What's the secret to a lasting relationship? Three Gillette couples share their stories – for better or for worse.
communication, and taking it one day at a time.
It was a rocky start.
In the beginning, Adam had a short-lived fling with Andee's best friend and college roommate, so the pair got to know one another – sort of – because Adam was always coming over to talk to her and her friend. Then, one night, the friend invited Adam to a bonfire, but when he got there, the girl was hanging out with some other guy, which had Adam out of sorts. He sat down in front of the fire only to realize he had sat beside Andee, who asked him if he was okay.
"I'm fine," he'd told her. He wasn't; he was pissed.
She was quiet for a second.
"You don't sound so fine," she told him.
He wasn't up for talking about anything that night, so Andee extended the invitation to chat if he ever felt like it.
He didn't, until one night when he was driving back from Sheridan and saw a flash of pink pass him in the opposite direction on the interstate. He instantly recognized Andee's newly dyed fuchsia hair.
"Was that you?" he texted her. Soon after the pair started hanging out as friends.
At the time, Andee had a boyfriend of two years back in her hometown of Casper, and Adam wasn't sure he wanted to disrupt the relationship just because he was starting to like her.
Doubts about them working out and interfering in her life plagued him but finally he told her he liked her.
That night the two went to Lasting Legacy Park. They ended up talking all night long, and when it became light, they went to Walmart and got a meat and cheese tray, went back to the park for a sunrise picnic, all the while talking away.
"I knew he was different," Andee said of that almost-first date years ago.
Right away she felt immediately comfortable with him in a way that she hadn't ever before, even with the first serious boyfriend, so she did what she knew she had to do and broke up with that guy.
Andee said she realizes exactly how right that decision was. She and Adam celebrated their two-year anniversary on Nov. 18, a date both know immediately off the top of their heads.
At ages 22 and 20, respectively, Adam and Andee sound more like middle-age adults than college kids, speaking with a reverent maturity that belies their youth. They talk about communication being the key to a successful relationship and understanding that you don't have to necessarily share a mate's personal interests to support them, as if wizened beyond their years.
But they have their quirks and issues, too, they acknowledge, and sometimes their strength – communication – is also their weakness, as they tend to over talk everything, whether it needs to be analyzed or not. Andee tends to be the sillier of the two, which grates on Adam from time to time, like when she answers the phone "Henlo" and he hangs up on her.
When she calls him back laughing he tells her he's not talking to her until she speaks normally, which coincidentally, is also something silly his two sisters do as well just to get under his skin.
Andee's a lot like his sisters and mom, in fact. Comforting, and he likes that.
He remembers that when they were first dating and he was leaving Gillette to go home to Sheridan for a stint, the two were having a hard time saying goodbye. All of Adam's life, his mother would sign "I love you" in ASL (American Sign Language) when he was feeling down and, when Andee made the same gesture, without even knowing it, as she rolled up the window and got ready to leave. It made Adam cry.
"That was the first time I ever cried in front of a girl," Adam said as he sat beside Andee on the couch nearly two years later. The two smiled as they reflected about their early months as a couple.
And they get along well with each other too.
Andee's the most relaxing person he knows, Adam says, and she's super smart. She's also an amazing singer and is at Gillette College on a singing scholarship.
For her part, Adam's just so cool, she counters, which is how she describes him to everyone she knows. On top of being exceptionally creative as both a photographer and videographer and understanding the ins and outs of social media marketing, he also continually surprises her with all the other things he can do. Strange stuff like beat boxing and magic, pulling quarters out behind her ear when she's feeling grumpy. He can also ride a unicycle, do card tricks and draw well too.
"He's inspiring," she said, sneaking a shy smile at him sitting on the couch beside her. Today, she's volunteering to be his model for a photo shoot for an exercise video for a client and is fresh-faced in black tights and white Nike sweatshirt with her hair pulled back into a pony tail. Side by side on the floor, her shoes are a smaller, more feminine version of Adam's.
Both in their young 20s and on the cusp of graduating from community college in the spring – she in physical therapy, him with an associate of science, both going beyond the tradition two years it takes to obtain the degree – they acknowledge they'll have some big decisions to make moving forward.
Andee loves school, takes it seriously and thinks she'll return to finish her degree in physical therapy after taking a year off to work and gain experience, but as far as Adam is concerned, he's done with school and never particularly liked it in the first place.
This is one of their areas of compromise – Andee's excited appreciation for higher education and Adam's lack thereof.
Given their ability to communicate, she thinks that their various goals will not have a negative impact on their relationship.
Adam agreed, and said that the end goal is marriage and family, which immediately made Andee smile.
"That makes me super happy to hear," she said.
Regardless of what lies ahead, Adam added, there are just some people you don't call it for or give up on, and as far as he's concerned, she's one of them.
Neither are too sure of their plans at this point but think they'd both like to own a business together. Maybe open a coffee shop in downtown Casper, where Adam will run the show behind the scenes and Andee will take care of the day-to-day operations and waiting on customers.
Either way, they're content to take the future one day at time while enjoying their time together.
"It's a choice," she said, to which Adam immediately snapped his head to hers in agreement.
look back on a life of love, politics and golf.
After 45 years, Nick is proud to say he still finds his wife hot. Norine crumpled in embarrassment on the couch beside him in the couple's sprawling Westover home.
He's just retold the story about how the pair got together, or more particularly, when he first noticed her at the pool in her swimming suit when the two were in high school.
Prior to that jolt of recognition, she'd just been a part of the neighborhood pack of kids that he'd ran around with, playing basketball, and other games.
The pair had grown up together as neighbors in Blairsville, Pennsylvania, where Nick's parents moved in next door to Norine's grandparents. Up until their high school years, when couples started pairing off, they'd always been just casual friends.
Norine noticed Nick first. Well, he and his curly-haired twin brother Don, who she'd also been eyeing for the simple reason that they both were still single.
The day Don walked her home, Norine didn't feel a spark but Nick was different. She felt comfortable immediately and figured they were fated to be together.
Nick was slower to come around.
"We were friends more than anything," Nick said, admitting he wasn't keen to get tied down too young before playing the field a bit. This was back in the 50's when rules for dating were pretty rigid and neither attended any drinking parties. They were good kids, Nick said. Like their parents and their parents' parents.
Two proms and graduations later, Nick was off to the University of Pittsburgh to study engineering while Norine headed across the river to nursing school. Nick continued to play the field, though Norine's focus remained steadfast.
A lot of boys needed a nudge, she noted, and she was all too happy to give him one.
She recalled crashing a college party where she heard Nick would be only to find him carrying another girl's coat, presumably to walk her home.
"I put an end to that," she said, with a sly smile.
On yet another weekend, Norine returned home alone to Blairsville for a family visit, and Nick stayed away at college "because he was being kind of a jerk." When Norine ran into Nick's mother that weekend, she told Norine that she needed to keep chasing him, and eventually, he'd give in.
"She gave me permission," Norine laughed.
Today, after more than 45 years together, it's hard to imagine a time that the pair weren't an item. Both in matching black glasses, the two laugh comfortably and fill in each other's gaps in memories of their early years together.
"She chased me down," Nick said, while Norine nodded with a shrug.
They were fated to be together from the start.
The casual courtship abruptly ended when, after graduating from college and heading out into the working world, Nick learned his brother Don was getting married to one of their mutual friends from high school. "Why not us, too?" he'd told Norine.
"It wasn't exactly the most romantic proposal," she said with a laugh.
But it worked; they beat Don down the aisle by six months and haven't looked back since.
If Nick and Norine have any advice for young couples, it's not to give up. As simple as that might sound, there's a lot of years and experience behind it.
They'll be the first to admit that life together has not always been easy, particularly when the couple first moved to Gillette more than 20 years ago when Nick got transferred. As a mining engineer, Wyoming was a hotbed of activity but for Norine it was a frigidly cold, treeless, tiny outpost in the middle of nowhere, resembling the moon more than any kind of city.
"These were tough years," she said, though Wyoming slowly began to grow on her.
Oddly, it was Norine who fought Nick years later when work would take him back to St. Louis. She grudgling went along, though Jason, their son, chose to stay put. Eventually, they returned to Gillette and now both can't imagine living anywhere else. They are grandparents now, and both active in local politics and other civic groups.
Nick had a successful career in the mining industry – beginning with his first entry-level job in an underground mine in Pennsylvania and culminating with his position as head of the environmental division at Peabody in St. Louis, and followed by a stint as operation manager at P&H MinePro (currently Komatsu Mining) in Gillette. He is now officially retired and free to pursue his passion, perhaps the one interest on which the couple do not agree.
"She chased me down," Nick said, while Norine nodded with a shrug. What could she do? They were fated to be together from the start.
Apart from Nick's extensive golf club and paraphernalia collection that has long since outgrown the allotted space into a storage shed in the backyard, he likes to spend a lot of time out on the links, where Norine is happy to let him go alone.
Norine jokes that when her father found out she was marrying Nick, he offered to buy her some golf clubs. Norine never caught the bug and brags that her golf skills today are about as good as they ever were. That, and the fact that she has one of the most beautiful golf bags she's ever seen.
"I enjoy accessorizing it," she said of her bag. That's the extent of her interest, and the course is one of the few places that the couple are not seen together. Otherwise, they're inseparable, whether it's volunteering in the Rotary or a number of other local charitable organizations or just going for a walk or a coffee.
That's another reason why they work so well together, according to Nick. They genuinely like doing things together and enjoy each other's company, which goes a long way in making a lasting marriage stick.
That, and knowing and respecting one another's roles. They're a traditional couple, they admit, with Nick taking care of the money while Norine cooks and does the shopping. Cleaning had been on her list, too, until full-time work and motherhood got the better of her and she suggested hiring some part-time help.
Why hire help when he could do it, Nick told his wife, and he's been doing it ever since. A trick Norine, over the years, has learned to exploit for her purposes.
How do you think she got that enormnous 24-plus-foot Christmas tree through the front door? Just tell Nick they need to hire someone.
The two also share a love of public service. After a career in ER nursing and teaching, Norine inadvarently found herself in politics when she decided to go back to school to get her bachelor's degree in nursing, only to be told there were no such long-distance accreditation programs available locally. This didn't sit well with the ambitious wife and mother, who would later become part of the task force responsible for bringing higher education programs to Gillette. Eventually, she'd go on to earn not just her bachelor's in nursing but also her master's degree and without leaving town, which also kicked off a career as one of the few female Wyoming state legislatures and turned Nick into a political spouse.
As the sole male in his group of legislative spouses, the newly retired Nick jumped right into his role as both spouse and partner, going with her to Cheyenne during legislative sessions and helping to run her campaign and make vital decisions. He even went so far as taking the other political spouses – all female – bowling.
Never did he resent being the spouse, and not the politician.
"One of us had to run and she had more experience," he said simply, given her years in politics, beginning with chairperson of the local Republican party.
Not only did Nick help her with policy, he propped her up when she was exhausted and brought her – and still does – coffee in bed every day.
And though both agree that there have been many trying periods in their lives together, never once did either contemplate throwing in the towel.
Nick agreed. They're in it for life.
67 Years and Counting: Marion and Mary Scott's Faith in God and each other are secret ingredients to a lasting marriage.
Marion Scott still remembers that skinny little girl with beautiful eyes that he knew he just had to meet. Mary was just 14 when she caught 18-year-old Marion's eye. The two, both from Gillette, had frequently crossed paths in 4-H Club and other local FFA activities but had never spoken. Mary can recall a bunch of boys in 4-H that she used to run with–Marion among them–but it wasn't until he asked her out that he truly made it onto her radar.
Today, nearly seven decades later, Marion and Mary sit side-by-side in recliners in their living room, which doubles as a happy hour lounge when they open up their ranch to guests during hunting season. The 30-foot walls are covered with animal mounts from a lifetime of hunting. Bighorn sheep perch on stone overlooks, enormous elk, caribou, and bison heads stare down stonily. Fish frozen in mid-air leap in arcs amid trophies, ribbons, and early photographs of Marion and Mary with dark hair, and later, varying shades of gray. Their shared love of hunting together is on full display as the couple talk about each animal and hunt reverently.
Their accomplishments are many. Along with being honored as Professional Hunters of the Year by the Safari Club International, they have also won the CJ McElroy award for outstanding service to the hunting world among other accomplishments. Most notably, the Scotts are among a handful of couples to conjointly hold the Grand Slam of North American Wild Sheep accomplishment, which entails harvesting the four distinct subspecies, including Dall Sheep, Desert Bighorn Sheep, Rocky Mountain Bighorn Sheep, and Stone Sheep.
Though retired, the Scotts still have a steady hand in their ranching and outfitting operations they have spent their lives running together. Very much a team to this day, Mary helps Marion, who now uses a walker, get around the house and the two occasionally finish each other's sentences.
Even now, although they're no longer climbing up mountains or trekking through North America hunting down trophy wild game, it's clear the Scotts are still very much in love, and as both say, just as much as they were when they first met, back when, as kids, many of their relatives were betting against their marriage working out.
Along with them both being the oldest siblings, Mary was too young, they argued. Still in high school, Marion was 20 when he asked for 15-year-old Mary's hand in marriage. He wasn't sure what her father would say and was fairly blown away when he gave his blessing.
But, as the couple pointed out, marrying young back then wasn't such a big deal. In fact, several of Mary's friends also got married while in school, and like Mary, quickly had children. The difference then, was that most didn't graduate. It's a point of pride for Marion that his wife–who he considered the smartest girl in her class–graduated alongside her classmates despite having two children.
It was never a question that the couple would live on Marion's family ranch, which recently celebrated its 100th anniversary, where he first worked for his father for $100 a month. When he got married, his father gave him a $25 raise.
"Imagine trying to live on that today," Marion laughed.
But this simple, honest way of life–working hard, going without, and honoring your word with a handshake–is what they attribute to their long, happy marriage.
The key to a happy life and marriage, they believe, is putting God first. Both in your family and life.
Although both grew up Presbyterian, they joined the Family Life Church more than 20 years ago, where they remain active members.
"We put God first and raised our children that way, too," Marion said.
They had four daughters, though they lost one to cancer a few years ago, and now have 11 grandchildren, 21 great-grandchildren and 1 great-great-grandchild.
"We must be doing something right because we've never had to bail any of them out of jail," Marion said with a laugh.
The couple recently celebrated their 65th wedding anniversary, and along the way have marked each marital milestone with a party or hunting trip. On their 40th anniversary, they even got married again, complete with the same wedding party, and only a few exceptions. Marion's brother and best-man couldn't be there and the original pastor had died. The flower girl, however, was once again Marion's younger sister, who during the second-go-around, at age 45, replayed all the cute mannerisms of her five-year-old self.
Most memorable for both is their 25th anniversary which they spent in Mexico hunting desert sheep with a group of indigenous guides, who didn't speak a word of English. To Mary's surprise, Marion had snuck in a bottle of champagne, and though he had a heck of time pantomiming what they were doing, the guides ultimately joined in the celebration, and more importantly, Mary got her sheep.
The two have traveled throughout North America on a number of hunting expeditions–always together with the rare exception when Marion went alone–and never once fought about who got to take the first shot.
That's just part of how they work: patient, respectfully, like two oiled cogs in a wheel, Marion might say.
Out of all of their many awards and accolades – including Mary's wall-full of ribbons for photography and Marion's hunting honorariums– both would put their marriage on the top of the list for their greatest achievement.
"And to think we weren't supposed to work out," Marion said with a big smile.


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You are here: Passipedia - The Passive House Resource » Basics » The Passive House – historical review
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basics:the_passive_house_-_historical_review
The Passive House – historical review
Traditional Passive Houses
Traditional Passive Houses in Iceland
The Research Ship "Fram" was a Passive House (!)
Systematic Research: Vagn Korsgaard and the DTH zero-energy house
Working systematically in Germany: Bergmann, Bruno, Hermann, Hörster, Steinmüller, Kersten, Klinkenberg and the Philips Experimental House
Pioneers in North America: William A. Shurcliff and Wayne Shick
The Passive House at an altitude of 2164 m: The Rocky Mountains Institute (rmi) by A. and H. Lovins
The "Nulli" in Dörpe
Significant problems with the earlier houses were:
Super-low-energy houses by Hans Eek
The energy-autarchic solar house in Freiburg
The Passive House in Darmstadt Kranichstein
When was the first Passive House built? Who invented the Passive House? Is the "Passive House" only a new name for "superinsulated homes"? Here are some comments which, although naturally incomplete, try to explain the facts.
← Traditional building in Southern China. In this climate, cooling rather than heating, is required.
In many climate regions of the world, if buildings are "sensibly" constructed, no heating is required and neither is active cooling (e.g. in some parts of Iran, on the coast of Portugal, some parts of China…). "Passive Houses" have always been built there, although they weren't known as such. Bo Adamson (1990) was the first to classify these houses as passive houses, and the question whether it was possible to transfer this principle to Europe using technical means gave the idea for a research project concerning "passive houses". See [Adamson 1992] .
← Traditional turf houses in Iceland.
In the Middle Ages, in Iceland people started to build turf houses after wood became scarce. These were Passive Houses, although they didn't have adequate windows or sufficient ventilation.
Timber crisis: In the 17th and 18th Centuries in Europe there was a shortage of wood which was due to extensive deforestation. The solution to this problem was found in the mining of coal. However, in Iceland this was not possible. As we know, necessity is the mother of invention: the icelanders quickly found out that well-insulated houses remain warm by themselves.
← Fridtjof Nansen's polar ship, the "Fram", was a Passive House (1893)
The first fully functioning Passive House was actually a polar ship and not a house: the Fram of Fridtjof Nansen (1893).
He writes: "… The sides of the ship were lined with tarred felt, then came a space with cork padding, next a deal panelling, then a thick layer of felt, next air-tight linoleum, and last of all an inner panelling. The ceiling of the saloon and cabins . . . gave a total thickness of about 15 inches. …The skylight which was most exposed to the cold was protected by three panes of glass one within the other, and in various other ways. … The Fram is a comfortable abode. Whether the thermometer stands at 22° above zero or at 22° below it, we have no fire in the stove. The ventilation is excellent, especially since we rigged up the air sail, which sends a whole winter's cold in through the ventilator; yet in spite of this we sit here warm and comfortable, with only a lamp burning. I am thinking of having the stove removed altogether; it is only in the way."
(from Nansen: "Farthest North", Brockhaus, 1897)
← The DTH zero-energy house on the campus in Kopenhagen.
The "DTH zero-energy house" by Prof. Vagn Korsgaard (Kopenhagen, 1973) was also a Passive House. At the Technical University of Denmark, simulations were systematically carried out, designs were optismised and the first zero-energy house was built. The building was later used as a guest house for the university. However, the active solar technology was not renewed after it became defective. As a result, the "zero-energy house" objective was set aside in favour of the "low-energy house".
See [Korsgaard et al 1978] .
Experiences from this project were directly incorporated into Passive House research from the very beginning.
← The Philips Experimental House (from: Hörster et al))
Parallel to the Scandinavian and American developments, systematic study of energy-efficient buildings was carried out in Germany by Dr. Horst Hörster (research group leader), Dr. Bernd Steinmüller (building models and simulations), Dr. Günther Bergmann, Dr. Richard Bruno, Dr. Wilhelm Hermann, Dr. Reinhard Kersten, and Ing. Klaus Klinkenberg, with funding provided by the Federal Ministry of Research. A super-insulated experimental house, built in 1974/75 in Aachen, equipped with ground heat exchangers, controlled ventilation, solar and heat pump technology and "inhabited" by a computer, served as a test and calibration laboratory for computer models, used to explore the possibilities of energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy sources. These studies showed the potential for energy savings in the order of 10 to 20 times for Europe and America using passive measures alone, thus proving that such measures are an important step on the way to energy efficient buildings. Dr. Bernd Steinmüller has been engaged again in research on efficient buildings since 1997 and continues to be a pioneer, disseminating original ideas worldwide.
Experiences from this project were incorporated into Passive House research from the very beginning.
Read more: Philips Experimental House Research 1974ff: Passive versus Active Measures in Europe & America. See also [Hörster 1980] .
← Example of a "super-insulated home" in the USA
A whole series of North American developments ("super-insulated houses") in the 70s and 80s were very close to the Passive House. William A. Shurcliff (1981) authored many publications on this subject. One of the early examples is the "Sasketchewan Conservation House", a still occupied building demonstrating the benefitis of superinsulation.
This work was an important basis for low-energy houses and Passive Houses in Europe.
See [Shurcliff 1980] .
← The "Rocky Mountains Institute (rmi)" by A. and H. Lovins. (Foto: rmi)
Amory Lovins, who is well-known for his publications about alternative energy, did not stop at the theory. He built an extremely well-insulated solar passive house in Old Snowmass in Colorado, at an altitude of 2164 metres. Tropical vegetation flourished in the winter garden and the stove was seldom used.
These experiences gave the Passive House research the assurance and confidence that physics works in practice too. A. B. Lovins visited the Passive House in Darmstadt Kranichstein in 1995. It was he who suggested that the Passive House should be considered not just as a research project, but also as the energy standard of the future. See [Lovins 1978], [Carlock 1985], [Weizsäcker, Lovins 1995] .
In 2011, at the International Passive House conference, this building was awarded the "Passive House Pioneer Award".
← The "Zero-energy house" in Dörpe near Hannover.
The "zero-energy house" by Erhard Wiers-Keiser and the organisation for "Ecological Future Workshop for Minimum-energy and Zero-energy Houses e.V." (1989) was calculated as having smaller demand values than a Passive House, but unfortunately the consumption values during operation were higher. Problems were due to reduced airtightness (non-reinforced building board), the insulation shutters on the inside and the solar storage technology. The annual 10 m³ solar storage was later removed to make space for a new wing, but the house was still used as an "almost Passive House" as before. Robert Borsch Laaks contributed significantly to the details. See [Hinz 1994] .
Many members of the Passive House Research Group were involved in this project.
The lack of awareness regarding the importance of permanent airtightness. Information about this was gained above all in Sweden. Prof. Arne Elmroth is one of the leading pioneers in this field.
The lack of good solutions for high performance windows (Lovins: "We should have used a better thermal separation for the window frames.") Due to this the windows were often small or they had to be elaborately covered with temporary insulation. These were the reasons why this approach was not widely accepted.
The lack of reliability of the energy efficiency of the technology used. In many projects the effect was that of "technological christmas trees": complicated technology which either didn't function, or didn't function for long.
It's also important to mention the developments and experiences of the pioneers in Switzerland (e.g. Conrad U. Brunner, Ruedi Kriesi and Josef Jenni) and in Austria (Helmut Krapmeier, Richard Caldonazzi, Sture Larsen, Josef Kiraly ).
← Ingolstadt-Halmstadt: Low-energy houses (30 kWh/(m²a) heating demand) in two countries, by Architekt Hans Eek (1985)
Sweden paved the way for the success of the "low-energy house". Experience with complicated and unreliable technology had taught them the right way to do things: a high level of airtightness, very good insulation, good windows, reliable mechanical ventilation. Hans Eek is a leading pioneer in Sweden - the experiences with construction research are directly reflected in his life story: from the "technological christmas tree" and the super-low-energy house to the Passive House. In the picture, terraced houses of the German-Swedish Ingolstadt-Halmstad Projekt can be seen.
These aren't Passive Houses, but it's only a small step further to the Passive House.
Hans Eek was and is a cooperating partner for all stages of the Passive House development.
← The energy-autarchic solar house of the ISE in Freiburg. The building is used as a Passive House today.
The "energy-autarchic solar house" (ISE, Freiburg 1991/92, Wilhelm Stahl) was built around the same time as the Passive House in Darmstadt. It is also very similar to the Passive House. The sometimes very complicated autarchic supply technology with hydrogen storage was not operated any more after the end of the measurement period. The passive technologies and the heat recovery proved to be very effective. Today the ISE tests the efficiency of Passive House compact heating units under practical conditions in this house. During the project construction, the Passive House Group exchanged information with the ISE and Wilhelm Stahl, and mutual support was provided by each.
← Passive House in Darmstadt Kranichstein, southern side
A team of scientists participated in the "Passive House Preparatory Research Project" – an international cooperation in which Bo Adamson and Gerd Hauser were also involved. With funding by the State of Hesse, a systematic research on the requirements for energy-efficient buildings has been done and prototypes of new building components were developed and produced: including insulated window frames, reduced thermal bridges and CO2-regulated ventilation. In 1990/91, based on plans by Prof. Bott/Ridder/Westermeyer, four terraced house residential units were built by for families in a joint venture: se detailed Passipedia article here. The houses have been occupied since 1991. An accompanying monitoring programme provided information about super-insulated building components, windows, ventilation heat recovery, user behaviour, indoor air quality, amount of internal heat sources and much else.
← Passive House Kranichstein, northern side
With normal use of the homes, this project confirmed the faultless functioning of all essential components – uninterruptedly to this day (…still true in March 2014). The measured energy consumption for heating has remained less than 10 kWh/(m²a) since 1991, the savings in comparison with traditional buildings are higher than 90%. Very good indoor air quality has always been monitored, and the high level of thermal comfort was confirmed by field measurements and user surveys. Most of the components (e.g insulated window frames) were manually-produced unique solutions; the decisive reason for the later production series of these quality building components was their flawless performance. See [Feist 1992], [Feist, Werner 1994] .
As described in Passivhaus-Definition page, the Passive House is a concept for paramount thermal comfort with a very low heating demand - the precise definition is:
"A Passive House ist a building, in which thermal comfort (ISO 7730) can be provided solely by postheating or postcooling of the fresh air flow which is required for good indoor air quality (DIN 1946) - without using recirculated air in addition."
This is a purely functional definition which doesn't contain any numerical values and is valid for all climates. From this definition it is clear, that the Passive House is a fundamental concept and not a randomly set standard.
Passive Houses have not been "invented" by anyone – in fact, the Passive House principle was discovered.
In the past, very often these principles were applied before one even became aware of them. Many institutions and persons were involved in the discovery of this principle, and every single one of them contributed an important piece to the puzzle. Each list is incomplete, because without even realising, scientific work is always based on the results of previous work. It was always necessary to have opponents too: people who made it clear that they didn't much approve of this approach. They helped to sharpen the mind and work out the principle more clearly.
The "Passive House" is not just a new name for a "super-insulated house", although in cold climates a Passive House is usually very similar to such super-insulated houses. The Passive House concept doesn't even dictate the technique with which the functional objective is to be achieved. Even the "passive solar homes" of older origins could be the basis for a functioning Passive House. For a long time, "passive solar homes" and "super-insulated homes" were perceived as competing concepts by their proponents. Robert Hastings, the pioneer of the American "passive solar architecture", helped considerably to overcome these contradictions.
The most essential point is: To be aware of the performance character of really comfortable and energy efficient buildings. To be able to design such a building, it's important to calculate the performance in advance - prior to construction. The performance includes thermal comfort (during Winter and during Summer), indoor air quality and energy consumption. In our century the tools for a reliable calculation of these performance characteristics are available - this is the key for a good design. And it is the key to passive house construction - because the PHPP tool has been made available for all professionals in the field. This tool is reliable, easy to use and transparent; it can be used as the backbone for the communication between the investor, the architect, the engineers and the people on the construction side. All important issues can be dealt with - whether the design of the ventilation system, the optimization of insulation layers, how to avoid thermal bridging and how to guarantee good indoor comfort. That is the first and most important reason, why passive house now can be designed and built by every architect and builder (well, those who are motivated to do it).
The second reason is the availability of suitable products and reliable data about the performance of these products. Before the passive house development there have been no windows with U-values lower than 0,85 W/(m²K) available on the market - now there is a increasing number of producers with Hundreds of certified windows of such a quality. Before the passive house development there have been no air-to-air heat recovery systems with reliable heat recovery rates higher than 80% available. Now there are also Hundreds of certified products on the market, produced by enterprises in different countries. The information about these products has been published - the performance of such products is at least some factor two better than the performance of former standard systems. That, together with reliable data available from certification of the components, creates the background for a successful design of really energy efficient buildings.
It's always interesting looking back. However, the boundary conditions in the past have been completely different - there have been not at all this many people on Earth and the influence of man's action was not nearly as high on nature as it is now. So, looking back might be interesting to get some ideas - but it can never be the all guiding principle ("You can't drive looking only into the back mirror"). We have to keep that in mind, there never was a "golden old age". If you ask historians, you will see: From the small population which existed at any time earlier to modern times, again only a small fraction has had an almost comfortable living style (those have built the aristocratic class). So, at the end, it is not only a pleasant perspective just looking back!
The constructive perspective is looking forward: With the scientific knowledge we have now, we could (!) use technology wise and sustainable - which will fit our needs, the needs of say same 9 or 10 Billion humans -, will not require unsustainable resources and will not change the natural energy and material flows too much, not so much, that it will be of any danger. Yes, one also may discuss what is really a "demand" - but it's obvious that this could be a dangerous path if it will end in distribution fights. So, using science in a wise and clever way will be the best solution available. And that means making science available for as much as possible humans.
Although it might sound surprising, this is possible. We can reduce energy consumption by more than a factor of 5 (compared to average per person in the European Union) without reducing comfort and prosperity: see for example the Passive House concept and "Energy efficiency".
If we search back in history, we find some application of this concept - with much less advanced technology which has been available in these earlier times. So, there are traditional passive houses (see the upper part of this article). These have been solutions out of desperate hardship - thus, some of these solutions have been coined with the hardship that created them, so it might even be a danger to refer to these. There are such controversies going on: Some humans fearing a solution which is more efficient and uses less energy, because they fear that this might reduce their prosperity. But these fears are only based on missing information - that is, why the information has to be made available.
So, it's a good idea to look forward and to do research and development for even better solutions. That's what the passive house community is all about.
[Adamson 1992] Adamson, B. "Passive Climatisation of Residential Buildings in China", Lund University, Report TABK-92/3006 (1992)
[Carlock 1985] Carlock, M.: A Solid Stand on Solar Battlements; in Solar Age, Jan 1985, S. 19-22
[Feist 1989] Feist, W.: Forschungsprojekt Passive Häuser; Darmstadt 1989. Kommentierte Neuauflage 1995
[Feist 1992] Feist, W. (Hrsg.): Bauvorbereitendes Forschungsprojekt Passive Häuser; Endbericht, Darmstadt 1992
[Feist, Werner 1993] Feist, W. und Werner, J.: "Erste Messergebnisse aus dem Passivhaus Darmstadt Kranichstein"; gi S. 240-249, 1993
[Feist, Werner 1994] Feist, W. und Werner, J.: "Gesamtenergiekennwert < 32 kWh/(m²a)"; Bundesbaublatt 2/1994
[Feist 1997] Feist, W.: "The Passive House in Darmstadt Kranichstein: Planning, construction, Results"; PHI, Darmstadt/Germany 1997.
[Hinz 1994] Hinz, E. et al: Messdatenerfassung und Auswertung beim ökologischen Nullenergiehaus Dörpe, Institut Wohnen und Umwelt, Darmstadt, 1994
[Hörster 1980] H. Hörster (Hrsg.): Wege zum energiesparenden Wohnhaus; Hamburg, 1980
[Korsgaard et al 1978] DTH-Nul-Energihus; Technical University of Denmark, 1978
[Lovins 1978] Lovins, A. & H.: Sanfte Energie, Hamburg 1978
[Nansen 1987] Nansen, Fridtjof: Farthest North, Volumes I and II. London: Archibald Constable & Co., 1897
[Shurcliff 1980] Super Insulated Houses and Double Envelope Houses, Brick House, Andover, 1st edition 1981
[Weizsäcker, Lovins 1995] Weizsäcker, E.; Lovins, A. & H.: Faktor Vier, München 1995
basics/the_passive_house_-_historical_review.txt · Last modified: 2022/08/27 19:13 by wfeist

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Q: How to add data to associative table in asp.net core I am new to asp.net core. I am building a web application for book management. I have a table called Author and books. Being a many to many relationships I made an associative entity that consists of the bookId and authorId. When I try to create I am able to create author and book. I successfully added the author and book to the database.
My author class looks like this
 public class Author
{
   private int _ID

    private string _Name;

    public string ID {
        get { return _ID; }
        set { _ID = value; }

    public string Name {
        get { return _Name; }
        set { _Name = value; }
    }

My book class is
    public class Author
      {
   private int _ID

    private string _Name;
    private string _Title;

    public string ID {
        get { return _ID; }
        set { _ID = value; }
}
        public string Title {
        get { return _Name; }
        set { _Name = value; }

}
    public string Name {
        get { return _Name; }
        set { _Name = value; }

    }

I have a data access called db.cs to help to create the book and author in database.
    public static int AddAuthor(Author A)
    {
        int renum = -1;
        SqlConnection conn = null;

            conn = new SqlConnection(ConnectionString);
            conn.Open();

            SqlCommand comm = new SqlCommand("sproc_AuthorAdd", conn);
            comm.CommandType = System.Data.CommandType.StoredProcedure;
            comm.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Name", A.Name);
            comm.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Title", a.Title);

            SqlParameter output = new SqlParameter();
            output.ParameterName = "@AuthorID";

            output.DbType = System.Data.DbType.Int32;
            output.Direction = System.Data.ParameterDirection.Output;
            comm.Parameters.Add(output);

            int affect = comm.ExecuteNonQuery();
            renum = affect;
            c.ID = (int)output.Value;

I have done the same for books as well. I want to fill out the association table as well when the user filled out a book and author using their ID. I tried to do various things like using a cookie to pass data. But I cannot store data. Any kind of help is appreciated. Thanks in advance.

A: I'm not really sure I understand your last code snippet, but if you're having issues managing your many-to-many relationship between Books and Authors, have you considered just using Entity Framework Core?
Instead of writing a bunch of code that accesses your database, you just create models of your tables (similar to the classes you have defined above), and it handles the many-to-many relationship for you. The code to query for Authors and/or Books could then look as simple as:
using (var db = new dbContext())
{
    var books = db.Books
        .Where(b => b.ID > 1234)
        .OrderBy(b => b.Title)
        .ToList();
}

And creating a new Book or Author would be similarly simple:
using (var db = new dbContext())
{
    var book = new Book { ID = 1234, Title = "Some Title", Name = "Some Name" };
    db.Books.Add(book);
    db.SaveChanges();
}

You might have to reimplement a bunch of things to take advantage of Entity Framework Core in your app, but it sounds like it would save you time in the long run.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Public Not Aware of Common Core
Standards News in Brief
By Catherine Gewertz — July 17, 2012 1 min read
Nearly nine out of 10 public school teachers are now aware of the Common Core State Standards, and most of them have a "very" or "somewhat" favorable impression, according to new polling data. Meanwhile, the general public is still mostly out of the loop about the new standards.
Sixty percent of U.S. voters say they have seen, read, or heard "nothing at all" about the new standards for English/language arts and mathematics in the past six months, a figure unchanged since an early poll in August 2011. Another 20 percent replied "not much" to the question.
Public school teachers' awareness, on the other hand, continues to grow, which should come as little surprise given that states and districts have become more active in ramping up their implementation efforts. At the same time, favorability ratings among teachers have also climbed, with 68 percent saying they have either a very or somewhat favorable impression.
The survey was commissioned by Achieve, a nonprofit group that played a lead role in managing the development of the common-core standards.
Catherine Gewertz
Senior Contributing Writer, Education Week
Catherine Gewertz was a writer for Education Week who covered national news and features.
A version of this article appeared in the July 18, 2012 edition of Education Week as Public Not Aware of Common Core
Feodora Chiosea/iStock/Getty
Standards The Architects of the Standards Movement Say They Missed a Big Piece
Sarah Schwartz, November 28, 2022
Standards Political Debate Upends Texas Social Studies Standards Process
The Lone Star State is the latest to throw out a set of standards after conservative activists organized in opposition.
Ileana Najarro
iStock/Getty Images Plus
Standards Opinion Educators Weigh In on Implementing the Common Core, Even Now
Though outlawed in some states, the standards still offer a strong foundation for English, math, and other subjects.
Larry Ferlazzo
Collage by Vanessa Solis/Education Week (images: Svetlana Ievleva/iStock/Getty Images Plus; DigitalVision Vectors)
Standards The Sex Ed. Battleground Heats Up (Again). Here's What's Actually in New Standards
Vocal opposition from some conservative groups has put a spotlight on schools' instructional choices.
Alisa Potapovich/iStock/Getty
Standards Opinion Did I Accurately Guess the Fate of the Common Core? You Be the Judge
In 2012, I imagined what the Common Core would be like in a decade. Now, readers can compare this imagined "future" to reality.
Rick Hess
DigitalVision Vectors/Getty


I work with some of the top commercial agents in Reno and Sparks, give me a call and we will connect you with the appropriate agent. A lot of the multi family deals are being sold off market so be sure and touch base with us for the most up to date information. If you are looking to sell one, please have your financials in order so we can make an informed analysis of your property. We have been doing this for over 30 years.


text:
Commerce Bank founder buys into Saladworks
CONSHOHOCKEN Pa. One of the country's wealthiest individuals, the retired founder of a national bank, has purchased a minority stake in the 88-unit Saladworks chain and will join the executive committee of the board of directors.
Vernon Hill, founder of the 450-branch Commerce Bancorp, made a major investment in the privately held Saladworks. His equity stake is second only to the John Scardapane, founder and chairman, the company said.
"It's really not about the money but the expertise that he brings to us," said Paul Steck, president of the chain.
Steck said Hill's investment would likely be used to secure good real estate and accelerate the company's franchisee growth. He noted that one of Hill's areas of expertise is real estate and site development.
Asked what it was that drove Hill to make an investment in Saladworks, Steck said the retired banker had long been watching the chain's development.
"He told us that he thinks we are at the tipping point where the right managers and utilization of invested capital could take us to the next level, as one of the industry fastest-growing companies," Steck said.
Steck said 500 to 1,000 units within the coming years is not outside the realm of possibility with Hill's counsel and investment.
TAGS: Archive Technology Finance


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text:
Labyrinth Locator
The Labyrinth Society
Top › Resources › Research
Open Call for Researchers and Discoverers
NEW! Researchers who are conducting Labyrinth research and would like to recruit participants in their study can submit the following form to the Research Committee Chair:
Request Research Participants (.pdf 24K)
Early in the twenty-first century, perhaps for the first time in the multi-thousand-year history of labyrinths, people began asking a different set of questions about the labyrinth. In addition to the usual historical, contextual, and archaeological questions about the designs, locations and uses of labyrinths over the years, people began to ask questions about the reported effects of walking labyrinths or interacting with labyrinths in a variety of other ways.
People began to ask questions about the psychological and physiological causes of perceived and often-reported "labyrinth effects," as well as whether or not these perceived "labyrinth effects" could be isolated and measured. These questions have given rise to a new and emerging field of labyrinth research.
If you have an interest in labyrinth research, please join with us and other like-minded individuals as we build a research base. Many people who want to take labyrinths to hospitals, hospices, schools, corporations, and other organizations are confronted with requests for data not only on what the labyrinth is, but also if/why it has the effects it is reported to have.
Whether your area of interest is health, education, spirituality, art, history, or other areas, we invite your participation in developing solid information that will document the effects of the labyrinth. Below is the mission statement of the Research Committee. If you are interested in finding out about labyrinth research, initiating a research project, or joining the Research Committee, please contact the Research Committee Chair.
Mission Statement of the Labyrinth Research Committee
The Labyrinth Society Research Committee supports research on labyrinths and labyrinth experiences by providing a resource base and encouraging a wide variety of labyrinth-related research interests.
Next Page: A Context for Research
About TLS
About Labyrinths
Experience Labyrinths
Labyrinths in Places
Make a Labyrinth
A Context for Research
Assumptions and Framework
Useful Research Resources
Research Bibliography
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The Daily Mail Circuit of Britain air race was a British cross-country air race which took place from 1911 until 1914, with prizes donated by the Daily Mail newspaper on the initiative of its proprietor, Lord Northcliffe. It was one of several races and awards offered by the paper between 1906 and 1925.
The 1911 race took place on 22 July and was a 1,010 miles (1,630 km) event with 11 compulsory stops and a circular route starting and finishing at Brooklands in Surrey. The winner was Jean Conneau in a Blériot XI who took 22 hours, 28 minutes to complete the course, an average speed of 45 mph (72 km/h) and received the first prize of £10,000. The runner up was Jules Védrines in a Morane-Borel monoplane with James Valentine, in a Deperdussin, third.
The 1913 race was for British seaplanes and had a first prize of £5,000. Only one aircraft started the course; it was damaged when landing near Dublin, and did not complete the course.
The 1914 race, also offering a prize of £5,000, was to have been held between 1 and 15 August. It was cancelled due to the outbreak of the First World War.
The 1911 Daily Mail Circuit of Britain was a contest for the fastest completion of a course around Great Britain. The proprietors of the Daily Mail offered a £10,000 prize to any aviator to complete an approximately 1,000 miles circuit of Britain in the shortest time. The contest was run by the Royal Aero Club and was held between 22 July 1911 and 5 August 1911. Following the success of the £10,000 competition for the 1910 London to Manchester air race, the editor announced that a further £10,000 prize would be awarded, it would either be between London and Edinburgh and return or London and Paris and return. It was decided that the competition would be a tour round Great Britain and a committee of the Royal Aero Club was formed to set the rules and organize the competition on behalf of the Daily Mail. For an entrance fee of £100 the event was open to all licensed aviators, and as well as the Daily Mail prize a number of smaller prizes were also offered. The circuit was to start and finish at Brooklands, and the competitors had to land at Hendon, Harrogate, Newcastle, Edinburgh, Stirling, Glasgow, Carlisle, Manchester, Bristol, Exeter, Salisbury and Brighton. Four competitors completed the course, the first and winner of the prize was the Frenchman Lieut Jean Louis Conneau, flying under the name of André Beaumont.
1 André Beaumont Blériot XI Completed course - First to return to Brooklands and winner of the £10,000 prize. Although flying as "André Beaumont" he was a Lieutenant Jean Louis Conneau of the French Navy.
2 H.J.D. Astley Universal Aviation Company Birdling monoplane Landed at Irthlingborough due to sickness.
9 Jules Védrines Morane-Borel monoplane Completed course, first to Hendon and was the second to arrive back at Brooklands.
11 G. Blanchet Breguet Type III First stage only completed, damaged aircraft in a forced landing at Streatley. It was repaired but he hit a tree after take off and wrecked the aircraft.
12 Lt. R.A. Cammell, RE Blériot XI First stage only completed, retired after a forced landing east of Wakefield.
13 E. Audemars Blériot XI First stage only completed, retired after two attempts to travel north from Hendon were stopped by fog.
14 James Valentine Deperdussin monoplane Completed course, third to arrive back at Brooklands.
23 Olivier de Montalent Breguet Type III Retired following a forced landing near Wetherby where he broke his propeller.
24 Gustav Hamel Blériot XI Reached Thornhill, north of Dumfries, before he retired.
25 Lt. H.R.P. Reynolds, RE Howard Wright 1910 Biplane Retired after aircraft was damaged at Harrogate.
27 Bentfield Hucks Blackburn Mercury Landed at Barton near Luton with engine problems.
30 Lt. H. Bier Etrich Taube Aircraft damaged in a landing at Codicote near Hatfield after radiator problems. Only aircraft with a passenger Lt. C. Banfield.
The race began at Brooklands on 22 July 1911 with a short 20 mile section to Hendon Aerodrome, only 21 of the 30 competitors started and 19 headed for Hendon of which 17 arrived.
Newcastle to Edinburgh 92 miles, the same five later reached Edinburgh.
Total distance 383 miles with stops at Stirling, Glasgow, Carlisle, and Manchester.
Five started from Edinburgh but only four made it to Bristol, they were all to complete the contest.
Total distance 224 miles with stops at Exeter, Salisbury Plain.
All competitors had to complete the last 40 miles to Brooklands before 19:30 on 5 August 1911. Beaumont was the first to arrive back on 26 July 1911 - 1 hour 10 minutes before his fellow Frenchman Jules Vedrines - he had travelled 1,010 miles in 22 hours 28 min 18 sec. Valentine, arrived back on 4 August 1911 followed the next day by Cody who was the fourth and the last to arrive at Brooklands on 5 August 1911.
Conneau won the £10,000 prize for the first to complete the circuit. He also won the Entente Cordiale prize of 50 guineas (£52.50) from the proprietors of Perrier table water for the first Frenchman to complete the course.
Vedrine, Valentine and Cody all equal shares of prizes from Sir George White, the chairman of the British and Colonial Aeroplane Company (£250 total) and the British Petroleum Company Limited (125 guineas total or £43.75 each) for finishing the course.
Cody won a £50 prize from the Northumberland and Durham Aero Club for the first British machine to arrive in Newcastle.
Valentine received a £50 tea service from the Harrogate Chamber of Trade for the first British aviator to reach Harrogate and a 100 guinea gold cup from the Brighton Hotels Association for the first British aviator to reach Brighton. He also won the Entente Cordiale prize of 50 guineas (£52.50) from the proprietors of Perrier table water for the first Englishman to complete the course.
The 1913 race, offering prize of £5,000, was for floatplanes, which had to be of all-British construction. The course, totalling 1,540 mi (2,480 km) had to be completed within 72 hours, although since no flying was allowed on Sundays this period was in practice a day longer.
Entrants included the Cody Waterplane, the Radley-England Waterplane and the Sopwith Circuit of Britain floatplane. Cody was killed during a test flight of his design on 7 August when his aircraft broke up in flight, and the Sopwith, flown by Harry Hawker with Harry Kauper as passenger, was the only aircraft to start; it retired after being damaged in an emergency landing near Dublin having completed about two-thirds of the course. Hawker was given a prize of £1,000 for his effort.
^ a b c d e ""The "Daily Mail" £10,000 Air Race, Order of Starting". News. The Times (39637). London. 14 July 1911. col F, p. 8.
^ a b c d e f g h i "The Daily Mail Circuit of Great Britain". Flight. 22 July 1911. pp. 626–636.
^ a b c d e "The Daily Mail Circuit of Great Britain". Flight. 29 July 1911. pp. 652–661.
^ a b c d "The "Daily Mail" Air Race Official List Of The Awards". Official Appointments and Notices. The Times (39668). London. 19 August 1911. col G, p. 3.
"A Concise History of Air Racing". Society of Air Racing Historians. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
"The new Daily Mail prizes". Flight. Flight Global. 5 April 1913. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
This page was last edited on 31 December 2018, at 17:01 (UTC).


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Quite symbolically, this ceremony took place one day before the commemoration of Holocaust Remembrance Day in Israel.
On April 27, 2014, the late popes John XXIII and John Paul II were canonized by the incumbent Pope Francis. Quite symbolically, this ceremony took place one day before the commemoration of Holocaust Remembrance Day in Israel.
Quite remarkable is that the fact that Pope Francis happens to be one of the very first members of the Wallenberg Foundation, which he joined at the time he was the Archbishop of Buenos Aires, known as Jorge Mario Bergoglio.
To be sure, the canonization is an internal decision of the Catholic Church and we don't intend to dwell on the complex theological issues surrounding it. Having said so, we would like to take this opportunity to pay tribute to the figure of Pope John XXIII (Angelo Roncalli) who perhaps is less known to the Israeli public than John Paul II, and probably so because he passed away over four decades ago. This fact notwithstanding, we believe that Roncalli deserves our special attention for his unique legacy and for his special relationship to the Jewish people.
BACK IN 1947, before the fateful UN 181 resolution (the partition plan), Moshe Shertok (Sharet) was deeply worried that the Vatican would cast a negative influence upon the Latin American countries who were inclined to favor the partition plan. Shertok instructed Sneh to contact Vatican leaders in order to ask them to refrain from talking the Latin American countries out of their original intention.
Sneh met with Roncalli, and the latter promised him to help to the best of his abilities. In fact, Roncalli arranged a last-minute meeting between Sneh and the then Secretary of State of the Vatican, Cardinal Domenico Tardini, and Roncalli even especially traveled to Rome to be close to Sneh and hear his report of the meeting.
Sneh met Tardini and it turned out that he had managed to convince his interlocutor to refrain from any interference. Eventually, most Latin American states voted for the partition plan, paving the way to the establishment of the State of Israel.
So in this case too, Roncalli showed once more his allegiance to the Jewish people.
Next May 13, the Knesset will hold a special session devoted to Pope John XXIII and we shall be participating, together with our good friends Yair Zaban, Rabbi David Rosen and Professor Dina Porat.
We hope that he will get the recognition he deserves.
* Baruch Tenembaum is the founder and Eduardo Eurnekian the chairman of The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation.


text:
HomeThe origins of the 5 daily Islamic prayers: Jonathan Brown on Tom Holland's "In the Shadow of the Sword"
The origins of the 5 daily Islamic prayers: Jonathan Brown on Tom Holland's "In the Shadow of the Sword"
July 25, 2015 Taha Hadith Studies, Historical Criticism, Refutationscriticism, hadith, Jonathan Brown, origins, Tom Holland
In light of my recent posts and research interests, this could not come more timely: An article written by Jonathan Brown on Holland's ideas on the origins of Islamic ritual practice of the Salaat, or the five daily prayers that Muslims.
Brown is a published scholar on the authenticity of Hadith and other related topics. I highly recommend that those interested in the Islamic historical critical tradition of authenticating and falsifying Hadith start with his book "Hadith: Muhammad's legacy to the Medieval and Modern World".
The article in question:
Tom Holland, the Five Daily Prayers and the Hypocrisy of Revisionism
On a radio show on BBC 4 a couple of weeks ago, Tom Holland raised his claim (made originally in his book In the Shadow of the Sword on the origins of Islam) that the famous five daily prayers in Islam were not originally part of the Prophet Muhammad's teachings. They were actually imported into the religion from Zoroastrianism well after the death of the Prophet Muhammad and after the Muslims had conquered the greater Middle East. Holland sets his story in the environs of the city of Kufa in southern Iraq in the mid eighth century. The Muslim practice of praying five times a day, he argues, resulted from Islam, in effect, imitating Zoroastrian practice. More specifically, Zoroastrian converts to Islam in Kufa brought with them practices such as the five daily prayers from their own religion (Holland, In the Shadow of the Sword, 405).
Holland's evidence for this is an observation supposedly made by Rav Yehudai Gaon, who was the senior Jewish scholar of the Suru rabbinic academy near Kufa from 757 CE until his death in 761. Rav Yehudai is quoted as remarking that Zoroastrian converts to Islam retained some aspect of their previous religion. Holland writes, quoting Rav Yehudai, "The hearts of those mowbeds [Zoroastrian priests] who had 'converted to the religion of the Ishmaelites,' so he reported, were still not entirely clear the trace of their former beliefs, even down to the third generation: 'for part of their religion still remains within them.'"
Holland belongs to a school of historical thought known as revisionism, which criticizes mainstream Western scholarship on early Islamic history for relying too much on historical sources that 1) are written by Muslims, and therefore biased towards Islamic orthodoxy, and 2) postdate the events they describe by many decades or centuries, during which time the 'true' description of events must have been adjusted by the faithful to fit with the orthodox sacred Islamic history that had gelled during the intervening period. So we should not believe that the Muslim scholar Ibn Ishaq's (died 767) famous biography of the Prophet is a historically reliable source for the events of the historical Muhammad's life because 1) Ibn Ishaq was a Muslim writing a sacred history of a figure who had become a fixture in his religious tradition and was not being approached objectively, and 2) Ibn Ishaq was compiling his biography some 140 years after the death of the Prophet. To take Ibn Ishaq as reliable would be like historians a century from now writing the history of the American Civil War based on documents written in 2015 by Americans who all celebrate the victory of the North over the South.
To solve this problem of historical sources, revisionists have proposed relying on non-Muslim sources for the early Islamic period, some of which do date from early on (for example, the writings of the Armenian bishop Sebeos come from the 660's CE) and are not colored by pro-Islam bias.
I could go into a long critique of the revisionist approach here, but that is totally unnecessary. Holland's argument on the point of Muslim prayer is so feeble that one need only hold it to the standards of the revisionist school itself for it to collapse entirely.
1) Why is Holland putting words in Rav's Mouth?:
The first problem with Holland's argument is that Rav Yehudai does not actually mention the daily prayer as an example of Zoroastrian religious influence on Islam. Instead, Holland reaches this conclusion by open speculation. He asks, "What evidence might the rabbi have had for making such a claim?" Well, Zoroastrianism included a five-times-a-day prayer, he notes, so that was probably what Rav Yehudai meant. But speculation is unnecessary, since Rav Yehudai actually said exactly what he meant in the passage Holland cites. His comments about Zoroastrian converts to Islam involves how they tend not to give up drinking wine immediately, sometimes continuing to imbibe into the third generation.
2) How on Earth does Holland think this is a reliable historical source?
Let's just pretend that Rav Yehudai was actually talking about the daily prayer practices of Zoroastrians/Muslims (which, of course, he never mentions at all). And let's just assume that Rav Yehudai was making an accurate, fair observation about the practices around him in southern Iraq in the 750's CE. The writings of Rav Yehudai must be more historically reliable than Muslim ones like Ibn Ishaq, right? What book of Rav Yehudai is Holland citing? Actually, he doesn't cite any work by Rav Yehudai. His endnote cites the Sefer Ha-Eshkol, a work attributed to Rabbi Abraham ben Isaac, a rabbi living in southern France in the twelfth century. Nor does the Sefer Ha-Eshkol cite Rav Yehudai directly. Instead, Rav Yehudai's report about Muslim converts comes via a senior rabbi of the Pumbedita rabbinic academy in Babylon who lived some three hundred years after Rav Yehudai, Rav Hayya Gaon (died 1038 CE).
So, Holland is saying that, in order to overcome the problem of Muslim sources like the biography of the Prophet by Ibn Ishaq, which was compiled in Baghdad a century and a half after Muhammad's career, we should turn to a source written in France five centuries after Muhammad's career? But, Holland might reply, Abraham ben Isaac was drawing on earlier reports and historical works, which we should trust. But this is exactly what Muslim historians like Ibn Ishaq claimed to be doing in their works, and the central criticism made by revisionists like Holland is that we can't just trust that historians are reliably passing on earlier material.
But let us be charitable. Let's assume that during the five centuries between the lives of Rav Yehudai Gaon and Abraham ben Isaac, five centuries of religious polemics and warfare between Christians, Jews and Muslims across the Mediterranean, that Rav Yehudai's observation remained intact to be preserved for us in the Sefer Ha-Eshkol.
The problem is that the Sefer Ha-Eshkol itself is unreliable. As has been discussed for over a century by rabbinic scholars and scholars of Judaic studies, the 1868 Halberstadt edition of the Sefer that Holland relies on was a forgery produced by the famous nineteenth-century Rabbi and literary scholar Zvi Benjamin Auerbach (died 1878). This has led some leading scholars of rabbinic literature to conclude that the book "should not be used for historical purposes."
3) So what sources should we rely on for the origins of the five daily prayers?
Let's indulge revisionist skepticism about historical sources written by Muslims. Let's forget that the story of how and when the Prophet Muhammad instituted the five daily prayers, which Muslim scholars concluded either happened in 617 CE or soon before the Prophet's emigration to Medina 622 CE, was recorded in major Muslim historical collections from the late 700's and early 800's. The earliest attested book in which this story appears in the Muwatta' of Malik bin Anas (died. 796), which was compiled in Medina in the mid to late 700's. Malik includes a report transmitted via a chain of narrators from the Prophet, who said, "Five prayers God has ordained for His servants, and whoever does them without treating them lightly, God has given that person a promise to grant them entrance into the Garden…." (Muwatta': kitab salat al-layl, bab al-amr bi'l-witr). If we indulge in revisionist skepticism and assume that Malik was making up the whole transmission that he claims came from the Prophet, we would still know that, at least during Malik's own lifetime in Medina, there was the clear idea that a core part of Islam was five daily prayers.
And then we could indulge more revisionism and insist on relying on non-Muslim sources. Since Rav Yehudai never mentions the Muslim prayer, why not look at a non-Muslim source that does? We could look at the T'ung tien, a Chinese Tang court work of history and geography that was published in 801 CE. It contains a description of Kufa by a Chinese soldier who was taken prisoner at the Battle of Talas in 751, spent years amongst the Muslims in Iraq and Iran, and returned to China in 762. One of the few observations that this Chinese soldier recalls of Kufa, which was the Abbasid capital at the time (Baghdad not being built until the 760's), was that the Muslims there would pray five times a day.
So between the Muwatta of Malik and the T'ung tien, we know that Muslim communal practice in Medina and Kufa in the mid 700's included the five daily prayers. This despite the fact that the two regions of Medina and Kufa had dramatically different traditions of Islamic law. So both regions must have inherited the prayer practice from a common, earlier practice, and there thus must have been some common origin for the five prayers. This would push the historical attestation for the practice back at least one generation to at least the early 700's, only seventy or so years after the death of the Prophet.
4) When arrogant historians tell us that being critical means ignoring the data
So we have a choice. We can believe Holland's claim, based on an unreliable nineteenth-century forgery of a supposedly twelfth-century work from France quoting an eleventh-century rabbi in Baghdad quoting an eighth century rabbi from near Kufa, that, because Zoroastrian converts to Islam still liked to drink wine, that therefore the Muslim practice of praying five times a day, which, like wine drinking, Zoroastrians also did, must also have been imported into Islam from Zoroastrianism by Zoroastrian converts.
That, or, we can believe, based on historically attested Muslim and non-Muslim sources, which paint a reliable overall picture of Muslim practice in Kufa and Medina decades before Rav Yehudai supposedly made his observation, that the five daily prayers were widely accepted as a core practice of Islam by at least the early 700's, only seventy or so years after the death of the Prophet Muhammad.
Actually, Holland's claim makes even less sense when we remember that the tradition of Islamic law in Kufa, where Holland has all these Zoroastrian practices and five-times-a-day-praying Zoroastrian sleeper converts supposedly influencing Muslims, actually argued for there being SIX required daily prayers (the sixth, the witr prayer, is still considered required in the Hanafi school that originated in Kufa). The Muwatta of Malik, on the other hand, written in Medina where Holland would have us assume that there were many fewer Zoroastrian converts wandering around, rejects the sixth prayer and insists on the supposedly Zoroastrian-based five times.
Brown and Holland were also featured in a recent episode of BBC's "Beyond Belief" podcast, which is what prompted Brown's refutation of Holland's theories. The audio can be accessed here:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06084kv
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Chiastic Structure in Surah Yusuf →
4 thoughts on "The origins of the 5 daily Islamic prayers: Jonathan Brown on Tom Holland's "In the Shadow of the Sword""
ModWestMuse says:
Is it worth reading 'In the Shadow of the Sword', when you have a thousand books on your reading list? I ask this because I've heard it is better than his documentary (which was based on the book). I've seen the documentary – and with respect to him – it was pants. (I haven't got time to waste.) What's your advice?
Taha says:
Not much worth checking out to be honest, especially if you've seen his doco. There are better things to do with your reading time.
Ros lida says:
Again and again both of them are wrong. Read the quran the answer.
zafarsharif says:
Rose lida what you mean by that if you read quran and sunnah you will get on same answer what jonanthan said you just are pathetic read robert hoyland work and also iera response to channel 4:the untold story


Research presented at the ANESTHESIOLOGY™ 2012 annual meeting revealed cigarette smoke adversely affects the developing human airway, especially in prematurity. Fetuses and premature babies exposed to cigarette smoke are at greater risk for developing childhood respiratory diseases, such as asthma.
"Due to their highly immature lungs, premature babies often require high levels of additional oxygen in the neonatal intensive care unit, which can put these babies at higher risk for life-long problems with lung diseases," said study author Elizabeth Vogel, M.D., Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
Additional exposure to second-hand smoke in the home often precipitates further respiratory problems and possible return trip(s) to the ICU.
"By examining human fetal airway cells from gestational ages during which rapid airway and lung growth would normally occur, we hope to understand how the developing airway is particularly susceptible to cigarette smoke with the goal of developing interventions to prevent downstream problems such as asthma and bronchopulmonary dysplasia," said Dr. Vogel.
The human fetal airway smooth muscle cells of deceased 18-20 week human fetuses were exposed to various levels of cigarette smoke. Gel analysis was used to determine changes in caveolae and their proteins, cell proliferation and death. Changes in the level of calcium were examined using fluorescent Ca2+ sensitive dyes and real-time microscopic imaging. Cells exposed to cigarette smoke had increased levels of calcium and caveolar proteins, similar to the effects of inflammation in asthma. Even low levels of cigarette smoke increased markers of cell proliferation, while higher smoke levels caused cell death.
These results indicate that the detrimental effects of cigarette smoke are caused, at least in part, by altered caveolar signaling in developing airway smooth muscle cells. Increased caveolar proteins, calcium and cell proliferation can make the airways thicker and more responsive to bronchoconstrictors, thus increasing airway contractility, making it more difficult for the baby to breathe. Such detrimental changes would be only more problematic in premature babies with an immature respiratory system and weak chest walls.
The authors report future studies will rely on a combination of human cell-based work and appropriate animal models to gain a better understanding of how cigarette smoke influences the developing airway.


This job is difficult and stressful. Some days are amazing, leaving you with a smile on your face. Some days are not. It is those days that the job is not amazing that you may take on the greatest burden. Unfortunately, that burden has created a world where more firefighters, EMTs and law enforcement officers have died at their own hand than they have in the line of duty.
This is where the "Make the Call" campaign comes in. Our goal is to remind first responders and those who know and love them, that it is okay to make the call. It is okay to reach out for help. It is okay to take care of yourself. As part of this campaign the Virginia Office of EMS will provide access to numerous resources to help providers and agencies recognize the signs and symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress and understand the training and resources that are available not just for the first responder, but for the family as well.
Thank you to Hanover County Fire and EMS, Richmond Ambulance Authority, and Norfolk Police Department for their participation in the campaign video.
If you have questions about the campaign or need additional information regarding mental health resources and training please contact Karen Owens, Emergency Operations Manager, at Karen.Owens@vdh.virginia.gov.


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Seamless integration helps Fishbowl Inventory turn QuickBooks into an inventory management powerhouse.
One of QuickBooks' failings, even the higher-end Enterprise versions, is its relatively weak inventory management module. QuickBooks does the job quite well for service-based companies, and companies that drop-ship products to their customers, but it has its limits for manufacturing firms or companies that assemble various pieces to make a complete product.
Several mid-range and high-end accounting software publishers, including Microsoft Dynamics and SAP, have built a business luring manufacturing firms away from QuickBooks. But following that road can be very expensive, especially once your company has more than five employees accessing the accounting system simultaneously.
Enter Fishbowl, which allows companies that use QuickBooks to stick with their familiar program while hyper-charging its inventory management capabilities. Fishbowl Inventory was one of the first software firms to get involved with Intuit's third-party developer program. The program was designed and written to integrate seamlessly with QuickBooks, and it shows. Fishbowl works with the installed software versions of QuickBooks Pro, Premier and Enterprise but does not work with the Web-based versions of those titles.
Among the functions that Fishbowl performs, which you won't find in QuickBooks, are unlimited locations, serial numbers, expiration dates and product assembly. If you're considering ditching QuickBooks because it isn't doing the job for your company's inventory management, download the trial version of Fishbowl and play with it for a couple of weeks. If Fishbowl doesn't have the juice you need, then look around for the $100,000 or more you'll need to switch to a mid- or high-range accounting system.
Fishbowl, when introduced to an existing QuickBooks installation, pulls in as much data as it can, such as a current parts list, customers list, vendors and charts of accounts. If the existing data set is messy or difficult for Fishbowl to read and utilize, the company recommends that you export the QuickBooks data to Excel, clean it up and then import it to Fishbowl. Kirk Tanner, Fishbowl's chief marketing officer, tells us that many new Fishbowl customers purchase both products at the same time.
Once installed, Fishbowl becomes the front-end to QuickBooks. You end up running all the product-oriented functions, such as purchase orders, receiving product into inventory, assembly, order entry, shipping and returns in Fishbowl. Essentially any function that touches on a physical item that a company handles takes place in Fishbowl. Statements, payroll, financial reports, checks and general ledger adjustments take place within QuickBooks.
Fishbowl updates the various inventory management functions in real time. Financial data that affects a company's general ledger balances gets exported to QuickBooks based on your preferences; most Fishbowl customers have that set up to run at the end of the business day.
You can add or enter any record that affects an inventory item, from a customer, vendor or individual part from Fishbowl. Each functional area has a "New" button in the top left-hand corner that lets you enter the necessary information for a new record. These records get synced up with QuickBooks when you run your export.
One feature that makes Fishbowl extremely flexible is the capability to create custom fields, so you can tweak the program to work according to your particular needs. These custom fields can be searchable, making it easier for you to locate an item. You can set up inventory fields with certain constraints, such as color or size that display in drop-down menus when you're working with that item.
Fishbowl lets you define an item's location, which really extends QuickBooks' functionality. You can define an item's location in a wide variety of ways, from a warehouse to an individual bin. You can even pinpoint an item as "in transit." It's possible to group locations and also supply more detail, such as a shelf or bin number. The part details can also include lot number, serial number and expiration date. Fishbowl tracks the history of everything that happens to an individual item while it's in your control, from its initial purchase from a supplier through assembly and sale.
Costing an item in inventory is another tricky proposition. QuickBooks is set up to provide average costing, but Fishbowl gives you the option of four different costing methods: FIFO (first in, first out), LIFO (last in, first out), average and standard costing.
You can apply specific pricing rules, with extremely flexible conditions, to each item that you sell.
Tracking the life cycle of an item in inventory illustrates Fishbowl's capabilities, starting with the Purchasing module, where you generate a purchase order for an item you want to stock. Once a purchase order is issued, Fishbowl starts to track the item, and it shows up as "On Order." When the item is received, Fishbowl's Receiving module generates a receipt report for export to QuickBooks, where the vendor's invoice is paid.
When selling, you can create an estimate as you're building the order. Fishbowl lets you search your inventory database by location, item, or any of your customized fields. The program includes a Product Tree, which shows all products grouped by item type. After you enter an order, it is sent to Picking where you can generate a list of where the items you've sold are currently located.
The shipping module integrates with UPS and FedEx software, which holds the tracking numbers in the system. At the point the order ships, it's marked Fulfilled. Fishbowl then updates the sales order and creates an invoice that is sent to QuickBooks. You can accept a customer's payment within Fishbowl or QuickBooks.
On the manufacturing side, Fishbowl has a slick Bill of Materials feature, which works with sub-assemblies if you need that kind of detail. You can put labor costs and overhead on the Bill of Materials so that it reflects the correct costs. You can set up a standard assembly or a build-to-order assembly; the BOM module calculates the estimated cost to build a particular item.
When entering a bill of materials, you also enter the date the item is expected to be completed, which lets you run a report showing what is expected on specific dates. BOM also lets you set up stages for building an item or process flow, which is a feature typically found on much more expensive systems.
Click "Finish" when job is done, and you're prompted to enter the location for the completed items. At this point, you will fill in the serial numbers if the completed item requires it.
Pricing ranges from $1,895 for a single user to $31,995 for 40. Fishbowl also includes a point-of-sale module. The only add-on you might need is Fishbowl's Mobile Bar Coding software, which is $1,595.


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State's 'export double' vision
Nathan Guy
PRIMARY INDUSTRIES minister Nathan Guy aims to double the value of exports by 2025.
In a speech yesterday to industry leaders in Wellington Guy noted the export double goal was an ambitious but achievable target. It will require export growth of around 5% a year.
"This target is based on 2012 export figures of $32 billion for the primary sector, with the aim of raising this to $64 billion by 2025," he says.
Guy highlighted three key challenges and opportunities that were necessary in achieving this goal.
Increasing competitiveness through improved collaboration and trade was key along with using science, research and innovation to add value to products.
"Protecting the value of our products is just as important through industry earning its 'social licence.' This means producing our products sustainably, bringing the community with us, and earning their respect and understanding," says Guy.
"Environmental sustainability is no longer a 'nice to have' - it's a necessity for the New Zealand public and our global consumers."
Lastly, Guy highlighted the growing need for skilled workers in the industry.
"We need to attract the best people into the primary industries. Industry and Government need to start working closely together because we are facing a skills shortage in the future."
Guy challenged members of the programme to report back to him in February with the three biggest obstacles and opportunities their industries had in reaching the export double target, and how the Government can help overcome these.
NAIT 'given the finger' – Minister
Primary industry "gave the finger" to attempts to overhaul the original NAIT scheme, Biosecurity Minister Damien O'Connor says.
Meat and dairy beat out forestry
Export lamb and beef prices reached new highs in the September 2019 quarter, while forestry products fell sharply.
Hort export figures challenged
Horticulture's export revenue growth is likely to be about 10% in the current financial year – not the 3.8% forecast by the Ministry for Primary Industries.
15 years of growth
Back in 2004 when Chris Yorke sent out his first New Zealand Winegrower press release, New Zealand wine had reached $300 million worth of exports. His final press release before leaving NZW, announced our wine exports had reached $1.8 billion.
US exports soar
US dairy exporters keep finding new markets for cheese and dairy ingredients despite facing trade tensions.


It's not just about fast and instant living as a instant hot water dispenser has a huge amount of other fabulous advantages. Frist, it is enviably stylish. Rather than the now cumbersome kettle. And its wire cluttering up your kitchen surfaces. Instant hot water dispenser is sleek and chic, kept out of the way and a welcome addition to your sink. These taps are more energy efficient which means that for the eco-friendly among you. And they are the perfect accompaniment to your kitchen. Rather than boiling and re-boiling a kettle, it's all there for you at the touch of a button. So no wasted electricity.


At a chilly Oriel Park Dundalk produced another battling display to grab a point against Cork City in a lacklustre encounter on Friday night. In a poor game, Ian Turner gave the visitors the lead on 21 minutes, capitalising on mistakes in the Dundalk defence, only for Gary Shanahan to give Dundalk a deserved share of the spoils when he calmly fired home from six yards on the hour mark.
It was the home side who started the brighter, as Michael Rafter got in amongst the Cork defence but found himself crowded out. Rafter did get a shot away when he struck from 25 yards but his effort was saved with ease by Mark McNulty. At the other end Turner hit a free-kick wide from 25 yards after 15 minutes before the right-sided player gave the Leesiders the lead for the second consecutive away game, after giving Cork the lead in Sligo a fortnight previous.
Some good pressure from the visitors resulted in Davin O'Neill playing a harmless ball over the top which wasn't dealt with by the Dundalk defence and Turner got in behind to fire past Peter Cherrie.
The Lilywhites almost hit back immediately when Mark O'Brien hit a good shot but Leesiders 'keeper McNulty was equal to it.
Nathan Murphy then had a free-kick saved by McNulty on the half hour mark before Gary Shanahan had a header cleared off the line from the resulting corner. Cork remained a threat however and Turner almost turned provider when he crossed for Daryl Horgan but he couldn't get his effort on target. Rafter then once again tried his look from distance but was well off target.
The visitors almost made it two at the beginning of the second half when Turner's volley from 25 yards went narrowly wide of the post. Dundalk then had a great chance to level when Murphy crossed and found Griffin but his shot from 12 yards went just wide of McNulty's right hand upright.
Chris Shields was the next to threaten on 55 minutes when Paul Walsh crossed for Rafter, he laid it off to Shields but his shot was deflected and saved by McNulty.
But Dundalk finally equalised on the hour mark. A pin-point ball from substitute and debutant Lorcan Shannon, found the on-rushing Shanahan in behind the away defence and coolly finished to the net past McNulty.
City began to dominate after the goal but struggled to create anything of note. The odd shot here and there was all they could muster, though the hosts defended stoutly. As the game passed, no one really created anything.
Dundalk finished very strongly but in injury time they were lucky not to have conceded a penalty when Philip McCabe brought down Turner inside the area only for referee Damien Hancock to amazingly wave away the visitors' claims.
Dundalk: Peter Cherrie; Ben McLaughlin, Derek Foran, Paul Whelan, Nathan Murphy (Philip McCabe 76); Paul Walsh (Lorcan Shannon 58), Chris Shields, Mark O'Brien (Stephen McDonnell 69); Michael Rafter, Mark Griffin, Gary Shanahan.
Subs not used: Finnian Farrelly, William Woods, Bob McKenna,Chris Reilly.
Cork City: Mark McNulty; Neal Horgan, Dan Murray, Kevin Murray, Danny Murphy; Ian Turner, John Dunleavy, Shane Duggan, Daryl Horgan (Gearóid Morrissey 78); Vinny Sullivan (Andy O'Connell 84), Davin O'Neill (Stephen Kenny 72).
Subs not used: Paul White, Gavin Kavanagh, Kalen Spillane, Garry Buckley.
Extratime.ie man of the match: Derek Foran. Outstanding all evening and still gave his all when injured.


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Home » GAMING » The Game Awards 2021: Kill The Justice League Gameplay Reveal
The Game Awards 2021: Kill The Justice League Gameplay Reveal
BY Taylor Bauer December 10, 2021December 16, 2021
A new gameplay trailer for Suicide Squad Kill the Justice League debuted at The Game Awards 2021 and things are looking really great. We already know people want to play this game. I think about it at least once a week. Given the success of the Batman: Arkham games, Rocksteady and WB Games have a lot to live up to. That said, everything they show us looks amazing. I think there's a good chance the studio recaptures its magic from other DC titles. If you're looking forward to the game, then you'll definitely want to see what the gameplay reveal showed off.
A Look at Gameplay for Kill The Justice League from The Game Awards 2021
Image Credit: Rocksteady Games
At The Game Awards 2021, Rocksteady and WB Games presented a gameplay trailer for Suicide Squad Kill the Justice League. In the trailer, we see a bit of what to expect in terms of combat for the playable villains. Well, that is, villains who turn into good guys and gals. You know how the whole Suicide Squad thing works, especially if you saw The Suicide Squad earlier this year.
Before this reveal, we knew from earlier Kill The Justice League footage that Harley Quinn, Deadshot, Captain Boomerang, and King Shark would be comprising Task Force X. We see Captain Boomerang featured with incredible speed in the trailer. Likewise, Deadshot's jetpack mobility and King Shark's massive strength offer varying gameplay facets. Of course, Harley's incredible combat skills are on full display as well. Really, the game looks fantastic. We even see one of the heroes who turn evil in the game in this latest trailer: The Flash. Much like the upcoming Flash movie, we're clearly working within multiverse territory here.
Other rumored characters who will show up include many members of the Justice League. Batman, Wonder Woman, and Green Lantern definitely make an appearance. Likewise, The Penguin will play a role in the chaos. No, this isn't Colin Farrell's Penguin, but who doesn't love as much Cobblepot as they can handle? I know I can't have enough of that terrifying little man.
If you're excited about Suicide Squad Kill the Justice League after seeing gameplay at The Game Awards 2021, then let us know in the comments. The game is set to release sometime in 2022, but no release date is available now. Thanks for reading Comic Years for all things gaming, comics, and pop culture.
Featured Image Credit: Rocksteady Games
DC ComicsGAMING
Taylor loves to play video games in his spare time. He has two degrees in Political Communication and wrote his thesis on Marxism and the exploitation of college athletes. In his spare time, he loves spending time with his wife and two Toy Australian Shepherds. He's always got headphones in, and he's a diehard Cubs fan.
DC Comics March Release Radar for Avid Fans
DC has been on a roll with some of its more popular IPs. The Justice League series from Scott Snyder and Jorge Jimenez has a great finish to its current storyline ready. A long form […]