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TCW, Gundlach settle all claims
The two-year legal dispute between TCW Group Inc. and its former star money manager, Jeffrey Gundlach, is over.
Thursday night, representatives of TCW, Mr. Gundlach and his asset management firm, DoubleLine Capital LP, announced in separate statements that they had settled all claims in what had become one of the nastiest and most protracted legal battles in asset management history.
The terms of the settlement are confidential.
Peter Viles, a TCW spokesman, said in a statement: "We are pleased that an agreement has been reached and that this matter is now behind us." He would not comment further. Tony Knight, a spokesman for DoubleLine, also would not comment beyond the firm's announcement of the settlement.
The settlement comes about a month before California Superior Court Judge Carl West was to rule on the amount of damages to be paid by Mr. Gundlach and DoubleLine to TCW. A jury on Sept. 16 had found that Mr. Gundlach and DoubleLine were liable for stealing trade secrets from TCW.
TCW Group had been seeking $81.7 million in "reasonable royalties," for the taking of the trade secrets, but an expert witness for DoubleLine had estimated the value to be as low as $2.3 million during a post-trial hearing.
TCW fired Mr. Gundlach in December 2009, accusing him and key associates of stealing millions of documents and data to help start DoubleLine. Mr. Gundlach insisted throughout the six-week trial that began in late July that it was TCW executives who had plotted to get rid of him and to deprive him and his team of at least $500 million in back wages and compensation.
While Mr. Gundlach and his associates did not deny at the trial that trade secrets were taken, they insisted they were never used by DoubleLine.
The jury ended up awarding Mr. Gundlach and the three other defendants a combined $66.7 million for unpaid wages.
It is not known if those back wages will be paid under the terms of the settlement or whether TCW will receive any money from its trade secrets claim.
The trial jury in Los Angeles also found that Mr. Gundlach had breached his fiduciary duty to TCW and interfered with the company's contractual relationships, but awarded no damages on those charges.
Sources said part of the rationale for a settlement was to stop the tens of millions of dollars of legal costs that both sides had accumulated, noting that appeals could have continued the case through 2012 and 2013.
Gundlach wins pay claim but liable for stealing TCW trade secrets
TCW-Gundlach trial a $35 million 'grudge match'
TCW argues it should get $82 million from Gundlach
DoubleLine disputes trade-secret royalties owed to TCW
Settlement brings dawn of new day for TCW, DoubleLine
St. Louis Public School pension fund taps TCW for growth equities
Carlyle-TCW deal announcement could come soon
Former TCW executive sues firm alleging she was fired after filing sexual haras…
BNY Mellon's AUM up 5.4% for quarter, 10.1% for year
BlackRock's Larry Fink pushes CEOs to participate in net-zero
J.P. Morgan assets under management soar to record in 2021


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hillary & wal-mart: a match made in…
from new york times: Mrs. Clinton's six-year tenure as a director of Wal-Mart, the nation's largest company, remains a little known chapter in her closely scrutinized career. And it is little known for a reason. Mrs. Clinton rarely, if ever, discusses it, leaving her board membership out of her speeches and off her campaign Web site.
Fellow board members and company executives, who have not spoken publicly about her role at Wal-Mart, say Mrs. Clinton used her position to champion personal causes, like the need for more women in management and a comprehensive environmental program, despite being Wal-Mart's only female director, the youngest and arguably the least experienced in business. On other topics, like Wal-Mart's vehement anti-unionism, for example, she was largely silent, they said.
Her years on the Wal-Mart board, from 1986 to 1992, gave her an unusual tutorial in the ways of American business - a credential that could serve as an antidote to Republican efforts to portray her as an enemy of free markets and an advocate for big government.
TAGS: hillary, presidential election, wal-mart
#PumpUpThaVolume: April 27, 2017

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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J,,i, iU,ii K -Ml Fig. 17. Mass spectrum of epibrassinolide bismethaneboronate (EI, 70 eV). A substituent at C-24 (alkyl or alkenyl) greatly influences the character of the fragmentation. For saturated BS the most characteristic are peaks resulting from cleavage of the C-23 - C-24, C-20 - C-22, and C-17 - C-20 bonds (Ikekawa et ai, 1984; Takatsuto, 1994a). Thefragmentions for tetrahydroxy lactones at m/z 457 and for tetrahydroxy ketone derivatives at m/z 441 are the result of C-23 C-24-fission (Scheme 4).
Along with ions corresponding to cleavage of carbon - carbon of bond [M-X]^, appropriate ions caused by one-, two-, and three-step dehydrations [M-X-nH20]^ are formed. Usually in mass spectra of steroids there are also [M-X-CHs]^ peaks, formed as result of the loss of one of the angular methyl groups. An example of an EI mass spectrum of a BS is shown in Fig. 16. The spectrum of epibrassinolide shows a hardly distinguishable molecular ion peak and also the appropriate dehydration peaks. The peaks appropriate to cleavage of the C-24 - C-25 bond are also of a low intensity.
1983). The difference in chemical shifts of the 26- and 27-methyl groups demonstrates the rigidity of the steroidal side chain - even the rotation around the C-24 - C-25 bond is restricted. The signal of the 29-Me can be * NMR spectra in CDCI3 are discussed, if not indicated otherwise. 5 Hz. 1 Hz. 0, with the signals of most of the methine and methylene protons, is excessively overcrowded. ^H-^H COSY 2D NMR offers a method for a detailed analysis of this region (Porzel et aL, 1992; Ando et al, 1993; Adam et al, 1996b).


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TRACK TUESDAY - CUTTIN IT CLOSE (REGGIE RARE)
Aloha OTDHipHop fam!
As always, thank you for supporting the platform and all of the artists in our network. We are back to our regular weekly schedule, as shown below. We are also implementing an updated "review sheet" that we send as additional feedback directly to the artist, created by SmartRapper.Com. Feel free to check out their content as well! Today, we have a dope submission from Reggie Rare, an up and coming independent artist in the Los Angeles area. For this week's #TrackTuesday, we've reviewed his new song and visual "Cuttin It Close."
Off top, the music video is what really stands out. The concept is simple yet eye-catching, with the artist entering a video production studio and onto a green screen. The whole video is shot using the green screen, which allows for full-screen backdrops from hip hop, 90s, and sports cultures. Lots of different colors, scenes, and transitions make the whole song and visual a cool experience. I would say that the visual slightly distracts me from listening to the music and lyrics; but vibing to the written content, Reggie Rare definitely has bars and a lit vibe. I like that he talks about his come-up and different struggles and accomplishments that he's made in his career. His aesthetic and outfit are fresh as well. The beat is also an interesting choice; it has a boom bap baseline with other trumpets and instruments that enhance the sound.
Reggie Cayless (aka Reggie Rare) is an independent hip hop artist from Palmdale, CA. His latest mixtape is called Under My Circumstances. He has released 3 mixtapes and has 1 more dropping by the end of June, along with another brand new music video. He has also performed in Los Angeles, New York City, and Atlanta. In addition to music, he is the co-owner for The Fudge clothing brand.
For more on Reggie Rare, subscribe to his Youtube channel or follow him on Soundcloud.
For booking/inquiries, contact thereggierare@gmail.com
Artists interested in booking an interview or submitting your music for review/promo,
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With one swing of the bat, the Grand Valley State University baseball team made a resounding statement that led to an outright conference championship.
Top-seeded GVSU began the 2014 GLIAC Tournament in Xenia, Ohio by racking up 29 runs in a pair of victories over Ashland University and Tiffin University, but found itself clinging to a 3-2 lead in the bottom of the seventh inning on Saturday against Lake Erie College — a team that went 3-0 against GVSU in the regular season.
Senior first baseman Giancarlo Brugnoni — who entered the game needing just one home run to break the GLIAC career record set by GVSU coach Jamie Detillion, who hit 47 at Ashland from 1997-2000 — stepped to the batter's box with two on, two outs, a 2-0 count and too much experience to let a fastball over the outer part of the plate zoom by him.
It was certainly a big moment for Brugnoni.
Not because the team-oriented slugger inked his name into the GLIAC record book, but because it helped the Lakers push their winning streak to 12 games, a streak that began in mid-April after the team was swept by Lake Erie in Painesville, Ohio.
The three-run blast to right field simultaneously gave Brugnoni the record, Detillion a reason to rest senior starter Sean Clancy — who moved to 8-0 on the year after giving up just six hits — and sophomore pitcher Patrick Kelly more than enough breathing room to secure the win with a pair of shutout innings.
"I was extremely excited — one of the most emotional home runs of my career," said Brugnoni, the 2014 GLIAC Player of the Year. "Not because of the record, but because Lake Erie swept us earlier this season. That might have been one of the only times we've been swept in my career — it was a bad trip for our team — but when I was rounding second I realized it was a record-breaking home run, too.
The coaches and players weren't done yet, however, as the double-elimination format gave Lake Erie a chance to storm Saginaw Valley State University 13-3 in the nightcap — meaning the Lakers would have to weather the Storm once again in order to obtain the conference title on Sunday.
The Lakers, who had 11 different players garner All-GLIAC honors on Wednesday, showed they are much more than a one-man show offensively — and a group of juniors proved it early on.
After starter Kevin Hallberg pitched a scoreless first inning, center fielder Mike Nadratowski provided a lead-off single which seemingly sparked the Laker bats. Right fielder Jamie Potts followed it up with a four-pitch walk, then second baseman Kevin Zak hit an RBI single to left before Brugnoni notched an RBI single of his own to make it a 3-0 game.
The offense was just getting started.
Zak blasted a three-run roundtripper over the left-field wall in the bottom of the second inning to make it a 6-0 contest, then Brugnoni deposited another solo shot to center as GVSU took a 7-2 lead.
Seven Lakers provided at least one hit in the 10-2 victory while four different pitchers — Hallberg, senior Dan Saier (W, 3-1), junior Evan Nietfeldt and senior closer Chris Ripple — combined to give up just four hits and one earned run.
Brugnoni finished with 10 RBIs, eight hits and three homers in the four-game stretch on his way to being tabbed as the tournament MVP. He, Zak, Nadratowski, senior shortstop Stuart Eisler and junior starter Aaron Jensen were named to the GLIACAll-Tournament Team.
No. 17 GVSU, the No. 2 seed in the NCAA Division II Midwest Regional Tournament, will square off against a familiar foe — fifth-seeded Lake Erie — at noon on Thursday at the University of Southern Indiana Baseball Field in Evansville, Ind.


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Agustín Oliveros, né le  à Montevideo en Uruguay, est un footballeur international uruguayen qui évolue au poste d'arrière gauche au Club Necaxa.

Biographie

En club
Natif de Montevideo en Uruguay, Agustín Oliveros est formé par l'un des clubs de la capitale, le Racing Club de Montevideo. Il débute en professionnel le , en championnat, contre le Club Atlético Peñarol. Ce jour-là, il est titulaire en défense centrale, et son équipe réalise un match nul (1-1).

Il inscrit son premier but en championnat le 5 décembre 2019, lors de la réception du Plazia Colonia (victoire 3-2).

Alors qu'il est notamment suivit par le Club Atlético Peñarol, Oliveros s'engage avec le Club Nacional le .

En décembre 2020, il atteint avec cette équipe les quarts de finale de la Copa Libertadores, en étant battu par le CA River Plate.

En équipe nationale
Le , il figure pour la première fois sur le banc des remplaçants de l'équipe nationale A, mais sans entrer en jeu, lors d'une rencontre face au Chili. Ce match gagné 2-1 rentre dans le cadre des éliminatoires du mondial 2022. Le , Agustín Oliveros honore finalement sa première sélection avec l'équipe nationale d'Uruguay, lors d'un match face au Brésil. Il est titulaire au poste d'arrière gauche et prend part à l'intégralité de cette rencontre perdue par son équipe (0-2, éliminatoires du mondial).

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur international uruguayen
Joueur du Racing Club de Montevideo
Joueur du Club Nacional de Football
Joueur du Club Necaxa
Naissance en août 1998
Naissance à Montevideo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The original story can be found at http://bpnews.net/51243/former-baptist-leader-charged-with-sexual-assault
Former Baptist leader charged with sexual assault
by David Roach, posted Tuesday, July 10, 2018 (one year ago)
Tags: Mark Aderholtsexual assault
Tarrant County Sheriff's Office photo
FORT WORTH, Texas (BP) -- Mark Aderholt, a former employee of the South Carolina Baptist Convention and International Mission Board missionary, has been charged in Texas with sexually assaulting a teenager 21 years ago.
Aderholt, 46, was arrested July 3 in South Carolina and booked into the Tarrant County, Texas, jail July 9 on charges of sexual assault of a child under 17, the Fort Worth Star-Telegram reported. He was released today (July 10) on bond.
The offense allegedly occurred in Arlington, Texas, in 1997, according to the Star-Telegram, and is punishable by up to 20 years in prison. An Arlington police spokeswoman told the Star-Telegram she could not release additional information about the case.
Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary confirmed to Baptist Press that Aderholt was a student at the seminary when the crime allegedly was committed. He graduated in 2000 with a master of divinity degree.
The South Carolina Baptist Convention (SCBC) released a statement June 19 announcing Aderholt had resigned after a year and a half as the convention's associate executive director and chief strategist and that SCBC executive director Gary Hollingsworth received the resignation with "a heavy heart." The initial statement did not, however, give a reason for the resignation.
After the Star-Telegram reported Aderholt's arrest, Hollingsworth said in a statement released to BP, "In light of recent news related to Mr. Aderholt, our hearts are grieved and our prayers are with everyone involved." Hollingsworth told South Carolina's Baptist Courier newsjournal, "Our hearts are grieved, but we are trusting the authorities."
The IMB told BP Aderholt served with the board from 2000-2008. The IMB learned about the charges against him from the Star-Telegram's July 9 report, IMB spokesperson Julie McGowan said, adding, "It is our policy to cooperate with criminal investigations."
In 2000, BP reported Aderholt and his wife Kristie had been appointed as new missionaries to the Central and Eastern Europe region.
McGowan said in written comments that "IMB has a zero-tolerance policy against sexual misconduct that is shared with all personnel. If anyone has knowledge of a case involving sexual misconduct, we strongly encourage them to come forward, and we provide multiple avenues for them to report. When we are informed of possible cases of sexual misconduct of any kind, we investigate those situations immediately and, if warranted, take the appropriate action to report it to local authorities and remove individuals from IMB employment.
"IMB has a process by which any church, SBC entity or other employer can request information on former personnel they're looking to hire by contacting us at references@imb.org," McGowan said. "Details of how we seek to cooperate with our partners in this resource can be found at (imb.org/for-churches/abuse-harassment/), along with IMB's statement on our zero-tolerance policy toward sexual harassment and abuse. We actively encourage all churches -- and any potential employers of former IMB personnel -- to utilize this resource."
Mark Aderholt pleads guilty in sex assault case
Former Baptist leader indicted for sexual assault
IMB's Platt initiates sexual abuse investigations
IMB, ex-missionary's accuser differ over abuse response
UPDATE: Former Baptist leader charged with sexual assault


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Enforcing Trade Commitments
Strengthening Labor Standards
Combating Child Labor, Forced Labor, and Human Trafficking
Middle East and Northern Africa
Child Labor and Forced Labor Reports
Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor
List of Goods Produced By Child Labor or Forced Labor
List of Products Produced by Forced or Indentured Child Labor
What Are Workers' Rights?
Mission & Offices
Careers at ILAB
ILAB Diversity and Inclusion Statement
International Child Labor & Forced Labor Reports
Select Country Select Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Anguilla Argentina Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Chile Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the (DRC) Congo, Republic of the Cook Islands Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Fiji Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras India Indonesia Iraq Jamaica Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo Kyrgyz Republic Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island North Macedonia Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Russia Rwanda Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha Samoa Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sri Lanka St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname São Tomé and Príncipe Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Wallis and Futuna West Bank and the Gaza Strip Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe
Flowers (Poppies)
2019 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor:
No Advancement – Efforts Made But Complicit in Forced Child Labor
In 2019, Afghanistan is receiving an assessment of no advancement. Despite initiatives to address child labor, Afghanistan is receiving an assessment of no advancement because government officials, particularly officers of the Afghan Local Police and Afghan National Police, were complicit in the use of commercial sexual exploitation of boys through the practice of bacha bazi, a practice that remains widespread throughout the country. The government failed to prosecute any government officials in bacha bazi cases in 2019, but convicted two civilians and indicted at least four others. During the reporting period, media reported allegations by human rights activists that at least 165 boys were sexually exploited at three public high schools in Logar Province, with the perpetrators video recording some of the acts for blackmail purposes. The activists' research found evidence of involvement of dozens of educators, including teachers and principals. At the end of 2019, government investigators reported that while they uncovered evidence of child sexual assault in Logar, they had found no link between the abuse and educators in the Logar public school system. Two human rights activists who exposed the Logar network, however, were detained by the National Directorate of Security, physically mistreated, and subsequently fled the country with their families after receiving death threats. Although the government failed to prosecute Afghan Local Police or Afghan National Police officers implicated in bacha bazi crimes, it took a number of steps to combat bacha bazi and other forms of child labor and child trafficking, including establishing a National Child Protection Commission. However, children in Afghanistan engage in the worst forms of child labor, including in armed conflict and forced labor in the production of bricks and carpets, each sometimes the result of human trafficking. Afghanistan's labor inspectorate is not authorized to impose penalties for child labor violations, and the government lacks sufficient programs to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. In addition, Afghan law does not sufficiently criminalize forced labor, debt bondage, or commercial sexual exploitation of girls.
I. Prevalence and Sectoral Distribution of Child Labor
Children in Afghanistan engage in the worst forms of child labor, including in armed conflict and forced labor in the production of bricks and carpets, each sometimes the result of human trafficking. (1-5) Table 1 provides key indicators on children's work and education in Afghanistan.
Table 1. Statistics on Children's Work and Education
Working (% and population)
Attending School (%)
Combining Work and School (%)
Primary Completion Rate (%)
Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2018, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2020. (6)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization's analysis of statistics from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 4 (MICS 4), 2010-2011. (7)
Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.
Table 2. Overview of Children's Work by Sector and Activity
Sector/Industry
Farming, including harvesting poppies (5,8-12)
Herding (5,9,11-13)
Carpet weaving† (5,9,13-15)
Construction, including gravelling, paving, and painting (5,9,12,13,16,17)
Coal, gold, and salt mining† (18-22)
Brickmaking (5,12-14,23,24)
Working in metal workshops, including in the production of doors, windows, and water tanks (12,14,25,26)
Working as tinsmiths and welders† (12,13,15)
Domestic work (11,15,27,28)
Transporting water and goods, including across international borders (9,29)
Street work, including peddling, vending, shoe shining, carrying goods, and begging (9,12,15,30,31)
Collecting garbage† (12,15,16,30,32)
Washing cars (9,12,13)
Selling goods in stores (12,13,25)
Collecting and selling firewood (9,12,29,33)
Repairing automobiles (12,16,34)
Tailoring in garment workshops (12,24)
Pushing loads on a wheelbarrow (krachiwani) (12,13,35)
Working as waiters in restaurants (12,13,36)
Categorical Worst Forms of Child Labor‡
Recruitment of children by non-state armed groups for use in armed conflict (37,38)
Forced recruitment of children by state armed groups for use in armed conflict (38)
Use in illicit activities, including in the production and trafficking of drugs, and pickpocketing (4,5,12,26,30,36,39-42)
Domestic work as a result of human trafficking (4,27)
Commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (4,12,43-46)
Forced labor in begging and in the production of bricks and carpets, and for use as assistant truck drivers, each sometimes as a result of human trafficking (1,2,4,14,15,26,36,47-49)
† Determined by national law or regulation as hazardous and, as such, relevant to Article 3(d) of ILO C. 182.
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.
Boys across the country are subject to commercial sexual exploitation through the practice of bacha bazi, which typically entails keeping a male or transgendered child for the purpose of sexual gratification. Although bacha bazi is illegal, it is defended by some as a cultural practice. The perpetrators include police commanders, military members, tribal leaders, warlords, members of organized crime groups, clergy, and other men, typically with some authority or financial influence, who conspire to make boys available for sex. (50,51) In some cases, these boys may also be forced to serve tea or dance at parties. (52,53) According to the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC), the practice exists in all provinces of the country. (4,54,55) Orphans, runaways, school dropouts, and other marginalized youth are particularly at risk. Some boys are often sold into the practice by their families, while others are abducted from the street, including by police officers. (44,45,55) Members of the Afghan National Police, the Afghan Local Police, the Afghan National Army, and the Afghan Border Police, especially checkpoint commanders, exploit boys for bacha bazi. (57) Some victims are boys who work for government officials as tea servers or errand boys, but are also subjected to rape or other forms of sexual assault. (4,36,44,45,47,50,54-56) NGOs reported that Afghan security forces and pro-government militias—some of whom may have received direct financial support from the government—recruited boys specifically for use in bacha bazi. (4)
Minors complained that some teachers and principals pressured them to perform commercial sex acts to pass exams; physical evidence to support such claims, including audio and video recordings, came to light during the reporting period. (4) According to media and NGO reports, many of these cases went unreported or were referred to traditional mediation, which often allowed perpetrators to re-offend. Cases were further under-reported because the stigma associated with these crimes prevented the vast majority of child victims from bringing cases forward to law enforcement or seeking care. Some child victims also reported authorities forced them to have sex in exchange for pursuing their cases, or raped them and sent them to detention centers when they tried to report their abusers. (57)
In November 2019, media outlets reported at least 165 cases of the sexual abuse of boys at 3 schools by teachers, school managers, and local authorities in Logar Province. (42,52,53,58) Numerous videos of these sexual assaults were posted on social media. (42) Some boys were banished by their families, while families of other boys fled the region. (42,52) Two human rights activists who had researched the Logar abuse and made some of their findings public were taken into custody by the National Directorate of Security and released only after making video statements under duress in which they stated that their investigation and reporting had been incomplete and incorrect. (52,53,59,60) The activists subsequently received death threats and fled Afghanistan. (61)
Afghan children are victims of human trafficking both domestically and internationally. Some Afghan nationals overseas have subjected Afghan boys to bacha bazi in, for example, Germany, Hungary, North Macedonia, and Serbia. (62) Furthermore, Afghan boys are used for forced labor in agriculture and construction abroad, and girls are used for commercial sexual exploitation and domestic work in destination countries, primarily Iran and Pakistan. (4) In Afghanistan, children were subjected to human trafficking to settle their family's debt, sometimes as a result of their parents' drug addiction, by being forced to produce bricks and illicit drugs. (2,4,37) Many Afghan girls are subjected to forced marriage in exchange for money for their families. (63) In addition, traffickers in Iran exploit Afghan children in forced labor as beggars and street vendors and forced criminality, including drug trafficking and smuggling of fuel and tobacco. (4) There were widespread reports of child laborers being subjected to sexual violence within Afghanistan. (12,13,16,30) Girls from Iran, Pakistan, and China were subject of human trafficking to Afghanistan for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation. (63)
Widespread violence and lack of economic opportunities lead some Afghan children to leave Afghanistan. (64,68) Some children went to Iran specifically to engage in child labor. (69,70) According to the UN, some Afghan refugee children in Iran engaged in child labor and did not attend school. (27) The Iranian government and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps continued to coerce Afghan children as young as age 12 to fight in Iranian-led and -funded Shia militias deployed to Syria by threatening them with arrest and deportation to Afghanistan. (4) Boys, especially those traveling unaccompanied, were particularly vulnerable to human trafficking. (47,70,71) Some Afghan boys were subjected to commercial sexual exploitation in Greece after paying high fees to be smuggled into the country. (4,47,71)
Armed groups and Afghan police recruited children for engagement in combat and security operations, including 58 by the Taliban, 3 by the Afghan National Police, and 1 each by the Afghan Local Police and a pro-government militia. (38) Low rates of birth registration and the falsification of identity documents contribute to the problem by making it difficult to determine a recruit's age. (70,72) Observers reported that some officials accepted bribes to produce false identity documents that indicated the recipient boys were older than age 18. (47) Nevertheless, the Child Protection Units at Afghan National Police recruitment centers reportedly prevented the recruitment of 439 children in 2019. (73)
In 2019, approximately 505,000 undocumented Afghans returned or were deported to Afghanistan: 485,000 from Iran and just under 20,000 from Pakistan. (74) Many returnees and deportees were unaccompanied minors. (4) Some deportee children are subject to sexual and physical violence or forced labor while in deportation process camps, particularly in Iran. (37,75) Many unaccompanied minor returnees faced similar problems. (76,77) An indeterminate number of children also returned from Europe, including those whose asylum applications had been rejected. (78-80) Such children are vulnerable to recruitment by armed groups and traffickers. These children have difficulties enrolling in school because they lack the necessary identity documents. (4,15,36,79) In 2018, 66 per cent of undocumented returnee children did not attend school. Many of them were particularly vulnerable to child labor, including debt bondage in brick factories. (27,48,81-84) Some individuals who facilitate repatriation take returnees to brick factories and keep them in debt bondage to repay their transportation costs. (50) International organizations noted that traffickers specifically targeted these returnees for forced labor upon return to Afghanistan. (4)
Afghanistan suffered both drought and flooding, causing the internal displacement of approximately 296,000 individuals in 2019. (85,86) An additional 436,000 individuals were newly internally displaced persons (IDPs) due to the armed conflict. (85) Many of these IDPs were food insecure and resorted to child labor or selling children as a way of settling debt. (36,86-89) Child labor is particularly prevalent among urban IDPs, and these children are vulnerable to recruitment by armed groups. (17,36)
In 2019, UNICEF estimated that 3.7 million school-age children were out of school in the country, 60 percent of whom are girls. (90) Barriers to education for children included displacement of populations due to conflict, the use of schools as military bases, attacks on schools, living long distances from schools, school-related fees, lack of security, and lack of identity documentation. (17,91-93) Girls faced additional barriers to education including parents unwilling to allow them to attend school, lack of hygiene facilities, shortage of female teachers, and sexual harassment on the way to and from school. (15,91,93) In addition, schools do not provide sufficient services to children with disabilities and some nomad, or kuchi, children did not attend school because they traveled to tend livestock. (27)
II. Legal Framework for Child Labor
Afghanistan has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).
Table 3. Ratification of International Conventions on Child Labor
ILO C. 138, Minimum Age
ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor
UN CRC
UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict
UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography
Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons
The government has established laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Afghanistan's legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including debt bondage.
Table 4. Laws and Regulations on Child Labor
Meets International Standards
Minimum Age for Work
Article 13 of the Labor Law (94)
Minimum Age for Hazardous Work
Articles 13 and 120 of the Labor Law; Article 613 of the Penal Code; Article 63 of the Law on Protection of Child Rights (94,96,103)
Identification of Hazardous Occupations or Activities Prohibited for Children
List of Prohibited Jobs for Child Laborers; Article 613 of the Penal Code (95,96)
Prohibition of Forced Labor
Article 4 of the Labor Law; Article 37 of the Law on the Elimination of Violence Against Women (94,96-98)
Prohibition of Child Trafficking
Articles 510–512 of the Penal Code (96)
Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children
Article 18.2 of the Law on Elimination of Violence Against Women; Articles 510-512, 650, and 652–667, of the Penal Code (96,98)
Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities
List of Prohibited Jobs for Child Laborers; Articles 1, 7, and 23 of the Counter Narcotics Law; (95, 99)
Minimum Age for Voluntary State Military Recruitment
Article 605–608 of the Penal Code (96)
Prohibition of Compulsory Recruitment of Children by (State) Military
Prohibition of Military Recruitment by Non-state Armed Groups
Compulsory Education Age
15‡
Article 17 of the Education Law; Article 609 of the Penal Code (96,100)
Free Public Education
Article 17 of the Education Law (100)
* No conscription (101)
‡ Age calculated based on available information (102)
The Afghan Labour Law's minimum age provision prohibits those under age 18, 15 for "light work," from being "recruited as a worker." However, the law defines "worker" as a person who is "recruited based on a definite contract," meaning that the minimum age provision does not apply to those in informal employment. Afghan law does not sufficiently criminalize forced labor or debt bondage.
Although the Penal Code explicitly prohibits and sets penalties for the use of male or transgender children for bacha bazi, Afghan law does not prohibit the use of girls for prostitution and pornographic performances. (27,96) Additionally, the legal framework does not adequately criminalize the use of children for the production of pornography. (96,98)
A Law on Protection of Child Rights was adopted and entered into force in 2019. The law reiterates some of the existing protections for children, such as the minimum age for hazardous work and protection of children from being exploited in begging. (103)
III. Enforcement of Laws on Child Labor
The government has established institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the authority of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (MoLSA) that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.
Table 5. Agencies Responsible for Child Labor Law Enforcement
Organization/Agency
Child Protection Action Network (CPAN)
Operates as a coalition of government agencies, NGOs, and community and religious leaders. Receives complaints of child labor, investigates such cases, and refers them to NGO and government shelters that provide social services, and coordinate and provide case management. (36,104) Not all provinces have a CPAN chapter. The capacity of CPAN chapters is not uniform or based on need, and the type of intervention depends on members of a particular CPAN chapter and resources available. (36)
Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (MoLSA)
Responds to complaints of child labor, child trafficking, and child sexual exploitation; refers cases to the Attorney General's Office (AGO) and NGO shelters; and operates a shelter for trafficking victims in Kabul. (36)
Enforces laws related to child trafficking, the use of children in illicit activities, and child sexual exploitation. (36)
National Directorate of Security
Identifies human trafficking victims and refers these cases to the Ministry of the Interior. (36)
Attorney General's Office (AGO)
Investigates and prosecutes human trafficking, abduction, and sexual exploitation cases. (36)
Labor Law Enforcement
In 2019, labor law enforcement agencies in Afghanistan took actions to combat child labor (Table 6). However, gaps exist within the authority of MoLSA that may hinder adequate labor law enforcement, including penalty assessment authorization.
Table 6. Labor Law Enforcement Efforts Related to Child Labor
Overview of Labor Law Enforcement
Labor Inspectorate Funding
Number of Labor Inspectors
Inspectorate Authorized to Assess Penalties
Initial Training for New Labor Inspectors
Training on New Laws Related to Child Labor
Refresher Courses Provided
Number of Labor Inspections Conducted
Number Conducted at Worksite
Number of Child Labor Violations Found
Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties Were Imposed
Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that Were Collected
Routine Inspections Conducted
Routine Inspections Targeted
Unannounced Inspections Permitted
Unannounced Inspections Conducted
Complaint Mechanism Exists
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services
The Child Protection Action Network, of which MoLSA is a component, can respond to complaints of child labor, investigate cases, and issue warnings or refer criminal cases to the Attorney General's Office (AGO). However, a person wishing to file a complaint must specify the legal statutes for labor violations in writing, making it unlikely that citizens would be able to do so. (104,107)
In 2019, the government did not report the number of labor inspectors; however, as of December 2018, MoLSA had 27 inspector positions, 21 of which were filled. (5,36) The number of labor inspectors is likely insufficient for the size of Afghanistan's workforce, which includes more than 7.9 million workers. (108) According to the ILO's technical advice of a ratio approaching 1 inspector for every 40,000 workers in less developed economies, Afghanistan would employ about 200 labor inspectors. (105,109,110) Government officials, NGOs, and UNICEF acknowledge that the number of labor inspectors is insufficient. (105) Moreover, sources indicate that labor inspections take place only in the capital, Kabul. (5)
Business owners are not required to allow unannounced inspections. (105) Based on available information, MoLSA inspects only public organizations, such as government ministries, that are registered with MoLSA, but not private businesses or worksites within the informal sector. (27,36,104) Many forms of child labor, however, occur in the informal sector. (12) Government officials and other stakeholders stated that the government lacked resources, including training, for enforcement of child labor laws. (36)
Criminal Law Enforcement
In 2019, criminal law enforcement agencies in Afghanistan took actions to combat child labor (Table 7). However, gaps exist within the operations of the criminal enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate criminal law enforcement, including training for criminal investigators.
Table 7. Criminal Law Enforcement Efforts Related to Child Labor
Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement
Initial Training for New Criminal Investigators
Training on New Laws Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor
Number of Investigations
Number of Violations Found
Number of Prosecutions Initiated
Number of Convictions
Imposed Penalties for Violations Related to The Worst Forms of Child Labor
Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services
In response to allegations in November 2019 of widespread sexual exploitation of children at schools in Logar Province, the Attorney General's Office (AGO) sent an investigative committee to Logar; the probe was ongoing at the end of 2019. By the end of the reporting period, two suspects had been referred to the court. (73) However, the government did not prosecute any government officials for bacha bazi crimes, despite the fact that police and other officials were heavily implicated in the practice. (4,36,47,51,55,75,113) Observers noted that perpetrators of bacha bazi often paid bribes to law enforcement, prosecutors, or judges who protected them from prosecution. (4) The AIHRC, Parliament, the Ministry of Education, and the Logar provincial government also conducted fact-finding missions in response to the allegations. (24) The AIHRC received nine videos of sexual abuse, although many more had already been shared with the media. (24,53,58) Shortly after, the AIHRC issued a summary report stating that the sexual abuse was not limited to schools, but was also occurring in work places of child laborers, particularly at brick kilns and in garment workshops. (113) AGO investigators did not publicly state any nexus between the sexual assaults on high school boys in Logar and Logar educators, despite reports of heavy involvement. However, the AIHRC in its summary report on Logar pointed to "some school officials and teachers" involved in the abuse. (24,61,73,113)
Moreover, victims of human trafficking were routinely prosecuted and convicted of crimes. (75,114) Male victims of child trafficking, especially those engaged in bacha bazi or armed conflict, were sometimes referred to juvenile detention or rehabilitation facilities on criminal charges, instead of to appropriate victim support services. (4,38,47,115,116) The government arrested, detained, and prosecuted for terrorism-related crimes some children younger than age 12 who had been forcibly recruited by non-state armed groups. NGOs reported that authorities housed some child trafficking victims in juvenile detention centers, sometimes for several years. (4) Such children are considered criminals even after being transferred to rehabilitation centers. (55) The UN reported that some of these children were subjected to torture and ill treatment. (116,117)
Although information was unavailable for 2019, government officials had previously stated that they lacked equipment and transportation to carry out investigations. (118) Based on available information, security agencies and the Ministry of Justice did not have a reciprocal referral mechanism to ensure that child victims of human trafficking and other worst forms of child labor receive social services. (36) However, during the reporting period, the Ministry of Interior conducted four training sessions with a major focus on human trafficking for 590 law enforcement officials, and an international NGO conducted trainings in which Ministry of Interior officials participated. (111)
IV. Coordination of Government Efforts on Child Labor
The government has established mechanisms to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including efforts to address all forms of child labor.
Table 8. Key Mechanisms to Coordinate Government Efforts on Child Labor
Coordinating Body
Role & Description
National Commission on Protection of Child Rights*
Monitors and protects children's rights established under the Law on Protection of Child Rights and strengthens national coordination on child protection. Met for the first time in 2019. Participants include representatives from the AGO, the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC), the Ministry of Education, and other bodies. (73,119) Includes an inter-ministerial technical committee, chaired by the MOLSA Minister, to ensure that the Child Act is operational at the provincial and district levels. (73)
High Commission for Combating Crimes of Abduction and Human Trafficking
Addresses human trafficking in general, including child trafficking. Led by the Ministry of Justice; comprises nine ministries, such as MoLSA, and five other entities. (27,97) The Commission, designed to meet quarterly, met only once in 2019 and focused on bacha bazi. (37) The Commission stated that ministries did not provide detailed enforcement information, making it difficult for the Commission to issue reports. (120)
Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee on Children and Armed Conflict
Coordinates efforts to eliminate the recruitment and use of child soldiers. Led by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and monitored by the UN and NGOs. (27)
* Mechanism to coordinate efforts to address child labor was created during the reporting period.
V. Government Policies on Child Labor
The government has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that may hinder efforts to address child labor, including implementation.
Table 9. Key Policies Related to Child Labor
National Labor Policy
Includes objectives to eliminate the worst forms of child labor, such as those involving hazardous activities; pass legislation prohibiting child labor; and effectively enforce child labor laws. (121) Research was unable to determine whether activities were undertaken to implement this policy during the reporting period.
National Strategy for Children at Risk
Creates a framework to provide social services to at-risk children and their families, and guides donors in contributing toward a comprehensive child protection system. Focuses specifically on working children, victims of child trafficking, child soldiers, and other children affected by conflict. (124) Research was unable to determine whether activities were undertaken to implement this policy during the reporting period.
Policy for Protection of Children in Armed Conflict
Commits to protect children from recruitment and sexual exploitation in the armed forces, and provides services to children rescued from engagement in armed conflict. Assigns the Ministry of Defense and the Afghan National Police with monitoring that children's rights are safeguarded and coordinating with CPAN chapters and AIHRC. (125) In 2019, over 439 children were prevented from joining the Afghan National Police. (38)
National Child Labor Strategy and Action Plan†
Aims to eliminate the worst forms of child labor by 2025 and all child labor by 2030. Makes recommendations to improve social protections and oversight. (5) In September 2019, MoLSA partnered with the International Bureau for Children's Rights and UNICEF to draft a National Child Protection Policy and strengthen the capacity of MoLSA's Child Protection Secretariat. (5)
† Policy was approved during the reporting period.
VI. Social Programs to Address Child Labor
In 2019, the government funded and participated in programs that include the goal of preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including adequacy to address the problem in all sectors.
Table 10. Key Social Programs to Address Child Labor
Child Protection Units (CPUs) of the Afghan National Police†
Units located within Afghan National Police recruitment centers to ensure that children are not recruited to join armed conflict. CPUs did not oversee Afghan Local Police and the government did not have sufficient CPU reporting channels to identify children, prevent them from joining the security forces, and provide shelter, services, and family reintegration. (126,127) Despite insufficient reporting channels between CPUS and the government, CPUs prevented the recruitment of at least 439 children. (73)
Juvenile Rehabilitation Center†
Center in Kabul that provides educational, social and psychological support, and vocational training to children who were previously engaged in armed conflict. (128,129) The shelter was operational in 2019. (111)
† Program is funded by the Government of Afghanistan.
In 2019, the Ministry of Public Health conducted approximately 1,300 meetings, workshops, and awareness raising campaigns for about 55,000 local and provincial government officials. Similarly, the Ministry of Hajj and Religious Affairs distributed pamphlets on human trafficking to about 54,000 individuals during Friday sermons in areas not controlled by the Taliban. (111)
There is no evidence of programs designed specifically to prevent and eliminate child labor in all relevant sectors, such as agriculture or the production of bricks. Moreover, the government acknowledged the dearth of shelters and government resources for victims of human trafficking. At times, the government placed child trafficking victims in orphanages, and some orphanages subjected children to human trafficking. (4) Some boys who are victims of human trafficking were arrested, and some were sent to juvenile rehabilitation centers due to the lack of shelters. (50,130)
VII. Suggested Government Actions to Eliminate Child Labor
Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Afghanistan (Table 11).
Table 11. Suggested Government Actions to Eliminate Child Labor
Suggested Action
Year(s) Suggested
Ensure that the minimum age for work applies to all children, including those engaged in informal employment.
Ensure that forced labor and debt bondage are criminally prohibited.
Ensure the law criminally prohibits the use of female children for prostitution and pornographic performances and the use of all children for the production of pornography.
Establish Child Protection Action Networks in all of Afghanistan's 34 provinces and ensure that they can provide all services needed by victimized children.
Track and publish information on labor inspections, including labor inspectorate funding, number of labor inspectors, number and type of child labor inspections, and number of violations found.
Authorize the labor inspectorate to assess penalties for violations of Afghan law.
Ensure that labor inspectors and criminal investigators receive training on child labor.
Increase the number of labor inspectors to meet the ILO's technical advice and ensure inspections are conducted throughout the country and in all sectors.
Simplify the child labor complaint mechanism to allow oral complaints, and eliminate or waive the requirement that the individual filing a complaint must specify the legal grounds for the violation.
Ensure that the labor inspectorate conducts inspections in private businesses and the informal sector.
Ensure that labor inspectors and criminal investigators are available and receive resources, including equipment and transportation, to enforce criminal child labor laws.
Prosecute and convict individuals, particularly government officials, who use children for engagement in the worst forms of child labor, including bacha bazi and child soldiering.
Ensure that child victims of human trafficking and other worst forms of child labor are correctly identified as victims, and referred to appropriate social services, not detained or subjected to mistreatment or torture.
Ensure all coordinating bodies are able to carry out their intended mandates, including by ensuring that detailed enforcement data are reported to appropriate coordination bodies and that meetings are held at the mandated intervals.
Implement the National Labor Policy and the National Strategy for Children at Risk.
Institute a birth registration campaign so that age is documented and children can register for school.
Institute programs to increase access to education and to improve security in schools, especially for girls.
Institute programs to address child labor in all relevant sectors, such as agriculture and bonded child labor in brick kilns.
Provide financial support to open shelters for victims of human trafficking and to ensure that sufficient shelter services are available for male child trafficking victims.
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http://www.ilo.org/ipec/Informationresources/WCMS_IPEC_PUB_25295/lang--en/index.htm
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Aziz, Azara. Afghan Children Targeted by Drug Gangs: Minors are seen as the ideal way to smuggle and supply narcotics. Institute for War and Peace Reporting, November 29, 2016.
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Ariana News. Young Thieves and Large Robberies in the Street of Kabul. May 11, 2017.
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Afghan Voice Agency (AVA). Two Million Children are Engaged in Hard Labor in Afghanistan. August 16, 2017.
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Chopra, Anuj. Hopeless Afghan struggle to save boy sex slaves. Agence France-Presse, December 19, 2016.
https://sg.news.yahoo.com/hopeless-afghan-struggle-save-boy-sex-slaves-062614093.html
Chopra, Anuj. Behind the shame and silence. Agence France-Presse, January 8, 2017.
https://correspondent.afp.com/behind-shame-and-silence
UN General Assembly. Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-General A/73/907–S/2019/509. June 20, 2019.
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U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2018: Afghanistan. Washington, DC, June 28, 2018.
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Noori, Zabihullah. Held in bonded labour, Afghan returnee children make bricks for a living. Reuters, November 2, 2016.
http://news.trust.org/item/20161102143257-7ahkn/
Faiez, Rahim. Mired in Poverty, Afghans Bring their Children to Work. Associated Press. July 24, 2019.
https://apnews.com/a5e5aaf20952454e8ed0a0dc32da11b8
U.S. Embassy- Kabul. Reporting. February 28, 2017.
Babak, Qayum. Boys Sold for Sex in Afghan Province. Institute for War and Peace Reporting, March 2, 2017.
https://iwpr.net/global-voices/boys-sold-sex-afghan-province
Zucchino, David and Fatima Faizi. 3 Afghan Schools, 165 Accounts of Students Being Raped. November 25, 2019.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/25/world/asia/afghan-schools-rape.html
Glinski, Stefanie. Whistleblowers on school paedophile ring in Afghanistan arrested. November 25, 2019.
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Saifullah, Masood. Afghan laws 'ambiguous' about pedophilic boy play subculture. Deutsche Welle, June 20, 2016.
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UN General Assembly. Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-General. A/73/907–S/2019/509. June 20, 2019.
https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2019/509&Lang=E&Area=UNDOC
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Amiry, Sharif. Logar Activists Report Sexual Abuse of Hundreds of Boys. November 14, 2019.
https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/logar-civil-society-reports-abuse-'550-children-and-youth'
Sheppard, Bede. Afghan Activists Exposing Child Abuse Detained. Human Rights Watch. November 27, 2019.
https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/11/27/afghan-activists-exposing-child-abuse-detained
George, Susannah. Afghan leader, U.S. envoy rebuke spy agency's detention of activist reporting on sexual abuse. November 27, 2019.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/afghan-leader-us-envoy-rebuke-kabuls-spy-agency-over-activists-detention/2019/11/27/7ccfaf12-10d7-11ea-924c-b34d09bbc948_story.html
Glinski, Stefanie. Investigation begins into alleged abuse of more than 500 boys in Afghanistan. January 29, 2020.
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jan/29/investigation-begins-into-alleged-abuse-of-more-than-500-boys-in-afghanistan
International Centre for Migration Policy Development. The Strength to Carry On. February, 2019.
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Bengali, Shashank. Afghans, leaving in droves, say they see no future in their country. Los Angeles Times, March 17, 2016.
http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-afghan-refugees-20160317-story.html
U.S. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- 2016: Afghanistan. Washington, DC: 2017.
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Malikyar, Helena. Afghanistan: The other refugee crisis. Al Jazeera, September 15, 2015.
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Froutan, Aziz and Nicole Foster. Children on the move: Young Afghan migrants receive support after hazardous journey home. UNICEF Afghanistan, September 7, 2016.
https://medium.com/@UNICEFAfghanistan/children-on-the-move-fd2d2bafcec5
Bjelica, Jelena. Deciding To Leave Afghanistan (2): The routes and the risks. Afghanistan Analysts Network, May 18, 2016.
https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/deciding-to-leave-afghanistan-2-the-routes-and-the-risks/
The Voice of Refugees. The Bitter Story of Afghan Migrant Child Laborers. HRANA, November 19, 2017. Source on file
UNICEF. Child Protection: Protecting Afghanistan's most vulnerable children. 2018.
https://www.unicef.org/afghanistan/child-protection
Howden, Daniel. Refugees Caught Up in Child Prostitution in Athens. Refugees Deeply, July 14, 2016.
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U.S. Embassy Kabul official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. June 16, 2017.
IOM. Return of Undocumented Afghans: Weekly Situation Report: 29 December 2019–4 January 2020. 2020.
https://afghanistan.iom.int/sites/default/files/Reports/iom_afghanistan-return_of_undocumented_afghans-_situation_report_29_dec_2019-4_jan_2020.pdf
Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission. The Human Rights Situation of Returnee and Deportee Women and Children. October 7, 2018.
Salehi, Nasir. Probe Into Iranian Police Accused Of Mistreating Afghans. December 19, 2018.
https://www.tolonews.com/index.php/afghanistan/probe-iranian-police-accused-mistreating-afghans
European Council on Refugees and Exiles. No Reason for Returns to Afghanistan. February 2019.
https://www.ecre.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Policy-Note-17.pdf
Save the Children. From Europe to Afghanistan. October 16, 2018.
https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/SC-From_Europe_to_Afghanistan-screen 1610.pdf
Wiklander, Julia. Sweden Deports Victims of Child Marriage and Torture to Afghanistan. March 19, 2019.
https://www.girlsglobe.org/2019/03/19/sweden-deports-child-marriage-to-afghanistan/
The Associated Press. Afghan children returning from Pakistan risk early marriage, child labour. Dawn, December 14, 2016.
http://www.dawn.com/news/1302285/afghan-children-returning-from-pakistan-risk-early-marriage-child-labour
Ul-Haq, Mahfooz. Afghanistan's Modern Day Slave Labourers. Institute for War and Peace Reporting, January 24, 2017.
https://iwpr.net/global-voices/afghanistans-modern-day-slave-labourers
Save the Children. Thousands of Children Face Early Marriage and Child Labour as Education Crisis Takes Hold among Afghan Children Repatriated from Pakistan. December 14, 2016.
https://www.savethechildren.net/article/thousands-children-face-early-marriage-and-child-labour-education-crisis-takes-hold-among
IOM and UNHCR. Returns to Afghanistan 2018. June 24, 2019.
https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/iom_unhcr_2018_joint_return_report_final_24jun_2019english.pdf
UNHCR. Monthly Operational Update. December 2019.
https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/74010
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Humanitarian Needs Overview: Afghanistan. December 2019.
https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/afg_humanitarian_needs_overview_2020.pdf
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Emergency Plan of Action: Afghanistan - Drought 2018. November 1, 2018.
http://adore.ifrc.org/Download.aspx?FileId=217191
UNICEF. Geneva Palais briefing note on the situation of children in Afghanistan. November 27, 2018.
https://www.unicef.org/afghanistan/press-releases/geneva-palais-briefing-note-situation-children-afghanistan
Saber, Shapoor and Frud Bezhan. This Afghan Man Sold His 5-Month-Old Daughter To Survive: 'Did I Have A Choice? You Tell Me.' And He's Not Alone. December 9, 2018.
https://www.rferl.org/a/life-or-death-impoverished-afghan-families-sell-children-to-survive/29645930.html
UNICEF. Afghanistan sees three-fold increase in attacks on schools in one year. May 27, 2019.
https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/afghanistan-sees-three-fold-increase-attacks-schools-one-year-unicef
UNICEF. Half of Afghan children out of school, due to conflict, poverty, discrimination. June 2, 2018.
https://news.un.org/en/node/1011211/feed
Bouckaert, Peter. Schools Under Siege: How Afghan Classrooms Became Bunkers. Foreign Affairs, May 30, 2016.
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/afghanistan/2016-05-30/schools-under-siege
Human Rights Watch. "Education on the Front Lines" Military Use of Schools in Afghanistan's Baghlan Province. August 17, 2016.
https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/08/17/education-front-lines/military-use-schools-afghanistans-baghlan-province
Government of Afghanistan. Labour Law. Enacted: February 4, 2007.
http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex_browse.details?p_lang=en&p_country=AFG&p_classification=01.02&p_origin=COUNTRY&p_sortby=SORTBY_COUNTRY
Afghanistan Chamber of Commerce and Industries. MOLSAMD Announces List of Prohibited Jobs for Child Labors. February 9, 2014.
http://www.acci.org.af/component/content/article/38-news/467-molsamd-announces-list-of-prohibited-jobs-for-child-labors.html
Government of Afghanistan. Penal Code, Official Gazette No. 1260. Enacted: 2017. Source on file.
Government of Afghanistan. Law to Combat Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants. Enacted: 2016. Source on file.
Government of Afghanistan. Law on Elimination of Violence Against Women. Enacted: 2009. Source on file.
Government of Afghanistan. Counter Narcotics Law. Enacted: December 17, 2005.
http://www.refworld.org/docid/4c1f343b2.html
Government of Afghanistan. Education Law. Enacted: July 1, 2008. Source on file.
Government of Afghanistan. Presidential Decree No. 97. Enacted: December 25, 2003. Source on file.
U.S. Embassy- Kabul. Reporting. February 8, 2015.
Government of Afghanistan. Law on Protection of Child Rights. Official Gazette Number 1334. March 11, 2019. Source on file.
U.S. Embassy Kabul Official E-mail communication to USDOL official. July 10, 2019.
U.S. Embassy- Kabul official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. June 4, 2018.
U.S. Department of State official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. February 23, 2016.
CIA. The World Factbook. Accessed January 19, 2018. Please see "Labor Law enforcement: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/index.html
ILO. Strategies and Practice for Labour Inspection. Geneva: Committee on Employment and Social Policy, November 2006: GB.297/ESP/3. Please see "Labor Law enforcement: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/gb/docs/gb297/pdf/esp-3.pdf
UN. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2017 Statistical Annex. New York: 2017. Please see "Labor Law Enforcement: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/2017wesp_full_en.pdf
U.S. Embassy- Kabul. Reporting. November 13, 2019.
UN. Reporting. 2019.
U.S. Department of State. Communication. March 13, 2020.
U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2017: Afghanistan. Washington, DC: June 27, 2017.
UNAMA. Treatment of Conflict Related Detainees in Afghanistan: Preventing Torture and Ill-treatment under the Anti-Torture Law. April 17, 2019.
https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/afghanistan_-_report_on_the_treatment_of_conflict-related_detainees_-_17_april_2019.pdf
UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan. Treatment of Conflict-Related Detainees: Implementation of Afghanistan's National Plan on the Elimination of Torture. April 2017.
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/AF/AfghanReportApril2017.pdf
UNICEF. Incredibly … Child rights take centre stage in Afghanistan. May 6, 2019.
https://www.unicef.org/afghanistan/stories/incredibly-…-child-rights-take-centre-stage-afghanistan
U.S. Embassy- Kabul. Reporting. December 9, 2019.
Ministry of Labour & Social Affairs Martyrs and Disabled. National Labor Policy. 2012. Source on file.
Government of Afghanistan. Action Plan regarding Children associated with National Security Forces in Afghanistan. March 30, 2011. Source on file.
Ministry of Labor & Social Affairs Martyrs and Disabled. Policy on Child Labor in Carpet Weaving. 2016. Source on file.
Ministry of Labour & Social Affairs Martyrs and Disabled. National Strategy for Children 'at-risk': A better Future for Afghanistan's vulnerable children and their families. November 2004.
http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session5/AF/AFG_Afghanistan_National_Strategy_for_Children_at-risk.pdf
Ministry of Defense. Policy for Protection of Children in Armed Conflict. October 2017. Source on file.
UNAMA. Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict - Annual Report 2019. February 22, 2020.
https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/afghanistan_protection_of_civilians_annual_report_2019_-_22_february.pdf
U.S. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- 2019: Afghanistan. 2020.
https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/AFGHANISTAN-2019-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf
Kumar, Ruchi. Afghanistan is trying to save its child bombers. August 29, 2018.
https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/08/29/afghanistan-is-trying-to-save-its-child-bombers/
Birtley, Tony. Afghanistan is trying to save its child soldiers. Al Jazeera. October 10, 2018.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-dRJR87rIo
Chopra, Anuj. Stolen boys: Life after sexual slavery in Afghanistan. Agence France-Presse, June 26, 2017.
https://www.yahoo.com/news/stolen-boys-life-sexual-slavery-afghanistan-044706821.html
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New York Times media columnist David Carr dies at age 58
New York Times journalist David Carr poses for a photograph as he arrives for the French premiere of the documentary "Page One: A Year Inside The New York Times," in Paris, Monday, (AP Photo/Michel Euler)
NEW YORK -- Media columnist David Carr, who wrote the Media Equation column for The New York Times and penned a memoir about his fight with drug addiction, collapsed at his office and died on Thursday. He was 58.
Carr's column focused on issues of media in relation to business, culture and government, said the Times, which confirmed his death.
Carr joined the Times in 2002 as a business reporter, covering magazine publishing. His Media Equation column appeared in the Monday business section.
Before joining the Times, Carr was a contributing writer for The Atlantic Monthly and New York magazine. He also was a media writer for news website Inside.com.
He served as editor of the Washington City Paper, an alternative weekly in Washington, D.C. He also was editor of a Minneapolis-based alternative weekly called Twin Cities Reader.
Carr, who lived in Montclair, New Jersey, with his wife and their daughter and had two other children, also wrote "The Night of the Gun," a 2008 memoir about addiction and recovery.
The book, published by Simon and Schuster, traces Carr's rise from cocaine addict to single dad raising twin girls to sobered-up media columnist for the Times.
Carr said he wrote up a book proposal "on a dare to myself" in two days. After an agent sold the idea, Carr ended up interviewing about 60 people and working on the book for three years. He took the transcribed interviews, numerous documents and pictures to his family's cabin in the Adirondacks, where he wrote the book.
Last year, Carr began teaching a Boston University class that explored the creative business models to support digital journalism. It was among the first professorships dedicated to evaluating how media organizations can sustain themselves financially as readers and advertisers migrate to digital platforms, a crisis that has doomed some news organizations and threatens the viability of others.
Carr had written about the issue extensively.
"I think a lot of journalism education that is going on is broadly not preparing kids for the world that they are stepping into," Carr told The Boston Globe.
new yorku.s. & world


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18 Dec 2015 | Stories & Strategies from Real Life
Some of the best learning happens when you read stories about real people and real companies. Read them for ideas, for lessons, and inspiration. This week's stories and strategies from real life are about Blackberry, Avon, Mattel, Hasbro, Disney, Bratz, and Plaza Pizza.
From Wharton: Victim of Success: The Rise and Fall of BlackBerry
"Though BlackBerry has less than 1% of the smartphone market share today, it once had more than 50%. The question is how such a successful company could fall so far. Journalists Jacquie McNish and Sean Silcoff provide many of the answers in their book, Losing the Signal: The Untold Story Behind the Extraordinary Rise and Spectacular Fall of BlackBerry. Wharton marketing professor Americus Reed recently had an opportunity to talk with McNish about what we can learn from the rise and fall of BlackBerry"
From the Economist: Ding-dong
"A TRAVELLING salesman founded Avon in 1886, recruiting women to hawk perfumes while their husbands were at work—a chance for them to earn an independent living at a time when such opportunities were rare. By 1920 Avon had more than $1m in annual sales. By the early 1970s the company's advertising campaigns had made the cheerful, confident 'Avon lady' an instantly recognisable figure, and its sales had reached $1 billion. Today the company boasts that its brand 'stands for beauty, innovation, optimism, and above all for women.' To many investors, however, Avon now stands for incompetence. Its share price has plunged by nearly 60% so far this year."
From Claire Suddath: The $500 Million Battle Over Disney's Princesses
"Mattel has worked with Disney since 1955, when it became the first sponsor for the Mickey Mouse Club, and it's been the company's go-to dollmaker since 1996. Last year, Mattel put the size of its Disney Princess doll business at $300 million, though analysts at Needham say it's closer to $500 million. With sales of Mattel's most famous toy, 56-year-old Barbie, tumbling 20 percent from 2012 to 2014 and still falling, Princess dolls have been a much-needed revenue stream. But not for long: The princess business disappears on Jan. 1, when Disney packs up its glass slippers and takes them to Mattel's biggest rival, Hasbro"
From Shan Li: Bratz dolls look to make a comeback with an updated vibe
"At MGA Entertainment's toy design center, an inspiration board features of-the-moment celebs: model Cara Delevingne, rapper Nicki Minaj and singer Selena Gomez. Less au courant is the name emblazoned in neon cursive at the board's center: Bratz. Fifteen years after their debut, the pouty-lipped dolls with huge heads and attitude to spare are back."
From Kurt Harden: The business model
"'Plaza Pizza,' the young man answers. 'Our wait is an hour, ten to an hour fifteen.' 'That's fine,' I say and place my order. At most places, I would say 'no thanks.' But not here. This is the best pizza I have ever tasted. A crispy, then melt-in-your-mouth crust, tangy, garlicy sauce, perfect ingredients – the cheese pizza tastes like a masterpiece."


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Singapore Thailand Taiwan
Tradition Quantième Rétrograde 7597 – Regal Monochrome...
Tradition Quantième Rétrograde 7597 – Regal Monochrome
May 18, 2022 • 3 mins read
Manufacture Breguet presents a visual variation of its emblematic Tradition Quantième Rétrograde model. This new timepiece displays a strong contrast between the monochrome blue applied to the dial and the anthracite-clad movement.
The 7597 timepiece delves into the origins of the company. From the shape of the bridges to the pare-chute shock-absorber system, as well as the size of the balance and the wheels, all the components are implicitly inspired by the "souscription" and tact watches created by Abraham- Louis Breguet. The new Quantième Retrograde is therefore a real eye-catcher with its symmetrical calibre architecture.
The gold dial features a hand-guilloché "Clous de Paris" motif, traditional Roman numerals and open-tipped hands. As found on the watches that inspired it, the dial is secured by three screws. The 7597 model also features a retrograde date, a function cherished by the brand whose founder was one of the first watchmakers to develop a timepiece equipped with this complication. To ensure a smooth sweep over the mechanism, the distance between the centre and the date sector required the development of a multi-level blued steel hand. In addition, to improve the legibility of the date indication, its sector spreads out over 180 degrees and is covered with a blue coating echoing the shade of the dial. The numerals alternate between silver-toned powdered transfers and gold cabochons. When setting the date, the wearer simply unscrews the pusher at 10 o'clock and then presses the hand successively until the desired date is reached. Finally, the mainplate and bridges are adorned with an anthracite coating endowing this timepiece with strong visual intensity.
An Architectural Movement
The 40 mm white gold case houses the 505Q self-winding movement. This movement is equipped with an inverted lever escapement and silicon horns. This material is also used to produce the Breguet balance-spring. Its multiple properties include resistance to corrosion and wear, insensitivity to the influence of magnetic fields as well as enhanced timekeeping precision. The balance of the new Tradition Quantième Rétrograde oscillates at a frequency of 3 Hz and has a 50- hour power reserve. The 269-part movement is 8.7 mm thick.
While the dial features fascinating architecture, the sapphire caseback reveals the gold oscillating weight, whose shape refers to the one on the perpétuelle watch created by Abraham-Louis Breguet in 1780.
The new Tradition 7597 is available with a midnight blue alligator strap secured by a gold pin buckle.
The Tradition Collection
Featuring aesthetics that combines heritage with modernity, the Tradition collection launched in 2005 is the brand's first line to present all the movement's organs on the dial side, thus highlighting its inspiration drawn from souscription and tact watches. Launched in 1797, the souscription watch was equipped with a single hand for reading the hours and minutes. The design of this refined yet minimalist timepiece was avant-garde for its era, as was its concept, since a quarter of the price had to be paid when the order was placed.
The same calibre was used by Abraham-Louis Breguet to design the first tact watches presented a year later at the French Industrial Exhibition. At that time, poor lighting made it difficult to read the time on a dial. It was also not considered very elegant to consult one's timepiece during social occasions. The founder of the watch manufacturer therefore imagined a model serving to read the time by touch, without removing the watch from the pocket. All the wearer need do was check the time by touching the arrow or hours hand turning on the outside of the case and comparing its position with the raised hour-markers on the caseband.
The current Tradition collection picks up Breguet's codes in a contrasting and contemporary manner. The Quantième Rétrograde 7597 model is arrayed in blue and paves the way for a resolutely modern, forward-looking design.
Discover the Tradition collection online or at our boutiques at your nearest location.
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