text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec-int}
The production of beauty quarks in $ep$ collisions at HERA provides a
stringent test of perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), since the
large $b$-quark mass ($m_b~\approx~5~{\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}$) provides a hard scale that
should ensure reliable predictions in all regions of phase space,
including the kinematic threshold. Especially
in this region, with $b$-quark transverse momenta comparable to or less
than the $b$-quark mass,
next-to-leading-order (NLO) QCD calculations based on the mechanism
of dynamical generation of the (massive) $b$ quarks
\cite{np:b412:225,*np:b454:3,*frixione3,
      np:b452:109,*pl:b353:535,pr:d57:2806}
are expected to provide accurate predictions.

The cross section for beauty production has previously been measured in
$ep$ collisions\cite{pl:b467:156,*epj:c18:625,*pr:d70:012008,*epj:c41:453,*H1phjets,*epj:c50:1434,*pr:d78:72001,*desy-08-210, jhep:02:032,pl:b599:173,Massimo09,epj:c40:349,*epj:c45:23,*F2bH1HERAII},
as well as in $p\widebar{p}$ collisions at the S$p\widebar{p}$S
\cite{beautyUA10,*beautyUA1a,*beautyUA1,*beautyUA1b}
and Tevatron
\cite{beautyCDF1,*beautyCDF2,*beautyCDF3,*beautyCDF4,*beautyCDF4a,*beautyCDF5,
*beautyCDF5a,*beautyCDF7,*beautyCDF8,*beautyCDF9,*beautyCDF10,
*beautyD00,*beautyD01,*beautyD02,*beautyD03}
colliders, in $\gamma \gamma$ interactions at LEP
\cite{beautyLEP1,*beautyLEP3,beautyLEP4}, and in
fixed-target $\pi N$ \cite{WA78,*E706} and $pN$
\cite{E789,*E771,*HERAB} experiments.
Most results, including recent results from the Tevatron, are in good
agreement with QCD predictions. Some of the LEP results
\cite{beautyLEP1}, however, deviate from the predictions.

This paper reports on a ZEUS measurement of beauty production in deep inelastic scattering (DIS) extending the kinematic region of previous ZEUS measurements \cite{pl:b599:173,Massimo09}.
The class of events investigated is
\begin{equation}\nonumber
ep\to e\;b\widebar{b}\;X\to e\;\mathrm{jet} \; \mu\;X',
\end{equation}
in which at least one jet and one muon are found in the final state.
A data set partially overlapping with that of
the first ZEUS measurement \cite{pl:b599:173} was used.
Looser cuts on muons and jets were applied.
For muon identification, an extended combination of detector components was
used. This resulted in a better detection efficiency than obtained in the
previous analysis and allowed the threshold of the
muon transverse momentum to be lowered.
This is important for the extraction of the beauty contribution
to the proton structure function, \ensuremath{F_2^{b\widebar{b}}}\xspace, for which an extrapolation to
the full phase space has to be performed.
Such an extraction was already performed by the ZEUS
collaboration~\cite{Massimo09} using an independent data set covering the
kinematic range $Q^2 > 20$~GeV$^2$.
In the present analysis, the kinematic range of the measurement was extended
to $Q^2 > 2$~GeV$^2$. A comparison to the results obtained by the H1
collaboration\cite{epj:c40:349,*epj:c45:23,*F2bH1HERAII}, using an inclusive
impact parameter technique, is also presented in this paper.

Due to the large $b$-quark mass, muons from semi-leptonic $b$ decays usually
have high values of \ensuremath{p_T^{\mathrm{rel}}}\xspace, the transverse momentum of the muon relative
to the axis of the jet with which they are associated. For muons from charm
decays, from $K$ and $\pi$ decays, and in events where a hadron is
misidentified as a
muon, the \ensuremath{p_T^{\mathrm{rel}}}\xspace values are typically lower. Therefore, the fraction of events
from $b$ decays in the data sample can be extracted by fitting the \ensuremath{p_T^{\mathrm{rel}}}\xspace
distribution of the data using Monte Carlo (MC) predictions for the processes
producing beauty, charm and light quarks.

In this analysis, the visible cross
section, $\sigma_{b\bar{b}}$, and differential cross sections as a function
of $Q^2$, the transverse momentum of the muon,
$p_T^\mu$, and its pseudorapidity\footnote{\ZpsrapB}, $\eta^\mu$, as well as
the transverse momentum of the jet, $p_T^{\mathrm jet}$, and its pseudorapity,
$\eta^{\mathrm jet}$,
were measured. They are compared to leading-order (LO) plus parton-shower
(PS) MC predictions and NLO QCD calculations.
The beauty contribution to the proton structure-function $F_2$ is extracted
as a function of $Q^2$ and the Bjorken scaling variable, $x$, and compared to
theoretical predictions.

\section{\label{sec-exp}Experimental set-up}
The data sample used
corresponds to an integrated luminosity
${\cal L}=114.1\,\pm\,2.3\,\rm{pb}^{-1}$,
collected by the ZEUS detector in the years 1996--2000.
During the 1996--97 data taking,
HERA provided collisions between an electron\footnote{Electrons and positrons are not distinguished in this paper and are both referred to as electrons.}
beam of  \mbox{$E_e=27.5{\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}$} and a proton beam of
$E_p=820{\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}$, corresponding to a centre-of-mass energy
\mbox{$\sqrt s=300{\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}$}
(${{\cal L}_{300}}=38.0\pm 0.6~ \rm{pb}^{-1}$). In the years
1998--2000, the proton-beam energy was
\mbox{$E_p\,=\,920\,{\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}$},  corresponding to $\sqrt s=318{\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}$
(${{\cal L}_{318}}=76.1\pm 1.7~\rm{pb}^{-1}$).

\Zdetdesc
\ZctddescB

\ZcaldescB

The muon system consisted of barrel, rear (B/RMUON)~\cite{brmuon}
and forward (FMUON)~\cite{zeus:1993:bluebook} tracking detectors.
The B/RMUON consisted of
limited-streamer (LS) tube chambers placed behind the BCAL (RCAL), inside
and outside the magnetised iron yoke surrounding the CAL. The barrel and
rear muon chambers covered polar angles from 34$^{\circ}$ to 135$^{\circ}$
and from 135$^{\circ}$ to 171$^{\circ}$, respectively.
The FMUON consisted of six planes of LS tubes and
four planes of drift chambers covering the angular region from
5$^{\circ}$ to 32$^{\circ}$.
The muon system exploited the magnetic field of the iron yoke and, in the
forward direction, of two iron toroids magnetised to  1.6\,T to provide an
independent measurement of the muon momentum.

Muons were also detected by the sampling Backing Calorimeter (BAC) \cite{BAC}.
This detector consisted of 5200
proportional drift chambers which were typically 5~m long and had a wire
spacing of 1~cm. The chambers were inserted into the magnetised iron yoke
(barrel and two endcaps) covering the CAL. The BAC was equipped with
analogue (for energy measurement) and digital (for muon tracking) readouts.
The digital information from the hit wires
allowed the reconstruction of muon trajectories in two dimensions ($XY$ in
barrel, $YZ$ in endcaps) with an accuracy of a few mm.

The luminosity was measured from the rate of the bremsstrahlung process
$ep\to e\gamma p$. The resulting small-angle photons were measured by the
luminosity monitor \cite{desy-92-066}, a lead--scintillator calorimeter
placed in the HERA tunnel at $Z=-107$~m.

\section{Event selection and reconstruction}
\label{selection}

\subsection{Trigger selection}

Events containing either a scattered electron, a muon, two jets, or charmed
hadrons were selected online by means of a three-level trigger system
\cite{zeus:1993:bluebook,uproc:chep:1992:222} through a combination of four
different trigger chains as explained elsewhere \cite{jhep:02:032}.
The average trigger efficiency for events within
the chosen kinematic region with a jet and with a reconstructed muon from
$b$-quark decay was $(93 \pm 2)\%$. For events with $Q^2>20{\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}^2$,
the inclusive DIS triggers yielded an efficiency of almost $100\%$. For the
lowest $Q^2$ values, $2<Q^2<4{\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}^2$, the efficiency of the combined trigger
chains was $73\%$.

\subsection{General event selection}
Offline, the event vertex was required to be reconstructed within $|Z|< 50 \,\text{cm}$
around the interaction point.
A well-reconstructed scattered electron with an impact point on the surface of
the RCAL outside a region of $\pm12\,\text{cm}$ in $X$ and $\pm6\,\text{cm}$ in $Y$ around the
beampipe and
\begin{eqnarray}\nonumber
 E_e     &>& 10{\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}} \; , \\ \nonumber
 Q^2_{e} &>& 2~{\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}^2
\end{eqnarray}
was required, where the estimator of $Q^2$, $Q^2_{e}$, was reconstructed using
the energy, $E_e$, and the angle of the scattered electron.

In order to reject events from photoproduction, $Q^2 < 1$ GeV$^2$,
the following cuts were applied:
\begin{eqnarray}\nonumber
y_{\rm JB} &>& 0.05\;, \\ \nonumber
y_{e} &<& 0.7\;, \\ \nonumber
40  &<& E-p_Z < 65 {\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}} \; ,
\end{eqnarray}
where $y_{\rm JB}$ and $y_{e}$ are estimators for the inelasticity, $y$, of
the event. For small values of $y$, the Jacquet-Blondel estimator
$y_{\rm JB}=(E-p_Z)/(2E_e)$ \cite{proc:epfacility:1979:391} was used,
where $E-p_Z=\sum_i{E^i-p_Z^i}$ and the sum runs over all energy-flow
objects (EFOs) \cite{epj:c1:81}. EFOs combine the information from
calorimetry and tracking, corrected for energy loss in dead material and
for the presence of reconstructed muons.

The large mass of a $b\bar{b}$ pair, at least $\approx 10{\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}$, usually leads
to a significant amount of energy deposited in the central parts of the
detector. To reduce backgrounds from light-flavour events and charm, a cut
\begin{equation}\nonumber
E_T > 8{\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}
\end{equation}
was applied, with
\begin{equation}\nonumber
  \label{eq: def_caletcorr}
 \ensuremath{E_T}\xspace = \ensuremath{E_T^{\mathrm{cal}}}\xspace - {\ensuremath{E_T^{\mathrm{cal}}}\xspace}_{\left|\rm 10^{\circ} \right.} - E_T^{e}\;,
\end{equation}
where $\ensuremath{E_T^{\mathrm{cal}}}\xspace$ is the transverse energy deposited in the CAL,
${\ensuremath{E_T^{\mathrm{cal}}}\xspace}_{\left|\rm 10^{\circ}\right.}$ is the transverse energy in a cone of
$10^{\circ}$ around the forward beam pipe and $E_T^{e}$ is the
transverse energy of the scattered electron.
The $b$ and $\bar{b}$ quarks also fragment and decay into a large number of
particles.
Therefore events with a low number of observed tracks,
$N_\mathrm{Tracks}$, were rejected by requiring
\begin{equation}\nonumber
N_\mathrm{Tracks} \ge 8 .
\end{equation}

\subsection{Jet identification and selection}
Hadronic final-state objects were reconstructed from EFOs, which were
clustered into jets using the $k_T$ cluster algorithm {\sc{Ktclus}}
\cite{ktclus}
in its massive mode with the $E_T$ recombination scheme. The identified
scattered electron was removed \cite{thesis:kahle:2006} before the clustering
procedure, while reconstructed muons were included.
Events were selected if they contained at least one jet with
transverse energy, $E_T^{\rm jet}$, of
\begin{equation}\nonumber
E_T^{\rm jet} = p_T^{\rm jet} \frac{E^{\rm jet}}{p^{\rm jet}} > 5 {\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}},
\end{equation}
where $E^{\rm jet}$, $p^{\rm jet}$ and $p_T^{\rm jet}$ are the jet energy, momentum and transverse
momentum,
and within the jet pseudorapidity ($\eta^{\rm jet}$) acceptance,
\begin{equation}\nonumber
-2.0 < \eta^{\rm jet} < 2.5.
\end{equation}

\subsection{Muon identification and selection}

Muons were selected offline if they satisfied at least one of the following
criteria:
\begin{itemize}
\item
a muon track was found in the inner B/RMUON chambers.
A match in position and angle to a CTD track was required.
In the bottom region, where no inner chambers are present, the outer chambers
were used instead. For muons with hits in both inner and outer chambers,
momentum consistency was required;
\item
a muon track was found in the FMUON chambers.
Within the CTD acceptance, a match in position and angle to a CTD track was
required and the momentum was obtained from a combined fit to the
CTD and FMUON information.
Outside the CTD acceptance, candidates well measured in FMUON only
and fitted to the primary vertex were accepted;
\item
a muon track or localised energy deposit was found in the BAC, and
matched to a CTD track, from which the muon momentum was obtained. In the
forward region of the detector, an energy deposit in the calorimeter
consistent with the passing of a minimum-ionising particle was required
in addition in order to reduce background
related to the proton beam or to the punch through of high-energy hadrons.
\end{itemize}
Most muons were within the geometric acceptance of more than one of these
algorithms.
The overall efficiency was about 80\% for muons with momenta above 2--5 GeV,
depending on the muon pseudorapidity, $\eta^\mu$.

In the barrel region, the requirement that the muons reach at least the
inner muon chambers implies a muon transverse momentum, $p_T^\mu$, of
about 1.5 GeV
or more. In order to have approximately uniform pseudorapidity acceptance,
a cut
$$
p_{T}^{\mu}>1.5{\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}
$$
was therefore applied to all muons.
The coverage of the tracking and muon systems resulted in
an implicit upper cutoff $\eta^{\mu}\lesssim 2.5$.
The expected signal muon distribution suggested the
explicit cut
 $$
\eta^\mu > -1.6\ .
$$

A muon was associated with a jet if it was located within a cone of
$\Delta R = \sqrt{\Delta\phi^2+\Delta\eta^2}< 0.7$ around the jet axis,
where $\Delta\phi$ and $\Delta\eta$ are the distances between the muon and
the jet in azimuth angle and pseudorapidity, respectively.
At least one muon associated with a jet was required.

After all selection cuts, the final data sample contained $19698$ events.
In each event, only the muon candidate with the highest $p_T^\mu$ was
considered.

\section{Monte Carlo simulation}
To evaluate the detector acceptance and to provide the signal and background
distributions, MC samples of beauty, charm, and light flavours (LF)
were generated, corresponding to 17, three, and about one times the
integrated luminosity of the data, respectively.
The beauty and charm samples were generated using the \textsc{Rapgap}\xspace~3 MC program
\cite{cpc:86:147} in the massive mode ($m_c=1.5$ GeV, $m_b =4.75$ GeV),
interfaced to {\sc Heracles} 4.6.1 \cite{cpc:69:155}
in order to incorporate first-order electroweak corrections.
In \textsc{Rapgap}\xspace, LO matrix elements are combined with
higher-order QCD
radiation simulated in the leading-logarithmic approximation.
The hadronisation is simulated using the Lund string model as implemented
in {\sc Jetset} \cite{cpc:82:74}. The lepton energy spectrum from charm
decays was reweighted to agree with CLEO data \cite{prl:97:9}.
The lepton spectrum from beauty decays was found to be in good
agreement \cite{thesis:kahle:2006} with that determined from $e^+e^-$
data.
An inclusive MC sample containing all flavours was generated in the massless
mode using \textsc{Ariadne}\xspace \cite{cpc:71:15}. The subset containing only LF events
was used for the background simulation, while the full sample was used for
systematic studies.

The generated events were passed through a full simulation of the ZEUS
detector based on \textsc{Geant}\xspace 3.13 \cite{geant}. They were subjected to the
same trigger requirements and processed by the same reconstruction programs
as the data.

Imperfections of the simulation of the muon range in dense materials as well
as of the efficiency of the muon detectors were corrected
using an independent data set of isolated muons from $\ensuremath{J/\psi}\xspace$ and
Bethe-Heitler events \cite{thesis:bloch:2005-tmp-43fb5be7}.
Tabulated as a function of $p_T^\mu$ and $\eta^\mu$, these corrections
were applied to MC events on an event-by-event basis.

Figure~\ref{fig-contr} shows the comparison of the MC simulation to the data
for a selection of variables of the measured muon and the associated jet.
The MC agrees reasonably well with the measured distributions.
This demonstrates that the MC can be reliably used to calculate the
detector-acceptance corrections.

\section{NLO calculations} \label{sect:theory}

Next-to-leading-order QCD predictions for the visible cross sections
were obtained in the fixed-flavour-number scheme (FFNS) using
\textsc{Hvqdis}\xspace \cite{pr:d57:2806}.
The $b$-quark mass was set to $m_b\,=\,4.75\,{\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}$ and the renormalisation,
$\mu_R$, and factorisation, $\mu_F$,
scales to
$\mu_R = \mu_F = \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{Q^2 + p_T^2 + m_b^2}$, where $p_T$
is the average transverse momentum of the two $b$ quarks in the Breit frame.
The parton density functions (PDF) were obtained by repeating the
ZEUS-S \cite{zeuss}
PDF fit in the FFNS with the quark masses set to the same values as in
the \textsc{Hvqdis}\xspace calculation.

A model of $b$ fragmentation into weakly decaying hadrons and of the decay of
$b$ hadrons into muons was used
to calculate muon observables from the partonic results.
The hadron momentum was obtained by scaling the quark momentum according to
the fragmentation function of Peterson et al. \cite{pr:d27:105} with the
parameter $\epsilon=0.0035$.
The semileptonic decay spectrum for beauty hadrons was taken from
{\sc Jetset} \cite{cpc:82:74}.
Direct ($b \to \mu$) and indirect ($b \to c(\bar c) \to \mu$ and
$b \to \tau \to \mu$) $b$-hadron decays to muons were considered together
according to their probabilities.
The sum of the branching ratios of direct and indirect decays of $b$ hadrons
into muons was fixed to $0.22$, as implemented in {\sc Jetset}\footnote{The
small deviation from the latest
PDG values \cite{PDG08} is negligible compared to the quoted uncertainties.}.

The NLO QCD predictions were multiplied by hadronisation corrections
to obtain jet variables comparable to the ones used in the cross section
measurement.
These corrections are defined as the ratio of the cross sections obtained by
applying the jet finder to the four-momenta of all hadrons and that from
applying it to the four-momenta of all partons. They were evaluated using the
\textsc{Rapgap}\xspace program; they change the NLO QCD predictions by typically
$5\%$ or less.

The uncertainty of the theoretical predictions was evaluated by independently
varying $\mu_R$ and $\mu_F$ by a
factor of 2 and 1/2 and $m_b$ between $4.5$ and $5.0 {\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}$. Each of these
variations resulted in uncertainties of about 5--10\% in the kinematic
range of this measurement.

The \textsc{Hvqdis}\xspace NLO predictions were also used for the extrapolation of the
measured visible cross sections to \ensuremath{F_2^{b\widebar{b}}}\xspace. For this step, uncertainties
on the hadronisation corrections, the branching ratios and the shape
variation due to the choice of PDF were also included.

Several other predictions are available for \ensuremath{F_2^{b\widebar{b}}}\xspace.
The predictions by the CTEQ \cite{CTEQ6} and MSTW \cite{MSTW08} groups
use NLO calculations based on the general-mass variable-flavour-number scheme
(VFNS) with different treatments of the flavour-threshold
region~\cite{CTEQMSTW}.
The MSTW prediction is also available in a variant partially including
NNLO terms \cite{MSTW08}.
The NLO prediction of GJR \cite{GJR08} is based on the FFNS.
The prediction of ABKM \cite{ABKM,*AlekhinMoch} is based on a partial
NNLO FFNS calculation which is almost complete in the threshold region
$Q^2 \approx m_b^2$.
Each of these calculations
were done using PDFs extracted within the respective scheme.
The scales, masses and $\alpha_s$ values used by each prediction are
summarised in Table \ref{tab-nlopara}.

\section{Extraction of beauty signal} \label{sect:fit}
The beauty signal was extracted from the distribution of the
transverse momentum of the muon with respect to the momentum of the
associated jet, \ensuremath{p_T^{\mathrm{rel}}}\xspace, defined as
\begin{equation} \nonumber
\ensuremath{p_T^{\mathrm{rel}}}\xspace=\frac{|{\vec{\boldmath{p}}^{\,\mu}}\times{\vec{\boldmath{p}}^{\rm \;jet}}|}{|\vec{\boldmath{p}}^{\rm \;jet}|},
\end{equation}
where $\vec{p}^{\,\mu}$ is the muon and $\vec{p}^{\rm \;jet}$ the jet momentum vector.
The fraction of beauty, $f_{\ensuremath{b\bar{b}}\xspace}$, and background, $f_{\rm bkg}$,
events in the sample was obtained from a two-component fit to the shape of the
measured \ensuremath{p_T^{\mathrm{rel}}}\xspace distribution, $d_\mu$, with a beauty and a background
component:
\begin{equation} \label{Eq:fmu}
d_\mu=f_{\ensuremath{b\bar{b}}\xspace} d^{\ensuremath{b\bar{b}}\xspace}_\mu + f_{\rm bkg}d^{\rm bkg}_\mu  ,
\end{equation}
where the \ensuremath{p_T^{\mathrm{rel}}}\xspace distribution of beauty, $d^{\ensuremath{b\bar{b}}\xspace}_\mu$, was taken from
the \textsc{Rapgap}\xspace MC: $d^{\ensuremath{b\bar{b}}\xspace}_\mu=d^{\ensuremath{b\bar{b}}\xspace,{\rm MC}}_\mu$. The corresponding
distribution for the background, $d^{\rm bkg}_\mu$, was obtained from the
sum of the LF, $d_\mu^{\rm LF}$, and the charm, $d_\mu^{\ensuremath{c\bar{c}}\xspace}$, distributions
weighted according to the charm and LF cross sections predicted by \textsc{Rapgap}\xspace and
\textsc{Ariadne}\xspace, respectively,
\begin{equation} \label{Eq:fbkg}
d^{\rm bkg}_\mu=rd^{\ensuremath{c\bar{c}}\xspace}_\mu+(1-r)d^{\rm LF}_\mu,
\end{equation}
where $r$ is the predicted charm fraction.
The distribution $d^{\rm LF}_\mu$ was obtained using
a sample of measured CTD tracks not identified as muons.
These tracks, typically from a $\pi$ or $K$ meson, were required to
fulfill the same momentum and angular cuts as the selected muons;
they are called unidentified tracks in the following.
The \ensuremath{p_T^{\mathrm{rel}}}\xspace distribution for unidentified tracks, $d_x$, is
expected to be similar to $d^{\rm LF}_\mu$, under the assumption that the
probability for an unidentified track
to be identified as a muon, $P_{x\to\mu}$, does not depend strongly on \ensuremath{p_T^{\mathrm{rel}}}\xspace.
Monte Carlo predictions for $d^{\rm LF}_\mu$ and $d_x$ were used to correct
$d_x$:
\begin{equation} \label{Eq:fLF}
d_\mu^{\rm LF}={d_x}\frac{d_\mu^{\rm LF,MC}}{d_x^{\rm MC}}.
\end{equation}
The ratio $d_\mu^{\rm LF,MC}/d_x^{\rm MC}$ accounts for differences between
$d_\mu^{\rm LF}$ and $d_x$ due to a residual \ensuremath{p_T^{\mathrm{rel}}}\xspace dependence of
$P_{x\to \mu}$ and for the charm and beauty contamination in the
unidentified track sample.

The data cannot be used to extract the distribution $d_\mu^{\ensuremath{c\bar{c}}\xspace}$.
Two different options were therefore considered to describe it:
the distribution given by the \textsc{Rapgap}\xspace MC, i.e.
\mbox{$d_\mu^{\ensuremath{c\bar{c}}\xspace}=d_\mu^{\ensuremath{c\bar{c}}\xspace,{\rm MC}}$},
or the same
distribution corrected using the unidentified track sample, as in the case of
the LF background:
\begin{equation} \label{Eq:fx}
d_\mu^{\ensuremath{c\bar{c}}\xspace} = \frac{d_x}{d_x^{\rm MC}}{d_{\mu}^{\ensuremath{c\bar{c}}\xspace, {\rm MC}}}.
\end{equation}
The average of these two distributions was taken as the
nominal $d_{\mu}^{\ensuremath{c\bar{c}}\xspace}$.
The small differences between
them were treated as a systematic uncertainty.

Figure~\ref{fig-ptrel} shows the measured distribution of the muon \ensuremath{p_T^{\mathrm{rel}}}\xspace
together with the results of the fit according to Eq. (\ref{Eq:fmu}).
The fitted sum of the two components reproduces the data reasonably well.
The fraction of beauty in the total sample is
$f_{\ensuremath{b\bar{b}}\xspace}=0.16\pm0.01$~(stat.).
For the determination of differential cross sections, the fraction of beauty
events in
the data was extracted by a fit performed in each cross-section bin.

The average cross sections obtained from the two different running periods
($\sqrt{s}=$ 300 and 318 GeV) are expressed in terms of a single cross
section at $\sqrt{s}=$ 318 GeV. The correction factor of +2\% was obtained
using the \textsc{Hvqdis}\xspace NLO calculation.

\section{Systematic uncertainties}
\label{sec-sys}

The systematic uncertainties on the measured cross sections were determined
by varying the analysis procedure or by changing the selection cuts
within the resolution of the respective variable and
repeating the extraction of the cross sections. The numbers given below give
the uncertainty on the total visible cross section, $\sigma_{b\bar{b}}$.
The systematic uncertainties on the differential distributions were determined
bin-by-bin, unless stated otherwise.
The following systematic studies were carried out:

\begin{itemize}
\item
 muon detection: the differences between cross sections derived
from muons identified in the BAC and those found in the muon chambers
was used to estimate the effect of the uncertainty in the muon detection.
The resulting value of $\pm 7\%$ was used for all bins;
\item
fit of the beauty fraction: the uncertainty related to the signal extraction was estimated by changing the charm contribution to the background, $r$, by $+20\%$ and $-20\%$ in Eq.\;(\ref{Eq:fbkg}).
This leads to a systematic uncertainty of $^{+4}_{-3}\%$;
\item
 background \ensuremath{p_T^{\mathrm{rel}}}\xspace shape uncertainty: the charm \ensuremath{p_T^{\mathrm{rel}}}\xspace shape, $d_\mu^{\ensuremath{c\bar{c}}\xspace}$,
 in Eq.\;(\ref{Eq:fbkg}) was varied between the prediction from \textsc{Rapgap}\xspace
and that obtained applying the correction from the unidentified track sample
in Eq.\;(\ref{Eq:fx}).
In addition, the correction functions
$1-\frac{d_\mu^{\rm LF,MC}}{d_x^{\rm MC}}$ and $1-\frac{d_x}{d_x^{\rm MC}}$
in Eqs. (\ref{Eq:fLF}) and (\ref{Eq:fx})
were varied by $\pm 50\%$, resulting in
a $\pm 9\%$ cross-section uncertainty;
\item
 charm semi-leptonic decay spectrum: the reweighting to the CLEO model was
varied by $\pm 50\%$, resulting in an uncertainty of $\pm 4\%$;
\item
 energy scale: the effect of the uncertainty in the absolute CAL energy scale of $\pm2\%$ for hadrons and of $\pm1\%$ for electrons was $^{+4}_{-5}\%$;
\item
 cut on $\ensuremath{E_T^{\mathrm{cal}}}\xspace$: a change of the cut by $\pm 1 {\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}$ leads to changes in the
cross section of $^{+2}_{-1}\%$;
\item
 cut on $N_\mathrm{Tracks}$: a change of the cut to $\ge 7$ or to $\ge 9$
leads to an uncertainty of $^{+2}_{-1}\%$;
\item
trigger efficiency: the uncertainty on the trigger efficiency for events with
\mbox{$Q^2<20{\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}^2$} was $\pm 2\%$.
\end{itemize}
All systematic uncertainties were added in quadrature. In addition,
a $2\%$ overall normalisation uncertainty associated with the luminosity
measurement was added in quadrature to the uncertainty of the total cross
section.
This uncertainty was not included for the differential cross sections.

\section{Cross section}
\label{sec-cross}
A total visible cross section of
\begin{equation} \nonumber
\sigma_{b\bar{b}} = 70.4 \pm 5.6\; ({\rm stat.}) \pm^{11.4}_{11.3} ({\rm syst.}) \,\text{pb}
\end{equation}
was measured for the reaction $ep\to e b\widebar{b} X\to e\,\mathrm{jet}\,\mu\ X'$ in the
kinematic region defined by: $Q^2 > 2 {\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}^2$, $0.05 < y < 0.7$, and at least
one jet
 with $E_T^\mathrm{jet} > 5 {\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}$ and $-2 < \eta^\mathrm{jet} < 2.5$ including a muon
of $p_T^\mu > 1.5 {\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}$ and $\eta^\mu > -1.6$ inside a cone
of $\Delta R <0.7$ to the jet axis.
Jets were obtained using the $k_T$ cluster algorithm
\textsc{Ktclus}\xspace \cite{ktclus} at the hadron level in its massive mode with
the $E_T$ recombination scheme. Weakly decaying B-hadrons were treated as
stable particles and were decayed (e.g. to a muon) only after application of
the jet algorithm.

This result is to be compared to the \textsc{Hvqdis}\xspace NLO prediction of
\begin{equation} \nonumber
\sigma_{b\bar{b}}^{\rm NLO} = 46.4 \pm^{5.8}_{6.1} \,\text{pb} ,
\end{equation}
where the uncertainty is calculated as described in Section \ref{sect:theory}.

Figure~\ref{fig-crq2} and Table~\ref{tab-dres} show the differential
cross section\footnote{Cross section integrated over the bin, divided by the bin width.}
as a function of $Q^2$ compared to the \textsc{Hvqdis}\xspace NLO calculation
and the \textsc{Rapgap}\xspace MC prediction scaled to the data.
Differential cross sections as functions of $p_T^\mu$, $\eta^\mu$, $p_T^{\rm jet}$
and $\eta^{\rm jet}$ are given in Fig.~\ref{fig-crmujet}.
In shape, both the MC and the NLO QCD calculation reasonably describe the data.
The difference in normalisation is correlated to and consistent with the
difference observed for the total cross section.
The largest fraction of the
observed difference of about 2 standard deviations can be attributed
to the low $x$ and $Q^2$, and therefore low $p_T$, region.

\section{Extraction of \boldmath{\ensuremath{F_2^{b\widebar{b}}}\xspace}}
\label{sec-f2b}
The beauty contribution to the proton structure-function $F_2$, \ensuremath{F_2^{b\widebar{b}}}\xspace,
can be defined in terms of the inclusive double-differential \ensuremath{b\bar{b}}\xspace cross
section in $Q^2$ and $x$ as
\begin{equation} \nonumber
\frac{d^2\sigma^{\ensuremath{b\bar{b}}\xspace}}{dxdQ^2}=\frac{2\pi \alpha^2}{Q^4x}\Big(\big[1+(1-y)^2\big]\ensuremath{F_2^{b\widebar{b}}}\xspace(x,Q^2)-y^2F_L^{\ensuremath{b\bar{b}}\xspace}(x,Q^2)\Big).
\end{equation}
The contribution from $F_L$ is small for the measured $Q^2$ and $x$ ranges
and was neglected.
The reduced cross section for events
containing  $b$ quarks, $\tilde{\sigma}^{b\widebar{b}}(x,Q^2) \approx$ \ensuremath{F_2^{b\widebar{b}}}\xspace,
is defined as
\begin{equation} \nonumber
\tilde{\sigma}^{b\widebar{b}}(x,Q^2)=\frac{d^2\sigma^{b\widebar{b}}}{dxdQ^2}\frac{xQ^4}{2\pi\alpha^2(1+(1-y)^2)}.
\end{equation}
In this paper, the \ensuremath{b\bar{b}}\xspace cross section is obtained by measuring the process
$ep\to e b\widebar{b} X\to e\,\mathrm{jet}\,\mu\ X'$. The extrapolation from the
measured range to the full kinematic phase
space is performed using \textsc{Hvqdis}\xspace to calculate
$\tilde{\sigma}^{b\widebar{b}}_{\rm NLO}(x,Q^2)$. The reduced cross section is then
determined using the ratio of the measured,
$\frac{d^2\sigma^{b\widebar{b} \to \mu}}{dxdQ^2}$, to calculated,
$\frac{d^2\sigma^{b\widebar{b}\to \mu}_{\rm NLO}}{dxdQ^2}$, double-differential
cross sections:
\begin{equation} \label{Eq:sigred}
\tilde{\sigma}^{b\widebar{b}}(x_i,Q^2_i)=\tilde{\sigma}^{b\widebar{b}}_{\rm NLO}(x_i,Q^2_i)\frac{d^2\sigma^{b\widebar{b} \to \mu}}{dxdQ^2}\bigg/\frac{d^2\sigma^{b\widebar{b}\to \mu}_{\rm NLO}}{dxdQ^2}.
\end{equation}
The measurement was performed in bins of $Q^2$ and $x$,
see Table~\ref{tab-diffres}.
The $Q^2$ and $x$ values for which \ensuremath{F_2^{b\widebar{b}}}\xspace was extracted, see
Table~\ref{tab-ftwob}, were
chosen close to the centre-of-gravity of each $Q^2$ and $x$ bin.

Predictions for $\ensuremath{F_2^{b\widebar{b}}}\xspace$ were obtained in the FFNS using \textsc{Hvqdis}\xspace. In
this calculation, the same parton densities, beauty mass and factorisation and
renormalisation scales were used as for the NLO predictions for the
differential and double-differential cross sections discussed above.
The uncertainty of the extrapolation was estimated by
varying the settings of the calculation
(see Section~\ref{sec-cross}) for
$\tilde{\sigma}^{b\widebar{b}}_{\rm NLO}(x_i,Q^2_i)$ and
$d^2\sigma^{b\widebar{b}\to \mu}_{\rm NLO}/dxdQ^2$
and adding the resulting uncertainties in quadrature.
The extrapolation uncertainties
are listed in Table~\ref{tab-ftwob}.

The result of the \ensuremath{F_2^{b\widebar{b}}}\xspace extraction is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig-f2bq},
together with
values from a previous ZEUS measurement \cite{Massimo09} focusing on the
higher $Q^2$ region, and H1 measurements
\cite{epj:c40:349,*epj:c45:23,*F2bH1HERAII}
using a completely different measurement technique.
The \textsc{Hvqdis}\xspace + ZEUS-S NLO prediction and other predictions with different
parameters (see Section \ref{sect:theory}) are also shown.

The data are all compatible within uncertainties; at low $x$, the new
measurements, in agreement with the previous ZEUS measurement, have a tendency
to lie slightly above the H1 data.
 The largest difference is about 2 standard deviations.
 The new measurement extends the kinematic coverage down to $Q^2=3 {\,\text{Ge}\kern-0.06667em\text{V\/}}^2$
  and $x=0.00013$.
 The predictions from different theoretical approaches agree fairly well with
 each other.
 The \textsc{Hvqdis}\xspace predictions are somewhat lower than the ZEUS data at low $Q^2$
 and $x$, where the influence of the beauty-quark
 mass is highest, while at higher $Q^2$ the data are well described by all
 predictions.

\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec-con}
The production of beauty quarks in the deep inelastic scattering process
$ep\to e b\widebar{b} X\to e\,\mathrm{jet}\,\mu\ X'$ has been studied with the ZEUS
detector at HERA. Differential cross sections as a function of
$Q^2$, $p_T^\mu$, $\eta^\mu$, $p_T^\mathrm{jet}$
and $\eta^\mathrm{jet}$ were measured. In all distributions, the data are
reasonably described in shape by the Monte Carlo and by the \textsc{Hvqdis}\xspace NLO QCD
calculation.
However, at low $Q^2$ and transverse momenta, where the mass effect is largest,
\textsc{Hvqdis}\xspace tends to underestimate the measured values.
The extracted values of \ensuremath{F_2^{b\widebar{b}}}\xspace extend the kinematic range towards lower $Q^2$
and $x$ with respect to previous measurements.
They are reasonably described by different QCD predictions, whose
spread is smaller than the current experimental uncertainty.

\section*{\label{sec-ackno}Acknowledgements}

We appreciate the contributions to the construction and maintenance of the
ZEUS detector of many people who are not listed as authors. The HERA machine
group and the DESY computing staff are especially acknowledged for their
success in providing excellent operation of the collider and the
data-analysis environment. We thank the DESY directorate for their strong
support and encouragement.

\vfill\eject

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
I Have a Terrible Feeling
By Adam Soldofsky
I Have a Terrible Feeling is a series of weekly drawings, cartoons, and sketches by poet Adam Soldofsky.
TNB Book Club in December: You Can See More From Up Here, by Mark Guerin
By TNB Editors
Books & Publishing
In December, the TNB Book Club will be reading You Can See More From Up Here (Golden Antelope Press), by Mark Guerin.
Sign up by November 15th to get your copy and join the club!
TNB Book Club September Pick:
Exile: Rejecting America and Finding the World, by Belén Fernández
The TNB Book Club is reading Exile this month, available from OR Books. Join us! Get your copy now!
And stay tuned for Belén's appearance on the Otherppl podcast later this month.
Che Guevara left Argentina at 22. At 21, Belén Fernández left the U.S. and didn't look back. Alone, far off the beaten path in places like Syria and Tajikistan, she reflects on what it means to be an American in a largely American-made mess of a world.
After growing up in Washington, D.C. and Texas, and then attending Columbia University in New York, Belén Fernández ended up in a state of self-imposed exile from the United States. From trekking—through Europe, the Middle East, Morocco, and Latin America—to packing avocados in southern Spain, to close encounters with a variety of unpredictable men, to witnessing the violent aftermath of the 2009 coup in Honduras, the international travel allowed her by an American passport has, ironically, given her a direct view of the devastating consequences of U.S. machinations worldwide. For some years Fernández survived thanks to the generosity of strangers who picked her up hitchhiking, fed her, and offered accommodations; then she discovered people would pay her for her powerful, unfiltered journalism, enabling—as of the present moment—continued survival.
« Previously on TNB

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
tna co-founders Alf and Nadia Taylor awarded 2018 Ethnic Business Award
November 26, 2018 November 26, 2018 Food Business Africa
AUSTRALIA – Global food processing and packaging equipment manufacturer, tna has announced that its co-founders Alf and Nadia Taylor have been awarded with the 2018 Ethnic Business Award in the 'Medium to Large Business' category.
At the 30th Ethnic Business Awards gala dinner held in Sydney, the two were hailed for their entrepreneurship, personal dedication, global economic success and their contribution to not only the Australian economy, but also the community through their extensive philanthropic work.
tna is commented for revolutionizing the snack food industry by inventing the world's first high-speed vertical form fill and seal (VFFS) packaging system.
Ethnic Business Awards were established in 1988 and are national business awards program, celebrating diversity and multiculturalism, and the achievements of migrants, who come to Australia with a 'suitcase full of dreams'.
They also identify those whose creation of new jobs, wealth and ideas, have contributed to cementing the harmony of multicultural Australia.
"We're truly honoured to have won such a prestigious award," said Nadia Taylor, director and co-founder, tna.
"When we first arrived in Australia, neither of us would have ever imagined that we would eventually turn our dream of owning our own business into a reality.
We feel incredibly lucky to be one of Australia's many migrant success stories and are truly grateful for the opportunities this country has offered us.
There are so many phenomenal and innovative businesses out there that would have never been possible without the sheer dedication and determination of people from all parts of the worlds.
All of them are proof that cultural diversity is a real asset to Australia and we feel very honoured to be part of this very special group of visionaries."
This year marked the 30th anniversary of the Ethnic Business Awards and saw over 450 business nominated, resulting in 12 finalists in three different categories (Small Business, Medium to Large Business and Indigenous in Business).
On the other hand, Jeremy Blanch of JNC Group Australia won the Indigenous in Business Category while Small Business Category was taken out by Michael Dakhoul of Construction Consultants.
Speaking at the event, Prime Minister Scott Morrison said: "Australian society, the Australian economy and Australian lives."
"This country is an immigration success story without parallel anywhere in the world and we should be enormously proud of what we have achieved.
According to organisers, nominees over the last 30 years have come from more than 100 countries of origin and covered every state and territory in Australia.
tna opens new office and training centre in Mexico to expand business growth
MEXICO – tna, a leading global supplier of integrated food processing and packaging solutions, has…
tna opens new food processing hub to expand footprint in the Netherlands
NETHERLANDS - tna has opened a new, state-of-the-art manufacturing facility in the Netherlands to expand…
tna launches fully integrated data management tool to improve production processes
AUSTRALIA – tna, a leading global supplier of integrated food processing and packaging solutions, has introduced…
Business & Investments, Grains, Milling, Baking & Feed, People, Supplier News, WORLD NEWSAustralia, awards, Baking & Snacks, business, equipment, people, Supplier News, tna
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text:
VideosHonors
PressRadio & PodcastsMedia Videos
What do all successful leaders have in common?
They stand on their own two feet
They accept responsibility for themselves
They treat others with dignity and respect
They live with the consequences of their actions.
Joe Moglia
The only Wall Street luminary to achieve career excellence in leadership as a Wall Street CEO, and an award-winning football coach.
Joe is passionate about football, coaching and especially his athletes, both on and off the field. He has had a successful career as head coach at Coastal Carolina, but more than that he truly wants his players to succeed in life. I don't think you could find a better coach and mentor. He did an extraordinary job leading TD Ameritrade as CEO and chairman and has reached unparalleled success in both careers.
Chairman and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway
It is unlikely that any other candidate has ever been as remarkably successful in two unrelated fields of endeavor – football and finance – as Joe has been.
Former NFL Quarterback and Super Bowl Champion
Knowing how to make money and hold onto your money has never been easy. Joe's strategies are clear, accessible, performance based and he takes the mystery out of investing.
FOX Business Network Television Journalist
info@moglia.com


It must be nice, E.P.S., to have so nearly a one-track mind.
1 Serving no practical purpose or result.
2 archaic Indolent or idle.
Late 18th century: from Latin otiosus, from otium 'leisure'.
Providing a definition of otiose provides a practical purpose. Reading the definition might be valuable, but illustrating otiose may not serve much purpose.
A bar at the edge of the display of a graphical user interface that allows quick access to current or favourite applications.
Today's illustration of a partial taskbar (mine) will come as no surprise to all of you who use a computer to access the Word of the Day.
It also reminds me of teacher's taskbar she used to rap our knuckles with when we were being naughty in the classroom.
1 To deceive, swindle; to cajole.
2 no object - To act in an underhand, indirect, or ingratiating manner in order to deceive a person or to obtain something.
Early 19th century. Apparently from honey + fugle.
Such was the trust held by the drum major that the band followed him even when he honeyfugled them from the parade route.
Now, EPS, be honest: how many people did you honeyfuggle into eating a lot of honey, fudge, sweets, candy and other pleasant-tasting but teeth-damaging substances, just so that they would have to become your patients?
1 A small, light box or container in which drinks or foodstuffs are packaged.
1.1 North American A large container of goods.
Early 19th century: from French, from Italian cartone (see cartoon).
Calvin constructed a cartoon containing a carton of milk.
1 Entertain or amuse (someone) with talk.
1.1 Lavishly supply (someone) with food or drink.
Mid 17th century: from French régaler, from re- (expressing intensive force) + Old French gale 'pleasure'.
The goal of the Word of the Day is to regale YOU with options of the English language. Your responses are welcome, but not manditory.
Also Pauline Carton, legendary French film actress.
Causing harm or destruction, especially by supernatural means.
Mark loved Halloween, when he worked hard to dress up as some magnificently maleficent being.
1 Situated away from the centre of the body or from the point of attachment.
1.1 Geology Relating to or denoting the outer part of an area affected by geological activity.
Jill used the distal end of her index finger to point mockingly at her husband. He deserved it.
Oh yes, Pauline Carton, such a great actress, who regaled generations of movie-goers (or should one write: movie goers ?).
I dont' think she ever played a role of a maleficent character.
Mid 18th century: from Latin natant- 'swimming', from the verb natare.
The waterlilies of North America have natant leaves which provide a perch for small frogs and frequent dragonfly visitors.
The conversion of grape juice or other vegetable extract into wine by fermentation.
Although vinification can be considered both natural and organic, it results in intoxication, something not to be considered normal.
1 Placing too much emphasis on trivial or minor details; fussy.
1.1 Requiring a particularly precise or careful approach.
Late 19th century: alteration of pernickety.
Paul placed too much persnikety emphasis on getting the button sewed to his cap. That it was totally useless there didn't seem to bother him at all.
Mid 18th century: from Latin uncinatus, from uncinus 'hook'.
The scorpion had an uncinate tail with an uncinate stinger at the end. John was hooked on scorpions.
1 one's elder - People who are older than one.
1.1 one's elder A person who is older than one by a specified length of time.
2 often elders - A leader or senior figure in a tribe or other group.
2.1 An official in the early Christian Church, or of various Protestant Churches and sects.
2.2 historical A member of a senate or governing body.
Old English ieldra, eldra, of Germanic origin; related to German älter, also to eld and old.
Bessey was actually the elder of the pair. She had faithfully been Ben's companion since his birth. She occasionally, though reluctantly, deferred to his most foolish plans, but loved to go everywhere with him. She missed him when he was at school.
The Dutch word "elders" means "elsewhere".
So sometimes one wishes elders to be "elders"!
I always thought that it ws on purpose that J.K. Rowlings chose to make the wand that belonged to the Deathly Hallow in wood of elder. The pun between the tree and the idea that the wand was very old, or belonged to a respected ancestor, was very strong.
(of a form of a verb) expressing a command.
Mid 19th century: from Latin juss- 'commanded' (from the verb jubere) + -ive.
"Go, go, go!" is well documented in film as the appropriate jussive verb usage at the start of an attack. It is not documented why three repetitions is considered necessary.
In french, as I just found out (I did not know it five minutes ago), the adjective jussif (which becomes jussive when employed to qualify a feminine noun : "une intonation jussive") does exist, with the same meaning as the english jussive.
But at first glance it evokes the much more interesting word jouissif.
Alas, in english, the pun is lost, since the wiktionary entry https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jouissif leads to "pleasurable".
1 A statue, building, or other structure erected to commemorate a notable person or event.
1.1 A statue or other structure placed over a grave in memory of the dead.
1.2 A building, structure, or site that is of historical importance or interest.
1.3 An enduring and memorable example of something.
Middle English (denoting a burial place): via French from Latin monumentum, from monere 'remind'.
Every year, more monuments get put in place to remind us just how many horrible things humans do to one another, though that's not the stated reason.
1 The beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something.
1.1 A widespread belief that someone or something has a particular characteristic.
Middle English: from Latin reputatio(n-), from reputare 'think over' (see repute).
Joe valued his reputation, though he was only aware of it through his friends. Those beyond his sphere had quite a different opinion.
OK, this is a bi-lingual pun I cannot resist.
There is a famous monument in Germany called Emperor William's Monument, in german Kaiser-Wilhelm-Denkmal.
This monument had a disastrous effect on this Emperor's reputation. Indeed, as my german-speaking mother used to tell me, if "Denkmal" does means monument, if you cut it in halves "Denk mal !" means "Think a bit !", "Think again !".
So if you pronounce "Kaiser Wilhelm, Denk mal !", separating the syllables "denk" and "mal", it sounds as if Emperor William was such an idiot that one had constantly to tell him that his ideas were ridiculous and he had to reconsider. Or that his actions were foolish, as if he did not think at all before acting.
I'm afraid I find it hard to communicate to a non-german-speaking person the full implications of "Denk mal !", but this jussive expression is mostly told to children, to scold them when they did something particularly foolish. Having it said to you is not at all pleasurable (pas du tout jouissif).
In french, to express "Denk mal !", my mother rather used the expression "T'es bête, ou quoi ?", approximatively "You're an idiot, aren't you ?"


I'm not kidding! A new HH 22" costs almost $500!! And that's for a "Medium Ride!"
And THIS 22" HASN'T BEEN IN THE CATALOG FOR YEARS!!
...for $680 and a 6 month wait! I'm not joking, there's a sizeable "upcharge" when you custom order.
Fortunately.....no need do ll that!
And this one LOOKS AMAZING !! Strong logos! It's incredibly CLEAN! This is how they looked new!
nicks, cracks, dents or dings on this 22" wonder! It's in great shape with the lightest signs of use!
As you can see, this Giant Wonder is completely unlathed but heavily Hand Hammered. It is an HH after all!!
"Unlathed, heavily hand hammered design delivers dark, simmering response with hot, dry definition."
Not bad, not bad, but no jokes in the description. I like something funny when reading about cymbals.
The bell on this Raw Beast measures almost 6" and is solid as hell. Extremely piercing BUT dry. The weight of this leviathan is 2918 grams. The tone is dry but not at all dead. Overall this 22" has a slightly dark timbre to it but it still has enough brightness to CUT. It IS an HH, so that's not surprising.
As you can hear, the definition is TERRIFIC! This 22" is all about stick attack!
DRY. FANTASTIC STICK ATTACK. VERY STRONG, SOLID BELL. QUICK DECAY. BOTH DARK AND BRIGHT TONES PRESENT. GREAT PROJECTION BUT STILL RESPONSIVE AT MEDIUM LOWER VOLUMES! HAND HAMMERED. A UNIQUE HH!
THAT IS THIS ELUSIVE 22"!!
This big Raw Dry 22" is PERFECT for jazz, blues, jazz, jazz, and more jazz. But it's also great for fusion (the bell is fantastic,) funk, and if you play pop or rock and already own a bright or full ride, pick this 22" HH Raw Dry Ride up and broaden your tonal spectrum. It's a fantastic alternate dry ride. And the bell is piercing.
AND THIS AIN'T EXACTLY THE EASIEST CYMBAL TO COME BY.
AND THIS ONE IS IN GREAT SHAPE!!!
AND THIS ONE IS SUPER DRY TOO!
So do yourself a favor and grab this Hard to Find and DISCONTINUED Flagship Sabian HH 22" RAW DRY RIDE.


To produce more accurate search results, try not to use words like patch, new, keygen, key, serial, hacked, unlock, free, password, version, activation, retail, crack, patch, hack, license, code, warez, download, release, cracked, torrent, full.
The word "serial" in warez context means a unique number which identifies the license of the software as being valid. All retail software uses a serial number or key of some form, and the installation often requires the user to enter a valid serial number to proceed. A serial can also be referred to as a "CD Key". When you search for "for love or money 2019 1080p web dl dd5 1 h264 fgte serial" for example, you may find the word "serial" amongst the results. This usually means your warez download includes a serial number.


text:
Clippertonov otok (fr. Île de Clipperton) ali preprosto Clipperton je nenaseljen otok, koralni atol, ki leži v Tihem oceanu. Od mehiške obale, ki je hkrati najbližja celina, je oddaljen 1080 km (od mesta Acapulco je oddaljen 1280 km). Otok danes pripada Franciji. Na njem gnezdijo morske ptice, rakovice, morje pa je polno morskih psov.

Odkril ga je Ferdinand Magellan leta 1521, ime pa nosi po angleškem piratu, ki naj bi v 18. stoletju nekaj časa bival na njem.

Atoli
Francoska čezmorska ozemlja
Otoki Francije
Pacifiški otoki
Posebni teritoriji Evropske unije

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Buy Now via MagCloud
Celebrity Moms
#POSHgirls
POWER BRUNCH
Congratulations to the Recently-Elected Women of U.S. Politics
By CaribbeanPosh.com – November 10, 2020
#POSHgirls • Money & Career
FILE - In this Oct. 2, 2019, file photo, then -Democratic presidential candidate Sen. Kamala Harris, D-Calif., listens during a gun safety forum in Las Vegas. Democratic presidential candidate former Vice President Joe Biden has chosen Harris as his running mate. (AP Photo/John Locher, File)
The United States has always been in the limelight of world politics. It is no wonder that the whole world watched the 2020 U.S. elections as it was evident that there was something about these elections that was going to tip the scales. And tip the scales it did!
The election brought us a record number of females in the Congress and the first female Vice-President, the United States, has ever had. This article highlights the women who have performed such a mean feat by getting elected or re-elected into power.
One hundred years after women got the right to vote in America and after 45 Vice Presidents, the U.S. has finally elected her first female Vice-President. Like Neil Armstrong's statement, after he landed on the moon, Kamala's win might be one small step for her but a giant leap for women worldwide. Kamala is making history as the first female, the first African-American, and the first South Asian-American to become Vice-President of the United States.
As early as 13, Kamala had begun stamping her name in the sands of time and standing up for what she believed in. She and her sister, Maya, successfully organized a protest against the owner of their apartment building, who would not let them and other children play on the lawn. Long after, as a state senator, Kamala Harris advocated to "raise wages for working people, make healthcare a right for all Americans, and expanding access to childcare for working parents in California."
Senator Kamala Harris first announced that she was running for president early in 2019 before teaming up with Joe Biden as his VP in August 2019. Since then, she's campaigned side-by-side with him while the world watched with bated breaths to see if she would make history. And she sure did!
Congratulations, Senator Kamala Harris, on being Vice President-Elect of the United States of America!
Rep. Ilhan Omar's story is pretty well-known. People say that she's "unlike anyone who has served in the Congress." She spent her early years in Mogadishu, Somalia. She later had to flee Somalia with her parents to Kenya, where they lived as refugees until they finally secured asylum in the United States.
Ilhan's Send Her Back to Congress campaign was so successful that she won 64.5% of the votes in District 5. Inspired by her grandfather to get into politics, Rep. Omar was elected in 2016 as the Minnesota House Representative for District 60B. Her political career has been remarkable as she's bagged so many firsts since she forayed into politics. She is one of the first two Muslim women to serve in Congress (the other being Rashida Tlaib), the first woman of color, and the first Somali-American to represent Minnesota in the United States Congress.
Though rife with harassment and threats, Ilhan's political career has been nothing short of exceptional as she's been resolute in her fight for everyone, including the poor, marginalized, working-class, immigrants, and people of color.
Well done, Rep. Ilhan Omar, on your re-election to represent Minnesota's 5th Congressional District in the U.S. House of Representatives!
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (AOC)
Born in the Bronx to a father who ran a small business and a mother who was a house cleaner and bus-driver, Alexandra Ocasio-Cortez grew up to have a pretty remarkable and formidable career as a politician. Elected into office in November 2018, when she was just 29 years old, AOC became the youngest woman ever to be elected to Congress.
However, her career in politics did not begin in the United States' Congress, Alexandra was one of the Organisers for Bernie Sanders' 2016 bid, and she did a great job.
Alexandra identifies as a Democratic Socialist— she believes that "both the economy and society should run democratically—to meet public needs not to make profits for a few." This has guided her so far in her career. Since she was first elected, AOC has been working to advocate for criminal-justice reforms, medical care for all, universal jobs, and immigration. She also has fought hard against racial injustice, misogyny, and homophobia.
AOC has also proven that she can stand up to bullies with the speech she gave addressing Florida Republican Ted Yoho, after he had stuck his finger in her face, calling her names such as "disgusting" and "crazy."
Not only has she done well in her race, but she has also inspired other women to seek seats in power where their voices can be heard, and they can make an impact.
Congratulations, Alexandra Ocasio Cortez, on being re-elected as the representative for New York District 14!
Women in U.S. politics — Kamala, Ilhan, Alexandra, and numerous other women elected in the 2020 U.S. elections — prove that women's role in politics and leadership is as essential as ever. For too long, the world has carried on with only a select few being represented in seats of power, but this narrative is changing, one woman in power at a time.
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Scottish Liberal Democrat business manager Mike Rumbles MSP today said that people's satisfaction in public services has plummeted on the SNP's watch, after a new Scottish Government survey showed it is at its lowest level since records began.
The Scottish Household Survey 2016 shows that just 56.1% of the public are satisfied with local health services, local schools and public transport - the lowest since the SNP came to power. Public satisfaction in these services has fallen 10% since 2011.
"The result of the SNP Government's own survey is clear. People are rightly unimpressed by the SNP's handling of their schools, health and transport services. It is no surprise their satisfaction in all three has fallen given ministers' inaction and blundering.
"They allowed Scottish education to slip down the international rankings and have then been too timid to make a transformational £500 million investment to make it the best again. Our health services are stretched like never before, with shortages in almost every area of the NHS. And on transport, the SNP's long-term priority has been to give a £250 million tax break to the booming aviation industry.
"People working in our schools and hospitals are as frustrated as anyone else. Both they and service users deserve so much better.


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Power meters rise to the challenge
As lasers become more powerful and diverse, so power meters have had to adapt. Ephraim Greenfield of Ophir Optronics gives us an overview of the different power meters available and outlines how they have advanced to meet the new demands of today's laser systems.
The laser industry is advancing steadily with new wavelengths, higher powers and energies, and new applications emerging continuously. As the power, energy and variety of new lasers advances, so the measurement of these lasers has to improve.
The basic technology of laser power/energy measurement has not changed in the last 10 years. There are still three basic ways to measure laser power and energy.
The first type of laser measurement device is the thermopile detector (figure 1) that measures the amount of heat flowing through the detector by its heating effect on an array of thermocouples. When a laser beam impinges on the central area of the sensor disc, the heat flows radially towards the cooled periphery. Since the total amount of heat flowing through the thermopile ring is independent of the beam size or position (as long as the laser beam is within the thermopile area) the reading will be quite independent of beam size and position.
The thermal power meter does not measure the absolute temperature of the sensor but rather the temperature drop across the thermopile. Therefore the reading is quite independent of ambient temperature. If the temperature of the cooled periphery goes up, the temperature of the inside of the thermopile goes up correspondingly and the temperature drop – hence the reading – remains basically the same.
For a specific wavelength range, thermopile laser measurement can be wavelength independent, durable and reliable. It is therefore the mainstay of laser power/energy measurement. It cannot, however, measure repetitive pulses or very low powers and energies.
The second type of measurement device is the photodiode detector that converts light impinging on a photodiode into a current. These photodiode detectors are based on a semiconductor p-n junction. When photons with energy greater than the characteristic band gap energy of the photodiode hit the detector, they create an electron hole pair that is collected in the associated circuit. The wavelength response of such a detector is shown in figure 2. Since only one electron is released for each photon, the shorter the wavelength the less efficient the detector (a powerful photon of short wavelength releases as much current as a weak photon of longer wavelength). However, when the wavelength is so long that the photon is not powerful enough to release an electron, the efficiency abruptly drops off as shown in figure 2.
Photodiode detectors are very sensitive, have a wide dynamic range and are very linear at low powers. However, they are very wavelength dependent as shown in figure 2, necessitating calibration over a complete range of wavelengths. They also saturate at low powers, becoming nonlinear. Therefore this type of power meter is mainly for low powers. With no additional filters they are linear up to a few milliwatts and with filters they can measure as much as 3 W.
The third type of detector is the pyroelectric detector consisting of a crystal that polarizes when heated (figure 3). When a pulse of light hits the absorbing surface of the detector, it heats up and polarizes the crystal, thus creating an equal and opposite charge on the two surfaces of the detector. The detector surface is metallized so the charge is collected onto the parallel capacitor no matter where the laser beam hits the surface. The charge on the capacitor is thus proportional to the pulse energy. After the pulse is over, the voltage on the capacitor is read and the capacitor is electronically discharged to be ready for the next pulse. Pyroelectric detectors are particularly useful for repetitive pulses and can measure up to thousands of pulses per second. They are also quite sensitive. They are not particularly durable, however, so for higher energies and powers an attenuator/diffuser is placed in front of the sensor crystal to lower the energy on the pyroelectric crystal.
While the basic measurement technology has remained the same, lasers and laser systems have advanced in a number of ways thus necessitating improvements in power/energy measurement devices.
Lasers and laser systems have become more precise and system requirements for exact power or energy have become more demanding. If ±10% in power was formerly acceptable then today, in many instances, a need for controlling a laser-based device to ±5% in absolute accuracy and ±1% or better in stability are common. Today, there are applications that need to measure pulse-to-pulse stability to 0.2% accuracy.
Lasers have also become more powerful. Today we have commercial or medical lasers putting out 300 J per pulse or powers of 10 kW. We have concentrated beams with up to several hundred J/cm2 or over 10 kW/cm_. These powerful and concentrated beams challenge the most durable power/energy meters.
Lasers have proliferated and have become more diverse. Today's lasers have a tremendous variation in power, energy, wavelength, beam size and repetition rate. We have powers from picowatts to tens of kilowatts, energies from picojoules to hundreds of joules. We have beam sizes from very small to metres in diameter and repetition rates to tens of kilohertz. We have lasers from the far-ultraviolet to the far-infrared. Power and energy measuring devices have to deal with this variety as well as they possibly can. An example of a new type of source for which a measurement solution will be found is terahertz lasers.
Although the basic technology has not changed, over the last 10 years laser power and energy meters have advanced to meet these new demands of new laser systems.
There has been more specialization, where specialized power and energy meters have been developed for diverse purposes. There are photodiode power meters that catch the peak power and are useful for measuring scanned beams such as those in barcode scanners. There are photodiode detectors in an integrating sphere that catch uncollimated light radiating in various directions to measure total integrated radiation. Special geometry meters have also been designed to get into tight locations. There are meters to measure the pulsed light of intense pulse light hair-removal medical devices, meters to measure the light in photolithography machines, to name just a few.
New general purpose power meters have also been developed to meet the demands of the proliferation of powers and energies both on the low- and high-end of the market. There have been dramatic increases in resistance to damage. New coatings and absorbers capable of standing up to very high energies have been developed. Today there are power-measuring surfaces from several manufacturers claiming more than 100 kW/cm2 damage threshold for moderate powers. There are power and energy measuring heads able to withstand hundreds of J/cm2 especially for long pulse lasers.
There are also new devices for the low end. There are broadband power meters capable of accurately measuring tens of microwatts or microjoules. Accuracy has also been improved. Accuracy of power or energy is now routinely quoted as ±3% and in some cases better than that. Stability of some energy meters is better than 0.2%. Manufacturers have perfected ways to calibrate power and energy meters more accurately. They have more laser wavelengths available for calibration and a wider range of powers and energies as well as more accurate calibration equipment.
Some examples of new power/energy meters that have been developed to meet increasingly varied needs are shown above. At one end of the scale is a broadband thermal power meter that can reliably measure down to 50 µW average power and single pulse energy down to 15 µJ. At the other end of the scale is a power meter that can measure up to 10,000 W at power densities of 10 kW/cm2.
At the same time there have been advances in power/energy heads, as well as in display technology. Displays and PC interfaces are able to work with up to four heads at a time, measure each pulse at rates up to 20 kHz and communicate by wireless technology where cables are not practical.
With this plethora of power/energy measuring equipment available, it is very important to specify to the vendor the range of conditions over which the equipment is going to operate. The relevant parameters are: laser beam diameter, wavelength, maximum and minimum power and, for pulsed lasers, maximum and minimum energy and pulse width as well. In general, a thermal detector will be less expensive and more durable than a pyroelectric, so for single shot energy it is preferable when the energies are in its measurement range. Some vendors now have a "head finder" program on their website where the user inputs the above parameters and the program then lists the relevant measuring heads.
There are many options available today for accurate and reliable laser power and energy measurement but this means that you may need guidance to choose the best solution and if you do, it is recommended to consult an expert in the company from which you wish to purchase.
• This article originally appeared in the May 2008 issue of Optics & Laser Europe magazine.
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Report: Russia's Sibur close to making decision on IPO
MOSCOW, Aug 27 (PRIME) -- Russian petrochemical company Sibur will decide on an initial public offering (IPO) at the end of September, the Financial Times reported on Monday, citing sources with knowledge of the situation.
The company is in negotiations to offer a 10–15% stake, most of which belongs to Leonid Mikhelson, to raise U.S. $2–2.5 billion, two sources said, adding that the company could be valued at $20 billion.
"It may happen this year. The proposal is being internally studied in the next few weeks. And then they will decide what to do," one of the sources said.
According to three market sources, JP Morgan, Citi, Goldman Sachs and Gazprombank can organize the offering.
Mikhelson owns a 48.5% stake in the company, including 14.4% in trust management of Gazprombank and 34.08% owned by Mikhelson's Trust. Gennady Timchenko holds 17% in Sibur, the executives about 14.5%, China's Sinopec 10% and the Silk Raod Fund 10%.


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Tyler Perry Studio's Star Studded Grand Opening Gala… (RED CARPET PHOTOS)
Oct, 7 2019 | Written by ATLien
The grand opening of Tyler Perry Studios was held this past weekend in Atlanta, Georgia and the media mogul marks history as the first African-American male to own his own studio lot.
Tyler Perry Studios welcomed guests to celebrate on the 330-acre lot, where sound stage dedications were made in honor of Oprah Winfrey, Denzel Washington, Spike Lee, Whoopi Goldberg, Sir Sidney Poitier, Halle Berry, Will Smith, Harry Belafonte, Cicely Tyson, Ruby Dee, Ossie Davis, and the late John Singleton, Diahann Carroll, and Della Reese.
Celebrities came out in droves to honor Perry's accomplishment as nearly 800 people walked the red carpet prior to the event.
Guests included Beyonce and Jay-Z, President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton, Will Smith, Jada Pinkett-Smith, Diddy, Ava DuVernay, Samuel L. Jackson, Viola Davis, John Lewis, Bernice King, Stacey Abrams, Maxine Waters, Tiffany Haddish, Tamera Mowry-Housley, Loni Love, Jeannie Mai, Jeezy, Ludacris, Usher, Tyrese, 2 Chainz, TI, Terrance Howard, Gladys Knight, Gayle King, Jenifer Lewis, Kelly Rowland, Michelle Williams, Patti LaBelle, Tina Knowles, Tamron Hall, Keshia Knight Pulliam, Storm Reid, and BeBe Winans, among several hundred others.
Red carpet photos below… Continue Reading…
In Atlanta Gossip,Featured,News 2 Chainz, Ava DuVernay, Bernice King, Beyonce, Diddy, Gayle King, Gladys Knight, Jada Pinkett-Smith, Jeannie Mai, Jeezy, Jenifer Lewis, John Lewis, Kelly Rowland, Keshia Knight-Pulliam, Loni Love, Ludacris, Maxine Waters, Michelle Williams, Oprah, Oprah Winfrey, Patti Labelle, Samuel L. Jackson, Stacey Abrams, Storm Reid, T.I., Tamera Mowry-Housley, Tamron Hall, Terrence Howard, Tiffany Haddish, Tina Knowles, Tyler Perry, Tyrese, Usher, Viola Davis, Will Smith
OPEN POST: Kelly Rowland Addresses Skin Bleaching Rumors: "I AM FOREVER CHOCOLATE!"
Kelly Rowland?started a firestorm of controversy about skin bleaching when she posted pics from a recent shoot on Instagram.
Chatter about Rowland's lightened complexion began and many even accused the "Gimme Love" singer of bleaching her dark skin.
Rowland wasn't having it! ?The Destiny's Child star hit the net to dispel the rumors and claims she's still a PROUD chocolate chick!
Video below…
In News Beauty, Cosmetic Surgery, Fashion, For Discussion, Kelly Rowland, OPEN POST, Skin Bleaching
Kelly Rowland Shows Support To Demi Lovato With Matching Tattoo… (PHOTOS)
Jul, 26 2018 | Written by ATLien
Kelly Rowland is proving that she's a solid friend.
The 37-year-old Destiny?s Child alum recently payed tribute to her friend Demi Lovato on her mind in the wake of the singer?s apparent overdose.
Rowland and Lovato?s friendship dates back to 2013, when the two were judges on the American version of The X Factor. Kelly hit the net yesterday to reveal she'd gotten identical body art in honor of Lovato, who is currently recovering from a reported drug overdose.
Photos below… Continue Reading…
In Atlanta Gossip,News Demi Lovato, Kelly Rowland, Tatted Up, Tattoos
Baby Bump Watch: Beyonce Bares Belly During 'Carter Family Push Party'… (PHOTOS + VIDEO)
May, 22 2017 | Written by ATLien
Several of Beyonce's friends and family members gathered for a 'Push Party' for the popular entertainer this past Saturday (May 20, 2017) as she nears the end of her pregnancy.
Beyonce was absolutely glowing as she rocked traditional African attire along with a henna tattoo along her bare belly.
Attendees included Jay-Z, Tina Lawson, Lala Anthony, Kelly Rowland, Michelle Williams and more.
Check out a few photos from 'Queen B's' push party + video below… Continue Reading…
In Featured,News Baby Bump Watch, Beyonce, Celebrity Kids, Jay-Z, Kelly Rowland, LaLa Vasquez, Michelle Williams, Tina Knowles
WATCH THIS! Destiny's Child (Beyonce, Kelly & Michelle) 'Reunite' For #MannequinChallenge [VIDEO]
NEWSFLASH! Destiny's Child has reunited.?Kinda… sorta!
Beyonce, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams, the lovely ladies that comprised the group recently participated in a viral social media challenge called the 'Mannequin Challenge'.
For those who don't know, the 'Mannequin Challenge' is where participants freeze in place while someone films the scene. ?It was reportedly started by a group of teens in Jacksonville, Florida and it quickly picked up steam.
Check out Beyonce, Kelly & Michelle's 'Mannequin Challenge' below… Continue Reading…
In News Beyonce, Destiny's Child, Kelly Rowland, Mannequin Challenge, Michelle Williams
Keri Hilson Lands Acting Gig Alongside Meagan Good & Kelly Rowland… (PHOTOS)
Sep, 8 2016 | Written by ATLien
NEWSFLASH!! Keri Hilson may not be cranking out any hits these day, but the popular singer recently landed an acting gig in a Lifetime movie!
The network recently began production on a new original movie titled, 'The 10th Date', which follows??four friends at different life stages in their search for love.? ?Set in Los Angeles,?The 10th Date?will follow four friends on their journey to landing the coveted 10th date,
The 2-hour romantic comedy stars Meagan Good, Hilson, Kelly Rowland and Kellee Stewart alongside Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman, Cat Deeley, and Brandon T. Jackson.
More details regarding the upcoming film below… Continue Reading…
In Atlanta Gossip,Featured,News Kelly Rowland, Keri Hilson, Meagan Good


Dear Friends !! Soon there will be a free laptop distribution ceremony is going to be held in Uttar Pradesh. Now you all must be wondering that laptop distribution scheme is closed by UP Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath then how is it possible? So friends let me make you clear that Laptop distribution ceremony will be soon going to start again in UP. BJP had announced in their manifesto that free laptops will be distributed to sagacious students if their party wins. So get ready to register yourself under UP Muft Laptop Yojana 2019.
Under this free laptop scheme, only those students will get free laptops who have scored 60 % or above in their annual exams. 10th and 12th pass students are eligible for this free laptop scheme. Students who have already passed their 12th and appeared in the first year of college can also eligible for this scheme. There are above 10 lakh laptops which will be distributed among students. The budget for this scheme will be 1800 crore. Students have to register themselves for free laptops.
Candidates should have passed and 10th and 12th class.
Applicants should be a resident of Uttar Pradesh.
Aspirants must have scored 70% or above otherwise they are not eligible for the free laptop.
First of all, students have to visit the official website.
Whenever the registration process starts you will see a link of Free Laptop Scheme Registration on the home page.
Click on the link fill all the details in the registration form.
After filling the application form successfully click on submit button and take a printout of application form.


5 Nov - 5 min - Uploaded by Calvin Harris - Topic Provided to YouTube by Sony Music Entertainment Sweet Nothing (Diplo + Grandtheft Remix. 30 Oct - 5 min - Uploaded by DJsArenaChannel Calvin Harris - Sweet Nothing (feat. Florence Welch) (Diplo and Grand Theft Remix). 11 Jan - 5 min - Uploaded by ThatCalifornia Hum Sweet Nothing (Diplo & Grand Theft Remix) ThatCalifornia Hum Bringing to you Your.
18 Nov Stream Calvin Harris - Sweet Nothing (diplo & Grandtheft mix) by Diplo from desktop or your mobile device. 20 Oct Stream Calvin Harris Ft. Florence Welch - Sweet Nothing (Diplo & Grandtheft Remix) BBC RIP by Grandtheft from desktop or your mobile. Sweet Nothing (Diplo Remix) Lyrics: You took my heart and you held it in your mouth / And with the word all my love came rushing out / And every whisper.
Length ; Released ; BPM 93; Key G♯ min; Genre Trap / Future Bass | Trap; Label Columbia. Appears on. View All · Ultimate Festival Chart. Length ; Released ; BPM 93; Key G♯ min; Genre Electronica / Downtempo; Label Columbia (Sony). Recommended Tracks. Title. Artists. Sweet Nothing. Diplo + Grandtheft Remix. $ Title. Artists. Remixers. Label. Genre. Released. What's Your Name Original Mix · Calvin Harris, Dillon Francis. meter complexity. danceable beats. an emotional female vocal. the use of chordal patterning. Show More. ℗ Sony Music Entertainment UK Limited. "Sweet Nothing (Diplo + Grandtheft Remix)" by Calvin Harris feat. Florence Welch sampled DJ Khaled feat. Drake, Rick Ross and Lil Wayne's "I'm on One".


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US wastes billions on dodgy contracting in Iraq and Afghanistan
The future of Western warfare is corporations making billions on the suffering of citizens under occupation:
The United States has wasted some $34 billion on service contracts with the private sector in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, according to a study being finalized for Congress.
The findings by a bipartisan congressional commission were confirmed to Reuters by a person familiar with the draft of the study, which is due to be completed in coming weeks.
The analysis by the Commission on Wartime Contracting, details of which were first reported by the Wall Street Journal, offers the most complete look so far at the misuse of U.S. contracting funds in Afghanistan and Iraq, where more than $200 billion has been doled out in the contracts and grants over nearly a decade.
It also gives the most complete picture of the magnitude of the U.S. contracting workforce in the two countries.
The source, who declined to be named, said more than 200,000 contractors have been on the U.S. payroll at times in Iraq and Afghanistan — outstripping the number of U.S. troops currently on the ground in those countries.
The United States has fewer than 100,000 troops in Afghanistan and some 46,000 forces in Iraq.
The tally of private sector contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan can be surprisingly difficult to obtain since many U.S. contractors are outsourced to subcontractors who depend on temporary labor, the source said.
The report blames a lack of oversight by federal agencies for misuse of funds and warns of further waste when the programs are transferred to Iraqi or Afghan control as the United States withdraws its troops.
The U.S. military is on course to withdraw all of its troops from Iraq by the end of the year and started drawing down its force in Afghanistan this month.
Tags: Afghanistan, Iraq, privatisation, United States, war on terror
All media are not created equal
Don't speak honesty in the US about Palestine, whatever you do
First Julian Assange TV interview is with Hizbollah leader


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On behalf of Law Offices of Jacqueline R. McNutt posted in Divorce on Wednesday, August 29, 2018.
Most people in Texas understand that there are financial implications to divorce. It is not necessarily uncommon for divorcees to experience a temporary drop in income, a loss in retirement savings and other finance-related issues. However, this does not mean that unhappy couples must necessarily delay divorce. Instead, people should be vigilant regarding the short and long-term implications of property division throughout the entire process.
On behalf of Law Offices of Jacqueline R. McNutt posted in Divorce on Monday, August 20, 2018.
Most people in Texas know that financial stress, constant arguing and unrealistic expectations can lead couples to reevaluate their marriages. But what about other common divorce factors that are less well known? It turns out that simply knowing someone who has divorced increases the likelihood of filing for divorce.
On behalf of Law Offices of Jacqueline R. McNutt on Saturday, August 11, 2018.
Getting a divorce can cause a lot of fears. One of your biggest concerns as you separate may be your wealth and property. Ending your marriage can impact your financial well-being, especially if you make some costly errors along the way.


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Anti-abortion protestors gather outside the Supreme Court on Monday while the justices kicked off a new term by hearing arguments over the phone.
Supreme Court opens term with case about two-party power, judicial independence
Do political independents have a constitutional right to get a shot at public office, or can some government posts be reserved only for Republicans and Democrats in the name of ensuring bipartisanship?
That was the question the Supreme Court deliberated Monday, the first oral arguments of a new term where its own ideological tilt hangs in the balance — and where a matter even more fundamental to a functional and fair democracy, the outcome of the presidential election, looms as a potential defining moment for the balance of power.
The first case, however, is profoundly important for those who see the red and blue duopoly as a main driver of both government dysfunction and distrust in government. They're hoping the court strikes down part of Delaware's Constitution that says justices on the state's top court, and judges on several other benches, must be either Democrats or Republicans.
Although the case is about a single state, ruling against such a balancing requirement could upend the appointment systems a dozen states use, instead of elections, to fill their courts — and rules designed to assure partisan balance on many federal regulatory agencies, such as the Federal Election Commission, and myriad state boards and commissions, including redistricting and ethics panels.
While the nature of the justices' questioning does not always signal their views, the hour of arguments suggested a majority of them are ready to uphold the Delaware system. That would require them to reverse the 3rd Circuit Court of Appeals, which last year struck it down as violating the constitutional rights of independents and minor-party members who aspire to judgeships.
There are centuries of precedent for political affiliation being deeply embedded in the judicial appointment process, Justice Brett Kavanaugh said, and Delaware appears to simply make explicit what is generally implicit. "Why is that different in kind?" he asked
Delaware's unique provision, adopted at the end of the 19th century, says judges affiliated with any one political party can make up no more than a "bare majority" on the state's highest courts, and the other seats must go to people from the "other major political party."
The challenge was mounted by James Adams, who was a registered Democrat while a family-law attorney for the state for a dozen years. He changed his party affiliation to independent after leaving government and decided he wanted to be a judge — but determined it was futile to apply in light of his new nonpartisan identity. He sued on the grounds that his First Amendment rights are being violated, and argued that the rule sends a terrible message about the intersection of partisanship and judging.
"Such a system assumes, without foundation, that Republicans and Democrats are monolithic in their judicial views and that their political views will control their decision-making," he wrote in his appeal. "Worse, it reinforces the fears of the public that judges will decide cases based on political affiliation."
The more important virtue, the state's attorney told the justices, is that the requirement has ensured one of the nation's most reliably bipartisan and balanced judiciaries even when the policymaking branches are dominated by one party. (Democrats have held the governorship and controlled the state Senate, which must confirm his judicial nominees, for almost three decades.)
The case was originally scheduled for oral argument in March, but was in the collection of cases put off for six months or longer because of the coronavirus. (The arguments were held by telephone, continuing a break with tradition brought on by the pandemic.)
The backdrop for the deliberations, of course, is the partisan balance of the high court itself. Five conservatives on the bench were nominated by Republican presidents and the three more liberal justices were named by Democrats. So the confirmation of appeals Judge Amy Coney Barrett — President Trump's pick to succeed Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the progressive icon who died last month — looks to cement a decisive conservative majority on the court for decades.
Adopting 18-year term limits, growing the size of the court and using randomly selected rotating panels of justices for many cases are all proposals that have gained a wave of new attention in the days since Ginsburg died. Trump signaled at last week's debate that he's already planning to press the court, with or without all nine seats filled, to weigh in on the validity of the coming surge of mailed ballots, which he baselessly claims will lead to fraud that robs him of a second term
All of the reform proposals are aimed at reducing the partisan battling over high court appointments, the very topic the drafters of Delaware's Constitution said they had in mind in the 1890s when they wrote the provisions that were debated Monday.
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Q: Interchange of summation in double series I have been trying to understand the reasoning behind the following change of summation but still don't get it down, could anyone explain me what is happening?
The summation is $$\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{z^n}{n!}\sum_{r=0}^n s(n,r)x^r = \sum_{r=0}^{\infty} x^r \sum_{n=r}^{\infty} s(n,r) \frac{z^n}{n!}$$
where $s(n,r)$ is the Stirling number of the first kind.

A: Hint: Maybe the following representation of indices is helpful

\begin{align*}
\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\sum_{r=0}^{n}a_{n,r}=\sum_{0\leq r\leq n< \infty}a_{n,r}=\sum_{r=0}^{\infty}\sum_{n=r}^\infty a_{n,r}
\end{align*}

A: The key observation is that the original double summation can be written
$$\sum_{0\le r\le n}x^rs(n,r)\frac{z^n}{n!}\;,$$
where $r$ and $n$ are of course understood to range over integers. If we slice up the set
$$\{\langle n,r\rangle\in\Bbb N\times\Bbb N:r\le n\}$$
of allowable pairs of indices by choosing $n$ and looking at the acceptable choices for $r$, we get your lefthand side. However, we could pick $r$ first instead and ask for the acceptable choices for $n$. Clearly $r$ can be any non-negative integer, and once we've settled on that $r$, $n$ can be any integer that is not smaller than $r$: that gives us the righthand side. It's entirely analogous to the manipulation
$$\int_0^\infty\int_0^xf(x,y)\,dy\,dx=\int_0^\infty\int_y^\infty f(x,y)\,dx\,dy\;,$$
except that with a formal power series we needn't worry about convergence.
If we set
$$a_{n,r}=x^rs(n,r)\frac{z^n}{n!}\;,$$
the following diagram may be helpful.
$$\begin{array}{c|cc}
n\backslash r&0&1&2&3&\ldots\\ \hline
0&a_{0,0}\\
1&a_{1,0}&a(1,1)\\
2&a_{2,0}&a(2,1)&a(2,2)\\
3&a_{3,0}&a(3,1)&a(3,2)&a(3,3)\\
\vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\ddots
\end{array}$$
The lefthand side of your equality corresponds to calculating the row sums and then adding them up. The righthand side corresponds to calculating the column sums and then adding them up.

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