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Mass in the Catholic Church
(Redirected from Mass (Catholic Church))
"Roman Rite Mass" redirects here. For older forms, see Tridentine Mass (1570–1970) or Pre-Tridentine Mass. For non-Catholic contexts, see Mass (liturgy).
See also: Eucharist in the Catholic Church and Directory for Masses with Children
A 15th-century Mass
The Mass, known more fully as the Most Holy Sacrifice of the Mass is the central liturgical ritual in the Roman Catholic Church where the bread and wine are consecrated and become the body and blood of Christ. As defined by the Church at the Council of Trent, in the Mass, "The same Christ who offered himself once in a bloody manner on the altar of the cross, is present and offered in an unbloody manner."[1] The Church describes the Holy Mass as "the source and summit of the Christian life".[2] It teaches that through consecration by an ordained priest the bread and wine become the sacrificial body, blood, soul, and divinity of Christ as the sacrifice on Calvary made truly present once again on the altar. The Catholic Church permits only baptised members in the state of grace (Catholics who have recently confessed all mortal sins) to receive Christ in the Eucharist.[3]
Many of the Roman Catholic Church's other sacraments are administered in the framework of the Holy Mass, such as First Communion, Confirmation, Holy Orders, and Holy Matrimony. The term "Mass" is generally used within the Latin Rite's celebrations of the Eucharist, while the various Eastern Rites use terms such as "Divine Liturgy", "Holy Qurbana", and "Badarak",[4] in accordance with each one's tradition. Since the publication of Pope Benedict XVI's 2007 motu proprio Summorum Pontificum, the Roman Rite has been classified into two forms: the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite, which uses the liturgy of the Missal issued by Pope John XXIII in 1962, and the Ordinary Form, which uses the Missal revised by Pope Paul VI in 1969.
The term "Mass" is derived from the concluding words of the Roman Rite Mass in Latin: "Ite, missa est" ("Go; it is the dismissal"). The Late Latin word missa substantively corresponds to the classical Latin word missio.[5] In antiquity, missa simply meant "dismissal". In Christian usage, however, it gradually took on a deeper meaning. The word "dismissal" has come to imply a mission.[6]
The Roman Rite Mass is the predominant form used in the Catholic Church and the focus of this article. For information on the theology of the Eucharist and on the Eucharistic liturgy of other Christian denominations, see "Mass (liturgy)", "Eucharist" and "Eucharistic theology". For information on the history and of development of the Mass see Eucharist and Origin of the Eucharist.
Roman Rite MassEdit
Depiction of the first Mass in Chile, by Pedro Subercaseaux
Main article: Eucharist in the Catholic Church
The following description of the celebration of Mass is limited to the current Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite, conducted using the local vernacular language and customs. This version was introduced in 1969 following calls for liturgical reforms by the bishops participating in the Second Vatican Council (1962–65) based on new historical perspectives and biblical studies, and has become the most common form used. This version was introduced to succeed the Tridentine Mass, celebrated in Latin and dating to the liturgical reforms of the Council of Trent (1545–46). The Tridentine Mass, as revised in 1962, is still permitted for use as an Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite. Other historical and minor contemporary Latin Rite Masses have been used in different regions of the world, as well the Eastern Christian forms known as the Divine Liturgy.
The Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC or Catechism) produced in 1994 discusses the importance of the Mass in the Catholic tradition based on the whole history of the Mass and the understanding of it to that time. The United States Catholic Conference edition of the Catechism prefers to call the Mass the "Eucharistic Celebration", after its roots in the celebrational Last Supper. Under this topic in the Subject Index it lists as principal subtopics: commanded by Christ; center of the Church's life; memorial celebration; in the Church from the beginning; participation as Church precept; structure and movement.[7]
Liturgical TextsEdit
The Roman Missal contains the prayers, antiphons and rubrics of the Mass. Earlier editions also contained the Scripture readings, which were then fewer in number. The latest edition of the Roman Missal contains the normal ("ordinary") form of Mass in the Roman Rite[8] and the 1962 edition the Tridentine Mass which, according to the motu proprio Summorum Pontificum, may be celebrated as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite.
The Lectionary presents passages from the Bible arranged in the order for reading at each day's Mass. Compared with the scripture readings in the pre-1970 Missal, the modern Lectionary contains a much wider variety of passages, too many to include in the Missal. A Book of the Gospels, also called the Evangeliary,[9] is recommended for the reading from the Gospels, but where this book is not available the Lectionary is used in its place.
Structure of MassEdit
For earlier forms, see Pre-Tridentine Mass and Tridentine Mass.
The Eucharistic celebration is "one single act of worship" but consists of different elements, which always include "the proclamation of the Word of God; thanksgiving to God the Father for all his benefits, above all the gift of his Son; the consecration of bread and wine, which signifies also our own transformation into the body of Christ;[10] and participation in the liturgical banquet by receiving the Lord's body and blood".[11]
Within the fixed structure of the Roman-Rite Mass outlined below, the "proper" or daily-varying parts are the Scripture readings and responsorial psalm, the antiphons at the entrance and communion processions, and the texts of the three prayers known as the collect, the prayer over the gifts, and the post-communion prayer. These convey themes from the liturgical season, the feast days of titles or events in the life of Christ, the feast days and commemorations of the saints, or for Masses for particular circumstances (e.g., funeral Masses, Masses for the celebration of Confirmation, Masses for peace, to begin the academic year, etc.).
The easiest way to determine the type of form the Mass will take will be the positioning of the priest and altar, and the language. Celebrations of the Extraordinary Form (a.k.a. Tridentine Mass) are almost universally facing Ad orientem to the altar and conducted in Latin, while celebrations of the Ordinary Form (Mass of Paul VI—a.k.a. Pauline Mass) are commonly conducted Versus populum and conducted in the local vernacular (modern) language of the country (or in the language of ex-patriated foreign residents).
Introit, Procession, and Introductory RitesEdit
The priest enters in procession into the nave with altar servers, and with a deacon if there is one. The deacon may carry the Evangelion (Gospel book), which he will place on the altar; and one altar server, called the crucifer, carries a processional cross at the front of the procession. Other servers may carry blessed candles, incense and a thurible. During this procession, ordinarily, the entrance chant or hymn is sung.[12] If there is no singing at the entrance, the entrance antiphon is recited either by some or all of the people or by a lector; otherwise it is said by the priest himself.[13] When the procession arrives at the sanctuary, all bow toward the altar. The priest and other ordained ministers kiss the altar. Then, when the priest arrives at his chair, he leads the assembly in making the Sign of the Cross, saying: "In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit,"[14][15] to which the people answer: "Amen." Then the priest "signifies the presence of the Lord to the community gathered there by means of the Greeting. By this Greeting and the people's response, the mystery of the Church gathered together is made manifest."[16] The greetings are derived from the Pauline epistles.
High altar of the Capuchin church in Ostend, Belgium.
Then the priest invites those present to take part in the Penitential Act, of which the Missal proposes three forms, the first of which is the Confiteor. One form includes tropes acclaiming God's deeds on our behalf, and the priest has some freedom in formulating these. This is concluded with the priest's prayer of absolution, "which, however, lacks the efficacy of the Sacrament of Penance."[17] It does absolve venial sins, however. "From time to time on Sundays, especially in Easter Time, instead of the customary Penitential Act, the blessing and sprinkling of water may take place as a reminder of Baptism."[17] This ceremony, in which the congregation is cleansed with holy water, is known as the Asperges.
"After the Penitential Act, the Kyrie, Eleison (Lord, have mercy) is always begun, unless it has already been part of the Penitential Act. Since it is a chant by which the faithful acclaim the Lord and implore his mercy, it is usually executed by everyone, that is to say, with the people and the choir or cantor taking part in it."[18] The Kyrie may be sung or recited in the vernacular language or in the original Greek.[19] It is the only portion of the Mass in Greek instead of Latin or Latinised Hebrew.
"The Gloria in Excelsis (Glory to God in the highest) is a most ancient and venerable hymn by which the Church, gathered in the Holy Spirit, glorifies and entreats God the Father and the Lamb. ...It is sung or said on Sundays outside Advent and Lent, and also on Solemnities and Feasts, and at particular celebrations of a more solemn character."[20] The Gloria is omitted at requiem Masses (funerals and Masses for the dead) on ordinary feast-days of saints, weekdays, and Votive Masses. It is also optional, in line with the perceived degree of solemnity of the occasion, at Ritual Masses such as those celebrated for Marriage ("Nuptial Mass"), Confirmation or Religious Profession, at Masses on the Anniversary of Marriage or Religious Profession, and at Masses for Various Needs and Occasions.
"Next the Priest calls upon the people to pray and everybody, together with the Priest, observes a brief silence so that they may become aware of being in God's presence and may call to mind their intentions. Then the Priest pronounces the prayer usually called the "Collect" and through which the character of the celebration finds expression."[21]
Liturgy of the WordEdit
On Sundays and solemnities, three Scripture readings are given. On other days there are only two. If there are three readings, the first is from the Old Testament (a term wider than Hebrew Scriptures, since it includes the Deuterocanonical Books), or the Acts of the Apostles during Eastertide. The first reading is followed by a Responsorial Psalm, a complete Psalm or a sizeable portion of one. A cantor, choir or lector leads, and the congregation sings or recites a refrain. "That the people may be able to sing the Psalm response more readily, texts of some responses and Psalms have been chosen for the various seasons of the year or for the various categories of Saints. These may be used in place of the text corresponding to the reading whenever the Psalm is sung."[22] The second reading is from the New Testament, typically from one of the Pauline epistles. The reader begins most reading with the introductory statement "a reading from the Book of..." or "a reading from the Letter to...," and concludes each reading by proclaiming that the reading is "the word of the Lord,"; the congregation responds by saying "Thanks be to God." The lector will usually be a scheduled volunteer from among the congregation; when two non-Gospel readings are given, they may be given by two different lectors or by one, according to local preference.
The final reading and high point of the Liturgy of the Word is the proclamation of the Gospel. This is preceded by the singing of the Gospel Acclamation, typically an Alleluia with a verse of Scripture, which may be omitted if not sung. Alleluia is replaced during Lent by a different acclamation of praise. All stand while the Gospel is chanted or read by a deacon or, if none is available, by a priest. The reading is traditionally introduced with the phrase "a reading from the Holy Gospel according to" followed by the evangelist's name. To conclude the Gospel reading, the priest or deacon proclaims: "The Gospel of the Lord" and the people respond, "Praise to you, Lord Jesus Christ." The priest or deacon then kisses the book.[23] If a deacon participates, he reads the Gospel. If a deacon is not present, the celebrating priest or a concelebrant, if there is one, proclaims it.[24]
At least on Sundays and Holy Days of Obligation, a homily, a sermon that draws upon some aspect of the readings or of the liturgy, is then given. Ordinarily the priest celebrant himself gives the homily, but he may entrust it to a concelebrating priest or to the deacon, but never to a lay person. In particular cases and for a just cause, a bishop or priest who is present but cannot concelebrate may give the homily. On days other than Sundays and Holy Days of Obligation, the homily, though not obligatory, is recommended.[25]
On Sundays and solemnities, all then profess their Christian faith by reciting or singing the Nicene Creed or, especially from Easter to Pentecost, the Apostles' Creed, which is particularly associated with baptism and is often used in Masses for children.
The Liturgy of the Word concludes with the Universal Prayer or Prayer of the Faithful. The priest begins it with a brief introduction, then a deacon, a cantor, or another lay person announces some intentions for prayer, to which the congregation responds with a short invocation such as "Lord hear our prayer." The priest concludes with a longer prayer.
Liturgy of the EucharistEdit
Mass in the Grotto of the Annunciation, Nazareth.
The linen corporal is spread over the center of the altar, and the Liturgy of the Eucharist begins with the ceremonial placing on it of bread and wine. These may be brought to the altar in a procession, especially if Mass is celebrated with a large congregation.[26] The unleavened, wheat bread (in the tradition of the Latin Church)[27] is placed on a paten, and the wine (from grapes) is put in a chalice and mixed with a little water, As the priest places each on the corporal, he says a silent prayer over each individually, which, if this rite is unaccompanied by singing, he is permitted to say aloud, in which case the congregation responds to each prayer with: "Blessed be God forever." Then the priest washes his hands, "a rite in which the desire for interior purification finds expression."[28]
The congregation, which has been seated during this preparatory rite, rises, and the priest gives an exhortation to pray: "Pray, brethren, that my sacrifice and yours may be acceptable to God, the almighty Father." The congregation responds: "May the Lord accept the sacrifice at your hands, for the praise and glory of his name, for our good, and the good of all his holy Church." The priest then pronounces the variable prayer over the gifts.
The Eucharistic Prayer, "the centre and high point of the entire celebration",[29] then begins with a dialogue between priest and people. This dialogue opens with the normal liturgical greeting, "The Lord be with you", but in view of the special solemnity of the rite now beginning, the priest then exhorts the people: "Lift up your hearts." The people respond with: "We lift them up to the Lord." The priest then introduces the great theme of "Eucharist", a word originating in the Greek word for giving thanks: "Let us give thanks to the Lord, our God." The congregation joins in this sentiment, saying: "It is right and just."
The priest continues with one of many, thematic Eucharistic Prayer prefaces, which lead to the Sanctus acclamation: "Holy, Holy, Holy Lord God of hosts. Heaven and earth are full of your glory. Hosanna in the highest. Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord. Hosanna in the highest."[30]
In some countries, including the United States, the people kneel immediately after the singing or recitation of the Sanctus. If a person is unable to kneel, he makes a profound bow after the Consecration[31] – the Institution Narrative that recalls Jesus' words and actions at his Last Supper: "Take this, all of you, and eat of it: for this is my body which will be given up for you. ...Take this, all of you, and drink from it: for this is the chalice of my blood, the blood of the new and eternal covenant, which will be poured out for you and for many for the forgiveness of sins. Do this in memory of me."[32] In many places, a consecrated bell is rung after the elevation of each element. The tradition of raising the bread and wine high after the Consecration has its origin in the ad orientem celebration of the Mass, and is done so that the people may more readily see the Host. It is also customary on solemnities and other days for the altar servers to offer incense to the Host and chalice during the elevation. The priest then announces: "The mystery of faith," and the people respond with an acclamation, using one of three prescribed formulae.[33]
Mass at the Grotto at Lourdes. The chalice is displayed to the people immediately after the consecration of the wine.
The Eucharistic Prayer includes the Epiclesis (which since early Christian times the Eastern churches have seen as the climax of the Consecration), praying that the Holy Spirit might transform the elements of bread and wine and thereby the people into one body in Christ.[34] The whole portion of the Antiphon recalling Christ's passion, death, and resurrection, is called the Anamnesis.
Intercessions for both the living and the souls in Purgatory follow. When there are priests concelebrating the Mass they join the main celebrant in the central prayers, up to the intercessions which they may divide among themselves.
The Antiphon ends with an emphatic doxology for which the priest lifts high the paten with the Host and the deacon (if there is one) the chalice, and the priest(s) proclaim of Christ that "through him, with him, in him, in the unity of the Holy spirit, all glory and honor is yours, Almighty Father, for ever and ever," to which the people sing or chant their great Amen. This Amen is the people's assent to all that God has wrought through the consecration and re-presention of the sacrifice of Christ.
Both the doxology and Great Amen are preferably sung or chanted. This is in line with the Instruction on Music in the Liturgy which says: "One cannot find anything more religious and more joyful in sacred celebrations than a whole congregation expressing its faith and devotion in song. Therefore the active participation of the whole people, which is shown in singing, is to be carefully promoted. ...It should first of all include acclamations, responses to the greetings of the priest and ministers and to the prayers of litany form, and also antiphons and psalms, refrains or repeated responses, hymns and canticles."[35]
Communion riteEdit
All together recite or sing the "Lord's Prayer" ("Pater Noster" or "Our Father"). The priest introduces it with a short phrase and follows it up with the embolism: "Deliver us, Lord, we pray, from every evil, graciously grant peace in our days, that, by the help of your mercy, we may be always free from sin and safe from all distress, as we await the blessed hope and the coming of our Savior, Jesus Christ." The people then add the doxology: "For the kingdom, the power, and the glory are yours, now and forever."
Next comes the rite of peace (pax). After praying: "Lord Jesus Christ, who said to your Apostles: Peace I leave you, my peace I give you;[36] look not on our sins, but on the faith of your Church, and graciously grant her peace and unity in accordance with your will. Who live and reign for ever and ever," the priest wishes the people the peace of Christ: "The peace of the Lord be with you always." The deacon or, in his absence, the priest may then invite those present to offer each other the sign of peace. The form of the sign of peace varies according to local custom for a respectful greeting (for instance, a handshake or a bow between strangers, or a kiss/hug between family members).
The priest breaks the host and places a piece in the main chalice; this is known as the rite of fraction and commingling. Covering this action the "Lamb of God" ("Agnus Dei" in Latin) is sung or recited,[37]
If extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion are required, they may come forward at this time, and approach the altar itself after the priest has received Communion.[38] The priest then presents the Eucharistic Bread to the congregation, saying: "Behold the Lamb of God, behold him who takes away the sins of the world. Blessed are those who are called to the supper of the Lamb."[39] Then all repeat: "Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof, but only say the word and my soul shall be healed,"[40] which is a reference in the Gospel of Matthew to where a Roman centurion manifests exemplary faith in Jesus to heal his servant, saying that Jesus' word alone was sufficient. The priest then receives Communion and, with the help of the deacon and concelebrants and, if necessary, extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion, distributes Communion to the people.[41]
"The faithful communicate either kneeling or standing, as has been determined by the norms of the Conference of Bishops. However, when they communicate standing, it is recommended that before receiving the Sacrament they make an appropriate sign of reverence, to be determined by in the same norms."[41] (In the United States, Communion can be received either standing [by local indult] or by kneeling [the universal norm]. If received standing, the communicant bows profoundly before receiving.)
Then the distributing minister says "The body of Christ" or "The blood of Christ",[42] or "The body and blood of Christ" if both are distributed together (by intinction).[43] The communicant responds: "Amen." In most countries the communicant may receive the consecrated Host either on the tongue or in the hand, at the communicant's own discretion. If in the hand they should step aside and reverently consume the Host immediately.[44]
While Communion is distributed, singing by all of an appropriate approved chant or hymn is recommended, to emphasize the essentially "communitarian" nature of the body of Christ.[45] If there is no singing, a short antiphon may be recited either or by a lector. Otherwise, the priest himself recites it just before distributing Communion.[46]
"The sacred vessels are purified by the priest, the deacon, or an instituted acolyte after Communion or after Mass, insofar as possible at the credence table."[47] Then the priest concludes the Liturgy of the Eucharist with the Prayer after Communion, for which the people are invited to stand.
Concluding riteEdit
See also: Ite, missa est
After the Prayer after Communion, announcements may be made. The Missal says these should be brief. The priest then gives the usual liturgical greeting and imparts his blessing. The liturgy concludes with a dialogue between the priest and congregation. The deacon, or in his absence, the priest himself then dismisses the people. The latest edition of the Missal adds new versions of the dismissal, particularly written to remind us that we are sent forth to live out the mission of Christ.[48][49]
The congregation responds: "Thanks be to God." The priest and other ministers then bow to the altar, form a procession, and exit the sanctuary, preferably to a recessional hymn or chant from the Graduale, sung by all.
The people then depart, or stay to pray for a while, light votives at various shrines in the church, etc. In some countries, including the United States, the priest customarily stands outside the church door to greet the congregants individually as they exit.
Time of celebration of MassEdit
Since the Second Vatican Council, the time for fulfilling the obligation to attend Mass on Sunday or a Holy Day of Obligation now begins on the evening of the day before,[50][51] and most parish churches do celebrate the Sunday Mass also on Saturday evening. By long tradition and liturgical law, Mass is not celebrated at any time on Good Friday, but rather the Celebration of the Passion of the Lord (with hosts consecrated at the Mass of the Lord's Supper on Holy Thursday). Nor may Mass on Holy Saturday be celebrated before the Easter Vigil (the beginning of the celebration of Easter Sunday, which is customarily begun only after sunset, completing the Easter Triduum which began on Thursday).
Priests are required to celebrate Mass frequently and are earnestly recommended to do so daily.[52] However, "apart from those cases in which the law allows him to celebrate or concelebrate the Eucharist a number of times on the same day, a priest may not celebrate more than once a day,"[52] and "a priest may not celebrate the Eucharistic Sacrifice without the participation of at least one of the faithful, unless there is a good and reasonable cause for doing so."[52]
Priests are required by their posts to celebrate Mass at least on Sundays, for the faithful in their pastoral care. The bishop of a diocese[53] and the pastor of a parish[54] are required to celebrate or arrange for another priest to celebrate on every Sunday or Holy Day of Obligation, a Mass "pro populo" – that is, for the faithful entrusted to his care.
For Latin Rite priests, there are a few general exceptions to the limitation to celebrate only one Mass a day.[55] By tradition, they may celebrate Mass three times on Christmas Day (the Midnight Mass or "Mass of the Angels", the Dawn Mass or "Shepherd's Mass", and the Day Mass or "Mass of the Divine Word", each of which has its own readings and chants).
On All Souls' Day they may also, on the basis of a privilege to all priests by Pope Benedict XV in August 1915, celebrate Mass three times; only one of the three Masses may be for the personal intentions of the priest, while the other two Masses must be for all the faithful departed and for the intentions of the Pope. A priest who has concelebrated the Chrism Mass, which may be held on the morning of Holy Thursday, may also celebrate or concelebrate the Mass of the Lord's Supper that evening. A priest may celebrate or concelebrate both the Mass of the Easter Vigil and Mass of Easter Sunday (the Easter Vigil "should not begin before nightfall; it should end before daybreak on Sunday"; and may therefore take place at midnight or in the early hours of Easter morning). Finally, a priest who has concelebrated Mass at a meeting of priests or during a pastoral visitation by a bishop or a bishop's delegate, may celebrate a second Mass for the benefit of the laity.
In addition to these general permissions, the Local Ordinary may, for a good reason, permit priests to celebrate twice (they are then said to "binate") on weekdays, and three times ("trinate" or "trination") on Sundays and Holy Days (canon 905 §2). Examples would be if a parish priest were to need to celebrate the usual, scheduled daily Mass of a parish and a funeral later in the morning, or three Masses to accommodate all of the parishioners in a very populous parish on Sundays. In particularly difficult circumstances, the Pope can grant the diocesan bishop permission to give his priests faculties to trinate on weekdays and quadrinate on Sundays.
In many countries, the bishop's power to permit priests to celebrate two or three Masses on one day is widely used, and it is common for priests assigned to parish ministry to celebrate at least two Masses on any given Sunday, and two Masses on several other days of the week. Permission for four Masses on one day has been obtained in order to cope with large numbers of Catholics either in mission lands or where the ranks of priests are diminishing. This sometimes also happens in the case of historic churches which are unusually small compared to their number of parishioners, but which have not been replaced due to their historic character.
A Catholic beach Mass held in Long Beach, New York.
Summary table regarding priests with pastoral responsibilitiesEdit
Masses permitted
Masses required*
Normal weekday 1 0
Normal Sunday 1 1
Sunday, for just reasons** 2 1
All Souls' Day 3 1
Christmas Day*** 3 1
Weekday with permission of Local Ordinary 2 0
Sunday or Holy Day with permission of Local Ordinary 3 1
Weekday with permission of the Pope through Local Ordinary 3 0
Sunday or Holy Day with permission of the Pope through Local Ordinary 4 1
* By any priest of a parish for the people; that is to say, individual priests are not required to say Masses on these days per se, but a Mass in each parish or oratory must be available for the people.
** According to the pastor's own judgment.
*** By longstanding custom, this includes the First Mass of Christmas "during the night", even if it begins somewhat earlier than midnight.
Note that the canonical day is counted from midnight to midnight, so a Saturday evening Mass is counted as a Saturday Mass, even if by special provision people can fulfill their Sunday obligation with it (can. 1248 § 1) and it is liturgically a Mass of the Sunday.
Duration of the celebrationEdit
The length of time that it takes to celebrate Mass varies considerably. While the Roman Rite liturgy is shorter than other liturgical rites, it may on solemn occasions – even apart from exceptional circumstances such as the Easter Vigil or an event such as ordinations – take over an hour and a half. The length of the homily is an obvious factor that contributes to the overall length. (On Wednesday 7 March 2018, during his weekly general audience in the Vatican's Paul VI Hall, continuing his catechesis on the liturgy, Pope Francis advised the clergy that homilies ought to last "no more than 10 minutes"). Other factors are the number of people receiving Communion and the number and length of the chants and other singing.
For most of the second millennium, before the twentieth century brought changes beginning with Pope Pius X's encouragement of frequent Communion, the usual Mass was said exactly the same way whether people other than a server were present or not. No homily was given,[56] and most often only the priest himself received Communion.[57] Moral theologians gave their opinions on how much time the priest should dedicate to celebrating a Mass, a matter on which canon law and the Roman Missal were silent. One said that an hour should not be considered too long. Several others that, in order to avoid tedium, Mass should last no more than half an hour; and in order to be said with due reverence, it should last no less than twenty minutes. Another theologian, who gave half an hour as the minimum time, considered that Mass could not be said in less than a quarter of an hour, an opinion supported by others, including Saint Alphonsus Liguori who said that any priest who finished Mass in less than that time could scarcely be excused from mortal sin.[58]
Ritual MassesEdit
A Mass celebrated in connection with a particular rite, such as an ordination, a wedding, or a profession of religious vows, may use texts provided in the "Ritual Masses" section of the Roman Missal. The rite in question is, most often, a sacrament, but the section has special texts not only for Masses within which Baptism, Confirmation, Anointing of the Sick (Extreme Unction), Holy Orders, and matrimony are celebrated, but also for Masses with religious profession, the dedication of a church, and several other rites. Confession (Penance or Reconciliation) is the only sacrament not celebrated within a Eucharistic framework and for which therefore no Ritual Mass is provided.
The Ritual Mass texts may not be used, except perhaps partially, when the rite is celebrated during especially important liturgical seasons or on high ranking feasts.
A Nuptial Mass[59] is a Ritual Mass within which the sacrament of matrimony is celebrated. If one of a couple being married in a Catholic church is not a Catholic, the rite of matrimony outside Mass is to be followed. However, if the non-Catholic has been baptized in the name of all three Persons of the Trinity (and not only in the name of, say, Jesus, as is the baptismal practice in some branches of Christianity), then, in exceptional cases and provided the bishop of the diocese gives permission, it may be considered suitable to celebrate the marriage within Mass, except that, according to the general law, Communion is not given to the non-Catholic (Rite of Marriage, 8).
Pope Francis granted the Jubilee Indulgence to the faithful celebrating the Holy Eucharist.[60][61]
Other MassesEdit
In the United States, the liturgical custom of holding a Red Mass for the legal profession has more recently led to annual Masses for at least two other occupational groups; "Blue" Masses for police officers and others engaged in public safety, as well as "White" or "Rose" Masses for doctors, nurses, and other health-care professionals.[62]
Blue MassEdit
Main article: Blue Mass
A Blue Mass is a Mass celebrated annually in the Catholic Church for those employed in the "public safety field" (i.e. police officers, firefighters, correctional officers, 911 operators and EMS personnel).[63] The color blue relates to the blue-colored uniforms predominantly used by these services.[64] The service honors those who have died in the line of duty and those currently serving as first responders.[65] The Mass is an opportunity for the community to show gratitude to first responders and their families.[66]
Gold MassEdit
The first "Gold Mass" – for scientists – was scheduled to be held on November 15, 2016, in the chapel of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[67] The sponsor is the Society of Catholic Scientists,[68] which was incorporated in the summer of 2016 in the territory of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia.[67] The color gold was chosen because (1) it represents the alchemy of science and (2) it is the color that is worn – at graduation ceremonies – on the hood of those who are being awarded bachelor's, master's, or doctoral degrees in the academic discipline of science.[69][67] The date of November 15 was chosen because it is the feast day of St. Albert the Great, a Dominican doctor of the Church who is the patron of scientists.[69]
Red MassEdit
Main article: Red Mass
A Red Mass is a Mass celebrated annually in the Catholic Church for judges, lawyers, law school professors, law students, and government officials. The Mass requests guidance from the Holy Spirit for all who seek justice, and offers the opportunity to reflect on what Catholics believe is the God-given power and responsibility of all in the legal profession.
Rose MassEdit
Since 1992 the John Carroll Society has sponsored a Rose Mass in the Archdiocese of Washington, to acknowledge medical, dental, nursing, and allied workers and volunteers and the many health care institutions in the Archdiocese of Washington. It takes place annually on the fourth Sunday of Lent ("Laetare Sunday"), a Sunday when the vestments worn by the celebrant are rose-colored. The color rose was chosen as the rose has come to symbolize "life,"[70] The Lansing Guild of the Catholic Medical Association hosts a Rose Mass in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
White MassEdit
The tradition of the White Mass in the United States finds its origins in the development of the national Catholic Medical Association in the early 1930s. The White Mass, so named by the color worn by those in the healing profession of medicine, is held in recognition of the dedicated work of healthcare professionals and to ask God's blessing upon patient, doctor, nurse, and caregiver.[71] The Archdiocese of St. Louis celebrates a 'White Mass' every year for those involved in healthcare. The Mass is associated with St. Luke, the patron of physicians and surgeons, whose feast day is October 18.[72] The Archdiocese of Atlanta also celebrates a White Mass honoring health care professionals,[73] as does Creighton University.[74] St. Patrick's Cathedral in Norwich, Connecticut, held its twenty-fifth White Mass in 2015. The speaker at the brunch following the Mass was Lt. Commander Seth Flagg M.D. of the U.S. Marine Corps Wounded Warrior Regiment.[75]
In Lewiston, Maine, the White Mass is held in February to coincide with the World Day of Prayer for the Sick, instituted by Pope John Paul II in 1992 as "a special time of prayer and sharing, ...and of reminding everyone to see in his sick brother or sister the face of Christ". It is celebrated on February 11, the Feast of Our Lady of Lourdes.[76]
Mass (liturgy)
Mass (music)
^ [1] John Hardon, Modern Catholic Dictionary
^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church - The sacrament of the Eucharist". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
^ "CCC, 'The Paschal Mystery'". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
^ Hovhanessian, Vahan (2011). "Badarak (Patarag)". The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. doi:10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0112.
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Liturgy of the Mass" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ "Sacramentum Caritatis: Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation on the Eucharist as the Source and Summit of the Church's Life and Mission (22 February 2007) | BENEDICT XVI". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
^ Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1994, ISBN 1-55586-513-5.
^ "The Missal published by Paul VI and then republished in two subsequent editions by John Paul II, obviously is and continues to be the normal Form – the Forma ordinaria – of the Eucharistic Liturgy" Letter of Pope Benedict to the Bishops, 7 July 2007, paragraph 5
^ General Instruction of the Roman Missal (GIRM), paragraph 44
^ 1 Corinthians 10:17
^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
^ "The antiphon with its Psalm from the Graduale Romanum or the Graduale Simplex, or another chant ... whose text has been approved by the Conference of Bishops". GIRM, paragraph 48
^ GIRM, paragraph 256
^ "THE ORDER OF MASS" (PDF). International Committee on English in the Liturgy, Inc. 2010. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
^ "The Holy Mass". Retrieved November 19, 2011.
^ GIRM, paragraph 50
^ a b GIRM, paragraph 51
^ Roman Missal, "The Order of Mass", 7
^ Roman Missal, "The Order of Mass", 16
^ "It is a praiseworthy practice for the bread and wine to be presented by the faithful." GIRM, paragraph 73
^ Sanctus from Missa de Angelis [12th century] (vimeo) (in Latin). València. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
^ "The faithful [...] should kneel [...] at the Consecration, except when prevented on occasion by ill health, or for reasons of lack of space, of the large number of people present, or for another reasonable cause. However, those who do not kneel ought to make a profound bow when the Priest genuflects after the Consecration." GIRM, paragraph 43
^ Luke 22:19; 1 Corinthians 11:24-25
^ GIRM, paragraph 79c,f
^ "Musicam sacram". www.vatican.va. 16. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
^ John 14:27
^ [Rev 19:9]
^ Mat 8:8
^ a b GIRM, paragraph 160
^ Mat 26:26-28
^ Jn 6:50-56
^ "The Mass | The Concluding Rites - Liturgy | Our Lady of Mount Carmel Wentworthville". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
^ "Holy Mass...concludes with the sending forth (missio) of the faithful, so that they may fulfill God's will in their daily lives." - Catechism of the Catholic Church §1332
^ "THE LITURGICAL CALENDAR AND THE LITURGY OF THE HOURS". Federation of Diocesan Liturgical Commissions. Archived from the original on October 28, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
^ Letter De Missa vespere sabbati of the Congregation of Rites dated Sept 25 1965, in Enchiridion Documentorum Instaurationis Liturgicae, vol I, n. 35
^ a b c "Code of Canon Law - IntraText". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
^ "Code of Canon Law - IntraText". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
^ Preaching was generally done outside Mass. The Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae of the Tridentine Missal mentions preaching at Mass only in connection with Solemn Mass (in section VI, 60) and only as a possibility.
^ Ellard, Gerald. "Chapter XI: Sacrificial-Mindedness Largely Lost - and Found". CHRISTIAN LIFE AND WORSHIP. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
^ Liguori, Alphonsus (1846). Jones, James (ed.). Sacerdos Sanctificatus; or, Discourses on the Mass and Office. pp. 30–33. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Nuptial Mass" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ Letter of His Holiness Pope Francis According to which an Indulgence Is Granted to the Faithful on the Occasion of the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy
^ http://mass-online.org/holy-mass-live-in-english/
^ St. Anthony Messenger, monthly Catholic magazine, January 2008, p. 46.
^ "Oakland police, firefighters honored at Blue Mass". Oakland North. 2014-10-14. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
^ Charnley Eveland, Annie (30 September 2014). "St. Pat's hosts Blue Mass for law enforcers". Walla Walla Union-Bulletin. The Seattle Times Company. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
^ Wuerl, Donald (2014-05-14). "With Prayers and Gratitude: The Blue Mass". Cardinal's Blog. Archdiocese of Washington. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
^ Long, Carolyn K. (2011-08-05). "What is a Blue Mass?". Angels Over America. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
^ a b c Williams, Christine M. (November 10, 2016). "'Gold Mass' for scientists to be celebrated for the first time: Organisers of the Mass at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology hope the tradition will spread". Catholic Herald. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
^ See: Society of Catholic Scientists website.
^ a b Stagnaro, Angelo (November 25, 2016). "The Catholic Mass in the Color of Your Choice: The Church has the Blue Mass for law enforcement professionals, the Red Mass for those involved in the legal profession — and now the Gold Mass, for Catholic scientists". National Catholic Register. EWTN News, Inc. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
^ "The Rose Mass", The John Carroll Society
^ "Catholic Medical Association - Catholic Medical Association". Catholic Medical Association. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
^ "Events | Archdiocese of St Louis". archstl.org. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
^ "White Mass Honoring Catholic Health Care Professionals", Achdioecese of Atlanta
^ "Catholic Health Care Providers to Celebrate White Mass on Oct. 18", Creighton University
^ Bulletin, Jaclyn Diaz The. "Health care professionals honored at White Mass". The Bulletin. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
^ "White Mass 2014". Prince of Peace Catholic Community. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
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A biblical walk through the Mass : understanding what we say and do in the liturgy. Ascension Press. ISBN 978-1-935940-00-5.
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Many people have been devastated by the foreclosure crisis. The transition from homeownership to becoming a renter can be difficult. We are here to assist you in understanding the required deposits, credit report and alternative to credit report requirements, and a landlord's expectation for renting. Your housing coach will work side-by- side with you as you review your credit report, tackle credit issues, and look for options in the rental market. You will be provided with an action plan which includes a spending plan, savings plan, and paying down your debt.
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text:
HomeClub NewsJesse Lingard reveals reasoning behind bizarre celebration
Jesse Lingard reveals reasoning behind bizarre celebration
January 27, 2016 Jordan Street Club News 0
Jesse Lingard scored his first Manchester United goal just before Christmas, with a superb strike at home to West Brom. After netting, he ran over to the Stretford End and did a celebration known as 'dabbing', and he has spoken out about the reasoning behind it.
"The "dab" celebration is just trending at the moment." Lingard said. "A lot of people are doing it. I've seen Pogba do it and knew I had to do it."
"At the time, I didn't think about it but as soon as I scored I thought I might as well do it – it's just a dance."
Jesse Lingard has certainly made a positive impression at Manchester United over the last few months, and its always great to see homegrown players succeed.
Hopefully he can keep that form going into the back-end of the campaign, and somehow help Manchester United finish in the top four of the Premier League, and secure Champions League football.
Manchester United in talks to bring left-back to club this month – report
Manchester United dealt massive blow in pursuit of £12million striker
Jose Mourinho offers an injury update on Jesse Lingard following Boro win
March 19, 2017 Jordan Street Club News 0
Manchester United Football Club finally managed to move out of sixth position in the Premier League table, with Jose Mourinho's side climbing up to fifth. Today, the Red Devils beat Middlesbrough 3-1, in a performance […]
Can Manchester United's English quartet beat Victor Lindelof's Sweden and make it to the World Cup semi-final?
July 7, 2018 Jordan Street Opinion 0
Betting on the World Cup? Get a 100% Welcome bonus when you register and make your first deposit. Get started here – winners don't wait! Well, folks, here it is. England has the opportunity to […]
Big boost as Man United could welcome two key players to starting XI vs Brighton: report
August 16, 2018 Jordan Street Players 0
Manchester United Football Club kicked off with a much-needed three points at home to Leicester City, now, they'll look to follow that up against Brighton. According to the Manchester Evening News, Jose Mourinho's confirmed some […]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
And in despair I bowed my head;
"There is no peace on earth," I said;
"For hate is strong,
And mocks the song
Of peace on earth, good-will to men!"
Then pealed the bells more loud and deep:
"God is not dead, nor doth He sleep;
The Wrong shall fail,
The Right prevail,
With peace on earth, good-will to men."
…………………..H W Longfellow
Gimmicks can't untie the complex knots. Very serious thinking, homework and often sacrifices are to be made to solve the complications created by history, geography, demography, false egos and vanity. Navjot Singh Sidhu has tried to enter into a territory where angels fear to tread.
However, for him, there is no way to retreat. He has made a silly mistake of embracing Bajwa. I still believe it was an innocent mistake of judgement that has harmed to no one and would harm to no one.
My feelings have been echoed in the article in 'Hindustan Times' by the well-known sport journalist Ayaz Memon.
He says: "Brouhaha over former cricketer and current politician Navjot Singh Sidhu hugging Pakistan's army chief at Imran Khan's swearing in ceremony as Prime Minister is not just manufactured and funny but senseless. The rancorous coverage that has followed shows immense silliness in section of media (and even more on social media) about foreign affairs and human interaction."…..End of the quote.
Nobody is talking about the fine sensibility the Government of India has shown in directing its High Commissioner in Islamabad to present Imran a bat signed by the current Indian cricket players. There is so much between optics and politics of this gesture.
It should be taken with more sincerity and realism on both sides of the border. It is in the background of what Imran had said about "Taking two steps if India takes one."
As the famous Eric Margolis, the American journalist has once described:
"A full century after World War I we still cannot understand how generals sent so many soldiers to be slaughtered. Ten million soldiers died on all sides; millions more were left maimed or shell shocked. Seven million civilians died. 20 million horses died.
The image we have of hapless soldiers being forced to climb out of their sodden trenches and attack across a hellish no-man's land pock-marked by water-filled shell holes, deep mud, thickets of barbed wire and rotten bodies is quite accurate for the Western Front. Waiting for them were quick-firing guns, heavy artillery, the greatest killer or all – machine guns – and, later, poison or burning gases, and flamethrowers.
Ironically, though this big war was covered by very experienced war correspondents and military attachés from many nations, the dire message of the war was ignored by Western military establishments."
In August 2006, Dr Manmohan Singh had said that peace talks between India and Pakistan can't proceed unless the latter shows its commitment to dismantle terrorist camps on its soil.
On a question whether he would meet Pakistan president Perverz Musharraf at coming Havana summit, the ex-PM had said, "We can choose our friends but not our neighbours. 'Batchit karne ke liye kisiko koi itraj nahin hona chaiye.' (There should be no problem in talking with someone). But if Pakistan does not take effective steps to 'control' terrorist activities, peace process cannot simply progress".
There is no such thing as bad peace and good war. Peace begins with a smile, so said Mother Teresa. This may seem overly sentimental but it is actually a pragmatic and powerful piece of advice.


Sometimes the best support is talking to someone who knows what it's like to live with cystic fibrosis.
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Connect with someone living with CF.
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Connect with a peer mentor.
Visit www.cff.org/peer to register. You can also call us at 240-482-2870.
Expect a call within one week. We will call to discuss your experience and consider you rneeds. Once we make a match, we will connect you to your peer mentor.
Make the connection – and stay connected. Ask questions, share your story and get support from someone who knows what it's like to live with CF.
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An American politician and Anthropogenic Global Warming alarmist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton.
Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr. is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton.
This page was last edited on 24 February 2018, at 08:39.


text:
Donald Trump Is Falling in Love With Summits
In offering to meet with Iran's leader, the president sticks to what's becoming a familiar pattern.
Uri Friedman
Francois Lenoir / Reuters
Turns out that when Donald Trump recently warned Iran's president on Twitter that more threats against the United States would bring "CONSEQUENCES THE LIKES OF WHICH FEW THROUGHOUT HISTORY HAVE EVER SUFFERED BEFORE," it was just the first part of his message. The second was, essentially, "AND IF YOU'D RATHER TALK, I'D LOVE TO!" Or, as he put it on Monday at a press conference with Italy's prime minister, "I would certainly meet with Iran if they wanted to meet," with "no preconditions."
When Barack Obama, who Trump accuses of being soft on America's adversaries, said he was willing to meet with the leaders of foes such as Iran and North Korea without preconditions back in 2007, he was ridiculed by Republicans and even Democrats like Hillary Clinton as hopelessly naive. But at times, Trump has embraced a surprisingly Obama-like approach to the power of dialogue. "I'll meet with anybody. I believe in meeting," Trump said on Monday, "especially when you're talking about potentials of war and death and famine and lots of other things."
There was a hint of this even during his campaign for president, when Trump offered to have a hamburger with the North Korean leader, Kim Jong Un; and another hint last fall, when Iranian President Hassan Rouhani said he had turned down a proposed meeting with Trump. Since then, Trump has gotten two major summits under his belt, and he's treated the summit as something more than a favorite tactic: He has cast it as itself a remedy for the country's most intractable foreign-policy challenges. Trump meets with Kim and announces, in reference to a danger decades in the making, that there is "no longer a Nuclear Threat from North Korea"; he shakes hands with Vladimir Putin and proclaims, in regard to a decades-old superpower rivalry, that while the U.S.–Russia "relationship has never been worse than it is now … that changed as of about four hours ago."
The spectacle of such summits surely appeals to Trump's taste for theatrics and ratings bonanzas—for made-for-TV "wins." But they're also critical components of a process Trump appears to have pursued with threats of war with North Korea, trade war with the European Union, and now a showdown with Iran: Escalate tensions in order to de-escalate them, and then claim victory. "Begin by hurling insults at the other side," Fareed Zakaria wrote in The Washington Post last week, in summarizing the approach. "Threaten extreme consequences. Then meet with the other side, backpedal and triumphantly announce that you have saved the world from a crisis that your rhetoric and actions caused in the first place." In the North Korean case, it took eight months for Trump to go from "fire and fury" to offering a summit. In the Iranian case, the shift from threats of unprecedented destruction to offers of unprecedented diplomatic engagement took about a week—though it could always shift back.
The leader-to-leader summit—and especially the private one-on-one sit-down between those leaders without advisers present—is also a pure distillation of what appears to be Trump's preferred method of handling international affairs: a coercive, transactional, highly personalized bilateralism in which, as the political theorist Danielle Allen recently put it, "global politics is conducted as a series of deals with Donald Trump." The summit is the foreign-policy equivalent of Trump's famous declaration during the presidential campaign that, when it came to America's many afflictions, "I alone can fix it." The key to resolving the North Korean nuclear crisis is not some unwieldy six-party negotiation, but rather Trump sizing up Kim Jong Un within seconds of meeting him. Trump withdraws from the multinational nuclear deal with Iran and proposes a tête-à-tête with Iran's leader instead. "We could work something out that's meaningful," Trump explained on Monday, "not the waste of paper that the [Iran] deal was."
Trump administration officials have acknowledged the central role summitry is now playing in the president's management of foreign relations. "The summit in and of itself is an important deliverable," Jon Huntsman, the U.S. ambassador to Russia, told reporters during a briefing call before Trump met Putin in Helsinki, Finland. (National-Security Adviser John Bolton said almost exactly the same thing.) "I would just point to the summit with Kim Jong Un, which has already shown the possibility for reduced tension on the Korean peninsula and certainly throughout Northeast Asia. And if you can imagine what reduced tension could do in the case of U.S.–Russia and Europe–Russia, it would be on a much bigger scale."
The drawback of this approach is that sometimes a summit is just a summit, not a solution. Trump's meeting with Kim Jong Un certainly reduced tensions on the Korean peninsula, but so far it has not resulted in North Korea making any major concessions on its nuclear-weapons program—the reason Trump met with Kim in the first place. The summit with Putin has, in the near term at least, actually increased tensions between the United States and Russia because of Trump's refusal to confront Putin over Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. election, without yielding any concrete achievements as of yet—not even a joint-summit statement.
On Monday, Mike Pompeo seemed to backtrack a bit on his boss's offer to meet with Iran's leaders without preconditions, suggesting to CNBC that the administration would set a high bar for a summit. "The president wants to meet with folks to solve problems," the secretary of state said. "If the Iranians demonstrate a commitment to make fundamental changes in how they treat their own people, reduce their malign behavior, can agree that it's worthwhile to enter into a nuclear agreement that actually prevents proliferation, then the president said he's prepared to sit down and have a conversation with them." What remains unclear from the administration's track record is whether, if Iran doesn't meet those conditions and a summit happens regardless, any of those goals can be accomplished through a conversation alone.
Uri Friedman is a staff writer at The Atlantic, covering national security and global affairs.


A few months ago I got this top from Lulu*s. Although it looked pretty in the product shot on their website, I didn't realize how flowy it was, or how much I really would love it. It's a flattering shape and style, and is perfectly casual for daytime, or can easily get dressed up for evening.
It's a really simple top to make, and as a refashion it's even easier. I picked up this blue sweater from Old Navy a few weeks ago (on clearance for less than $10), and knew it was perfect for recreating this top. Especially when combined with some polka dot chiffon that I snagged at the LA Fabric District for a few dollars.
Click through for the step by step tutorial!
1 // start with your oversized sweater.
2 // carefully cut your sweater into a slight hi-low shape.
4 // with right sides together (RST), sew the front and back chiffon pieces together.
5 // with right sides together, pin the chiffon to the sweater and sew around the entire hemline with a straight stitch (don't pull as you sew).
6. hem the chiffon, then carefully press and you're done!
I wish I had the time and ambition to do this kind of thing. You are so inspiring!!
What a great idea, thank you for sharing! I've been eyeing this trend for a while, but didn't want to spend too much money it.
Love this look! Thanks so much for the fashion inspiration! Your blogs is one of my favorites and I love your style! 🙂 Have a great weekend!
I LOVE these new drawings that you always have, they're so cute! Do you do them all yourself with a tablet or something? Awesome!
I have the LuLu's sweater and I LOVE it too!!! It's awesome that you recreated it!
I'm not too handy with a sewing machine, but this project I'd definitely consider. So many options for chiffon pattern and top to pair it with. You always do such a great job refashioning your clothes!
Ohh I love this tutorial! I really need to become better at sewing because I'm pretty much obsessed with every tutorial you do!
Genius! I love this! I just got some amazing silk chiffon but had no idea what to do with it… this is perfect!
Loving this sweater refashion! You did such an amazing job on it!
That is cute!! and my favourite colour as well!!
I love this! Your posts make me want to invest in a sewing machine so badly. When I graduate and start my full-time job in January I think a sewing machine will be one of my first adult purchases. My mom is great with a sewing machine so maybe I inherited the sewing genes!
Would the bottom need to be hemmed?
This is such a great idea, I'm definitely going to try it! How did you create the graphic with the instructions, is it Photoshop?
OK, Merrick–I'm calling it (pretend I am the first), you are going to be a major fashion designer some day.
Hi Merrick – I'm a bit of a beginner sewer – I always have trouble with what type of thread to use! I walk into a craft store and there seems to be several different kinds…. do you always use the same kind of thread? Does it matter with what materials you're sewing? Thanks, I'd definitely try this tutorial!
Where is your purse from? I noticed it in a lot of your pictures. It's very cute.


text:
'Call me Joan'
Joan Kirner's legacy is all around us in Bass Coast, writes Catherine Watson
Cartoon: Natasha Williams-Novak.
IF YOU want to know why there's been so much fuss about former Victorian Premier Joan Kirner since she died on Monday, just look around you.
You can see her legacy in the Bunurong Marine Park, stretching from Harmers Haven to Inverloch; the Wonthaggi to Anderson rail trail, used by hundreds of people every week; the koala conservation reserve on Phillip Island; and the former Summerlands estate, now a conservation reserve for penguins.
You can also see it in the millions of trees planted on farms around Bass Coast and in the rural communities strengthened by the revolutionary Landcare movement.
In 2012, at the invitation of the Bass Coast Landcare Network, Ms Kirner came to Bass to celebrate the 25th anniversary of a movement that now has about 6000 groups in Australia and has been widely copied overseas.
By then, she was severely disabled and often in severe pain. But she was there at Bass for the celebration dinner, where she spoke for half an hour, and returned the next day with her good friend and comrade in arms Kay Setches, with whom she had served in cabinet, for a Landcare art exhibition.
Kay Setches, left, and Joan Kirner with artist Bev Watson at Bass in 2012 for the 25th anniversary celebrations for Landcare.
onI was fascinated by the awestruck response of people meeting her. For me it was like meeting Mahatma Gandhi or Nelson Mandela. How could one be awed by this homely, bent, welcoming, motherly woman?
"Call me Joan," she said to everyone, and so I will from now on.
Many people have spoken of the way Joan could cross divides, political and social, and get things done. By most measures, she was an unsuccessful politician – you got the impression the political games bored her – and a very successful doer.
At Bass that day, she talked about the early days of Landcare. A city girl, she confessed she knew nothing about farming or the environment when John Cain appointed her minister of conservation. "Except camping – I liked camping. We used to go to the national parks."
Soon after her appointment, she visited northern Victoria and was shocked to see the massive salinity problem, caused by decades of land clearing and unsuitable farming practices. Convinced of the need for drastic change, she found an unlikely ally in Heather Mitchell, then president of the Victorian Farmers' Federation.
Sending out young graduates to lecture farmers wasn't going to work, they agreed. What they needed was a community movement where change would occur literally at the grassroots, with farmers learning by watching what their neighbours did.
The secret of Landcare's success was that rather than preaching to farmers, it subsidised them to revegetate land and fence off rehabilitated land and waterways. The program was ahead of its time in recognising that there was also a community benefit to an improved landscape and land management practices, and massive social benefits in communities working towards a shared goal.
When Joan was promoted to the education portfolio, she made sure her friend Kay Setches took over conservation so she could continue her pet projects. The two remained close friends and Joan and Ron Kirner were regular visitors to Kay and Denis Setches' home on Phillip Island.
In a death notice in The Age yesterday, Ms Setches wrote lovingly and with admiration of the woman she described as "my bestie":
"Victoria's first woman Premier, APL civil rights and community activist, passionate educationist, conservationist, feminist. A founder of Emily's List and Affirmative action to get more ALP women's MPs. Loved clothes, high heels and opera and the Bombers. My 'bestie' a Labour Mate and sister schemer."
After the outpouring of accolades for Joan and her achievements since her death, it's easy to forget the vilification and mockery to which she was subjected when she was preserving public land and assets and trying to make education more equitable.
When she became premier in the death throes of the 1982-92 Labor government, the Herald-Sun dismissed her as "Mother Russia", based on her socially inclusive approach. Cartoonists drew her as a frumpy housewife in a polka dot dress who was way out of her depth in the world of high finance and political wrangling.
Her conservation initiatives were also widely resisted, including in our part of the world. In November 1987, some 400 people at a public meeting in Inverloch passed a motion calling on Woorayl Shire and the Wonthaggi Borough Council to inform the Conservation Minister that they totally opposed the formation of a marine reserve between Harmers Haven and Inverloch.
"A marine park will spell the end of Inverloch," one of those at the meeting declared emotionally.
Wonthaggi resident Frank Coldebella recalls similar local resistance to the idea of using the old rail line for a walking and bike track between Wonthaggi and Anderson.
The Shire of Bass wrote to the government asking it to sell the land to the adjoining landowners. Instead Joan Kirner called for public submissions and, against some local opposition, the line became one of Victoria's first rail trails for cyclists, walkers and horse riders. Today hundreds of people use the trail every week and it is a crucial link in a much longer trail that one day will run from Phillip Island to Wilsons Promontory.
Joan's intervention also proved crucial in the Summerlands estate saga. The estate, on prime little penguin habitat, had been subdivided and settled before the penguin parade became a huge tourist drawcard and money spinner for the government. The trouble was that hundreds of penguins were killed on the roads each year.
The problem had tested successive councils and governments before Joan convinced her government to commit to a buyback program. Today the houses are gone and the estate is habitat for the penguins that are Victoria's most popular attraction for overseas tourists.
"The only place in the world where humans have been removed for wildlife!" says Anne Davie, president of the Phillip Island Conservation Society.
She describes Joan as a wonderful friend to Phillip Island. "She loved the island. One of her last acts as premier was buying 30 hectares for the Koala Conservation Centre at a cost of several million dollars."
Of course, the mainstream media condemned the purchase and other conservation measures as a waste of money by a spendthrift and incompetent government. Leading a resurgent Liberal Party, Jeff Kennett pilloried her as she headed for electoral defeat in 1992.
Ms Davie says it was Joan's grace under pressure during this period that inspired her to become a Phillip Island Shire councillor.
"She never lost that grace, she never lowered the bar. I thought if she has got the determination, if she has developed that thick skin to cop all that, then we need other women to get in there and change attitudes."
I came late to this weeks Bass Coast Post and was so grateful I did not let
it pass me by. Great stories well written abound. None more so than the tribute
to Joan Kirner. Many articles of praise and acknowledgement
appeared in our newspapers but for me Catherine Watson's article shone the
brightest of them all. Joan achieved so much for our region I think we have every
right to embrace her in memory as one of us.
Bob Middleton, Jeetho West
Thank you Catherine for the two wonderful articles about Joan Kirner. The story of Daryl and Margaret Hook brought the success of Landcare to our own backyard in Bass.
Identifying a problem and being open to the best ideas to get a solution were obviously a strength of Joan. No pretence and just a plain talker. Joan understood answers need to benefit more than just one group, hence her partnership with Heather Mitchell. Incensed by the needs of those excluded by traditional management practices (eg. the role of women in the teaching profession before equal pay) and the importance of preservation of the environment, Joan championed solutions because they stacked up.
The lesson here for us all is that no one has all the answers, a leader brings the good ideas together and sells the vision until enough people see the light and accept change.
Mary Whelan, Cowes
Great article on Joan. Imagine the Wonthaggi surrounds if there was no Landcare, conservation groups, environment stalwarts, rail trail, marine park, etc.
Also thanks to Joan, when I was left with four small children to raise alone, I returned to teaching just before Joan fought for Equal Pay for Equal Work. Even though I had missed years of 'progress' up the salary ladder, women were now given the same as men salary-wise. Remember before when women were to be married, they had to RESIGN from the Department!
Also full marks to Joan for fighting for merit and equity to be applied to panel choices in the teaching profession. I went from Band 1 (bottom of the heap) to Assistant Principal in one mighty bound. Women were no longer dragging behind the 'blokes' – if you could do the job you 'got the job'.
What would you expect from the likes of Kennett and his cronies – they would deny it but to them women are a lesser species, and to vilify them is a 'fair cop'.
Keep up the good work with the Bass Coast Post.
Yvonne McRae Wonthaggi
Congratulations on your perceptive look at Joan Kirner. No matter what their individual politics, readers should be able to read the piece and appreciate what Victoria's first and only woman premier to date achieved not just for our state but for women in politics and other walks of life.
Meryl Tobin Brown, Grantville
Nice article on Joan. You hit all the points. Her career demonstrated the shallowness of the pundits, the pointless viciousness of politics and the inexorable progress a tough individual can achieve.
Michael Whelan, Cowes


text:
albums-music » Funk » Booker T. & The M.G.s - Green Onions
Booker T. & The M.G.s - Green Onions
Performer: Booker T. & The M.G.s
Title: Green Onions
Style: Soul
Category: Funk
Other formats: WMA XM ADX VOX APE MP1 TTA
Booker T. and The M.G.s Soul 1962
A1 Green Onions
Written-By – Al Jackson*, Booker T. Jones, Lewis Steinberg, Steve Cropper
A2 Rinky-Dink
Written-By – David Clowney, Paul Winley
A3 I Got A Woman
Written-By – Ray Charles
A4 Mo' Onions
A5 Twist And Shout
Written-By – Bert Russell, Phil Medley
A6 Behave Yourself
B1 Stranger On The Shore
Written-By – Acker Bilk, Robert Mellin
B2 Lonely Avenue
Written-By – Doc Pomus
B3 One Who Really Loves You
Written-By – William Robinson*
B4 I Can't Sit Down
Written-By – Cornell Muldrow, Dee Clark
B5 A Woman, A Lover, A Friend
Written-By – Sid Wyche*
B6 Comin' Home Baby
Written-By – Ben Tucker
Recorded By – Stax
Design [Cover] – Haig Adishian
Liner Notes – Bob Altshuler
Photography By [Cover Photo] – Irving Schild
Supervised By – Jim Stewart
London Records Long Playing
American Series silver on purple label.
Recorded by Stax
Front laminated cover sleeve
printed in England by James Upton Ltd. Birmingham & London.
London Records, London, England.
Matrix / Runout (Stamped Runout Side A): AML-2556-3A
Matrix / Runout (Stamped Runout Side B): AML-2557-1A
Rights Society: N.C.B./ B.I.E.M.
701 Booker T. & The M.G.s* Green Onions (LP, Album, Mono) Stax 701 US 1962
8122-79705-1 Booker T. & The M.G.s* Green Onions (CD, Album, RE, RM) Stax 8122-79705-1 Europe 2014
MOVLP973 Booker T. & The M.G.s* Green Onions (LP, Album, RE, 180) Music On Vinyl MOVLP973 Europe 2014
AXIS 6148 Booker T. & The M.G.s* Green Onions (LP, Album, RE) Axis AXIS 6148 Australia 1972
SD 701 Booker T. & The M.G.s* Green Onions (LP, Album, RE) Stax SD 701 Canada 1967
Booker T. & The M.G.s - Green Onions listening: where to download for free?
You can currently download the Booker T. & The M.G.s - Green Onions album for free in mp3, flac formats at albums-music.uk. It is also possible to buy "Booker T. & The M.G.s - Green Onions" on Amazon, Discogs as listen or rent it on Spotify, Apple Music.
Related mp3 albums at Booker T. & The M.G.s - Green Onions
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Booker T & The MG's - Green Onions...
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Style: Rhythm & Blues, Instrumental
Booker T & The MG's - The Best Of Booker T. & The MG's...
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King Curtis - Plays The Great Memphis Hits...
Booker T. Jones, Rita Coolidge - We Could Stay Together...
Booker T. & The MG's - Boot-Leg / Outrage...
Booker T. And The MG's - Chinese Checkers / Plum-Nellie...
Style: Rhythm & Blues
Various - Memphis Gold Volume Two...
Style: Soul, Funk


text:
Official: Man aiming at raccoon shot himself
Updated: 6:48 AM CDT Jun 24, 2013
Sheriff Generic
Authorities say a 45-year-old northwest Iowa man who was trying to shoot a caged raccoon accidentally shot himself.The Sioux City Journal reports the accident occurred a little before 10 a.m. Sunday at Copeland Park in Correctionville.Woodbury County Sheriff's Maj. Greg Stallman says Tim McCormick had set out traps at his home in Correctionville and caught a raccoon.Stallman says McCormick took the caged raccoon to the park to shoot it, but instead accidentally fired his .38 caliber revolver into his left leg.He was taken to Mercy Medical Center in Sioux City. The uninjured raccoon was released back into the woods.The shooting is being investigated.
CORRECTIONVILLE, Iowa —
Authorities say a 45-year-old northwest Iowa man who was trying to shoot a caged raccoon accidentally shot himself.
The Sioux City Journal reports the accident occurred a little before 10 a.m. Sunday at Copeland Park in Correctionville.
Woodbury County Sheriff's Maj. Greg Stallman says Tim McCormick had set out traps at his home in Correctionville and caught a raccoon.
Stallman says McCormick took the caged raccoon to the park to shoot it, but instead accidentally fired his .38 caliber revolver into his left leg.
He was taken to Mercy Medical Center in Sioux City. The uninjured raccoon was released back into the woods.
The shooting is being investigated.


text:
'Magic Nanoparticles' With Unusual Chemical Composition
January 12, 20192 min read
Researchers develop an evolutionary algorithm to analyze different nanoparticle compositions.
Some stable nanoparticles exhibit strange chemical compositions in normal conditions, whereas for macro objects, this usually happens in extreme conditions.
Nanoparticles are very different from macro objects — such as glasses and crystals — especially in terms of properties and chemical composition. Most of the nanoclusters possess a range of chemical and physical properties, as well as unique electronic and geometric structures.
Because of their tiny size, it is very difficult to extract their precise structural characteristics by experimental methods. That's why many nanostructural models are inferred indirectly with the aid of theoretical procedures.
Now, researchers at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology have developed a new structure prediction algorithm named USPEX that can examine a variety of nanoparticle compositions. In particular, they have analyzed two types of nanoparticles necessary for catalysis: cerium-oxygen and iron-oxygen.
Magic Nanoclusters
To study transition metal oxide clusters, the team applied USPEX algorithm, DFT+U, and thermodynamic approaches. For the first time, they examined 'magic nanoclusters' and filtered out those compositions that become thermodynamically favorable at given oxygen pressure and temperature.
They found that the so-called 'magic nanoparticles' that exhibit enhanced stability could have unusual chemical compositions, for example, Ce3O12, Ce5O6, Fe4O14, and Fe2O6.
Oxygen-rich nanoparticles like Ce3O12 were found to be stable at typical conditions, and like most oxide nanoparticles, they have the potential to cause cancer.
Reference: Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics journal | Doi:10.1039/C8CP03519A | MIPT
In this study, researchers performed numerous experiments to figure out how compositions vary by altering partial pressure and temperature of oxygen.
They noticed some changes in magnetic properties: for iron-oxygen clusters, the low-oxygen clusters (Fe6O4) are ferromagnetic, whereas high oxygen clusters (Fe4O14) are all antiferromagnetic.
Image credit: iLexx / Storyblocks
This shows that competition between ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism plays a crucial role in controlling the stability of low-oxygen iron-oxygen clusters. At extreme oxygen pressures, magic nanoparticles consist of excess oxygen as peroxide and superoxide molecules stuck to their surface.
Simply put, stable nanoclusters can exhibit unusual chemical compositions (for instance, Ce3O12 and Si4O18) in normal conditions. Whereas, in the case of crystals, this usually happens in extreme scenarios (at high temperatures and pressures).
Furthermore, the team found that magic clusters have virtually the same ridges, islands of stability, and seas of instability, just like atomic nuclei, which can also be described as clusters made of two kinds of particles: neutrons and proton (iron and oxygen in magic clusters).
Read: Gold Nanoparticles Can Enhance Solar Energy Storage
As per the study, the topology of ridges and islands of stability could be a crucial parameter for determining the feasibility of a specific chemical transformation of a nanoparticle.
Varun Kumar
Varun Kumar is a professional science and technology journalist and a big fan of AI, machines, and space exploration. He received a Master's degree in computer science from GGSIPU University. To find out about his latest projects, feel free to directly email him at [email protected]
14 Best Examples Of Convection With Simple Explanation
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As part of the Berne Convention, Ecuador does not require any formal registration to provide protection to Copyright works; the work will be automatically protected from the moment of its creation. However, registration may very useful in enforcement actions as a proof of ownership, and of the date of creation or the content of the work itself.
Regarding trademarks, patents, designs and utility models, Ecuadorian Law adopts the first to file principle, what means that exclusive rights are granted to the party that firstly register the relevant IP right in Ecuador. Therefore, to benefit from full legal protection and turn intangible assets into tradable assets, it would be necessary to register your creations.
Nevertheless, in accordance with its the international obligations under the Paris Convention, the TRIPS Agreement and the Andean Community Decision 486/2000, Ecuador provides a certain degree of protection to unregistered well-known marks. On the other hand, be aware that in contrast with Europe, unregistered designs are not protected in Ecuador.


Chico the Wonder Dog: The World's Cutest Dog? Well….
Did you apologize to your kids today for spending all their allowance money? And tens of thousands more of their money. For the rest of your life.
Ask Yourself: What Would Prove me WRONG?


Our Founding Fathers, particularly James Madison, created the Electoral College with the intent that it would prevent a criminal or rogue actor from taking office.
Now, angry Hillary Clinton supporters are demanding that the Electoral College be dissolved.
Four times in American history, a president has been elected by winning the Electoral College and not the popular vote. Every time, the Electoral College system was upheld. Now that it has happened a 5th time, the Left wants to stop the Constitutional processes from working as they were intended.
The Electoral College must not be held hostage by a popular rebellion – the very thing that it was created to prevent.
Voters did their civic duty on Election Day. Now, it's the Electors' turn. Each should do his civic duty by executing the will of the state that he represents.
The Electoral College is enshrined in the Constitution, and it has functioned as intended in every election since. This very situation has happened 4 times before. This 5th time, we must not change the rules of the game as the final minutes are on the clock.


text:
Real WooCommerce stores submitted by their makers
Chaka Khan is a seminal musician, singer, songwriter, and activist with a professional career spanning almost five decades.
After releasing multiple chart-topping records as part of the funk band Rufus – including their breakout hit, Tell Me Something Good – Chaka took a leap of faith and decided to go it alone.
Chaka Khan has sold more than 70 million records worldwide and is a ten-time Grammy Award-winner with multiple Rock and Roll Hall of Fame nominations.
Her solo career began in earnest in 1978 with the platinum single I'm Every Woman, hitting new heights with her 1984 album I Feel For You. Affectionately dubbed the "Queen of Funk", Chaka has recorded and toured near continuously since the 1970s, collaborating with some of the largest and most respected artists of our time. She has sold more than 70 million records worldwide and is a ten-time Grammy Award winner and multiple Rock and Roll Hall of Fame nominee.
An artist of this caliber deserves a top-tier website and online presence – enter Gary Clarke. A long-time fan with experience at Warner Brothers and 10+ years spent in digital PR, social media, videography, photography, Clarke also boasts a background in IT and tech.
As a developer, WooCommerce is his go-to eCommerce solution for large-scale clients – including the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and UCLA Graduate Educate School of Education Center X – who often have varying needs and use cases.
Chaka's online presence has grown remarkably, with engagement and click-throughs on her site increasing to the tune of 300% in a little over three years
Perhaps it was Fate or Destiny when he joined the ChakaKhan.com team back in 2018 – either way, the results are impressive. Since Gary came on board, Chaka's online presence has grown remarkably, with engagement and click-throughs on her site increasing to the tune of 300% in a little over three years. Now that's something to sing about!
The site's goals have evolved through time, especially when COVID hit and touring and live events came to a screeching halt. "The current focus is to use the site to sell merch (especially her signature fans), but like many businesses during the pandemic, supply issues have limited [our] growth," Gary tells us. Despite these temporary challenges, online sales are solid and continue to grow – a testament to the Ain't Nobody hitmaker's enduring popularity.
The most rewarding part of his work? "Helping Chaka find new ways to reach audiences and expand the reach of her music, and finding creative ways to do this safely during COVID," he smiles.
WooCommerce has an integral role to play here too. With the imminent return of live concerts, Gary believes that Chaka's official site – along with the powerful duo of WooCommerce Payments and the Woo mobile app – has excellent potential to expand the business by offering tickets and merchandise sales online and in-person at touring events.
With Gary steering the ship, it's safe to say that ChakaKhan.com will continue to hit the high notes for many years to come.
Back Get started with WooCommerce
Extensions used
WooCommerce Payments
Gary Clarke
https://chakakhan.com/
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text:
Q: create 3 objects for an array then display array using iteration javascript I need to create 3 objects using different methods. I then need to store those objects in an array. I then need to use iteration to display the results. I have kind of confused myself along the way. I get no results shown. Im not sure exactly whats wrong. I have a button onclick action so you would have to click the button to show the array....
did I create the array incorrectly? Am I accessing the array data incorrectly in the for loop?
html:

    <button onclick="ObjectArray()">click me</button>

javascript:
function ObjectArray() {
    // object literal
    var id1 = {
        firstName: "John",
        lastName: "Doe",
        id: "12345"
    };

    // keyword new
    var id2 = new Object;
    id2.firstName = "Adam";
    id2.lastName = "Bakely";
    id2.id = "abcdef";

    // object constructor
    function employee(first, last, id_num) {
        this.firstName = first;
        this.lastName = last;
        this.id_num = id;
    }
    var id3 = new employee("joe", "john", "abc123");

    //create an array
    var IdArray = [id1, id2, id3];

    //for loop to display results
    var text="";
    var i;

    for (i = 0; x < IdArray.length; i++){
        text += IdArray[i] + "
";
    document.getElementById("3").innerHTML = text;
    }
}

I was also wondering how I could access this array from another function for a future task.

A: Your loop is wrong and will end up infinite and break it all, x is not defined and should be i
for (i = 0; i < IdArray.length; i++){
    text += IdArray[i] + "
";
}
document.getElementById("3").innerHTML = text;

Also note that this will just output [object Object] if you want some text, implement toString() or specify the objects property you want to access, e.g.
IdArray[i].firstName

A: There was some issues with your code, I removed the inline onlick in the html, your function was never called and I also fixed the undefined properties (x and id were undefined).
Here's a working code :
HTML :

<button id="myButton">click me</button>

JS:
var ObjectArray = function() {
    // object literal
    var id1 = {
        firstName: "John",
        lastName: "Doe",
        id: "12345"
    };

    // keyword new
    var id2 = new Object();
    id2.firstName = "Adam";
    id2.lastName = "Bakely";
    id2.id = "abcdef";

    // object constructor
    function employee(first, last, id_num) {
        this.firstName = first;
        this.lastName = last;
        this.id_num = id_num;
    }
    var id3 = new employee("joe", "john", "abc123");

    //create an array
    var IdArray = [id1, id2, id3];

    //for loop to display results
    var text="";
    var i;

    for (i = 0; i < IdArray.length; i++){
        text += IdArray[i].firstName + "
";
    document.getElementById("3").innerHTML = text;
    }
}

Fiddle : https://jsfiddle.net/vqvmngbL/

A: Correct this two problems and it should work :

*

*id in this line is undefined :
this.id_num = id;

*x  in this line is undefined :
for (i = 0; x < IdArray.length; i++){

Hope this helps.

A: Use your browser console to look at errors. It will tell you where problems exist
The first one that will show is id is not defined.
Once that is fixed the next one is x is not defined
// object constructor
function employee(first, last, id_num) {
    this.firstName = first;
    this.lastName = last;
    this.id_num = id; // should be "id_num" not "id"
}

for (i = 0; x < IdArray.length; i++){ // "x" should be "i"
    text += IdArray[i] + "
";
     document.getElementById("3").innerHTML = text;
}

Then you will be trying to insert objects as html so try changing
 IdArray[i]

to
IdArray[i].firstName

DEMO

A: There are two bugs in your code.
Please change this line
this.id_num = id;

To
this.id_num = id_num;

And change
for (i = 0; x < IdArray.length; i++){

To
for (i = 0; i < IdArray.length; i++){

After making above changes you should be able to run the code. If you would like to see the content of the objects in the array directly on page, please also change
text += IdArray[i] + "
";

To:
text += JSON.stringify(IdArray[i]) + "
";

If you would like to access this array from another function, at the end of this function return this array:
return IdArray;

Then another function can call ObjectArray() to get the array.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Drive less – Do I really need to take the car for that journey?
If you drive under 5,000 miles a year, it may not be worth your while owning a car at all. Instead of owning a car and all the costs attached (the car itself, insurance, tax, fuel, parking) is it possible to share a car with a spouse or neighbour? Would it make more sense to rent a car occasionally?
Walk or cycle whenever possible – this is CO2 free and is healthier for everyone!
Use public transportation whenever possible. This will save money and help to improve the public transport system. The more people using it, the better it will get. The fewer cars on the road will make public transport more efficient too.
Carpool with colleagues and friends. Using one car to transport four people is much more efficient than using four cars.
Carpool with parents who live near you for the school runs. One car bringing two children to school is better than two brining one each. This will help reduce congestion for other road users too.
If practical for your job, ask your employer to let you telecommute (work from home) on some days, to save commuting to the office.
If your work hours are flexible, consider working four 10-hour days a week instead of five eight-hour days, to save a day's commute each week.
Choose a home near your workplace, if this is possible.
Plan your journeys so that you can do multiple errands in one trip.
Choose the route with the least congestion and fewer stops. You use more fuel in urban environments (through stopping, idling and starting) than on the open road.
Avoid journeys during rush hour, when traffic is slow moving or at a standstill.
Drive light – do I really need to carry all that weight?
When buying a car, choose a smaller, lighter vehicle. Do you really need an SUV to commute to work?
Don't leave unnecessary items in the car or the boot. Every time you travel in the car, you are wasting fuel transporting these items too. It all adds up over time.
Remove any unnecessary attachments from your car, such as the roof-rack, bicycle carriers, etc. They generate drag and use more fuel.
Driving with the windows open at high speeds uses more fuel.
Minimise your air-conditioning (A/C) use – it is very heavy on fuel. Open the windows instead, when you are driving at speeds of 60km/h (40mph). At higher speeds, and if you must use the A/C, keep the windows shut. Do not turn the A/C on and off – it functions more efficiently during longer periods of operation.
Drive effectively – am I wasting fuel?
Don't idle. Only start when ready to move off - pre-heating a modern engine is unnecessary, wastes fuel and increases emissions: turn the engine off when stationary for one minute or more.
Reduce your speed. Most vehicles are most fuel efficient between 80km/h and 90km/h (50 and 55 mph) Fuel efficiency drops rapidly with increases in speed. It can cost you up to 25% more fuel to drive at 110km/h (70mph) compared to 80km/h (50mph). Note: Do not drive so slow as to impede traffic flow which can cause dangerous traffic situations.
Steady speeds are more efficient. Accelerate gently and brake softly. Getting your car "up to speed" quickly is hard on your vehicle and can use 30% more fuel than a slow start. Also, braking softly farther from your intended stopping point will make your brakes last longer.
Turn off your engine if your car is stationary for longer than one minute. e.g. when you are in a traffic jam, while waiting for someone. Don't bother if you're stationary for less than one minute - it can actually be more polluting turning your engine back on. Diesel cars should not be turned off frequently as the ignition process uses significant fuel. Note that stopping and starting your vehicle too frequently causes excess wear on your engine.
Drive efficiently – is my car running at its best?
Inflate your tyres to the correct pressure. Incorrect tyre pressure increases fuel consumption, shortens the life of tyres and is dangerous. This can save as much as 5% on your fuel bill. Every 6psi the tyre is under-inflated, the fuel consumption increases by 1%.
Use higher gears, as soon as traffic conditions allow. Service your car regularly to ensure it is running efficiently.
Change the spark plugs when recommended and check your air filter regularly.
Park in the shade if possible - the sun on a hot engine increases emissions causing a kind of smog that can trigger asthma and other breathing conditions.
A target has been set in order to generate the critical mass necessary to assist Ireland in achieving its overall goal of ensuring that 10% of all vehicles (equivalent to 230,000 vehicles) are electric by 2020. Click here to find out more.


text:
How to start New game pokemon sun
Looking to restart Pokemon Sun or don't know How to start New game pokemon sun. There's plenty of reasons why someone would want to save file early on. Maybe you want a new character and name in the game, or maybe you're trying to start a new game because you got high skills. In any case, here's what you need to do for How to start New game pokemon sun.
Games are always being amazing and entertaining for all of us. Today highly advanced featured games are available by different developers. Some video games are getting fame day by day, and the range of their players is increasing.people love playing games in their free time.
Pokemon is one of the most popular game of this generation that has a lot of missions to complete. Well, today we are gonna talk about restarting the pokemon sun game, Here you will know "How to start a new game in pokemon Sun.
How to Restart Game Pokemon Sun
if you want to restart or want to know How to start new game pokemon sun, then this article can help you solving this issue. you can easily start the new game in pokemon Sun.
only true pokemon game lovers search for this, they want to restart the game and wanted to play again but they don't see an option for how they can start a new game while they are playing the existing game.
Read – How to add a game to Geforce experience
Firstly, let me clear that at a time you can only save one game progress, you cannot the same multiple gaming progress or levels. if you want to play new game pokemon sun then you need to delete the existing saved game, for deleting the existing game, you can follow the steps below.
No matter if a player is new at pokemon games or he plays second-hand copy of pokemon ultra sun and moon. Keep in mind that pokemon games can only save only onef file at a time to play. For the second time, you have to buy another copy of the game.
Steps For how to Start a new game pokemon Sun
starting a new game in pokemon sun is very easy, its not that much difficult, you just need the right direction for how you can do it, So here i came up with the steps to start new pokemon sun game.
Firstly you'll need to delete your current game progress.
Boot up your game so that you're can come to the menu screen,
then press X, B, and Up (on the d-pad).
This will bring up a prompt asking if you wish to delete your file.
Say yes, and whoosh, it's gone, the existing game progress is deleted.
Now you can start a new game Pokemon Sun
Now you need to go back to the main menu and start a new game and a new adventure in the Alola region. If you ever need to restart or start a new game Pokemon Sun and Moon again, just repeat this process.
If you followed these steps carefully, its 100% working, there are no restrictions in deleting existing game progress or starting a new game pokemon sun, you can do this anytime. pokemon is one of the best games that people love to play, but they face issues that they don't know how to fix, So I hope this solution might help you to fix How to start New game pokemon sun
If this article helped you in any way, please leave a comment. if you have any queries related to pokemon Sun game then leave a comment, we will surely help as soon as possible.
How to add a game to Geforce experience – Play Amazing Games
How To Remove a Game From Your Steam Library


Experience the capability and versatility of the Discovery Sport on a Live Test Drive at the Land Rover Experience Centre in Eastnor. Join us as we tackle off-road obstacles with legendary Land Rover capability and put the vehicle's versatility to the test on the roads around Eastnor Castle.
Model shown is Discovery Sport HSE Lux. Includes optional features. Standard and optional features may differ depending on market availability. Towing capacity is up to 2500kg. Please contact your local Land Rover retailer for more information.
Love my 2016 LRDS metallic grey with moonlight leather seats!!!
One question. . . 18" or 19" wheels? In this video the 18" are shown. I usually prefer to go bigger. Any thoughts??
I want to drive it on wall of china .
I just Love this car the best of dozen I've owned!
We used an entirely stock vehicle for this Live Test Drive stream - no modifications required.
I love this car very much.
2500kgs? I've been told and from research it's only 2200kgs which is what puts me off as it's to low for me!
Love the Land Rover Discovery!!!
Jamie S So in what ground you say that land rover is the best ??
Jamie S it is an indian brand and i should support it but we have to stand on the side of truth !
2019 Land Rover Discovery - FULL REVIEW!!
2017 Land Rover Discovery Sport review | What Car?