryant should simply have gone along with what they say is a routine rite of passage for NFL rookies. He doesn't buy that.
"It's wrong to humiliate people, and we're in an age of sexting and harassment and so forth. To allow this kind of behavior among adults is wrong," he says.
Cowboys coach Wade Phillips has said he will not tolerate hazing on his team. But Nuwer says professional athletes carry extra responsibility.
The NFL says such matters as whether rookies have to carry the shoulders pads of veteran is a "club matter," up to the discretion of individual teams.
Nuwer says the NCAA and the National Federation of State High School Associations have taken stands against hazing.


Debris in orifice tube -Hecat?
Alpha compressor on car got loud, then just quit cooling. After removing compressor, input shaft freewheels, no output of any sort.
The screen on the input side of the orifice tube is heavily coated, if not clogged with silver colored particles, ranging in size from a fine dust, to maybe 0.5 mm.
I have not flushed or blown condenser. The obvious question is, whether or not to replace condenser.
This car has a parallel tube condenser, if I understand, it is not easy to tell if, or to what degree it is clogged.
Current replacement is the second (Alpha) compressor I've put on this car. Obviously, my results with first are disappointing: compressor was noisy for several years, beginning within months of original replacement. At that time, I replace all o rings, flushed with lacquer thinner, purged with nitrogen, installed new orifice tube and drier, evacuated, and charged, did not take any short cuts, nor am I so inclined this time around. It is possible that some lacquer thinner remained in system, I could still smell lacquer thinner while purging and evacuating.
I am open to suggestions, I do not mind replacing *condenser* it that is recommended. I'd rather not change evaporator. Is there really any way to tell if replacement is necessary for either? Given the apparent contamination (silver build up at o tube input), what else if any thing is recommended?
Ok, the flush expelled from evaporator looks like thin silver metallic paint, it is laden with fine (presumably aluminum) metallic particles, and a few black specks. It seems near impossible to completely flush evaporator. Cost for new is quite reasonable, but the job of R & R seems daunting.
Can anyone say if the accumulator will serve to catch any particles in flow? Something tells me no. Also, if anyone has replaced evap on Contour, how much pain is it?
So if any pro's would like to weigh in, I'd love to hear. I already have new compressor, o tube, accumulator, and plan on ordering condenser, already drained manufacturer oil charge and replaced w DEC PAG 46. It seems like I may as well just go the full monty and replace evap as well.
2 blown compressors, filled the primary filter (condenser) and finally the secondary filter (orifice tube) with bit of compressor.
I am curious - if you never flushed the condenser, where was the lacquer thinner used?
At this point you have a completely contaminated system. Run with thinner, metal spread past the orifice tube in to the evaporator. HECAT will be the final word on whether or not you can flush the evaporator successfully - it is his specialty.
As for the process to R&R the evaporator on that car, your best bet is to buy a Mitchell or Alldata subscription for the car. You get the full factory service manual with all of the steps to do the evaporator (and every other task) on that car.
Wait for some answers before you go over a cliff on your own.
Yes, the evaporator can be flushed, and so can the condenser. But time is money, how long will it take to flush these and how much flush solvent will be required? Even with my Hecat pulsator, it is sometimes cheaper to replace the condenser than it is to flush it. The evaporator I would always try to flush unless it is cheap and has to be removed anyway to change the txv, but this one has an o-tube not a txv. The book shows about 6 hours to replace the evaporator.
As far as instructions, I have been having fairly good luck using workshop-manuals.com. It is free, not all years/models are listed, there is constant popups asking for donations, but it is fee and I have had fairly good luck with it.
I did flush condenser and evaporator on first compressor replacement, replaced all o rings, o tube, accumulator. I don't remember what time of year it was, I just couldn't seem to evacuate all of the lacquer thinner. I will never again use LT for flush agent. On first replacement, there was no sign of contamination, the problem was that the OEM compressor leaked like a sieve.
I've already ordered condenser, and am wrestling with whether or not to replace evaporator. I'm just not sure I can get all particles from evaporator, and I really would like this repair to last.
If you left any lacquer thinner in the system. It broke down the oil and was most likely the cause of your repeated failures. Evap can be flushed, one important point is the type of equipment you use to flush the system. The cheap flush guns can work, but you have to make sure to remove all the debris and flush. The Hecat products work much better removing debris and flushing agents.
I've got your order on hold until you decide what you would like to do.
With all of the shared platforms in the automotive world, the price of new condensers has come way down. Under $100 condensers are common. It is not cost effective to flush them.
There is a big difference between flushing an evaporator and a condenser. At one time I worked for Dunham-Bush, and I have seen plenty of odd stuff come out of heat exchangers during an autopsy.
The condenser is subject to un-filtered debris at high velocities and pressures. This can jam big chunks in places they clog for good. A common thing in serpentine condensers. Multi-pass parallel condensers have a header chamber on each end of the tubes. Debris can stack up in the headers, and block the lower tubes. Back flushing may not remove these debris.
Evaporators operate at lower pressures, and are protected from large debris by either the orifice tube or the receiver & TXV. You have a much better chance of clearing most evaporators. A good thing too, given the large labor cost of replacing many evaporators in many cars. There are of course a few exceptions, with complicated distribution schemes - and I am sure Karl at HECAT can name most of those.
In the case of the Contour listed in this thread, there is a high probability that the evaporator can be flushed successfully in place with the right equipment and solvent.
I'm pretty discouraged at this point, each time I flush I get more glitter and a few black specks. If same thing happens during operation, it's bound to damage compressor again. I think it's time to replace both condenser and evaporator.
Sorry to be late to comment. Its not uncommon after multiple compressor failures for the substantial fines to accumulate in the evaporator.
If you keep seeing the "glitter" fines, you need to flush more. Better results in moving debris can be had, when you can push a lot of flush thru it. When clean it needs to be completely dried out well. Use filtered compressed air and blow, blow, blow, then blow some more.
If you are not confident in your flush method (flush chemical, delivery method, debris removal, and flush removal); replace it.
Thank you. Of course I have removed O tube, that was my first indication of trouble, it was heavily caked with fine silver particles.
I am flushing with paint thinner, using 1 quart flush gun, with dry filtered shop air. I really have no other choice, but after flushing 8 times, using 16 oz flush agent each flush, I still get some bright silver and a few black particles.
I'm just not sure I'll ever be able to flush it out. I think the work to replace evaporator is worth the peace of mind.
"Paint thinner" is often comprised of a bunch of B grade solvents that cannot be sold as stand alone A grade solvents. Basically a cheaper solvent, which provides the solvent manufacturers with a path to market their lower quality (inferior) batches. The consistency and percentages of the given solvent components often varies greatly. So when considering this as a precision A/C flushing solvent; which component chemical has been chosen for its ability to effectively dissolve the synthetic refrigerant oil and its residues? How will each component chemical react with common metals and elastomers (aluminum, hoses, seals, etc.)? What is the boiling point of each component, and how will you assure it has all been removed? What effect will trace residue (assuming you can remove to that point) have on chemically altering or reducing the lubricity of the new refrigerant oil? You do not have to answer these questions. When I say you must be confident in the flush chemical chosen; it is important to know and understand before using; what you are going to use, why you are using it, and how you are going to properly remove it. So IMHO "paint thinner" is not a A/C flush.
In this case of substantial debris fines in the Evap (and solvent suitability aside); the 1 qt flush gun does not provide the volume, or produce the necessary velocity to remove all the debris. With each blast you churn it up, remove a little more; while the majority of the debris just drops inside again and again. Will it ever get it all? Not likely. When I say you must be confident in the delivery method; this inexpensive, old, and obsolete 1 qt flush gun method, produces little confidence.
You are obviously reaching the same conclusions. This works much better.


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Home Magazine When Grass Stops Growing
When Grass Stops Growing
Americans cannot separate our most pressing crises—the criminalization of migrants, the policing of communities of color, the escalation of climate change—from our nation's original sin.
by Alexandra Tempus
As Long as Grass Grows: The Indigenous Fight for Environmental Justice, from Colonization to Standing Rock, by Dina Gilio-Whitaker. Beacon Press. 224 pages.
If you're a white person who didn't grow up on the edge of an Indian reservation, like I did, you might not pick up As Long As Grass Grows by Dina Gilio-Whitaker. If you weren't brought up eating fry bread and going to powwows, if you didn't listen to a drum circle at the graduation ceremony of every senior class, you might wonder why—in a country where American Indians now comprise just 1.3 percent of the population—you even should.
"It's super obscure," someone told me after reading a years-in-the-making piece I'd written about the Menominee tribe, on whose ancestral land, in what's now northeast Wisconsin, I was raised. Alarmed, I fought the urge to argue. Next time, I'll just hand over this book.
What Gilio-Whitaker contends in this slim, accessible volume is that, in fact, Americans cannot separate our most pressing crises—the criminalization of migrants, the policing of communities of color, the escalation of climate change—from our nation's original sin.
In the United States, she writes, "Slavery and capitalism are the two cornerstones made possible by colonial dispossession of Indigenous lands."
The book takes us first to the battle over the Dakota Access Pipeline at Standing Rock, outlining in stark detail one of the clearest modern examples of environmental racism. Then Gilio-Whitaker steps back in time, showing us how what happened in North Dakota in 2016 is a direct extension of America's colonial history—making the robust case that it's not really history at all. Well-known examples of our atrocities, like the Trail of Tears, are contextualized among the extensive web of forced removals of indigenous peoples from their ancestral lands that criss-crosses this country.
Importantly, Gilio-Whitaker, herself a member of the Colville Confederated Tribes and a scholar of American Indian studies, roots her arguments in indigenous wisdom.
"The very thing that distinguishes Indigenous peoples from settler societies is their unbroken connection to ancestral homelands," she writes. "Their cultures and identities are linked to their original places in ways that define them."
As I was told during my own reporting, "Menominees believe generally that man is part of the land. The rest of society believes man owns the land."
The forced removal of people whose knowledge of their ancestral territory spans millennia, Gilio-Whitaker says, has had disastrous consequences not just for them but everyone else, too. Throughout this book, the author draws on the work of her fellow indigenous academics to make this point.
For instance, she cites the work of Potawatomi scholar Kyle Powys Whyte, who writes that "environmental injustice occurs when systems of responsibility between humans and the land are disrupted throughout the process of colonization."
Here we find the root of American society's own disconnection from nature. Given the logic of colonialism, of violently divesting the dominant culture from worldviews that value the land and human life as one, is it any wonder we now face the existential threat of climate change?
Likewise, once you've read the author reframe the dam and railroad construction of Western expansion lore as efforts that advanced the project of Indian removal, it is no surprise that America is building a border wall to keep other indigenous peoples and their descendants out.
Central to the book is Gilio-Whitaker's effort to imagine what environmental justice might look like for American Indians. It's a tricky question because, as she notes, indigenous peoples most often experience Western law as "an enforcer of oppression." She traces the establishment of policies attempting consideration for tribes within the Environmental Protection Agency that have had, at best, limited success. The EPA, after all, is an agency of the colonizing State.
In the end, the author identifies multiple strategies: creative organizing, forming community partnerships, working at all levels of government to push policy that prioritizes tribal sovereignty. But ultimately, she argues, there must be dialogue, and action, toward decolonization, for everyone's sake: "Decolonizing the colonizers is necessary so that they can once again learn how to respect themselves and others."
There is no more urgent prescription for America than this. After all, Gilio-Whitaker writes in her author's note, "we're all on the reservation now."
Indigenous Rights April/May 2019 Book Review Magazine
Alexandra Tempus
Alexandra Tempus is associate editor of The Progressive.
Read more by Alexandra Tempus


Knitted in a multiples of 9, + 2 sts and 24-row repeat.
Row 1 - right side: P1, * ssk, k7, yo; repeat from * to last st, p1.
Row 2: K1, * p1, yo, p6, p2tog-b; repeat from * to last st, k1.
Row 3: P1, * ssk, k5, yo, k2; repeat from * to last st, p1.
Row 4: K1, * p3, yo, p4, p2tog-b; repeat from * to last st, k1.
Row 5: P1, * k3, k2-tog, k4, yo; repeat from * to last st, p1.
Row 6: K1, * p1, yo, p4, p2tog, p2; repeat from * to last st, k1.
Row 7: P1, * k1, k2-tog, k4, yo, k2; repeat from * to last st, p1.
Row 8: K1, * p3, yo, p4, p2tog; repeat from * to last st, k1.
Row 9: P1, * yo, k3, k2tog, k4; repeat from * to last st, p1.
Row 10: K1, * p4, p2tog, p2, yo, p1; repeat from * to last st, k1.
Row 11: P1, * k2, yo, k1, k2tog, k4; repeat from * to last st, p1.
Row 12: K1, * p4, p2tog, yo, p3; repeat from * to last st, k1.
Row 13: P1, * yo, k7, k2tog; repeat from * to last st, p1.
Row 14: K1, * p2tog, p6, yo, p1; repeat from * to last st, k1.
Row 15: P1, * k2, yo, k5, k2tog; repeat from * to last st, p1.
Row 16: K1, * p2tog, p4, yo, p3; repeat from * to last st, k1.
Row 17: P1, * yo, k4, ssk, k3; repeat from * to last st, p1.
Row 18: K1, * p2, p2tog-b, p4, yo, p1; repeat from * to last st, k1.
Row 19: P1, * k2, yo, k4, ssk, k1; repeat from * to last st, p1.
Row 20: K1, * p2tog-b, p4, yo, p3; repeat from * to last st, k1.
Row 21: P1, * k4, ssk, k3, yo; repeat from * to last st, p1.
Row 22: K1, * p1, yo, p2, p2tog-b, p4; repeat from * to last st, k1.
Row 23: P1, * k4, ssk, k1, yo, k2; repeat from * to last st, p1.
Row 24: K1, * p3, yo, p2tog-b, p4; repeat from * to last st, k1.


E-waste generation is expected to reach some 93.5 million tons by the end of 2016, up from around 41.5 million tons in 2011. That is a compound annual growth of 17.6% - and is only set to rise.
We know it is bad. We do. But why should more be done to extract the already expended resources present in so many e-waste dumps?
Precious metals are, well, precious. Amongst their ranks are some of the rarest metals to be found around the world, and as long as humans have been digging shiny things out of the ground, they have been coveted. Now, they're worth so much more as integral components of the many devices we covet.
Metals such as platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium have high melting points, high corrosion resistance and excellent catalytic properties, making them extremely desirable in many industrial and commercial devices. Consider an iPhone 5, the previous generation of Apple's flagship smartphone. It contains "$1.58 of gold, $.36 of silver, $.05 of platinum, and $.12 of copper," as well as trace amounts of "rare earths" Yttrium, Lanthanum, Neodymium, Gadolinium, and Europium, among others.
You may have never heard of some of these, and understandably so. However, that doesn't solve the burning issue: recycling and reusing these rare metals and rare earths is difficult, and is certainly not environmentally friendly. Extracting any meaningful amount of these materials usually involves seriously toxic heavy metals, further poisoning the environment, as well as those unlucky individuals dependent on their extraction for a living.
As it stands, the concentration of these precious and rare materials is vastly higher in e-waste dumps than as ore in the ground. It should also be noted that a vast majority of the initial leg-work has been done, as the ore has already been extracted, refined, and constructed. However, even with concentrated sources covering the globe, there are several conditions that must be in place for e-recyclers to consider extraction.
Value. Seemingly obvious, but there must sufficient value in the specific metals for a recycling project to be deemed viable.
Volume. Accompanying value, there must be sufficient volume of the precious and rare metals to ensure a profitable extraction process.
Efficiency. Can the metals be extracted with sufficient efficiency, using capable technology?
The first two are easily met in most e-waste dumps, but the third is certainly more challenging and without significant investment in machinery, usually takes place by hand. Not only is this extremely hazardous, but also returns very little of the already minute traces of precious metals and earths.
In the near future? No. Not without serious investment in the countries dotted around the globe willingly (and sometimes unwillingly) accepting the vast volume of e-waste. But until attitudes in innovative technologies, commercial and industrial organisations, and indeed, the general public change, the problem will continue to grow.


It seems that our lives are becoming more hectic every day. Some days we are so busy we really don't have time to think. We at BellaOnline's Living Simply site aim to help you ask what constitutes a simpler life and assist you in the pursuit of that life, which then leads to more peace and happiness.
It's not always necessary and certainly not very practical to move to achieve the simple life. There are things we can do to our everyday life to slow down, reduce our stuff, free up our schedules and breathe occasionally. At BellaOnline's Living Simply site we aim to make regular suggestions to help you on your quieter, less scheduled journey of life.
Reducing the stuff that you have and avoiding buying more stuff in the future, having a peaceful garden that is also low maintenance, looking after yourself by eating the right food and simple exercises you can do every day. In addition we will be talking about reducing the stress that goes along with raising children, and much more.
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text:
Q: Display Distribution List As A Column In Outlook? A client of ours suddenly wants to add a custom column to his Outlook contact list. He wants this column to display the distribution list that said contact is a part of.
Now at a glance this is much more complicated than he makes it out to be. Not every contact is necessarily in AD, and they could certainly be part of more than one list. This all has to be accounted for in the formula.
I'm leaning towards telling him this is beyond our scope of support, but I though I'd ask around first. Is there some pre-made code out there that performs a similar function? Thanks.

A: You can certainly retrieve that information programmatically (ExchangeUser.GetMemberOfList), but you cannot display that in the Contacts folder view.
for each lst in Application.Session.CurrentUser.AddressEntry.GetExchangeUser.GetMemberOfList
  Debug.Print lst.Name
next


New old stock 1970s Sheaffer 330 fountain pen in burgundy. The pen measures 5 1/8 inches capped and comes in the original box with the instruction sheet and cartridges. The cartridges are dried out and I will supply a fresh cartridge along with a syringe for filling the original cartridges. The pen has the original sticker which is marked Sheaffer 330 Med $8.50. This pen has a beautiful stainless steel inlaid nib. The pen has never been inked - a great collectors item!


text:
Long-term weather forecast
Climate data
Colombia: 11.307 locations
April weather forecast and climate
ClimateJFMAprilMJJASONDYear
Weather in April
Average temperature in April
Average rainfall in April
Average rainfall days in April
Average sea temperature in April
Average daylight in April
Average sunshine in April
Average UV index in April
A skyscape of the city of Cartagena, Colombia, with a close view of the Chiva Rumbera buildings
April, like March, is another tropical spring month in Cartagena, Colombia, with average temperature fluctuating between 31.5°C (88.7°F) and 24.5°C (76.1°F).
The ideal sea water temperature of 27.8°C (82°F) and only 3 rainfall days, with 21.9mm (0.9") of accumulated rainfall, make April the best time for swimming and other water activities.
In Cartagena, the average high-temperature is essentially the same as in March - a still hot 31.5°C (88.7°F). In Cartagena, Colombia, in April, the average low-temperature is 24.5°C (76.1°F).
In Cartagena, Colombia, during April, the rain falls for 3 days and regularly aggregates up to 21.9mm (0.9") of precipitation. Throughout the year, there are 92 rainfall days, and 912.5mm (35.9") of precipitation is accumulated.
Sea temperature
In April, the average sea temperature is 27.8°C (82°F).
Note: Water temperature between 25°C (77°F) and 29°C (84.2°F) is regarded as very warm and enjoyable by all. With these temperatures, water activities are pleasurable, without feeling uncomfortable for prolonged periods.
In Cartagena, the average length of the day is 12.4h.
In April, the average sunshine is 7h.
February through October, with an average maximum UV index of 12, are months with the highest UV index. A UV Index value of 11, and more, symbolizes an extreme threat to health from the exposure to the Sun's UV radiation for ordinary individuals.
Note: In April, the average maximum UV index of 12 translate into the following recommendations:
Take all necessary precautions, as unprotected skin can burn in minutes. Seek shade and minimize exposure to direct Sun in a period between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. when UV radiation is most intense; keep in mind that shade structures like parasols or canopies do not provide perfect sun protection. Sun-protective clothing, a long-sleeved shirt and pants, a wide-brimmed hat, and UVA and UVB-blocking sunglasses are particularly helpful in blocking UV radiation's harmful effects. A broad-spectrum sunscreen of SPF 30+ should be liberally applied and re-applied every two hours, and immediately after an outdoor workout or a swim. Caution! The reflection of sand and water significantly increases the intensity of the Sun's UV radiation.
[Resources]
What is the temperature in April in Cartagena?
In Cartagena, in April, the average high-temperature is 31.5°C (88.7°F), and the average low-temperature is 24.5°C (76.1°F).
How much does it rain in Cartagena in April?
In Cartagena, in April, during 3 rainfall days, 21.9mm (0.9") of precipitation is typically accumulated.
How warm is the water in April in Cartagena?
In Cartagena, the average seawater temperature in April is 27.8°C (82°F). For any water activity, surface water temperatures between 25°C (77°F) and 29°C (84.2°F) are considered as excellent and extremely pleasant for lengthened periods.
How many hours of daylight does Cartagena have in April?
The average length of the day in April in Cartagena, Colombia, is 12.4h.
How many hours of sunshine does Cartagena have in April?
In Cartagena, the average sunshine in April is 7h.
When is the highest UV index in Cartagena?
Months with the highest UV index are February through October, with an average maximum UV index of 12.
How high is the UV index in April in Cartagena?
In Cartagena, Colombia, the average daily maximum UV index in April is 12. A UV Index estimate of 11, and higher, represents an ultimate hazard to health from unsafe exposure to the Sun's UV rays.
Average high temperature in April: 31.5°C
The warmest month (with the highest average high temperature) is July (32°C).
Months with the lowest average high temperature are January and February (31°C).
Average low temperature in April: 24.5°C
The month with the highest average low temperature is June (25°C).
The coldest month (with the lowest average low temperature) is January (22.7°C).
Average rainfall in April: 21.9mm
The wettest month (with the highest rainfall) is October (198.3mm).
The driest month (with the lowest rainfall) is February (0.9mm).
Average rainfall days in April: 3 days
The month with the highest number of rainy days is October (16 days).
The month with the lowest number of rainy days is February (0 days).
Average sea temperature in April: 27.8°C
The best month for swimming (with the highest average sea temperature) is August (29.8°C).
The coldest month (with the lowest average sea temperature) is February (27.3°C).
Average daylight in April /
Average daylight in April: 12.4h
Months with the longest days are June and July (Average daylight: 12.7h).
The month with shortest days is December (Average daylight: 11.5h).
Average sunshine in April: 7h
The month with most sunshine is January (Average sunshine: 9h).
The month with least sunshine is October (Average sunshine: 5.6h).
Average UV index in April: 12
Months with the highest UV index are February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September and October (UV index 12).
The month with the lowest UV index is December (UV index 10).
Weather forecast for today Weather forecast for tomorrow Long-term weather forecast ---------------------- Climate data January February March April May June July August September October November December ---------------------- °Fahrenheit °Celsius ---------------------- deutsche english español русский 中文
Weather Atlas: Cartagena, Colombia - April weather forecast and climate information. April weather forecast for Cartagena, Colombia. In April, the average high-temperature is essentially the same as in March - a still hot 31.5°C (88.7°F). In April, the average maximum UV index of 12 translate into the following recommendations: Take all required precautions, as unprotected skin and eyes can burn in minutes. [603340]
Weather Atlas | © 2002-2020 | Yu Media Group d.o.o. | Resources
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text:
Drug Safety:
Preliminary Findings Indicate Persistent Challenges with FDA Foreign Inspections
GAO-20-262T: Published: Dec 10, 2019. Publicly Released: Dec 10, 2019.
Mary Denigan-Macauley
deniganmacauleym@gao.gov
More than 60% of drug manufacturers for the U.S. market are located overseas. The Food and Drug Administration inspects foreign and domestic drug manufacturers to ensure drug safety and effectiveness.
Among other things, we testified that:
The number of inspections of foreign drug manufacturers has declined since FY 2016, which FDA attributes in part to fewer inspectors and difficulty filling jobs abroad
Most foreign inspections are preannounced, giving manufacturers time to prepare for inspections
We have long-standing concerns about FDA's ability to oversee the global supply chain, a High Risk Series issue for 10 years.
GAO's preliminary analysis of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) data shows that from fiscal year 2012 through 2016, the number of foreign drug manufacturing establishment inspections increased. From fiscal year 2016 through 2018, both foreign and domestic inspections decreased—by about 10 percent and 13 percent, respectively. Howevever, the total number of foreign inspections surpassed the number of domestic inspections in 2015, and a growing percentage of FDA's foreign inspections (43 percent in 2018) were conducted in China and India, where most establishments that ship drugs to the United States were located. FDA officials attributed the decline, in part, to vacancies among investigators available to conduct inspections. GAO previously noted the vital role that inspections play in FDA's oversight of foreign establishments.
FDA Inspections of Foreign and Domestic Drug Establishments, Fiscal Year 2012 through 2018
FDA has vacancies among each of the groups of investigators who conduct foreign inspections. FDA had 190 investigators in the United States who conduct the majority of foreign inspections, but an additional 58 positions were vacant. FDA was in the process of filling 26 of these vacancies, with 32 remaining. However, according to FDA officials, it could be 2 to 3 years before new staff are experienced enough to conduct foreign inspections. FDA also faces persistent vacancies among investigators in its foreign offices.
FDA investigators identified persistent challenges conducting foreign inspections, raising questions about the equivalence of foreign to domestic inspections. For example, while domestic inspections are almost always unannounced, FDA's practice of preannouncing foreign inspections up to 12 weeks in advance may give manufacturers the opportunity to fix problems. Investigators from FDA's China and India offices do conduct some unannounced inspections, but they are involved in a small percentage of inspections in these countries (27 percent and 10 percent, respectively). Further, FDA continues to rely on translators provided by the foreign establishments being inspected, which investigators said can raise questions about the accuracy of information FDA investigators collect.
More than 60 percent of establishments manufacturing drugs for the U.S. market were located overseas in fiscal year 2018. FDA has estimated that about 40 percent of finished drugs and 80 percent of active drug ingredients are manufactured overseas. FDA is responsible for overseeing the safety and effectiveness of all drugs marketed in the United States, regardless of where they are produced and conducts inspections of both foreign and domestic drug manufacturing establishments. GAO has had long-standing concerns about FDA's ability to oversee the increasingly global supply chain, an issue highlighted in GAO's High Risk Series for the last 10 years. GAO recommended in 2008 (GAO-08-970) that FDA increase the number of inspections of foreign drug establishments. GAO found in 2010 (GAO-10-961) and 2016 (GAO-17-143) that FDA was conducting more of these foreign drug inspections, but GAO also reported that FDA may have never inspected many establishments manufacturing drugs for the U.S. market.
This statement is based on ongoing work and provides preliminary GAO observations on 1) the number of foreign inspections FDA has conducted, 2) inspection staffing levels, and 3) challenges unique to foreign inspections. For this work, GAO examined FDA data, visited FDA foreign offices in China and India, and interviewed drug investigators based in these offices and in the United States.
GAO will continue to assess these issues as part of ongoing work, and make recommendations as appropriate.
For more information, contact Mary Denigan-Macauley at (202) 512- 7114 or deniganmacauleym@gao.gov.
Find Recent Work on Health Care »
340B Drug Discount Program:
Increased Oversight Needed to Ensure Nongovernmental Hospitals Meet Eligibility Requirements
Health Care Workforce:
Views on Expanding Medicare Graduate Medical Education Funding to Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants
Mental Health and Substance Use:
State and Federal Oversight of Compliance with Parity Requirements Varies
Defense Health Care:
Opportunities to Improve Future TRICARE Managed Care Support Contract Transitions
Tribal Programs:
Resource Constraints and Management Weaknesses Can Limit Federal Program Delivery to Tribes
GAO-20-270T: Published: Nov 19, 2019. Publicly Released: Nov 19, 2019.
Tobacco User Fees:
Further Action Needed to Ensure Calculations Are Based on Complete and Accurate Data
GAO-20-34: Published: Oct 17, 2019. Publicly Released: Nov 18, 2019.
Nursing Homes:
Better Oversight Needed to Protect Residents from Abuse
Medicare Hospice Care:
Opportunities Exist to Strengthen CMS Oversight of Hospice Providers
Generic Drug Development:
Stakeholders' Views of Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies Differ
Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration:
Efforts to Identify Effective Strategies for Low-Income Children
Explore our Key Issues on Health Care
Federal Efforts to Prevent Drug Misuse
Improving Federal Programs that Serve Tribes and Their Members - High Risk Issue
Managing Risks and Improving VA Health Care
Medicaid - High Risk Issue
Medical Product Oversight - High Risk Issue
Medicare - High Risk Issue
Prescription Drug Spending
Supports and Services for Transitioning Veterans
Toxic Chemicals - High Risk Issue