The Coalition of the Radical Left (Greek: Συνασπισμός Ριζοσπαστικής Αριστεράς, translit. Synaspismós Rizospastikís Aristerás), mostly known by the syllabic abbreviation Syriza (/ˈsɪərɪzə/, sometimes stylised SYRIZA.; Greek: ΣΥΡΙΖΑ [ˈsiriza]; a pun on the Greek adverb σύρριζα, meaning "from the roots" or "radically") is a political party in Greece originally founded in 2004 as a coalition of left-wing and radical left parties.
It is the largest party in the Hellenic Parliament, with party chairman Alexis Tsipras serving as Prime Minister of Greece from 26 January 2015 to 20 August 2015 and from 21 September 2015 to present.
The party colours are red (left-wing politics), green (green politics) and purple (feminism and other social movements).
Although Syriza was launched before the 2004 legislative election, the roots of the process that led to its formation can be traced back to the Space for Dialogue for the Unity and Common Action of the Left (Greek: Χώρος Διαλόγου για την Ενότητα και Κοινή Δράση της Αριστεράς) in 2001. The Space was composed of various organizations of the Greek Left that despite different ideological and historical backgrounds had shared common political action in several important issues that had arisen in Greece at the end of the 1990s, such as the Kosovo War, privatizations and social and civil rights.
The preparation of the Greek participation at the 2001 international demonstration in Genoa.
Review the role of the European Union and redetermine Greece's position in it.
Even though the Space was not a political organization, but rather an effort to bring together the parties and organizations that attended, it gave birth to some electoral alliances for the local elections of 2002, the most successful being the one led by Manolis Glezos for the super-prefecture of Athens-Piraeus. The Space also provided the common ground from which several of the member parties and organizations launched the Greek Social Forum, part of the larger European Social Forum.
The defining moment for the birth of Syriza came with the legislative election of 2004. Most of the participants of the Space sought to develop a common platform that could lead to an electoral alliance. This led to the eventual formation of the Coalition of the Radical Left, in January 2004.
In the election, the coalition gathered 241,539 votes (3.3% of the total) and elected six members to parliament. All six were members of Synaspismós, the largest of the coalition parties. This led to much tension within the coalition.
After the 2004 election, the smaller parties accused Synaspismós of not honoring an agreement to have one of its members of parliament resign so that Yannis Banias of the AKOA could take his seat. Tension built up and resulted in the split of the Internationalist Workers Left and the formation of Kokkino, both of which remained within the coalition. The frame of the crisis within SYRIZA was the reluctance of Synaspismós to adopt and maintain the political agreement for a clear denial of "centre-left politics".
Three months after the 2004 legislative elections, Synaspismós chose to run independently from the rest of the coalition for the 2004 European elections and some of the smaller parties of the coalition supported the feminist Women for Another Europe (Greek: Γυναίκες για μια Άλλη Ευρώπη) list.
The crisis ended in December 2004 with the 4th convention of Synaspismós, when a large majority within the party voted for the continuation of the coalition. This change of attitude was further intensified with the election of Alekos Alavanos, a staunch supporter of the coalition, as president of Synaspismós, after its former leader, Nikos Konstantopoulos, stepped down.
The coalition was further strengthened by the organization in May 2006 of the 4th European Social Forum in Athens, and by a number of largely successful election campaigns, such as those in Athens and Piraeus, during the 2006 local elections. The coalition ticket in the municipality of Athens was headed by Alexis Tsipras, proposed by Alavanos who declared Synaspismós' "opening to the new generation".
On 16 September 2007, Syriza gained 5.0% of the vote in the 2007 Greek legislative election. Opinion polls had already indicated that the Coalition was expected to make significant gains in the election, with predictions ranging from 4% to 5% of the electorate.
Prior to the election, on 22 June, the participating parties had agreed on a common declaration. The signed Declaration of the Coalition of the Radical Left outlined the common platform on which the Coalition would compete in the following election and outlined the basis for the political alliance.
The Coalition of 2007 has also expanded from its original composition in 2004. On 20 June 2007, the Communist Organization of Greece (KOE) announced its participation into the Coalition. On 21 August the environmentalist Ecological Intervention (Greek: Οικολογική Παρέμβαση) also joined, and on 22 August 2007, the Democratic Social Movement (DIKKI) also announced its participation in the Coalition.
On 2 September, the Areios Pagos refused to include the title of DIKKI in the Syriza electoral alliance, claiming that the internal procedures followed by DIKKI were flawed. This was criticized by Syriza and DIKKI as inappropriate interference by the courts in party political activity.
On 27 November 2007, Alavanos announced that, for private reasons, he would not be seeking to renew his presidency of Synaspismós. The 5th party congress of Synaspismós elected Alexis Tsipras, a municipal councillor for the municipality of Athens, as party president on 10 February 2008. Alavanos retained the parliamentary leadership of Syriza, however, as Tsipras was not at that time a member of parliament. Tsipras achieved considerable popularity with the Greek electorate, which led to a significant increase in support for Syriza in opinion polls – up to 18 percent at its peak.
At the end of June 2008, Xekinima announced that it would join the coalition.
During the run-up to the 2009 European elections Syriza, amid turbulent internal developments, saw its poll share decrease to 4.7%, with the result that only one Syriza candidate (Nikos Hountis) was elected to the European Parliament. This caused renewed internal strife, leading to the resignation of former Synaspismós president Alekos Alavanos from his seat in the Greek parliament, a resignation that was, however, withdrawn a few days later.
In the 2009 legislative election held on 4 October 2009, Syriza won 4.6% of the vote (slightly below its 2007 showing), returning thirteen MPs to the Hellenic Parliament. The incoming MPs included Tsipras, who took over as Syriza's parliamentary leader.
In June 2010, the Ananeotiki ("Renewing Wing") of radical social democrats in Synapsismós split away from the party, at the same time leaving Syriza. This reduced Syriza's parliamentary group to nine MPs. The four MPs who left formed a new party, the Democratic Left (DIMAR).
In a move of voters away from the parties which participated in the coalition government under the premiership of Lucas Papademos in November 2011, Syriza gained popular support in the opinion polls, as did the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) and DIMAR. Opinion polls in the run-up to the May 2012 election showed Syriza with 10–12% support. The minor Unitary Movement (a PASOK splinter group) also joined the coalition in March 2012.
In first 2012 legislative election held on 6 May, the party polled over 16% and quadrupled its number of seats, becoming the second largest party in parliament, behind New Democracy (ND). After the election, Tsipras was invited by the president of Greece to try to form a government, but failed owing to a lack of parliamentary numbers. Subsequently, Tsipras rejected a proposal by the president to join a coalition government with the centre-right and centre-left parties.
For the second 2012 legislative election on 17 June 2012, Syriza re-registered as a single party (adding the United Social Front moniker) instead of as a coalition, in order to be eligible to receive the 50 "bonus" seats given to the largest polling party under the Greek electoral system. However, although Syriza increased its share of the vote to just under 27%, New Democracy polled 29.8% and claimed the bonus. With 71 seats, Syriza became the main opposition party to a coalition government composed of ND, PASOK, and DIMAR. Tsipras subsequently formed the Shadow Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras in July 2012.
In July 2013, a Syriza congress was held to discuss the organisation of the party. Important outcomes included a decision in principle to dissolve the participating parties in Syriza in favour of a unitary party. However, implementation was deferred for three months to allow time for four of the parties which were reluctant to dissolve to consider their positions. Tsipras was confirmed as chairman with 74% of the vote. However delegates supporting the Left Platform (Greek: Αριστερή Πλάτφορμα) led by Panayiotis Lafazanis, which wanted to leave the door open to quitting the euro, secured 30% (60) of the seats on Syriza's central committee. A modest success was also claimed by the "Communist Platform" (Greek section of the International Marxist Tendency), who managed to get two members elected to the party's central committee.
Local elections and elections to the European Parliament were held in May 2014. In the 2014 European election on 25 May 2014, Syriza reached first place with 26.5% of vote, ahead of New Democracy at 22.7%. The position in the local elections was less clear-cut, due to the number of "non-party" local tickets and independents contending for office. Syriza's main success was the election of Rena Dourou to the Attica Regional governorship with 50.8% of the second-round vote over the incumbent Yiannis Sgouros. Its biggest disappointment was the failure of Gabriel Sakellaridis to win the Athens Mayoralty election, being beaten in the second ballot by Giorgos Kaminis with 51.4% to his 48.6%.
On 13 September 2014, Syriza unveiled the Thessaloniki Programme, a set of policy proposals containing its central demands for economic and political restructuring.
After the Hellenic Parliament failed to elect a new President of State by 29 December 2014, the parliament was dissolved and a snap legislative election was scheduled for 25 January 2015. Syriza had a lead in opinion polls, but its anti-austerity position worried investors and eurozone supporters. The party's chief economic advisor, John Milios, has downplayed fears that Greece under a Syriza government would exit the eurozone while shadow development minister George Stathakis disclosed the party's intention to crack down on Greek oligarchs if it wins the election. In the election, Syriza defeated the incumbent New Democracy and became the largest party in the Hellenic Parliament, receiving 36.3% of the vote and 149 out of 300 seats.
Tsipras was congratulated by French president Francois Hollande who stressed Greco-French "friendship," as well as by leftist leaders all over Europe, including Pablo Iglesias Turrión of Spain's Podemos and Katja Kipping of Germany's Die Linke. German government official Hans-Peter Friedrich however said: "The Greeks have the right to vote for whom they want. We have the right to no longer finance Greek debt." The Financial Times and Radio Free Europe reported on Syriza's ties with Russia and extensive correspondence with the Russian political scientist Aleksandr Dugin. Early in the SYRIZA-led government of Greece, the Russian President Vladimir Putin and Alexis Tsipras concluded a face-to-face meeting by announcing an agreement on boosting investment ties between the two nations. Alexis Tsipras also said that Greece would seek to mend ties between Russia and European Union through European institutions. Tsipras also said that Greece was not in favor of Western sanctions imposed on Russia, adding that it risked the start of another Cold War.
On 26 January 2015, Tsipras and Independent Greeks (ANEL) leader Panos Kammenos agreed to form a coalition government of Syriza and ANEL, with Tsipras becoming Prime Minister of Greece and Greek-Australian economist Yanis Varoufakis appointed Minister of Finance and Panos Kammenos appointed Minister of Defence. In July 2015, Yanis Varoufakis was replaced by Euclid Tsakalotos as Minister of Finance.
Following the acceptance by Tsipras and the Syriza government of the third Memorandum with the European Union on Greece's debt, 25 Syriza MPs who rejected the terms of the bailout, including the party's Left Platform and the Internationalist Workers Left faction, split to form a new party Popular Unity (Greek: Λαϊκή Ενότητα, Laïkí Enótita). They were led by Panagiotis Lafazanis.
Having lost his majority in the Greek Parliament, Tsipras resigned as Prime Minister on 20 August 2015, and called a fresh election on 20 September 2015.
Although polls suggested a close contest between Syriza and New Democracy, in the event Syriza led ND by 7%, winning 145 seats. Popular Unity polled below the 3% threshold and therefore had no parliamentary representation. Tsipras renewed Syriza's previous coalition agreement with the Independent Greeks, giving the new government 155 seats out of 300 in the Greek Parliament.
After the creation of the unitary party on 2013 some of the constituent members decided to dissolve. That was true, for example, for Synaspismos, Renewing Communist Ecological Left, Ecosocialists of Greece and Unitary Movement.
On the other hand after the acceptance of the 'third Memorandum' on 2015 organizations like Internationalist Workers' Left, Active Citizens, New Fighter, Democratic Social Movement, Anticapitalist Political Group and the Communist Tendency (section of IMT) joined the Left Platform to create Popular Unity.
Communist Organization of Greece also left Syriza during that time.
The main constituent element of the coalition was Synaspismos, a democratic socialist party, but Syriza was founded as a coalition between left-wing and radical left groups and had included a broad array of groups and independent activists, from social democrats and centrists to marxists-leninists and trotskyists.
Additionally, despite its secular ideology, many members are Christians who are mainly opposed to the alleged privileges of the state-sponsored Orthodox Church of Greece. From 2013 the coalition became a unitary party, although it retained its name with the addition of United Social Front.
Syriza had been characterized as an anti-establishment party, whose success had sent "shock-waves across the EU". Although it has abandoned its old identity, that of a hard-left protest voice, becoming more populist in character, and stating that it will not abandon the eurozone, its chairman Alexis Tsipras has declared that the "euro is not my fetish". The Vice President of the European Parliament and Syriza MEP Dimitrios Papadimoulis stated that Greece should "be a respectable member of the European Union and the euro zone" and that "there is absolutely no case for a Grexit". Although Alexis Tsipras clarified that Syriza "does not support any sort of Euroscepticism", at the same time the party is seen as a mildly Eurosceptic force.
In July 2015, Costas Lapavitsas endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the UK Labour Party leadership election, saying: "If he [Jeremy Corbyn] succeeds - and I hope he does - he's exactly what Britain could do with, what the Labour Party could do with. I think that would be a very important move for the rest of Europe and for Greece. It would give a boost to the kind of thinking that would be necessary in the rest of Europe that is so sadly lacking at the moment. It would be the best thing to come out of Britain for Europe in a long time." Marina Prentoulis, a UK spokesperson for Syriza, said Corbyn's election would make Labour "relevant again". She said the party's defeat at the 2015 general election was due to the fact that it had failed to differentiate itself from the "neo-liberal message" of the Conservative Party that balancing the books was the only way to fix the economy.
The Group of 53, also known as 53+, are a faction within Syriza. The group was founded in mid-2014 and stands ideologically between the Left Platform and Tsipras's core backers. Both Euclid Tsakalotos and Gabriel Sakellaridis are members of the group. Another member of the group was Tassos Koronakis, the former secretary of the Syriza Central Committee who resigned following the announcement of the snap elections in September 2015.
The Left Platform were a faction within Syriza, positioned ideologically on the far-left of the party. In August 2015, 25 Left Platform MPs within Syriza left the party and formed Popular Unity to contest the snap elections. The grouping was led by former energy minister Panagiotis Lafazanis.
A 2004 results are compared to the Synaspismos totals in the 2000 election.
B 01/2015 results are compared to the combined totals for Syriza and OP totals in the 06/2012 election.
A 2009 results are compared to the Synaspismos totals in the 2004 election.
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Yiannos Katsourides (2016). Radical Left Parties in Government: The Cases of SYRIZA and AKEL. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-58840-1.
Cas Mudde (2017). SYRIZA: The Failure of the Populist Promise. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-319-47478-6.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Syriza.
Only Syriza Can Save Greece. James K. Galbraith and Yanis Varoufakis. The New York Times, 23 June 2013.
Greece: Phase One. Jacobin. 22 January 2015.
The pro-worker, pro-growth experiment in Greece is under threat. Senator Bernie Sanders for The Guardian. 17 February 2015.
Indebted yes, but not Guilty by Slavoj Žižek, Potemkin Review, 22 February 2015.
This page was last edited on 12 April 2019, at 12:54 (UTC).


First produced by the Civic Repertory Theatre in New York City in December, 1930.
Print: Susan Glaspell: The Complete Plays. Eds. Ben-Zvi, Linda, and J. Ellen Gainor. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010.
It is the final day of the 19th century, and the last day the Stanhope family will spend in their home. While they are packing up their belongings, a reporter arrives inquiring about the late Alison Stanhope, a renowned poet. The family finds themselves thinking of Alison as they have not in years – how her fame affected the family's reputation, and how they learned from her as an aunt and sister. Once again they are faced with the question of whether Alison truly belongs to them, or whether she belongs to the world.
The last of Susan Glaspell's completed plays (her final stage work, Springs Eternal, remained unfinished), Alison's House was awarded the 1931 Pulitzer Prize for drama. Alison's House was based on the life of Emily Dickinson, who was receiving extensive attention as the hundredth anniversary of her birth approached. Although it is Glaspell's only play based on a historical figure, she tried to downplay the similarities: she renamed and added characters, and the poetry quoted in the drama is by Ralph Waldo Emerson. As with many of Glaspell's plays, the central figure – Alison – never appears on stage. Still, Alison's House is a more conventionally realistic drama than some of her earlier works, perhaps because she was not writing for a Provincetown Players audience.
Alison's House takes place as the nineteenth century is coming to a close and a new, more materialistic world is emerging. The old house itself, which Mr. Hodges plans to "modernize," represents a dying way of life. Alison's surviving siblings want to protect her name and reputation, while the younger generation, most notably Ted, want to use her and her work for their own gain. Similarly, where Alison and her brother renounced those they loved because society frowned on their choices, Elsa has followed her heart despite the consequences. Perhaps most enduring in Alison's House is the question of what artists owe to their public. As Linda Ben-Zvi and J. Ellen Gainor observe, "Much ahead of its time, the play illustrates how the lives of artists become fodder for a voyeuristic public" (311).
The original production had a mixed reception, especially among critics, but it has been successfully revived several times, most notably by New York's Mint Theater in 1999 and by the Metropolitan Playhouse in 2015.
Ben-Zvi, Linda, and J. Ellen Gainor. Eds. Susan Glaspell: The Complete Plays. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010.
Gainor, J. Ellen. Susan Glaspell in Context: American Theater, Culture, and Politics, 1915-48. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2010.
La Rocco, Claudia. "Review: In 'Alison's House,' a Family Struggles to Protect a Literary Legacy." The New York Times, November 29, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/30/theater/review-in-alisons-house-a-family-struggles-to-protect-a-literary-legacy.html?_r=0.
Temple, Judy Nolte. ""They Shut Me up in Prose": A Cautionary Tale of Two Emilys." Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 22 (2001): 150-173.
Ozieblo, Barbara. Susan Glaspell: A Critical Biography. Chapel Hill: University of No. Carolina Press, 2000.


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text:
this repository is a notebook project build with electron, react, redux. and data store in nedb.

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Japan is a country full of things to see, do and experience. Despite a reputation for being one of the more expensive destinations in Asia, if you plan carefully you can save time and money while traveling. Whether you are looking to visit thousand-year old temples or shop for the perfect souvenir, there is always a deal to be found. Especially for more spontaneous travelers, learning how to travel in Japan on the cheap is not as difficult as it may seem. Just be sure to bring your phone or tablet with you to take advantage of all the opportunities available.
Narita and Haneda airports are the main international destinations for Japan. Both are near Tokyo, and both are connected to the capital by train. Of course, taking the train without straining your wallet is just one part of learning how to travel in Japan!
The N'EX, or Narita Express, will take you to many of the large stations in Tokyo, including Tokyo, Shinjuku and Shibuya. The round-trip ticket from Narita costs only 4,000 yen but lasts 14 days. You can buy it at the airport when you land, just look for a JR EAST Travel service counter after picking up your bags. While in Narita Airport, also consider exchanging currency and renting WiFi directly there for the duration of your trip, to enjoy a complete hassle-free travel experience.
For more information about buses, trains and taxis leaving from Narita Airport, be sure to check our post about transportation options from Narita to Tokyo.
If you are looking to travel further afield then you might want to try the bullet train. These trains are operated by the Japan Railway Company and are covered by the JR Pass. If you are interested in traveling through Japan on local JR lines and using the bullet train, then this pass is usually a sound investment.
This is a great way to travel without worrying about the accumulating cost of individual fares, and you can use these passes to reserve seats on some of the more popular routes. Some bullet train services cannot be used with this pass so you might have to take a slower train, and if you are traveling on local routes it is worth noting that only JR lines are eligible, meaning you have to pay normal fare if you switch over to a non-JR line.
To take advantage of the JR Pass, you must purchase an 'exchange order,' from your home country before heading to Japan. This can be exchanged at Narita airport or Tokyo station, and a few other places around Japan.
If you're wondering how to travel in Japan on a budget, Japan's clean, fast and cheap subway systems are a great option. Nowhere is this truer than with the Tokyo Metro, which covers most of the city and is a great option whether you are visiting for a day or a week. There are a handful of daily passes that cover the various lines in Tokyo, so always check to see which lines you will be using.
If you are landing at Haneda Airport and want to explore Tokyo, your best option is to purchase a Keikyu Line ticket. This covers every Tokyo Metro and Toei subway line and is valid for up to 3 days. To purchase this ticket, go to the Keikyu Service desk at Haneda airport and show them your passport, no pre-purchase required.
Outside of Tokyo there are many more offers to be found, like the Kansai Thru Pass which lets you ride a number of local lines in the Kansai area. 2 and 3-day passes are available, and do not need to be used consecutively if you feel like taking a day off. With so many tourist deals throughout Japan, be sure to check online when you arrive for the most up to date information.
Of course, as traveling around Japan does take time, you may want to consider flying If you want to travel the length and breadth of the country. When you book your international flights you have the option of also purchasing a 'Welcome to Japan' ticket. This lets you fly to 5 additional destinations within Japan and costs less than buying the tickets individually.
Car rentals are also available for those with an international driver's license, and the Tohoku Expressway Pass allows for up to 14 days of travel on toll roads throughout Japan. Prices start at 4,000 yen for 2 days, up to 12,000 yen for 14 days. So whether it's train, plane, metro or car, there are clearly many options for cheap travel in Japan.
Another excellent resource for how to travel in Japan is the local Tourist Information Office, where you can find current news and information about areas of the country that you might otherwise overlook. With even suggested itineraries, you can see what a typical day of traveling might look like for you. Be sure to stop by after you arrive, it can really help out on a rainy day when your original plan suddenly seems less appealing.
Many popular tourist spots, parks and train stations now offer free WiFi, but their range is limited. A simple solution is to rent a SIM card or Pocket WiFi for the duration of your trip. Sakura Mobile offers tourist friendly plans that cater to those looking to use the internet while traveling, without spending all the money saved elsewhere.
Planning will go a long way to mitigating the costs of traveling through Japan, but it can also take away some of the spontaneous fun of exploring a new country. Having mobile data at your fingertips is a great way to get the most out of your holiday without worrying about finding the next hotspot. With Sakura Mobile offering easy and cheap data and WiFi rental plans to stay connected, keep mobile, save money, and enjoy your time away! If you are still confused about the differences between SIM Cards or Pocket WiFi, be sure to check our post about Pros & Cons of SIM Cards and Pocket WiFi in Japan.


Loyola University Maryland's Sellinger School of Business and Management ranks No. 53 in the nation in Bloomberg Businessweek's "Best Undergraduate Business Schools 2013," up nine spots from last year. Loyola is the only Maryland school on this year's list.
The Sellinger School is also ranked No. 35 for academic quality, receiving an "A" for teaching quality and an "A+" for facilities and services, and its graduates boast a median starting salary of $47,000. Businessweek generates the rankings based on data from surveys of students and employers.
"Recognition in Businessweek is especially meaningful because it's based largely and directly on what students say about the value of their educational experience at Loyola," said Karyl B. Leggio, Ph.D., dean of the Sellinger School.
Recently, both the accounting and finance programs within the Sellinger School's MBA program were ranked in the top 30 nationally by U.S. News and World Report.
In all, 145 undergraduate business programs participated in Businessweek's ranking this year, three more than last year. In total, 27,561 students and 218 employers responded to the surveys this year. Notre Dame's Mendoza College of Business ranked No. 1 for the second year in a row.
The full list of ranked schools is available at http://www.businessweek.com/.


text:
Royle eyes Reds star
LIVERPOOL youngster Neil Mellor is firmly in Joe Royle's thoughts as the big kick-off approaches.The Town boss, committed to bringing in loan reinforcements next term, today admitted that the 20-year-old Anfield ace would be an ideal candidate to answer a Portman Road SOS.
LIVERPOOL youngster Neil Mellor is firmly in Joe Royle's thoughts as the big kick-off approaches.
The Town boss, committed to bringing in loan reinforcements next term, today admitted that the 20-year-old Anfield ace would be an ideal candidate to answer a Portman Road SOS.
Royle said: "Neil is a very promising player and if we had to look for a loan striker he would definitely fit the bill.
"It's not a position where we need strengthening at the moment but I like Mellor. He's one I would consider if I had to."
Mellor made his senior debut against Ipswich at Anfield last season in a Worthington Cup fourth round tie eventually decided on penalties.
His most telling contribution was to earn the 54th minute spot-kick, conceded by Mark Venus, that enabled a weakened Liverpool to cancel out Tommy Miller's early opener.
But, Mellor or not, Royle confirmed he is likely to draft in a number of loan players to supplement his ranks in the eagerly awaited 2003-2004 campaign.
Football League rules allow clubs to bring in as many as eight players on a short-term basis – between 28 and 93 days in one season.
Clubs can only field four short-term loan players at any one time and long-term loans, including season-long deals, are also a possibility – but all arrangements have to be finalised before December 31.
Royle added: "I am delighted with the quality of our first 14 or 15 players, but after that we are a bit thin.
"Last season even Portsmouth, the champions, made good use of loan players, as did other clubs like Wolves, Sheffield United and Nottingham Forest to good effect."
With Ipswich being in administration for the final three months of last season and a Football League transfer embargo in place, Royle's hands were firmly tied.
He added: "The availability of the loan system could make a big difference. Not being able to bring in a centre-half, or even a keeper, cost us a play-off place last season."
Meanwhile, it seems Leicester's interest in Ipswich striker Marcus Bent appears to be on the wane.
Royle said: "Their manager, Micky Adams, spoke to me about Marcus some weeks ago. But I haven't heard anything since.
"I don't know if that means they have definitely lost interest, but I think he's looking elsewhere."
Midlands sources were today speculating that Leicester, still financially strapped despite returning to the Premiership, were chasing experienced former England attacker Les Ferdinand.
Royle is aware of Stoke's interest in goalkeeper Andy Marshall, although they have yet to follow up with a firm enquiry for the ex-Norwich man.
Marshall can go on a free transfer, despite having 12 months of his contract still to run, but rival keeper Matteo Sereni will not be allowed to quit Portman Road for nothing.
Record signing Sereni is back after a season-long loan at Brescia, with his representatives trying to secure a free transfer for their client.
The man who cost £5 million from Sampdoria less than two years ago is eager to return to Serie A although there remains a chance, albeit a remote one, that he will start the new season with Ipswich.
Royle, who plans further talks with Sereni this week, said: "The best answer for all parties would be a deal. Matteo is desperate to continue his career in Italy and doesn't want to be here."
Apart from Brescia, former club Sampdoria and Champions League-bound Lazio have also declared an interest in Sereni.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


MSP for Dunfermline Bill Walker has congratulated Fife charity Furniture Plus on receiving £114,057 from the Big Lottery Fund's Support and Connect scheme. The award will enable the charity to expand their service to beneficiaries experiencing furniture poverty but who do not qualify for local authority support.
Mr Walker, who enjoyed a tour of the charity's Dunfermline Pitreavie showroom in May, said: "Furniture Plus offers an invaluable service to Dunfermline and the wider Fife community. They strive to combat poverty by offering quality low-cost furniture to people facing financial hardship.
"When I met Gail Jackson and Daniel Rous recently in Pitreavie, I was impressed by the many social and environmental benefits Furniture Plus offers the community. Volunteers have the opportunity to learn new skills through the renovation of donated furniture, and this recycling means furniture is diverted from ending up in landfill sites.


text:
Kansas City Chiefs quarterback Patrick Mahomes (15) and tight end Travis Kelce (87) walk with head coach Andy Reid during practice on Thursday, Jan. 30, 2020, in Davie, Fla., for the NFL Super Bowl 54 football game. (AP Photo/Brynn Anderson)
DAVIE, Fla. (AP) — There was no significant news out of the San Francisco 49ers and Kansas City Chiefs as they held spirited practices under sunny skies Thursday in one of their final workouts before squaring off in the Super Bowl.
This week more than any other, no news is good news.
The 49ers went through a nearly two-hour workout at the University of Miami's practice facility, where linebacker Kwon Alexander, running back Tevin Coleman and safety Jaquiski Tartt were the only limited players. Alexander has been dealing with a pectoral injury, while Coleman is returning from a shoulder injury and Tartt is dealing with sore ribs.
"No change," 49ers coach Kyle Shanahan said. "They're going to be good to go."
With hip-hop and rap music blaring from sideline speakers — the perfect soundtrack to a practice in Miami — the Niners wore helmets and shells as they focused on nickel installations while reviewing first- and second-down plays. San Francisco often practices in pads on Thursdays of game week, but Shanahan decided against it after a padded practice at home last week.
"I don't think they need the pads," Shanahan said. "I'm trying to make sure we get into the game healthy."
After the Fox broadcast crew led by Joe Buck and Troy Aikman took in the Chiefs' practice Wednesday, it was their turn with San Francisco. The crew wound up watching what Shanahan plans to be the last full-speed session of the week with only a walk-through planned for Friday and final preparations on the docket for Saturday.
"I told them we are getting toward the end here," Shanahan said. "Most of the physical work's put in, but we have to rest our minds and our bodies so we are ready to go on Sunday."
Meanwhile, the Chiefs also wore helmets and shells Thursday as they worked on goal-line, short-yardage and nickel packages while reviewing first and second downs at the Miami Dolphins' practice facility at Nova Southeastern University.
"Guys got good work in and played fast," Chiefs coach Andy Reid said. "It was a great day here. The team is doing good, and they have good energy."
The four players on the injury report remained defensive tackle Chris Jones with a sore calf, tight end Travis Kelce with a bothersome knee, center Austin Reiter with a sore wrist and backup tight end Deon Yelder with a sore Achilles tendon. But all four were full participants in the workout, which lasted about two hours during the early afternoon heat.
On Friday, the Chiefs plan to work on red-zone plays and review the full game plan one more time. But before breaking on Thursday, Reid had his former Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb address the team.
"He's been there and done it," Reid said. "He's been in the league, played a long time. It was good hearing from him."
San Francisco 49ers defensive end Arik Armstead (91) warms up during practice, Thursday, Jan. 30, 2020, in Coral Gables, Fla., for the NFL Super Bowl 54 football game. (AP Photo/Wilfredo Lee)
More The Big Game Stories
NEW ORLEANS (AP) — Drew Brees periodically discusses his long, extraordinary NFL journey in terms of fate and destiny.
The Saints quarterback says, for example, that his career-threatening throwing shoulder injury at the end of the 2005 season was meant to be. It precipitated his departure from the Chargers and move to New Orleans, where he shattered passing records and won a Super Bowl — all while helping rebuild a beloved American city that was reeling from Hurricane Katrina's devastation.
Catching up with Cameron Brate ahead of playoff matchup with Saints
by Karen Loftus / Jan 15, 2021
TAMPA, Fla. (WFLA) -- Tight end Cameron Brate is now in his seventh season with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and continues to play a significant role in their offense.
Brate, along with many of his teammates are enjoying their first-ever playoff appearance, now preparing for the Divisional Round against the Saints.
Jared Goff to start for Rams in Green Bay; Wolford inactive
THOUSAND OAKS, Calif. (AP) — Jared Goff and Sean McVay say they had a healthy, productive disagreement last week about Goff's readiness to return from thumb surgery.
They're in complete accord this week, however: Goff is the best choice to lead the Los Angeles Rams in the playoffs.


It dawned upon me this week when putting on my summer tires that just maybe, just maybe, summer was here. Ofcourse as I was having this thought it began to lightly snow, and I quietly chuckled to myself … but such is life as we know it in the great white north.
While it may snow for half of the year, the city of Montreal is without question filled with sun worshippers, and with our favourite season around the corner (we hope), we have listed our go-to summer spots for the 2015 terrace season.
Beautifully perched above Place d'Darmes Square, and complete with breathtaking views of downtown Montreal, to lead off our list with this gem is a no brainer.
Open day and night, rain or shine, Terrasse Place D'Armes is a favourite for locals and a must see for out-of-towners. Regardless of where you're from, their house specialty Raspberry Mojito will taste fantastic!
Whether you are there for a beautiful view of the city, or a view of the beautiful blonde, the choice is yours at Terrasse Nelligan. Quietly tucked away in the heart of the Old Port, this beautiful outdoor space is the go to terrace for the trendy and the stylish.
The 1st floor, our personal favorite, is the bistro area. With delicious food, thirst quenching cocktails and stylish lounge furniture, you can easily sit down for lunch at noon, and find yourself leaving in the wee hours of the morning.
Far from the most lavish of places, the terrace at Sir Winston Churchill's (a.k.a. "Winnies"), is for those looking for a true sense of Montreal. Located on one of Montreal's most renowned streets, take a seat and watch as what seems to be the entire city pass you by.
With staff that have been there for decades and drink specials to turn your happy hour into many hours, Winnies has stood the test of time, and with good reason.
About three years ago I discovered an Ice Cream flavour that has stuck with me until now. I've been trying to remind myself during Cabane a Sucre season to go to Bilboquet and pick up as many liters as I could get my hands on but kept on forgetting. Well… this year I finally remembered and let me tell you… it was worth the wait!
Feast your eyes on Bilboquet's Maple Taffy Ice Cream. The perfect mélange of vanilla, maple and taffy. Who needs to go to Cabane a Sucre when for you can have it in the comfort of your own home!
Think of every movie you've ever seen that made you hungry… what do you do when the movie is over? Option 1: Go to the fridge and try to make something as delicious as possible. Option 2: Order in whatever you think could come close to what you just witnessed in Chef? Or go with Option 3: Get in your car & go straight to Mercuri Montreal.
Chef Joe Mercuri is known from the famous Brontë Days but what most people don't know is that he is now at Old Montreal's Mercuri Montreal (hence the name). Whether you go fine-dining or decide to get cozy by the fire-pit I promise you, you will not be disappointed.
I've always been proud to be from Montreal for many reasons, music not being one of them. Yeah we've got Simple Plan & Corey Hart but to be quite honest never been such a fan. I still stuck to loving my Montreal roots for many other reasons but then a friend introduced me to Adventure Club. Love EDM? You'll love them. Started listening and loving before I knew they were born & raised in Montreal… once I found out, not gonna lie loved them even more!
With Spring around the corner… it's time for my Saturday ritual – spending the afternoon at the Jean-Talon Market. Yes yes I know… like every one I know you're thinking Jean-Talon? Atwater is so much better but hey I guess it's the Greek in me that just loves that Park Ex neighbourhood.
From my favourite fish market to the best seasonal fruit the Jean-Talon market has never betrayed me. Can't wait to plan out my first Jean-Talon market inspired dinner menu!
1- Disguise onions as candy apples.
2- Coat a deliciously plain doughnut in baking soda.
3- Oreos – replace the icing with toothpaste.
4- Take a screenshot of your coworker's computer desktop, and set it as the background. Hide all of the desktop icons and watch as she struggles with the "frozen" screen.
5- The Classic Post It's everywhere.
6- Another classic: Cover an open toilet bowl with clear plastic wrap.


text:
Q: Create updating date array from CSV using papaParse I have the following csv:
Date
7/6/2019
7/7/2019
7/24/2019
New dates will randomly be added to this csv going forward. I am attempting to create an array that will append a newly added date dynamically so that the length of the array continuously grows.
var dateArray
var url='gamedates.csv'
function parseData(url, callBack){
Papa.parse(url, {
  download: true,
  dynamicTyping: true,
  complete: function(results) {
    callBack(results.data);
  }});}
parseData(url, createTotalCharts);

//separate out 19 rows from csv file
function createTotalCharts(data){
for (i=1; i<data.length;i++){
dateArray.push(data[i])
}
console.log(dateArray);
};

var dateArray
var url='gamedates.csv'
function parseData(url, callBack){
Papa.parse(url, {
  download: true,
  dynamicTyping: true,
  complete: function(results) {
    callBack(results.data);
  }});}
parseData(url, createTotalCharts);

//separate out 19 rows from csv file
function createTotalCharts(data){
for (i=1; i<data.length;i++){
dateArray.push(data[i])
}
console.log(dateArray);
};

Papa Parse parses the csv into rows and each row makes up an array. therefore my single date array turns into for arrays with single items. i am trying to then append each of these items to the dateArray variable. However I keep getting an error that .push of undefined. Thank you!

A: var merged=[].concat.apply([],data);
  var array=merged.slice(1);
This changed my array of arrays into a single array which I then sliced. This worked thank you so much.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
require 'spec_helper'

# Define a ActiveRecord model to help with our tests
ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
  self.verbose = false

  create_table :tests, force: true do |t|
    t.string :name
    t.integer :age
  end
end

class Test < ActiveRecord::Base

  default_scope { where.not(name: "Exclude by default") }
  scope :with_name, ->(name) { where(name: name) }
  scope :over_age, ->(age) { where("age > ?", age) }
end

describe RecordCollection do
  subject(:collection) { RecordCollection.new(Test.all) }
  describe ".new(baseScope)" do
    subject { RecordCollection.new(scope) }

    context "when baseScope is a scope" do
      let(:scope) { Test.all }

      it { should be_a(RecordCollection) }
    end

    context "when baseScope is a class" do
      let(:scope) { Test }

      it { should be_a(RecordCollection) }
    end
  end

  describe "#limit_by" do
    it { should respond_to :limit_by }

    it "accepts an argument" do
      expect { collection.limit_by(Test.with_name("Foo")) }.to_not raise_error
    end

    it "returns it's self" do
      expect(collection.limit_by(Test.all)).to be collection
    end

    it "accepts a block" do
      expect { collection.limit_by {} }.to_not raise_error
    end

    it "yields the base scope to the block" do
      base_scope = Test.with_name("foo")
      collection = RecordCollection.new(base_scope)

      yielded_scope = nil

      collection.limit_by { |s| yielded_scope = s }
      expect(yielded_scope).to eq base_scope
    end

    it "requires an argument or block" do
      expect { collection.limit_by() }.to raise_error(ArgumentError)
    end
  end

  describe "#and" do
    it { should respond_to :and }

    it "accepts an argument" do
      expect { collection.and(Test.with_name("Foo")) }.to_not raise_error
    end

    it "returns it's self" do
      expect(collection.and(Test.all)).to be collection
    end
  end

  describe "#order_by" do
    it { should respond_to :and }

    it "accepts an argument" do
      expect { collection.and(Test.with_name("Foo")) }.to_not raise_error
    end

    it "returns it's self" do
      expect(collection.and(Test.all)).to be collection
    end
  end

  describe "is_limited_by?" do
    it { should respond_to :is_limited_by? }

    it "accepts an argument" do
      expect { collection.is_limited_by?(Test.with_name("Foo")) }.to_not raise_error
    end

    it "returns true if `limit_by` has been called with the argument" do
      collection.limit_by(Test.with_name("Foo"))

      expect(collection.is_limited_by?(Test.with_name("Foo"))).to be true
    end

    it "returns true if the collection was created with the argument" do
      collection = RecordCollection.new(Test.with_name("Foo"))

      expect(collection.is_limited_by?(Test.with_name("Foo"))).to be true
    end

    it "returns false if `limit_by` has not been called with the argument" do
      collection.limit_by(Test.with_name("Foo"))

      expect(collection.is_limited_by?(Test.with_name("Bob"))).to be false
    end
  end

  describe "limited_by?" do
    it { should respond_to :limited_by? }

    it "accepts an argument" do
      expect { collection.limited_by?(Test.with_name("Foo")) }.to_not raise_error
    end

    it "returns true if `limit_by` has been called with the argument" do
      collection.limit_by(Test.with_name("Foo"))

      expect(collection.limited_by?(Test.with_name("Foo"))).to be true
    end

    it "returns true if the collection was created with the argument" do
      collection = RecordCollection.new(Test.with_name("Foo"))

      expect(collection.is_limited_by?(Test.with_name("Foo"))).to be true
    end

    it "returns false if `limit_by` has not been called with the argument" do
      collection.limit_by(Test.with_name("Foo"))

      expect(collection.limited_by?(Test.with_name("Bob"))).to be false
    end
  end

  describe "enumeration" do
    it { should respond_to :each }
    it { should respond_to :all? }
    it { should respond_to :any? }
    it { should respond_to :chunk }
    it { should respond_to :collect }
    it { should respond_to :collect_concat }
    it { should respond_to :count }
    it { should respond_to :cycle }
    it { should respond_to :detect }
    it { should respond_to :drop }
    it { should respond_to :drop_while }
    it { should respond_to :each_cons }
    it { should respond_to :each_entry }
    it { should respond_to :each_slice }
    it { should respond_to :each_with_index }
    it { should respond_to :each_with_object }
    it { should respond_to :entries }
    it { should respond_to :find }
    it { should respond_to :find_all }
    it { should respond_to :find_index }
    it { should respond_to :first }
    it { should respond_to :flat_map }
    it { should respond_to :grep }
    it { should respond_to :group_by }
    it { should respond_to :include? }
    it { should respond_to :inject }
    it { should respond_to :lazy }
    it { should respond_to :map }
    it { should respond_to :max }
    it { should respond_to :max_by }
    it { should respond_to :member? }
    it { should respond_to :min }
    it { should respond_to :min_by }
    it { should respond_to :minmax }
    it { should respond_to :minmax_by }
    it { should respond_to :none? }
    it { should respond_to :one? }
    it { should respond_to :partition }
    it { should respond_to :reduce }
    it { should respond_to :reject }
    it { should respond_to :reverse_each }
    it { should respond_to :select }
    it { should respond_to :sort }
    it { should respond_to :sort_by }
    it { should respond_to :take }
    it { should respond_to :take_while }
    it { should respond_to :to_a }
    it { should respond_to :to_h }
    it { should respond_to :zip }

    context "when the base scope was a class" do
      it "should yield objects accoprding to default scope" do
        adam = Test.create(name: "Adam")
        excluded_by_default = Test.create(name: "Exclude by default")
        collection = RecordCollection.new(Test)

        expect(collection).to include(adam)
        expect(collection).to_not include(excluded_by_default)
      end
    end

    context "when `filter_by` has not been called" do
      it "should yield objects in scope the base scope" do
        adam = Test.create(name: "Adam")
        bob = Test.create(name: "Bob")
        collection = RecordCollection.new(Test.with_name("Adam"))

        expect(collection).to include(adam)
        expect(collection).to_not include(bob)
      end
    end

    context "when `filter_by` with an argument has been called" do
      it "should not yield filtered out by scopes" do
        adam_12 = Test.create(name: "Adam", age: 12)
        adam_21 = Test.create(name: "Adam", age: 21)
        bob = Test.create(name: "Bob", age: 21)

        collection
            .limit_by(Test.with_name("Adam"))
            .and(Test.over_age(20))

        expect(collection).to include(adam_21)
        expect(collection).to_not include(bob, adam_12)
      end
    end

    context "when `filter_by` with a block has been called" do
      it "should not yield filtered out by scopes" do
        adam_12 = Test.create(name: "Adam", age:  12)
        adam_21 = Test.create(name: "Adam", age: 21)
        bob = Test.create(name: "Bob", age: 21)

        collection
            .limit_by { |s| s.with_name("Adam") }
            .and(Test.over_age(20))

        expect(collection).to include(adam_21)
        expect(collection).to_not include(bob, adam_12)
      end
    end
  end

  describe "rspec integration" do
    before :each do
      collection.limit_by(Test.with_name("Foo"))
    end

    it { should be_limited_by(Test.with_name("Foo")) }
    it { should_not be_limited_by(Test.with_name("Adam")) }
  end
end


text:
Q: Unable to get context from Fragment I am trying to call a fragment method from an activity but I am getting a null pointer exception when setting the adapter context with getActivity() in that method:
Fragment Method
public void fragmentMethod() {
            String[] names = new String[]{"name1", "name2", "name3"};
            String[] values = new String[]{value1, value2, value3};
            adapter = new MyArrayAdapter(getActivity(), names, values);
            setListAdapter(adapter);
}

Adapter
public class MyArrayAdapter extends ArrayAdapter<String> {

    private final Context context;
    private final String[] names;
    private final String[] values;

    public MyArrayAdapter (Context context, String[] names, String[] values) {
        super(context, R.layout.rowlayout, values);
        this.context = context;
        this.names = names;
        this.values = values;
    }

    @Override
    public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
        ...
    }

}

Call to Fragment Method from Activity
public void activityMethod() {
    FragmentName  test= new FragmentName();
    test.fragmentMethod();
}

I have tried many different things and I'm at a loss here...if I am fundamentally wrong in what I am trying to do, please let me know as I am a novice. Thank you!
Edit: Stack Trace
(Inventory is the Fragment class)
This is after clicking an imageview which calls activityMethod()
06-04 19:55:17.976    1147-1147/company.com.myapp E/AndroidRuntime﹕ FATAL EXCEPTION: main
java.lang.NullPointerException
        at android.widget.ArrayAdapter.init(ArrayAdapter.java:310)
        at android.widget.ArrayAdapter.<init>(ArrayAdapter.java:128)
        at company.com.myapp.MyArrayAdapter.<init>(MyArrayAdapter.java:18)
        at company.com.myapp.Inventory.createList(Inventory.java:105)
        at company.com.myapp.MainActivity.newDay(MainActivity.java:177)
        at company.com.myapp.MainActivity$2.onClick(MainActivity.java:91)
        at android.view.View.performClick(View.java:4240)
        at android.view.View$PerformClick.run(View.java:17721)
        at android.os.Handler.handleCallback(Handler.java:730)
        at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:92)
        at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:137)
        at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5103)
        at java.lang.reflect.Method.invokeNative(Native Method)
        at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:525)
        at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:737)
        at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:553)
        at dalvik.system.NativeStart.main(Native Method)

A:
if I am fundamentally wrong in what I am trying to do, please let me know as I am a novice

You cannot call getActivity() and get a response until the fragment is attached to an activity. In the case of a dynamic fragment — one you are creating directly via the constructor — this will be sometime after you commit() a FragmentTransaction that will put this fragment in a FragmentManager.
Moreover, there is no point in setting up your adapter until the ListView is ready.
So, simply move your fragmentMethod() code into an onViewCreated() method on your fragment. This will be called at a point in time when both the fragment is attached to the activity and the ListView is ready to receive your adapter.

A: From the code above, your fragment didn't associate to any activity. So getActivity() call will return null until you attach your fragment to activity.
private void activityMethod() {
    MyFragment fragment = new MyFragment();
    getSupportFragmentManager().beginTransaction()
            .add(fragment, "myfragment").commit();
    fragment.fragmentMethod();
}

A: Do that inside onActivityCreated() or inside onAttach()


text:
El Niño Has Definitely Ended, But Climate Change Nightmares Are Here To Stay
Sea surface temperatures in August and September have stabilized after peaking during the recent El Nino event. NASA
By Robin Andrews
The world has definitively escaped one of the most powerful El Niños on record. After a stalled beginning, it commenced its wicked ways in March 2015 and lasted until sometime earlier this summer.
Its driving mechanism – warm water upwelling and spreading into the eastern Pacific Ocean – was thought to have terminated back in June according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Now, NASA has also declared that Pacific sea surface temperatures have officially stabilized. Their cutting-edge models indicate that the equatorial Pacific Ocean should be at "normal" temperatures from September onwards.
Most potent El Niños are followed by an opposing La Niña, wherein the eastern Pacific experiences far colder than normal water temperatures. However, perhaps due to the extreme nature of this particular El Niño, these cold waters won't be appearing this time around.
"We are consistently predicting a more neutral state, with no La Niña or El Niño later this year," said Steven Pawson, chief of NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, in a statement.
If you haven't noticed, things have been pretty warm recently, and the ex-El Niño is partly to blame. NASA's original modeling for the 2015-16 climatic phenomenon was initially seen to be incredibly excessive, but as it unfolded before them, they were proven right.
It exacerbated extreme weather across the world, and 100 million people were left without food and water. It also contributed towards the unbelievably consistent temperature highs.
Indeed, we've been running out of different ways to tell you that, month on month, it has been the hottest on record. In fact, according to NASA, August is the 11th consecutive record-breaking month in terms of temperature. The NOAA data set indicates that it could be the 15th in a row.
Sea surface temperature anomalies, tracking the upwelling of warmer-than-average water in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. NASA
So far, 2016 is the hottest year in recorded history by quite a margin, and already it's featured some pretty unusual events. Back-to-back Hawaiian hurricanes, typhoons that are 15 percent stronger than ever before, massive wildfires, extremely early melting in Greenland, and brand new meltwater pools over in the normally frigid Eastern Antarctic are but a few examples.
El Niño certainly played its part in some of these events. However, climate scientists agree that even one of the strongest El Niños on record pales in comparison to the way humanity is altering the climate.
Thanks to our remarkably efficient ability to pump greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere, we are changing the world's climate at an unprecedented rate. As a result, we are reaping the whirlwind through sea-level rise, powerful natural disasters, crop failure, economic losses and even war.
Sure, ocean temperatures have risen thanks to El Niño, and higher temperatures fuel stronger tropical cyclones. However, if we didn't have the oceans to absorb 90 percent of the excess heat we'd generated, the rate of temperature change in the 20th century wouldn't have been 10 times above what would naturally be expected, but a devastating 360 times.
Make no mistake – we are the culprits here. Still, the groundbreaking (if imperfect) Paris agreement has been ratified by China and the US, renewable energy sources are on the rise, and support for climate change mitigation is at an all-time high.
We're steering the ship in the right direction, but that water's rising awfully quickly. By the looks of things, some powerful climate change deniers are actively trying to sink it.
Global temperature anomaly tracking, based on the 1980 - 2015 annual average. NASA


text:
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield
TX v. Susie Mowbray
Ten years after being found guilty of the murder of her husband, Susie Mowbray's conviction was overturned, and she would once again face a jury of her peers. Would a second jury believe her story that Bill Mowbray was a severely depressed man who took his own life? Or would the prosecution once again prove she was a cold-blooded killer?
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: TX v. Susie Mowbray
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: MI v. Jonathan Schmitz
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: CA v. Kellen Winslow II
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: CO v. Shawna Nelson
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: MI v. Jack Kevorkian
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: CO v. Michael Andrade
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: OR v. Beagley
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: OR v. Carl & Raylene Worthington
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: WI v. Masarik, et al.
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: WA v. Randall Foos
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: WA v. Naveed Haq
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: WI v. David Beck
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: MI v. Nancy Seaman
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: WA v. Mary Kay Letourneau
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: AZ v. Scott Falater
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: MI v. Jeffery Pyne
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: WI v. Andrew Wirth
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: AZ v. Frank Roque
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: CA v. Han, et al.
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: CA v. Charles Manson, et al.
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: CA v. Douglas Iversen
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: AZ v. Elizabeth Johnson
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: AZ v. Timothy Ring
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: CA v. Cynthia Sommer
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: NJ v. Melanie McGuire
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: FL v. Rod Ferrell
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: FL v. Marc Benayer
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: NJ v. Dharun Ravi
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: Betty Broderick Preview
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: CA v. Betty Broderick
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: AZ v. Jodi Arias
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: CA v. Conrad Murray
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: CA v. Lyle & Erik Menendez
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: CA v. Phil Spector
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: CA v. Robert Bardo
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: FL v. Mark Sievers
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: FL v. Scott Nelson
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: FL v. Tommy Carlton
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: FL v. William Coday
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: NJ v. Ravi Preview
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: NV v. OJ Simpson
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: TX v. Amber Guyger
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: TX v. Chante Mallard
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: NJ v. Fred Neulander
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: FL v. Dalia Dippolito
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: CA v. Powell, et al.
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: FL v. Aileen Wuornos
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: FL v. Donald Hartung
Judgment with Ashleigh Banfield: FL v. Casey Anthony


text:
Sir Adam Wilson
Wilson was born in Edinburgh to Andrew Wilson and Jane Chalmers on September 22, 1814. In 1830, he immigrated to Trafalgar Township, where he started work as a clerk for his uncle George Chalmers, who owned a mill and store in Halton County.
Wilson became a pupil of Robert Baldwin Sullivan in 1834. In 1839, he was called to the Bar of Upper Canada and in 1850; he was elected a bencher of the Law Society of Upper Canada. He was also grated the title of Queen's Council.
Wilson entered politics and in 1855 was chosen as alderman for St. Patrick's Ward. He left politics before returning in 1858, after he was nominated for mayor by George Brown's Municipal Reform Association. The election was the first direct popular vote for mayor. He was successful again in 1860 but did not run in 1861.
Wilson was the Solicitor General for Ontario in 1862 and resigned in May 1863. He was appointed a judge of the Court of Queen's Bench. He switched to Common Pleas in August, before returning to Queen's bench in 1868. In 1878, Wilson was made chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas, and then became chief justice of Queen's Bench in 1884. He retired in 1887 and was knighted. Wilson died in Toronto on December 28, 1891.
In 1856, Wilson was appointed to a task force with five other lawyers including John Hillyard Cameron, Oliver Mowat, and David Breakenridge Read to revise and consolidate the statutes that would become the Public General Statutes of the Province of Canada. He was appointed to the Ontario Law Reform Commission in 1871.


text:
Best Of :: Sports & Recreation
Best of Houston® /// Sports & Recreation /// 2002
Golfing vacations have become all the rage in recent years. Young power players and old gummers alike are paying top dollar for package trips that whisk them over the ocean -- and back in time -- to Saint Andrews or some other hallowed shrine of shankers everywhere. Houston doesn't lay (or even lay up) claim to any legendary links, but that doesn't mean august Augusta or pristine Pebble Beach has to be out of reach. With Tour 18, the mountain has come to Mulligan. As most weekend hackers know by now, Tour 18 replicates famous holes. No, the condition of the course isn't the plushest in the area -- and suburban Humble hasn't come up with the crashing ocean waves over rocky coastline of Pebble Beach. But there's ample accuracy of design, whether it's the Blue Monster of Doral, or the challenges of Shinnecock Hills, Oakmont, Harbour Town (the course lost its signature lighthouse replica in litigation) or even Colonial. Augusta's Amen Corner is the most exquisite offering -- the ghost of Arnie can almost be detected, advising through the hush of the lush pine roughs. Tour 18 has taken criticism for its obvious lack of originality. But it's easy to spot those who have teed it up on this course. When a PGA sportscaster tells of the terror awaiting the pros on the deadly island-green hole of Sawgrass, for example.
Living in the sweltering silver city, there are few places where you can get in touch with your inner Daniel Boone. But just outside of town, before you get to the ocean, there's a place where you can pretend you're going over the river and through the woods to Grandmother's house. Little footbridges lead across ponds, and trees stretch farther than any groves we've seen inside the Loop. It's like the Hill Country, but flatter and closer. There's an open prairie where you can sit on a bench and feel like you're Charles Ingalls about to build a homestead. There are well-labeled paths where you can see deer running. There are even some bison wandering around the 2,500-acre nature preserve.
8500 Bay Area Blvd., Pasadena, 77507
abnc.org
There is no position more unsung in major professional sports than that of the offensive lineman, so let us sing the praises of one: Tony Boselli. The first player drafted by the Texans in their expansion draft, Boselli is, of course, huge; he's six foot seven and 320 pounds. He's also good; he's been picked for the Pro Bowl five times in an eight-year career with the Jacksonville Jaguars. At age 30, he's likely got enough good years in him to see the Texans make it out of patsy status. And he brings a bit more to the table: For the past seven years he and his wife, Angi, have headed the Boselli Foundation, which has funded scholarships, educational programs and other benefits for disadvantaged youths. A foundation spokesperson says the group's headquarters will be moving to Houston, and the Bosellis will decide how best to help here.
Daryle Ward's 2002 season wasn't the breakout year everyone was hoping for, but his struggles exemplified the twin strands of frustration and elation that bind every Astros fan. God obviously didn't intend for the chunky Ward to be an outfielder, or He would have given him more willpower. Still, Ward stomps around the miniature patch of left field at Minute Maid Park as well as can be expected. He shows terrific power at the plate -- in stretches. When he's in the middle of one of those dynamite stretches, he's an absolute ball to watch. When he's not, you find yourself wishing he'd get hot just so the team could trade him to the American League, where he could be the DH he is so patently meant to be. Ward keeps plugging away, though, and all that potential makes him emblematic of our ever-struggling 'Stros.
City life got the best of you? Sundance Yoga Studio offers beginner through advanced classes (levels 1-4) and Power Yoga classes for graduate students. Each class includes pranayama (proper breathing techniques), asanas (postures for flexibility, balance, coordination, strengthening) and meditation. They also offer monthly workshops that are open to the public. The limber folks at Sundance believe everyone should use yoga as a powerful medium to transform their lives.
Sports is just too personal an endeavor for you to shop in a megachain that's missing personality. Sun & Ski Sports has multiple outlets, certainly. And visitors won't find diddly in the way of golf drivers with oversized heads or softball bats of metals exotic enough to make NASA envious. But it has stuck to the basics to bring some adventure and fun to consumers. The staff is intelligent, attentive, well attuned to the latest breakthroughs in selected recreational undertakings -- and well aware of shoppers' budget constraints. Those looking for bikes, skates, skis (water or snow) and camping gear are guaranteed quality products and real professional guidance.
sunandski.com
Sanctuary! Tony Hawk wannabes who are tired of getting kicked out of downtown have a 30,000-plus-square-foot refuge they can call their own. Vans Skatepark -- part of a national chain of skateboard facilities -- boasts an impressive indoor/outdoor collection of ramps, pools, rails and ledges where future X Games contestants can polish their tricks. And if you're as old as Hawk, don't worry. Skaters in their late twenties and thirties have been spotted reclaiming their adolescent glory days. Lucky for them, there's plenty of air-conditioning and a row of Mountain Dew machines to help them keep their cool.
Best Public Golf Course: Tour 18


The Executive Committee of the Booker T. Washington Community Service in meeting assembled note with a great deal of interest your gradual improvement in health. Though gradual, we are all pleased that we do entertain the hope that this improvement will be continuous until you are your real self again.
We appreciate the genuine interest you have manifested in the development of a substantial Colored citizenry in South Bend, and thank you for the great school, Hering-House, which you have made possible for their instruction. True it is that education is necessarily slow and painstaking, and the pupil seldom appreciates the teacher until after graduation, yet, Mrs. Hering we know that the dawn of a new day for the Colored people of South Bend came with the establishment of Hering House.  We are backing the program for maintaining high standards for the Race, self-improvement and the sharing of community responsibilities by Colored people. We believe in Race Pride so strongly that we are teaching Negroes everywhere that they should be as proud of being black as other people are of being white.
The committee recognizes the fact that this will cost much in finance, sacrifice and patience. It joins you in faith, believing that we are on the right track, and are determined to bring about adjustments for permanent results.
Description Letter from Carrie B. Ulis, President of the Booker T. Washington Community Service (the South Bend, Indiana based organization that ran Hering House), to benefactor Mrs. Frank E. Hering (Claribel), thanking her for her support of Hering House, and wishing her a speedy recovery after an unnamed illness. This letter is dated August 11th, 1927.
Transcription Booker T. Washington Community Service Operating Hering-House for Social Service Among Negroes 726 WEST DIVISION STREET R. A. B. CRUMP, DIRECTOR MISS A. E. SEALS, FIELD WORKER EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MRS. CARRIE ULIS, PRESIDENT T. L. ROBINSON, VICE-PRESIDENT A. W. PRICE, TREASURER MRS. MABEL ROBINSON, SECRETARY REV. R. B. ALEXANDER MRS. VIOLA FINDLEY REV. J. L. MASON REV. A. L. PIERCE J. D. ULIS August 11th., 1927. Mrs. Frank E. Hering 919 E. Jefferson Blvd., South Bend, Indiana Dear Mrs. Hering: The Executive Committee of the Booker T. Washington Community Service in meeting assembled note with a great deal of interest your gradual improvement in health. Though gradual, we are all pleased that we do entertain the hope that this improvement will be continuous until you are your real self again. We appreciate the genuine interest you have manifested in the development of a substantial Colored citizenry in South Bend, and thank you for the great school, Hering-House, which you have made possible for their instruction. True it is that education is necessarily slow and painstaking, and the pupil seldom appreciates the teacher until after graduation, yet, Mrs. Hering we know that the dawn of a new day for the Colored people of South Bend came with the establishment of Hering House. We are backing the program for maintaining high standards for the Race, self-improvement and the sharing of community responsibilities by Colored people. We believe in Race Pride so strongly that we are teaching Negroes everywhere that they should be as proud of being black as other people are of being white. The committee recognizes the fact that this will cost much in finance, sacrifice and patience. It joins you in faith, believing that we are on the right track, and are determined to bring about adjustments for permanent results. With kindly remembrances to Mr. Hering, we continue in prayer with the hope for your speedy recovery and remain, Your grateful friends, Carrie B. Ulis, Pres.


text:
Chris Cuomo gears up to sue CNN for more than $18 million: Report
Photo by Noam Galai/Getty Images
Ex-CNN anchor Chris Cuomo is reportedly preparing to file a lawsuit against CNN if the network refuses to pay him at least $18 million to cover the remainder of his contract at $6 million per year.
The report comes as Cuomo revealed that he will no longer be on SiriusXM radio hosting "Let's Get After It with Chris Cuomo."
What are the details?
The 51-year-old disgraced anchor — who was fired after his efforts to fluff the reputation of his brother, ex-New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo (D), by attempting to quash reporting on allegations against him of sexual harassment — has hired attorneys and is reportedly preparing to file the suit if he doesn't receive the pay for the remaining three years on his four-year contract.
According to a report from the New York Post, sources familiar with the matter state that his contract was reportedly worth $6 million per year, leaving between $18 and $20 million on the table after his departure.
Cuomo is also reportedly likely to seek damages if he files the suit.
A source told the outlet, however, that the network has "no intention of paying [Chris] Cuomo a penny."
"If he gets a settlement, there would be uproar," the source added
A second source told the outlet that the company "has a standard morality clause in their contract that says if the employee does anything of disrepute, they can be immediately fired."
Much like his brother, Cuomo is facing sexual misconduct allegations of his own: A former colleague who wished to remain anonymous hired an attorney and came forward earlier this week, saying that Cuomo reportedly engaged in sexual misconduct with her.
"Hearing the hypocrisy of Chris Cuomo's on-air words and disgusted by his efforts to try to discredit these women, my client retained counsel to report his serious sexual misconduct against her to CNN," attorney Debra Katz said in a statement on the allegation.
Cuomo has stated that the allegations have no merit.
On Sunday, a spokesperson for the ex-anchor told the Wall Street Journal that CNN President Jeff Zucker knew all about Cuomo's support for his brother.
"There were no secrets about this, as other individuals besides Mr. Cuomo can attest," the spokesperson said.
CNN in a statement called the allegation "patently false."
"This reinforces why he was terminated for violating our standards and practices, as well as his lack of candor," the network added.
Both CNN and a spokesperson for Cuomo declined to comment on the report.
Cuomo on Monday announced that he would no longer be appearing on his SiriusXM show.
In a message shared on Twitter, Cuomo wrote, "The way my time ended at CNN was hard. While I have a thick skin, I also have a family, for whom the past week has been extraordinarily difficult. So, right now, I have to take a step back and focus on what comes next. That means I will no longer be doing my SiriusXM radio show. I am extremely grateful for the support I have received from SiriusXM throughout my time there. I also want to express my sincere appreciation for my loyal listeners. I will miss our conversations a great deal — but I look forward to being back in touch with you all in the future."
pic.twitter.com/mACJo3SqID
— Christopher C. Cuomo (@Christopher C. Cuomo) 1638821261
SiriusXM in a statement announced, "Following Chris Cuomo's statement that he is leaving his SiriusXM show, 'Let's Get After It' will no longer air. We thank Chris for his work at SiriusXM."
'American hero' Tuskegee Airman Charles McGee passed away at 102-years-old
Hispanic Caucus lawmaker refuses to meet Kamala Harris staffer over decade-old tweet against illegal aliens
As Democrats fall flat in their push to target the Senate filibuster, DC mayor says 'we wouldn't even be in this situation if Washington DC had two senators'
Suspect who allegedly gunned down 19-year-old Burger King worker in cold blood demands reparations
Top Union Pacific official blasts far-left policies over 'spiraling crisis' of rail theft, threatens to leave Los Angeles
Dallas Cowboys QB Dak Prescott praises fans who threw trash at referees after playoff loss to 49ers: 'Credit to them'
Megachurch pastor hawks loogie, rubs it on man's face in sermon illustration as church-goers gasp in horror: 'Cult energy'


text:
Overview of special issues
Greenhouse gAs Uk and Global Emissions (GAUGE) project (ACP/AMT inter-journal SI)(ACP/AMT inter-journal SI)
Editor(s): B. N. Duncan, D. Brunner, M. Chipperfield, and N.R.P. Harris Special issue jointly organized between Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics and Atmospheric Measurement Techniques More information
The special issue collects together publications arising from the NERC-funded (grant no. NE/K002449/1) Greenhouse gAs Uk and Global Emissions (GAUGE) project. GAUGE was designed to quantify nationwide greenhouse gas emissions of the UK (CO2, CH4, and N2O), bringing together a range of measurements and atmospheric transport models. GAUGE will inform the blueprint for countries that are building a measurement infrastructure in preparation for global stocktakes that are a key part of the Paris Agreement.
Download citations of all papers
Atmospheric radiocarbon measurements to quantify CO2 emissions in the UK from 2014 to 2015
Angelina Wenger, Katherine Pugsley, Simon O'Doherty, Matt Rigby, Alistair J. Manning, Mark F. Lunt, and Emily D. White
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 14057–14070, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14057-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14057-2019, 2019
We present 14CO2 observations at a background site in Ireland and a tall tower site in the UK. These data have been used to calculate the contribution of fossil fuel sources to atmospheric CO2 mole fractions from the UK and Ireland. 14CO2 emissions from nuclear industry sites in the UK cause a higher uncertainty in the results compared to observations in other locations. The observed ffCO2 at the site was not significantly different from simulated values based on the bottom-up inventory.
Assessing London CO2, CH4 and CO emissions using aircraft measurements and dispersion modelling
Joseph R. Pitt, Grant Allen, Stéphane J.-B. Bauguitte, Martin W. Gallagher, James D. Lee, Will Drysdale, Beth Nelson, Alistair J. Manning, and Paul I. Palmer
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 8931–8945, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8931-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8931-2019, 2019
This paper presents a new method to assess inventory estimates of greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions for large cities and their surrounding regions. A case study using data sampled by a research aircraft around London was used to test the method. We found that the UK national inventory agrees with our observations for CO but needed lower emissions for CH4 to agree with the measured data. Repeated studies could help determine how these emissions vary on different timescales.
Country-scale greenhouse gas budgets using shipborne measurements: a case study for the UK and Ireland
Carole Helfter, Neil Mullinger, Massimo Vieno, Simon O'Doherty, Michel Ramonet, Paul I. Palmer, and Eiko Nemitz
We present a novel approach to estimate the annual budgets of carbon dioxide (881.0 ± 128.5 Tg) and methane (2.55 ± 0.48 Tg) of the British Isles from shipborne measurements taken over a 3-year period (2015–2017). This study brings independent verification of the emission budgets estimated using alternative products and investigates the seasonality of these emissions, which is usually not possible.
Quantifying the UK's carbon dioxide flux: an atmospheric inverse modelling approach using a regional measurement network
Emily D. White, Matthew Rigby, Mark F. Lunt, T. Luke Smallman, Edward Comyn-Platt, Alistair J. Manning, Anita L. Ganesan, Simon O'Doherty, Ann R. Stavert, Kieran Stanley, Mathew Williams, Peter Levy, Michel Ramonet, Grant L. Forster, Andrew C. Manning, and Paul I. Palmer
Understanding carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes from the terrestrial biosphere on a national scale is important for evaluating land use strategies to mitigate climate change. We estimate emissions of CO2 from the UK biosphere using atmospheric data in a top-down approach. Our findings show that bottom-up estimates from models of biospheric fluxes overestimate the amount of CO2 uptake in summer. This suggests these models wrongly estimate or omit key processes, e.g. land disturbance due to harvest.
Ann R. Stavert, Simon O'Doherty, Kieran Stanley, Dickon Young, Alistair J. Manning, Mark F. Lunt, Christopher Rennick, and Tim Arnold
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 4495–4518, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4495-2019,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4495-2019, 2019
Under the UK GAUGE project, two new greenhouse gas observation sites were established in the 2013/2014 winter at two telecommunications towers. A combination of spectroscopic and chromatographic instrumentation was used to measure CO2, CH4, CO, N2O and SF6. The advantages and disadvantages of two CRDS sample drying strategies, Nafion(R) and empirical water correction, were also examined.
A measurement-based verification framework for UK greenhouse gas emissions: an overview of the Greenhouse gAs Uk and Global Emissions (GAUGE) project
Paul I. Palmer, Simon O'Doherty, Grant Allen, Keith Bower, Hartmut Bösch, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Sarah Connors, Sandip Dhomse, Liang Feng, Douglas P. Finch, Martin W. Gallagher, Emanuel Gloor, Siegfried Gonzi, Neil R. P. Harris, Carole Helfter, Neil Humpage, Brian Kerridge, Diane Knappett, Roderic L. Jones, Michael Le Breton, Mark F. Lunt, Alistair J. Manning, Stephan Matthiesen, Jennifer B. A. Muller, Neil Mullinger, Eiko Nemitz, Sebastian O'Shea, Robert J. Parker, Carl J. Percival, Joseph Pitt, Stuart N. Riddick, Matthew Rigby, Harjinder Sembhi, Richard Siddans, Robert L. Skelton, Paul Smith, Hannah Sonderfeld, Kieran Stanley, Ann R. Stavert, Angelina Wenger, Emily White, Christopher Wilson, and Dickon Young
This paper provides an overview of the Greenhouse gAs Uk and Global Emissions (GAUGE) experiment. GAUGE was designed to quantify nationwide GHG emissions of the UK, bringing together measurements and atmospheric transport models. This novel experiment is the first of its kind. We anticipate it will inform the blueprint for countries that are building a measurement infrastructure in preparation for global stocktakes, which are a key part of the Paris Agreement.
Detecting changes in Arctic methane emissions: limitations of the inter-polar difference of atmospheric mole fractions
Oscar B. Dimdore-Miles, Paul I. Palmer, and Lori P. Bruhwiler
The Arctic is experiencing warming trends higher than the global mean. Arctic ecosystems are a large store of carbon. As the soil organic carbon thaws and decomposes, some fraction of this store will eventually be released to the atmosphere as methane. We show that a previously used measurement-based metric to identify changes in Arctic methane emissions does not reliably quantify these changes because it neglects the effect of atmospheric transport. A better metric will combine data and models.
Greenhouse gas measurements from a UK network of tall towers: technical description and first results
Kieran M. Stanley, Aoife Grant, Simon O'Doherty, Dickon Young, Alistair J. Manning, Ann R. Stavert, T. Gerard Spain, Peter K. Salameh, Christina M. Harth, Peter G. Simmonds, William T. Sturges, David E. Oram, and Richard G. Derwent
CH4 emission estimates from an active landfill site inferred from a combined approach of CFD modelling and in situ FTIR measurements
Hannah Sonderfeld, Hartmut Bösch, Antoine P. R. Jeanjean, Stuart N. Riddick, Grant Allen, Sébastien Ars, Stewart Davies, Neil Harris, Neil Humpage, Roland Leigh, and Joseph Pitt
The waste sector is the second largest source of methane in the UK. However, uncertainties of methane emissions from landfill sites still remain. In this study we present a new approach for the estimation of methane emissions from a landfill site by applying a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for precise measurements of methane with in situ Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Different source areas could be distinguished with this method and their emissions were assessed.
Estimating the size of a methane emission point source at different scales: from local to landscape
Stuart N. Riddick, Sarah Connors, Andrew D. Robinson, Alistair J. Manning, Pippa S. D. Jones, David Lowry, Euan Nisbet, Robert L. Skelton, Grant Allen, Joseph Pitt, and Neil R. P. Harris
High methane mixing ratios occurred at our long-term measurement site. Isotopic measurements show the source is a landfill 7 km away; the emissions were estimated using three different approaches. The emission estimates made by near-source and middle-distance methods agree well for a period of intense observation. The estimate of the inverse modelling is similar to the labour-intensive middle-distance approach, which shows it can be used to identify point sources within an emission landscape.
The development and evaluation of airborne in situ N2O and CH4 sampling using a quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer (QCLAS)
J. R. Pitt, M. Le Breton, G. Allen, C. J. Percival, M. W. Gallagher, S. J.-B. Bauguitte, S. J. O'Shea, J. B. A. Muller, M. S. Zahniser, J. Pyle, and P. I. Palmer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 63–77, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-63-2016,https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-63-2016, 2016
We present details of an Aerodyne quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer (QCLAS) used to make airborne measurements of N2O and CH4, including its configuration for use on board an aircraft. Two different methods to correct for the influence of water vapour on the measurements are evaluated. We diagnose a sensitivity of the instrument to changes in pressure, introduce a new calibration procedure to account for this effect, and assess its performance.