text:
Gender, Women, and Sexuality Studies Department
3 Leasure Hall
gwss@k-state.edu
Category: fall 2014
Meet Jan Dreiling: Lawyer, Judge, Supporter of Women's Studies at KSU
Posted on November 18, 2014 October 25, 2018 by Torry Dickinson
Jan Dreiling talked to Women's Studies students about a career in law
Janice (Jan) Parks Dreiling ('66, '69 Overland Park) is a feminist lawyer and researcher, and an active member of the Women's Studies community at Kansas State University. An alumna of Kansas State, she majored in sociology and minored in history. Jan Dreiling completed her B.A. and M.A. in Sociology at Kansas State and her J.D. at the University of Tulsa College of Law. She says that her study of sociology enabled her to understand society and people's problems when she became a lawyer and a judge. Jan Dreiling retired from the bench in 2006. She now works as an attorney in private practice.
KSU alumna Jan Dreiling is engaged in researching and writing a book on the 1867 campaign for women's suffrage in Kansas. This campaign was led by a powerful group of women, including Clarina Howard Nichols. As she did her research, Jan Dreiling discovered more about the important role that the Wattle family played in the Moneka Woman's Rights Association of Linn County. The Association hired Clarina Howard Nichols to go to the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention in 1859 so that she could work for women's rights in Kansas.
As she studied at K-State and served as a lawyer and judge, Jan became more appreciative of the importance of women's rights. She realized that she wanted to "do something much bigger than me" and decided to combine her passion for researching women's history and supporting women's rights. One of the ways that she did this was to reach out to Women's Studies at KSU and to support Women's Studies students by creating a scholarship.
Women's Studies at Kansas State now has a new scholarship program for Women's Studies majors because Jan Dreiling decided to express her dedication to gender equality and her commitment to Women's Studies. Jan Dreiling started a scholarship program for majors in Women's Studies. It is called the Clarina Howard Nichols Scholarship. This $1,000 scholarship is awarded at the end of each year to a promising major in Women's Studies who has addressed major social or educational barriers or who has demonstrated an ability to apply academic knowledge to social change contexts.
Because of her research on women who worked for suffrage in Kansas, Jan Dreiling asked that the Women's Studies scholarship be named after Clarina Howard Nichols. Clarina Howard Nichols was an important 19th century feminist, who moved from the East coast to the Midwest and then to California. She took the lead in Kansas for supporting woman's rights, including suffrage, when Kansas was becoming a free state in 1861. She played a key role in making sure that the Kansas constitution provided for women's equal rights to education, women's right to custody of their children, and married women's right to acquire and possess property apart from their husbands. Partly with the political urging of Clarina Howard Nichols, participants in Kansas' 1859 constitutional convention also considered her proposal that women be granted suffrage when Kansas became a state.
Clarina Howard Nichols helped ensure that some rights for women were written into Kansas' constitution. But suffrage supporters had to work a long time to get all women the right to vote. When Kansas entered the Union as a free state in 1861, delegates to the Wyandotte Convention had not given women the right to vote. Patriarchal control of government and elections kept women from voting in Kansas until 1912. At that time, Kansas became the eighth state where women were allowed to vote. It wouldn't be until the passing of the 19th amendment in 1920 that women in every state were granted the right to vote. But southern states effectively disenfranchised many African-American women and men, keeping them from exercising their right to vote. Issues related to disenfranchisement continue to be discussed up to this day, especially as they relate to immigration and voter identification.
Getting the rights of women addressed beginning in the1840s took serious leadership skills, courage, and a deep commitment to social equality, democracy, and social justice. Clarina Howard Nichols demonstrated that she had all this and more, and with increasing passion, as she took her children from an abusive husband in the 1840s, got authorization from the Vermont state legislature to divorce, married for a second time to a newspaper editor, found herself supporting the family on her own after her second husband died. She worked for the rest of her life as an advocate for woman suffrage, the rights of women, and temperance, forming close associations with famous suffragists like Susan B. Anthony.
In May 2014, Women's Studies was proud to offer the Clarina Howard Nichols Scholarship to the first recipient, Sabrina Flowers. We thank Jan Dreiling for making this, and so much more, possible. Thank you, Jan.
In spring 2015, Jan Dreiling will talk about her research on women's rights and the campaign for women's suffrage at two Women's Studies-sponsored events. She will, after a dinner, lecture on Thursday, March 5 (contact Kim Garver at kgarver@ksu.edu to make a reservation) and on Friday, March 6 at 10:30 am in the Hemisphere Room at KSU's Hale Library (free and open to the public).
— by Torry Dickinson
Posted in fall 2014
The Impact of Women's Studies on Kansas State University and the Community
For almost 30 years the Department of Women's Studies has shaped the way K-State students learn and practice their professions. Women's Studies has shaped education and community relations at K-State and in the State of Kansas. As a discipline, Women's Studies is committed to researching and understanding women and gender; to addressing the injustices of gender, race, class and global hierarchies; and to bringing about structural and cultural social change that benefits everyone. As a Department in the College of Arts and Sciences, Women's Studies offers both undergraduate and graduate programs, and all are interdisciplinary and university-wide. Women's Studies has a major in Women's Studies, a minor in Women's Studies, and a Graduate Certificate in Women's Studies. This year Women's Studies started a Queer Studies minor, which also is an interdisciplinary, university-wide degree. Women's Studies also impacts students who are enrolled at other institutions of higher learning. Women's Studies has the potential to reach every undergrad and grad student in every discipline and program area in the College of Arts and Sciences, as well as to reach every undergrad and grad student in all the University's colleges.
The Department currently has seven full-time core Women's Studies faculty, 1 grad student instructor, and over 50 affiliated faculty members from 18 disciplines, ranging from Horticulture to Modern Languages to Social Work. The affiliated faculty members teach courses that Women's Studies students can count as electives towards their Women's Studies or Queer Studies degrees; all these cross-listed courses have substantial course content that relates to Women's Studies and its learning outcomes. Affiliated faculty members also participate in governance and planning for the interdisciplinary Women's Studies program. Women's Studies' wide reach has enabled the Department to impact thousands of students, faculty members, the College, the University, and the communities that our land-grant university serves.
In particular, we teach about 10 to 12 classes of "Introduction to Women's Studies" every semester. Most of these "Intro" classes are taught in face-to-face classrooms during the day. Some classes are taught in the evenings and online via the University's College that is known as the Global Campus. The face-to-face sections of "Introduction to Women's Studies," which offer General Education credits, typically have about 30 to 35 students. This class alone reaches over 600 students every year.
Every semester we also offer about eight interdisciplinary Women's Studies classes that are core curriculum classes and elective classes. For example, one required core class is "Feminist Thought". Every semester we also offer a variety of interdisciplinary electives, which include courses like "African Feminisms," "Latina's Life Stories," and "Women and Violence". "Queer Studies: Concepts, History and Politics" will be offered for the first time in spring, 2015.
Women's Studies is an interdisciplinary department that connects academic study with community study. Most of our interdisciplinary and cross-listed classes involve students in the investigation of social issues and problems that impact the campus, communities, the U.S. and other countries, and the world. Some of our interdisciplinary and cross-listed classes engage students in analyzing possible solutions, developing new ways to address problems, and learning how to carry out solutions. Women's Studies also offers an internship class to undergraduates and graduate students who want to have an extended, practical experience learning in a community-based, statewide, or global organization. This internship prepares students for the job market as it gives provides research skills that are needed for graduate-level academics and professional work.
This year we are looking forward to engaging more KSU students and more community members in Women's Studies. If you have any ideas about how to help us connect with more students and how we can work with more service organizations in the community, let us know. And please join us as we work to serve the people of Kansas!
Women's Studies Celebrates its Students and Honors its Community
Posted on November 18, 2014 December 11, 2014 by Torry Dickinson
Women's Studies held a graduation ceremony in April, 2014 for graduates and for students who have contributed to the Department. Here we'd like to extend congratulations to our spring 2014 majors: Kerre Allen, Marisol Gonzalez, Sonaya Hamza, Brittany Huffaker, Nichole Garrett, Marjorie McLaughlin, and Adena Weiser. And we congratulate our minors: Colby Bruner, Georgia Campbell, Courtney Carpenter, Kynsey Creel, Kaitlyn Dewell, Tonielle Fiscus, Jacob Handy, Stephanie Johnson, Abigail Kallenbach, Jessica Kampfe, Sara Krstolic, Courtney Langley, Trey McGrew-Bryant, Jessica Nguyen, Taylor Poindexter, Heather Smith, Jena Terlip, Taylor Williams. We'd also like to congratulate the students who completed their Graduate Certificates: Alicia Beeson, Kaylea Pallister, Andrea Parrish, Melisa Posey, Laura Thacker, and Brittany Wiles.
Women's Studies also thanks all individuals who have enabled Women's Studies to serve Kansas State and the community in 2013-2014. The Women's Studies Ambassadors are students who represent the Department. We thank the Women's Studies Ambassadors and all the students and faculty who worked on Ambassador events. This includes Sonaya Hamza, Mallorie McLaughlin, Olivia Parrish, Claire Tolentino, and Adena Weiser. For their support of Women's Studies, we thank members of the Women's Studies Advisory Board, including Dolly Anderson, Erin Bishop, Tremenda Dillon, Joyce Glasscock, Julie Hostetler, Angela Hubler, Nancy Knopp, Cathie Lavis, Kendra Lewison, Betty Mattingly, Madai Rivera, Stefani Schrader, and Noel Schulz. And we'd like to extend our thanks to KSU alumna Janice P. Dreiling, founder of the Women's Studies Clarina Howard Nichols Scholarship.
Women's Studies congratulates the students who received Women's Studies awards in spring, 2014. Mallorie McLaughlin received the award for the best undergraduate paper. Her paper was called "A Bearer Centered Model of Care and the Construction of Woman through Childbirth". Laura Thacker received the award for the best graduate paper, which was entitled "Women Get Evil after Something Like That: Black Women's Relationships in Gayl Jones' Corregiadora". The Founders Scholarship Award went to Maria Arvanitakis. And the first Clarina Howard Nichols Scholarship Award went to Sabrina Flowers.
At the Women's Studies graduation ceremony, faculty and students also recognized Dr. Shireen Roshanravan for her outstanding contribution to Women's Studies over the last six years. Dr. Roshanravan received tenure and promotion to Associate Professor in spring 2014. Because of her strong commitment to studying race and ethnicity, Dr. Roshanravan decided to join the American Ethnic Studies Department, our sister program at K-State. We look forward to working with Dr. Shireen Roshanravan and to working more closely with the American Ethnic Studies Department. As a member of our affiliated faculty, Dr. Roshanravan will continue to serve as an integral member of the Women's Studies faculty.
Keep Your Eyes on Women's Studies: Dr. Valerie Padilla Carroll's Research
Valerie Padilla Carroll in Iceland, 2014
Summer is a time for faculty to dive into new research and to see the world through new eyes. Valerie Padilla Carroll, Women's Studies newest tenure-track Assistant Professor, is someone to follow when she does her summer research. Because she has been an instructor in Women's Studies for many years, Dr. Padilla Carroll is an experienced and popular teacher who is well known for her courses on "Gender, Environment, and Justice" and "Women and Pop Culture", which require ongoing research and critical inquiry throughout the year. As an active researcher and committed teacher, Dr. Padilla Carroll is proud of Women's Studies solid program. She hopes to contribute to it by promoting students' media literacy, by creating more engaging Women's Studies courses for first- and second-year students, and by enhancing her classes with new knowledge generated from her research.
Dr. Padilla Carroll believes that Women's Studies scholarship is some of the most important but often least recognized work in our society. She is proud of the department's social justice mission and she values the fulfillment that comes with doing engaged and socially relevant research and teaching at K-State. In her view, the Women's Studies Department has awesome people and its students are amazing. "I'm continually impressed by how dedicated our majors and minors are," she said. To develop the skills that students need to accomplish their life goals, Dr. Padilla Carroll helps students learn how to evaluate ideas and data by sharing her own research experiences with them.
Dr. Padilla Carroll's enthusiasm for Women's Studies partly comes through her feminist research on environmentalism. In mid-June she came back from a short trip to Iceland, where she traveled to Solheimer, a 100-person eco-village in central Iceland that displays socially inclusive, environmental innovation at every juncture. While in Iceland, Dr. Padilla Carroll engaged in hands-on, participatory research as she traveled to different environmental projects. In Iceland, a small country of over 300,000 people, everyone relies on geo-thermal heating, which comes from hot springs generated by volcanic activity. "Everyone is hyper-aware of the environment because you're in a volcanic area with hot springs and mud pots," which is much like the geo-thermal activity in Yellowstone, Dr. Padilla Carroll explained. Iceland has an established bathing culture, even though it may be necessary to wear a coat when walking on the beach. "I even got to go in water where the glacial melt and hot springs merged, so I could choose where I got in the water and how hot or cool I wanted it to be." Moreover, she said, "I've never felt more comfortable anywhere." Iceland's inclusive feeling and its environmental inventiveness have given Dr. Padilla Carroll the idea of exploring the possibility of taking students there for an academic trip.
In July 2014 Dr. Padilla Carroll traveled to the East Coast to gather primary data at two archives that disclose part of the history of the "back to the land" movement in the United States. The $10,000 grant for this research came from the competitive Faculty Enhancement Program established by the College of Arts and Sciences. Dr. Padilla Carroll argues that this U.S. "back to the land" movement began as a white middle-class masculine project in the 1920s. At the University of New Hampshire, she looked at the collection on Ralph Borsodi, who helped define this "back to the land" movement. A vital part of this collection documents the "back to the land" work done by Myrtle Mae Borsodi. This portion of the collection illuminates women's leadership in the movement. Men who advocated for a return to the land assumed that white middle-class households had enough money and resources to buy, maintain, and rely on the land for at least some food crops and sustenance. One of these vital resources was women's labor, which was taken for granted and remained invisible to men who created the "back to the land" ideology. An analysis of the Borsodi archival materials, Dr. Padilla Carroll believes, will help demonstrate that men in this ideological movement relied on women's invisible work for growing, canning, and transforming food, as well as for doing other domestic and field work related to household maintenance.
As part of her summer research on the "back to the land" movement, Dr. Padilla Carroll also did archival research in Concord by studying the Helen Nearing papers in the Thoreau Collection. Helen Nearing has been idealized as the "mother" of this movement. And researcher Dr. Padilla Carroll will investigate the ways in which Helen Nearing's activism and writings reflected, cultivated and/or challenged the white middle-class masculine "back to the land" movement.
As a result of her recent scholarship, Dr. Padilla Carroll's summer research already has made the 2014-2015 year a more exciting one for all of us.
Program and Faculty Update: Women's Studies is Making a Difference
Posted on November 18, 2014 December 9, 2014 by Torry Dickinson
The Queer Studies Minor is Added to the College of Arts and Sciences by Torry Dickinson
In fall, 2014 the new minor Queer Studies was added to K-State's curriculum. Initiated by and administered under Women's Studies, Queer Studies is an interdisciplinary field that promotes an understanding of queer identities and queer theoretical lenses. It also helps recognize and and expands the conditions that promote social justice. Queer Studies looks at how personal experience and identity formations are shaped by intersections of race, gender, sexuality, ability, nation, and institutional power structures. Queer Studies is a 15-credit hour minor that has one required course, WOMST 325 Queer Studies: Concepts, History and Politics. Four additional courses can be chosen from a list of approved electives offered by Women's Studies and many Arts and Sciences departments. Women's Studies majors and minors can count one of their elective courses towards both the Queer Studies minor and a Women's Studies degree.
MEET A NEW FACULTY MEMBER: Queering and Filipinizing the Midwest by Thomas X. Sarmiento
Hello, Women's Studies community! My name is Tom Sarmiento, and I am delighted to be a Visiting Lecturer in Women's Studies this year. I recently completed my PhD in American Studies with a Minor in Feminist and Critical Sexuality Studies from the University of Minnesota in July 2014. I am currently working on my first book manuscript The Heartland of Empire: Queer Filipina/o Reimaginings of the Midwest, which revises my dissertation research. Analyzing popular cultural, literary, dramatic, and televisual representations of Filipinas/os—the second largest Asian ethnic group in the US and once formally colonized by the US—rooted in and routed through the Midwest, I problematize the Midwest as a place popularly imagined as devoid of imperial legacies, people of color, and queer people to produce alternative visions of region, nation, and diaspora.
This fall, I am teaching two sections of Introduction to Women's Studies, one of which is completely online, and The QueerAsian Midwest, a topics course based on my research and which counts toward the Queer Studies Minor. In the spring, I shall teach another section of Introduction to Women's Studies, Women of Color Feminism, and Asian American Literatures, that latter of which will also count toward the Queer Studies Minor. I have enjoyed helping students discover the power of critical race, feminist, and queer scholarship and witnessing their "coming to" radical social transformation even more so. My Intro students are currently reading Gaga Feminism by Jack Halberstam, and I love how they are able to draw connections between popular culture and their lived experience to unsettle the gender and sexual norms that discipline us, yet do not actually reflect reality. Likewise, my QueerAsian Midwest students and I have had great conversations that challenge the place we call home; our vision of Kansas is not quite the dull gray of Dorothy's. As someone who writes about Filipino writer Bienvenido Santos and his tenure as Distinguished Writer in Residence at Wichita State University during the 1970s and early 1980s, I find teaching and living in Kansas only fitting.
Categories Select Category 2012-2013 fall 2014 spring 2019 summer 2016


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Less than 0.15 milliseconds. MIG, Stick, TIG >10 amps. The item "3M Speedglas SL Black Welding Helmet with Auto-Darkening Filter" is in sale since Monday, March 11, 2019.
This item is in the category "Business, Office & Industrial\Metalworking/Milling/Welding\Welding & Soldering\Welding\Welding Protective Gear\Other Welding Protective Gear". The seller is "jar1977" and is located in London.


BAYER HEALTHCARE | Activations & Events | Brands in Action | Direct Marketing S.A.
To raise awareness about Bayer HealthCare's special hair treatment capsules, Priorin, we designed an activity that allows consumers to discover the product in its point-of-sale, pharmacies.
Our promoters, wearing branded white coats, invited pharmacy patrons to run a quick hair scan that provides an instant diagnosis of the conditions of their hair and scalp. Most women who use an exacting shampoo and hair dyes got negative scan results. Such cases gave our promoters the chance to explain how Priorin could remedy the situation.
With its unique, nutrients-rich formula, Priorin can improve hair growth from within. When used during a complete hair growth cycle (3 months), Priorin capsules stimulate hair growth and regrowth, and maintain healthy hair from the inside.
By the end of the campaign, we made two partners happy: Collaborating pharmacists appreciated the activity so much that they invited us to promote other products in-store, while Bayer HealthCare benefited from a hype around Priorin and boosted the product's sales.


text:
Hollywood comes to Canton: Actress stays close to home
CONSTANCE GORFINKLE
Blond, blue-eyed and possessing a dazzling smile, Lentol may resemble Remick, but her outlook on their shared profession is very different from that of her predecessor. Remick was groomed to be a movie star in a system that overtook a performer's life, from where she lived – inevitably Hollywood – to the kinds of roles she played and the image she was supposed to project, on and off the screen.
In sharp contrast, 30-something Lentol is an independent contractor, living where she chooses – Canton – and running her own career, from a leading role in a 15-minute short to a small part in the multimillion-dollar "The Departed," alongside such A-list actors as Leonardo DiCaprio, Jack Nicholson and Mark Wahlberg. She fills out her resume with voiceover work, commercials, industrial films and modeling for print media.
During an interview at the Barnes & Noble café in Braintree, she says she's rarely unemployed, which isn't surprising, particularly because the film industry has changed profoundly, mainly in its decentralization.
As in other parts of the country, Massachusetts is vigorously wooing moviemakers. Film companies are sprouting up all over the state, and at least three state-of-the-art studio complexes are in various stages of development, in Weymouth, Plymouth and Boston. That means – when all these entities are up and running – filmmakers won't have to go back to California to shoot interiors or do all the post-production work that a movie requires.
Besides the lavish accommodations, the state has put out the welcome mat for producers by offering them tempting tax incentives that over the past few years have resulted in many major motion pictures being shot here. One of those films, playing in theaters now, is the romantic comedy "Ghosts of Girlfriends Past," in which Lentol portrays one of the girlfriends opposite Matthew McConaughey.
A professional performer for the past 20 years, Lentol came to Massachusetts – by way of Connecticut, Ohio and California – a decade ago because her husband was establishing his business in Braintree.
"It's been a good move," she says, referring not only to the fact that it has been a good place to raise her two children, but also to the fact that her career has thrived over the past 10 years.
For a while she'd had a dual career path, aiming toward graphic design as well as performing. But the latter took the lead when she found herself "going to auditions during my lunch hour."
In talking to Lentol one doesn't get the impression that she's a driven diva focused only on a successful career. Very involved in her children's lives, she intersperses her film gigs with responsibilities at their school. Hers is a 9-to-5 profession when it comes to the big movies she appears in, most recently "The Company Men," a drama about three corporate types trying to survive a recession. Being directed by John Wells ("ER," "Southland") and starring Tommy Lee Jones, Kevin Costner and Ben Affleck, the film is still being shot in the Greater Boston area.
"In my scene I'm hosting an upscale dinner party in South Boston, and one of my guests is Tommy Lee Jones."
At that point, Lentol brings out her cell phone, on which there's a picture of her and Jones strolling down a Boston street. Another photo is of her and McConaughey.
She also recently had a role in a television pilot starring Donnie Wahlberg and Brian Dennehy. Scheduled to air on TNT, "Bunker Hill" could become a series that would be shot in Boston. But Lentol doesn't seem to be counting on that. She's actually more fired up about a couple of shorts that recently generated a lot of interest at the ninth annual Chlorudis Film Festival held at the Brattle Theater in Cambridge.
In "Well-Founded Concerns," a timely piece about a couple of germaphobes caught up in a world-wide plague, which won First Place for Best Short Film, she plays one of the germaphobes. In the other film, "Mind the Gap," which won second place for Audience Favorite, Lentol portrays a school counselor trying to help a girl traumatized by her father's involvement in a fatal mass-transit accident.
These two films, only about 15 minutes long each and shot over single weekends, afford her what the blockbusters don't – the opportunity to create characters whom she describes as "organic, people who are true to themselves." Indeed, her beauty is played down in both these films, a sharp contrast to her flirtatious stewardess in "Ghosts of Girlfriends Past."
Lentol represents the new era in filmmaking. The goal isn't always to become a star. Sometimes it's simply to enjoy what you're doing.
"I love making movies," she says.
But she also loves going home to Canton after work.
When Lee Remick was seeking a film career, she had to go west.
In Lentol's case: "Hollywood has come to me."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web

from handlers.error import ErrorHandler

from routes import routes

import settings
from log import logger

class Application(tornado.web.Application):

    def __init__(self, routes, port):
        super().__init__(
            routes,
            default_handler_class=ErrorHandler,
            default_handler_args=dict(status_code=404),
        )
        self.listen(port)

    def run(self, ):
        logger.info("Starting server with settings: {}".format(settings.api))
        tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app = Application(routes, settings.api.port)
    app.run()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The short-tailed swift (Chaetura brachyura) is a bird in the Apodidae, or swift family.

Taxonomy

The species was first formally described as Acanthylis brachyura in 1846 by the Scottish naturalist  Sir William Jardine, based on the observations of Mr. Kirk, a resident of Tobago.

The genus name Chaetura is derived from the Greek khaite (hair) and oura (tail). The specific epithet brachyura is Greek for brakhus (short) and ouros (tailed).

Four subspecies are recognized:
 C. b. praevelox, found in Grenada, Saint Vincent, and Tobago
 C. b. brachyura, the nominate subspecies, found from Panama to Trinidad and the Guianas, south to west-central Brazil and northern Bolivia
 C. b. ocypetes, found in southwest Ecuador and northwest Peru
 C. b. cinereocauda, found in north-central Brazil

The subspecies C. b. ocypetes is sometimes considered a full species, the Tumbes swift Chaetura ocypetes Zimmer, 1953.

Distribution and habitat
The swift is a common resident of Trinidad, Tobago, Grenada and Saint Vincent, and in tropical South America from Panama, Colombia and the Guianas south to Ecuador, Peru and Brazil; in Brazil, the entire Amazon Basin, excluding much of the southeastern Basin. It rarely occurs over 800 m ASL even in the hottest parts of its range and in mountainous or hilly terrain it inhabits, but has been recorded as high as 1,300 m ASL.  It is found in a range of habitats including savanna, open woodland, and cultivation.

Description
The short-tailed swift is about 10.5 cm long, and weighs 20 g. It has long narrow wings, a robust body and a short tail. The sexes are similar. It is mainly black with a pale rump and tail. It can be distinguished from related species in its range, such as the band-rumped swift (C. spinicauda) or the gray-rumped swift (C. cinereiventris) by the lack of contrast between the rump and the tail, the latter being much darker in the other species.

Behaviour
It is very gregarious and forms communal roosts when not breeding. Predation by bats at the nest sites has been suspected.  The flight call is a rapid chittering sti-sti-stew-stew-stew.

Breeding
The nest is a 5 cm wide shallow half-saucer of twigs and saliva attached to a vertical surface. This is often a man-made structure like a chimney or manhole, as with its relative, the chimney swift (C. pelagica), but natural caves and tree cavities are also used.  Up to seven white eggs (average 3 or 4) are incubated by both parents for 17–18 days. The young leave the nest in a further two weeks, but remain near it, clinging to the cavity wall without flying, for another two weeks.

Feeding
The swift feeds in flight on flying insects, including winged ants and termites.

Footnotes

References
 Chantler, Phil & Driessens, Gerald (2000): Swifts: a guide to the swifts and treeswifts of the world. Pica Press, Mountfield, East Sussex.
 Cuervo, Andrés M.; Hernández-Jaramillo, Alejandro; Cortés-Herrera, José Oswaldo & Laverde, Oscar (2007): Nuevos registros de aves en la parte alta de la Serranía de las Quinchas, Magdalena medio, Colombia [New bird records from the highlands of Serranía de las Quinchas, middle Magdalena valley, Colombia]. Ornitología Colombiana 5: 94-98 [Spanish with English abstract]. PDF fulltext
 ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y..
 Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London.
 Laverde-R., Oscar; Stiles, F. Gary & Múnera-R., Claudia (2005): Nuevos registros e inventario de la avifauna de la Serranía de las Quinchas, un área importante para la conservación de las aves (AICA) en Colombia [New records and updated inventory of the avifauna of the Serranía de las Quinchas, an important bird area (IBA) in Colombia]. Caldasia 27(2): 247-265 [Spanish with English abstract]. PDF fulltext

External links
Photo; Article colombiacuriosa

short-tailed swift
Birds of Panama
Birds of Colombia
Birds of Venezuela
Birds of Ecuador
Birds of Brazil
Birds of the Amazon Basin
Birds of the Guianas
Birds of Grenada
Birds of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Birds of Trinidad and Tobago
short-tailed swift

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Emily Gasson (Liberal Democrat) born 1970. Educated at Frensham Heights, Durham and Oxford Universities. Solicitor. Contested Regents Park and Kensington North in 1997, Dorset North in 2001 and 2005. Married to Lib Dem MP Ed Davey.
Jeremy Nieboer (UKIP) Born 1940. Educated at Harrow and Oxford University. Solicitor, acted as lead solicitor on the judicial review of the government`s decision to ratify the Maastricht treaty in 1993. Contested Mid Sussex 1979 for the Liberal party.


text:
Q: How should I use git diff for long lines? I'm running git-diff on a file, but the change is at the end of a long line.
If I use cursor keys to move right, it loses colour-coding—and worse the lines don't line up—making it harder to track the change.
Is there a way to prevent that problem or to simply make the lines wrap instead?
I'm running Git 1.5.5 via mingw32.

A: With full credit to Josh Diehl in a comment to this answer, I nevertheless feel like this ought to be an answer unto itself, so adding it:
One way to deal with seeing differences in long lines is to use a word-oriented diff.  This can be done with:
git diff --word-diff

In this case, you'll get a significantly different diff output, that shows you specifically what has changed within a line.
For example, instead of getting something like this:
diff --git a/test-file.txt b/test-file.txt
index 19e6adf..eb6bb81 100644
--- a/test-file.txt
+++ b/test-file.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
-this is a short line
+this is a slightly longer line

You might get something like this:
diff --git a/test-file.txt b/test-file.txt
index 19e6adf..eb6bb81 100644
--- a/test-file.txt
+++ b/test-file.txt
@@ -1 +1 @@
this is a [-short-]{+slightly longer+} line

Or, with colorization, instead of this:

You might get this:

Now, if you're comparing a really long line, you may still have issues with the pager situation you originally described, and which has been addressed, apparently to satisfaction, in other answers.  Hopefully this gives you a new tool, though, to more easily identify what on the line has changed.

A: Noone pointed out this till now. Its quite simple to remember and no extra configuration needs to be done in the git config
git diff --color | less -R

A: Eight years later I find a superior answer, from https://superuser.com/questions/777617/line-wrapping-less-in-os-x-specifically-for-use-with-git-diff:
git config core.pager `fold -w 80 | less`

Now you pipe the git diff through fold, first, then to less: wrapped, less page-height is correct, keep syntax highlighting.

A: When you are using "git diff" and it's showing several pages(you see ":" at the end of the page)in this case you can type "-S" and press enter.(S should be capital). it will toggle fold long lines.

A: To use less as the pager and make line wrapping permanent you can simply enable the fold-long-lines option:
git config --global core.pager 'less -+S'

This way you do not have to type it while using less.
Cheers

A: Not a perfect solution, but gitk and git-gui can both show this information,
and have scrollbars.

A: You could simply pipe the output of git diff to more:
git diff | more

A: Or if you use less as default pager just type -S while viewing the diff to reenable wrapping in less.

A: Just googled up this one.  GIT_PAGER='less -r' works for me

A: Mac OSX:  None of the other answers except someone45's '-S' while less is running worked for me.  It took the following to make word-wrap persistent:
git config --global core.pager 'less -+$LESS -FRX'

A: The display of the output of git diff is handled by whatever pager you are using.
Commonly, under Linux, less would be used.
You can tell git to use a different pager by setting the GIT_PAGER environment variable. If you don't mind about paging (for example, your terminal allows you to scroll back) you might try explicitly setting GIT_PAGER to empty to stop it using a pager. Under Linux:
$ GIT_PAGER='' git diff

Without a pager, the lines will wrap.
If your terminal doesn't support coloured output, you can also turn this off using either the --no-color argument, or putting an entry in the color section of your git config file.
$ GIT_PAGER='' git diff --no-color

A: You can also use git config to setup pager to wrap.
$ git config core.pager 'less -r'

Sets the pager setting for the current project.
$ git config --global core.pager 'less -r'

Sets the pager globally for all projects

A: Since Git 1.5.3
(Sep 2007)
a --no-pager option has been available.
git --no-pager diff

How do I prevent git diff from using a pager?
Example
Starting with v2.1, wrap is the default
Git v2.1 Release Notes

A: list the current/default config:
  $ git config --global core.pager
    less -FXRS -x2

then update and leave out the -S like:
  $ git config --global core.pager 'less -FXR -x2'

the -S: Causes  lines longer than the screen width to be chopped rather than folded.

A: When in trouble, I often resort to DiffMerge. Excellent diff tool that has in-line diff highlighting. Also, in the latest versions they added a mode to have an horizontal mode.
I haven't been able to configure git to use it, though. So I do have to muck around to get both versions of the file first.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Myrl E. Heffner, 84, of Barto, passed away, Wednesday January 16, 2019. Born in Longswamp, she was the daughter of the late Elmer and Jennie (Hunter) Heffner. She was a member of Huff's Union Church in Alburtis. Myrl was a bank teller at National Bank of Boyertown. She enjoyed her pets.
She is survived by her sister Arlene Rothenberger of Fleetwood: brother John Heffner and wife Sarah of Barto; nieces and nephews; great nieces and nephews. She was predeceased by brothers, Melvin and Earl and sister, Elva Bechtel.
Contributions may be made to Jane Heffner Kukulka Scholarship Fund Huff's Union Church, 540 Conrad Rd., Alburtis, PA 18011.


text:
Lucius Caesennius Antoninus war ein im 1. und 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. lebender römischer Politiker.

Durch die Fasti Ostienses ist belegt, dass Antoninus im Februar und März 128 zusammen mit Marcus Annius Libo Suffektkonsul war; er trat das Amt nach dem Rücktritt des ordentlichen Konsuls Lucius Nonius Asprenas Torquatus an.

Siehe auch
 Liste der römischen Konsuln

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Konsul (Römische Kaiserzeit)
Römer
Mann
Geboren im 1. Jahrhundert
Gestorben im 2. Jahrhundert


I usually?keep MMO Mechanics?quite normal by looking at many games as cases to highlight my place regarding the mechanics of choice in each article, however i have a different file format in mind for this model that I hope you'lmost all enjoy. I'm likely to flip things all around, instead using one sport — and several mechanical instances — to construct my argument.
It's no secret that I have?Guild Wars 2 around the brain anyway, and also the recent April bring up to date being such a reformative strike, I felt prompted. I've always considered that innovating mechanics could be the secret to Mmog longevity?and the new quarterly update pertaining to?Heart of Thorns is an excellent example to show how technical tweaks specifically could refresh MMOs. In this edition, I'll outline many of the changed mechanics in which gave ArenaNet a newly invigorated playerbase and wide reward for the update.
There'azines nowhere better to get started than with a brief history of ArenaNet's development of the first?GW2 expansion,?Heart involving Thorns, for those who aren't knowledgeable about the title.?HoT unveiled several new mechanics that significantly increased the endgame of?GW2, including a new mastery system that allowed participant experience and determination to be reflected in-game and a lot of combat mechanic innovations that made heroes more fluid when it comes to role while also allowing each class to realize an improved skillset at endgame.
The expansion'utes launch didn't go without a hitch or two, though, so i documented in my kick off diary back in October that ANet had still started to iteratively correct probably the most pressing gripes of the area. It started inside a week of introduction, when the development team looked at complaints and comments on the official message boards and the game's Stumbleupon to shape the best pipeline for fixes after the expansion launch. This sweep highlighted that personal story prerequisites were immersion-breakingly difficult to receive in the natural exploration of the expansion zone and its particular story, and also that the new specialization point technique needed reforming to ensure elite specializations much easier to obtain.
The job absolutely wasn't over there, in particular since the expansion resulted in a vocal proportion regarding players feeling unhappy with the direction the development took the name in and thinking that the studio's goals weren't aligned using their own. Frustrations mounted over time as participants perceived that rise in new areas, such as raiding, happened as development slowed in other key areas, discovering delays and cancellations of some extremely requested improvements to be able to WvW, fractals, PvP maps, as well as the new zone. Fast-forward on the recent April update that started to clean over the issues: Robert O'Brien recently took up the sport Director role all over again and used the chance refocus on reactive and iterative development that was lighter on the assurance front yet weightier when it comes to delivery.
What?GW2 players get each year with the April bring up to date is the result of receptive development, and I was particularly interested in precisely how both old and new aspects were reforged due to person feedback. Every area from the game was afflicted, and although the changes diverse in scope, a lot of them were very welcome and warmly acquired. Access to the new?HoT movement has been made instant too with the introduction of an free level 80 booster for every development owner, unleashing the most effective mechanics that?GW2 is offering immediately to those who've purchased the admittance rather than putting them through the admittedly limited grind to Eighty. The token can be trailed on as many characters as a player desires, so players acquire a solid understanding of how endgame might function along with any given profession prior to committing too, and that is an excellent mechanic to inspire lapsed players to have a refreshing look at what particular builds can do.
I ended up being particularly taken having how iterating on core?mechanics has exposed the game and made enjoyment that much easier to find: The most recent level 80 zone that was a fundamental part associated with?HoT's launch has experienced a major mechanical renovate. The inbuilt pay back systems are a smaller amount rigid and railroady, presenting players more regular and attractive rewards for the effort they put within. ANet's anti-farming diminishing earnings mechanics have been axed from the expansion content since it was getting in the clear way of the natural running with the content and influencing rewards that could be received by players. Generating these areas far more explorable and rewarding has had a visible impact on region population from my own perspective, making the content in turn that little bit easier to run because it's simpler to have some?company to do so.
One of the most contentious content varieties in the game is WvW: Players have been waiting for a significant length of time for alter in this department. Enhanced reward mechanics that will equally benefit secondary support roles are actually introduced, incentivising a much larger uptake for WvW as one part of a two-prong prefer to improve combatant populations. A new ability series has introduced mechanics that produce looting and preparing for WvW much easier too, allowing avid gamers to stay in the action having far fewer potential distractions. These small auto technician improvements precede the actual reintroduction of Alpine Borderlands: Wilderness has now become a live assessment ground for some of the changes players happen to be urging ANet to make, which means that continued feedback can be acquired to the WvW dev team that can help this long-neglected content.
I've hit about only a few ways that ArenaNet has utilized direct player comments and clever aspects to make the expansion much more palatable to GW2 enthusiasts. Staying on the pulse is one thing, but positive, reactionary improvements to motion are key to balanced MMOs. It hasn't already been a smooth first extension for the game by any stretch of the creative thinking, but focusing on this grievances of participants and adding in a generous helping of good old-fashioned rewards in those mechanics is proving to be an excellent recipe for the crew moving forward.
I wonder if classes have been taken on as the company proceeds to produce its next extension: Players have reacted well to ArenaNet'utes iterative approach not just because it proves which the company is listening but will also because the resultant technicians are much smarter. MMOs obviously benefit from encouraging logins in addition to incentivising active play, well, i hope that ANet retains improving the mechanics which switch off significant market sectors of the playerbase to create the version of?HoT that the bulk of players want to engage in. Often, expansions are hard-pressed to offer plenty of newness in addition to excitement, but I trust that this expansion indicates that improving present mechanics should never be overlooked in the pursuit of meeting scheduled delivery objectives and meeting economical expectations.
One thing that we would love to see continue is the current news delivery format that will ArenaNet is using. Reddit AMA strings are great ways to written content drop interactively, allowing for hard-hitting, immediate feedback before improvement is totally committed to a set path. I prefer the present lack of hard claims because it allows the group time and reasonable extent to deliver a sensible, mostly timely update rather than rushing through check-lists by a set night out. The focus is on iterative development partnering alongside the new innovations to keep up a supply of new surprises along with hooks that are well supported by updated technicians that don't bog a player down as well as disincentive play.
It'ersus not at all surprising that enthusiasts have reacted much more now positively to this extension than they had earlier. When outdated as well as unwelcome mechanics are usually improved to remove long-standing obstacles to play, players can in fact appreciate the content that'ohydrates regularly delivered to it's maximum potential. I'mirielle hoping that this method continues, that ArenaNet grows as a result, and that additional development teams take note of how the vocal inhabitants has so swiftly changed the overcome of its drum as far as the event is concerned.
What do you think? Must developers focus on delivering new information or improving pre-existing mechanics? What applies you off in terms of mechanics, and do you reckon a developer could win you back again with some iterative improvements? What constitutes time and what is mere reactive anxiety? If you're any Guild Wars 2 fan, whatrrrs your opinion of the update??Currently have your say from the comments.
The Daily Grind: What MMO offers offered you the best customer satisfaction?
The Daily Work: Is there an MMORPG class type you can't stand taking part in?


text:
Five Rules for the Evolution of Cooperation
Martin A. Nowak
Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, and Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
E-mail: martin_nowak{at}harvard.edu
Science 08 Dec 2006:
Vol. 314, Issue 5805, pp. 1560-1563
Cooperation is needed for evolution to construct new levels of organization. Genomes, cells, multicellular organisms, social insects, and human society are all based on cooperation. Cooperation means that selfish replicators forgo some of their reproductive potential to help one another. But natural selection implies competition and therefore opposes cooperation unless a specific mechanism is at work. Here I discuss five mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation: kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, network reciprocity, and group selection. For each mechanism, a simple rule is derived that specifies whether natural selection can lead to cooperation.
Evolution is based on a fierce competition between individuals and should therefore reward only selfish behavior. Every gene, every cell, and every organism should be designed to promote its own evolutionary success at the expense of its competitors. Yet we observe cooperation on many levels of biological organization. Genes cooperate in genomes. Chromosomes cooperate in eukaryotic cells. Cells cooperate in multicellular organisms. There are many examples of cooperation among animals. Humans are the champions of cooperation: From hunter-gatherer societies to nation-states, cooperation is the decisive organizing principle of human society. No other life form on Earth is engaged in the same complex games of cooperation and defection. The question of how natural selection can lead to cooperative behavior has fascinated evolutionary biologists for several decades.
A cooperator is someone who pays a cost, c, for another individual to receive a benefit, b. A defector has no cost and does not deal out benefits. Cost and benefit are measured in terms of fitness. Reproduction can be genetic or cultural. In any mixed population, defectors have a higher average fitness than cooperators (Fig. 1). Therefore, selection acts to increase the relative abundance of defectors. After some time, cooperators vanish from the population. Remarkably, however, a population of only cooperators has the highest average fitness, whereas a population of only defectors has the lowest. Thus, natural selection constantly reduces the average fitness of the population. Fisher's fundamental theorem, which states that average fitness increases under constant selection, does not apply here because selection is frequency-dependent: The fitness of individuals depends on the frequency (= relative abundance) of cooperators in the population. We see that natural selection in well-mixed populations needs help for establishing cooperation.
Without any mechanism for the evolution of cooperation, natural selection favors defectors. In a mixed population, defectors, D, have a higher payoff (= fitness) than cooperators, C. Therefore, natural selection continuously reduces the abundance, i, of cooperators until they are extinct. The average fitness of the population also declines under natural selection. The total population size is given by N. If there are i cooperators and N – i defectors, then the fitness of cooperators and defectors, respectively, is given by fC =[b(i – 1)/(N – 1)] – c and fD = bi/(N – 1). The average fitness of the population is given by f̄= (b – c)i/N.
Kin Selection
When J. B. S. Haldane remarked, "I will jump into the river to save two brothers or eight cousins," he anticipated what became later known as Hamilton's rule (1). This ingenious idea is that natural selection can favor cooperation if the donor and the recipient of an altruistic act are genetic relatives. More precisely, Hamilton's rule states that the coefficient of relatedness, r, must exceed the cost-to-benefit ratio of the altruistic act:
Relatedness is defined as the probability of sharing a gene. The probability that two brothers share the same gene by descent is 1/2; the same probability for cousins is 1/8. Hamilton's theory became widely known as "kin selection" or "inclusive fitness" (2–7). When evaluating the fitness of the behavior induced by a certain gene, it is important to include the behavior's effect on kin who might carry the same gene. Therefore, the "extended phenotype" of cooperative behavior is the consequence of "selfish genes" (8, 9).
Direct Reciprocity
It is unsatisfactory to have a theory that can explain cooperation only among relatives. We also observe cooperation between unrelated individuals or even between members of different species. Such considerations led Trivers (10) to propose another mechanism for the evolution of cooperation, direct reciprocity. Assume that there are repeated encounters between the same two individuals. In every round, each player has a choice between cooperation and defection. If I cooperate now, you may cooperate later. Hence, it might pay off to cooperate. This game theoretic framework is known as the repeated Prisoner's Dilemma.
But what is a good strategy for playing this game? In two computer tournaments, Axelrod (11) discovered that the "winning strategy" was the simplest of all, tit-for-tat. This strategy always starts with a cooperation, then it does whatever the other player has done in the previous round: a cooperation for a cooperation, a defection for a defection. This simple concept captured the fascination of all enthusiasts of the repeated Prisoner's Dilemma. Many empirical and theoretical studies were inspired by Axelrod's groundbreaking work (12–14).
But soon an Achilles heel of the world champion was revealed: If there are erroneous moves caused by "trembling hands" or "fuzzy minds," then the performance of tit-for-tat declines (15, 16). Tit-for-tat cannot correct mistakes, because an accidental defection leads to a long sequence of retaliation. At first, tit-for-tat was replaced by generous-tit-for-tat (17), a strategy that cooperates whenever you cooperate, but sometimes cooperates although you have defected [with probability 1 – (c/b)]. Natural selection can promote forgiveness.
Subsequently, tit-for-tat was replaced by win-stay, lose-shift, which is the even simpler idea of repeating your previous move whenever you are doing well, but changing otherwise (18). By various measures of success, win-stay, lose-shift is more robust than either tit-for-tat or generous-tit-for-tat (15, 18). Tit-for-tat is an efficient catalyst of cooperation in a society where nearly everybody is a defector, but once cooperation is established, win-stay, lose-shift is better able to maintain it.
The number of possible strategies for the repeated Prisoner's Dilemma is unlimited, but a simple general rule can be shown without any difficulty. Direct reciprocity can lead to the evolution of cooperation only if the probability, w, of another encounter between the same two individuals exceeds the cost-to-benefit ratio of the altruistic act:
Indirect Reciprocity
Direct reciprocity is a powerful mechanism for the evolution of cooperation, but it leaves out certain aspects that are particularly important for humans. Direct reciprocity relies on repeated encounters between the same two individuals, and both individuals must be able to provide help, which is less costly for the donor than it is beneficial for the recipient. But often the interactions among humans are asymmetric and fleeting. One person is in a position to help another, but there is no possibility for a direct reciprocation. We help strangers who are in need. We donate to charities that do not donate to us. Direct reciprocity is like a barter economy based on the immediate exchange of goods, whereas indirect reciprocity resembles the invention of money. The money that fuels the engines of indirect reciprocity is reputation.
Helping someone establishes a good reputation, which will be rewarded by others. When deciding how to act, we take into account the possible consequences for our reputation. We feel strongly about events that affect us directly, but we also take a keen interest in the affairs of others, as demonstrated by the contents of gossip.
In the standard framework of indirect reciprocity, there are randomly chosen pairwise encounters where the same two individuals need not meet again. One individual acts as donor, the other as recipient. The donor can decide whether or not to cooperate. The interaction is observed by a subset of the population who might inform others. Reputation allows evolution of cooperation by indirect reciprocity (19). Natural selection favors strategies that base the decision to help on the reputation of the recipient. Theoretical and empirical studies of indirect reciprocity show that people who are more helpful are more likely to receive help (20–28).
Although simple forms of indirect reciprocity can be found in animals (29), only humans seem to engage in the full complexity of the game. Indirect reciprocity has substantial cognitive demands. Not only must we remember our own interactions, we must also monitor the ever-changing social network of the group. Language is needed to gain the information and spread the gossip associated with indirect reciprocity. Presumably, selection for indirect reciprocity and human language has played a decisive role in the evolution of human intelligence (28). Indirect reciprocity also leads to the evolution of morality (30) and social norms (21, 22).
The calculations of indirect reciprocity are complicated and only a tiny fraction of this universe has been uncovered, but again a simple rule has emerged (19). Indirect reciprocity can only promote cooperation if the probability, q, of knowing someone's reputation exceeds the cost-to-benefit ratio of the altruistic act:
Network Reciprocity
The argument for natural selection of defection (Fig. 1) is based on a well-mixed population, where everybody interacts equally likely with everybody else. This approximation is used by all standard approaches to evolutionary game dynamics (31–34). But real populations are not well mixed. Spatial structures or social networks imply that some individuals interact more often than others. One approach of capturing this effect is evolutionary graph theory (35), which allows us to study how spatial structure affects evolutionary and ecological dynamics (36–39).
The individuals of a population occupy the vertices of a graph. The edges determine who interacts with whom. Let us consider plain cooperators and defectors without any strategic complexity. A cooperator pays a cost, c, for each neighbor to receive a benefit, b. Defectors have no costs, and their neighbors receive no benefits. In this setting, cooperators can prevail by forming network clusters, where they help each other. The resulting "network reciprocity" is a generalization of "spatial reciprocity" (40).
Games on graphs are easy to study by computer simulation, but they are difficult to analyze mathematically because of the enormous number of possible configurations that can arise. Nonetheless, a surprisingly simple rule determines whether network reciprocity can favor cooperation (41). The benefit-to-cost ratio must exceed the average number of neighbors, k, per individual:
Group Selection
Selection acts not only on individuals but also on groups. A group of cooperators might be more successful than a group of defectors. There have been many theoretical and empirical studies of group selection, with some controversy, and recently there has been a renaissance of such ideas under the heading of "multilevel selection" (42–50).
A simple model of group selection works as follows (51). A population is subdivided into groups. Cooperators help others in their own group. Defectors do not help. Individuals reproduce proportional to their payoff. Offspring are added to the same group. If a group reaches a certain size, it can split into two. In this case, another group becomes extinct in order to constrain the total population size. Note that only individuals reproduce, but selection emerges on two levels. There is competition between groups because some groups grow faster and split more often. In particular, pure cooperator groups grow faster than pure defector groups, whereas in any mixed group, defectors reproduce faster than cooperators. Therefore, selection on the lower level (within groups) favors defectors, whereas selection on the higher level (between groups) favors cooperators. This model is based on "group fecundity selection," which means that groups of cooperators have a higher rate of splitting in two. We can also imagine a model based on "group viability selection," where groups of cooperators are less likely to go extinct.
In the mathematically convenient limit of weak selection and rare group splitting, we obtain a simple result (51): If n is the maximum group size and m is the number of groups, then group selection allows evolution of cooperation, provided that
Evolutionary Success
Before proceeding to a comparative analysis of the five mechanisms, let me introduce some measures of evolutionary success. Suppose a game between two strategies, cooperators C and defectors D, is given by the payoff matrix
The entries denote the payoff for the row player. Without any mechanism for the evolution of cooperation, defectors dominate cooperators, which means α < γ and β < δ. A mechanism for the evolution of cooperation can change these inequalities.
If α > γ, then cooperation is an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). An infinitely large population of cooperators cannot be invaded by defectors under deterministic selection dynamics (32).
If α + β > γ + δ, then cooperators are risk-dominant (RD). If both strategies are ESS, then the risk-dominant strategy has the bigger basin of attraction.
If α + 2β > γ + 2δ, then cooperators are advantageous (AD). This concept is important for stochastic game dynamics in finite populations. Here, the crucial quantity is the fixation probability of a strategy, defined as the probability that the lineage arising from a single mutant of that strategy will take over the entire population consisting of the other strategy. An AD strategy has a fixation probability greater than the inverse of the population size, 1/N. The condition can also be expressed as a 1/3 rule: If the fitness of the invading strategy at a frequency of 1/3 is greater than the fitness of the resident, then the fixation probability of the invader is greater than 1/N. This condition holds in the limit of weak selection (52).
A mechanism for the evolution of cooperation can ensure that cooperators become ESS, RD, or AD (Fig. 2). Some mechanisms even allow cooperators to dominate defectors, which means α > γ and β > δ.
Evolutionary dynamics of cooperators and defectors. The red and blue arrows indicate selection favoring defectors and cooperators, respectively. (A) Without any mechanism for the evolution of cooperation, defectors dominate. A mechanism for the evolution of cooperation can allow cooperators to be the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS), risk-dominant (RD), or advantageous (AD) in comparison with defectors. (B) Cooperators are ESS if they can resist invasion by defectors. (C) Cooperators are RD if the basin of attraction of defectors is less than 1/2. (D) Cooperators are AD if the basin of attraction of defectors is less than 1/3. In this case, the fixation probability of a single cooperator in a finite population of defectors is greater than the inverse of the population size (for weak selection). (E) Some mechanisms allow cooperators to dominate defectors.
Comparative Analysis
We have encountered five mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation (Fig. 3). Although the mathematical formalisms underlying the five mechanisms are very different, at the center of each theory is a simple rule. I now present a coherent mathematical framework that allows the derivation of all five rules. The crucial idea is that each mechanism can be presented as a game between two strategies given by a 2 × 2 payoff matrix (Table 1). From this matrix, we can derive the relevant condition for evolution of cooperation.
Five mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation. Kin selection operates when the donor and the recipient of an altruistic act are genetic relatives. Direct reciprocity requires repeated encounters between the same two individuals. Indirect reciprocity is based on reputation; a helpful individual is more likely to receive help. Network reciprocity means that clusters of cooperators outcompete defectors. Group selection is the idea that competition is not only between individuals but also between groups.
Each mechanism can be described by a simple 2 × 2 payoff matrix, which specifies the interaction between cooperators and defectors. From these matrices we can directly derive the necessary conditions for evolution of cooperation. The parameters c and b denote, respectively, the cost for the donor and the benefit for the recipient. For network reciprocity, we use the parameter H = [(b – c)k – 2c]/[(k + 1)(k – 2)]. All conditions can be expressed as the benefit-to-cost ratio exceeding a critical value. See (53) for further explanations of the underlying calculations.
For kin selection, I use the approach of inclusive fitness proposed by Maynard Smith (31). The relatedness between two players is r. Therefore, your payoff multiplied by r is added to mine. A second method, shown in (53), leads to a different matrix but the same result. For direct reciprocity, the cooperators use tit-for-tat while the defectors use "always-defect." The expected number of rounds is 1/(1 – w). Two tit-for-tat players cooperate all the time. Tit-for-tat versus always-defect cooperates only in the first move and then defects. For indirect reciprocity, the probability of knowing someone's reputation is given by q. A cooperator helps unless the reputation of the other person indicates a defector. A defector never helps. For network reciprocity, it can be shown that the expected frequency of cooperators is described by a standard replicator equation with a transformed payoff matrix (54). For group selection, the payoff matrices of the two games—within and between groups—can be added up. The details of all these arguments and their limitations are given in (53).
For kin selection, the calculation shows that Hamilton's rule, r > c/b, is the decisive criterion for all three measures of evolutionary success: ESS, RD, and AD. Similarly, for network reciprocity and group selection, we obtain the same condition for all three evaluations, namely b/c > k and b/c > 1 + (n/m), respectively. The reason is the following: If these conditions hold, then cooperators dominate defectors. For direct and indirect reciprocity, we find that the ESS conditions lead to w > c/b and q > c/b, respectively. Slightly more stringent conditions must hold for cooperation to be RD or AD.
Each of the five possible mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation—kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, network reciprocity and group selection—can be described by a characteristic 2 × 2 payoff matrix, from which we can directly derive the fundamental rules that specify whether cooperation can evolve (Table 1). Each rule can be expressed as the benefit-to-cost ratio of the altruistic act being greater than some critical value. The payoff matrices can be imported into standard frameworks of evolutionary game dynamics. For example, we can study replicator equations for games on graphs (54), for group selection, and for kin selection. This creates interesting new possibilities for the theory of evolutionary dynamics (55).
I have not discussed all potential mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation. An interesting possibility is offered by "green beard" models where cooperators recognize each other via arbitrary labels (56–58). Another way to obtain cooperation is making the game voluntary rather than obligatory: If players can choose to cooperate, defect, or not play at all, then some level of cooperation usually prevails in dynamic oscillations (59). Punishment is an important factor that can promote cooperative behavior in some situations (60–64), but it is not a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. All evolutionary models of punishment so far are based on underlying mechanisms such as indirect reciprocity (65), group selection (66, 67), or network reciprocity (68). Punishment can enhance the level of cooperation that is achieved in such models.
Kin selection has led to mathematical theories (based on the Price equation) that are more general than just analyzing interactions between genetic relatives (4, 5). The interacting individuals can have any form of phenotypic correlation. Therefore, kin selection theory also provides an approach to compare different mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation (69, 70).
The two fundamental principles of evolution are mutation and natural selection. But evolution is constructive because of cooperation. New levels of organization evolve when the competing units on the lower level begin to cooperate. Cooperation allows specialization and thereby promotes biological diversity. Cooperation is the secret behind the open-endedness of the evolutionary process. Perhaps the most remarkable aspect of evolution is its ability to generate cooperation in a competitive world. Thus, we might add "natural cooperation" as a third fundamental principle of evolution beside mutation and natural selection.
Supporting Online Material
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/314/5805/1560/DC1
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By Martin A. Nowak
Science 08 Dec 2006 : 1560-1563


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Home > MLB > The Top 10 Collapses in Sports
The Top 10 Collapses in Sports
Photo courtesy of AP.
Connor Dolan July 19, 2020 MLB, NBA, NFL, NHL, Other Sports	0
It's honestly been a while since I watched a full edition of SportsCenter in the morning. And a lack of live sports (sorta) has certainly contributed to that. This morning the program ended, as always, with the Top 10 plays, but this edition of the Top 10 focused on the worst blown leads in sports history. Here's the complete list:
SportCenter's Top 10 collapses in sports:
10. 2011 Red Sox blow a 9 game AL East lead in the month of September
9. 1962 Brooklyn dodgers blow a 13 game lead in August and lose to the Giants in tiebreaker.
8. 2017 PSG blow a 4-0 lead in aggregate to Barcelona, losing 6-1 in the second leg.
7. 2010 Bruins blow a 3-0 lead in the east conf finals to the Flyers.
6. Golden State Warriors blow 3-1 lead in 2017 to LeBron and the Cavs
5. 1992 Houston oilers blow 32 point lead in wild card game vs bills
4. Yankees blow a 3-0 series lead in the 2004 ALCS to the Red Sox
3. 2016 Falcons lose 28-3 lead in super bowl 51 vs Patriots
2. Jean van de Velde loses 3 stroke lead on the final hole in the 1999 British open
1. 1964 Phillies lose a 6.5 game lead with just 12 games to play in the regular season
My reaction to this list certainly has some recency bias and Boston sports fan bias, but if I were to rerank these, the 2004 ALCS and the Patriots-Falcons Super Bowl would definitely be my 1 and 2, respectively. The 2004 ALCS is probably the greatest series in the history of sports. An unprecedented comeback featuring two extra inning comebacks/walk-offs in Games 4 and 5 to stay alive. The Yankees had the best record in the American League and were coming off a World Series loss in 2003. The story was written for them and they blew it despite a 3 game lead.
I'd also add to this list AC Milan losing the 2005 Champions League final despite a 3-0 lead at the half. Liverpool came back to tie the game 3-3 (scoring 3 goals in a 6 minute span in the second half), and then won 3-2 on penalties thanks to Steven Gerrard.
Also to not have any college sports in here seems to be a big miss. In recent years I think of 2017 Miami football going undefeated before losing to unranked and sub-.500 Pitt, a blowout loss to Clemson, and then a loss to Wisconsin in their bowl game. Or college basketball teams like Virginia as a #1 losing to a #16 UMBC. Or 2007 Clemson basketball started 17-0 before missing the tournament entirely.
BarcelonaBlown SportsBruinsCollapsesFalconsLiverpoolPatriotsPSGred soxSportsCenter
Connor Dolan
Connor is co-founder of First And Fan and head of all website operations. He's a die hard Boston sports fan with a passion for sports, media, and all things David Ortiz.
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