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Joe Pulizzi
About Joe Pulizzi
Joe Pulizzi is the Amazon bestselling author of Content Inc., Killing Marketing and Epic Content Marketing, which was named a "Must-Read Business Book" by Fortune Magazine. His novel, The Will to Die, was awarded "Best Suspense Book" of 2020 by the National Indie Excellence Awards.
He has founded four companies including digital content news site The Tilt as well as Content Marketing Institute. In 2014, he received the "Lifetime Achievement Award" by the Content Council. His podcast series, This Old Marketing with Robert Rose, has millions of downloads from over 150 countries. His Foundation, The Orange Effect, delivers speech therapy and technology services to children in over 35 states.
Ann Handley
Marcus Sheridan
Jeff Walker
C.C. Chapman
Robert B. Cialdini
Brendan Kane
Robert W. Bly
Mark W. Schaefer
W. Chan Kim
Al Ries
Melanie Deziel
Austin Kleon
Nir Eyal
Stephan Spencer
Jessie Stricchiola
Andy Crestodina
Alex Hormozi
Jeb Blount
Dan Heath
Mike Michalowicz
Rafael Rez
Randy Frisch
Meera Kothand
NFTs, NIL and the Great Resignation
Kids Staying at Home Longer Recent Pew Research shows that almost half of all young adults ages 18 to 29 still live with their parents (see above chart). This trend has been rising every decade since the 1950s. Professor Scott Galloway from NYU breaks down this chart in two minutes here. His rationale? Prof G believes […]
2 days ago Read more
2021 Year in Review – #76
What a crazy year it has been. Crazy, yet extremely insightful. I'm working on things today that I never would have imagined doing just a few months ago. How about you? Last year at this time, I wrote down something my son said in my 2020 review, "2021 is going to be as awesome as […]
1 week ago Read more
Continued Danger in Social Platforms – #75
If you haven't been paying attention, there were a couple of very disturbing developments in social media lately. The first example is from Instagram. In 2012, Australian artist Thea-Mai Baumann created the account @metaverse on Instagram. She's used the site for almost a decade to promote her design and fashion prowess. On November 2, 2021, her […]
4 weeks ago Read more
Inflation and Monetary Debasement – #74
On Friday, December 3, 2021 Robert Rose and I release our 300th episode of the This Old Marketing podcast. We launched on November 20, 2013, taking only a short hiatus during my 2018 sabbatical. You can get access here (make sure you subscribe). It was a super fun episode that included a surprise introduction. Inflation Run Amuck Are […]
1 month ago Read more
Buying the US Constitution – #73
If you've been following along on The Random, I've been writing quite a bit about DAOs (check out this issue) and digital property rights (from last issue). Most of the DAO (decentralized autonomous organizations) examples I've been sharing are for media companies and crypto projects. Well, here's one that really got me thinking. Earlier this week, […]
2 months ago Read more
Yo Digital Props – #72
Last issue of The Random I discussed what I believe is a new business model for content creators…basically…the tokenization of everything. This issue, I'd like to take you further down the rabbit hole. Hey Meta Facebook's decision to rename their company as Meta has everyone talking about the metaverse. If you're not familiar, the term metaverse comes from Neil Stephenson's […]
Here is Your Next Business Model – #71
Recently my wife and I stumbled upon an establishment called the Sugar Factory. Upon approaching, we gazed at the giant menu outside the store…more than 50 sugary drinks in huge fishbowls of every color imaginable. The majority cost a whopping $39. I wasn't into it, but my wife sure was. We sat down at a table […]
Are You Doing Your To-Do List Wrong? – #70
If you've been a long-time subscriber of The Random, you know how often I've talked about Warren Buffett's 25/5 Goal-Setting Strategy. It basically goes like this: First, list 25 things you want to accomplish in the next year. This should take a week or two. Look at all areas of your life. Ask yourself: What do I want […]
Content Creators – Give Your Audience Money – #69
If you're a listener of my Content Inc. podcast (five minutes every Monday), you know that I've been struggling with a new concept. I've been going down the rabbit hole with DAOs (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations), Social Tokens, Crypto and more. I've learned a lot. I'm also struggling with a number of issues. In Web 2.0, […]
Love those Savannah Bananas – #68
It's mentioned in every other podcast I listen to, and in articles like this one. The global supply chain is royally screwed up. So much so that supply chain experts are advising we buy presents for Christmas now if we want to receive them in time. Here's one data point from the article: "A year […]
Titles By Joe Pulizzi
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Content Inc., Second Edition: Start a Content-First Business, Build a Massive Audience and Become Radically Successful (With Little to No Money) May 25, 2021
by Joe Pulizzi
From one of today's leading experts in content marketing, Content Inc. is the go-to guide to building a solid small business by establishing a loyal audience before you sell products or services.
In these pages, Joe Pulizzi provides a lower-risk, more effective way to create a path to success by re-engineering the process that so often leads to failure: You'll learn how to develop valuable content, build an audience around that content―and then create a product for that audience. Content Inc. walks you through the entire process, showing how to:
Choose a marketable content topic
Figure out where little or no competition exists
Choose your top channel for disseminating content
Build long-term customer loyalty
Monetize your product or service
Expand your content into multiple channels
Sell your content asset or scale it into a large enterprise
This updated edition includes new and enhanced coverage of platforms like TikTok, SnapChat, and Instagram, a new section about the exit strategy for the model, more practical how-tos, and current examples of companies that have successfully implemented these strategies.
Content Inc. provides an ingenious approach to business based on a profoundly simple concept: Having a singular focus on audience, and building a loyal audience directly, provide the best, most nuanced understanding of what products ultimately make the most sense to sell.
Apply the methods laid out for you in Content Inc., and create the business of your dreams.
Other Formats: Audible Audiobook , Hardcover
Epic Content Marketing: How to Tell a Different Story, Break through the Clutter, and Win More Customers by Marketing Less Sep 27, 2013
Reach more customers than ever with TARGETED CONTENT
Epic Content Marketing helps you develop strategies that seize the competitive edge by creating messages and "stories" tailored for instant, widespread distribution on social media, Google, and the mainstream press. It provides a step-by-step plan for developing powerful content that resonates with customers and describes best practices for social media sharing and search engine discoverability.
Joe Pulizzi is a content marketing strategist, speaker and founder of the Content Marketing Institute, which runs the largest physical content marketing event in North America, Content Marketing World.
Content Inc.: How Entrepreneurs Use Content to Build Massive Audiences and Create Radically Successful Businesses Sep 4, 2015
The NEW Rulebook for Entrepreneurial Success What's the surest way to startup failure? Follow old, outdated rules. In Content Inc., one of today's most sought-after content-marketing strategists reveals a new model for entrepreneurial success. Simply put, it's about developing valuable content, building an audience around that content, and then creating a product for that audience. Notice a shift? Author Joe Pulizzi flips the traditional entrepreneurial approach of first creating a product and then trying to find customers. It's a brilliant reverse-engineering of a model that rarely succeeds. The radical six-step business-building process revealed in this book is smart, simple, practical, and cost-effective. And best of all, it works. It's a strategy Pulizzi used to build his own successful company, Content Marketing Institute, which has landed on Inc. magazine's list of fastest growing private companies for three years straight. It's also a strategy countless other entrepreneurs use to build their own multi-million dollar companies. Build an audience and you'll be able to sell pretty much anything you want. Today's markets are more dynamic and customers are more fickle than ever before. Why would you put all your eggs in one basket before securing a loyal customer base? Content Inc. shows you how to get customers first and develop products later. It's the best way to build a solid, long-lasting business positioned for today's content-driven world. This is the simple but profoundly successful entrepreneurial approach of one of today's most creative business minds. A pioneer of content marketing, Pulizzi has cracked to code when it comes to the power of content in a world where marketers still hold fast to traditional models that no longer work. In Content Inc., he breaks down the business-startup process into six steps, making it simple for you to visualize, launch, and monetize your own business. These steps are: • The "Sweet Spot": Identify the intersection of your unique competency and your personal passion • Content Tilting: Determine how you can "tilt" your sweet spot to find a place where little or no competition exists • Building the Base: Establish your number-one channel for disseminating content (blog, podcast, YouTube, etc.) • Harvesting Audience: Use social-media and SEO to convert one-time visitors into long-term subscribers • Diversification: Grow your business by expanding into multiple delivery channels • Monetization: Now that your expertise is established, you can begin charging money for your products or services This model has worked wonders for Pulizzi and countless other examples detailed in the book. Connect these six pieces like a puzzle, and before you know it, you'll be running your own profitable, scalable business. Pulizzi walks you step by step through the process, based on his own success (and failures) and real-world multi-million dollar examples from multiple industries and countries. Whether you're seeking to start a brand-new business or drive innovation in an existing one, Content Inc. provides everything you need to reverse-engineer the traditional entrepreneurial model for better, more sustainable success. Joe Pulizzi is an entrepreneur, professional speaker, and podcaster. He is the founder of several startups, including the Content Marketing Institute (CMI), recognized as the fastest growing business media company by Inc. magazine in 2014. CMI produces Content Marketing World, the world's largest content marketing event, and publishes the leading content marketing magazine, Chief Content Officer. Pulizzi's book Epic Content Marketing was named one of Fortune magazine's Five Must Read Business Books of the Year.
Killing Marketing: How Innovative Businesses Are Turning Marketing Cost Into Profit Sep 8, 2017
by Joe Pulizzi, Robert Rose
Killing your current marketing structure may be the only way to save it!
Two of the world's top marketing experts reveal the next level of breakthrough success—transforming your marketing strategy into a standalone profit center.
What if everything we currently know about marketing is what is holding us back? Over the last two decades, we've watched the entire world change the way it buys and stays loyal to brands. But, marketing departments are still operating in the same, campaign-centric, product-led operation that they have been following for 75 years. The most innovative companies around the world have achieved remarkable marketing results by fundamentally changing their approach. By creating value for customers through the use of owned media and the savvy use of content, these businesses have dramatically increased customer loyalty and revenue. Some of them have even taken it to the next step and developed a marketing function that actually pays for itself.
Killing Marketing explores how these companies are ending the marketing as we know it—in favor of this new, exciting model.
Killing Marketing provides the insight, approaches, and examples you need to understand these disruptive forces in ways that turn your marketing from cost center to revenue creator. This book builds the case for, literally, transforming the purpose of marketing within your organization. Joe Pulizzi and Robert Rose of the Content Marketing Institute show how leading companies are able sell the very content that propels their marketing strategy. You'll learn how to:
* Transform all or part of your marketing operation into a media company
* Integrate this new operation into traditional marketing efforts
* Develop best practices for attracting and retaining audiences
* Build a strategy for competing against traditional media companies
* Create a paid/earned media strategy fueled by an owned media strategy
Red Bull, Johnson & Johnson, Disney and Arrow Electronics have succeeded in what ten years ago would have been deemed impossible. They continue to market their products as they always have, and, through their content-driven and audience-building initiatives, they drive value outside the day-to-day products they sell—and monetize it directly.
Killing Marketing rewrites the rules of marketing—enabling you to make the kind of transition that turns average companies into industry legends.
Managing Content Marketing: The Real-World Guide for Creating Passionate Subscribers to Your Brand Oct 10, 2011
by Robert Rose
Let's face it…content marketing is all the rage. Brands
around the world are spending (on average) over 25%
of their total marketing budget on content marketing.
There have been countless books and resources that have covered all aspects of content marketing
…from the why to the what to the where…but oddly enough, rarely the how. Not until now that
is. Managing Content Marketing shows you, in detail, how to manage content marketing within
your organization. Whether you come from a small company or multi-billion dollar brand, this
book will give you the ammunition and the ideas to develop a storytelling process that will create
passionate subscribers to your brand.
World-renowned content marketing experts Robert Rose and Joe Pulizzi have teamed up to help
marketing pros and business owners develop a content marketing plan that goes beyond theories,
and explains it in a way that can actually be implemented.
- Build the Business Case for Content Marketing
- Develop a Content Marketing Strategy that Works for Your Business
- Tell a Consistent Story that Engages Your Customers
- Determine the Right Marketing Channels to Implement
- Create an Internal and External Workfl ow for Content Marketing
- Measure Content Marketing and Communicate Results to Internal Stakeholders
Get Content Get Customers: Turn Prospects into Buyers with Content Marketing May 2, 2009
by Joe Pulizzi, Newt Barrett
Connect to customers with compelling content!
The rules of marketing have changed. Instead of loud claims of product superiority, what customers really want is valuable content that will improve their lives. Get Content Get Customers explains how to develop compelling content and seamlessly deliver it to customers— without interrupting their lives.
It's the new way of marketing, and it's the only way to build a loyal, engaged customer base.
"Pulizzi and Barrett have taken integrated marketing communications to the next level.... Every marketer, large or small, can use this text to build better ongoing customer relationships."
—Don Schultz, Professor Emeritus-in-Service, Integrated Marketing Communication, Northwestern University
"Deftly navigating the worlds of PR, advertising and marketing, Joe and Newt prove that the real secret to great marketing is not a brilliant tagline, but creating compelling and useful content."
—Rohit Bhargava, Senior Vice President of Digital Marketing, Ogilvy 360 Digital Influence, and author of Personality Not Included
"Get Content Get Customers provides a play-by-play for any marketer who is serious about breaking away from the pack."
—Greg Verdino, Chief Strategy Officer, Crayon, LLC
The Will to Die: A Novel of Suspense Mar 2, 2020
Awarded Best Suspense Book 2020 - National Indie Excellence Awards
When Will Pollitt returns home for his father's funeral, he discovers a string of similar deaths — and his family's connection to a shocking conspiracy.
"A roller-coaster ride from beginning to end." – New York Times bestselling author Jay Baer
"A top-shelf crime thriller." – BestThrillers.com
"I didn't want to stop." – Mystery Suspense Reviews
Gambling tore my marriage and family apart. All I have left is my marketing agency and my friend and business partner Robbie. He drinks too much.
If we don't win this deal, a whole lotta bad is going to happen.
But I just found out my dad died. And his friends are dropping like flies! Sleepy Sandusky, Ohio is hiding a deep, dark secret.
I think everyone is in on it. But am I the one that's crazy? Some people are trying to kill me! Am I going insane…or am I about to die?
"Joe Pulizzi hits it out of the park with The Will to Die." – IndieReader (IR Approved)
Other Formats: Audible Audiobook , Hardcover , Paperback
Conteúdo S.A.: Como os Empreendedores Usam o Conteúdo Para Gerar Um Público Enorme e Criar Empresas Extremamente Bem-Sucedidas (Portuguese Edition) Aug 15, 2017
Desenvolva inicialmente o seu público, EM SEGUIDA, crie o seu produto.
Esta é uma abordagem empreendedora simples, porém profundamente bem-sucedida de uma das mentes empresariais mais criativas atualmente.
Um dos pioneiros do marketing de conteúdo, Joe Pulizzi descobriu a fórmula sobre o poder do conteúdo em um mundo em que os profissionais de marketing ainda se apegam aos modelos tradicionais que não funcionam mais.
Em Conteúdo S.A., ele divide o processo de startups em seis etapas, simplificando para você a visualização, o lançamento e a monetização do seu próprio negócio.
Este modelo tem funcionado maravilhosamente bem para Pulizzi e muitas outras pessoas retratadas no livro. Interligue essas seis peças como um quebra-cabeça e, antes que possa perceber, você estará administrando o seu próprio negócio rentável e em expansão.
Pulizzi o acompanha passo a passo pelo processo, baseado em seu próprio sucesso (e fracassos) e exemplos multimilionários do mundo real de vários setores de atividade e diversos países.
Quer você esteja buscando começar um negócio totalmente novo ou estimular a inovação em um já existente, Conteúdo S.A. fornece tudo o que você precisa para fazer a engenharia reversa do modelo empresarial tradicional para a obtenção de um êxito maior e mais sustentável.


Changing the name of your blog or replacing/removing a default logo is very easy with the theme's built-in site identity control panel in WordPress' customizer.
You can also edit the title font size, title font spacing, and apply some logo/title and banner balancing.
On the site identity panel you should see site title editing controls that will allow you to make quick and easy customization.
NOTE: This tutorial works the same with all PreMadeNiches blogs no matter what parent theme is used. Just make sure to update the theme to the latest version.
If your blog comes with a logo image, you can change or remove it here. If you want to replace a logo, just click the "Change image" button.
On the other hand, if you want to remove the default logo and want to use a text based title instead, then just click the "Remove" button.
Here you can change the name of your blog. Just type and overwrite the existing blog title on the field provided.
You may specify a quick byline about your blog here. You may also show or hide the tagline area by checking or unchecking "Dispaly tagline below site title".
Click image for a quick GIF demo.
Adjust title font size by moving the range slider left (to decrease) or right (to increase). You can also simply type the number value on the field. The default font is size is set to 50px.
Tip: A 10-15 letter title has a range of 40px-50px. That means that if you have a 10 letter title, you can set the slider range to 50. If you have a 15 letter title, set the slider range to 40px.
Most title ranges from 38px to 55px.
Set the title font size as seen on mobile devices.
Important: To see the live preview, you need to click the mobile icon found on the bottom of the customizer window.
This will allow you to at least have a good estimate on how your title will appear on mobile devices.
Tip: For short titles (at most 10 letters) set the range slider to 30px-35px. For longer titles (15 letters), set slider to 20-22px. I usually set the slider to 20px, 25px, and 30px only.
Set the letter spacing of your title. This can be useful especially if you have a very short title. The default letter spacing is set to 3px.
Increase or decrease the font size of your tagline.
Balance logo/title area and the banner area. Useful when you have a longer site title or logo image.
Moving the slider to left will decrease the width of the site title/logo area and at the same time increase the banner width area. Moving it right will increase width of site title/logo area and decrease the banner with.
Feel free to play with the slider range until you get the best balance that meets your preference.
Here you can upload your own site icons. Site Icons are what you see in browser tabs, bookmark bars, and within the WordPress mobile apps.
This will also serve as your site's favicon.


I'm a dental student going into my fourth year and I will be doing an AEGD with the US Navy after I graduate in May of 2020. Does anyone have any thoughts about when to purchase disability insurance? I hear that military disability really isn't enough to live off of in case of an injury, but I know most companies won't cover you while on Active Duty. I'm hearing that if you start early enough, you could get disability insurance a year before receiving orders and have more company options than if you already had orders to go somewhere. I should get my orders in May of 2020. The only issue I see here is that if I buy insurance now, I'm paying for disability for an entire year before I even get to my first duty station and will have to pay those premiums on a very tight budget. Should I go ahead and apply to lock in my rates with a future options rider so that I get the lowest premiums, even if it means paying for disability a little "too early?" If I do go ahead and get insurance now, I think more companies would be willing to cover me, and if I wait, I think Mass Mutual and Lloyds of London are the only companies that will cover me while on active duty. Would having more company options for disability coverage be another good reason to go ahead and purchase the insurance? Thanks in advance for all of the help!
1. MassMutual currently covers dentists for disabilities that are not related to war during active duty.
3. We suggest applying for a small policy with MassMutual that fits today's budget and increase the coverage in the future when your income rises.
This is not what The Standard told me in 2006 when I asked them. They told me my policy purchased 2 years prior to active duty service would cover disabilities that weren't due to an act of war. I was calling to see if I should suspend coverage during my AD time and decided not to based on that information. It's possible the phone rep was lying/misinformed or that the policy was different then, I don't know.
My wife is currently active duty (dentist) and has a small policy from The Standard to supplement the military disability. She also has a policy from Guardian that she paid the premium for one month and then suspended while on AD, but will have the same rate when she separates. One of the independent insurance agents on this site should be able to help you out.
Hello Keymaster & dval, great observation! The language referencing active duty has changed in The Standard contract over time. We are speaking about the most current contracts that can be purchased today. Through the years, the benefits and contracts do change over time with each contract update. To have the most specific information, you can read your policy and see the specific benefits that your policy has. Thanks for bringing up this important point.


With a little fabric and a lot of ingenuity, you can use your sewing machine to get your guest room ready for special visitors. Simple-to-make pillows, a thoughtful bedside basket, and a felted mug rug provide welcome touches to your décor. Our beginner-friendly lessons give you the details on how to make your own set! See tips and tricks for using a ruffle attachment, creating French seams, needle punch felting and more!


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David built houses for himself in the city of David. And he prepared a place for the ark of God and pitched a tent for it. Then David said that no one but the Levites may carry the ark of God, for the Lord had chosen them to carry the ark of the Lord and to minister to him forever. And David assembled all Israel at Jerusalem to bring up the ark of the Lord to its place, which he had prepared for it. And David gathered together the sons of Aaron and the Levites: of the sons of Kohath, Uriel the chief, with 120 of his brothers; ... Share Your Faith Products
The words of Jeremiah, the son of Hilkiah, one of the priests who were in Anathoth in the land of Benjamin, to whom the word of the Lord came in the days of Josiah the son of Amon, king of Judah, in the thirteenth year of his reign. It came also in the days of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah, king of Judah, and until the end of the eleventh year of Zedekiah, the son of Josiah, king of Judah, until the captivity of Jerusalem in the fifth month. Now the word of the Lord came to me, saying, "Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, and before you were born I consecrated you; I appointed you a prophet to the nations." ... Bible Verse Crafts
My son, do not forget my teaching, but let your heart keep my commandments, for length of days and years of life and peace they will add to you. Let not steadfast love and faithfulness forsake you; bind them around your neck; write them on the tablet of your heart. So you will find favor and good success in the sight of God and man. Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and do not lean on your own understanding. ... Scripture Verse Crafts
For the last 5 years, the in-house design team at the Faithlife Corporation has illustrated one Bible verse every day. This art has found its way onto t-shirts, magnets, and postcards—and now, a beautiful picture book. In print for the first time, art from Faithlife's Verse of the Day series paired with uplifting devotionals will encourage and inspire you. Bible Verse Crafts
Thus says the Lord, "Go, buy a potter's earthenware flask, and take some of the elders of the people and some of the elders of the priests, and go out to the Valley of the Son of Hinnom at the entry of the Potsherd Gate, and proclaim there the words that I tell you. You shall say, 'Hear the word of the Lord, O kings of Judah and inhabitants of Jerusalem. Thus says the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel: Behold, I am bringing such disaster upon this place that the ears of everyone who hears of it will tingle. Because the people have forsaken me and have profaned this place by making offerings in it to other gods whom neither they nor their fathers nor the kings of Judah have known; and because they have filled this place with the blood of innocents, and have built the high places of Baal to burn their sons in the fire as burnt offerings to Baal, which I did not command or decree, nor did it come into my mind— ... Bible Scripture Verse Crafts
For I want you to know how great a struggle I have for you and for those at Laodicea and for all who have not seen me face to face, that their hearts may be encouraged, being knit together in love, to reach all the riches of full assurance of understanding and the knowledge of God's mystery, which is Christ, in whom are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge. I say this in order that no one may delude you with plausible arguments. For though I am absent in body, yet I am with you in spirit, rejoicing to see your good order and the firmness of your faith in Christ. ... Scripture Verse Crafts
Thus says the Lord, 'Behold, I am bringing evil on this place and on its inhabitants, even all the curses written in the book which they have read in the presence of the king of Judah. Because they have forsaken Me and have burned incense to other gods, that they might provoke Me to anger with all the works of their hands; therefore My wrath will be poured out on this place and it shall not be quenched.'
He measured the length of the building along the front of the separate area behind it, with a gallery on each side, a hundred cubits; he also measured the inner nave and the porches of the court. The thresholds, the latticed windows and the galleries round about their three stories, opposite the threshold, were paneled with wood all around, and from the ground to the windows (but the windows were covered), over the entrance, and to the inner house, and on the outside, and on all the wall all around inside and outside, by measurement.read more. Bible Verse Crafts
He also made two capitals of molten bronze to set on the tops of the pillars; the height of the one capital was five cubits and the height of the other capital was five cubits. There were nets of network and twisted threads of chainwork for the capitals which were on the top of the pillars; seven for the one capital and seven for the other capital. So he made the pillars, and two rows around on the one network to cover the capitals which were on the top of the pomegranates; and so he did for the other capital. The capitals which were on the top of the pillars in the porch were of lily design, four cubits. There were capitals on the two pillars, even above and close to the rounded projection which was beside the network; and the pomegranates numbered two hundred in rows around both capitals. Thus he set up the pillars at the porch of the nave; and he set up the right pillar and named it Jachin, and he set up the left pillar and named it Boaz. On the top of the pillars was lily design. So the work of the pillars was finished. Now he made the sea of cast metal ten cubits from brim to brim, circular in form, and its height was five cubits, and thirty cubits in circumference. Under its brim gourds went around encircling it ten to a cubit, completely surrounding the sea; the gourds were in two rows, cast with the rest. It stood on twelve oxen, three facing north, three facing west, three facing south, and three facing east; and the sea was set on top of them, and all their rear parts turned inward. It was a handbreadth thick, and its brim was made like the brim of a cup, as a lily blossom; it could hold two thousand baths. Then he made the ten stands of bronze; the length of each stand was four cubits and its width four cubits and its height three cubits. This was the design of the stands: they had borders, even borders between the frames, and on the borders which were between the frames were lions, oxen and cherubim; and on the frames there was a pedestal above, and beneath the lions and oxen were wreaths of hanging work. Now each stand had four bronze wheels with bronze axles, and its four feet had supports; beneath the basin were cast supports with wreaths at each side. Its opening inside the crown at the top was a cubit, and its opening was round like the design of a pedestal, a cubit and a half; and also on its opening there were engravings, and their borders were square, not round. The four wheels were underneath the borders, and the axles of the wheels were on the stand. And the height of a wheel was a cubit and a half. The workmanship of the wheels was like the workmanship of a chariot wheel. Their axles, their rims, their spokes, and their hubs were all cast. Now there were four supports at the four corners of each stand; its supports were part of the stand itself. On the top of the stand there was a circular form half a cubit high, and on the top of the stand its stays and its borders were part of it. He engraved on the plates of its stays and on its borders, cherubim, lions and palm trees, according to the clear space on each, with wreaths all around. He made the ten stands like this: all of them had one casting, one measure and one form. He made ten basins of bronze, one basin held forty baths; each basin was four cubits, and on each of the ten stands was one basin. Then he set the stands, five on the right side of the house and five on the left side of the house; and he set the sea of cast metal on the right side of the house eastward toward the south. Now Hiram made the basins and the shovels and the bowls. So Hiram finished doing all the work which he performed for King Solomon in the house of the LORD: the two pillars and the two bowls of the capitals which were on the top of the two pillars, and the two networks to cover the two bowls of the capitals which were on the top of the pillars; and the four hundred pomegranates for the two networks, two rows of pomegranates for each network to cover the two bowls of the capitals which were on the tops of the pillars; and the ten stands with the ten basins on the stands; and the one sea and the twelve oxen under the sea; and the pails and the shovels and the bowls; even all these utensils which Hiram made for King Solomon in the house of the LORD were of polished bronze. In the plain of the Jordan the king cast them, in the clay ground between Succoth and Zarethan. Solomon left all the utensils unweighed, because they were too many; the weight of the bronze could not be ascertained. Solomon made all the furniture which was in the house of the LORD: the golden altar and the golden table on which was the bread of the Presence; and the lampstands, five on the right side and five on the left, in front of the inner sanctuary, of pure gold; and the flowers and the lamps and the tongs, of gold; and the cups and the snuffers and the bowls and the spoons and the firepans, of pure gold; and the hinges both for the doors of the inner house, the most holy place, and for the doors of the house, that is, of the nave, of gold. Thus all the work that King Solomon performed in the house of the LORD was finished And Solomon brought in the things dedicated by his father David, the silver and the gold and the utensils, and he put them in the treasuries of the house of the LORD. Bible Verse Crafts
He measured the length of the building along the front of the separate area behind it, with a gallery on each side, a hundred cubits; he also measured the inner nave and the porches of the court. The thresholds, the latticed windows and the galleries round about their three stories, opposite the threshold, were paneled with wood all around, and from the ground to the windows (but the windows were covered), over the entrance, and to the inner house, and on the outside, and on all the wall all around inside and outside, by measurement.read more. Share Your Faith Products
David built houses for himself in the city of David. And he prepared a place for the ark of God and pitched a tent for it. Then David said that no one but the Levites may carry the ark of God, for the Lord had chosen them to carry the ark of the Lord and to minister to him forever. And David assembled all Israel at Jerusalem to bring up the ark of the Lord to its place, which he had prepared for it. And David gathered together the sons of Aaron and the Levites: of the sons of Kohath, Uriel the chief, with 120 of his brothers; ...
Many are the plans in the mind of a man, but it is the purpose of the Lord that will stand. What is desired in a man is steadfast love, and a poor man is better than a liar. The fear of the Lord leads to life, and whoever has it rests satisfied; he will not be visited by harm. The sluggard buries his hand in the dish and will not even bring it back to his mouth. Strike a scoffer, and the simple will learn prudence; reprove a man of understanding, and he will gain knowledge. ...
Kids in elementary school improve their reading skills while learning verses in the Bible. They can find a verse in the Bible that begins with every letter of the alphabet. Parents or Sunday school teachers instruct children to create an alphabet notebook from A to Z. Once they have found a verse beginning with the letter A, they write it on the first page and decorate it. The next page in the notebook is for the letter B and so on. Each day the children should memorize the verse they have found. Parents can quiz kids frequently on verses from any letter of the alphabet. Scripture Verse Crafts
Then Moses said to the people of Israel, "See, the Lord has called by name Bezalel the son of Uri, son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah; and he has filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, with intelligence, with knowledge, and with all craftsmanship, to devise artistic designs, to work in gold and silver and bronze, in cutting stones for setting, and in carving wood, for work in every skilled craft. And he has inspired him to teach, both him and Oholiab the son of Ahisamach of the tribe of Dan. ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
6nm MediaTek MT689X aims to take on Qualcomm Snapdragon 875 & Exynos 1080 with 3.0Ghz A78 Cores
Mighty Gadget
Yesterday MediaTek held their Virtual Summit event where they announced the latest affordable Dimensity 700 chipset as well as the two up and coming Chromebook chipsets.
Disappointingly, they didn't announce their latest flagship chipset but did tease us at the end of the even stating a new chipset is coming built on the 6nm fabrication process using Arm Cortex A78 cores clocked at up to 3.0Ghz.
Earlier in the day, serial leaker Digital Chat Station revealed announced that a 6nm MediaTek MT689X chipset is expected to launch soon with a similar specification to the Exynos 1080 and that it is able to achieve Antutu scores of around 600k+.
While MediaTek made no mention of the GPU, the leak indicated it will have the same Mali G78 as the Exynos.
It is quite possible that this won't be the true flagship from MediaTek for their 2021 phones. If it does have a similar spec as the Exynos 1080 it may only have a 2×6 CPU design, and 600K+ on AnTuTu is only comparable to the current SD865+.
However, Mediatek have generally employed a 4×4 design for their high end chipsets, it was only the Dimensity 720 that dropped down to 2×6.
The claim of 3Ghz on the A78 CPU is impressive though, the Snapdragon 865+ was the first chipset to break the 3Ghz barrier, and that was on the A77.
It is expected that the flagship Qualcomm Snapdragon 875 and Samsung Exynos 2100 will both take advantage of the new ARM Cortex-X1 CPU for one big core and then three A78 cores, none of which will hit 3Ghz.
It is unlikely the new chipset will launch with the MT689X, instead it will be rebranded as some form of Dimensity chipset.
Posted by Mighty Gadget Blog: UK Technology News and Reviews


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\section{Introduction}

   The ``deuterium test'' was suggested as a method of
identifying planetary mass objects among cool objects (B\'{e}jar~ et al. 1999,
Chabrier et al. 2000). In practise, it was proposed to search for absorption lines
of molecules containing deuterium (HDO, CrD, FeD,
etc.).
Deuterium is burnt in stellar interiors via
the fusion reaction $^2$D(p,$\gamma$)$^3$He at  temperatures ($T >
8 \times 10^5$~ K). The interiors of substellar
objects with M $<$ 13~ $M_{\rm J}$~, where $M_{\rm J}$~ is a Jovian mass (0.001 \mbox{\,M$_\odot$~}),
do not reach temperatures high enough for
deuterium to ignite (Saumon et al. 1996). As a
result the deuterium abundance in the atmospheres of these objects
is unchanged from the formation of these objects.
This gives rise to the definition of a brown dwarf as an object
which has insufficient mass to fuse $^1$H to $^4$He, but has sufficient
mass to fuse $^2$H to $^3$He.  By comparison, a planetary mass object has
insufficient mass to ignite fusion of any sort (Saumon et al. 1996).

In higher-mass objects such as stars,
deuterium burning is completed comparatively quickly (t = 1
-- 3 million years) during the evolution prior to the star's
period on the main sequence (D'Antona \& Mazitelli 1998).
The deuterium depletion rate depends on the mass of the
star or brown dwarf and thus the ``deuterium test'' can be used in a
number of ways.
\begin{itemize}
\item Discern planets from brown dwarfs in a population of low-mass objects.

\item Determine the evolutionary status of young objects in
open clusters with ages of several million years.

\item Study the evolution of the abundance of deuterium
in the atmospheres of low-mass substellar objects, a phenomenon which
is poorly understood. The rate of  depletion of deuterium
depends upon rotation, magnetic field strength,
and other parameters which affect the efficiency of convection in low mass
objects.
\end{itemize}

Such investigations can usefully be combined with
  the ``lithium test''
  proposed by Rebolo et al. (1992), Magazz\'{u}~ et al. (1993).
 For stars (M $>$ 75 $M_{\rm J}$~), the burning of lithium, Li (p,$\alpha) ^4$He,
becomes efficient at evolutionary stages preceding
  the main sequence at interior temperatures of T $>$
  $2.5\times 10^6$ K (D'Antona \& Mazitelli 1998).
The ``lithium test'' has been successfully applied to identify brown dwarfs
in a population of ultracool dwarf stars (Rebolo et al. 1996, Basri
2000). The lithium test is relatively easily applied to M-dwarfs.
The reason for this is that the resonance lines of
neutral atomic lithium lie in the optical region of the spectrum, at 0.6708
$\mu$m~. One blemish with the ``lithium test'' is the severe blending of lithium lines with
the background of TiO lines, nonetheless Li lines break through the molecular
background. In the spectra of cooler M and L dwarfs Ti atoms are
depleted onto dust particles (Tsuji et al. 1996, Jones \&
Tsuji 1997, Pavlenko 1998) so TiO absorption is weakened.
In the L dwarf regime the appearance of lithium lines contends
with dust opacity and the wings of K I and Na I resonance lines
(see Pavlenko et al. 2000 and references therein).

The realisation of the ``deuterium test'' is considerably more difficult.
Conventionally, the deuterium abundance of hot objects is
determined from analysis of multicomponent features on the
background of the $L_\alpha$ 0.1215 $\mu$m~ ~H~I line seen in emission.
Unfortunately, this method cannot be used in the case of
ultracool dwarfs which are covered by a thick envelope of neutral hydrogen.
Observations also yield
H~I emission lines ($H_\alpha$ 0.6563 $\mu$m~)
formed in the
outermost layers of hot chromospheres or accretion disks around
young stars.  However, such a plasma is variable and may be polluted by  interstellar material.

Taking into account these circumstances, it is logical to analyse the
spectral lines of deuterated molecules formed in the photospheric
layers of ultracool dwarfs. The first investigation and analysis of
the combined spectra of H$_2$O~ /HDO were carried out by Chabrier et
al. (2000) and Pavlenko (2002). Due to the change in mass and the
breakdown of molecular symmetry the vibration-rotation bands of
HDO in the mid-infrared spectrum shift with respect to the
H$_2$O~ bands. There are a few spectral regions which can be used for
detection of HDO lines in the IR spectra of ultracool dwarfs: 3.5
-- 4, $\sim$5, 6-7 $\mu$m~ (Pavlenko 2002). The main problem is that
 despite the shift in wavelength such HDO lines will be on a background
of far stronger H$_2$O~ lines.

A possible alternative to HDO are the diatomic hydrides.
Strong molecular bands of diatomic metal hydrides
such as MgH and CrH can be observed in the optical spectrum of
ultracool dwarf stars. The MgH band system $A~^2\Pi$~ - $X~^2\Sigma^+$~ can be
observed at 0.47--0.6 $\mu$m~, and the CrH band system
$A~^6\Sigma^+$~ -- $X~^6\Sigma^+$~\  show absorption features at 0.6--1.5 $\mu$m~.

The molecules MgH and CrH have been known in astrophysics for a long time.
MgH has been more extensively studied than CrH, because it can be observed
in the spectra of G to M type stars. The dissociation
energy of MgH is very low (1.285 eV) so lines of this molecule are very
sensitive to the temperature and gravity variations in stellar
atmospheres. MgH lines were used to determine
temperatures in the atmospheres of cool giants (Wyller 1961) and the
Sun (Sinha et al. 1979, Sinha \& Joshi 1982), and for the determination of
the surface gravity of stars (Bell \& Gustaffson 1981, Bell at al. 1985,
Berdyugina \& Savanov 1992, Bonnel \& Bell 1993).

The pure rotational spectrum of MgH and MgD radicals ($X~^2\Sigma^+$~) in
their ground state $v$=0 and $v$=1 vibrational modes has been
studied by Ziurys et al. (1993). The first MgH linelist was computed by Kurucz (1993).
Recently, more extensive studies of MgH transitions were performed by
Weck et al. (2003, 2003a, 2003b) and Skory et al. (2003).

Although CrH has been known since Gaydon \& Pearse (1937),
its electronic spectrum remained relatively unstudied for many years.
Engvold et al. (1980) identified lines of CrH in a spectrum of
sunspots as formed by $X~^6\Sigma^+$~ -- $X~^6\Sigma^+$~ transitions. They used
the results of studies of multiplicity of $\Sigma$-terms of CrH by
Klehman \& Uhler (1959) and O'Connor (1967). Later Ram,
Jarman \& Bernath (1993) performed a rotational analysis of 0--0
band of the $A~^6\Sigma^+$~ -- $X~^6\Sigma^+$~ electronic transition and obtained improved rotational constants for the $v'$ =0 vibrational state.
Combining these results
with those of Bauschlicher et al. (2001) and Lipus et al. (1991) for
the vibrationally excited transitions, Burrows et al.(2002)
computed an extended linelist for CrH.

Recently Shin et al. (2005) have measured radiative lifetimes of the
$v$ = 0,1 levels of $A~^6\Sigma^+$~ state of CrH. These measured lifetimes
are about 16\% -- 45 \% longer that those obtained by Burrows at al. (2002).
These results provide evidence that the oscillator strengths of Burrows et al. (2002)
should be corrected by a factor of 0.8 for at least the transitions to
the $v'$ = 0.

The submillimeter spectra of CrH and CrD formed by pure
rotational transitions in the ground electronic
state, have been observed in the laboratory by Halfen \& Ziurys (2004).
Electronic bands of MgD and CrD are likely to be located in the same
spectral regions as the corresponding bands of MgH and CrH. In this
paper we model the bands of these molecules to analyse the possibility
of their use for the determination of the D/H ratio in the
atmospheres of ultracool dwarfs.

In section 2 we present a description of the procedures used
to compute the molecular bands of CrH, CrD, MgH and MgD.
In section 3 we present the vibrational-rotational
constants of MgH, MgD, CrH and
CrD. In section 4 we present the results of the computation of molecular bands.
In section 5 we discuss the possibility of using the
electronic bands of diatomic molecules for a
realisation of the ``deuterium test''.

\section{Procedure of computations}

\subsection{Profile of electron bands of diatomic molecule}

In this paper we compute the profile of the electronic band
averaged over its rotational structure (Naersisian et al. 1989):

\begin{eqnarray}
 \int k_{\omega}d{\omega} & = & \frac{A\  q_{v'v''}\
S_e S_{j'j''}\  \omega_{j'j''}}{Q(T)} \\ \nonumber
           & & \times \exp \left(-\frac{hc(E_e^{''}+E_v^{''} + E_j^{''})}{kT}\right) \\ \nonumber
&& \times \left[ 1-\exp\left(-\frac{h \omega_{j'j''}}{kT}\right) \right],\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where as symbols $''$ label lower levels of transitions, $A = 8
\pi^3(3hc)^{-1}$,
 $k$ is Boltzmann's
constant and
$T$ is the temperature,
$\omega$ is a
frequency and $q_{v'v''}$  are Franck-Condon factors for the
corresponding transition, the strength of transition $S_e =
S_e(0,0)\times \omega_{v'v''}/\omega_{0,0}$ (Schadee 1968), $Q(T)$
is the partition function of the molecule.

For a given frequency the sum of the contribution from the $P$, $Q$ and
$R$ branches is:

\begin{eqnarray}
k_{\omega} = \frac{A\ S_e\  F_e}{n \lambda Q(T)}
\sum q_{v'v''}\  C_{vj} \sum |\lambda_j^v|,
 \end{eqnarray}
where $F_e = \exp (-hcE_e^{''}/(kT))/\delta E_e$, \\
$C_{vj} =(\delta E_e + \delta E_v) (2 j'' +1)
\exp (-hc(E_j^{''}+E_v^{''})) $, \\
$\lambda = 1/ \delta \omega$.

This method of the computation of the profiles of molecular bands was
successfully applied to the modelling of the bands of TiO in the spectra of
ultracool dwarfs (Pavlenko 1997a, 1998a,  Pavlenko
2000), and CN and C$_2$ bands in the spectra of evolved stars (Pavlenko et
al. 2000a,c). It is worth noting that direct comparison of
our JOLA synthetic spectra with more sophisticated ``line by
line'' computations for linelists of a few molecules show good
agreement (Pavlenko 1998a) both in the profiles of bands and positions
of the band heads.

The JOLA approach has been used for the modelling of the CrH
bands  $\Delta v$ =0 band system located at 0.8640 $\mu$m~
in the spectra of
ultracool dwarfs (Pavlenko 1999, Pavlenko et al. 2000).
These bands are not
considered for the deuterium test
here, because the wavelengths of corresponding lines of CrH and CrD
are nearly identical.

\subsection{Computations of molecular constants of isotopic molecules}

For a given electronic state, the energy levels of a diatomic molecule
can, in general, be fitted by:
\begin{eqnarray}
E_{e,v,N} & = & T_e+\omega_e(v+1/2)-\omega_ex_e(v+1/2)^2 \nonumber \\
       &   & +B_eN(N+1)-\alpha_eN(N+1)(v+1/2) \nonumber \\
       &   & -D_e(N(N+1))^2 \nonumber \\
       &   & +\beta_e(N(N+1))^2(v+1/2),
\end{eqnarray}
where $T_e$, $\omega_e$, $\omega_ex_e$, $B_e$, $\alpha_e$, $D_e$ and $\beta_e$ are the
various spectroscopic constants,
 $v$ and $N$ are vibrational excitation and rotational quantum numbers,
respectively.
To a good approximation the electronic structure of the various
isotopic analogues of a given molecule are the same. However,
as the nuclei have different masses, the reduced mass and moment
of inertia of the molecule are different, resulting in different
rotation-vibration frequencies.
For the case of an anharmonic oscillator and non-rigid rotator model
of the molecule, the rotational-vibrational constants depend upon the ratio of
reduced mass $\mu_{ab} = m_a \times m_b /(m_a + m_b)$ of two
isotopic molecules (see Wang \& Xia 1996, Craybeal 1988).

The ratios of spectroscopic constants of two isotopic species, labelled
as ``o'' and ``i'', of reduced masses $\mu_o$ and $\mu_i$, depend
on the ratio $\rho =  (\mu_o/\mu_i)^{(1/2)}$.  So that the following approximations
can be used:

$$ (\omega_e)_i/(\omega_e)_o = \rho $$

$$ (\omega_ex_e)_i/(\omega_ex_e)_o = \rho^2 $$

$$ (B_e)_i/(B_e)_o  = \rho^2 $$

$$  (D_e)_i/(D_e)_o  = \rho^4 $$

$$ (\alpha_e)_i/(\alpha_e)_o = \rho^3 $$

$$ (\beta_e)_i/(\beta_e)_o = \rho^5 $$

\begin{table}
 \centering
\caption{\label{_t1} Reduced masses and ratios of reduced masses
for molecules of interest.}
\begin{tabular}{lll}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
Molecule  &  $\mu$/u          &  $\rho$  \\
          &                 &            \\
MgH       &  0.967481    &            \\
          &                 & 0.721116  \\
MgD       & 1.86051      &            \\
          &                 &            \\
CrH       &  0.988438    &            \\
          &                 &  0.713873  \\
CrD       &  1.93958     &            \\
          &                 &            \\
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
\end{tabular}
\centering
\end{table}

The reduced masses of the molecules of interest here are given in
Table \ref{_t1} using the dominant species $^{24}$Mg and $^{52}$Cr.
The spectroscopic constants of MgH and CrH have been taken from
Balfour \&  Cartwright (1976), Lemoine et al (1988) and
Bauschlicher et al. (2001).
The computed spectroscopic constants for MgD and CrD are
given in Table \ref{_t2}. We adopted oscillators strengths f$_e$
= 0.059 (Kuznezova et al. 1980) and 0.001 (Pavlenko 1999) for the MgH
($A~^2\Pi$~ - $X~^2\Sigma^+$~) and the CrH ($A~^6\Sigma^+$~ - $X~^6\Sigma^+$~) band system, respectively.

We  calculated the Franck-Condon factors $q_{v'v''}$~ for the
MgH and CrH band profile computations. The RADEN
program of Kuzmenko et al. (1984), and the FRANKQ
program (Tsymbal, 1984) were used,
respectively. In the FRANKQ program a Morse potential is used to
represent the true potential, and is solved for rotation-vibration motion.
We compared the computed $q_{v'v''}$~ values with the  results of Nicholls (1981)
and found only small differences. It is worth noting that the
adopted system of $q_{v'v''}$~ determines the relative strength of the ($v''$,$v'$)
bands, but not their location in the spectrum. In this work we are
interested in the computation of the main bands of molecules of
interest, therefore the choice of any $q_{v'v''}$~ does not
critically affect our main results.

\begin{table*}
\centering \caption{\label{_t2} Spectroscopic constants of
MgH, MgD, CrH and CrD in cm$^{-1}$.}
\begin{tabular}{lllllllll}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
Molecule,        &  &                 &            \\
data source &  &  $T_e$  &  $\omega_e$ & $\omega_ex_e$ & $B_e$ & $\alpha_e$ & $D_e$ & $\beta_e$ \\
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
                               &  &                 &            \\
MgH,      &  &          &         &        &         &     &&   \\
Balfour \&  Cartwright (1976) & $A~^2\Pi$~ & 19216.8  & 1599.50 & 32.536 & 6.1913 & 0.1931   & 3.60$\times10^{-4}$ & 6.1$\times10^{-6}$ \\
Lemoine et al. (1988)         & $X~^2\Sigma^+$~ & 0.00     & 1495.25 & 31.637 & 5.6443 & 0.1845   & 3.53$\times10^{-4}$ & 2.57$\times10^{-6}$\\
MgD,    &     &          &         &        &         &        \\
This work                     & $A~^2\Pi$~ & 19216.8  & 1153.43 & 16.918 & 3.2195 & 0.07241  & 9.73$\times10^{-5}$ & 1.2$\times10^{-6}$ \\
Lemoine et al. (1988)         & $X~^2\Sigma^+$~ & 0.0      & 1078.14 & 16.147 & 2.9668 & 0.068294 & 9.61$\times10^{-5}$ & 2.79$\times10^{-7}$ \\
    &     &          &          &        &        &         \\
CrH,      &     &          &          &        &        &         \\
Bauschlicher et al. (2001)    & $A~^6\Sigma^+$~ &  11552.7 & 1524.80 & 22.280 & 5.3427 & 0.141349 & 3.01$\times10^{-4}$ & 9.18$\times10^{-5}$ \\
                              & $X~^6\Sigma^+$~ &  0.0     & 1656.05 & 30.491 & 6.2222 & 0.180978 & 3.52$\times10^{-4}$ & 5.21$\times10^{-6}$ \\
CrD,  & &         &           &       &          &          \\
this work                     & $A~^6\Sigma^+$~ &  11552.7 & 1088.32 & 11.35  & 2.7227 & 0.051395 & 7.82$\times10^{-5}$ & 1.70$\times10^{-5}$ \\
                              & $X~^6\Sigma^+$~ &  0.0     & 1182.00 & 15.533 & 3.1709 & 0.065804 & 9.14$\times10^{-5}$ & 9.66$\times10^{-7}$ \\
                                                                                \\
Ram \& Bernath (1995)         & $A~^6\Sigma^+$~ &  11559.7 & 1066.42 & -      &  2.7627& 0.049687 & 7.03$\times10^{-5}$ &  -                  \\
                              & $X~^6\Sigma^+$~ &  11559.7 & 1183.19 & 15.60  & 3.1754 & 0.065908 & 9.09$\times10^{-5}$ &  -                  \\
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
\end{tabular}
\centering
\end{table*}

\subsection{Partition function and equilibrium constants}

The internal partition function is given by a sum over all states:
\begin{equation}
Q_{int}=\sum_{e,v,N} (2N+1)(2S+1) \exp \left(\frac{-(E_{e,v,N}-E_0)}{kT}\right), \label{_eq1}
\end{equation}
where, $S$ is electronic spin,
$E_{e,v,N}$ is the energy of the state with electronic excitation $e$,
vibrational excitation $v$ and with rotational angular momentum $N$,
$E_0$ is the zero point energy.
 When rotational angular momentum is coupled to the electronic
spin a splitting of the spin degeneracy occurs. For the case of the CrH
X~$^6\Sigma^+$ electronic states, $S$=5/2, this
results in 6 separate states with angular momentum $J = N\pm$5/2, $N\pm$3/2,
$N\pm$1/2. Similarly for MgH, X~$^2\Sigma^+$, $J = N\pm$1/2.
The internal partition
function is then expressed as:
\begin{equation}
Q_{int}=\sum_{e,v,J,N} (2J+1) \exp \left(\frac{-(E_{e,v,J,N}-E_0)}{kT}\right) \label{_eq2}
\end{equation}

Energy levels are computed using the rotation, vibration constants listed
in Table
 \ref{_t2}. It is worth noting a good agreement of our
data with the constants obtained by
Ram \& Bernath (1995) from the high resolution spectroscopy
of the $A~^6\Sigma^+$~ - $X~^6\Sigma^+$~
system of CrD molecule.
 The partition functions of MgH, MgD, CrD
are computed via direct summation of these levels, see equation \ref{_eq1}.
For CrH, we have obtained accurate energy levels
from the linelist of Burrows et al. (2002). This list of energy levels
covers the $X~^6\Sigma^+$ and $A~^6\Sigma^+$ electronic states,
extends from $J$ = 0.5 to 39.5 and includes the vibrational states
$v=$0,1,2,3 in the ground electronic state and $v=$0,1,2 for the
excited electronic state. The CrH partition function is calculated
by the direct summation of the Burrows et al. (2002) energy levels.
In addition, to cover the states omitted from the
Burrows et al. (2002) linelist, we supplement energy levels
computed with the spectroscopic constants. The partition functions
are listed in Table \ref{_Q}.

\begin{table}
\centering \caption{\label{_Q} Internal partition functions,
$Q$, as a function
of temperature (powers of ten are given in parenthesis).}
\begin{tabular}{rrrrr}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
$T$ / K &  $Q$(MgH) & $Q$(MgD) & $Q$(CrH) & $Q$(CrD) \\
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}

   50 & 1.322(1) & 2.440(1) & 3.608(1) & 6.855(1)\\
  100 & 2.575(1) & 4.815(1) & 7.011(1) & 1.351(2)\\
  150 & 3.832(1) & 7.194(1) & 1.042(2) & 2.018(2)\\
  200 & 5.091(1) & 9.582(1) & 1.384(2) & 2.687(2)\\
  250 & 6.353(1) & 1.199(2) & 1.726(2) & 3.359(2)\\
  300 & 7.623(1) & 1.445(2) & 2.069(2) & 4.041(2)\\
  350 & 8.905(1) & 1.698(2) & 2.415(2) & 4.738(2)\\
  400 & 1.021(2) & 1.961(2) & 2.764(2) & 5.455(2)\\
  450 & 1.154(2) & 2.236(2) & 3.118(2) & 6.199(2)\\
  500 & 1.290(2) & 2.524(2) & 3.479(2) & 6.973(2)\\
  550 & 1.431(2) & 2.825(2) & 3.849(2) & 7.780(2)\\
  600 & 1.577(2) & 3.142(2) & 4.228(2) & 8.623(2)\\
  650 & 1.727(2) & 3.474(2) & 4.618(2) & 9.503(2)\\
  700 & 1.883(2) & 3.823(2) & 5.020(2) & 1.042(3)\\
  750 & 2.045(2) & 4.188(2) & 5.435(2) & 1.138(3)\\
  800 & 2.212(2) & 4.569(2) & 5.864(2) & 1.238(3)\\
  850 & 2.386(2) & 4.969(2) & 6.306(2) & 1.343(3)\\
  900 & 2.566(2) & 5.385(2) & 6.763(2) & 1.451(3)\\
  950 & 2.753(2) & 5.820(2) & 7.235(2) & 1.564(3)\\
 1000 & 2.947(2) & 6.272(2) & 7.722(2) & 1.682(3)\\
 1100 & 3.355(2) & 7.233(2) & 8.744(2) & 1.930(3)\\
 1200 & 3.791(2) & 8.267(2) & 9.831(2) & 2.197(3)\\
 1300 & 4.256(2) & 9.378(2) & 1.098(3) & 2.482(3)\\
 1400 & 4.750(2) & 1.057(3) & 1.221(3) & 2.787(3)\\
 1500 & 5.274(2) & 1.183(3) & 1.350(3) & 3.111(3)\\
 1600 & 5.827(2) & 1.318(3) & 1.487(3) & 3.455(3)\\
 1700 & 6.410(2) & 1.460(3) & 1.630(3) & 3.818(3)\\
 1800 & 7.023(2) & 1.610(3) & 1.782(3) & 4.203(3)\\
 1900 & 7.664(2) & 1.767(3) & 1.941(3) & 4.608(3)\\
 2000 & 8.333(2) & 1.932(3) & 2.108(3) & 5.035(3)\\
 2100 & 9.029(2) & 2.104(3) & 2.283(3) & 5.483(3)\\
 2200 & 9.751(2) & 2.283(3) & 2.467(3) & 5.953(3)\\
 2300 & 1.050(3) & 2.469(3) & 2.659(3) & 6.446(3)\\
 2400 & 1.127(3) & 2.661(3) & 2.859(3) & 6.962(3)\\
 2500 & 1.206(3) & 2.859(3) & 3.069(3) & 7.501(3)\\
 2600 & 1.287(3) & 3.063(3) & 3.288(3) & 8.063(3)\\
 2700 & 1.370(3) & 3.272(3) & 3.517(3) & 8.650(3)\\
 2800 & 1.455(3) & 3.486(3) & 3.755(3) & 9.261(3)\\
 2900 & 1.542(3) & 3.705(3) & 4.003(3) & 9.896(3)\\
 3000 & 1.629(3) & 3.928(3) & 4.261(3) & 1.056(4)\\
 3100 & 1.719(3) & 4.154(3) & 4.530(3) & 1.124(4)\\
 3200 & 1.809(3) & 4.385(3) & 4.810(3) & 1.195(4)\\
 3300 & 1.901(3) & 4.618(3) & 5.101(3) & 1.269(4)\\
 3400 & 1.993(3) & 4.854(3) & 5.403(3) & 1.345(4)\\
 3500 & 2.086(3) & 5.093(3) & 5.716(3) & 1.424(4)\\
 3600 & 2.180(3) & 5.334(3) & 6.042(3) & 1.506(4)\\
 3700 & 2.275(3) & 5.577(3) & 6.379(3) & 1.590(4)\\
 3800 & 2.370(3) & 5.821(3) & 6.728(3) & 1.676(4)\\
 3900 & 2.465(3) & 6.067(3) & 7.089(3) & 1.765(4)\\
 4000 & 2.561(3) & 6.314(3) & 7.463(3) & 1.857(4)\\
 4100 & 2.657(3) & 6.562(3) & 7.849(3) & 1.951(4)\\
 4200 & 2.753(3) & 6.811(3) & 8.248(3) & 2.048(4)\\
 4300 & 2.849(3) & 7.060(3) & 8.659(3) & 2.148(4)\\
 4400 & 2.945(3) & 7.310(3) & 9.084(3) & 2.250(4)\\
 4500 & 3.041(3) & 7.559(3) & 9.521(3) & 2.354(4)\\
 4600 & 3.137(3) & 7.809(3) & 9.971(3) & 2.461(4)\\
 4700 & 3.233(3) & 8.059(3) & 1.043(4) & 2.571(4)\\
 4800 & 3.329(3) & 8.308(3) & 1.091(4) & 2.683(4)\\
 4900 & 3.424(3) & 8.557(3) & 1.140(4) & 2.797(4)\\
 5000 & 3.519(3) & 8.805(3) & 1.190(4) & 2.913(4)\\
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
\end{tabular}
\centering
\end{table}

Figures \ref{_figQMgH} and \ref{_figQCrH} show the partition functions and the
respective fits of Sauval \&  Tatum (1984). For CrH there is
excellent agreement with the partition function of Sauval \&  Tatum (1984), but for
MgH our partition function is slightly larger than that of Sauval \&  Tatum (1984)
at low temperature and smaller at temperatures above 3200~K.
Sauval \&  Tatum (1984) make use of a high temperature
approximation to the rotational partition function. This uses the rigid rotor
approximation and is determined by rewriting the
partition function sum as an integral from zero to infinity. In contrast our partition function
sum is truncated at the dissociation energy D$_0$, which for MgH is only 1.285 eV. Thus at
high temperature Sauval \&  Tatum (1984) predict a higher partition function than would
be expected by direct summation of bound states.

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics [angle=-90,width=178mm]{fig-Q-MgH.eps}
\end{center}
\caption[]{\label{_figQMgH} Partition functions of MgH and MgD computed in
this work, and the fit of Sauval \& Tatum (1984). }
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics [angle=-90,width=178mm]{fig-Q-CrH.eps}
\end{center}
\caption[]{\label{_figQCrH} Partition functions of CrH and CrD computed in
this work, and the fit of of Sauval and Tatum (1984).
}
\end{figure*}

We have calculated equilibrium constants for the reactions:
MgH$+$D$\rightleftharpoons$MgD$+$H
and CrH$+$D$\rightleftharpoons$CrD$+$H. The dimensionless equilibrium constants are given by:
\begin{eqnarray}
K & = & \frac{n(CrH)n(D)}{n(CrD)n(H)} \nonumber \\
  & = & \frac{Q(CrH)Q(D)}{Q(CrD)Q(H)}\exp\left(-\frac{\Delta E}{kT}\right)
\end{eqnarray}
where $n$ are the number densities,  and $\Delta E$ is
the energy difference between zero point energies of CrH and CrD;
$Q$ is the total partition functions which can be factorised into internal
and translational
components, $Q=Q_{int}Q_{tran}$, where $Q_{tran}=(2\pi M_ikT/h^2)^{3/2}$.
$g_j$ is the degeneracy of energy level $j$. By convention nuclear spin
degeneracy is
omitted but electronic spin degeneracy is included. Thus for a
proton $Q_{int} =1$
and for an electron $Q_{int} = 2$.
The equilibrium constants
are listed in Table \ref{_eqlib}.
The equilibrium
constants indicate that at low temperatures the formation of the deuterides are
strongly favoured over the hydrides, but at high temperatures the hydrides become weakly favoured.

 It is worth noting that in cool dwarfs hydrogen and deuterium are primarily
 found in their molecular forms, H$_2$, HD and D$_2$.
In a full chemical equilibrium calculation
the partition functions and dissociation energies of H$_2$, HD and D$_2$ will
have an affect upon the abundances of the molecules of interest.
So a more appropriate reaction may be MgH + HD $\rightleftharpoons$
   MgD + H$_2$.
However, to calculate equilibrium constant for this reaction would require
the partition functions of Q(HD) and Q(H$_2$) and their dissociation energies.
Expressing the equilibrium constants relative to atomic D and H
avoids any uncertainties arising from the partition functions and
dissociation energies of H$_2$, HD and D$_2$. A calculation of the partition
functions and dissociation energies of H$_2$, HD and D$_2$ is beyond the
scope of this project.

In calculating the equilibrium constants we
assumed that the electronic partition functions of H and D are identical.
This is a good approximation as the main differences in the
energy levels are proportional to the change in reduced mass and are thus small.

\begin{table}
\centering \caption{\label{_eqlib} Equilibrium constants for deuterium
exchange reactions (powers of ten are given in parenthesis).}
\begin{tabular}{rll}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
 $T$/K &  $K$(MgH+D$\rightleftharpoons$MgD+H) & $K$(CrH+D$\rightleftharpoons$CrD+H)\\
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}

   50 & 3.998(3) & 1.759(3)\\
  100 & 7.504(2) & 4.973(2)\\
  150 & 1.994(1) & 1.515(1)\\
  200 & 3.250(1) & 2.644(1)\\
  250 & 4.350(1) & 3.690(1)\\
  300 & 5.270(1) & 4.600(1)\\
  350 & 6.028(1) & 5.372(1)\\
  400 & 6.647(1) & 6.020(1)\\
  450 & 7.152(1) & 6.561(1)\\
  500 & 7.567(1) & 7.012(1)\\
  550 & 7.908(1) & 7.390(1)\\
  600 & 8.191(1) & 7.707(1)\\
  650 & 8.427(1) & 7.975(1)\\
  700 & 8.625(1) & 8.201(1)\\
  750 & 8.793(1) & 8.395(1)\\
  800 & 8.935(1) & 8.560(1)\\
  850 & 9.057(1) & 8.703(1)\\
  900 & 9.162(1) & 8.826(1)\\
  950 & 9.254(1) & 8.933(1)\\
 1000 & 9.333(1) & 9.027(1)\\
 1100 & 9.464(1) & 9.182(1)\\
 1200 & 9.567(1) & 9.304(1)\\
 1300 & 9.648(1) & 9.400(1)\\
 1400 & 9.714(1) & 9.479(1)\\
 1500 & 9.768(1) & 9.542(1)\\
 1600 & 9.812(1) & 9.595(1)\\
 1700 & 9.849(1) & 9.640(1)\\
 1800 & 9.880(1) & 9.677(1)\\
 1900 & 9.906(1) & 9.709(1)\\
 2000 & 9.928(1) & 9.737(1)\\
 2100 & 9.947(1) & 9.761(1)\\
 2200 & 9.963(1) & 9.783(1)\\
 2300 & 9.977(1) & 9.803(1)\\
 2400 & 9.988(1) & 9.822(1)\\
 2500 & 9.998(1) & 9.840(1)\\
 2600 & 1.001 & 9.857(1)\\
 2700 & 1.001 & 9.874(1)\\
 2800 & 1.002 & 9.891(1)\\
 2900 & 1.003 & 9.909(1)\\
 3000 & 1.003 & 9.927(1)\\
 3100 & 1.003 & 9.945(1)\\
 3200 & 1.004 & 9.965(1)\\
 3300 & 1.004 & 9.985(1)\\
 3400 & 1.004 & 1.001\\
 3500 & 1.004 & 1.003\\
 3600 & 1.004 & 1.005\\
 3700 & 1.005 & 1.008\\
 3800 & 1.005 & 1.011\\
 3900 & 1.005 & 1.013\\
 4000 & 1.005 & 1.016\\
 4100 & 1.005 & 1.019\\
 4200 & 1.005 & 1.022\\
 4300 & 1.005 & 1.026\\
 4400 & 1.005 & 1.029\\
 4500 & 1.005 & 1.032\\
 4600 & 1.005 & 1.036\\
 4700 & 1.005 & 1.039\\
 4800 & 1.005 & 1.043\\
 4900 & 1.005 & 1.047\\
 5000 & 1.005 & 1.051\\

\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
\end{tabular}
\centering
\end{table}

\subsection{Ionisation-dissociation equilibrium}

The equations of ionisation-dissociation equilibrium were solved for media
consisting of atoms, ions and molecules.
We took into account
$\sim$ 100 components (Pavlenko 1998, 2000). The constants for equations
of chemical balance were taken from Tsuji (1973)
and Gurvitz et al. (1989).
To find the densities of species we apply the technique applied
by Kurucz (1975) in the ATLAS5 -- ATLAS12 programs. In the framework of
the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) approach,  the densities of a
molecule consisting of atoms labelled $1, 2, ... n$ in the $k+$ ionisation stage
can be described by the Gouldberg-Waage equation:
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{n_{1,2,...l}^{p^+}}{\prod_i^l n_i}= \frac{Q_{1,2...n} Q_e^p}{\prod_i^n Q_i} \exp\left(-\frac{E_{1,2,... l}}{kT}\right), \label{eq1}
\end{eqnarray}
 where $n_i$ is the number density of the $i^{\rm th}$ component, $Q_i$ are
the total partition functions for species i, and $E_{1,2,...l}$ is the
dissociation energy (D$_0$) of molecule which consists of $l$ atoms and has $p^+$ charge.

In the ATLAS program a computationally more convenient format is used:

\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\prod_i ^l N_i }{N_{1,2,...l}} & = &\exp[-E_{1,2,... l}/kT + g(T)],
\label{eq3}
\end{eqnarray}
here the function $g(T)$ is given by:

\begin{eqnarray}
g(T) & = & b-c(T+d(T-e(T+fT)))\\ \nonumber
 & & +\frac{3}{2}(l-p-1)\ln T,
\end{eqnarray}
values of $b,c,d,e$ (Table \ref{abcd}) are determined by the
fitting to the data (see Table \ref{_eqlib})  using the least square
minimisation procedure for the temperature range 400 - 5000 K.

As was expected, at LTE the equilibrium constants of our hydrides and deuterides
are very similar. Indeed, the equilibrium constants
are $\sim$ $Q_{int, i}/M_i$, $M_i$ is the mass of the $i^{\rm th}$ species.
Partition functions of the deuterated molecules
are larger by approximately a factor 2, which corresponds to the
larger molecular weight of deuterium. Fitted chemical equilibrium constants
computed for CrH, CrD, MgD and MgH are shown in Table \ref{abcd}.

\begin{table*}
\caption{\label{abcd}Chemical equilibrium constants for MgH, MgD, CrH and CrD (powers of ten in parenthesis).}
\begin{tabular}{lllllll}
\hline
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
Molecule& $D_{0}$ /eV &    $b$    &   $c$      &    $d$     &    $e$    &   $f$       \\
\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline
\noalign{\smallskip}
          &       &            &            &            &            &            \\
CrH & 2.863 & 3.690(1) & 6.678(-3) & 2.541(-6) & 5.115(-10) & 3.929(-14) \\
MgH & 1.285 & 3.605(1) & 6.834(-3) & 2.551(-6) & 5.049(-10) & 3.834(-14) \\
          &       &            &            &            &            &            \\
CrD & 2.888 & 3.731(1) & 6.919(-3) & 2.607(-6) & 5.192(-10) & 3.967(-14) \\
MgD & 1.311 & 3.648(1) & 7.111(-3) & 2.647(-6) & 5.214(-10) & 3.942(-14) \\
          &       &            &            &            &            &            \\
\hline

\multicolumn{7}{l}{ \footnotesize $^a$ From Shayesteh et al. (in prep.) } \\

\end{tabular}

\end{table*}

\subsection{Synthetic spectra}

Synthetic spectra were computed using the program
WITA6 (Pavlenko 2000) assuming LTE, hydrostatic equilibrium and a
one-dimensional model atmosphere without sources and sinks of
energy. Hereafter we use the term ``synthetic spectra'' instead of
``spectral energy distributions'' to simplify the text.
Theoretical synthetic spectra were computed for the
model atmospheres of dwarfs with effective temperatures T$_{\rm
eff}$ = 1200 -- 1800 K from the COND grid of Allard at al.(2001) using
solar metallicity (Anders \& Grevesse 1989). Unless otherwise
mentioned all models are for log g = 5.0.

\subsection{Atomic lines opacity}

To compute the band profiles of the electronic bands in the spectra of late
spectral class dwarfs one must account for absorption of the resonance
lines of Na I (0.5891, 0.5897 $\mu$m~) and  K I (0.7667, 0.7701
$\mu$m~), which are extremely strong. In fact, optical and near
infrared spectra of L-and T-dwarfs are governed by them (Pavlenko
1997, 1998). Temperatures in the atmospheres of ultracool dwarfs are
lower than 2000 K, therefore alkali atoms exist there mainly in the
form of neutrals. Furthermore, due to the low opacity of the
atmospheres of ultracool dwarfs their photospheres occur in
 high pressure layers. Strong resonance lines of the most
abundant alkali metals, i.e sodium and potassium, are formed in
very dense and cool  plasmas. Due to the high efficiency of pressure
broadening, their formally computed equivalent widths may reach a
few thousand Angstroms (Pavlenko 2000). Burrows \& Volobuev (2003) show
that we cannot use the conventional theory of collisional
broadening. A more sophisticated theory involving quasi-stationary
broadening should be used for them (see also Allard et al. 2003,
and Zhu et al. 2006).

In this work we use the potentials of quasi-stationary chemical
interactions of K and Na with the most numerous species,
 atomic He and molecular H$_2$ computed by GAMESS (Granovsky et
al. 2004). Our procedure is described in more detail in Pavlenko
et al. (2007). In calculations of K I
profiles we used a combined profile: the cores of these lines were
computed in the framework of the collisional approach and their wings
($\delta\lambda >$ 0.004 $\mu$m~) were treated by quasi-stationary
theory.

\section{Results}

\subsection{MgH \& MgD}

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics [width=178mm]{mgh.eps}
\end{center}
\caption[]{\label{_MgH} Molecular bands of the $A~^2\Pi$~ --- $X~^2\Sigma^+$~  system
of MgH and MgD in the theoretical spectrum computed for a 1800/5.0/0
COND model atmosphere. Spectra are shown for D/H = 1.
The lower line on the plot shows the pure
spectrum of MgH computed in the framework of JOLA approximation.
For comparison the observed spectra of
two L dwarfs 2MASS1632+19 (Mart\'{i}n~ et al. 1999) and SDSS 0236+0048
(Leggett et al. 2001) are shown as solid lines.
}
\end{figure*}

Computed JOLA profiles of the electronic band system $A~^2\Pi$~ -- $X~^2\Sigma^+$~ of  MgH
and MgD are shown in Fig. \ref{_MgH}. It is worth noting that
a simulation based on a sound
quantum mechanical model, including spin-orbit coupling in the $A~^2\Pi$~ state,
 agreed reasonably well with the JOLA calculation (see Hill 2007).
First, the synthetic spectra were computed for the case of a
solar abundances (N(H)/N(total)= 0.9). Then
all the hydrogen was replaced by deuterium (N(D)/N(Total)=0.9).
As stated above, the aim of this paper is a comparative
analyses of the possibilities of detection of the deuterated
molecules MgD and CrD which are formed on the background of the
electronic bands of the more abundant conventional hydrides MgH and CrH.
The detection of MgD bands is very challenging for several reasons:

\begin{itemize}
\item The bands of MgD lie at relatively short wavelengths. High precision
observations of this spectral region are difficult
in objects with low \mbox{$T_{\rm eff}~$} .

\item The differences in the positions of the band heads of MgH and MgD are
rather small. The MgD bands will be formed on a
background of far stronger MgH bands.

\item MgH and MgD bands in the spectra of cool dwarfs
are close to a strong Na I resonance line and the lines of
other molecules/atoms.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{CrH \& CrD}

The relative behaviour of CrH and CrD bands is shown in Fig.
\ref{_CrH}. In general, the bands of the $A~^6\Sigma^+$~ -- $X~^6\Sigma^+$~ system occupy
a  larger wavelength range.
Due to the larger reduced mass, distances between heads of CrD
bands of different $\Delta v$ are smaller  than those for the CrH. As a
result, bands of negative and positive $\Delta v$ are shifted
bluewards  and redwards with respect to the corresponding CrH bands.

The transitions with $\Delta v$ = 1 form a band head at 0.76843 $\mu$m~
which coincides with the core of the strong K I resonance doublet.
Thus in L dwarfs with strong CrH absorption the
contribution of CrH has to be accounted in the modelling of 0.77
$\mu$m~ K I feature.

For the $\Delta v=0$ case the bands of CrH and CrD are co-incident.
For the $\Delta v$ positive case the CrD band heads are displaced
to longer wavelengths of the CrH band head, thus the strongest CrD lines will
be blended with the lines from the tail of the corresponding CrH band.
Bands with $\Delta v$ = 2 are blended with the K I
resonance line. Bands with $\Delta v$ = 3 are located in the
spectral region of the so-called ``satellite rainbows'' of the K I
line (Burrows \& Volobuev 2003).
For the $\Delta v$ negative case the CrD band heads are displaced
to shorterer wavelengths of the CrH band head, these bands offer the best possibility of
detection.

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics [width=178mm]{crh.eps}
\end{center}
\caption[]{\label{_CrH} Molecular bands of the $A~^6\Sigma^+$~ --- $X~^6\Sigma^+$~  system
of CrH and CrD and a theoretical spectrum computed for a 1800/5.0/0
COND model atmosphere. Spectra are shown for D/H =1.
The lower line on the plot shows the pure
spectrum of MgH computed in the framework of JOLA approximation.
For comparison the observed spectra of
two L dwarfs 2MASS1632+19 (Mart\'{i}n~ et al. 1999) and SDSS 0236+0048
(Leggett et al. 2001) are shown as solid lines.
}
\end{figure*}

\section{Discussion}

The detection of deuterated molecules in the spectra of ultracool
dwarfs provide a challenge for both theoreticians and
observers. Indeed, in the atmospheres of planetary mass objects
(M $<$ 13 M$_J$) we cannot expect ratio D/H $> 2\times10^{-5}$. This
means the lines of deuterated molecules should be about 5000 times
weaker than those of the hydrides. The ideal case would be a spectral
region where the molecular bands are not blended.
So a crucial requirement is a large difference in the wavelengths of the
band heads of the hydrides and deuterides.

CrH appears to be more useful than MgH in the search for deuterated species.
The band heads of CrD are displaced significantly from the band heads of
CrH. Bands of CrH are observed in the spectra of the latest L
dwarfs (Kirkpatrick et al. 1999). The CrD bands are located
in the ``near infrared'' spectra, where
fluxes are much higher than in the ``optical'' spectral
regions.

In this paper we show that the most useful bands for the
realisation of the deuterium test are $\Delta v = +1$  and
$\Delta v = -1$ ($\lambda$ = 0.795 and 0.968 $\mu$m~,
respectively). The $\Delta v = -1$ band looks especially promising.
It is located in the near infrared region with an absence of strong background
absorption features.
 However, portions of this CrD band will
be swamped by the 0-0 FeH Wing-Ford band at 0.99$\mu$m and possibly by
water bands.
Still, the case for CrD looks better than for HDO lines which are
formed on a
background of strong H2O lines (Pavlenko 2002). High quality line lists
are required to test these possibilities fully.

It is worth noting, that a potential problem lies in the possibility that Cr atoms are absorbed
onto dust particles. The
depletion of Cr will reduce the strength of both CrD and CrH bands.
Fortunately as CrH bands are
located in the same spectral region, we can ``scale'' the CrD depletion processes
by adjusting the strength of CrH bands.

For more precise studies, more accurate and
detailed linelists of CrH and CrD are required. The calculation of such linelists
would require new improved computations supported by new laboratory
measurements.
One problem that concerns us is that even once we have a good agreement
with the model and experimental data for the MgH or CrH molecule, there
are still perturbations about which we know very little from experiments
done so far. Nonetheless, MgH is a non-starter for the
deuterium test and as we note above, the model adopted in our paper is more likely to be reliable for CrH and CrD.
It is worth noting that the use of the pure rotational-vibrational bands
located in the mid and far infrared spectral region may offer an
alternative. Indeed, the displacement between CrH and CrD rotation-vibration bands
is even larger, than for the case of electronic bands.

Nevertheless, we cannot be certain that we have identified the
best candidate systems
for the deuterium test.
Future investigations of deuterated molecules
in different spectral regions are important to determine which offers the best
possibility for the realisation of this test.
The ideal solution would be to detect lines of deuterated molecule(s)
in different spectral regions. This presents a serious
observational challenge which can only be met in combination with careful
laboratory measurement and the computation of high quality molecular spectra.

\section{Acknowledgements}

We thank anonymous Referee for the helpful remarks. We thank Prof. Peter Bernath
for a constructive discussion and for providing us with a copy of his paper
prior to publication.
The UK Particle Physics and Astronomy research council is thanked for
visitor and PDRA support. The Royal Society is thanked for a visitor grant.
YP is supported by a Leverhulme Trust grant.
This work was partially
supported by the Cosmomicrophysics program of National Academy of Sciences
and National Space Agency of Ukraine.
Our research has made
use of the SIMBAD database operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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As society urbanizes, weather impacts are exacerbated in sometimes-unfamiliar ways. Case in point: the snow, ice, and cold that paralyzed much of the southeastern United States this week. More specifically–and more germane to AMS members attending this year's AMS Annual Meeting–delays caused by gridlock in Atlanta were being measured in days, not hours, and thousands of people were stranded in schools, stores, their cars, and other places that weren't their homes.
The timing of this unfortunate event is appropriate, given the Annual Meeting's theme of "Extreme Weather–Climate and the Built Environment: New Perspectives, Opportunities, and Tools." Even before this week's events, the meeting was going to be buzzing with discussions about all aspects of weather and climate impacts in urban areas. In the wake of events of this week, that buzz may turn into a roar.
One topic certain to elicit a storm of interest is road transportation–the most visible of the vital, weather-prone infrastructure systems in any urban area. At the Ninth Symposium on Policy and Socio-Economic Research, a session on Wednesday (4:00-5:30 PM, Room C107) titled "Observing Weather and Environment along the Nation's Transportation Corridors" will feature a look at weather-observation sensors for cars, which offer "the potential of turning vehicles into moving weather stations to fill road weather observation gaps." An equally salient presentation in that session will explore best practices for getting timely and accurate weather and climate information to transportation decision makers.
The 30th Conference on Environmental Information Processing Technologies will include a session on "Road Weather Applications" (Monday, 1:30-2:30 PM, Room C105). One talk will explore the Maintenance Decision Support System, which "blends existing road and weather data sources with numerical weather and road condition models in order to provide information on the diagnostic and prognostic state of the atmosphere and roadway." Another presentation will analyze driver awareness during two 2013 winter storms in Utah to examine ways to improve communication of hazard information to the public.
The Second Symposium on Building a Weather-Ready Nation will have a session on "Innovative Partnerships in Public Outreach and Decision Support Services" (Tuesday, 3:30-5:30 PM, Georgia Ballroom 2). Included in that session will be an exploration of how the NWS and Federal Highway Administration are collaborating to improve communication and data sharing before, during, and after weather events that have a significant impact on transportation, public behavior, and emergency response. Another talk will take a broader view by examining ways to enhance nationwide environmental education and create a more weather-ready nation–a goal that this week's events make clear remains of vital import.


I've been a major fan of this author during her incarnation as Kate Griffin, but I was blown away last year by her first Claire North book The First Fifteen Lives of Harry August, which is on the literary end of the fantasy genre and is simply remarkable. Would I find Touch as impressive?
He tried to take my life. Instead, I took his. It was a long time ago. I remember it was dark, and I didn't see my killer until it was too late. As I died, my hand touched his. That's when the first switch took place. Suddenly, I was looking through the eyes of my killer, and I was watching myself die. Now switching is easy. I can jump from body to body, have any life, be anyone. Some people touch lives. Others take them. I do both.
So there you have it. The premise is that there are a few individuals out there who can inhabit a body with a simple touch, skin on skin. And we're right alongside Kepler as he comes under a sudden, shocking attack. The book takes us on a tension-filled adventure as he struggles to discover exactly who is stalking him and why. It would be an intriguing page-turner if it was a straight thriller. But, this being North, it also becomes far more than that.
These insights intersperse the main narrative -- a roller-coaster chase in which Kepler is both pursued and pursuer as he tried to unravel exactly who is behind the attack on him. I can't say too much more without straying into spoiler territory, which in a classy thriller of this caliber would be little short of wicked -- suffice to say that after you've read it, a certain catchphrase will send a shiver up your spine. By any measure, this book is worth reading -- both as a slice of escapist adventure and as an examination on the human condition. So once more, North has nailed it. This prolific and multi-talented author has already racked up an impressive back catalog and is still only in her 20's.
She is an outstanding talent, who goes on getting better with every book. I can't wait to see what she will next produce.


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It has been a whirlwind kind of month, and it's not quite over yet, but I figured it was about time for an update on all the activities and events that you all have made so awesome!
First off my trip to Moon Middle School! I had such a great time talking with all the fabulous fifth graders and creating out new 'Cinderella' stories. To sum up, Cinderella is a custodial worker in the local mall who is tired of cleaning french fries off the floor and putting up with her evil manager. Or if you were in the second group of the day, Cinderella was a stable hand in the old west who has to clean up after mean horses.
Next was my signing at the Pittsburgh Barnes and Noble, where a bunch of my new friends from the school came to see me as well as tons of family and friends. It was an amazing night, and the best news is we sold out of books which obviously makes B&N happy. (And when they are happy, I am happy!) Hugs and kisses to everyone who came out and made the night such a success!
Finally, some news on the reading front: the first five chapters of THE HOLDERS is now up for free for Kindle, Nook, Sony Reader, or any other electronic device you may have! Just click HERE, find your device, and download the preview e-book!
I guess that's it for now, but if any of you are planning on heading to Kansas City for the 2013 Romantic Times Convention the first week of May, be sure to let me know! I'll be there speaking and signing and I'd love to see you!


The meaning of the color Gold and color combinations to inspire your next design.
Gold, named after the precious metal, is the color of luxury, success, achievement, and triumph. It is closely related to royalty, wealth, and, of course, money. Gold can also be friendly and childlike depending on how you apply it and which colors you pair it with--take coral and seafoam, for example. The hex code for gold is #FFD700.
Like most orange and yellow hues, gold works well with colors found in nature like greens and blues. In design, it's often paired with black for a dramatic and luxurious feel. This color combo is widely used in print where techniques like foil stamping further accentuate the vibe.
Looking for a different hue? The following colors are related to gold.


In case you don't use the Internet or have a TV, there has been some nasty, frigid weather hitting much of the U.S. I might have mentioned a few hundred times that I hate cold weather, so with the holiday and the inclement weather, this week ended up being a bit lighter for me. I start training for the NYC Half today, so I didn't sweat it. Literally, I did not sweat much, because when I did work out I was mostly running outside and it was so cold that I didn't start sweating till I got back indoors.
I kicked off NYC Half training with a Refine Method class this morning before work. I'm extremely excited to be back training, but I really have enjoyed a couple months of down time. So this week's workout recap will be brief -- there will be a lot more to recap next week!
I think I may also change my workout recaps to the name of the race I'm training for, to keep them more specific. Since I've started work, I haven't blogged as much, in large part because I don't have as much to talk about, but also because much of what my day consists of is now work which I can't disclose. It's not exciting, CIA-style secrets, or even the explanation of how Sherlock faked his death (PLEASE tell me you watch the BBC's Sherlock -- it's truly fantastic). However, due to client confidentiality, I can rarely talk about what I'm working on.
So at least for now, this blog has become much more running-centric, and that's why I want my race-specific training to be better catalogued.
Monday: 2.5 miles to/from NYRR to pick up race bibs.
No picture because it was pitch black outside and Sourabh and I were freezing so just ran there and back.
Wednesday: 4 mile Midnight Run in Central Park.
This race was a fantastic way to kick off the new year. It was Sourabh's first real race! He did a great job -- despite an extremely packed first two miles, we ran it in 37:53! He was also feeling awful before the race. So proud of him!
Thursday/Friday: Rest days. Although I did 45 push-ups on Friday, so that has to count for something...?
Saturday: 4.5 miles in Central Park with some awesome run friends.
Saturday was seriously cold. Honestly there's no way I would have run if not for the fact that I was meeting Allison, Beth, Gabby, and Nicole. But once I got out there and saw these smiling faces, how could I not have a good time? Our loop went extremely quickly and I was sorry to wave goodbye after 3 miles. I need more time with my run friends in 2014!
Sunday: 30 minutes indoor cycling.
Technically, while we all say "spin" like we say "Google" for Internet search, it's a trademarked type of indoor cycling. Since I'm a lawyer, I should probably respect trademarks. Soooo I was indoor cycling, not spinning. It's kind of amazing what a good playlist will do! Somehow what feels boring on the treadmill goes by quickly on the bike.
I posted this on Twitter, but in case you don't follow my every tweet, I suggested that all runners and cyclists immediately download Fitz and the Tantrums' "The Walker" for their run/cycling playlists. It's a fun song with an awesome retro beat and it makes me want to bounce along the street or pedal harder on the bike.
In my first week of training, Coach Jess has already hit me with exactly what I knew was coming for this training cycle: hill repeats. Eek! Although, the one and only time I did hill repeats during Chicago training, they weren't as bad as I expected. So maybe I won't die? Fingers crossed.
Besides the obvious training, I need to get back on the foam rolling bandwagon and focus on getting enough sleep (7.5 hours+).
I'm also very curious about how fueling (AKA eating) could be affecting my running performance, so I'm going to be keeping a journal of what I eat and how I feel during runs. No calorie counts or anything -- I just want to better keep track of how the things I eat affect how I run. If I find any interesting correlations I will, of course, be sure to share!
Hope you weathered the storm if you were affected by it, and for those getting hit by another round of nasty winter weather, good luck!
I spend as little time outdoors as possible these days. Can winter please please please end? Thanks.
Seriously though, winter needs to END. I'm so over it already!
I'm that predictable, huh? LOL!
I really missed doing the Midnight Run this year, but after spending so much money on race fees I couldn't justify the cost. What a fun first race to run!
I bet that run was SO fun! I'm about to do some yoga of my own this evening and am also happy to be back on the training band wagon!
It really was! And yay yoga -- I am excited to make it a part of my routine again.
Yes! It was such a fun run!
You are so lucky to live in such a big city and have sooo many wonderful friends to run, train, and workout with! Yes, I am totally jealous of your life! Let us know what you figure out as far as your fueling affecting your running...I'm always interested to see what works for other people!!