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The 2019 Ford F-150 and Ram 1500: Head to Head
Edmunds compares the two popular full-size pickups.
Dan Edmunds
This undated photo provided by Ford shows the 2019 F-150. The F-150 differs from the competition in its wholesale use of aluminum for the truck's body and bed, which results in a lighter truck.
Ford Motor Company via AP
Ford's F-Series has dominated the full-size pickup sales race for as long as anyone can remember. For much of that time, Ram trucks have languished in third place behind the Chevrolet Silverado. But Ram has been steadily winning converts over the past few years, and it just recently leapfrogged Chevy into the No. 2 sales position.
It is notoriously difficult to entice pickup customers to switch brands, so this change suggests that Ram has figured something out. Edmunds takes a closer look at the redesigned 2019 Ram 1500 to see if Ford's venerable 2019 F-150 has anything to worry about.
LAYOUT AND ENGINES
On the face of it, these trucks are similar in many fundamental ways. Both are available in two bed lengths and three cab configurations, though the regular-cab Ram is reportedly on hiatus until 2020. Numerous engine and axle ratio combinations are available, and in both cases the most popular crew-cab configuration with the top-tier engine can tow about 11,000 pounds. Ford's Max Trailer Tow option lifts that to just over 13,000 pounds, but it adds a stiffer-riding suspension that might not suit everyone.
The F-150 differs from the competition in its wholesale use of aluminum for the truck's body and bed, which results in a lighter truck. The weight savings is then used to both increase payload capacity and reduce fuel consumption. Ford doubles down on efficiency by also offering two turbocharged V6 EcoBoost engines alongside the truck's more traditional 3.3-liter base V6 and optional 5.0-liter V8 powerplants. The 2.7-liter Ecoboost V6 offers impressive power and fuel economy, while the 3.5-liter EcoBoost V6 is the F-150's most powerful engine offering. It must be said, however, that the actual fuel economy of these turbo engines is particularly sensitive to driving style.
The Ram is more traditional in its use of a steel bed and body and for its conventional V6 and V8 engines. But the base 3.6-liter V6 is stronger than most, strong enough that you won't feel shortchanged. For 2019, it comes with an E-Torque mild hybrid system that lifts city fuel economy by 3 mpg, resulting in essentially the same fuel economy ratings as Ford's 2.7-liter EcoBoost. The stout 5.7-liter V8 can be purchased without E-Torque, but with this option the otherwise thirsty V8 gets a 2-mpg boost.
The Ram's biggest mechanical difference is its rear suspension design. The load-bearing rear end of the F-150 rides on traditional (for a pickup) leaf springs. But the Ram employs coil springs, providing a notably smoother ride. This setup also includes a rear stabilizer bar and a lateral support link, giving the truck impressive stability, something drivers will find especially reassuring when towing on winding roads or in crosswinds. What's more, you can order the Ram with an optional air suspension that provides even more ride smoothness as well as ride height adjustability.
INTERIOR AND TECH
A look inside reveals the Ram's most obvious advantage. The design is inviting and handsome, and the material choices found in a midlevel Laramie trim look and feel top drawer. The switchgear is pleasing to use, and the center console that comes with the bucket seat option is a Swiss army knife of storage options. That's not to say the equivalent F-150 Lariat is ugly or hard to live with. But its design and interior materials are lackluster compared with the Ram's.
A centrally mounted touchscreen audio system is the focal point in each truck. The systems offer similar smartphone connectivity in the form of Apple CarPlay and Android Auto support. Ford's 8-inch Sync 3 system is highly capable and familiar, but the Ram's 8.4-inch Uconnect system is even simpler to control and use. Ram also goes one big step further by offering an optional 12-inch screen.
Ram's 1500 crew-cab truck used to have one of the tightest rear seats in the segment, but the 2019 version is comparatively cavernous for rear passengers. There's even room enough for a reclining rear seat. The Ford is by no means deficient here, but the advantage it once offered has been neutralized.
EDMUNDS SAYS: The F-150 is a solid choice by any traditional measure, but the Ram's innovative design pays real dividends that driver and passenger alike can appreciate every day. In many tangible ways, it redefines what a full-size pickup can be, and that's why the 2019 Ram 1500 beat out the F-150 for Edmunds' top truck ranking. Ford's huge sales lead is in no danger of evaporating, but the Ram 1500 represents a reality check for the entire truck segment.
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Nonfiction Titles for Curious Minds
16 Words By Lisa Rogers; illustrated by Chuck Groenink
"Look out the window. What do you see? If you are Dr. William Carlos Williams, you see a wheelbarrow. A drizzle of rain. Chickens scratching in the damp earth." The wheelbarrow belongs to Thaddeus Marshall, a street vendor, who every day goes to work selling vegetables on the streets of Rutherford, New Jersey. That simple action inspires poet and doctor Williams to pick up some of his own tools–a pen and paper–and write his most famous poem.
In this lovely picture book, young listeners will see how paying attention to the simplest everyday things can inspire the greatest art, as they learn about a great American poet.
A Light in the Darkness By Albert Marrin
Janusz Korczak was more than a good doctor. He was a hero. The Dr. Spock of his day, he established orphanages run on his principle of honoring children and shared his ideas with the public in books and on the radio. He famously said that "children are not the people of tomorrow, but people today." Korczak was a man ahead of his time, whose work ultimately became the basis for the U.N. Declaration of the Rights of the Child.
Korczak was also a Polish Jew on the eve of World War II. He turned down multiple opportunities for escape, standing by the children in his orphanage as they became confined to the Warsaw Ghetto. Dressing them in their Sabbath finest, he led their march to the trains and ultimately perished with his children in Treblinka.
But this book is much more than a biography. In it, renowned nonfiction master Albert Marrin examines not just Janusz Korczak's life but his ideology of children: that children are valuable in and of themselves, as individuals. He contrasts this with Adolf Hitler's life and his ideology of children: that children are nothing more than tools of the state.
And throughout, Marrin draws readers into the Warsaw Ghetto. What it was like. How it was run. How Jews within and Poles without responded. Who worked to save lives and who tried to enrich themselves on other people's suffering. And how one man came to represent the conscience and the soul of humanity.
Caught! By Georgia Bragg; illustrated by Kevin O'Malley
Outlaw, assassin, art thief, and spy, these fourteen troublemakers and crooks–including Blackbeard the pirate, Typhoid Mary, and gangster Al Capone–have given the good guys a run for their money throughout the ages.
Some were crooked, some were deadly, and some were merely out of line–but they all got Caught! as detailed in this fascinating and funny study of crime, culture, and forensic science.
FEATURING HISTORY'S MOST WANTED: Joan of Arc, Sir Walter Raleigh, Caravaggio, Blackbeard, John Wilkes Booth, Jesse James, Billy the Kid, Mata Hari, Typhoid Mary, Rasputin, Vincenzo Peruggia (Mona Lisa thief), Bernard Kuehn (Pearl Harbor spy), Anna Anderson (Anastasia impersonator), and Al Capone
Gross as a Snot Otter By Jess Keating
The creators of Pink Is for Blobfish are back, and they've brought 17 of their most revolting friends: there are slippery, slimy snot otters, gulls that projectile-vomit on command, fish that communicate via flatulence, and chipmunks that cultivate healthy forests by pooping a trail of seeds wherever they go. But there's more to these skin-crawling creatures than meets the eye, and as zoologist Jess Keating explains, sometimes it's the very things that make us gag that allow these animals to survive in the wild.
The perfect combination of yuks, yucks, and eureka!'s, this latest installment in the World of Weird Animals series will inspire budding scientists and burp enthusiasts alike!
Me and the Sky By Beverley Bass with Cynthia Williams; illustrated by Joanie Stone
When Beverley Bass was a young girl in the late 1950s, she told her parents she wanted to fly planes–and they told her that girls couldn't be pilots. Still, they encouraged her, and brought her to a nearby airport to watch the planes take off and land.
After decades of refusing to take no for an answer, in 1986 Beverley became the first female pilot promoted to captain by American Airlines and led the first all-female crewed flight shortly thereafter. Her revolutionary career became even more newsworthy when she was forced to land in the remote town of Gander, Newfoundland, on September 11, 2001, due to US airspace closures. After several days there, she flew her crew and passengers safely home.
Beverley's incredible life is now immortalized in the hit Broadway musical Come from Away. Here, discover how she went from an ambitious young girl gazing up at the sky to a groundbreaking pilot smiling down from the cockpit.
The Miracle & Tragedy of the Dionne Quintuplets By Sarah Miller
When the Dionne Quintuplets were born on May 28, 1934, weighing a grand total of just over 13 pounds, no one expected them to live so much as an hour. Overnight, Yvonne, Annette, Cécile, Émilie, and Marie Dionne mesmerized the globe, defying medical history with every breath they took. In an effort to protect them from hucksters and showmen, the Ontario government took custody of the five identical babies, sequestering them in a private, custom-built hospital across the road from their family–and then, in a stunning act of hypocrisy, proceeded to exploit them for the next nine years. The Dionne Quintuplets became a more popular attraction than Niagara Falls, ogled through one-way screens by sightseers as they splashed in their wading pool at the center of a tourist hotspot known as Quintland. Here, Sarah Miller reconstructs their unprecedented upbringing with fresh depth and subtlety, bringing to new light their resilience and the indelible bond of their unique sisterhood.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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1210 Morosovia este un asteroid din centura principală, descoperit pe 6 iunie 1931 de Grigori Neuimin.

Legături externe

 1210 Morosovia JPL - Small-Body Database
 1210 Morosovia în baza de date a Minor Planet Center
 Diagrama orbitei asteroidului 1210 Morosovia (JPL)

Centura de asteroizi
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1931

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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September 3, 2015 / 7:54 PM / 4 years ago
VW's unassuming CFO emerges from boardroom wars as chairman
Edward Taylor, Georgina Prodhan
FRANKFURT (Reuters) - Austrian Hans Dieter Poetsch, Volkswagen AG's (VOWG_p.DE) finance chief, faces a massive task in his future role as chairman - to maintain the support of the often divided stakeholders who have chosen to back him while improving the carmaker's profitability.
Hans Dieter Poetsch, CFO of German carmaker Volkswagen, adjusts his glasses during a news conference in Wolfsburg, July 5, 2012. REUTERS/Fabian Bimmer
Although Volkswagen Group has grown to become the world's largest carmaker it has proven to be one of the most difficult companies to manage as radical reforms can be blocked by labour representatives, who hold half the seats on the supervisory board, and its home state of Lower Saxony, which controls a 20 percent stake in the company.
Poetsch, who has been VW's chief financial officer for 13 years, was chosen as chairman on Thursday because he is seen as a relatively neutral and unthreatening figure.
Unlike some other senior VW engineers, he has avoided becoming seen as too beholden to ousted former chairman Ferdinand Piech or Chief Executive Martin Winterkorn.
Poetsch's gentle demeanour should help him mend fences at VW which has been rocked by the clash between Piech and Winterkorn, but analysts and observers wonder whether a consensus-oriented approach is what VW needs right now.
Ferdinand Dudenhoeffer, professor of automotive industry economics at the University of Duisburg Essen, said Poetsch, a former chief executive of automotive paintshop systems manufacturer Duerr (DUEG.DE), was a bad choice.
"He's nice, approachable. He's good to go out for a drink or a bite to eat with. He's not the type who likes conflict," Dudenhoeffer said. "He's a stop-gap because they couldn't find a strong external candidate."
GERMAN-CENTRIC MANAGEMENT
However, Volkswagen's belief that it makes the best cars in the world is seen as having led it to a German-centric, top-down management approach that has prevented it from developing cars that meet the tastes of Chinese and American consumers.
"Peace is the worst thing that can happen to VW. That means 'keep going in the same direction'," Dudenhoeffer said.
Piech, the departed industrial scion and grandson of Beetle designer Ferdinand Porsche, was no stranger to conflict and radical decisions.
For years, he managed the balance of power between powerful labour representatives, senior VW managers and shareholders, sometimes by ousting his own staff, as in the case of former CEO Bernd Pischetsrieder.
Meanwhile, Poetsch worked in the background, ensuring that Volkswagen Group had the financial means to absorb bold acquisitions masterminded by his fellow Austrian, Piech, such as the purchase of truck makers MAN (MANG.DE) and Scania SVKBF.PK, sportscar maker Porsche and motorbike maker Ducati [DUMTG.UL].
Now he faces the task of reining in some of VW's bloated operations to boost profits, even if that means making himself unpopular at headquarters by cutting jobs at home.
"He has a clear understanding of the key financial problems the group is facing," said Evercore ISI analyst Arndt Ellinghorst, welcoming the appointment.
After years of chasing growth VW overtook Toyota (7203.T) as the world's largest carmaker earlier this year, delivering 5.04 million vehicles in the January to June period, ahead of Toyota's 5.02 million, but it did so far less efficiently.
In the quarter ended June 30, Toyota had 342,872 employees. In contrast, Volkswagen has 597,800 staff, according to quarterly results.
A former head of group controlling at BMW, Poetsch also has plenty of insight into engineering processes, having studied industrial engineering at the Technical University in Darmstadt before spending his entire career in finance.
Given his focus on the numbers, and his success in integrating Porsche, VW's rival factions threw their backing behind Poetsch to hold the role as chairman, a post which casts the deciding vote on any restructuring decisions.
"His appointment lays the foundations for a trusting relationship between the management and supervisory board," Lower Saxony premier Stephan Weil said in a statement. "The naming of Poetsch is a good decision for Volkswagen and therefore also for Lower Saxony."
(This story has been refiled to correct punctuation in first sentence)
Writing by Edward Taylor; Editing by Greg Mahlich


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Bulls Sports NBA
Steve Kerr disagrees with Michael Jordan that Scottie Pippen was 'selfish' to delay surgery
"Everyone respected Scottie so much," Kerr said. "We felt his frustration. He probably should have been the second-highest-paid guy in the NBA or definitely top five."
By USA TODAY
SHARE Steve Kerr disagrees with Michael Jordan that Scottie Pippen was 'selfish' to delay surgery
Steve Kerr and Michael Jordan had different views on Scottie Pippen being "selfish."
Tom Cruze/Sun-Times
Golden State Warriors coach Steve Kerr disagreed with former Bulls teammate Michael Jordan on the stance that Scottie Pippen was "selfish" for purposely delaying his foot surgery to enjoy his summer and miss the first part of the 1997-98 season.
Jordan said in Episode 2 of the ESPN documentary series, "The Last Dance," that "Scottie was wrong in that scenario." Then-Bulls coach Phil Jackson said he took no issue with it. Pippen, who ruptured a tendon in his ankle, grew frustrated with Bulls management because he was the 122nd-highest-paid player in the NBA and rumors surfaced that general manager Jerry Krause was considering trading him. Pippen was in the final season of a seven-year, $18 million contract. Chicago would go on to win its third title in a row and sixth in eight years.
Kerr was asked on ESPN's "The Jump" if there was resentment toward Pippen for delaying the surgery, and he said, "Not at all." The 54-year-old coach also suggested his teammates didn't feel as strongly as Jordan about Pippen's decision.
"Everyone respected Scottie so much," Kerr said. "We felt his frustration. He probably should have been the second-highest-paid guy in the NBA or definitely top five. So we all felt for him, nobody resented him for having that surgery. Later, we all understood, let's give him his space, and he's going to be there for the second stretch of the season for us."
Pippen was a different type of leader and teammate than Jordan, Kerr said.
"He was the best defensive player in the league — by far," Kerr said. "On top of all that, I think this documentary is showing how tough Michael was on his teammates. Scottie was sort of the counterbalance to that. He was the one who made us all feel comfortable and confident. He was beloved on that team. He was such an incredible teammate and player. It was amazing to watch him work every single night and play with him."
Read more at usatoday.com
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«Сумеречный ужас» () — американский триллер режиссёра , основанный на книге . Премьера фильма состоялась 16 октября 1995 года на телеканале NBC.

Сюжет
Душевнобольная женщина отправлена на лечение в психиатрическую больницу, в то время как её ребёнок усыновлён отзывчивыми людьми. К несчастью мальчик гибнет. Узнав об этом, его родная мать клянётся отмстить и бежит из лечебницы

В ролях

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Фильмы-триллеры США


Pancreatic cancer is referred to as Stage III cancer if the final pathology report shows that the cancer has spread to local lymph nodes and major blood vessels. A patient may be diagnosed with Stage III cancer following surgical removal of the pancreas and surrounding lymph nodes or after surgical sampling of the lymph nodes. Pancreatic cancer diagnosed at this stage is often difficult to cure. To help improve a patient's outcome, a combination of anti-cancer drugs, radiation therapy or participation in a clinical trial is often recommended following surgery. If the cancer cannot be removed by surgery, a combination of anticancer drugs and/or radiation therapy may be given instead.
The following is a general overview of treatment for Stage III pancreatic cancer. Treatment may consist of surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, biological therapy, or a combination of these treatment techniques. Multi-modality treatment is treatment using two or more techniques, and is increasingly recognized as an important approach for improving a patient's chance of cure or prolonging survival. In some cases, participation in a clinical trial utilizing new, innovative therapies may provide the most promising treatment. Circumstances unique to each patient's situation may influence how these general treatment principles are applied and whether the patient decides to receive treatment. The potential benefits of multi-modality care, participation in a clinical trial, or standard treatment must be carefully balanced with the potential risks. The information on this Web site is intended to help educate patients about their treatment options and to facilitate a mutual or shared decision-making process with their treating cancer physician.
Systemic therapy is treatment directed at destroying cancer cells throughout the body. Many patients with Stage III pancreatic cancer already have small amounts of cancer that have spread outside the pancreas (micrometastases). An effective systemic treatment is needed to cleanse the body of micrometastases in order to improve a patient's duration of survival and potential for cure.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is any treatment involving the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. Cancer chemotherapy may consist of single drugs or combinations of drugs and can be administered through a vein or delivered orally in the form of a pill. Gemzar® (gemcitabine) is FDA-approved for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and is now considered the standard initial chemotherapy drug for early stage and advanced disease. Gemzar has been shown to improve response to treatment, time to cancer progression, and survival duration when compared with the older chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). In a clinical trial involving patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, patients who received Gemzar experienced a significant improvement in disease-related symptoms as well as prolonged survival compared to patients who received 5-FU.
Radiation therapy, or radiotherapy, uses high-energy rays to damage or kill cancer cells by preventing them from growing and dividing. Similar to surgery, radiation therapy is a local treatment used to eliminate or eradicate visible cancers. Radiation therapy is not typically useful in eradicating cancer cells that have already spread to other parts of the body. It is particularly effective as an adjuvant therapy (therapy given in addition to the primary treatment) to surgery by helping to eliminate any microscopic cancer cells leftover after surgery. Clinical studies that have evaluated adjuvant radiation therapy have yielded conflicting results and there currently remains no consensus whether radiation should be used as adjuvant therapy or combined with chemotherapy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer although it is offered to many patients. Patients should clearly understand the risks and benefits of being treated with radiation and discuss them with their physician.
Although it appears that more patients respond to combination treatment than single-agent treatment, only Tarceva® (erlotinib) has been demonstrated to improve survival when combined with Gemzar in a direct comparison. It has not been determined whether patients who receive other combinations live longer than those who receive single-agent Gemzar or Gemzar combined with Tarceva (see table 1). This is because the clinical trials evaluating the combinations in Table 1 have not been directly compared to single-agent Gemzar in a controlled clinical trial.
Doctors evaluated the feasibility of using a specific mutant ras peptide vaccine as an adjuvant immunotherapy in pancreatic and colorectal cancer patients. Twelve patients with no evidence of disease after surgery, five with pancreatic cancer, and seven colorectal cancers were vaccinated subcutaneously with 13-mer mutant ras peptide, corresponding to their tumor's ras mutation. Vaccinations were given every four weeks, up to a total of six vaccines. No serious side effects were reported, and five out of eleven patients showed a positive immune response. The five pancreatic cancer patients had an average overall survival of more than 44 months, and the seven colorectal cancer patients had an average overall survival of over 41 months.
In an effort to increase the chance that a cancer may be surgically removed, some cancer centers may use radiation therapy and chemotherapy before surgery to shrink the cancer. The use of treatment before surgery is referred to as "neoadjuvant therapy." In addition to potentially shrinking cancer so that it can be removed, neoadjuvant therapy allows patients to avoid the difficulty of undergoing treatments after surgery, which is a time when they may be experiencing side effects. Surgery to remove pancreatic cancer is associated with substantial side effects that may delay further treatment or may even render a patient incapable to tolerating adjuvant treatment. Approximately 25% to 33% of patients are unable to receive chemotherapy or radiation treatment following surgery. Furthermore, a treatment plan that includes neoadjuvant therapy guarantees that systemic therapy is delivered immediately, which may increase the chance of eradicating small amounts of cancer that may have already spread to distant locations in the body and cannot be removed by surgery. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate neoadjuvant chemotherapy administered alone or in combination with adjuvant therapy, and the results of some small studies suggest that neoadjuvant therapy may improve survival.
 Oettle H, Neuhaus P. Adjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer: a critical appraisal. Drugs. 2007;67:2293-310.
 Hazard L, Tward JD, Szabo A, Shrieve DC. Radiation therapy is associated with improved survival in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma: results of a study from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry data. Cancer. 2007;110:2191-201.


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Watch Sheffield United vs Manchester United Live Streaming Match #SHUMUN
Sheffield United vs Manchester United
Venue: Bramall Lane.
The Red Devils have been the best team in the competition in the last five match-days, with four wins and a draw. Not even toppers Liverpool, and Tottenham could boast such a record.
Ole Gunnar Solskjaer's men have a game in hand, and they still are just five points away from topping the table. Moreover, of the seven teams above them in standings, with the possible exception of West Ham, every other squad has a tough fixture this game week.
This is a phenomenal opportunity for the Devils, who desperately need a triumph after their elimination from the Champions League.
And this Thursday, they just could not have asked for a better match-up. They are pitted against the absolute worst team in the league – the Blades.
Chris Wilder's men are placed 20th in the table, and they remain the only team yet to post a win on the board. In fact, they have lost all but one of their total 12 fixtures in the contest so far, and in the process they have scored the least number of goals of all the teams in the competition (just five).
Going on, like majority of teams in England, they too have a worrying h2h record against Solskjaer's men.
As such, expect a Manchester United win this Thursday, and that too in style.
Sheffield United vs Manchester United: Head-to-head (h2h)
It's been five months since these two locked horns. Then, the Devils recorded a 3-0 win at home.
They had won seven of the preceding eight encounters.
They are on an unbeaten run against this rival in the past 28 years.
Not once have they failed to score against this foe in the past three decades, and they have scored two or more goals in every fixture since 1993.
Sheffield United vs Manchester United: Prediction
The Blades lost 3-0 on the road the last match-day, against Southampton. In the meantime, Solskjaer's men recorded a goalless draw at home against arch-rivals Manchester City.
Going on, Wilder's men are on a seven-game losing run, and a 16-fixture winless run, of which an embarrassing 15 were losses. And at home, they have lost every single appearance since July, barring a draw against the struggling Fulham.
On the other hand, their counterparts had won five of their preceding six PL match-ups, and their latest league defeat on the road had come against Liverpool back in January.
As such, expect the in-form Manchester United to record a convincing win this Thursday.
Sheffield United vs Manchester United: Betting Tips
To Win: Manchester United @ 1.44 (4/9)
Over 1.5 Team Goals by Manchester United @ 1.60 (3/5).
Posted in LIVETagged Watch Sheffield United vs Manchester United Live Streaming Match #SHUMUN


The Town of Amherst, NY seeks to empower minority and women business owners to advance socially and economically by providing linkages to expand and improve opportunities. You may register with our online business directory if you are (1) a minority or woman who owns a business in Amherst or (2) a minority or woman who owns a business outside of Amherst but is an Amherst resident. Your business does not have to be certified through New York State in order to register.
Your submission will be posted on the Town's Official website (www.amherst.ny.us). Once registered, if you wish to make changes or be removed from the directory, you must contact the Amherst Council members Office at 716-631-7013.


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The Second Island Cloud: A Deeper and Broader Concept for American Presence in the Pacific Islands
By Andrew Rhodes Joint Force Quarterly 95
Nov. 18, 2019 —
Andrew Rhodes wrote this essay while a student at the U.S. Naval War College. It won the Strategic Research Paper category of the 2019 Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Strategic Essay Competition.
Annual air combat tactics, humanitarian assistance, and disaster relief exercise Cope North increases readiness and interoperability of U.S. Air Force, Japan Air Self-Defense Force, and Royal Australian Air Force (U.S. Air Force/Matthew Bruch)
Cope North Exercise
Photo By: Senior Airman Matthew Bruch
VIRIN: 130212-F-UL677-175
In the early 20th century, the visionary Marine officer Earl "Pete" Ellis compiled remarkable studies of islands in the Western Pacific and considered the practical means for the seizure or defense of advanced bases. A century after Ellis's work, China presents new strategic and operational challenges to the U.S. position in Asia, and it is time for Washington to develop a coherent strategy, one that will last another 100 years, for the islands of the Western Pacific. It has become common to consider the second island chain as a defining feature of Pacific geography, but when Ellis mastered its geography, he saw not a "chain," but a "cloud." He wrote in 1921 that the "Marshall, Caroline, and Pelew Islands form a 'cloud' of islands stretching east and west." His apt description of these archipelagoes serves well for a broader conception of the islands in, and adjacent to, traditional definitions of the second island chain. A new U.S. strategy should abandon the narrow lens of the "chain" and emphasize a broader second island cloud that highlights the U.S. regional role and invests in a resilient, distributed, and enduring presence in the Pacific.
The United States has often been of two minds about its role in Asia, and recent heated debate on the future of U.S. security commitments in the region is no exception. This pendulum has swung before, from the heavy presence lasting from World War II through Vietnam to a partial retrenchment under Richard Nixon's Guam Doctrine, and back toward statements of a greater strategic emphasis on the region under the Obama administration's "Rebalance to Asia."1 Despite some inconsistent messaging on military alliances and trade relationships, the Trump administration has indicated a major focus on Asia in the 2018 National Defense Strategy (NDS) and its strategy for a "Free and Open Indo-Pacific."2 Regardless of whether the United States pursues broad engagement with the region, focuses on military containment of China, or decides to allow a larger Chinese sphere of influence in the Western Pacific, the second island cloud represents critical geography for what Vice President Mike Pence has called an "ironclad commitment" to the region.3 To demonstrate this commitment and respond to operational imperatives, there is a compelling need to get serious about the second island cloud—we need to identify the challenges to a sustained or enhanced U.S. presence and to pursue near-term opportunities that advance U.S. national interests. A strategy for the second island cloud should deepen the unique U.S. relationship with these islands and reframe the strategic discussion with a broader definition that includes valuable islands excluded from the second island chain.
Origins and Interpretations
The second island chain has no official standing among geographers or international organizations but has served as shorthand for the line of islands extending from the Japanese mainland, through the Nanpõ Shotõ, the Marianas, and the western Caroline Islands, before terminating somewhere in eastern Indonesia. The second island chain lies to the east; the first island chain, which is also imprecise, generally comprises a line from southern Japan through the Ryukyus and Taiwan, terminating in the Philippines or Borneo. The island chains took on strategic importance for the United States when it annexed the Philippines and Guam after the Spanish-American War. The fortification of these outposts was a central feature of negotiations in the 1920s that vainly sought to prevent military competition and conflict between the United States and Japan. Michael Green notes that as much as many planners of the interwar period regretted the decision not to establish robust fortifications of strategic points such as Guam, the restrictions of the Washington Naval Treaties incentivized key innovations in fleet mobility, such as underway replenishment, to mitigate against the threat to fixed fueling points.4
The notorious geopolitician Karl Haushofer was one of the first to describe the island chain concept, calling them "offshore island arcs."5 Haushofer served as German military attaché in Tokyo before he established his Institute for Geopolitics at the University of Munich and gained influence in the 1930s with Nazi leaders such as Adolf Hitler and Rudolf Hess. Leading architects of the post–World War II Pacific security architecture, including Douglas MacArthur and Dean Acheson, also invoked the island chains. Chinese strategists have focused contemporary attention on the island chains, and it is Chinese adaptations and descriptions of the island chains that have reintroduced the concept to American strategists.6 Throughout the remarkable modernization of China's military since the 1990s, its leaders have emphasized the military challenge of U.S. and allied deployments in the island chains and the strategic importance of the waters they enclose.7 A central figure in the promulgation of the island chains in Chinese geostrategy and military planning was Admiral Liu Huaqing, often referred to as the "Father of the People's Liberation Army Navy," who served as its commander in the 1980s and then as vice chairman of the Central Military Commission in the 1990s. One leading Chinese scholar on seapower references control over the Pacific islands as key to U.S.-led efforts to "contain China," invokes the operational imperative to "break through" the island chains, and also highlights the power of small islands to confer broad "jurisdictional sea area."8 Andrew Erickson and Joel Wuthnow catalog these discussions of the island chains concept in Chinese sources and lay out three ways that Chinese authors have thought about island chains: as barriers, springboards, and benchmarks.9 These three concepts provide a useful framework for not only understanding Chinese perspectives but also analyzing U.S. interests in the region. A durable U.S. regional strategy should reject what have become Chinese concepts of the islands and redefine the geography as a cloud, then consider the various roles of the second island cloud as a barrier, springboard, and benchmark.
These three perspectives are already inherent in some of the debates on U.S. relationships and force posture in the Western Pacific. The argument for "archipelagic defense" typifies the barrier concept, seeking new ways to defend the island chains in the face of daunting Chinese capabilities.10 The second island chain has served as a springboard for the U.S. military for decades, launching strategic bomber strikes at the end of World War II and in Vietnam, and sustaining the Continuous Bomber Presence Mission from Guam's Andersen Air Force Base since 2004.11 Homeporting submarines at Guam and redeployment of Okinawa-based Marines to the island have enhanced the springboard aspect of one link in the second island chain.12 Finally, the second island chain has been an important benchmark of China's growing maritime power, both for those seeking to balance against Chinese expansionism and those advocating a more conciliatory approach to China. Lyle Goldstein, for example, argues that a reduction of U.S. forces on Guam would foster trust and greater cooperation with China.13 Goldstein also employed the benchmark concept to note Chinese focus on the Philippine Sea—between the two island chains—as nascent evidence of an "evolving new multipolarity."14
U.S. Air Force and Japan Air Self-Defense Force conduct Cope North annually at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, to increase combat readiness and interoperability, concentrating on coordination and evaluation of air tactics, techniques, and procedures, February 21, 2011 (U.S. Air Force/Angelita M. Lawrence)
U.S. Air Force and Japan Air Self-Defense Force conduct Cope North
Photo By: Staff Sgt. Angelita M. Lawrence
VIRIN: 110221-F-HA938-1292
Island Geography
The second island cloud lies to the east of the first island chain, across the Philippine Sea. This cloud spans a complicated patchwork of sovereignty arrangements, political contexts, and economic challenges. The concept of a second island cloud should build on three basic types of islands in the traditional chain definition: Japanese and Indonesian territory at the northern and southern ends, a core of U.S. territory in the Marianas, and the island groups adjacent to the core consisting of the Republic of Palau and portions of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). The second island cloud should also include the islands in the Carolines that make up the rest of the FSM, the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), and islands on the southern rim of the Caroline Basin belonging to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.
The fully sovereign foreign territory at the northern and southern anchors of the second island cloud is markedly different in terms of U.S. security architecture. The Nanpõ Shotõ are covered under existing U.S.-Japan treaties, and U.S. forces enjoy access to military facilities, such as the airfield at Iwo Jima.15 Indonesia, which governs the islands along the southern rim of the Caroline Basin, remains a nascent security partner for the United States, and U.S. forces have enjoyed only limited access to the economically challenged parts of eastern Indonesia. Papua New Guinea, whose islands mark the southeastern rim of the Caroline Basin, is an even more nascent partner for the United States, although the joint U.S.-Australia initiative at Manus Island, announced by Pence in 2018, is an important development for an area not included in the second island chain.
Discussions of Pacific strategy regularly reference the U.S. territories in the Marianas, but these islands are poorly understood. Guam and the Commonwealth of the Marianas Islands (CNMI) have subtly different statuses in U.S. law, and each has a non-voting representative in Congress. Both Guam and the CNMI are unincorporated territories where the Constitution applies only partially. Both territories have a non-voting member of the House of Representatives, but there are subtle differences in the application of Federal law in each territory. Guam is the largest, most populous, and most developed island in the Marianas and hosts a substantial U.S. military presence, while the CNMI—including the smaller and less populous islands of Saipan, Tinian, and Rota—hosts only small-scale U.S. military training. The CNMI has struggled economically in the last decade and has started to rely for jobs and growth on Chinese investment in casino tourism, an alarming development for those who advocate for the CNMI's importance to U.S. regional military strategy.16
Palau and the western end of FSM are links in the traditional chain, but these islands are part of a broader geography and have a uniquely complicated relationship with the United States. The shared history and similar political status of Palau, the FSM, and the RMI make it imperative to consider all three of these island nations together and highlight a key dimension of why the more expansive second island cloud is more coherent and accurate than the chain. The United States administered these islands as the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands following World War II and then devolved sovereignty to the three independent governments under Compacts of Free Association (CFA).The CFAs with the FSM and the RMI entered into force in the 1980s and were revised in 2003, while the CFA with Palau entered into force in 1994, and a long-pending revision entered into force in late 2018.
These three sovereign nations, known collectively as the Freely Associated States (FAS), receive various forms of financial assistance and public services from the U.S. Government, and FAS citizens may live and work in the United States, including serving in the military. The U.S. Government takes full responsibility for the defense of FAS territory and enjoys exclusive rights to establish and control access to military facilities in the islands. All three nations face development challenges relating to their remote locations and undiversified economies and have seen heavy outward migration, with nearly a quarter of FAS citizens living in the United States.17 Palau has much higher per capita gross domestic product and has been more successful at investing U.S. assistance than its neighbors. The economic outlook is more discouraging for the FMS and RMI as a 2024 deadline looms for both nations to transition away from direct U.S. support in favor of disbursements from a trust fund established in 2003.18 The trust fund sought to place the FMS and RMI on a more stable long-term financial footing; however, enduring structural challenges, weak performance, and corruption suggest poor prospects for a successful transition to trust fund income.19
Barrier and Springboard: The Military Potential of the Second Island Cloud
The second island cloud can play a vital role in concepts in the 2018 NDS Global Operating Model, filling operational space for the "contact layer" and enabling maneuver for the "blunt layer."20 While Ellis and the "War Plan Orange" generation sought protected anchorages for the fleet, since 1942 the military value of these islands has resided primarily in airfields, even as growing Chinese capabilities for long-range strike make them increasingly vulnerable.21
Active defenses, like missile interceptors, and passive defenses, such as hardening, play a central role in mitigating long-range fires, but the chief defensive contribution that the second island cloud can offer is dispersal.22 Dispersal bases are in short supply in the Pacific, but the second island cloud includes several of the "secondary and tertiary operating locations" called for by Elbridge Colby, the principal architect of the 2018 NDS.23 The importance of Palau and Yap, from which aircraft can range the Philippine Sea, is evident, but the eastern Carolines also have utility. The FSM's Chuuk, for example, is several hundred kilometers closer to Taipei than Darwin, Australia. Operational discussions do not typically include the RMI, but the Marshalls and Aleutians are equidistant from potential combat zones; Kwajalein and Attu are each roughly 2,900 miles from Okinawa.
The second island cloud's military potential could grow with the introduction of new capabilities and operational concepts. U.S. withdrawal from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty could lead to the deployment of mobile intermediate-range missiles in the second island cloud that could range key regional targets and complicate adversary targeting.24 Secondary airfields in the second island cloud could also prove valuable to supporting operations by future "arsenal planes" with large loadouts of standoff weapons, an old concept that gained new energy through a 2016 Strategic Capabilities Office program.25 A growing body of operational literature on new concepts for combat logistics in the Pacific has developed recently, some of it hearkening back to World War II and the anchorages surveyed by the likes of Ellis.26 Expeditionary "forward arming and refueling points" at tertiary airports offer the potential of much more dynamic airpower, particularly with aircraft capable of operating from austere facilities.27 The ability to rearm combatants, and potentially even submarines from support ships in sheltered anchorages, rather than pierside at established bases, offers a new take on an old concept to regenerate naval combat power despite the Western Pacific threat environment.28 All these concepts are directly compatible with the second island cloud concept and would benefit from peacetime infrastructure investment throughout the islands.29
Two U.S. Air Force B-1B Lancers assigned to 9th Expeditionary Bomb Squadron, deployed from Dyess Air Force Base, Texas, fly 10-hour mission from Guam through South China Sea, operating with USS Sterett, June 8, 2017 (U.S. Air Force/Richard P. Ebensberger)
Air Force, Navy train in South China Sea
Photo By: Tech. Sgt. Richard P. Ebensberger
VIRIN: 170608-F-LP948-0017
Demonstrating Regional Staying Power Through the Second Island Cloud
Sustaining and growing the U.S. presence in the second island cloud is important for the springboard or barrier purposes; it would also provide an important benchmark demonstrating to rivals, allies, and partners alike that the United States intends to sustain its role as a Pacific power. The United States should integrate the second island cloud into what Jakub Grygiel and Wess Mitchell call "tighter frontline webs" of security relationships.30 The means to strengthen these ties in the second island cloud are primarily nonmilitary and suggest a greater focus on diplomatic, political, and development aspects of U.S. relationships with these islands. Traditional security cooperation with Indonesia and Japan helps ensure the northern anchor remains secure and U.S. access grows along the southern edge of the second island cloud, although there is room to improve synchronization with other instruments of national power.31
Washington should also reinforce its commitment to its territories in the Marianas where foreign and domestic policy overlap. Both Guam and the CNMI would benefit from enhanced commitments at the Federal level to support sustainable economic growth and address labor shortfalls while creating alternatives to potentially problematic Chinese investment.32 The Department of Interior–led Interagency Group on Insular Areas was established in 2010 to make recommendations on Federal programs in Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the CNMI.33 The group could play a role in coordinating long-term U.S. policy for the second island cloud, but would be more effective with more frequent meetings and the inclusion of additional agencies at the assistant secretary level. Enhancing the influence of Guam and the CNMI in Congress, potentially through greater staff support on their representatives' assigned committees, would also build capacity for shaping legislation that supports these islands. Although a near impossibility in the current political climate, statehood for a unified Guam and the CNMI could imitate Hawaii's economic success and provide an unmistakable symbol of long-term U.S. commitment to regional presence.
Senior-level visits are an important currency in diplomacy, particularly with partners like the FAS that get less attention. In 2018, senior Defense officials, including the Under Secretary of the Navy and the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Asian and Pacific Security Affairs, visited underappreciated parts of the second island cloud.34 High-level officials from Washington should sustain a regular calendar of bilateral and multilateral meetings to discuss diplomatic, defense, and development initiatives in venues like the Pacific Islands Forum.35
Investing in the economic development of the FAS entails serious challenges but supporting the long-term stability of these U.S.-aligned nations offers a high potential return for the United States. These nations already rely on assistance from multilateral financial institutions such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and their economic situation leaves them vulnerable to bilateral economic inducements from rivals probing for weakness in the U.S. regional position. ADB assistance to the FAS is small by the standards of most international development programs but is significant in small economies like those of the FAS. ADB assistance in 2017 was $8.3 million to the FSM, $10.5 million to the RMI, and less than $1 million to Palau.36 In the larger context of regional relationships, it is important to note that Palau and the RMI are among the few nations that maintain diplomatic relations with Taiwan, making them a target for Chinese coercive diplomatic efforts.37 Deliberate erosion of FAS support for the United States by a challenger with deep pockets could introduce substantial friction should the United States seek expanded presence or new facilities.
A new focus on economic development that complements the RMI and FSM trust funds but endures beyond them could increase investment in infrastructure and such key industries as tourism and fisheries to build a stronger economic foundation. Revenue from fishing licenses has been a critical source of foreign exchange for the FAS with their large exclusive economic zones but small economic bases. The ADB notes that in 2017, revenue from fishing licenses was the primary factor returning the economy of the FSM to growth after a period of contraction.38 Monitoring and oversight are essential to effective development programs, but the strategic imperatives suggest the United States should accept the risk of some inefficiency in an expanded aid program while continuing to address structural economic reform and corruption. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) plays only a minor role in the second island cloud, as all assistance is managed through the CFA, but it has been active in disaster preparedness in the FSM.39 Washington should make greater use of USAID, which has expertise and mechanisms for providing the needed support while managing the tradeoffs between efficiency and foreign policy objectives, in the FAS.
Finally, just as Japan is the linchpin of the northern part of the region, Australia plays a critical role throughout the South Pacific, both as a staunch U.S. ally and as a leading voice in venues such as the Pacific Islands Forum.40 The United States should seek additional opportunities, such as that recently announced for Manus Island, to partner with Australia in new defense, diplomacy, and development efforts across Oceania. India's growing engagement in the region also offers the possibility of coordinating on second island cloud investment within the emerging Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with Japan, Australia, and India.41
Counterarguments
There are strategic, financial, political, and operational arguments against a deeper U.S. commitment to the region. At the strategic level, some might argue that an enhanced U.S. focus and posture in the area will contribute to a security dilemma and further incentivize China's military buildup and aggressive behavior. Replacing or augmenting the RMI and FSM trust funds with additional financial support, as with any development program, risks open-ended dependence of small economies on the U.S. Government. Politically, enhancing military presence in territories where the population is not composed of U.S. citizens or does not enjoy the full benefits of citizenship could contribute to a narrative of the United States as an exploitative neocolonial power. Operationally, as much as the airfields of the second island cloud allow for greater dispersal of forces and would complicate adversary targeting, the facilities are small, fixed, and difficult to defend in the face of large numbers of long-range weapons. Aircraft scattered among the islands might survive but could quickly exhaust fuel supplies and might not find any means to rearm.
This article is not the first to argue for a reconception of the second island chain, and some might argue that the second island cloud is still too narrow. Former Pacific Fleet Commander Admiral Scott Swift suggested in 2018 that the second island chain circles around New Guinea, then crosses the Indian Ocean through Diego Garcia and terminates at Djibouti.42
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense interceptor missile launches from Meck Island to intercept ballistic missile target during Missile Defense Agency integrated flight test, Republic of the Marshall Islands, October 25, 2012 (U.S. Navy)
Missile Defense Agency tests an interceptor
Photo By: U.S. Navy photo
VIRIN: 121025-N-ZZ999-002
A stable footing in the second island cloud is worth these costs and risks, as it can serve as a strategic position and powerful symbol that transcends the operational imperatives to balance Chinese military capabilities in the near term. In the first 50 years after the United States took possession of Guam, Ellis saw the rise of Japan and envisioned key geographic aspects of its defeat that took place two decades after his death. In 1942, geostrategist Nichols Spykman foresaw that technological change and political shifts could one day make Chinese airpower more dominant than British, Japanese, or American seapower in what he called the "Asian Mediterranean."43 In only 30 years, China changed from a strategic partner in the Cold War to a peer rival in a newly bipolar world. China is pursuing a much more expansive role on the international stage with new security relationships and overseas bases and is even contemplating military alliances.44 The coming decades will see major structural changes to the international system, and a truly long-term strategy should secure America's Pacific position through and beyond the current competition.
Ely Ratner argues that "it is imperative that the United States stop China's advances toward exerting exclusive and dominant control over key geographic regions."45 With growing Chinese investment and influence throughout the Pacific islands, the second island cloud can play a central role in near-term efforts to avoid a power vacuum and create what Ratner calls "spheres of competition."46 The current administration's Indo-Pacific strategy and the Asia Reassurance Initiative Act passed by Congress have brought important focus to the policy discussion on the region, but sustained energy is required to realize these ambitions.47 In addition to developing new partnerships, Washington should double down where it is already strong—the second island cloud is squarely aligned to the United States, but U.S. policy must work hard to sustain that alignment and build on it to our advantage.
Ellis's description of an island cloud aptly captures the complexity and diversity of the key geography and provides a framework for lasting and dispersed strength—chains fail with a single weak link, but clouds are resilient. The argument for a durable commitment to the second island cloud in the 21st century is much the same as what Ellis wrote in 1913: "Once secure it will stand as a notice to all the world that America is in the Western Pacific to stay."48 JFQ
1 Michael J. Green, By More Than Providence: Grand Strategy and American Power in the Asia Pacific Since 1783 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017).
2 Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America: Sharpening the American Military's Competitive Edge (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, January 2018); "Fact Sheet: Advancing a Free and Open Indo-Pacific Region," Department of State, November 18, 2018, available at <www.state.gov/advancing-a-free-and-open-indo-pacific-region/>.
3 "Fact Sheet: Advancing a Free and Open Indo-Pacific Region."
4 Green, By More than Providence, 141.
5 Andrew S. Erickson and Joel Wuthnow, "Why Islands Still Matter in Asia," The National Interest, February 5, 2016, available at <https://nationalinterest.org/feature/why-islands-still-matter-asia-15121>.
6 Andrew S. Erickson and Joel Wuthnow, "Barriers, Springboards, and Benchmarks: China Conceptualizes the Pacific 'Island Chains,'" The China Quarterly 225, no. 3 (2016), 1–22.
7 Toshi Yoshihara and James R. Holmes, Red Star Over the Pacific: China's Rise and the Challenge to U.S. Maritime Strategy, 2nd ed. (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2018), 125–126.
8 Hu Bo, "On China's Important Maritime Interests," Asia-Pacific Security and Maritime Affairs 3, 2015.
9 Erickson and Wuthnow, "Barriers, Springboards, and Benchmarks."
10 Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr., "How to Deter China: The Case for Archipelagic Defense," Foreign Affairs, March/April 2015.
11 John T. Correll, "Arc Light," Air Force Magazine, January 2009, 58–62; "Continuous Bomber Presence Mission," Andersen Air Force Base Web site, available at <www.andersen.af.mil/CBP/>.
12 Shirley A. Kan, Guam: U.S. Defense Deployments, RS22570 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, November 26, 2014), available at <https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a589626.pdf>.
13 Lyle Goldstein, Meeting China Halfway: How to Defuse the Emerging U.S.-China Rivalry (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2015).
14 Lyle Goldstein, "China's Naval Expansion Is No Threat," The National Interest, June 6, 2018, available at <https://nationalinterest.org/feature/chinas-naval-expansion-no-threat-26150>.
15 Caitlin Dornbos, "After Years of Talks, Japan to Buy Island for U.S. Aircraft Carrier Landing Practice," Stars and Stripes, January 10, 2019.
16 Grant Newsham, "Mariana Islands—U.S. Military Strategy 'On Hold,'" East-West Center Asia Pacific Bulletin, no. 415, March 26, 2018, available at <www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/mariana-islands-us-military-strategy-hold>.
17 David Gootnick, Compacts of Free Association: Issues Associated with Implementation in Palau, Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands, GAO-16-550T (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office [GAO], April 5, 2016), 33, available at <www.gao.gov/assets/680/676338.pdf>.
18 Compacts of Free Association: Actions Needed to Prepare for the Transition of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands to Trust Fund Income, GAO-18-415 (Washington, DC: GAO, May 2018), available at <www.gao.gov/assets/700/691840.pdf>.
20 Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy; Elbridge Colby, Hearing to Receive Testimony on China and Russia, Testimony Before the Senate Armed Services Committee, video, 2:28:37, January 29, 2019, available at <www.armed-services.senate.gov/hearings/19-01-29-china-and-russia>.
21 Edward Miller, War Plan Orange: The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897–1945 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2007); Mark Cozad and Nathan Beauchamp-Mustafaga, People's Liberation Army Air Force Operations over Water: Maintaining Relevance in China's Changing Security Environment, RR2057 (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2017), available at <www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2057.html>; and Eric Heginbotham et al., Chinese Attacks on U.S. Air Bases in Asia: An Assessment of Relative Capabilities, 1996–2017, RB9858/2 (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2015), available at <www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9858z2.html>.
22 Peter Lupo et al., "Building a Response in the Pacific," The Military Engineer, September–October 2017, 42–45; "House Okays Tinian Divert $51M," press release, Office of Representative Gregorio Sablan of the Commonwealth of the Marianas Islands, July 30, 2018.
23 Colby, Hearing to Receive Testimony on China and Russia.
24 Jacob Heim, Missiles for Asia? The Need for Operational Analysis of U.S. Theater Ballistic Missiles in the Pacific, RR945 (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2016), available at <www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR945.html>.
25 David Axe, "The U.S. Air Force's Master Plan to Outgun China," The National Interest, February 8, 2016, available at <https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/the-us-air-forces-master-plan-outgun-china-15145>; Zalmay Khalilzad et al., The United States and Asia: Toward a New U.S. Strategy and Force Posture, MR1315 (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2001), 87–88, available at <www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1315.html>.
26 Jose Gonzalez, "Sustainment of Expeditionary Forces in the Pacific Theater During the Second World War: The Development of the Advanced Base and Mobile Base Programs and Their Relevance Today" (master's thesis, U.S. Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2013), available at <https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a601780.pdf>; Brian Lasley, "MPSRON 3 Delivers Aid to Northern Mariana Islands," Defense Visual Information Distribution System Web site, November 9, 2018, available at <https://www.dvidshub.net/news/299346/mpsron-3-delivers-aid-northern-mariana-islands>.
27 Joseph Trevithick, "Glimpse of the Future? MC-130 Sets Up Forward Refueling Point for MQ-9 Reaper Drone," War Zone, February 14, 2018, available at <www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/18502/glimpse-of-the-future-mc-130-sets-up-forward-refueling-point-for-mq-9-reaper-drone>; Robert C. Owen, "Distributed STOVL Operations and Air-Mobility Support: Addressing the Mismatch between Requirements and Capabilities," Naval War College Review 69, no. 4 (2016); Robert Davis, "Forward Arming and Refueling Points for Fighter Aircraft: Power Projection in an Anti-Access Environment," Air and Space Power Journal (September–October 2014), available at <www.airuniversity.af.mil/Portals/10/ASPJ/journals/Volume-28_Issue-5/F-Davis.pdf>.
28 Hunter Stires, "1941 Asiatic Fleet Offers Strategic Lessons," U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 142, no. 8 (August 2016), 58–63; Michael E. Moore, "Sustaining Naval Surface Combatant Vertical Launch System Munitions During Joint Operations" (master's thesis, National Defense University, 2017), available at <www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1032180.pdf>.
29 Matthew White, "UCT-2 Conducts Underwater Demolition to Improve Port Access," Seabee Magazine, September 18, 2018, available at <http://seabeemagazine.navylive.dodlive.mil/2018/09/18/uct-2-conducts-underwater-demolition-to-improve-port-access/>.
30 Jakub Grygiel and A. Wess Mitchell, The Unquiet Frontier: Rising Rivals, Vulnerable Allies, and the Crisis of American Power (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016), 168.
31 Tommy Ross, "Leveraging Security Cooperation as Military Strategy," The Washington Quarterly 39, no. 3 (Fall 2016).
32 David Gootnick, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: Recent Economic Trends and Preliminary Observations on Workforce Data, GAO-18-373T (Washington, DC: GAO, February 6, 2018), available at <www.gao.gov/assets/690/689935.pdf>.
33 See Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs Web site, "Interagency Group on Insular Areas," available at <www.doi.gov/oia/igia/index2>.
34 Jim Garamone, "Navy Undersecretary Modly Shores Up Alliances in Oceania," Defense.gov, October 2, 2018, available at <https://dod.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1651378/navy-undersecretary-modly-shores-up-alliances-in-oceana/>.
35 "U.S. Delegation Attends the 30th Pacific Islands Forum," media note, Department of State, August 20, 2018, available at <www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2018/08/285231.htm>.
36 "Asian Development Bank and the Federated States of Micronesia: Fact Sheet," April 2019, available at <www.adb.org/publications/federated-states-micronesia-fact-sheet>; "Asian Development Bank and the Marshall Islands: Fact Sheet," April 2018, available at <www.adb.org/publications/marshall-islands-fact-sheet>; "Asian Development Bank and Palau: Fact Sheet," available at <www.adb.org/publications/palau-fact-sheet>.
37 Data on Chinese aid to the Federated States of Micronesia are documented by the Lowy Institute for International Policy, available at <https://chineseaidmap.lowyinstitute.org/>.
38 See "Asian Development Bank and Federated States of Micronesia: Fact Sheet."
39 See "Foreign Aid Explorer: Micronesia (Federated States)," U.S. Agency for International Development, available at <https://explorer.usaid.gov/cd/FSM>.
40 "Australia Is Battling China for Influence in the Pacific," The Economist, January 19, 2019, available at <www.economist.com/asia/2019/01/19/australia-is-battling-china-for-influence-in-the-pacific>.
41 Balaji Chandramohan, "India's Strategic Expansion in the Pacific Islands," The Diplomat, June 13, 2018, available at <https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/indias-strategic-expansion-in-the-pacific-islands/>.
42 Admiral Swift presented the map at "The New China Challenge Conference," hosted by the U.S. Naval Institute in October 2018. The map was reproduced in Kevin Rudd, "Can China and the United States Avoid War?" U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 144, no. 12 (2018), available at <www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2018-12/can-china-and-united-states-avoid-war>.
43 Nicholas Spykman, America's Strategy in World Politics (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1942), 469.
44 Huang Yufan, "Q and A: Yan Xuetong Urges China to Adopt a More Assertive Foreign Policy," New York Times, February 9, 2016; and "Yan Xuetong: "China Will Be a Superpower within 10 Years," Chinascope, November–December 2013.
45 Ely Ratner, Hearing to Receive Testimony on China and Russia, Testimony Before the Senate Armed Services Committee, video, 2:28:37, January 29, 2019, available at <www.armed-services.senate.gov/hearings/19-01-29-china-and-russia>.
46 "The Great Wharf: Australia Is Edgy about China's Growing Presence on Its Doorstep," The Economist, April 21, 2018, 48–49, available at <www.economist.com/asia/2018/04/20/australia-is-edgy-about-chinas-growing-presence-on-its-doorstep>.
47 Asia Reassurance Initiative Act of 2018, Pub. L. No 115–409, 115th Cong., 2nd sess., December 31, 2018, available at <www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/2736>.
48 F.H. Schofield and E.H. Ellis, Report of the Naval War College Committee of Defense of Guam, Part 1 (1913), 14. Original document held in the U.S. Naval War College Archives.


Remember this champ? (Italian joke) Well if you've got $2,500 laying around and a love for De Rosas, you can now make it yours. John's selling his De Rosa pista, complete with Super Record Pista group and a Cinelli bar / stem / saddle.


The Muncy Professional and Business Association will meet at Orlie's Deli, on Thursday, March 5, 7 p.m.
The Muncy Business and Professional Women's Club will meet on Monday, March 9 at 7 p.m. at the First United Methodist Church, 602 S. Market St., Muncy. Guest speaker will be Jean Hammond, Master Gardener "Victory Gardens." All area women are invited to attend.
The Hughesville Garden Club meeting will be held on March 9 at 7:30 p.m. in Trinity Lutheran Church, Hughesville. Hostesses will be Phyllis Girven, Patricia Lundy and Connie Brague.
The Muncy Creek Watershed will hold their monthly public meeting on Thursday, March 12 at the Shrewsbury Township Building on Point Bethel Road near Glen Mawr. After committee reports, Bob Webster will present a history lesson and discussion about the many grist mills on Muncy Creek and other area locations. Within the last 60 years, three such mills-two water-powered-were located between Hughesville and Picture Rocks. Anyone with pictures of these mills are urged to bring them to the meeting, which begins at 7:30 p.m., is open to the public.
Consolidated Sportsmen of Muncy Creeks-Dayl McClintock, President, Consolidated Sportsmen of Muncy Creeks, announced a special program for the meeting to be held on March 4, beginning at 7:30 p.m. at the Hughesville Fire Hall. Ms. Carey Entz will be presenting a program on insect life in the Muncy Creek Watershed and that population indication of stream health in the watershed.
Mr. McClintock also noted the stocking schedule for the 12,000 trout the club raised this year will be announced at this meeting. All the clubs announcements can be found on the club web site located at www.muncycreeks.org.
McClintock further noted that in honor of the organization's 50th anniversary, that a commemorative turkey call, in honor of that milestone, is being offered by club members.
Make Your Own Kite Workshop will be held at the Muncy Public Library on Saturday, March 21 from 10 a.m. to noon for all ages. This free workshop is sponsored by the Friends of the Muncy Library.
The second "Gathering Janes" Quilt Exhibition opens at the Thomas T. Taber Museum of the Lycoming County Historical Society with a reception on First Friday, March 6, from 6 to 9 p.m. The Taber Museum is located at 858 West Fourth Street in Williamsport. The exhibition continues through April 25 For information concerning the museums hours and fees, contact the Taber Museum at 570-32-.3326.
Robert Webster, a retired East Lycoming School District educator, will present a program on old-fashioned gristmills for the Lycoming County Historical Society's history coffee hour on March 12. The program begins at 10 a.m. in the community room of the Thomas T. Taber Museum, 858 West Fourth Street in Williamsport.
During his program, Mr. Webster, who worked in his granddad's mill in Hughesville when he was growing up, will explain the importance of gristmills to the community. The gristmill was not only a vital business for any area but it also served as a meeting place for local farmers to catch up on current news. This program is free and open to the public. For additional information, contact the Taber Museum at 570-326-3326.
Celebrate the beginning of spring with delightful dulcimer music at PPL's Montour Environmental Preserve from 2-3 p.m. Sunday, March 15. Talented local musician A.J. Bashore II will lead the program, which combines Celtic, Appalachian, contemporary and original tunes on the Appalachian lap dulcimer. Chase away the winter blues while enjoying a music-filled afternoon. The program, which is free and great for all ages, will take place at the Environmental Education Center. For directions, visit www.pplweb.com/ montour+preserve. For more information and directions, contact the preserve at 570-437-3131 or e-mail jdbeam@pplweb.com.
Spring Storytime Session will begin at the Muncy Public Library on March 18, Wednesday, from 10:30 a.m. to 11:15 a.m. and will run for five weeks for ages three to six. Pre-registration is required and can be made by calling 546-5014 after 1 p.m. or by stopping in the library.


text:
It's Official: Legacy Tech Vendors Are In Permanent Decline
Matt Asay / 22 Jul 2013 / Work
SAP has missed key financial projections five times in the last 10 quarters. Oracle has whiffed four times in the last seven quarters. IBM has done better, but has tripped over earnings and revenue in the last two quarters. Microsoft? It has gone four straight quarters striking out on guidance for big areas of its business. Across the board these and other legacy vendors blame sales execution or macroeconomic factors.
Perhaps they should instead blame their technology.
Ignoring Secular Changes In The Technology Landscape
As The Wall Street Journal notes of Microsoft, while "still a vastly profitable company [it] remains stymied in its efforts to adapt to a range of new computing platforms and approaches." It's not alone. Each of the companies listed, as well as EMC and VMware, has struggled to catch up with sweeping industry trends like cloud computing and open source.
While these vendors naturally want to blame something easily within their control for the misses, as Oracle has, this isn't a problem that can be fixed by throwing more high-priced sales executives at it, as Cowen & Co. analyst Peter Goldmacher stresses:
We are concerned that Oracle is mistaking a secular change in the technology landscape with economic weakness and doubling down on distribution as the solution. We believe that we are in a major technology transition as IT buyers are increasingly turning to newer apps and data management technologies that offer more robust and flexible functionality at dramatically lower prices.
Goldmacher is referring to both open source and cloud computing, but arguably it's cloud computing that is shaking up yesterday's dominant tech vendors. Some, like IBM, have spent years reorganizing their businesses to deemphasize slowing businesses like hardware. Others, including IBM and Oracle, boost earnings by acquiring companies and cutting costs, enabling them to grow inorganically even as markets shift.
Bolting On The Cloud
Indeed, this may be the light at the end of the tunnel for these big tech vendors. While their traditional businesses are facing headwinds, each sees significant promise in the cloud or other new technologies. SAP, for example, has HANA, a successful in-memory database. While Goldmacher questions whether it's growing as fast as SAP claims, it still offers a bright spot in SAP's otherwise murky forecasts.
More promisingly, IBM's cloud business was up 70% in the first half of the year. While the actual revenue numbers behind that growth are shrouded in mystery, as InformationWeek's Doug Henschen illustrates, IBM's last 30 years reflect a constant willingness to relentlessly reinvent itself in the face of shifting technology trends.
In like manner, Microsoft is hoping to extend its Office monopoly into the cloud with Office 365, which is now tracking toward $1.5 billion in annual revenue, and Azure, its cloud hosting service that has also apparently crossed the $1 billion hurdle. Neither number will do much to staunch stanch the bleeding in its Windows and Office businesses, but they're on the right track.
Oracle, for its part, also undoubtedly has plans to reinvent its legacy businesses for modern application workloads. But thus far, things like its private cloud initiative, whereby it installs hardware and software in a customer's data center and lets the customer rent this "cloud" from Oracle, mostly look like an attempt by Oracle to extend its legacy business model into the future. Good luck with that. Oracle traditionally hasn't needed luck, though: what it can't seem to invent, it buys. From business applications to the popular MySQL database, Oracle's big wallet has helped it to remain relevant.
But Can They Embrace The Cloud Business Model?
The bigger question isn't these legacy vendors' ability to embrace new technology. Each, to varying degrees, has shown its willingness to do so.
What remains to be seen, however, is whether they can shift their businesses to subscription revenue models, particularly for cloud services that tend to be offered at significantly lower price points. For companies built on the premise of large upfront license fees and ongoing maintenance commitments, the subscription model common to cloud or open source essentially removes the license fee and simply retains maintenance.
Will technology's incumbent vendors be able to subsist on maintenance fees alone? Perhaps. But they're currently structured for a very different pricing model, and arguably the Salesforce.com's and Workdays of the world are going to further wreak havoc on their revenue models and, hence, their earnings reports.
#cloud computing
#enterprise IT
#IBM
#Microsoft
#Oracle
#SAP
Matt Asay
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text:
package nl.knaw.dans.dccd.web.user;

import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;

import nl.knaw.dans.dccd.application.services.DccdUserService;
import nl.knaw.dans.dccd.application.services.UserServiceException;
import nl.knaw.dans.dccd.model.DccdUser;
import nl.knaw.dans.dccd.web.DccdSession;
import nl.knaw.dans.dccd.web.error.ErrorPage;

import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
import org.apache.wicket.RestartResponseException;
import org.apache.wicket.ajax.AjaxRequestTarget;
import org.apache.wicket.ajax.markup.html.AjaxLink;
import org.apache.wicket.markup.html.basic.Label;
import org.apache.wicket.markup.html.list.ListItem;
import org.apache.wicket.markup.html.list.ListView;
import org.apache.wicket.markup.html.panel.Panel;
import org.apache.wicket.model.IModel;

/**
 * @author dev
 */
public class SelectUserFromTablePanel extends Panel
{
	private static final long	serialVersionUID	= 3582496329837618205L;
	private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(SelectUserFromTablePanel.class);
	private String selectedUserId = "";

	public SelectUserFromTablePanel(String id, IModel<?> model)
	{
		super(id, model);

		init();
	}

	private void init()
	{
		List<DccdUser> selectableUsers = null;
		try
		{
			// Note: when we do it pageable, it seems better to get only the id's
			// and then construct the users we want to show on a page

			// only active ... selectable (permission assignable) users
			selectableUsers = DccdUserService.getService().getActiveNormalUsers();

			// remove current user, might take some time if the list is long
			DccdUser user = (DccdUser)((DccdSession) getSession()).getUser();
			String currentUserId = user.getId();
			Iterator<DccdUser> iterator = selectableUsers.iterator();
			while(iterator.hasNext())
			{
				DccdUser selectableUser = (DccdUser)iterator.next();
				if(selectableUser.getId().compareTo(currentUserId) == 0)
				{
					iterator.remove();
					break; // done, because only once in the list
				}
			}
		}
		catch (UserServiceException e)
		{
        	logger.error("Exception while retrieving users: ", e);
            error("Internal error");
            throw new RestartResponseException(ErrorPage.class);
		}

		// show table with all active DCCD users
		// when we have a lot of users, this should become pagable!
		ListView listview = new ListView("listview", selectableUsers)
		{
			private static final long	serialVersionUID	= -2830791437271425906L;

			protected void populateItem(ListItem item)
		    {
		    	final DccdUser user = (DccdUser) item.getModelObject();
				AjaxLink link = new AjaxLink("link")
				{
					private static final long	serialVersionUID	= 1L;
					@Override
					public void onClick(AjaxRequestTarget target)
					{
						selectedUserId = user.getId();
						logger.debug("selected user id: " + selectedUserId);

						// update
						SelectUserFromTablePanel.this.setDefaultModelObject(user);
						onSelectionChanged(target);
					}
				};
				item.add(link);
				item.add(new Label("surname", user.getSurname()));
		        item.add(new Label("displayname", user.getDisplayName()));
		        item.add(new Label("organisation", user.getOrganization()));
		    }
		};
		add(listview);
	}

	/**
	 * Called when selection (node in tree) has changed
	 * override this to do your own handling
	 */
	protected void onSelectionChanged(AjaxRequestTarget target)
	{
		// empty!
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


It occurred to me recently that weight gain during pregnancy has turned into another way for women to judge women. In high school we had the SATs, and as news moms we have pregnancy weight: how much you gain during, and how fast you lose it afterwards. And every woman knows exactly how much she gained and how long it took to lose. There are those that say, "Oh, I don't know, I don't really remember…" but I don't believe them. For me personally, I bombed on both.
Maybe bombed is a bit of a strong word to use. I am eternally grateful, of course, for my healthy and happy bouncing baby girl turned feisty toddler. But I didn't fall into the recommended weight, gaining about 50 pounds. I became pregnant as a size four and filled out to a pregnant size fourteen and beyond, where the clothes stopped using numbers and would simply state: Maternity XXL. Part of me was thankful that I didn't continue to rise in the ranks, and part of me was flabbergasted I had busted out (literally and figuratively) of the number system altogether. Even now, I shake my head in disbelief. But such is life when you're growing a human being.
And then, my baby has arrived! And it was T-minus how many weeks until I was supposed to fit into my skinny jeans, like Gwenyth Paltrow or Denise Richards did. I would mention Nicole Richie, but then I'd get really depressed. I seriously thought it could happen to me — that with enough determination and will power I would be back into my Lucky's in no time. But the myth was shattered very soon after I realized that even though I wasn't pregnant, I would proceed to look pregnant for at least the next two months. Forget about being large and in charge (which I also was), I actually looked like I was four months along. My waist didn't show up for a long time; I didn't know if she was ever going to appear again. That was a downer, and I would often reach for a bag of chips to commiserate. What did it matter now anyway, right?
This woman who questioned me — she's very pretty and she has a lovely figure. And she's very, very wealthy. The extreme kind of wealth we see from Hollywood types: houses and drivers and exotic vacations. And she has two adorable children. She has the world at her fingertips, and yet it seemed she has trouble wrapping her head around her own maternity weight adventures. Who says the richest 1% can't relate to the rest of us? It turns out motherhood is the ultimate bonding experience and when it comes to weight, we've all been there.


There is possibly no greater gift a qualified lawyer can give than to provide pro bono legal advice to those in their communities who need it most.
This year we are hoping to facilitate more advice for those who need it most.
Why pro bono? Because it gives lawyers the opportunity to help people improve their lives and it enables access to justice - a fundamental human right.
We are passionate about enabling access to justice.


text:
Chaucer House Of Fame Summary
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Now that the two party conventions are over, it appears that the debate over which candidate would receive the bigger bounce has been settled. Early indications suggest that Palin power has turned the.
Introduces students to the Celtic, Germanic, and Norse mythologies that flourished in and around the British Isles before (and later, in spite of) the triumph of Christianity — the stories of gods.
Geoffrey Chaucer Poems. Geoffrey Chaucer known as the Father of English literature, is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages and was the first poet to have been buried in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey. While he achieved fame during his lifetime as an author, philosopher, alchemist and astronomer,
Informed by multicultural, multidisciplinary perspectives, The Cambridge History of Early Medieval English Literature offers a new exploration of the earliest writing in Britain and Ireland, from the.
Nov 28, 2017 · History of English Literature: English literature dates back exceeding five centuries.The literature not only represents authors or writers from almost every part of the world but also it had untapped almost every major genre of writings that one could possibly imagine.
THE COMMON READER FIRST SERIES VIRGINIA WOOLF 1925 TO LYTTON STRACHEY Some of these papers appeared originally in the Times Literary Supplement, the Athenaeum, the Nation and Athanaeum, the New Statesman, the London Mercury, the Dial (New York); the New Republic (New York), and I have to thank the editors for allowing me to reprint them here.
The Parlement of Foules (also known as the Parliament of Foules, Parlement of Briddes, Assembly of Fowls, Assemble of Foules, or The Parliament of Birds) is a poem by Geoffrey Chaucer (1343?–1400) made up of approximately 700 lines. The poem is in the form of a dream vision in rhyme royal stanza and contains one of the earliest references to the idea that St. Valentine's Day is a special day.
Geoffrey Chaucer, (born c. 1342/43, London?, England—died October 25, 1400, London), the outstanding English poet before Shakespeare and "the first finder of our language." His The Canterbury Tales ranks as one of the greatest poetic works in English.
The Canterbury Tales and Other Works of Chaucer (Middle English), by Geoffery Chaucer, [14th cent.], full text etext at sacred-texts.com.
BibMe Free Bibliography & Citation Maker – MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard
ScienceBlogs is where scientists communicate directly with the public. We are part of Science 2.0, a science education nonprofit operating under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Please.
The Wife of Bath's Tale (Middle English: the Tale of the Wyf of Bathe) is among the best-known of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.It provides insight into the role of women in the Late Middle Ages and was probably of interest to Chaucer himself, for the character is one of his most developed ones, with her Prologue twice as long as her Tale. He also goes so far as to describe two sets of.
In fact, The House of Fame is sometimes referred to as "Chaucer's Dante.". a short summary of the dream, see the beginning of Chaucer's Parliament of Fowls.
Chaucer's House of fame and its Boccaccian intertexts : image, vision, and the vernacular Kathryn McKinley. Toronto, Ontario, Canada : Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, [2016]
Geoffrey Chaucer. Biography of Geoffrey Chaucer and a searchable collection of works. His next important work, The House of Fame, was written between 1374 and 1385. Soon afterward. Chaucer analysis and translation. I just wanted to.
He read Chaucer. He read Shakespeare. he thought about directing and found his first job as an assistant director to Shekhar Kapur, who later found fame in the West as the director of "Elizabeth.".
Results 1 – 20 of 50. Essays, introductions, summaries, backgrounds, audio files, biographies, bibliographies, etc.. mesuage noun messuage, a dwelling house with outbuildings and land assigned to its use. nat worth an oystre worth nothing; in Chaucer's time, oysters were poor-people's food. renoun noun fame.
(Class of 2014 in the house!) I asked fellow staff writer Hannah Gersen if the impending publication of her first novel, Home Field (out in July, y'all!), was affecting her reading resolutions. Yes,
League Tables, Results & Fixtures for the Tue 5-a-side football league in London Dulwich (Jags Sports Club). Bring Your Game!
May 28, 2019 · Latest news, expert advice and information on money. Pensions, property and more.
Sep 3, 2006. A more ambitious venture, the Hous of Fame, in which Chaucer imagines himself borne aloft by an eagle to Fame's temple, describes what he.
Royal Variety Show On Tv Greg Davies explains how Taskmaster has turned him into Donald Trump The 5 best moments from Comic Relief: Greg Davies snogging Ed Sheeran to Red Nose Day Actually When is the Royal Variety. Gordon's newest TV series Equator From. Earlier this year his show 'Animals with Cameras' was met with critical acclaim as. But who
Jun 2, 2003. Geoffrey Chaucer was the greatest English poet of the later Middle Ages. 'The House of Fame' is also a somewhat conventional love poem that draws. such as Ovid and Virgil (it contains a summary of part of the Aeneid).
Appreciation Of The Poem To Sleep By William Wordsworth Short cuts to sound sleep Hareendranath, an English teacher from Kozhikode, says, "My students have the William Wordsworth poem, To Sleep in their syllabus. There was this question — What are the. Robert Frost is often designated by students and critics as the American poetical parallel of William Wordsworth, the forerunner of. they "have miles
One of the most important and urgent challenges in government today is how to make significant longer-term policy change in a political world run essentially as a game over the 24-hour media cycle.
The Hobbit 2 Soundtrack The Hobbit is a 2003 platform/action-adventure video game developed by Inevitable Entertainment for the GameCube, PlayStation 2 and Xbox, by The Fizz Factor for Microsoft Windows and by Saffire Corporation for the Game Boy Advance.It was published on all platforms by Sierra Entertainment.In North America, the game was released on all platforms in November 2003.
Chaucer – The House of Fame Chaucer's poem The House of Fame recounts the protagonist Chaucer's dream in which he. You are not authenticated to view the full text of this chapter or article. This site requires a subscription or purchase to access the full text of books or journals.
In five years Chaucer got a house in Aldgate for free use and became customs inspector at the Port of London. His work required lots of travelling. Later he lost his home in Aldgate and both inspection posts. Literary career. Chaucer's early works follow the traditions of French writers.
Family Guy Live Stage Show As Pooter's life is full of accidents and drama, so is the history of the show. We lost the rights to a play we were meant to be staging very late on, and I remembered how I loved The Diary Of A. Find every comedian on Comedy Central Stand-Up, featuring the latest & most popular
narrator of The House of Fame leaves his daily cares to return home, In his analysis of Chaucer"s tale The House of Fame, Amtower believes that the.
May 12, 2013 · Geoffrey Chaucer – His life and works. In which year did Chaucer fought in Hundred Years' War between France and England? During the period of which king did Chaucer fight in the English Army for the Hundred Years' War between France and.
Mar 17, 2018. Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer [Download-PDF-Online Reading-Summary]. In 1386, Chaucer became the Customs and Justice Controller of the Peace and, House of Fame and Parliament of Fowls, The Canterbury Tales is.
3 This paper is an attempt at giving a short overview of Chaucer's life that looks. Between 1379 and 1390 Chaucer wrote the incomplete House of Fame,
Smart, fresh history of Geoffrey Chaucer Writing Poetry by PhDs and Masters from. From 1379 to 1380, Chaucer wrote The House of Fame, a 2,000-line dream.
Chaucer and his wife, also named Philippa, were both attached to the royal. Let us revert to our summary: " I have great wonder that I am still alive; for I cannot. the topic in the Parliament of Fowls, at the beginning of the House of Fame,
CHAUCER AND THE HOUSE OF FAME (Historical Mystery-France-1370) – VGMorgan, Philippa – 1st in seriesConstable, 2004- UK HardcoverGeoffrey Chaucer has been asked by his brother-in-law, John of Gaunt, to deliver a letter to France and to Comte de Guyac.
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text:
How The Red Strikers Have Made Their Case
Michael Owen says the critics who doubted whether he and Robbie Fowler could produce a potent partnership for Liverpool and England have been proved wrong.
Robbie Fowler puff
Owen gave a vote of confidence to team-mate Fowler as the duo geared up for England's World Cup qualifier in Greece via a La Manga training camp by insisting: "He is the best goalscorer in the business."
Owen and Fowler's opportunities to start together with treble cup winners Liverpool have been limited as Emile Heskey has been a virtual ever-present.
This year they have been in the same starting line-up in just seven of the Reds' 34 games - two in the Premiership, two in the FA Cup and three in the Uefa Cup.
But Owen believes they have gelled together whenever a chance has been handed to them by manager Gerard Houllier, a belief confirmed on England duty in Friday's 4-0 demolition of Mexico at Pride Park.
Owen caused all sorts of problems and Fowler grabbed his fourth goal for his country while Heskey was played in a left-sided midfield role.
Now they will be hoping to reproduce that form against the Greeks in Athens on June 6 with Owen claiming confidence in the England camp is sky high.
Owen said: "It's great playing up front with Robbie. A lot of people said we couldn't play with each other just a few months ago, but I think we've proved them wrong at club and international level as well.
"I don't think we've let anyone down when we've played together but there is no big secret as to why things work between us.
"We've played with each other in training and in matches for Liverpool and now we've been given our chance with England and it went well against Mexico.
It's nice to play well, especially with a player from your club."
Owen added: "People say Robbie should score more goals for England and I think he's said it himself.
"But Robbie doesn't have to prove himself as a goalscorer. He's probably the best in the business."
Owen admitted that success for England players with their clubs has helped to breed confidence which was being continued at international level.
He said: "Liverpool have won a few cups this year and Manchester United have won the league title again and everyone has got a lot of confidence from that sort of success.
"There were four Liverpool players in the starting line-up and it's always nice to see recognition for what we've done this season.
"The win over Mexico was another boost ahead of the Greece game, although I don't think we needed any more confidence because we were already full of it before that game.
"But the Mexico game was good preparation for what lies ahead. They are a very good side, not many teams beat them 4-0, and in many ways they are going to be similar to Greece."
Meanwhile, Manchester United defender Wes Brown has dropped out of the England squad for the game with Greece.
Brown has been troubled by an Achilles problem which forced him to miss Friday's win over Mexico.
The 22-year-old has shown some improvement, but a fitness test at United's Carrington training ground yesterday with England physio Alan Smith confirmed he will not have recovered sufficiently to face the Greeks.
However, he is the only casualty in Eriksson's squad and a 24-strong party will participate in a six-day training camp in La Manga before flying out to Greece next Monday.
Throckley


text:
Canadian pop star Kris Wu sentenced to 13 years in jail for rape in China
A Beijing court has sentenced the Chinese-born Canadian pop star Kris Wu to 13 years in jail after finding him guilty of crimes including rape.
The court in Chaoyang district said investigations showed that from November to December 2020, Wu, also known as Wu Yifan, raped three women.
It also found him guilty of the crime of assembling a crowd to engage in sexual promiscuity in July 2018, the court's official WeChat account said.
It said Wu, 32, would be deported, although lawyers in China have said deportations typically take place after a defendant serves their sentence.
Wu was detained in Beijing on 31 July 2021 after an 18-year-old Chinese student publicly accused him of inducing her and other girls, some of them aged under 18, to have sex with him.
Officials from the Canadian embassy in Beijing attended the sentencing, according to state media.
The embassy did not immediately respond to a Reuters request for comment.
'A gentle calm': France's streets once again echo to sound of working horses
China's 26-storey pig skyscraper ready to produce 1 million pigs a year


text:
Екзолуната (още екзоспътник, ) представлява небесно тяло, естествен спътник, който е в орбита на дадена екзопланета или друг извънслънчев обект.

Въпреки че такива обекти все още не са официално открити, се смята, че те съществуват и то в много голям брой. Според емпиричното изследване на естествените спътници в Слънчевата система, газовите гиганти имат много естествени спътници (вижте Спътници на Юпитер, Сатурн, Уран и Нептун), а по-голямата част от екзопланетите, открити до момента, са именно газови гиганти. Вече има някои открити кандидати-екзолуни, но въпреки това, тяхното откриване остава изключително трудно с настоящата техника.