text:
namespace {

static bool replace(std::string& str, const std::string& from, const std::string& to) {
	size_t start_pos = str.find(from);
	if(start_pos == std::string::npos)
		return false;
	str.replace(start_pos, from.length(), to);
	return true;
}

static void replaceAll(std::string& str, const std::string& from, const std::string& to) {
	if(from.empty())
		return;
	size_t start_pos = 0;
	while((start_pos = str.find(from, start_pos)) != std::string::npos) {
		str.replace(start_pos, from.length(), to);
		start_pos += to.length(); // In case 'to' contains 'from', like replacing 'x' with 'yx'
	}
}

} // namespace

namespace cpp3ds {

I18n& I18n::getInstance()
{
	static I18n self;
	return self;
}

I18n::I18n()
{
	Uint8 langcode;
	Int32 ret;
	Service::enable(Config);
#ifdef EMULATION
	langcode = 1; // TODO: get actual locale of PC
#else
	if (R_FAILED(ret = CFGU_GetSystemLanguage(&langcode)))
		// If the syscall fails, as it does with Citra-emu, default to English
		langcode = 1;
	std::cout << (int)langcode << std::endl;
#endif
	loadFromLanguage(static_cast<Language>(langcode));
}

const std::string I18n::getLangString(const Language langcode) const
{
	switch (langcode) {
		case Japanese:           return "jp";
		case English:            return "en";
		case French:             return "fr";
		case German:             return "de";
		case Italian:            return "it";
		case Spanish:            return "es";
		case ChineseSimplified:  return "zh";
		case Korean:             return "kr";
		case Dutch:              return "nl";
		case Portuguese:         return "pt";
		case Russian:            return "ru";
		case ChineseTraditional: return "tw";
		default:                 return "en";
	}
}

void I18n::loadLanguage(Language language)
{
	getInstance().loadFromLanguage(language);
}

Language I18n::getLanguage()
{
	return getInstance().m_language;
}

bool I18n::loadFromLanguage(const Language language)
{
	m_language = language;
	std::string filename = "lang/" + getLangString(language) + ".lang";
	return loadFromFile(filename);
}

void I18n::loadLanguageFile(const std::string& filename)
{
	getInstance().loadFromFile(filename);
}

void I18n::clearLoadedLanguage()
{
	getInstance().m_content.clear();
}

bool I18n::loadFromFile(const std::string filename)
{
	m_content.clear();
	std::ifstream file(FileSystem::getFilePath(filename));
	if (file)
	{
		std::string line;
		std::string content;
		const std::map<std::string, std::string> replaceList = {
				{"\\n", "\n"}, {"\\'", "\'"}
		};

		while (std::getline(file, line)) {
			if (line.empty() || line[0] == TOKEN_COMMENT)
				continue;

			std::string key = line;
			while (std::getline(file, content)) {
				if (!content.empty() && content[0] != TOKEN_COMMENT)
					break;
			}

			replaceAll(key, "\\\\", "\\");
			replaceAll(content, "\\\\", "\\");

			for (auto& s : replaceList) {
				replaceAll(key, s.first, s.second);
				replaceAll(content, s.first, s.second);
			}

			m_content[key] = content;
		}
		return true;

	} else {
		err() << "Failed to load language file: " << filename << std::endl;
	}
	return false;
}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
De World Professional Darts Championship was een jaarlijks terugkerend dartstoernooi, dat werd gezien als een officieus wereldkampioenschap darts. Het toernooi werd georganiseerd door de in september 2020 opgeheven British Darts Organisation (BDO) en was de tegenhanger van het door de PDC georganiseerde wereldkampioenschap, het World Darts Championship.
Het toernooi bestond sinds 1978 en werd in de eerste helft van januari gespeeld. Het verliep volgens een knock-outsysteem, waarbij de winnaar steeds doorging naar de volgende ronde. Sinds 2001 was er naast het toernooi voor mannen ook een toernooi voor vrouwen.

Na het faillissement van de British Darts Organisation kondigde de WDF in september 2020 plannen aan om het WDF World Darts Championship te lanceren. Onder deze naam keerde het toernooi in april 2022 terug.

Geschiedenis
In 1992 stichtte een groep destijds ontevreden darters na een conflict met de BDO een andere dartsorganisatie, de Professional Darts Corporation. Deze organisatie besloot vanaf 1994 haar eigen officieuze wereldkampioenschap te organiseren.

Eerder werd het World Professional Darts Championship gespeeld onder de naam The Embassy, de toenmalige sponsor. Deze naam werd overigens alleen door SBS6 gebruikt. De BBC gebruikte de naam World Professional Darts Championship voor het toernooi. Nadat Embassy het toernooi niet meer mocht sponsoren nam de club, waar het toernooi werd gehouden, deze taken over. Het toernooi werd tot 2019 de Lakeside genoemd, omdat het van 1986 tot 2019 werd gespeeld in de Lakeside Country Club te Frimley Green in Surrey. In 2020 werd het toernooi in de O2-Arena in Londen gespeeld. Hiermee kwam de naam Lakeside te vervallen en werd het toernooi de BDO World Darts Championships genoemd.

De meeste titels werden gewonnen door Eric Bristow, hij won het toernooi vijf keer. In totaal werd het herentoernooi zes keer door een Nederlander gewonnen; vier keer door Raymond van Barneveld, een keer door Jelle Klaasen en ook een keer door Christian Kist.

Het is slechts een keer voorgekomen in de geschiedenis van het toernooi dat er een 9-darter werd gegooid. Dit werd gepresteerd door de Singaporees Paul Lim (destijds uitkomend voor de Verenigde Staten) in het toernooi van 1990. Tegen de Ier Jack McKenna gooide hij, in de tweede ronde, op de snelst mogelijke manier een leg van 501 punten uit, door na twee 180'ers, 141 te finishen met triple (= 3x) 20, triple 19 en vervolgens dubbel (= 2x) 12.

Finales Mannen

Finalisten mannen

Nine-dart finishes

Finales vrouwen

Finalisten vrouwen

Finales jeugd

Finalisten jeugd

Externe links
 BDO World Darts Championship

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


ZarkSoft Games > Game Forums > Empire of the Eclipse > Suggestions > In-game Battle Notifications?
View Full Version : In-game Battle Notifications?
Recently another player attacked three of my outposts. I received no in-game messages/notifications/etc. that anything had taken place. Then when I went to attack him back, I sent in a fleet of 7 ships, and lost one during the battle... but again, was not notified of anything. Not that I had lost a single ship nor that I had won the battle.
Subject: Your [Planet | Fleet | Ship] has been attacked!
[Attacker Name] has attacked your [Planet | Fleet Composition | Ship] ([Defender Attack Value] / [Defender Defense Value]) with [Attacker Fleet Composition] ([Attacker Attack Value] / [Attacker Defense Value]).
[Attacker Name] has lost [Attacker Ships Lost] and you have lost [Defender Ships Lost].
In addition, you have lost control of [Defender Planets Lost].
Subject: Your Planet has been attacked!
Zarksoft has attacked your Planet_305 (8 ATK / 12 DEF) with Cruiser x10 (80 ATK / 120 DEF).
Zarksoft has lost no ships and you have lost no ships.
You have lost control of Planet_305.
Subject: Your Fleet has been attacked!
Zarksoft has attacked your Fleet_1 (45 ATK / 75 DEF) with Dreadnaught x1 (85 ATK / 130 DEF).
Zarksoft has lost Dreadnaught x1 and you have lost Battle Cruiser x4, Cruiser x1.
Makes sense. We are currently reworking this potion of the system. The data we will be including is similar.
I wouldn't mind a similar report from probes, like an emailed scout report so I can have a reference to what I found and where (hyperlinks to get back to that sector would be awesome, too), rather than having to send a probe back out again, since you get no information without having a ship in orbit. Unless there already is a record somewhere and I'm missing it.
First of all, agreed to a 100%. nothing islacking more here. This is a severe, if not the major battle killer. Sending out a fleet saved for and produced for days, an arrival at the enemy makes 'something' kill your fleet or you kill 'whatever'.
I am currently really upset about this, as I found out that the 'report' tab in the communications area opens up another option to mail someone. Also, upon installing the app I was asked about push notices and gladly enabled all of them. Now there is no notification at all and I even don't find a menu for this ingame.
Honestly, in line with the lack of spying or probing this is like hide and seek while being blind and deaf.
As I'm working in games industry as well, I can't understand that these issues appear after beta, respectively at all. Other games like e.g. Planetarion showed the importance and necessity of proper information in recon and combat. That said, what remains is going for the tech tree in winning conditions or build a C&C like huge fleet to hurl around with.
I also know about money issues being a release force sometimes, and with a period of waiting for it that felt like forever, I really enjoyed the first days. But please focus again and get things in line. Else, I raise the worries that there will be no second month for many of us.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Christmas in Palestine: Hunger and War
Starvation threatens Palestinian villages if U.N. aid continues to be delayed, Vatican official warns.
By James Solheim in JerusalemDecember 1, 2000
In a conversation with a peace delegation from the United States, the Vatican's representative in Jerusalem warned that there could be starvation within a month in Palestinian villages isolated by the fresh outbreak of violence.
While most attention focuses on the political struggle between Israelis and Palestinians, Father Pietro Sambi, Apostolic Delegate for the Vatican in the Holy Land, said that the economic battle has become very serious. Unemployment is rampant and "five people depend on each salary," he said. The destruction of crops means that "starvation will begin soon."
Like many church leaders who met with the delegation, Sambi is worried about the future of the Christian presence in and around Jerusalem. "As Christians we have some common problems," he said, many of them related to issues of identity. "We are here to keep alive the faith."
"There is also a sense of solitude and loneliness for Christians, without a strong sense of solidarity." It was clear to him that Christians would either survive together-or disappear together.
While Muslims in the Middle East have the support of Muslims all over the world, that is not really true of Christians in the Holy Land, he contended. "The lack of solidarity, however, is felt more at the level of church leaders than at the grassroots," he added. Christians need "the support of disciples of Jesus around the world for survival."
As a minority, Christians "lack strength and courage" unless they have a clear and strong identity. "What is the motivation for Christian children to remain?" he asked. "What's the identity of a Christian living in a Muslin culture, or in a Jewish culture?"
Changing images When asked about the collapse of the peace process and the outbreak of violence, ...
International | Israel | Social Justice
By James Solheim in Jerusalem
Christianity Today's 2020 Book Awards
Our picks for the books most likely to shape evangelical life, thought, and culture.
Biblical Archaeology's Top 10 Discoveries of 2019
A glimpse at the important excavation work revealed this year.
Gordon Govier


HARRISBURG – With nearly 1.6 million Pennsylvanians living below the poverty line, the House Majority Policy Committee recently announced it will continue its efforts to study the barriers individuals face in reaching self-sufficiency in the Commonwealth. The committee has appointed Rep. Rosemary M. Brown (R-Monroe/Pike) to co-chair the "Life Skills 101" section of the initiative's next steps.
The committee, of which Brown is a member, recently released "Beyond Poverty," a preliminary report with information received through its "Empowering Opportunities: Gateways Out Of Poverty" initiative. The initiative consisted of several meetings that took place over the last 10 months throughout the state, including a roundtable discussion in Stroudsburg.
The committee continued to hear similar themes as they traveled the state, and chose to focus on particular subject areas moving forward. The report suggests a large portion of society struggles with life skills, including financial literacy and budgeting. Brown and Rep. Dan Truitt (R-Chester) have been tasked in working with career readiness and anti-poverty programs to learn the best reinforcement and delivery of these skills in order to help people succeed financially.
"Sometimes, all a person may need to become financially independent is some extra credit counseling, a personal mentor, or a refresher course on interview tactics," said House Majority Policy Chairman Dave Reed (R-Indiana) on the need for fostering greater partnerships on soft skills training.
For more information on Brown's appointment, or any other state-related issue, contact her district office located at 696 Seven Bridge Road, Suite 101, in East Stroudsburg, by calling 570-420-8301. Information on current legislation can also be found on RepBrown.com and Facebook.com/RepRosemaryBrown.


text:
Ed Sheeran 'Live' In Singapore: x Tour 2015 | Review
Grammy nominated singer/songwriter, Ed Sheeran made his debut in Singapore with a show which was completely sold-out within eight hours, last Saturday as part of the Asian leg of his 'x Tour'. With this being his very first performance here, there was an immense amount of expectation from both fans and (I'm sure) Ed's team alike for it to go off without a hitch. Ed Sheeran has, from the very start, always been the sort of performer who needs absolutely no gimmicks to keep an audience entertained, a rare quality in the current music scene. His signature ginger hair, the guitar(s) and a loop station was all he needed throughout the show.
Immense elation filled the venue straightaway as Ed made his way to centre stage. He started off the evening with a mash-up of 'Don't', Blackstreet's 'No Diggity' and 'Nina' (adding a line or two from Chris Brown's 'Loyal') which immediately brought the crowd to their feet. The audience was overwhelmed with emotions when he performed his fourth single off 'x', 'Bloodstream' almost as identical to when he had performed it on the recent Brit Awards. The setlist included a couple more mash-ups of 'Take It Back' with Stevie Wonder's 'Superstition' and 'You Need Me, I Don't Need You' with 50 Cent's 'In Da Club' and Iggy Azalea's 'Fancy'. The entire show included songs from both his previous and most recent studio albums. It was especially enjoyable when Ed prompted the audience to sing-along during a few songs. There was a great crowd that night, it was delightful how everyone banded together and became an entity in those moments of participation which made it simply beautiful to watch- let alone be a part of.
Having witnessed such an undoubtedly talented singer perform live, it definitely changes the game completely. If there is anything to be said about such a performer, it is that the music industry needs more artistes like him. At this point, there is no telling what the future will hold for this superstar but I can safely say that whatever he decides to do next, it will be nothing short of amazing.


Dr. Bellara received her Ph.D. in Educational Measurement and Evaluation from the University of South Florida in 2013. Dr. Bellara teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in assessment and measurement. Her research interests include applying propensity score methods to evaluate the effect of educational programs, studying the impact of measurement error on various statistical analyses and educational assessment.
Eric Loken, Ph.D. is an associate professor in the Department of Educational Psychology, affiliated with the Research Methods, Measurement, and Evaluation program. His interests focus on latent variable models, Bayesian inference, and methods for reproducible science. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University and studies advanced statistical modeling with applications to large scale educational testing.
Dr. D. Betsy McCoach has extensive experience in longitudinal data analysis, hierarchical linear modeling, instrument design, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. She has published over 100 journal articles, books, and book chapters including Multilevel Modeling of Educational Data (co-edited with Ann O'Connell) Instrument Development in the Affective Domain (co-authored with Bob Gable). Betsy is the current director of the Data Analysis Training Institute of Connecticut (DATIC), where she teaches summer workshops in hierarchical linear modeling, structural equation modeling, and longitudinal analysis. She is also the founder and conference chair of the Modern Modeling Methods (M3) conference, held at UCONN every May. Betsy serves as a co-principal investigator and research methodologist on several federally funded research grants, including the National Center for Research on Gifted Education.
Research interests: latent variable modeling, longitudinal analysis, multilevel modeling, instrument design, assessing/measuring school effectiveness, gifted education, underachievement.
Dr. Montrosse-Moorhead teaches graduate coursework in research methods, assessment, and evaluation. Dr. Montrosse-Moorhead previously served as an assistant professor of educational research at Western Carolina University, as a research and evaluation specialist at the Southeast Regional Educational Laboratory at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, and as a doctoral fellow at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Montrosse-Moorhead currently conducts research on evaluation as a a means to develop stronger evidence-based program evaluation practices, models, and theories. Additionally, her scholarship explores the practical application of evaluation and research methods, both in order to better understand the impact of K-12 policies, practices and programs, and to provide credible, relevant, and useful evidence to the policy community. She received her Ph.D. in psychology with an emphasis in evaluation and applied research methods from Claremont Graduate University in 2009, where she worked with and studied under Drs. Tina Christie and Michael Scriven.
Dr. Rhoads teaches courses in statistics and research design. His research interests focus on methods for improving causal inference in educational research, particularly in the areas of experimental design and the analysis of multi-level data structures. From 2008-2011 he was an IES postdoctoral fellow at the Institute of Policy Research at Northwestern University, under the mentorship of Dr. Larry Hedges. He has published in journals such as Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology and Statistics, Politics and Policy. Rhoads' current work involves exploring the implications of "contamination" of experimental interventions for the design and analysis of experiments with clustering; using prior information about the correlation structure to improve power and precision in experiments with clustering; determining optimal experimental designs for regression discontinuity studies; and understanding the impact of implementation fidelity on the precision of treatment effectiveness estimates.
Research interests: multilevel modeling; design of field experiments in education research; non-experimental designs for causal inference; meta-analysis; missing data.
Dr. Rogers teaches graduate courses in psychometrics and educational statistics. Her research interests are in applications of item response theory, assessment of differential item functioning, and educational statistics. She is co-author of a widely used book on item response theory and has numerous published papers on a range of psychometric issues. She has consulted on psychometric issues for the College Board, Regent's Research Fund of the New York Board of Regents, American Councils on International Education, and the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Georgia and has served as a psychometric consultant on projects funded by Educational Testing Service, Law School Admissions Council, Florida Bar, and National Center for Educational Statistics.
Research interests: item response theory; differential item functioning; Bayesian analysis; scaling and equating.
Dr. Swaminathan is recognized nationally and internationally for his expertise in educational measurement and statistics, and in particular, in the area of item response theory. Dr. Swaminathan's research interests are in the areas of Bayesian statistics, item response theory, multivariate analysis, structural equation modeling, and hierarchical models. He has more than 300 papers, chapters, technical reports, and conference presentations to his credit. He is the coauthor of two books on item response theory. He served as Associate Editor for the Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, Applied Psychological Measurement, Journal of Educational Measurement, and Educational and Psychological Measurement. He has served on numerous boards, advisory panels, and committees including the board of directors of the GRE, the Technical Advisory Committee for Law Schools Admission Council, National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, the NAEP Design and Analysis Committee, the Board of Directors of the National Council for Measurement in Education, and the Review Panel of the Institute of Education Sciences. Professor Swaminathan is a Fellow of AERA. He has received the College Outstanding Teacher Award from the University of Massachusetts, the Jacob Cohen Award for Distinguished Teaching and Mentoring from the American Psychological Association, and the Governor's award for outstanding contribution to the State of Connecticut for his work with the Department of Education.
Research interests: item response theory; multivariate statistical analysis; longitudinal analysis; factor analysis and structural equations modeling; Bayesian inference; large scale assessments.


text:
The Valiant é um filme norte-americano de 1929, do gênero drama, dirigido por William K. Howard  e estrelado por Paul Muni e Marguerite Churchill.

Produção
O roteiro é baseado em peça de Holworthy Hall e Robert Middlemass, apresentada na Broadway uma única vez, em 4 de maio de 1926, e depois em 08 de maio de 1928.

The Valiant marca a estreia de Paul Muni no cinema. Ele recebeu uma indicação ao Oscar de Melhor Ator por sua atuação, a primeira das cinco que receberia ao longo da carreira (venceu por The Story of Louis Pasteur (1936).

Em 1940, a 20th Century Fox lançou  uma refilmagem da história, com o título de The Man Who Wouldn't Talk, com Lloyd Nolan e Jean Rogers.

Sinopse
James Dyke, de passado nebuloso, mata acidentalmente a principal testemunha de um crime. Com a consciência pesada, ele se entrega à polícia, sob falsa identidade para não causar sofrimento à própria família. Acaba condenado à morte.

Premiações

Elenco

Bibliografia
 ALBAGLI, Fernando, Tudo Sobre o Oscar, Rio de Janeiro: EBAL - Editora Brasil-América, 1988
 FILHO, Rubens Ewald, O Oscar e Eu, São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 2003

Ligações externas
 The Valiant no AllMovie
 The Valiant no TCM Movie Database

Filmes dirigidos por William K. Howard
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1929
Filmes baseados em peças de teatro
Filmes em preto e branco
Filmes sobre assassinatos
Filmes de drama dos Estados Unidos
Filmes sobre pena de morte


Premier slings come in a wide array of styles to meet a variety of client needs. The Dress Toileting High sling is a secure, easy-to fit toileting sling. Use the Dress Toileting High sling for residents who are totally dependent, partially dependent, non-weight bearing, very heavy or have limited head control. Use this sling when transferring the resident to toilet.
Versatile sling provides full head and neck support.


text:
Eric Garner - search results
America Wants Justice for George Floyd
Imani Kerr - May 29, 2020
On May 25, 2020, a 46-year-old black man, George Floyd, died in police custody after a white Minneapolis police officer handcuffed him, brought him to the ground, and kneeled on his neck...
BET News Presents: "A March To Action" After The Shooting of Jacob Blake
Imani Kerr - August 26, 2020
On August 23, another tragic shooting including a Black citizen and a police officer took place in Kenosha, Wisconsin. The shooting of Jacob Blake, 29, was captured on cellphone...
New York State Passes 10 Police Reform Bills Following Citizens Protest
Imani Kerr - June 17, 2020
It has officially been 23 days since protests started across the nation after the untimely killing of George Floyd. Since then, New York State legislature and assembly have passed 10 police reform...
Serena Williams Daughter Alexis Olympia Is Part Owner of Women's Soccer Franchise, Angel City
Imani Kerr - July 24, 2020
Serena Williams daughter, Alexis Olympia, is a business lady way ahead of her time at only 2 years old. This week Williams made an announcement on Instagram that her daughter...
Women's History Month: These Ladies Helped Pave the Way
Imani Kerr - March 2, 2020
It is officially March which means it is time to celebrate Women's History Month! This month we celebrate and highlight the contributions of women to events in history and contemporary society. JaGurl TV...
Normani, Megan Thee Stallion, Teyana Taylor and more Hit Forbes Top 30 Under 30...
Simone Decarlo - December 5, 2019
Forbes Magazine has released its list of young influencers in their annual Top 30 under 30 list. The 2020 list "highlights innovators and trendsetters" and includes 600 young entertainers, entrepreneurs, and leaders...


text:
Huawei, Samsung and Oppo Gear Up to Launch Foldable Smartphone In 2018
By Neeraj M
ZTE has recently launched the world's first sleek design dual-display foldable smartphone. The move has apparently forced other smartphone manufacturers to expedite the process of manufacturing the foldable smartphones. According to the industry sources, Huawei, Samsung and Oppo have set their eyes on the foldable smartphone market and kicked off their process to launch their first foldable smartphone in 2018, ushering in the era of the dual-display smartphones.
The move by ZTE has apparently irked all the leading smartphone vendors and has resulted in the renewed interest in foldable smartphones that can sport two display instead of one. The sources of Digitimes, another online publishing company, claim that among all the smartphone vendors, Samsung Oppo and Huawei have started showing up a great interest in launching their first foldable smartphone sometime in 2018.
It's been over a year when Samsung, the world's largest smartphone vendor, first introduced the dual-screen concept phone. Despite, the Korean electronics behemoth is yet to provide any clear visibility on the roadmap of its first foldable smartphone. It's expected that among all the vendors who have pulled their socks up, Samsung must be leading the pack considering the fact that the company has been working on the foldable technology for years now.
The aforementioned source also claims that Huawei, world's second largest smartphone vendor, is also working on the foldable phone with few amazing camera features. The device could take the competition in the smartphone industry to a whole new level. Offlate, Huawei has done some impressive work with the camera that has resulted in a great success of Honor 8 series and P9 smartphone.
The Chinese smartphone major, Oppo also doesn't want to lag behind in the next wave of innovation in the smartphone industry. The company has reportedly filed a patent in China for a foldable display phone. The device, however, is not the dual-display in the true sense. It has a front camera that could be folded back to make it work as a rear camera. Something similar Oppo launched a few years back, but this time Oppo is making the most of its dual selfie camera, the company has been producing for long. The device is expected to feature 'Beauty Artificial Intelligence Technology' – recently introduced in Oppo F5 smartphone – that will make the camera more powerful and admiring either as a selfie or rear camera.
Samsung, Huawei and Oppo are not the only ones working on a foldable smartphone though. LG Display is working on the various foldable display. Industry analysts believe that LG would reboot itself in the smartphone market with jaw-dropping features in foldable smartphones to acquire back its lost ground.
Whatsoever, 2018 is going to be exciting as there could be a lot more action in the smartphone industry.
Previous articleA Proposed Merger That Could Change The Face Of The Global Mobile Tech Industry, Forever! [UPDAED]
Next articleSmartphone Usage Reaches To An Alarming Level Addiction [REPORT]
Apple Foldable iPhone: Will Tim Cook's 'Wait & Watch' Strategy Pay Off?
Apple Neeraj M - January 8, 2022 0
Internet is flooded with rumours and news related to Apple's foldable iPhone, especially after more smartphone players have placed their bets in the foldable...
Electric Cars By Tech Giants: Will Elon Have The Last Laugh?
After seeing the unexpected demand and rise in the mind-boggling sales of Tesla cars, other tech giants were quick to announce their plans to...
Huawei Harmony OS: An Alternative Of Google Android Is Coming Next Week!
After nearly two years of facing the ban from Google, Huawei is all set to take the global smartphone market by storm, once again....


text:
Dodie lands the highest new entry on the Official Irish Albums Chart as The Greatest Showman scores 20th week at Number 1
James Blake, Maggie Rogers and Future are new entries this week.
By Jack White
Dodie claims the highest new entry on this week's Official Irish Albums Chart.
The popular YouTuber's third EP Human debuts at Number 13 this week, her second Top 20 record. The singer-songwriter's previous collection You peaked at Number 5 in August 2017.
At the top of the chart, The Greatest Showman remains Ireland's most popular album for a 20th non-consecutive week.
Following the success of her latest track 7 Rings, Ariana Grande's Sweetener rebounds into the Top 10, rising four to Number 7, while Drake's Scorpion is also back in the top flight; following his announcement of three shows at Dublin's 3Arena, his latest chart-topping album lifts six to Number 9.
James Blake claims his third Top 20 album with Assume Form at Number 18, while Maggie Rogers makes her albums chart debut with Heard It In A Past Life at Number 30.
Elsewhere, US rapper Future lands at 39 with Future Hndrxx Presents: The Wizrd, and Sharon Van Etten's Remind Me Tomorrow debuts at 49.
View this week's Top 50 Irish Albums Chart in full
© IRMA
Dodie talks debut album: 'I'm not this perfect angel'
Tonight: Dodie announced as the next guest on The Record Club
The Greatest Showman's Film Chart success continues into 2021


Demi joined the Hampton Peters Real Estate team in 2016 as Office Manager and brought with her a previous 3 years experience in a similar role, spanning the Sisters Beach to Sassafras region and has enjoyed the move closer to home. She enjoys the fast speed and unpredictability of the Real Estate Industry, knowing no two days are ever the same. Having studied and being licensed in both Sales and Assistant Property Management, Demi makes it her mission to know the ins and outs of all areas of the industry not only her role in Administration, so she is able to assist anyone with any Real Estate queries they may have. When she isn't in the office, Demi spends her time between Binalong Bay at her family shack, the gym, studying or catching up with friends and family – her fur children Lou & Bosley are never far behind her wherever she goes. Demi is always happy to help with anything real estate related, so feel free to give her a call or stop into the office for a chat.


AN IDEAL INVESTMENT / FIRST HOME... This delightful two bedroom residence has been extensively refurbished and redecorated to a neutral theme incorporating a wonderful log burning stove, a lovely kitchen and bathroom and both double glazing and gas central heating. Well positioned for the A19 and providing accessibility to all regional centres this property offers exceptional value. "No Onward Chain"
Nestled to the front of the property this lovely principle reception room incorporates a double glazed external door and double glazed windows looking onto the west facing gardens, complimented with a feature newel posted spindle staircase leading to the first floor landing area. Further accompaniments include a useful understairs cupboard, a radiator and two doors offering accessibility into the inspiring dining room.
A spectacular room located at the rear of the residence which incorporates a sought after log burning stove, ideal for those winter evenings. Furthermore, the second reception room includes two double glazed patio doors which open into the rear courtyard, a radiator and a further door into the kitchen.
Well presented, the refitted kitchen provides a wealth of wall and floor cabinets finished in a gloss white colour with display cabinets and black granite effect laminated work surfaces incorporating an oval stainless steel sink and drainer unit complete with mixer tap fitments. Additional attributes include a double glazed window positioned over the sink area, plumbing for an automatic washing machine and an integral electric hob, oven and an overhead contemporary extractor canopy. Doors offer accessibility into the rear hallway and the dining room respectively.
A wonderful attribute, the rear entrance hallway includes a double glazed external door, a radiator and a further door to the lovely family bathroom.
Positioned to the rear of the home this spacious refitted bathroom includes a welcoming white three piece suite comprising of a panelled bath complete with mixer tap fitments, a low level W/c and a pedestal hand wash basin. Further attributes include a double glazed etched glass window to the rear courtyard, a radiator and lovely wall tiling.
Offering a newel posted spindle staircase to the ground floor and two internal doors opening into the sizable two double bedrooms.
A delightful master bedroom located at the front of this wonderful home which offers both a radiator and a double glazed window.
Nestled to the rear of the home, this lovely second double bedroom offers a double glazed window providing splendid views, a radiator and an elevated gas central heating boiler.
To the front of the residence there is a welcoming enclosed west facing garden which comprises mostly of lawns with a paved pathway and patio providing accessibility into the home via an external double glazed door. Whilst to the rear, an enclosed courtyard incorporates an access gate to the rear lane offering on-street parking and a further double glazed external door to the rear hallway adjoining the kitchen.


HI all! Come on Kathy, last day of work - don't want you being late!!
Looks like it is going to be a fun day reading the comments. Good start Fiona!
So, Fiona, what time is it locally for you when the time changes over in Sudokuland?
It's just gone 4pm here, Plum - time for tea I think while I wait to see if the bat has awoken.
Splendid timing for this picture, Gath...the azaleas are blooming all over right now.
Getting my stitches out in an hour! Yippee!
Then hiking for a week if the doc will let me!
Congrats Shiela - hoping for the best for you!
I'm heeeere! Good morning lovely people, and you too, Fiona.
Not one of the lovely people then???? You're getting too much like that other oddity from the west coast.
HOw many tweaks will you need Shiela?
Well, at least the "oddity" sent me an answer to yesterday's puzzle! Something Bubble Girl never does.
Let me not keep you in suspense.
Oh, and ladies, it does seem a touch masculine. I would suggest sticking a flower jauntily in the center. Perhaps a daisy?
Now that is a great big fat lie in your second sentence, grasshopper. Not only have I answered one of your riddles, I also seem to remember that I was the very first correct answer in the box AND I did not even get the bag of tagliatelle a la guano for my effort!!! Just because you're going off on holiday doesn't mean you can get all smart and cheeky you know.
She sends me one measly answer and she thinks she's Einstein. What a whiner.
I feel a Fawlty Towers moment coming on!
Beautiful flowers as my puzzle-finishing prize, Kate!
Off to Torquay, are you, Fiona?
Of course it's not you, Aileen! You are sweet and kind and clean minded. The "real" west coast oddity is none of that (and she wears strange hats).
Oh dear. It completely slipped my mind that the slave driver from France issued me an order. I think she said she was going to make me eat a grasshopper if I didn't.
Answers to the "I'll have it medium rare" inbox, please.
Those are some very pretty blossoms!
Good afternoon to all! "Counting flowers on the wall, that don't bother me at all..."
Finally a functional gift, and you won't see me burning this! These are great to wear on those minus 30 but sunny days in the winter. Solar powered heaters for your head! Yipee!
What do blondes and cow pies have in common?
The older they are, the easier they are to pick up!
Judy, you can throw yours at the next Detroit hockey game that a hat trick is scored. Something to keep the octopus amused while they're gathered up!
CG! Are you talking about the real blondes or the bottle variety?
The Tin Man is coming in from the field for lunch. I need to fix his sandwich. Later.
Well, Judy, I was easy to get, but only for one guy!
Sarah Beth, I can't say from personal experience. I only pick up cow pies.


text:
Danger of war Eschatology Extremism Islam Middle East Terrorism War
Update on the Signs of the End 02 – Nuclear Terrorism & War
No Comments on Update on the Signs of the End 02 – Nuclear Terrorism & War
The Global Peace Index measures peace in 162 countries, covering 99.6% of the world's population, and has discovered that since 2008, 111 countries have deteriorated in levels of peace which goes against the trend of a reduction in conflict since the Second World War. There are only 11 countries in the world free from conflict. 500 million people live in countries at risk of instability and conflict, 200 million of whom live below the poverty line. Trends in war are shifting from hostility between states, to a rise in the number and intensity of internal conflicts.
The UN Refugee Agency said that in 2013 there were 51.2 million refugees (16.7m), asylum seekers (1.2m) and internally displaced people (33.3m). The figure has exceeded 50 million for the first time since World War II.
The "Islamic" State
General Martin Dempsey, chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff said of the Islamic State: "This is an organisation that has an apocalyptic, end-of-days strategic vision which will eventually have to be defeated."
Theresa May, when Bitish Home Secretary in September 2014, said: "If [Isis] succeed in firmly consolidating their grip on the land they occupy in Syria and Iraq, we will see the world's first truly terrorist state established within a few hours flying time of our country. We will see terrorists given the space to plot attacks against us, train their men and women, and devise new methods to kill indiscriminately. We will see the risk, often prophesied but thank God not yet fulfilled, that with the capability of a state behind them, the terrorists will acquire chemical, biological or even nuclear weapons to attack us."
David Cameron commented: "We are in the middle of a generational struggle against the poisonous and extremist ideology that I believe we will be fighting for years and probably decades."
The Islamic State has captured advanced artillery, armoured cars, battlefield tanks, anti-aircraft guns and American low altitude FIM92 Stinger manpads (man-portable air defence system). It also has three Russian-built MiG jets. In addition it took control of a large chemical weapons facility northwest of Baghdad, which contained remnants of 2,500 degraded chemical rockets filled with the deadly nerve agent sarin and other chemical warfare agents. Bodies have been discovered which have no bullet wounds but only "burns and white spots" which indicate the use of chemical weapons.
ISIS documents have been discovered which show the organisation aims to capture nuclear weapons from Iran.
It is now the case that extreme Islamist organisations control an area the size of Britain in western Iraq and eastern Syria. Then there is Afghanistan, Libya and Somalia. Boko Haram is a similar organisation to ISIS in Nigeria.
One very disturbing factor is the radicalisation of young Muslims, including from western nations, which leads them to join organisations like ISIS. In June 2014 Richard Barrett, former Head of Counter-terrorism at MI6, warned that some 300 foreign fighters from Syria may now be back in the United Kingdom.
The internet is an important new factor. One jihadist website has a slogan "Half of Jihad is Media." Fundamentalist Sunni jihadists broadcast their propaganda daily through satellite television stations, YouTube, Twitter and Facebook. Hence they are never short of money or recruits. Hate preachers have huge followings on YouTube.
Saudi Arabia and Pakistan
One of the problems is that Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have encouraged jihadism but they are important allies of the US. Saudi Arabia is a huge market for American arms. Wikileaks released a cable by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton which said: "Saudi Arabia remains a critical financial support base for al-Qa'ida, the Taliban, LeT [Lashkar-e-Taiba in Pakistan] and other terrorists groups." The 9/11 Commission Report revealed that Saudi donors were the main financial support for al-Qa'ida but 28 pages of the report relating to Saudi involvement have never been published.
A new Cold War?
Another disturbing factor on the world scene is the growing tension between Russia and the West. This has, of course, been precipitated by the crisis in Ukraine.
Patriarch Filaret, head of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, without naming him, says that Vladimir Putin (a member of the Orthodox Church) is "under the action of Satan" and is heading for "eternal damnation in hell." President Obama has pledged $1billion to aid European defence despite warnings from Russia that any build-up of forces in Eastern Europe could lead to an arms race and a new Cold War. Obama responded: "We are interested in good relations with Russia. We are not interested in threatening Russia" but tensions continue.
Nuclear war by accident?
There have been disturbing revelations about the dangers inherent in the possession of nuclear weapons. General Lee Butler, former head of the US strategic air command which controls nuclear weapons and strategy once said that we have survived the nuclear age "by some combination of skill, luck, and divine intervention, and I suspect the latter in greatest proportion."
This year it was revealed that in January 1961 an American plane carrying two nuclear bombs broke apart in flight dropping the weapons in North Carolina. Both bombs were knocked into 'armed' mode as they fell. The second bomb went through six of the seven steps to detonation and only damaged cables prevented that happening.
In 1980 a worker was carrying out routine maintenance on a nuclear missile silo in Arkansas. He dropped a spanner and ruptured the missiles fuel tank. Nine hours later the missile exploded, sending the warhead 50 yards away. Fortunately the safety devices worked.
In 2007 six cruise missiles with live nuclear warheads were flown from North Dakota to Louisiana without authorisation. The loaders confused dummy warheads with the real thing.
The problem is that the accidental detonation of a nuclear missile could cause nuclear conflict. The BBC revealed in September 2014 that in 1983 Russia's early-warning systems registered a missile strike from the United States, and Russia's nuclear system went onto the highest-level alert. Fortunately, Stanislav Petrov, the officer on duty, decided to disobey the protocol which required a nuclear retaliation. He was reprimanded.
In 1995, after the Cold War had finished, the Russians mistook a Norwegian research rocket for an American ballistic missile. Boris Yeltsin was two minutes away from launching retaliatory nuclear missiles, when the Norwegian rocket fell into the sea.
The turbulent Middle East
Margaret MacMillan, Professor of International History at Oxford University, has recently said that the Middle East is the modern equivalent of the Balkans where World War I was sparked off. She wrote that "A similar mix of toxic nationalisms threatens to draw in outside powers as the US, Turkey, Russia, and Iran look to protect their interests and clients." She added that if Iran developed nuclear bombs it "would make for a very dangerous world indeed, which could lead to a recreation of the kind of tinderbox that exploded in the Balkans 100 years ago – only this time with mushroom clouds." Her warning was: "Now, as then, the march of globalisation has lulled us into a false sense of safety. The 100th anniversary of 1914 should make us reflect anew on our vulnerability to human error, sudden catastrophes, and sheer accident."
Amoral Robowar
Another disturbing fact is the development of sophisticated killer robots. Robots, of course, do not have any moral revulsion against unnecessary killing and could not be programmed with any means of reconciliation. The Americans have developed the Unmanned Ground Combat Vehicle or UGV which could decide to attack, using a roof-mounted machine gun, without human intervention. They also have drones, which have already killed thousands of people. The South Koreans have developed a robotic sentry which can detect a human up to two miles away and can fire a machine gun or a grenade launcher. Hopefully the United Nations Convention on Conventional Weapons will lead to a global ban on autonomous weapons.
Christians should first and foremost pray and work for peace and care for victims of war. But we should also remember Jesus' answer to the question "What will be the sign of your coming and of the end of the age?" War is not a sign of the imminent End of the Age and Return of Christ but it is a reminder of and pointer towards the End. Sadly, war is still very much with us and could become much worse, not least with terrorists obtaining sophisticated weapons.
See my main writings on Eschatology (the End Times: the Return of Christ, Judgment, Heaven etc) at Eschatology for both a Full (more detailed) Version Eschatological Book – FULL and a Summary Version Eschatological Book- SUMMARY.
Tags eschatology, Islam, justice, Middle East, Saudi Arabia, terrorism
← Update on Signs of the End: Pestilences → Update on Signs of the End 03 – Persecution & Oppression


text: The Lancia company had been set up by Fiat's pre-WW1 driving ace Vincenzo Lancia but he insisted that the company stay out of competition and concentrate on building and selling road cars. When his son Gianni took over the company after WW2 he took Lancia into sportscar racing with some success and when a new formula was announced for Grand Prix racing in 1954, he decided it was a good opportunity to enter Formula 1.He hired former Alfa Romeo racing designer Vittorio Jano and recruited Ferrari drivers Alberto Ascari and Gigi Villoresi.The result was the Lancia D50, powered by a 2.5-liter V8 engine. This was very late in appearing but three of the cars were ready in October 1954 and Ascari put one on pole position for the Spanish GP at Pedralbes with Villoresi fifth. Both cars retired early in the race. In preparation for the 1955 season Lancia hired Italy's rising racing star Eugenio Castellotti to partner Ascari and Villoresi and all three appeared in D50s at the Argentine GP in January 1955. All three cars crashed.In March the three appeared for the Valentino GP in Turin and Ascari won, beating the Ferrari and Maserati teams. They raced again at Pau where all three cars finished in the top six with Castellotti second, Villoresi fourth and Ascari fifth having been forced out of the lead with a mechanical problem. Ascari would win again in Naples at the start of May.A fourth car was entered for Monaco, this being driven by local hero Louis Chiron, but as usual it was Ascari who led the way. He was about to take the lead when he crashed into the harbor. A few days later Ascari was killed testing a Ferrari sportscar at Monza.Ascari's death left the Lancia team shocked and led Villoresi to talk openly of retirement. There were also serious financial problems. Lancia was not selling enough road cars to fund the F1 program and so Gianni Lancia took the difficult decision to cancel the F1 project. Castellotti managed to persuade his boss to let him have a car for the Belgian GP at Spa. He took pole position but retired with a gearbox problem while running third.The following week came the Le Mans disaster and within a few days the entire Lancia company had been taken over. It would later be sold to Fiat. The D50s were sold to Enzo Ferrari and Jano joined him as consultant engineer. They appeared for the first time at the Italian GP in September in the hands of Giuseppe Farina and Villoresi.The Ferrari-run Lancias won five of the seven World Championship races in 1956. Juan-Manuel Fangio won the World Championship after his team-mate Peter Collins handed over his D50 in the Italian GP. Collins finished third in the title race as a result.The cars would continue to be quite competitive again in 1957 with Collins winning at Syracuse and Naples and Luigi Musso victorious at Reims in the GP de Marne.


text:
Q: The algebraic degree of $\tan(1^{\circ})=\tan(\pi/180)$
What is the algebraic degree of $\tan(\pi/180)$?

Every now and again, I skim through Conjecture and Proof by Miklos Laczkovich and attempt some of the exercises. In chapter 5, on algebraic and transcendental numbers, the bulk of the chapter is spent showing the transcendence of $e$, but the beginning page or so (the chapters are quite short) asserts that if $r$ is rational, $\cos(r \pi)$ is algebraic. (This is somewhat clear a priori by the angle-addition formulas.) This makes me buy the claim that if $r=k/n$, the degree of $\cos(r \pi)$ is $\phi(n)/2$, $n$ odd and $\phi(n)$, $n$ even (here $\phi$ is Euler's totient function).
Now $180=2^2\cdot 3^2\cdot 5$. By the introduction, we should expect its minimal polynomial to have degree $2\cdot 6\cdot 4=48$; a gruesome calculation bears this out. (Aside: the exercise after this one has you write $\cos(\pi/15)$ by radicals, which I did, and got its minimal poly degree $4$; then $180/15=12$ and $4\cdot 12=48$, so I buy it.) So at this point, I could just continue on and try to get the minimal polynomial of $\cos(\pi/180)$, although I'm not sure how that would help. The tangent is throwing me for a loop: even if I knew the minimal polynomials of $\alpha=\cos(\pi/180)$ and $\beta=\sin(\pi/180)$, I'm not sure how I would compute the minimal polynomial of $\alpha^{-1}\beta$.
Another related question: when are the minimal polynomials of $\cos(r\pi)$ and $\sin(r\pi)$ the same, or when do they have the same degree? For instance, when $r=1/30$, they have degrees $8,4$ respectively; when $r=1/15$, they have degrees $4,8$; when $r=1/12$ they are identical of degree $4$.

A: Let $t_n=\tan(2\pi/n)$. Then
$$t_n=\frac{\zeta-\zeta^{-1}}{i(\zeta+\zeta^{-1})}\in\Bbb Q(i,\zeta)\cap\Bbb R$$
where $\zeta=\exp(2\pi i/n)$.
We are in the case $n=360$ where $4\mid n$. Let's suppose then that $4\mid n$.
For $\gcd(a,n)=1$, let $\sigma_a$ be the automorphism of $K=\Bbb Q(\zeta)$
with $\sigma(\zeta)=\zeta^a$. Then $\sigma_{-1}(t_n)=t_n$
(as $\sigma^{-1}$ is complex conjugation). For $\gcd(a,n)=1$, $a$ must be odd, and then
$$\sigma_a(t_n)=\sigma_{-a}(t_n)=(-1)^{(a-1)/2}
\frac{\zeta^a-\zeta^{-a}}{i(\zeta^a+\zeta^{-a})}=(-1)^{(a-1)/2}
\tan\frac{2\pi a}{n}.$$
This equals $t_n$ iff either $a\equiv\pm1\pmod n$ or if $a\equiv(1+n/2)\pmod n$
and $n/4$ is even. If $8\mid n$ then $t_n$ has degree $\phi(n)/4$ over $\Bbb Q$
while if $4\mid n$ but $4\nmid n$ then $t_n$ has degree $\phi(n)/2$ over $\Bbb Q$.
In the case $n=360$, $8\mid n$ and $\phi(n)=96$ so that $t_{360}$
has degree $24$ over $\Bbb Q$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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text:
"Students in public and private schools—which are at higher risk of drug use?": a survey from Iran
Ali Bahramnejad1,
Abedin Iranpour2 &
Nouzar Nakhaee ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5808-65033
Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy volume 15, Article number: 88 (2020) Cite this article
Recent evidence from Western countries suggests that private school students are more prone to drug use. Such an evidence is lacking in Muslim countries. The aim of this study was to examine whether the risk of drug use is higher in private schools than public schools.
This cross sectional study was conducted on 650 tenth grade students of Kerman city, the center of largest province of Iran using cluster sampling. Well-validated questionnaires regarding current, lifetime substance use, and perceived use by classmates were utilized. Substances included in the questionnaire were waterpipe, cigarette, alcohol, marijuana, opium, methamphetamine, and Naas. Drug Use Tendency Scale was used to measure the attitudes of students towards drug use.
The response rate was 93.7%. More than 82% of sample were public school students (n = 504). Current use of cigarette and marijuana was higher in private schools (12.2 and 3.0%, respectively) than public schools (4.4 and 0.5%, respectively) (P < 0.05). Perceived prevalence of cigarette smoking by classmates was higher among private school students.
Despite the popular belief that private schools are better than public schools regarding the risk of substance use, students who attend private schools may be at a higher risk of turning to some drugs comparing to public schools in Iran.
Drug use is a major threat to public health worldwide. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) World Drug Report 2018, prevalence of drug use among older population remains lower than among young individuals [1]. The most susceptible group to initiation of drug use are adolescents. A variety of biological, psychological, and environmental factors contribute to the vulnerability of this age group, such as maturing brain, peer influence and decreased harm avoidance [2]. Worldwide tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana are the three most commonly used drugs by adolescents [1]. The pattern of drug use amongst high school students varies from country to country. According to the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) 8.8% of US high school students are current smokers and 29.8% current alcohol users [3]. The 2011 European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) report showed that 28% of the students in the 36 participating countries were current cigarette smokers and 57% of them have used alcohol the 30 days before the survey (i.e., current alcohol use) [4]. The prevalence of current cigarette and current alcohol use among Iranian high school students was 5.6 and 9.9%, respectively [5]. Prevalence of regular waterpipe smoking among Iranian adolescents was highest in the world according to a recent review [6].
Studies emphasize the role of the classmates and school environment in initiating drug use by high school students [7]. While no specific influential factor alone is sufficient to lead to drug use, one of the most important environmental factors that may exacerbate or reduce the likelihood of drug use amongst youth is the school culture [8]. School culture consists of shared values, behaviors and norms [8]. In many countries such as England, France, Finland [9], and China [10] private schools are more likely to serve students from high socioeconomic class. In Iran owing to the high cost of private education such a pattern is seen too. In Iran as in many other countries, it is widely accepted that private schools are superior to public schools. Parents believe that sending their child to private schools might better prepare them for the future [11]. They think that pupils who go to private schools are less likely to suffer from drug use since privileged students are better educated about anti-drug life skills programs and the private schools' environment is less risky. There are very few studies comparing private and public schools regarding the prevalence of drug use and other risky behaviors [12]. Moreover, the paucity of studies that have assessed the issue are from Western countries [13, 14]. A research conducted on upper middle-class youth in affluent communities of United States (US) revealed that those who go to private schools are at higher likelihood of drug and alcohol use [13]. Another US study pointed that attending schools with a high proportion of affluent schoolmates increased the risk of drug use [14].
We conducted this survey to answer the popular question, "Are private schools better than public schools regarding vulnerability to drug use?". We assessed three domains to compare the school climate regarding likelihood of drug use between public and private schools in Iran; frequency of drug use by students, the drug use tendency of students, and perception of students regarding prevalence of drug use in classmates (i.e., perceived prevalence). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study, which compares the risk of drug use between public and private schools in a non-Western culture.
This cross sectional study was conducted on the 10th grade high school students of Kerman city, the center of Kerman province, Iran. Twelve schools were selected using cluster sampling method. The sampling was proportional to size. There are 28,541 students in the city's high schools, 14.8% of whom are in private schools. The ratios in public and private schools were proportionate to the population of students in the public and private students. In each school, all 10th grade students were invited to take part in the study. Grade 10 students were selected because it has been shown that this grade is a transition-linked turning point between middle school and high school and provides opportunities for new risky behaviors [15]. To ensure confidentiality of the responses, a sealed ballot box was placed at the center of classroom [16]. The seats were spaced far apart enough to warrant privacy. Except for age, other demographic questions were not included in the questionnaire to ensure students that their responses would not be identifiable [16]. Since in Iran all schools are single-sex we did not ask them about their gender.
We used three questionnaires to collect the data. The first tool was the Drug Use Tendency Scale which consists of twelve items using five point Likert scale from 0 to 4 (strongly disagree to strongly agree). A higher score denoted more tendency toward drug use [17]. It was part of a two-factor questionnaire originally developed to measure adolescent tendency to engage in high-risk behaviors. The first 12 items of this questionnaire were specifically devoted to measure adolescents'tendency towards drug use [17]. Sample items were such as "I go to parties where drugs are consumed" or "Smoking a hookah relaxes me". The second part measured current (past 30 days) and ever (lifetime) drug use among students [5]. We included the seven most prevalent drugs among Iranian students (i.e., waterpipe, alcohol, cigarette, marijuana, opium, methamphetamine, and Naas) [5]. Naas or Naswar as a type of smokeless tobacco product is a green powder tobacco stuffed in the floor of the mouth or between the oral mucosa and gingival cavity [18]. The third part queried about perceived use of the above-mentioned drugs by classmates [19]. To ensure untraceability of respondents minimum demographic items (i.e., age, sex, and type of school) were included in the survey.
Ethics Committee approved the research protocol. All questionnaires were anonymous and unlinked. The respondents were assured about the privacy of data. Informed consent was obtained from both students and their parents.
Taking into consideration the nested nature of the data, cluster adjusted prevalence estimates were calculated and compared between the two groups using chi square test. Stata version 16.0 was used for statistical analysis. All analyses were performed accounting for the clustered and weighted survey design using the svy commands (with pweights specified) based on a first-order Taylor series approximation in Stata [20].
From 650 students invited to participate in the study 609 subjects completed the questionnaires (i.e., a response rate of 93.7%).
Boys constituted 58.3% of participants (n = 355). More than two-thirds of them were 16 years old and the remaining were 15 years old (23%). More than 82% of sample were from public schools (n = 504). The drug use tendency score in public schools and private schools was (10.4 ± 9.4) and (12.1 ± 9.9), respectively (P = 0.090).
Regarding lifetime substance use in both public and private schools, the most common practices were smoking waterpipe (45.6%) and using alcohol (26.3%). Prevalence of current and ever use of various drugs according to school type is shown in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1 Frequency (%) of ever drug use among 10th grade high school students based on school type (n = 609)a
Table 2 Frequency (%) of current drug use among 10th grade high school students based on school type (n = 609)a
Perceived prevalence of drug use by classmates is shown in Table 3. Waterpipe smoking and cigarette smoking were the two most prevalent drugs used by classmates according to the report of students in both public and private schools. Alcohol and methamphetamine use were reported less than other drugs.
Table 3 Perceived prevalence of drug use among 10th grade high school students based on school type (n = 609)a
The role of family and peers on the risk of youth substance use have been widely highlighted in the literature, but in comparison, the role of school has not received as much attention. Results from this study suggest that the current (past 30 day) prevalence of cigarette and marijuana is higher in private schools than public schools. Ever use of cigarette was significantly more prevalent in private schools than public schools.
As a whole, waterpipe, alcohol, and cigarette were the three most frequently used drug during the past 30 days by students. In urban schools of the United States (US) alcohol (17.4%), marijuana (12.3%) and smoking tobacco (8.2%) were the three most frequently drugs in the past 30-day among the 10th Grade students [21]. According to ESPAD report past 30-day use of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana by European students was 28, 57, and 7%, respectively [4]. Comparing to US and European high school students it seems that the prevalence of past month use of the abovementioned drugs is lower in our sample except for cigarette smoking in private schools.
Of the seven drugs studied, two drugs (i.e., cigarette and marijuana) showed higher past month use and cigarette showed higher lifetime use by students of private schools comparing to students of public schools. No drugs showed a higher prevalence in public schools than private schools. Luthar and Barkin showed higher rates of drinking to the point of intoxication among wealthier US students [22]. Other relevant studies has shown that affluent 10th-graders reported higher use of alcohol, marijuana and cigarettes than their inner-city counterparts [23]. An US nationally-representative study clarified elevated rates of drug use among affluent youth compared to national norms [14], as well as another US study which revealed that students with college-educated parents and those from high income families were more prone to binge drinking and marijuana use [24] . Similar findings has been shown among Brazilian high school students [25]. A survey among 15–16 year old UK students found a higher risk of alcohol consumption by those students who attended a school in the least deprived regional quintile and those who had more spending money per week [26]. Meanwhile, our study revealed that private school students scored similar on drug use tendency comparing public school students.
The Perceived prevalence of drug use by classmates showed roughly a similar trend. Perceived prevalence is an indicator of descriptive norm, which confers to a person's perception of how widespread a behavior occurs by his/her referent others [27]. The higher the perceived prevalence of drug use by classmates, the higher the likelihood of engagement of high school students in drug use [28]. Overall, it seems that the high school students overestimated the prevalence of all drugs, which is in line with relevant studies [29].
The question we have to answer is why students of private high schools showed higher prevalence of some drugs and why they regarded cigarette use more normatively comparing to students of public schools? Studies conducted to compare risk of substance use between economically advantaged youth and teenagers in the lower socioeconomic classes pointed to several possible reasons. First, affordability and accessibility of drugs is a well-established risk factor for drug use in adolescents [30]. Second, parents from high-income families may have more laissez-faire attitudes toward alcohol and drug use [13]. Third, considering negative correlation between religiosity and socioeconomic status, which is ubiquitous among various religions including Islam [31], the protective role of Islamic beliefs against alcohol use would be less prominent among affluent students than more deprived students. Fourth, with the prevailing culture of individualism, which is more prominent among affluent families the youth from such families "can experience as much isolation from parents as do those at the lowest extreme" [23]. Fifth, parents with youth in private schools has higher expectations for studying hard [11]. In such a stressful atmosphere, the likelihood of engagement in drug use is higher than normal situations [14].
Parents enroll their children in private schools, hoping to study in a healthy environment. This study showed that there is no guarantee against drug use in private school space. Therefore, "it is simplistic to think of "good" schools and "bad" schools in terms of drug use" [32]. In the New Millennium, affluent youths are identified as an emerging at-risk group for substance use [33]. One limitation of our study is that we did not ask the students to identify their socioeconomic status and we did not included questions examining the role of parents and friends in shaping risk of drug use. So we were not able to draw a big picture regarding comparison between private schools and public schools.
Putting in mind that the "role of family and peers" and the role of public/private schools are inextricably bound, this study showed that in Iranian community students in private schools are at higher risk for use of cigarette and marijuana. Parents need to get rid of the misconception that private schools protect youth from drug use. They should focus on their own role, instead of relying on schools to tackle the problem of drug use by teens.
The data supporting the findings are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
EC:
ESPAD:
European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs
UNODC:
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
YRBSS:
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). World Drug Report 2018.
Gray KM, Squeglia LM. Research review: what have we learned about adolescent substance use? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2018;59(6):618–27.
Kann L, McManus T, Harris WA, Shanklin SL, Flint KH, Queen B, Lowry R, Chyen D, Whittle L, Thornton J, Lim C. Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2017. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2018;67(8):1.
Hibell B, Guttormsson U, Ahlström S, Balakireva O, Bjarnason T, Kokkevi A, Kraus L. The 2011 ESPAD report. Substance use among students in, vol. 36; 2012. p. 123–34.
Bahramnejad A, Iranpour A, Nakhaee N. Gender-based differences in risk-taking behaviors among high school students in Southeast Iran. Int J Adolesc Med Health, 2020. 1 (ahead-of-print). https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/ijamh/ahead-of-print/article-10.1515-ijamh-2019-0205/article-10.1515-ijamh-2019-0205.xml.
Jawad M, Charide R, Waziry R, Darzi A, Ballout RA, Akl EA. The prevalence and trends of waterpipe tobacco smoking: A systematic review. Plos One. 2018;13(2):e0192191.
Nakhaee N, Ziaaddini H, Karimzadeh A. Epidemiologic study on drug abuse among first and second grade high school students in Kerman. Addict Health. 2009;1(1):31.
Bisset S, Markham WA, Aveyard P. School culture as an influencing factor on youth substance use. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007;61(6):485–90.
Dronkers J, Avram S. Social class dimensions in the selection of a private school: a cross-national analysis using PISA. Educ Res Eval. 2010;16(2):4–5.
Xuan X, Xue Y, Zhang C, Luo Y, Jiang W, Qi M, Wang Y. Relationship among school socioeconomic status, teacher-student relationship, and middle school students' academic achievement in China: using the multilevel mediation model. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):e0213783.
Sakellariou C. Private or public school advantage? Evidence from 40 countries using PISA 2012-mathematics. Appl Econ. 2017;49(29):2875–92.
Pearman SN, Valois RF, Thatcher WG, Drane JW. Physical activity behaviors of adolescents in public and private high schools. Am J Health Behav. 2001;25(1):42–9.
Luthar SS, Small PJ, Ciciolla L. Adolescents from upper middle class communities: substance misuse and addiction across early adulthood. Dev Psychopathol. 2018;30(1):315–35.
Coley RL, Sims J, Dearing E, Spielvogel B. Locating economic risks for adolescent mental and behavioral health: poverty and affluence in families, neighborhoods, and schools. Child Dev. 2018;89(2):360–9.
Graber JA, Brooks-Gunn J. Transitions and turning points: navigating the passage from childhood through adolescence. Dev Psychol. 1996;32(4):768.
Tourangeau R, Yan T. Sensitive questions in surveys. Psychol Bull. 2007;133(5):859.
Bahramnejad A, Iranpour A, Karbakhsh M, Nakhaee N. Development of risk-taking tendency tool for high school students. Addict Health. 2017;9(4):237.
Saeed M, Muhammad N, Khan SA, Gul F, Khuda F, Humayun M, Khan H. Assessment of potential toxicity of a smokeless tobacco product (naswar) available on the Pakistani market. Tob Control. 2012;21(4):396–401.
Bahramnejad A, Iranpour A, Nakhaee N. Is inclusion of a dummy drug necessary for estimating perceived prevalence of substance use by classmates? Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2019;8(3):e92893.
Bell BA, Onwuegbuzie AJ, Ferron JM, Jiao QG, Hibbard ST, Kromrey JD. Use of design effects and sample weights in complex health survey data: a review of published articles using data from 3 commonly used adolescent health surveys. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(7):1399–405.
Warren JC, Smalley KB, Barefoot KN. Recent alcohol, tobacco, and substance use variations between rural and urban middle and high school students. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. 2017;26(1):60–5.
Luthar SS, Barkin SH. Are affluent youth truly "at risk"? Vulnerability and resilience across three diverse samples. Dev Psychopathol. 2012;24(2):429.
Luthar SS, Sexton CC. The high price of affluence. In: Advances in child development and behavior, vol. 32; 2004. p. 125–62. JAI.
Humensky JL. Are adolescents with high socioeconomic status more likely to engage in alcohol and illicit drug use in early adulthood? Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2010;5(1):19.
Locatelli D, Sanchez Z, Opaleye E, Carlini C, Noto A. Socioeconomic influences on alcohol use patterns among private school students in São Paulo. Braz J Psychiatry. 2012;34(2):193–200.
Bellis MA, Hughes K, Morleo M, Tocque K, Hughes S, Allen T, Harrison D, Fe-Rodriguez E. Predictors of risky alcohol consumption in schoolchildren and their implications for preventing alcohol-related harm. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2007;2(1):15.
Rimal RN, Real K. Understanding the influence of perceived norms on behaviors. Commun Theory. 2003;13(2):184–203.
Bertholet N, Faouzi M, Studer J, Daeppen JB, Gmel G. Perception of tobacco, cannabis, and alcohol use of others is associated with one's own use. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2013;8(1):15.
Debnam KJ, Saha S, Bradshaw CP. Synthetic and other drug use among high school students: the role of perceived prevalence, access, and harms. Subst Use Misuse. 2018;53(12):2069–76.
El Kazdouh H, El-Ammari A, Bouftini S, El Fakir S, El Achhab Y. Adolescents, parents and teachers' perceptions of risk and protective factors of substance use in Moroccan adolescents: a qualitative study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2018;13(1):31.
Rachmatullah A, Ha M, Park J. Relations among education, religiosity and socioeconomic variables. South Afr J Educ. 2019;39(1).
O'Malley PM, Johnston LD, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE, Kumar R. How substance use differs among American secondary schools. Prev Sci. 2006;7(4):409–20.
Koplewicz HS, Gurian A, Williams K. The era of affluence and its discontents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(11):1053.
We thank to all students and teachers who cooperated with this study.
Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Ali Bahramnejad
Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Abedin Iranpour
Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Nouzar Nakhaee
AB contributed to data acquisition, data analysis and manuscript drafting. AI provided assistance in the conception of the study and participated in manuscript preparation. NN contributed to the study design and drafting the manuscript and he was the principle investigator. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Nouzar Nakhaee.
The study protocol was approved by the Ethics committee (EC) of the Kerman University of Medical Sciences "approval no: EC/96-34/knrc". At the beginning of the questionnaire distribution session, the purpose of the study was explained for the students and they were assured about the anonymity and confidentiality of their responses. Based on EC permission, verbal consent was obtained from participants and their parents, and the students were reassured that their participation would be voluntary.
Bahramnejad, A., Iranpour, A. & Nakhaee, N. "Students in public and private schools—which are at higher risk of drug use?": a survey from Iran. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 15, 88 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-020-00330-1
Socioeconomic class


The Starward, the second 122-foot combination boat built by MARCO Seattle for owners Henry and Cory Swasand and Borge Mannes, was christened recently. Dian Swasand, wife of skipper/owner Cory Swasand, performed the champagne honors in ceremonies on the Seattle (Wash.) Ship Canal.
The Starward carries a complete array of fishing equipment and machinery for operation as a trawler/catcher, and as a herring and salmon packer in the Bering Sea and North Pacific fisheries.
Mr. Swasand, veteran captain of the MARCO-built crabber Aleutian Spray, will skipper the new vessel in northern Pacific waters. The Starward will deliver her crab catches to Akutan, Alaska, and will pack salmon and herring later in the year.
The vessel features a raised pilothouse, above the skipper's quarters on the bridge deck, which provides a 360-degree field of vision. The trawl console is installed in the pilothouse, facing the stern, allowing full observation and control of the fishing machinery on the deck below.
Pilothouse electronics include two Furuno radars, two Simrad and one North Star Loran C, a Polaris ADF, Simrad recording depth sounder, Raytheon depth indicator, Raytheon weather facsimile receiver, Sperry gyrocompass with autopilot, plus a full complement of Northern SSB, Triton VHF, and SBE SSB/CB radios.
Hydraulic deck fishing machinery includes a MARCO "KingHauler" for hauling pots, a MARCO "KingCoiler" for line handling, a Hansen double-acting pot dumping rack, a Cook bait chopper, an 11-ton Rowe crane, and two MARCO boom winches. Machinery for trawling operations includes two Rowe trawl winches using Hagglund motors and a MARCO trawl reel. The boat also has 9,500 cubic feet of hold space and two 30- ton seawater chillers for salmon and herring packing.
The Starward is powered by a Caterpillar D399 turbocharged and aftercooled diesel rated at 1,125 bhp. It drives a 90-inch, four-blade Coolidge stainless-steel propeller through a Caterpillar 7271 hydraulic reduction and reversing gear. Steering is accomplished by a Wagner T19 hydraulic system with two jog stations.
Auxiliary power is provided by three Caterpillar diesels, including a turbocharged Model 3304T coupled to a 90-kw generator and two turbocharged 3408TA engines coupled to two 250-kw generators and two MARCO DP37 hydraulic pump drives.
The Swasands are also part owners of four other MARCO boats — the 94-foot Aleutian Spray, the 108-foot Starfish, the 108-foot Nordic Star, and the 122-foot Starlite, all engaged in crabbing.


Dominic Angutimarik: If the animals were to be effected, and our food source becomes limited, is there a plan for this? would we be compensated?
Dominic: if the health of the people were to be effected by the mine, what kind of implementation are there for this kind of situation?
MLA Paul Quassa: Is there going to be one track for the 3 trains or is there going to be more than 1 track?


text:
Dramas: First Week Review
Series and Movie Reviews
Older Dramas
Missing: the Other Side 2
Big Bet Season 1
Island - Season One
Mouse -- Episode 3: Coming Face to Face with Evil
Everybody from Moo Chi to Hong Joo, Moo Won, and even Ba Reum all seem to be so tightly connected that it's quite uncanny. But how they fit into each other's lives now, that's the mystery.
So much happens in this episode; it's hard to discern what's real and misdirection. And just as I started to wonder whether Dr. Sung Yo Han was truly a psychotic killer, he proved it by easily and swiftly killing Daniel Lee for recognizing him as the head hunter's son seems a bit off. There has to be more to it. Daniel wasn't necessarily wrong in his prediction; I think he got the sons mixed up.
I must say Sung's reveal was quite unexpected that for a good 10 minutes, I thought it was some flashback of the head hunter days. That Dr. Sung is seriously mentally disturbed is evidently clear. But as a habitual predator, he sure makes some amateurish mistakes, which makes me question whether he's truly the "serial killer" everyone is looking for or rather an opportunistic killer who saw a problem and got rid of it. I feel there is more to the story than what we see.
The way events unfolded with Oh Bong Yi (Park Joo Hyun) and her grandmother (Kim Young Ok) made me suspect something awful would happen. I completely feel for Oh Bong Yi; despite not knowing her full backstory, I can surmise from the glimpses we've seen that she's lives with a terrible past that has resurfaced, bringing about a post-traumatic disorder that's causing her to lash out at everything and everyone including the one person that strives to keep her the safest. I can only imagine how this loss will impact her. The irony of life is that one never truly knows the value of someone to them until they're gone. I hate that she has to experience another traumatic event in such a young life; I love her spunkiness and do not want to see that luster fade. I enjoy her banter with Ba Reum; they make sure a lovely couple.
I like Ba Reum's sweet disposition, but he almost feels too good to be true, like there is more to him than we've seen. On the other hand, despite Ko Moo Chi's hardcore demeanor and his going over the top in his relegation of duties at times, he feels more real and more relatable. There is nothing worse than the fear of forgetfulness coupled with guilt to weigh a person down and make them hard. I cannot wait to see where the story goes from here.
Watch Episode 3 here.
My Liberation Notes -- Episodes 10-16 (final): Life is What We Make It to Be
My Liberation Notes -- Episode 6, 7, 8, 9: Relationships are Hard
My Liberation Notes -- Episodes 3 & 4: Free Your Mind, and The Rest Will Follow


Real change takes time. SEALs commit to setting the goal, doing the work day after day, month after month, year after year.
To get out of the rut, you must do one thing each day that is outside of your comfort zone.
SEALs create their own reality based on their expectations. They expect to win as a team.
What is the Navy SEAL's 40% rule?
Navy SEALs recognize that in a physical event when the mind tells a person that they are physically maxed out, that person is actually only 40% done. A person is capable of doing 60% more than they believe is possible for themselves. The rule can be applied to other life areas as well, such as in sales or management.
The 40% represents what you know you are capable of achieving. It does not necessarily mean it is easy, but you know it is achievable and you may be able to call it a success. For example, you might forecast a 10% increase in sales revenue knowing all the while that 20% would be a win, but just out of reach. Playing it safe at 10% is still considered a success by your company, but keeps you in the "safe zone." If you are a decision maker for your organization, remove the fear of failure when forecasts are not reached. When you strive for your reach goals, you will almost always come in above your safe goals. If a sales team has a reach goal of 20% increase in sales, and they end up at 16%, they are still 6% over the safe forecast of 10%.
If you have ever worked out with a personal trainer or been a part of a competitive athletic team, you understand the power of pushing yourself outside of your comfort zone or until it "hurts." Setting goals that are outside of your perceived limits is called growth. Just as muscle growth occurs during the repair phase of being pushed, so can your growth as a manager and leader.
Identify the reach goal for your organization. Better yet, engage the team to identify it with you for buy-in.
Define how or to who you will be accountable. Putting the goal in writing or communicating the goal to your team or company leadership will force you past the 40% comfort zone.
WHY? When I get sales calls on the phone, my workday is interrupted.
WHY? Because they immediately try to sell me something.
WHY? I guess they haven't been taught the importance of bonding and rapport.
SEALs say mental toughness can be learned and that the individual is the only thing standing in his/her own way. What comfort zones are you or your team stuck in? Why are you afraid of your reach goals? What 5 WHY questions should you be asking to get unstuck?
To learn more, download our free report 9 Key Factors that Will Guide You to Success.


Nima is a freelance artist and basically muralist,she believes that an artist can never be illiterate as no language is required for expression and this is true for the audience also who need not to have any formal knowledge except feelings and love to see the art.
She is associated with SIV-G since beginning and support this noble venture to highlight the menace of corruption and eradicate the same through good governance and ethical practices .
Nima designed the SIV-G logo and e-cards.


This week: World, meet Elizabeth.
I got the lead holder I ordered, but it shipped from the Czech Republic and arrived a lot later than I thought, so I have not had time to properly test it. So instead I thought I'd share with you a milestone I had this week.
I do want to be able to subtly make her more or less animal in some scenes. All the non human characters will share this general design attribute.
Now, by no means is this a good drawing as a drawing. It's lopsided, fails the mirror test, and is far, far too overwrought. But none of that matters because this isn't a finished drawing, it's a sketch, and it's the sketch in which Elizabeth finally revealed herself. I can now imagine her making any expression at all, striking any pose at all, in the way Elizabeth would and no one else.
The title image is just this drawing photoshopped a bit to show more of what I see when I look at this drawing: I always see my inks when I look at my penciled drawings, even rendered ones.
Kate Beaton's Katniss is the best Katniss.
I love it when Craig Thompson posts about pages that would have been perfectly good and shows how he pushed them to make them amazing.
Very nice drawing. Though she doesn't have so-called "classically" beautiful features, she is a cute girl, which is pretty hard to capture. I also like your other try-out sketches...she looks like a human being!
Thanks! She's a rugged lady who spends most of her time hunting. Skinny models would get broken in half like twigs by her lifestyle. Which is fine by me, I find nothing appealing about that kind of woman, and I don't think I could draw a comic where the main character was attracted to someone I found unappealing.
I actually have a habit of making the same facial expression the character I'm drawing is making.
Anyway, I've been reading this for some time now, and it's filled with so much helpful information. I love this blog!
I'm glad you're getting your drawing hand back, reading about how you were in an artistic slump was all too familiar.


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text:
package debug.model.classobject;

import com.sun.jdi.*;

import java.util.*;

import debug.model.*;
import debug.model.monitor.*;
import debug.model.classloader.*;

/**
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 ** Come suo surrogato abbiamo una shallow-copy.
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 */
public class SnapshotState extends debug.model.object.SnapshotState implements ClassState
{
	SnapshotState( LiveState liveState ) throws StateException, OperationException
	{
		super( liveState );
	}

	public boolean isRunnable() throws StateException
	{
		throw new StateException();
	}
}