"Person who can properly manage the diabetes is the person who lives with it day by day, month by month, year by year. It is the role of the healthcare professional to equip the patient (and often their family) with the tools to do this"- Professor Alberti.
Diabetes is a disease of high blood glucose (sugar). All food, especially carbohydrates, converts into glucose in the blood. Blood glucose stimulates the release of insulin from beta cells in the pancreas to maintain blood glucose levels between 80 to 120 mg%, and A1c less than 5.7%. Insulin acts as a conduit that allows the cells in the body to take in glucose and use it as energy. If insulin is not produced by the pancreas, Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) develops. If body cells cannot effectively use insulin to utilize glucose (called insulin resistance), Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) develops.
T1D affects children and young adults and is the result of an autoimmune process that suddenly destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. These patients will need insulin for immediate therapy and then for the remainder of their lives. Without insulin, T1D patients develop ketoacidosis and fall into a coma, which is often fatal. In the long run, if T1D is not well controlled, patients will develop complications affecting the kidneys, the eyes and the nervous system. It is proven that complications in T1D are directly proportional to the control of diabetes. A normal and healthy life is possible by maintaining a desirable level of A1c.
Type 2 Diabetes occurs in adults. In these cases, the pancreas initially produces enough insulin but, due to insulin resistance, the blood glucose level is high. Over the years, the functioning of the beta cells in the pancreas also starts to decrease, resulting in reduced insulin production. T2D may be genetic, and is often related to lifestyle changes such as obesity and lack of regular exercise. It can go unnoticed and undiagnosed for years. These patients can often be managed with a proper diet and oral medicines but many eventually may need insulin. Association of T2D with cardiovascular risk factors (high blood pressure, high cholesterol and smoking) will often result in complications such as heart attack, stroke and poor circulation in legs. Control of risk factors is extremely important to prevent complications.


text:
Industry: Miscellaneous
Residence: Brooklyn
BirthDay: 22 December 1960
Sigh: Capricorn
Died On: August 12, 1988
Education: Edward R. Murrow High School
Jean-Michel Basquiat was bornon 22 December 1960 in Brooklyn, American, is Artist. Jean-Michel Basquiat was an American graffiti artist who rose to prominence in the 1980s for being one of the leading lights of the neo expressionist era of the time. His father was employed as an accountant and although he had taught himself to read and write as a child, he did not do as well as he would have liked at school. He dropped out of school and instead studied at a school of alternative education where he learnt art. Although his father had forced him to leave the house after quitting school, he started selling T-shirts in order to take care of his expenses and after a few years he partnered with a friend to create SAMO, a group that painted graffiti in buildings in New York. His work as a graffiti artist got him noticed as an up and coming artist and it was the same work that got him work with a T-shirt company. He even had his own musical band that performed at particular nightclubs but it was as a painter that he made his mark in the 1980s and his work found a lot of buyers due to the high demand of new expressionist art.
He died on 12 August 1988, at the age of 27, in Manhattan, New York, due to a drug overdose
He went to Abidjan in Ivory Coast, Africa for a show in 1986 and during his stay he was inspired by African art
On the insistence of art dealer Bruno Bischofberger, he collaborated with Andy Warhol in 1983 and produced painting for the next two years
A painting he produced in 1982, which bears no title, is considered to be his most important work
The early 1980s saw him gain recognition as an artist of note as the fusion of words, figures and symbols that he brought about made him one of the most important artists of the time
In 1979, he founded the rock band Test Pattern along with Michael Holman, Wayne Clifford, Nick Taylor, Shannon Dawson and Vincent Gallow
He started working as an artist for the Unique Clothing Warehouse located in North of Houston Street in Manhattan, New York in 1978
Jean-Michel Basquiat started off his career as a graffiti artist, in 1976
Jean-Michel Basquiat was born on 22 December 1960 in Brooklyn located in New York, United States to Gerard Basquiat and Matilda Andrades
Miscellaneous Artist jean-michel basquiat jean-michel basquiat artwork jean-michel basquiat the radiant child jean-michel basquiat quotes jean-michel basquiat barbican jean-michel basquiat movie jean-michel basquiat crown
Nita Ambani Net Worth: $1.2 Billion 18 January 2018
Damien Hirst Net Worth: $1 Billion 18 January 2018
Chamath Palihapitiya Net Worth: $1 Billion 18 January 2018
John W. Thompson Net Worth: $250 Million 21 April 2018
Georgi Ivanov Net Worth: $207.5 Million 18 January 2018
John Eleuthère du Pont Net Worth: $200 Million 18 January 2018
LeBron James Jr. Net Worth: $150 Million 18 January 2018
Pat Robertson Net Worth: $100 Million 19 March 2018

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


My chubby inner fanboy lets out a silent scream as I enter Voodoo Doughnuts. Somewhere c.2007 Anthony Bourdain went to Voodoo at a time in which Doughnuts were hardly "de rigueur." What is now a hipster delicacy was at the time just another fattening cheat meal in the middle of the Atkins craze.
In 2008 I was in Portland and wasn't able to get my Voodoo Doughnut fix, but fast forward to 2018 and I'm back and Voodoo is still going strong with two locations in Portland.
While the place is busy for a weekday morning, it doesn't seem to have succumbed to the pressures of media attention and success. It felt like, well, a doughnut shop. The choices are overwhelming, but I opt for the one most likely to give me diabetes and a trip to the dentist — the Fruit Loop doughnut.
Sadly, like people watching Reservoir Dogs for the first time in 2018, expectation and reality do not coincide like they should. The Fruit Loops are mushy, meaning the doughnut may have been made the day prior, and the whole thing is so sweet that I can't finish it. I'm almost disappointed in myself.
Like Reservoir Dogs, however, you do have to think about where Voodoo fits in place and time. While there have been many copycats since, this was one of, if not the first, places to embrace the elaborately crafted doughnut. Just like Reservoir Dogs it's necessary to remember that as many have followed in their wake.
With a toothache and a sugar-infused hop in my step I move on with my day — satisfied.


Crystal is a very trendy two font system that could be layered to give You multiple possibilities in designing. When You use it with gradient it gives a faceted 3-D effect. What is more it can be outlined that gives an additional industrial look.
Crystal is great for headlines and logotypes.


text:
Il ghiacciaio Zimzelen (in inglese Zimzelen Glacier) () è un ghiacciaio lungo 3,7 km e largo 2,5, situato sulla costa di Danco, nella parte occidentale della Terra di Graham, in Antartide. Il ghiacciaio si trova in particolare sulla penisola di Pefaur, a est del ghiacciaio Krapets e a ovest del ghiacciaio Blériot, da dove fluisce verso nord fino ad entrare nel ramo orientale della cala di Salvesen.

Storia
Il ghiacciaio Zimzelen è stato così battezzato dalla Commissione bulgara per i toponimi antartici in onore della località bulgara di Zimzelen, situata nella Bulgaria meridionale.

Note

Voci correlate
 Ghiacciai dell'Antartide

Zimzelen, Ghiacciaio
Zimzelen, Ghiacciaio

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
А́нна Веро́ніка Ве́ндланд, або А́нна Веро́ніка Ве́ндлянд, Вероніка Вендлянд (, нар. 6 червня 1966, м. Ремшайд, Німеччина) — німецький історик Східної Європи й, зокрема, України.

Наукова діяльність
До наукових зацікавлень Анни Вероніки входить велике коло тем з історії Східної Європи. Це, головним чином, історія Галичини, зокрема історія русофільства (москвофільства) та міста Львова, загалом міська історія України та Східної Європи, а також історія Польщі, Росії та країн Балтії, історія розвитку публічного простору та історіографія Східної Європи.

В 1997 році захистила в Кельнському університеті докторську дисертацію на тему «Рософіли в Галичині: Українські консерватори між Австрією й Росією». Опублікована «Австрійським академічним видавництвом» в серії монографій «Studien zur Geschichte der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie» праця про русофілів є скороченим виданням докторської дисертації. Сьогодні це найґрунтовніше дослідження про роль і значення рософілів у Галичині. Цю роботу відзначили у 2000 році премією Теодора Епштайна як найкращу дисертацію на Східно-європейську тематику.

Наукові публікації друкує німецькою, англійською, польською й українською мовами .

Викладає східноєвропейську історію в Ґісенському університеті. Входить до дирекції Інституту Гердера (Марбург, Німеччина). Чільний член дорадчої ради Центру міської історії Центрально-Східної Європи у Львові.

Наукові публікації

Монографії
 Anna Veronika Wendland, Wie wir die Karten lesen: Osteuropäische Fragen an Europäische Geschichte und Europäische Einigung. Zwei Essays, München, 2007
 Die Russophilen in Galizien. Ukrainische Konservative zwischen Österreich und Russland, 1848 — 1915, Wien, 2001. — 624 с.

Спільні проекти
 Anna Veronika Wendland (Hrsg. gemeinsam mit Andreas R. Hofmann), Stadt und Öffentlichkeit in Ostmitteleuropa. Beiträge zur Entstehung moderner Urbanität zwischen Berlin, Charkiv, Tallinn und Triest, Stuttgart, 2002

Наукові статті
 Повернення до Чорнобиля. Від національної трагедії до інноваційних підходів в історіографії не тільки України // Chernobyl Revisited. From national tragedy to innovative approaches in the historiography of (not exclusively) Ukraine, in: Україна модерна Nr. 18 (2011), 164-200.
 Imperiale, koloniale und postkoloniale Blicke auf die Peripherien des Habsburgerreiches, in: Claudia Kraft, Alf Lüdtke (Hrsg.), Kolonialgeschichten. Regionale Perspektiven auf ein globales Phänomen, Frankfurt/M. 2010, с. 215—235.
 Eindeutige Bilder, komplexe Identitäten. Imperiale, nationale, regionale Identitätskonzepte und ihre Visualisierung auf der galizischen Allgemeinen Landesausstellung in Lemberg 1894, in: Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropaforschung 58 (2009) H. 1-2, с. 111—161.
 Jenseits der Imperien: Mychajlo Drahomanov und die Anfänge einer Verflechtungsgeschichte der Ukraine, in: Guido Hausmann / Angela Rustemeyer (Hrsg.), Imperienvergleich. Fs. für Andreas Kappeler, Wiesbaden, 2008, с. 221—246. (робота про Драгоманова, як зачинателя так званої «перехресної» історії, тобто історії взаємовпливів).
 Stadtgeschichtskulturen: Lemberg und Wilna als multiple Erinnerungsorte, in: Martin Aust / Krzysztof Ruchniewicz / Stephan Troebst (Hrsg.), Verflochtene Erinnerungen. Polen und seine Nachbarn im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, Köln-Weimar-Wien, 2008, с. 31-60.
 У вас в Європах / Bei Euch in den Europas. Europäische Leitbilder in Osteuropa, in: Jürgen Elvert / Jürgen Nielsen-Sikora (Hrsg.), Leitbild Europa? Europabilder und ihre Wirkungen in der Neuzeit, Stuttgart, 2008, с.208-219
 Randgeschichten? Osteuropäische Perspektiven auf Kulturtransfer und Verflechtungsgeschichte, in: Randgeschichten? Osteuropäische Perspektiven auf Kulturtransfer und Verflechtungsgeschichte, in: Transfergeschichte(n). Peripherie und Zentrum in Europa. Osteuropa Nr. 3 (2008), с. 95-116.
 The Russian Empire and its Western Borderlands: National Historiographies and their «Others» in Russia, the Baltics, and Ukraine, in: Stefan Berger / Chris Lorenz (Eds.), The Contested Nation: Ethnicity, Class, Religion, and Gender in National Histories (= Writing the Nation. National Historiographies and the Making of Nation States in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Europe, vol.3), Basingstoke — London, 2007, с. 405—441. (робота про національні історіографії Росії. Балтики та України в порівнянні).
 Leben und gelebt werden. Die «Erinnerungen» der Leibeigenen Avdot'ja Chruščova, in: Julia Herzberg / Christoph Schmidt (Hrsg.): Vom Wir zum Ich. Individuum und Autobiographik im Zarenreich (= Kölner Historische Abhandlungen Bd. 44), Köln, 2006, с. 177—208 (робота з «мікроісторії», присвячена культурі спогадів).
 «Europa» zivilisiert den «Osten»: Stadthygienische Interventionen, Wohnen und Konsum in Wilna und Lemberg, 1900—1930, in: Alena Janatková and Hanna Kozińska-Witt (Hrsg.), Wohnen in der Großstadt 1900—1939. Wohnsituation und Modernisierung im europäischen Vergleich, Stuttgart, 271—295
 Urbane Identität und nationale Integration in zwei Grenzland-Metropolen: Lemberg und Wilna, 1900-1930er Jahre. Vorstellung eines Forschungsprojektes, in: Hans-Werner Rautenberg (Hrsg.), Wanderungen und Kulturaustausch im östlichen Mitteleuropa. Forschungen zum ausgehenden Mittelalter und zur jüngeren Neuzeit, München, 2006, с. 145—162 (робота про міську ідентичність та націєтворення у Львові та Вільнюсі).
 Neighbors as Betrayers. Nationalization, Remembrance Policy, and the Urban Public Sphere in Lviv, in: Christopher Hann and Paul Robert Magocsi (Hrsg.), Galicia. A Multicultured Land, Toronto-London: University of Toronto Press, 2005, 139—159 [= überarb. engl. Version von Wendland (2002), Nachbarn] (робота про національні процеси, меморіальну культуру та розвиток публічного простору в Галичині).
 Region ohne Nationalität, Kapitale ohne Volk: Das Wilna-Gebiet als Gegenstand polnischer und litauischer nationaler Integrationsprojekte (1900—1940), in: Comparativ. Leipziger Beiträge zur Universalgeschichte und vergleichenden Gesellschaftsforschung 15 (2005), Nr. 2, с. 77-100.
 Kulturelle, nationale und urbane Identitäten in Wilna (1918—1939): Ansätze und Fragestellungen auf dem Weg zu einer integrierten Stadtgeschichte, in: Marina Dmitrieva and Heidemarie Petersen (Hrsg.), Jüdische Kultur(en) im Neuen Europa. Wilna 1918—1939, Wiesbaden, с. 13-33.
 Post-Austrian Lemberg: War Commemoration, Inter-Ethnic Relations, and Urban Identity 1918—1939, in: Austrian History Yearbook 34 (2003), с. 82-103. (Поставстрійський Львів, міжетнічні стосунки та міська ідентичність)
 Volksgeschichte im Baltikum? Historiographien zwischen nationaler Mobilisierung und wissenschaftlicher Innovation in Estland, Lettland und Litauen (1919—1939), in: Manfred Hettling (Hrsg.), Volksgeschichten im Europa der Zwischenkriegszeit (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003), 205—238
 Nachbarn als Verräter: Nationalisierungsprozesse, Erinnerungspolitik und städtische Öffentlichkeiten in Lemberg (1914—1939), in: Wendland / Hofmann (Hrsg.), Stadt und Öffentlichkeit in Ostmitteleuropa, 149—169
 Stadt und Öffentlichkeit: Auf der Suche nach einem neuen Konzept in der Geschichte Ostmitteleuropas, in: Stadt und Öffentlichkeit in Ostmitteleuropa, 2002, с. 9-23 (разом з Андреасом Гофманом, концептуальна робота про нові підходи до історії Східної Європи).
 Semper fidelis: Lwów jako mit narodowy Polaków i Ukraińców, 1867—1939 , in: Kazimierz Karolczak and Henryk W. Żaliński (Hrsg.), Lwów: Miasto-społeczeństwo-kultura, t. 4, Kraków, 2002, 263—273 (робота про Львів, як місто міфотворення поляків і українців).
 Die Rückkehr der Russophilen in die ukrainische Geschichte: Neue Aspekte der ukrainischen Nationsbildung in Galizien, 1848—1914, in: Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 49 (2001), 178—199
 Galizien: Westen des Ostens, Osten des Westens. Annäherung an eine ukrainische Grenzlandschaft, in: Österreichische Osthefte 42 (2000), H. 3/4, 389—421 (Повернення русофілів в українську історії: нові оцінки історичного феномену націєтворення в Галичині).
 Stadt und Öffentlichkeit in Ostmitteleuropa 1900—1939, in: Informationen zur modernen Stadtgeschichte (2000), H. 2, 28-33 (разом з Андреасом Гофманом)
 Русофільство: ще один український проект? Зауваги про невтілене прагнення // «Ї», незалежний культурологічний журнал, ч. 18 (2000), Львів, с. 113—122.
 Митрополит. Есе про Андрея Шептицького // «Ї», незалежний культурологічний журнал. Львів/Freiburg Nr. 11 (1997)), Діалог над кордоном — Gespräch über Grenzen, с. 106—115
 Російська ліберальна публіцистика та українське питання в другій половині XIX століття // Другий міжнародний конгрес україністів, Львів: 22-28 серпня 1993. Доповіді й повідомлення. Історія, ч. 1, Львів, с. 186—194
 Die ukrainischen Länder 1945 bis 1993, in: Frank Golczewski (Hrsg.): Geschichte der Ukraine, Göttingen 1994, с. 269—312 (огляд повоєнної історії України).

Примітки

Посилання
 Вероніка Вендлянд. Миторополит (есе про Андрея Шептицького на сторінках часопису «Ї»; укр. мовою)
 Анна Вероніка Вендлянд. Русофільство: ще один український проект? Зауваги про невтілене прагнення (перша публікація на сторінках часопису «Ї»)
 Біографічні дані, наукові інтереси та бібліографія на офіційному сайті Інституту Гердера (Марбург)
 Анна-Вероніка Вендланд. Від національної трагедії до предмета інноваційних дисциплін в історіографії не тільки України // Україна модерна
 Ярослав Грицак. Рецензія на монографію А.-В.Вендланд про русофілів

Німецькі історикині
Уродженці Ремшайда
Дослідники історії України
Дослідники історії Росії
Дослідники історії Польщі
Дослідники історії країн Балтії
Дослідники історії Австрії


text:
Time limits to bring a civil action against the MoD – the misconceptions
By Rhicha Kapila
Earlier this month the former Foreign Office minister Sir Henry Bellingham led a lively debate in parliament concerning historic allegations against veterans. Sir Bellingham has said previously that it is appalling former soldiers are "being hounded like common criminals" over historic allegations, sometimes dating back as far as fifty years. The government has also ruled out the prospect of introducing a statute of limitation on these claims against veterans – something which has been called for numerous times over the years.
This seems particularly unjust when service personnel themselves can only make a civil claim in negligence in respect of potentially life-changing injuries within three years of the injury occurring.
This statute of limitation is often unknown and misconceptions are common. For instance, we often hear that soldiers thought they were not allowed make a negligence, assault or discrimination claim until after they had left the services. This seems to be the internal assumption our servicemen and women are led to believe, which is incorrect.
It is a fallacy that can be very damaging to an injured person's prospects of making a successful claim. The confusion comes in part from the fact that applications for some of the MoD's own compensation or pension schemes cannot be started until discharge. A civil negligence claim is a completely different and independent procedure.
It is important for a veteran's transition back onto Civvy Street that any potential claims are investigated – sometimes service personnel are struggling with debilitating physical or mental injuries as a result of their time in the forces and this has a serious knock-on impact – not only on their ability to work but also on their families.
Ultimately, the rules around when a claim can be brought are complicated and depend on the individual case. When making a civil claim some basic rules are as follows, but remember you may well need specialist advice on whether they apply in your case:
For negligence and assault cases, court proceedings must be started within three years of the date of the injury or the date when a "reasonable person" ought to have known they had been significantly injured by something the other person did or did not do (the act believed to be negligent), and when they knew that person's (or organisation) identity. "Knowledge" and "reasonable person" are legal concepts that have been argued about in many cases and can be open to interpretation. It is therefore wise to seek legal advice promptly.
Any court proceedings regarding harassment must begin within six years of the cause of action arising. Whether or not a series of acts amounts to harassment and therefore when the time limit starts to run, is something that again can be complex.
For discrimination claims the process is complicated – these claims are normally brought in the Employment Tribunal, where much shorter and strict time limits apply. However, you will normally have to raise a service complaint before you are entitled to proceed in the Employment Tribunal which can slow down the process.
Sir Henry Bellingham's speech earlier this month is sure to spark debate, and rightly so. Something that's not being debated, however, is the short amount of time service personnel themselves have to bring a negligence claim and how misconceptions rule rife in the armed forces – something which needs to end.
Partner and Chief Operating Officer
rhichakapila@boltburdonkemp.co.uk
Rhicha's Recent Posts
Rhicha Kapila quoted in Livingston Ledger, 12 December 2019
See Rhicha Kapila's profile
Rhicha Kapila writes for The Times, The Brief on 18 February 2019
Rhicha Kapila comments in Forces News, 03 January 2019


D you happen to know anything about land surveying or a land surveyor? If not, this is a very good chance for you to learn and know more about them in a nutshell. When it comes to land surveying then you can refer to it as the process of making good use of the method of finding out the position of a point in three dimensional contexts. A land surveyor on the other hand is simply the professional who does this.
Coordinate geometry, knowledge in engineering, mathematics and even trigonometry are the things used in the process of land surveying. This is very helpful in terms of allowing one to determine the distance and the angle between two points. The knowledge that they have in this particular sector is very useful. With land surveying, it is also very possible to find out the characteristics of soil below the surface of the land.
Land surveying has been well known as the science of land surveying for a good number of years. It has been very essential and useful for the purposes of construction of buildings, transportation sector and even in communication. Apart from just those, there are other field that they are still being used in. This is the reason why surveying is very important to people in the society at large. Land surveying is still being used to help in determining boundaries and making land portions. This has allowed people who own lands to know where their land starts and ends. This has allowed them to be able to know how big the land is and the land of dimensions. This has helped greatly in terms of solving disputes regarding land issues.
A professional land surveyor is the one who can do this kind of work perfectly well. It takes quite some time for them to be able to gain the experience needed I this sector. This is why they have to qualify in their academic work. The work that they will do will be able to give you a very good outcome in the long run. Land surveying has also proved to be very essential to them because they can be able to earn a lot of living from that. Without a good job done that the civil construction works will definitely go wrong.
Whenever you want to do out some work successful, you have t get the right equipment for it. As a land surveyor, you will also need to have all the equipment needed to finish the job. A good number of land surveyors work with companies which are the ones that will buy all the equipment that are needed. It is a survey tripod, GPS equipment, prism, grade rod, marking paint, gammon reel, surveyor safety vest, note book, pen, measuring tape, scanner and many more the basic equipment you need.


Bookworms could soon see an upgrade at Withers Elementary (Photo illustration: Jeffrey Miller/WRA Architects).
Withers Elementary School parents have been spreading the word about their plans to renovate the school's 50-year-old library. Now the $70,000 fundraising project is in its last chapter — hopefully, anyway.
Thanks to grants and private donations, the library fund has reached $50,000 in around 18 months. Architect Jeffery Miller even took on the project for free, seeing as he's a Withers graduate himself.


text:
Рональд Джон Макдональд (; ) — канадский и американский легкоатлет, выступавший в марафонском беге. Участник летних Олимпийских игр 1900 года.

Биография
Рональд Макдональд родился 19 сентября 1874 года в канадской деревне Фрэйзерс-Грант.

В молодые годы перебрался вместе с семьёй в Бостон. Работал в телефонной компании Новой Англии. Учился в Бостонском колледже.

Начал заниматься бегом при участии старшего брата. В 1898 году стал победителем проводившегося во второй раз Бостонского марафона. Участвовал в нём также в 1901 и 1902 годах, но не смог финишировать.

В 1900 году вошёл в состав сборной США на летних Олимпийских играх в Париже. В марафонском беге занял последнее, 7-е место при шести сошедших с дистанции.

В 1901 году вернулся в Канаду и поступил в университет святого Франциска Ксаверия на подготовительный курс, после этого учился в университете Тафтса и Гарварде. Во время учёбы стал рекордсменом Канады в беге на 3 и 5 миль и на 1 милю в помещении.

Оставшуюся часть жизни занимался врачебной практикой в доминионе Ньюфаундленд и провинции Новая Шотландия.

Умер 3 сентября 1947 года в канадском городе Антигониш.

Память
В 1979 году вошёл в Зал спортивной славы Новой Шотландии.

Примечания

Марафонцы Канады
Марафонцы США
Легкоатлеты на летних Олимпийских играх 1900 года
Врачи Канады


I had the pleasure of capturing these two beautiful sisters within my Canberra natural light studio recently, a year after their newborn session for the youngest sister. A year ago, we used the same backdrop, so with this in mind, we used the same backdrop and created a scene around favourite colours for the first year portraits & sibling shots.
Within this session, it was a lot of fun capturing portraits of both girls, the cake smash & a bubble bath at the end! How amazing is this cake, made by their mother!


Finding accounting services for under £1000 can be difficult in today's climate of high charge out rates and increased regulation for accountants. Both new and existing businesses which are typically short of financial resources in their early years find that compliance work carried out by an accountant requires them to spend a sum of money which they believe could be better suited to promoting their products and services.
The perception held by many businesses is that the work of an accountant is a necessary evil, made mandatory by statues based on the premise that the directors of a limited company or management of an unincorporated business are separate persons to the shareholders and owners.
The need to protect the interests of these people by insisting that accounting services are requisitioned is therefore an important part of corporate governance.
For most businesses £1000 is not a great deal to spend to comply with the law and also provide sufficient information for it to be able to compute its tax liability correctly. The pill is made slightly sweeter where a tax loss provides the owners with reliefs which they can use against their savings and investment income.
With quotations from accountants for first year financial statements reach in the several thousands, the rational of making new businesses suffer this burden becomes less clear.
In a society which prides itself with producing some of the greatest inventions of all times and promotes several of its larger cities as being premier commercial centres, the costs of doing business should be low. Allowing those with little or no financial backing to start a business and successfully navigate the initial years of trading is a must if the UK is to retain its standing.
To add some context, for just a moment, fees associated with accounting services can not be singularly held responsible for stifling new business, there are many other attributes which have a part to play.
Lack of regulation and control among the amounts banks are able to charge customers especially those in business is another area where enterprise is largely defenceless.
Similar to other products, shopping around can produce good results in the quest for finding accounting services below the £1000 mark. Regulation, thankfully, now ensures that all accountants maintain appropriate levels of knowledge and skill and consistently apply them to all assignments that they undertake.
Accountants, like any other business have costs, a desired profit margin and a resultant price. Unlike many other commercial ventures however, costs reductions do not appear to have been savagely introduced in to accountancy practices in the same manner that they would be in other entities.
The idea of having businesses as a largely captive market and believing that some of these will, simply be the law of averages end up with a particular firm, does not perhaps provide a strong enough impetus to reduce costs and provide and cheaper solution.
There are signs that things are changing for the better as I witnessed recently when researching accountants to carryout the required compliance duties for my new business.
A hand full of accountancy practices have started providing special fixed fee business start-up packages which as well as the usual end of year account actual include several useful features. Registering and calculating VAT, payroll enrolment and quarterly management accounts delivered at a time when they are relevant are some of the attributes which modernised accounting companies are providing and all for under £1000.
My chosen solution was Omega Accountancy who although are based in London, provide services to clients such as me who are resident elsewhere.
The moral of the story is to always consider what is best for your business and not just accept that what everyone else does is the correct course of action for you. The world is changing slowly.


text:
Esponente della seconda generazione della Nueva Trova Cubana, la sua formazione musicale è un misto di intuizione e impegno autodidatta. Ha composto preludii e fughe per pianoforte. Sperimenta la décima, il sonetto, la redondilla e altre forme libere di poesia.

Discografia
 1978 – Pedro Luis Ferrer (EGREM)
 1982 – Debajo de mi voz (EGREM)
 1984 – En espuma y arena (EGREM)
 1994 – 100% cubano (Carapacho Productions)
 1999 – Pedro Luis Ferrer (Caliente Records)
 2005 – Rústico (Escondida, Ultra Records)
 2006 – Natural (Escondida, Ultra Records)
 2011 – Tangible (Escondida, Ultra Records)

Collegamenti esterni


text:
Email: kevinkemp@kemplaw.net
$9 Million Settlement
$8.5 Million Settlement
$8.35 Million Settlement
$6.825 Million Settlement
$5.433M Judgement
$700,000.00 Settlement
Undisclosed Settlement
Noteworthy Proceedings
$9 million settlement achieved as lead co-counsel in a medical malpractice case in Atlantic Canada involving a child injured at birth. The child's delivery was delayed despite indications of fetal distress. As a result of the delay the child suffered permanent neurological injury. The case was noteworthy in that in the course of two out of court cross-examinations of the defendant's expert witnesses both experts acknowledged that the defendant physician failed to meet the appropriate standard of care.
$8.5 million settlement achieved in a medical malpractice case involving a child injured shortly after birth as the result of nurses failing to adequately monitor the child for hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). As a result of the failure the child suffered seizures and a permanent brain injury requiring ongoing assistance to carry on his activities of daily living.
$8.35 million settlement achieved in a medical malpractice case involving a child injured at birth in Eastern Ontario. The labour and delivery was proceeding normally in the early morning hours when the family physician chose to have the on call obstetrician attend the hospital. On arrival the obstetrician immediately embarked on an unnecessary operative delivery which resulted in complications and the child suffering a permanent brain injury.
$6.825 million settlement achieved in a medical malpractice case involving a young child who was admitted to hospital with lethargy and bloody diarrhea. Diagnostic tests shortly after admission to hospital revealed the presence of E-coli:0157 (a cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome) but inadequate steps were taken to monitor the child. As a result the child developed hyperkalemia (elevated potassium) which resulted in severe heart arrhythmias and the child suffering a permanent brain injury.
$5.433M Judgment obtained ($3,965,000.00 in damages plus costs and disbursements of $1,468,000.00) as co-counsel in a complex five week medical malpractice trial that alleged negligence in the care and treatment of two physicians at Toronto General Hospital following the identification of an aortic rupture that occurred in the course of a balloon angioplasty. The 278 paragraph decision is reported at Stevenhaagen et al v. McLaughlin et al The decision was affirmed by the Ontario Court of Appeal in July, 2022.
$4.5 million settlement achieved in a medical malpractice case involving a municipality where the adult plaintiff experienced a delay in the treatment of her necrotizing fasciitis (flesh eating disease). As a result the plaintiff suffered limb amputations and requires extensive attendant care.
$1.178 million settlement achieved in a medical malpractice case involving an infant where the paediatrician, although aware that the baby suffered from posterior urethral valves, took no steps to arrange appropriate treatment. In the days following his delivery the infant developed sepsis (infection of the blood) and kidney failure resulting in a lengthy hospitalization.
$700,000.00 settlement achieved in a medical malpractice case involving twins where, in the course of the labour, the heart rate of one twin was being appropriately monitored while the heart rate of the second twin was not. As a result the second child suffered a permanent brain injury which led to her death several years after her birth.
Kevin acted as lawyer for Derrick Miller following his wrongful arrest and detention by the Guelph Police. The police subsequently aggravated damages by falsely claiming Derrick had been charged with possession of child pornography. A 2017 news report following issuance of the Statement of Claim received coverage by CTV news. The Barrie report is located at: https://barrie.ctvnews.ca/alliston-lawyer-says-child-porn-voyeurism-charges-fabricated-1.3248785?cache=diobmacatfqw%3FclipId%3D68597. The action was subsequently settled for a significant monetary payment and a public apology from the Guelph Police Service that acknowledged Derrick never possessed child pornography. A report of the settlement is found at: https://globalnews.ca/news/6437109/guelph-police-lawsuit-derrick-miller/
In 1994 Kevin was retained by Randy Bachman (The Guess Who, Bachman-Turner Overdrive, BTO) to commence legal action against the members of BTO for passing off and appropriation of personality. The Statement of Claim alleged that the members of BTO were passing off an individual named "Randy Bauchman" (who was remarkably similar in appearance to Randy Bachman). The Claim also alleged that the replacement "Randy" was introduced in such a manner that the audience was led to believe that he was Randy Bachman. Kevin obtained an interlocutory injunction restraining this activity. An out of court settlement was eventually achieved.
On August 11, 1995 two trains collided in the underground subway system of the Toronto Transit Commission ("TTC"). Three people, including Xian Hui Lin, lost their lives and countless others were injured. Kevin was retained by the spouse of Ms Lin to commence legal action against the TTC related to the death of Ms Lin as well as injuries that he sustained in the accident. The TTC admitted liability for the accident and the action was settled before trial. Kevin also had standing and acted as counsel throughout the Coroner's Inquest that was held in relation to the accident.
On December 23, 1998 the National Post published an article entitled "The Best and Worst of Alannah Myles". Kevin was retained shortly thereafter to serve a notice of libel on the National Post as well as the reporter who wrote the article. Unfortunately, the subsequent "Clarification" published by the National Post only served to aggravate matters and Kevin was retained to pursue a libel action on behalf of Ms Myles. The action proceeded to trial on January 9, 2001. However, shortly before jury selection began the solicitors for the defendants made settlement overtures that ultimately resulted in the successful resolution of the action. Although the terms of the settlement are confidential, the satirical magazine Frank subsequently published an article about Finbarr O'Reilly - the reporter who wrote the original story - in which Frank claimed the newspaper had to pay $400,000.00. Reports of the settlement are found in the Globe and Mail and Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The following photograph depicts Alannah, Kevin, and co-counsel David Potts, following announcement of the settlement.
In 1998 Kevin was retained by members of the Canadian music group Parachute Club to commence legal action against McCain Foods and EMI Music Publishing related to McCain's improper use of the song "Rise Up" in a television advertisement for Rising Crust Pizza. The action was successfully resolved in advance of trial and the members of the band were able to recover all rights in their music publishing.
In June 2004 Kevin Kemp was retained by Dolores Claman - the composer of the Hockey Night in Canada Theme - to pursue legal action against the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) for copyright infringement. A Statement of Claim was issued against CBC in November, 2004 and, over the next several years the litigation proceeded through various examinations and interlocutory motions. On May 29, 2008 a mediation was conducted before former Ontario Superior Court Justice George Adams. The mediation did not result in a resolution. On June 4, 2008 Kevin announced that the CBC intended to drop the Hockey Night in Canada Theme at the conclusion of the 2008 Stanley Cup Playoffs. The extensive media coverage that followed included denials by CBC that it intended to drop the theme. On Monday June 9, 2008 CTV announced that it had acquired the exclusive rights to the Hockey Theme in perpetuity.
kevinkemp@kemplaw.net
Alliston, ON L9R 1G7 Canada
All Rights Reserved © Kevin E Kemp 2023
Winnipeg Web Design by Verda Design


We have a progressive board and our General Manager has always been a strong advocate for employees and clients. The culture of the organisation is focused on our clients and supported workers. One way to ensure they are receiving the best service from our staff and organisation is to ensure all staff receives ongoing and appropriate learning opportunities. The staff and board also recognise and believe that it is important for every individual to be afforded to reach their full potential and one of the ways we support this belief is through the ongoing training opportunities provided to our clients and supported employees.
We use picturesque training materials, assess during work processes, use easy to understand language and have even had a song written to convey the Six Disability Standards to our clients.
Through training our staff, employees and clients we have found all are more engaged, have an increased confidence as well as increased interest in further training, are achieving personal goals and are applying learning to other aspects of life.


Author of the 'Harry Potter' series is no longer in the billionaires' club — thanks to simply being an incredible person.
March 13, 2012, 2:44 p.m.
The woman who weaved together the magical world of Harry Potter (netting her an estimated $1.6 million every day), is no longer a part of the billionaires' club. Forbes magazine, which last year recognized J.K. Rowling as the world's first female billionaire novelist, released an updated version of its World's Billionaires list last week with the 46-year-old notably absent.
It's not that the world is no longer is love with all-things Harry Potter (the brand itself is estimated to be worth more than $15 billion), but rather Rowling's charitable giving and taxes that have knocked her back into the millionaires' club.
"New information about Rowlings' estimated $160 million in charitable giving combined with Britain's high tax rates bumped the 'Harry Potter' scribe from our list this year," stated Forbes.
Naturally, none of this likely bothers Rowling, who from the beginning has made giving back a priority for her wealth.
"You have a moral responsibility when you've been given far more than you need, to do wise things with it and give intelligently," she said in a past interview.
That giving includes supporting organizations linked to poverty, multiple sclerosis, children's welfare and illiteracy. Three books that she has written for charity — "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them," "Quidditch Through the Ages" and "The Tales of Beedle the Bard" — have raised almost $30 million for various initiatives.
And unless Rowling seriously steps up her giving, she's in jeopardy of rejoining the billionaires' club for 2012. New projects on the horizon that are sure to increase the size of her accounts include the public opening of Pottermore (aka, Harry Potter online), and a new "mystery" novel aimed squarely at adults.
To view this year's full Forbes billionaires list, jump here.


text:
using namespace Atomic;

namespace ToolCore
{

class JSBPackage;
class JSBFunction;

class JSFunctionWriter : public JSBFunctionWriter
{

public:

    JSFunctionWriter(JSBFunction* function);

    void GenerateSource(String& sourceOut);

private:

    void WriteFunction(String& source);
    void WriteConstructor(String& source);
    void WriteParameterMarshal(String& source);

};

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
November 2, 2021 Robert Amoroso Faith
Heartwarming Moment: 12-year old color-blind boy sees color for the first time
Seeing vivid color of reds and blues is one of those magical little mysteries we all take for granted daily. Most of us learned in grade school how the human eye and the brain work in tandem transforming light into color through light receptors within the eye.
However, what if you're one of the roughly 300 million people worldwide suffering from color blindness, a debilitating condition affecting mostly males?
That's how 12-year old Jonathan Jones of Cottonwood, Minnesota, has lived his entire life, in a world of gray hues. He was unable to fully see vibrant colors, especially red, green or blue.
The young lad from Cottonwood, Minnesota had often dreamed of being able to see bright colors, hoping some day that advances in technology would give him an opportunity to experience the wonders of color.
Luckily, Jonathan didn't need to wonder very long. As it turned out, Jonathan's principal, Scott Hanson is also color blind and had a special surprise for Jonathan; a pair of special eye glasses that would allow Jonathan to see color for the first time in his young life.
Hanson had received the expensive glasses as a gift from his family and decided to let Jonathan try them on during his 7th-grade science class at Lakeview School in Minnesota.
That emotional and heartwarming moment was captured on video and posted on social media by Jonathan's older brother Ben. He recorded the moment the 7th grader was handed the special glasses by Principal Hanson during a lesson plan in class about color blindness.
As soon as Jonathan put on the glasses and was able to see the full spectrum of colors in the world, he began to cry. Hanson, realizing the emotional impact of the moment, quickly comforted him with a hug and whispered, "I'm so happy for you."
Jonathan was overwhelmed at seeing the different shades of color. He went over to the periodic table hanging on the wall and marveled at the many shades of pink, purple, blue, yellow, orange, gray, and green. Hanson said that when he put the glasses on for the first time, he too wanted to "touch every color."
The heartwarming video instantly went viral with more than 27,000 hits in just a few days. The video concludes with Hanson telling Jonathan that he can keep the special glasses overnight saying to the youngster that "If you can laugh and cry in the same day that is the greatest day ever."
Jonathan's mother, Carole Walter Jones, witnessing her sons transformation decided to set up a GoFundMe page hoping to raise the $350 needed to buy Jonathan his own pair of color blind glasses.
Fundraiser by Carole Walter Jones : Color Blind Glasses https://t.co/ribfF7znVX
— Barbara (@Arbara0728B) November 25, 2019
At the time (2004), the family raised more than $30,000, prompting Jonathan's mother to acknowledge the generosity of people stating; "I'm overwhelmed by how many kind, generous people have wanted to help him get a pair of his own color blind glasses," adding that they would be using "100% of donated funds to purchase color blind glasses for those who can't afford them."
When EnChroma Eyewear, the California Company that makes the special glasses heard about the money raised to help others like Jonathan they decided to match the donation, which would provide an additional 130 pairs of glasses.
WATCH: How Does a Raccoon Get Stuck like This in a Roof?!
Church Gives Away Over $10K Worth of Gas
Moving Companies Help Domestic Violence Victims Escape Their Homes for Free
BEYOND PRISON WALLS: Inmates Create Beautiful Art
Academy Award Winner Denzel Washington Encourages Everyone to "Listen To God"
Video: Cancer Patient Asks Complete Stranger to Fulfill Her Dying Wish – to Raise Her Son
Video: You Should Respect Your Elders, and This Young Bagger Did Exactly That When She Paid a Grandma's Bill
Completely Paralyzed Man Able to Communicate "I Love My Cool Son" Using Electronic Chip On Brain


• Managed the unmanageable work of 40 performance artists including media, travel, communications and development.
• Inspired fans and supporters to take action online and offline.
• Worked with Reverend Billy to develop nonviolent direct actions, political messaging and media relations.
• Developed US Map of Poisoned Parks and Playgrounds and identified more than 100,000 public spaces sprayed with glyphosate.
• Participated in direct actions in Trump Tower, Standing Rock, Ferguson, MO and at Monsanto's World Headquarters.
I was elected to office in 2015 and am serving a five-year term as a volunteer. Our school district serves 1,996 students from transitional kindergarten to eighth grade.
• Manage $20 million annual budget and more than 100 employees.
• Led successful effort to create a sanctuary school district.
• Conducted a successful nationwide search for a new superintendent.
Green Party of California has approximately 100,000 members and 65 local elected officials.
• Created and implemented annual plan including development, communications, organizing and technology.
• Managed more than 100 volunteers and 12 committees.
• Designed voter registration drive and trained dozens of volunteers.
• Managed and won two insurgent local campaigns in Marin County, Connolly for County Supervisor and Bragman for Water Board.
• Developed fundraising plan for Fibershed, a Bay area campaign dedicated to local, slow, organic clothing.
• Managed more than a dozen committees and dozens of volunteers as managing director for the California Green Party.
• Led successful effort to revise the US Green Party platform for the first time in ten years.
• Worked as development and organizing director for Commercial Alert, a nonprofit organization started by Ralph Nader.
Raised more than ten million dollars from individuals for candidates and progressive causes. I managed logistics and operations for more than 10 candidates for federal office. I was trained by the most effective, progressive Democratic leaders in the country and transformed into a Green activist in 1999.
• Started Ralph Nader's 2000 presidential campaign in my DC home. Served as Finance Director.
• Co-created Organic Consumer Association's first national campaign against genetic engineering as Political Director.
• Served as Deputy Director of Major Gifts at EMILY's List, a PAC for pro-choice Democratic women candidates.
• Worked as finance director on several congressional campaigns including three sitting Members of Congress.
• Worked as site advance staff for President Clinton and Secretary Clinton on the Clinton for President campaign.


text:
Q: International US phone number mask I am using react-native-material-textfield and need a solution to format US number in realtime while user is typing: e.g from '0000000000' to '+1 (000) 000-0000'.
  <TextField
      type={'custom'}
      keyboardType='numeric'
      returnKeyType='done'
      underlineColorAndroid='rgba(0,0,0,0)'
      value={this.state.maskedPhone}
      onChangeText={text => {
      this.setState({
            maskedPhone: text,
            phone: text.replace(/\D/g, '').substring(1)

         });
      }
      formatText={this.formatText}
  />

Somehow I could mask text, but without international code (+1 ) like so
formatText = text => {
   let x = text.replace(/\D/g, '').match(/(\d{0,3})(\d{0,3})(\d{0,4})/);
   let maskedText = !x[2]
     ? x[1]
     : '(' + x[1] + ') ' + x[2] + (x[3] ? '-' + x[3] : '');

   return maskedText;
 };

As it is being called in realTime just adding '+1 ' at the start of the string doesn't solve the problem as in the end it changes the input value to +1 (111) 111-1111.
Thank You!

A:

const input = '1234567890';
const re = /(\d{3})(\d{3})(\d{4})/;
const output = input.replace(re, (_, a, b, c) => `+1 (${a}) ${b}-${c}`);
console.log(output); // +1 (123) 456-7890

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Eric Sheffield
I am a musician and maker pursuing a PhD in the Experimental Music and Digital Media program at Louisiana State University, where I focus on intermedia works using digital fabrication, embedded computing, haptics, and physical modeling. I hold a Master's degree in Media Arts from the University of Michigan and am a founding member of the group Bell Monks, which has several releases available at music.bellmonks.com and on clang.
As a practitioner caught between the worlds of art and engineering, I strive to create balance between the technical and conceptual. I am most comfortable when attempts to create meaning are met with equally perplexing technical problems to solve, and vice versa. The end goal is ultimately to create content and tools that allow for technology to melt away completely, enabling intuitive expression.
This aspiration towards balance is the message I try to communicate through my work. The work is both the embodiment and expression of left-brain/right-brain symmetry. It is a reminder to myself and the community that our tools must catalyze real creativity while being dependable. Prioritizing balance facilitates a fluidity between dichotomies, opening infinite spectra to explore.
Fixed Media
Live Processing
Touch Designer


text:
Die normierte Programmierung (NP) beschreibt eine standardisierte Ablaufsteuerung eines Datenverarbeitungsprogramms. Sie war in DIN 66220 genormt und wurde mit DIN 66260 in Richtung strukturierte Programmierung weiterentwickelt. Beide Ansätze unterstützten die modulare Programmierung.

Normierte Programmierung ist eine verallgemeinerte Programmablaufsteuerung, die die Teilaufgaben eines Stapelprogrammes wie Dateneingabe, Gruppenkontrolle, Verarbeitung / Ausgabe in ein einheitliches, logisch klares, funktionelles Schema gliedert. Für Programme mit solchen Aufgaben lässt sich dieses Schema unabhängig von der fachinhaltlichen Aufgabenstellung und "technologieneutral" (z. B. in jeder imperativen/prozeduralen Programmiersprache) anwenden.

Historischer Rückblick
Zur Zeit der Entstehung der normierten Programmierung Ende der 1960er Jahre für die kommerzielle Datenverarbeitung gab es lediglich Stapelprogramme: sequentielle Dateien, in denen je nach Aufgabenstellung unterschiedliche 'Satzarten' gemischt/hintereinander auftraten, weil z. B. nur eine Magnetbandstation oder ein Lochkartenleser für die Eingabe verfügbar war. Ein Mischen im Programm war so nicht erforderlich und wäre bei Arbeitsspeichern von z. B. 64 KB inkl. Betriebssystem auch zu aufwändig gewesen. So las das Programm 'seine' Eingabedatei und verarbeitete einen Datensatz nach dem anderen. Über ein Datenfeld 'Satzart' wurden die Datenarten (Kunde, Bestellung …) inhaltlich unterschieden und über Ordnungsbegriffe einander zugeordnet. Das Programm 'lief' (mit GOTO) je nach Datenkonstellation zu bestimmten Stellen, zum Beispiel zu Rechenvorgängen, zum Drucken einer Listenzeile, um Daten nachzulesen und ebenfalls zu verarbeiten – und letztlich zum Programmende. Die Programme waren oft 'Spaghetticode', folgten kaum einheitlichen Strukturvorgaben und waren deshalb intransparent, fehleranfällig und änderungsunfreundlich.

Leistungsfähigere Rechner, neue Programmiersprachen, aber auch Fortschritte in den Methoden zur Softwareentwicklung führten sukzessive zu besseren Lösungen: Es entstanden Vorschläge für eine standardisierte Struktur von Stapelprogrammen. Darin war die gesamte Steuerung des Programms in eindeutig definierte 'Routinen' zergliedert, die die aufgabenspezifischen Verarbeitungsteile des Programms aufrufen – die 'Normierte Programmierung'.

Allerdings werden in der Praxis der (individuellen) Softwareentwicklung derart standardisierte Verfahren oft nicht angewendet – mit der Folge, dass das Erstellen des Programmcodes zur Programmsteuerung in vielen Fällen eine besondere Herausforderung bzw. 'Problemstellung' für die Entwickler blieb, die nicht selten hohen Entwicklungsaufwand verursacht und beim Softwaretest Fehler zutage fördert.

Zielsetzung
Laut einem kleinen Lehrbuch eines großen BUNCH-Computerherstellers von 1971 mit dem Titel Logik der Programmierung, Normierte Programmierung, mit dem damals angehende Programmierer und Systemanalytiker ausgebildet wurden, wurden  als Ziele der normierten Programmierung bezeichnet. Dementsprechend sind diese Ziele dann von Bedeutung, wenn in einer Organisation mehrere/viele Entwickler Software mit Entwicklungswerkzeugen herstellen, in denen die Steuerungsfunktionen der Normierten Programmierung nicht als integrierter Bestandteil enthalten sind.

Die normierte Programmierung
Kernstück der normierten Programmierung ist die Programmablaufsteuerung. Die normierte Programmierung erzwingt die logische und funktionelle Ordnung eines Programms durch eine vereinheitlichte Programmablaufsteuerung, die unabhängig vom jeweiligen Programmierer ist. Da die Ablaufsteuerung explizit vom Programmierer festgelegt wird, lässt sich die Softwareentwicklung nach der normierten Programmierung dem Programmierparadigma der imperativen/prozeduralen Programmierung zuordnen.

Stapelprogramme haben dabei unabhängig von ihrer individuellen Aufgabenstellung immer dieselbe Struktur. Das heißt: Identische Bezeichnungen für die Verarbeitungsprozeduren; identische Steuerungslogik (die Blöcke B bis E sind nur auf die konkrete Aufgabenstellung wie Anzahl Dateien, Gruppenbegriffe … eingestellt). Die aufgabenspezifische Verarbeitung ist ausschließlich in Prozeduren der Blöcke G bis J, ggf. A und F enthalten.

Das Schema der Programmablaufsteuerung

Der Programmablauf ist in Blöcke unterteilt, wobei jeder Block einen funktional zusammengehörigen Teil eines Programmes darstellt. Die Unterteilung stellt sozusagen den "natürlichen" Aufbau eines kommerziellen Programms dar: Vor Beginn der eigentlichen Verarbeitung sind Anfangswerte zu setzen und Steuerinformationen auszuwerten, dann sind Eingabedaten zu lesen, der nächste Satz zur Verarbeitung ist auszuwählen, eventuell müssen Gruppenwechsel behandelt werden, schließlich ist der Datensatz zu verarbeiten und gegebenenfalls sind Daten auszugeben. Jeder Block stellt eine in sich geschlossene Einheit dar. Ein Block kann zur besseren Übersicht aus mehreren Unterblöcken bestehen. Der abgebildete Programmablaufplan zeigt folgende Blöcke:

A: Vorprogramm für alle einmalig durchzuführenden Programmschritte
B: Eingabe; sie besteht aus so vielen Unterblöcken wie es serielle Eingabedateien gibt. In jedem dieser Blöcke wird nicht nur die eigentliche Eingabe abgehandelt, sondern auch Plausibilitätsprüfungen und Reihenfolgekontrolle.
C: Satzfreigabe; aus den gelesenen Sätzen je Datei wird ausgewählt, welcher Datensatz als nächster zu verarbeiten ist – und (vorher) zur Feststellung von Gruppenwechseln verwendet wird.
D: Gruppenkontrolle und Aufruf der Gruppenwechsel-Unterprogramme für alle Gruppenstufen.
E: Einzelverarbeitung; sie ist wiederum entsprechend der Anzahl Eingabedateien in Unterblöcke unterteilt.
F: Schlussprogramm für alle einmalig nach dem eigentlichen Programmablauf zu durchlaufenden Programmbefehle.
G: Unterprogramme der Gruppenverarbeitung; es gibt so viele Unterprogramme wie es Gruppenstufen gibt, jeweils für Vorläufe und Nachläufe getrennt.
H: Unterprogramme der Einzelverarbeitung; diese Unterprogramme sollten möglichst klein und übersichtlich sein.
J: Unterprogramme der sequentiellen Ausgabe und der wahlfreien Ein-/Ausgabe; für jede der genannten Dateien gibt es ein Unterprogramm.

Die Datenzufuhrsteuerung
Eine wesentliche Teilfunktion in der Normierten Programmierung ist die Automatik der 'Datenzufuhr'. Aus jeder Eingabedatei wird jeweils genau ein Datensatz gelesen – bis zum Dateiende inklusive. Aus den aktuellen (zuletzt gelesenen) Sätzen aller Dateien wird der nächste zu verarbeitende Satz ermittelt und der Verarbeitung zugeführt. Anschließend wird exakt aus dieser Datei wieder nachgelesen. Umgesetzt wird diese Art der Datenzufuhr in den Blöcken Eingabe und Satzfreigabe.

Gruppenbegriffsfelder

Der zentrale Schlüssel für die Steuerung des Programmablaufs ist der Gruppenbegriff, der in jedem Satz der Eingabedateien enthalten sein muss. Da die Gruppenbegriffe an unterschiedlichen Positionen der Eingabedateien liegen können, werden bei der normierten Programmierung die Gruppenbegriffe aus den Datensätzen herausgeholt und in separaten dateibezogenen Gruppenbegriffsfeldern von links nach rechts nach der Gruppenstufenhierarchie absteigend gespeichert. Es gibt für jede Eingabedatei ein solches, bei allen Dateien gleich großes und gleich-formatiges Gruppenbegriffsfeld – deshalb dateibezogen. Im Beispiel besteht das Gruppenbegriffsfeld der Eingabedatei 2 von rechts nach links aus der Dateinummer L2D ("2"), den Gruppenbegriffen L21 (Untergruppenbegriff), L22 (Hauptgruppenbegriff), L23 (Übergruppenbegriff), L24 (ein noch höherer Gruppenbegriff) und aus dem Feld L2S für den Dateistatus. Die Felder Ln1 bis Ln4 können gemeinsam als LnM zur Paarigkeitsprüfung herangezogen werden. Die Namen der Felder wurden in Anlehnung an die damals weit verbreitete Terminologie von RPG (Report Program Generator) vergeben (L für Level, Gruppenstufe).

Neben den dateibezogenen Gruppenbegriffsfeldern gibt es zwei weitere, dateineutrale Felder, die für die Gruppenkontrolle verwendet werden:
 LA enthält den Gruppenbegriff des letzten verarbeiteten Satzes
 LN enthält den Gruppenbegriff des nächsten zu verarbeitenden Satzes
Die Größe stimmt mit der Größe der dateibezogenen Felder L0, L1, … voll überein. Lediglich die Definition der Felder ist aus Zweckmäßigkeitsgründen für die Gruppenkontrolle anders gewählt worden. Im Beispiel dient das Feld LN1 zur Kontrolle der Untergruppe, das Feld LN2 der Kontrolle der Hauptgruppe usw.

Die Datei-Nummer
Nach Eingabe eines Satzes von jeder Datei muss von allen Sätzen jener ausgewählt werden, der als Nächstes verarbeitet werden soll. Bei unterschiedlichen Gruppenbegriffen ist die Lösung einfach, der Satz mit dem kleinsten Gruppenbegriff ist als nächster zu verarbeiten. Sind die Gruppenbegriffe jedoch gleich (paarig), muss entschieden werden, welche Datei die höhere Priorität hat, d. h. die Dateinummer bestimmt die Priorität. Bei dem klassischen Fall einer Gegenüberstellung von Stamm- (z. B. Teilestamm) und Bewegungsdaten (z. B. Lagerbewegungen) bestimmen die Bewegungsdaten, ob die Stammdaten bearbeitet werden müssen oder nicht, der Bewegungssatz muss also als erster verarbeitet werden. Die Dateinummer – eine Konstante – bestimmt bei Paarigkeit der restlichen Gruppenbegriffe die Reihenfolge (Priorität) der Verarbeitung.

Der Datei-Status
Der Dateistatus unterscheidet vier Zustände:
0 = Satz nachziehen
1 = Satz nicht nachziehen
2 = Datei abgeschlossen
3 = Datei nicht vorhanden
Am Anfang stehen die Zustände aller Eingabedateien auf 0 ("Satz nachziehen"). Nach dem Nachziehen einer Datei wird ihr Status auf 1 gesetzt. Erst wenn sie zur Verarbeitung freigegeben wird, wird der Status wieder auf 0 gesetzt. Der Status 3 kann z. B. auf Grund von Vorlaufdaten Ablaufvarianten mit unterschiedlichen oder vorhandenen/nicht vorhandenen Dateien steuern.

Der Steuerungsmechanismus
Die Steuerung des Programms geschieht (grob) nach der Logik wie sie im Schaubild 'Blockunterteilung der normierten Programmierung' dargestellt ist. Von hier aus werden alle Subroutinen der Verarbeitung (A bis G) angesteuert. Grundlage dazu sind die dateibezogenen und die dateineutralen Gruppenbegriffsfelder, wie sie beim Lesen und in der Satzfreigabe bereitgestellt werden.

Der Aufbau der Blöcke

Block A: Vorprogramm
Hier werden Aktionen durchgeführt, die zu Beginn des Programms erforderlich sind. Beispiele: Einlesen von Parametern (z. B. als 'Vorlaufkarten' zur Festlegung des Laufdatums oder von Laufvarianten); Initialisieren/Laden von Lookup-Tabellen und anderen Datenbereichen; Dateien eröffnen (OPEN); Schalter setzen; einmalige Ausgabe von Titelzeilen; kurz alle einmaligen Arbeiten vor Beginn des von den Eingabedaten abhängigen Verarbeitungszyklus.

Block B: Eingabe
Der Block B ist je nach der Anzahl der sequentiellen Eingabedateien in Unterblöcke B0, B1, B2, … unterteilt, die nacheinander durchlaufen werden. Je nach Dateistatus wird ein Satz gelesen oder nicht. Direkt nach dem Lesen erfolgt die Prüfung auf Dateiende. Falls ja, wird der Dateistatus auf "Dateiende" gesetzt, andernfalls auf "nicht nachziehen" und die dateispezifischen Gruppenbegriffsfelder werden gefüllt.

Wenn nicht gesichert ist, dass eine Eingabedatei immer in der richtigen Sortierfolge vorliegt, sollten in diesem Block eine Reihenfolgekontrolle oder andere Plausibilitätsprüfungen stattfinden – ggf. mit vorzeitigem Programmabbruch.

Auch kann hier evtl. ein Filtern, d. h. Überlesen bestimmter Datensätze stattfinden – die damit auch keine Gruppenwechsel auslösen.

Block C: Satzfreigabe

Im Block C erfolgt auf Grund der Inhalte der Gruppenbegriffsfelder je Datei die Auswahl und Freigabe des nächsten zu verarbeitenden Satzes. Der nächste zu verarbeitende Datensatz ist bei 'aufsteigender Folge' aller Gruppenbegriffe der mit dem niedrigsten Gesamt-Ordnungsbegriff. Ist für einen oder mehrere Ordnungsbegriffe 'absteigende Folge' festgelegt (Beispiel: Neuestes Datum zuerst verarbeiten), so muss dies bei der Satzfreigabe in geeigneter Weise berücksichtigt werden. Durch die prioritätssteuernd definierte Dateinummer wird auch bei aufgabenspezifisch gleichen Gruppenbegriffen in mehreren Dateien der richtige Datensatz zuerst ausgewählt.

Block D: Gruppenkontrolle
Die Gruppenkontrolle erfolgt mit Hilfe der dateineutralen Gruppenbegriffsfelder LN und LA. Zur Prüfung eines Gruppenwechsels der niedrigsten Stufe wird LN1 gegen LA1 (siehe Schaubild 'Dateineutrales Gruppenbegriffsfeld') verglichen, für einen Wechsel der zweitniedrigsten Stufe LN2 gegen LA2 usw. - bis zur höchsten Gruppenstufe.

Für festgestellte Gruppenwechsel werden die Unterprogramme des Blocks G aufgerufen, und zwar zunächst die Gruppen-Nachläufe (außer nach dem ersten Lesen; von der niedrigsten Stufe bis zur festgestellten Wechselstufe) und danach die Gruppen-Vorläufe (außer nach der Verarbeitung aller Datensätze; von der festgestellten Wechselstufe bis zur niedrigsten).

Block G: Gruppenverarbeitung
Hier wird aufgabenspezifisch verarbeitet, was am Ende bzw. am Anfang eines jeden Gruppenbegriffs zu tun ist. Die Verarbeitung erfolgt in den Unterblöcken G1, G2 usw. (Nummernteil identisch mit der Gruppenstufe, z. B. LN1, LN2). Durch zusätzliche Unterblöcke wie G1V, G2N … wird nach Gruppen-Vorlauf (Beispiel: Ausgabe einer Listen-Kopfzeile) und Gruppen-Nachlauf (Beispiel: Ausgabe von Summen) unterschieden. Die Aufrufe erfolgen aus Block D nur für die dort festgestellten Gruppenstufen.
Beachte: Die Ausführung des Vorlaufs und des Nachlaufs für einen konkreten Gruppenbegriff (z. B. PLZ 12345) liegt zeitlich weit auseinander; dazwischen liegt mindestens eine Einzelverarbeitung, ggf. auch die Gruppenverarbeitung für niedrigere Gruppenstufen.

Block E: Einzelverarbeitung
In den Unterroutinen des Blocks E werden die Datensätze aus den steuernden Eingabedateien verarbeitet. In den Unterblöcken E1, E2 usw. wird genau der Datensatz verarbeitet, der in der Satzfreigabe (Block C) ausgewählt wurde – und dessen Dateinummer im Feld LND steht. Evtl. erforderliche (alte) Gruppen-Nachläufe und (neue) Gruppen-Vorläufe sind zu diesem Zeitpunkt bereits verarbeitet.

Je nach Aufgabenstellung, Satzart etc.,  werden z. B. Daten zwischengespeichert, Summen berechnet und kumuliert, Daten / Einzelzeilen ausgegeben (durch Aufruf eines Unterprogrammes des J-Blockes), Schalter gesetzt (z. B. QL1, QL2, QG1, QG2, … auf die Schalter der normierten Programmierung wird hier nicht eingegangen) usw.

Block H: Unterprogramme der Verarbeitung

Block J: Unterprogramme der seriellen Ausgabe und wahlfreien Ein-/Ausgabe
Es wird empfohlen, alles was zur Ausgabe im weiteren Sinn gehört, in diese Unterprogramme auszulagern, um die die Ausgabe veranlassenden Verarbeitungsroutinen von den dazu erforderlichen (oft formalen) Details zu 'entlasten'. Das kann (neben der eigentlichen Satzausgabe) z. B. sein: Druckbereiche löschen, bei Randomdateien die Satzadresse berechnen, Steueranweisungen für bestimmte Geräte absetzen usw.

Block F: Schlussprogramm
Hierzu gehört das Schließen von Dateien, die Ausgabe von z. B. Gesamtsummen und die Beendigung des Programms.

Die besonderen Merkmale der normierten Programmierung
Die Programmierzeit wurde im Vergleich zur "wilden" Programmierung wesentlich verkürzt, ebenso die Testzeit. Das System ist relativ einfach zu erlernen, ist unabhängig von Maschinentypen und Programmiersprachen und unabhängig von den jeweiligen Programmierern (entsprechend wurde es von "Künstlern" auch gerne abgelehnt). Jemand, der die Methode der normierten Programmierung kennt, kann sich schnell in ein fremdes Programm, das dieser Methodik folgt, einarbeiten.

Weitere Überlegungen

Steuernde / nicht steuernde Dateien
Ob eine Datei in der NP-Verarbeitung als steuernd behandelt wird, kann im Zweifel unterschiedlich entschieden werden. Von Bedeutung ist dies zum Beispiel, wenn in bestimmten Dateien die Daten nur verkürzte Gruppenbegriffe aufweisen. So könnten z. B. in einer Aufgabenstellung die Daten für Kunden, für Bestellungen und für Mahnungen aus drei Dateien stammen. Behandelt man die Kundendatei als steuernd, so entstehen Gruppenwechsel ohne Rücksicht darauf, ob Bestellungen oder Mahnungen vorliegen oder nicht. Alternativ könnten die Kundendaten als Teil der individuellen Verarbeitung (z. B. im Vorlauf_Kunde, sich aus Bestellungen ergebend) gezielt mit Direktzugriff oder sequentiell 'nachgelesen' werden.

Alternativ zur Steuerung über mehrere Eingabedateien können Daten im Lesezugriff (z. B. bei Nutzung der Datenbanksprache SQL) oder durch eigene Vorverarbeitungsprogramme zu nur einem gemeinsamen Datenbestand zusammengefasst werden.

Gruppenbegriffe als wesentliche Elemente
Gruppenbegriffe (auch Gruppierungsbegriff oder Ordnungsbegriff genannt) sind Inhalte von Datenfeldern, nach denen die zu verarbeitenden Daten zu Gruppen zusammengefasst werden, ggf. auch mehrstufig. Dies bedeutet zum Beispiel, dass zu Beginn eines Teilbegriffs Überschrifts-/Kopfzeilen und/oder am Ende Summenzeilen ausgegeben werden. Üblich sind solche Gruppierungen im Reporting, aber auch zu anderen Verarbeitungszwecken. Welche Feldinhalte als Gruppenbegriff(e) verwendet werden, wird stets durch den Verarbeitungszweck bestimmt.

Die nachfolgend beschriebenen besonderen Eigenschaften von Gruppenbegriffen (Beispiele) müssen ggf. im Rahmen der Programmentwicklung durch besondere Implementierungsmaßnahmen berücksichtigt werden:

Gruppenbegriffe können einstufig (nur Postleitzahl) oder mehrstufig (PLZ und Altersgruppe …) sein.
Sie treten einheitlich in allen Eingabedateien auf oder zum Teil nur verkürzt. Beispiel: Kundendaten mit nur Kundennummer, Bestelldaten zusätzlich mit Bestellnummer.
Sie stammen aus direkt gespeicherten Informationen oder sind abgeleitete Informationen (wie Alter oder Altersgruppe (aus Geburtsdatum) oder Betrags-Größenklasse). Ableitungen müssen im Rahmen einer Vorverarbeitung hergestellt werden. Bei einfachen Ableitungen ist dies im Lesevorgang selbst möglich, ggf. sind vorgeschaltete Verarbeitungsprogramme erforderlich.
Sie können dem vollständigen Inhalt eines Felds entsprechen oder Teil eines Feldes sein (wie Stelle 1 und 2 der Postleitzahl)
Die Sortierung kann aufsteigend oder absteigend (neuestes Datum vorne) sein.
Gruppenbegriffe können für den Datenbestand übliche Begriffe sein (Land, Postleitzahl bei Adressdaten) und/oder Begriffe, die zu besonderen Zwecken ausgewertet werden sollen (Anzahl Monate seit letzter Bestellung; Geburtstag MMTT). Derselbe Datenbestand kann so nach vielen unterschiedlichen Kriterien verarbeitet werden.
Die Gruppenbegriffe stammen aus einem (1) oder mehreren Datenbeständen (Postleitzahl und Alter aus Kundendaten, Herstellerland aus Artikeldaten).
Die Gruppenbegriffe weisen ggf. unterschiedliche Datenformate auf – entweder die einzelnen Teilbegriffe und/oder identische Begriffe aus unterschiedlichen Eingabedateien sind unterschiedlich formatiert.
Die Datensätze müssen zur Verarbeitung in der definierten Reihenfolge sortiert sein oder so gelesen werden können. Meist wird diese Reihenfolge bei der Verarbeitung überprüft.
Über die Gruppenbegriffe hinaus ist eine zusätzliche Sortierung der Datensätze üblich, zum Beispiel für die Rechnungserstellung nach Artikelnummer, obwohl in der Rechnung die Bestellungen nur je Kundennummer zusammengefasst sind.

Hilfsmittel für die Normierte Programmierung

Zur Erstellung eines Programms nach Normierter Programmierung sollten Hilfsmittel angewendet werden, mit denen der Aufwand zur Programmerstellung minimiert und die Qualität der erstellten Programme (z. B. bezüglich Richtigkeit, Testbarkeit, Einheitlichkeit) erhöht bzw. gesichert werden kann. Hierzu zählen:

 Programmgeneratoren: Im Systemsoftwaremarkt sind Generatoren verfügbar, mit denen auf der Basis zu definierender Vorgaben ein Programmrahmen erzeugt werden kann. Dieser enthält i. d. R. die komplette Programmsteuerung mit allen dazu erforderlichen Datenfeldern und den von der Hauptsteuerung angesprochenen Unterroutinen (Eingabe, Gruppenkontrolle und -Verarbeitung, Verarbeitung usw.). Oft unterstützen diese Generatoren nur bestimmte Programmiersprachen. Auch werden die Datenfelder und Unterroutinen in der Regel generator-spezifisch nach anderen als den hier verwendeten  Namenskonventionen erzeugt.
 Programmtemplates: Wenn kein Generator verfügbar ist, ist ein Muster-Programmrahmen hilfreich, der ähnliche Strukturen wie unter 'Programmgeneratoren' genannt  – und weitere Unternehmensstandards berücksichtigend – bereitstellt. Zum Erstellen eines neuen Programms wird der Rahmen kopiert und individuell auf die Aufgabenstellung (Anzahl Dateien und Gruppenbegriffe) angepasst.

In beiden Fällen liegt nach den vorgenannten vorbereitenden Aktivitäten die gesamte Ablaufsteuerung fertig vor, der Programmierer muss 'nur noch' die aufgabenspezifischen Verarbeitungsdetails in den noch leeren Unterroutinen (wie Gruppenvorlauf_1, Einzelverarbeitung_A usw.) einstellen.

Weitere Standardisierungen

Eine wörtliche Auslegung von 'Normierte Programmierung' könnte alle normierenden / standardisierenden Aspekte der Programmierung (= das Erstellen eines Computerprogramms im engeren Sinn) umfassen. Dazu können, neben der normierten Ablaufsteuerung (wie in diesem Artikel beschrieben) folgende Aspekte gehören:

 Namenskonventionen: HIER im Wesentlichen als Vorschlag für die Benennung der Funktionsblöcke beschrieben. Regeln für die Benennung von Datendefinitionen sollten ebenfalls im Detail vorgegeben sein.
 GOTO-freie Programmierung: Abhängig von der verwendeten Programmiersprache werden hierfür Schleifenkonstrukte angeboten. Ziel hierbei ist eine übersichtliche Programmlogik. Zumindest sollten direkte Sprünge in fremde Subroutinen niemals erlaubt sein, d. h. jede Subroutine springt zu ihrem Aufrufpunkt zurück.
 Standard-Funktionen: In vielen Unternehmen existieren für bestimmte Aufgaben (technisch / fachlich) vorgefertigte Routinen (Unterprogramme, Makros, Codesequenzen, …), die in individuellen Programmen zu verwenden sind. Beispiele: Open / Close, Datumsberechnung, Druckausgabe, …
 Standard-Datendefinitionen: Die Struktur von Datensätzen (ihre Feldfolge, Länge, Formate, …) sollte immer in einer Form vorliegen, die in allen diese Dateien verarbeitenden Programmen verwendet wird. Hierbei sollte es z. B. möglich sein, für die Eingabe einen anderen Präfix zu verwenden als für die Ausgabe.
 Gestaltung von Bildschirminhalten: Farben, Position von Eingabefeldern und Fehlermeldungen, …
 Gestaltung von Listen: Anordnung von Kopf- und Fußzeilen, …
 Programmkommentare: In einigen Unternehmen ist vorgeschrieben, die erstellten Befehle sehr detailliert zu kommentieren. Hierbei besteht die Gefahr von Redundanz zu anderen schriftlichen Vorgaben.
 …

Die Misserfolge bei den zahlreichen Versuchen nationaler oder gar weltweiter Standardisierung sollte die Unternehmen nicht davon abhalten, entsprechende Vorgaben als innerbetriebliche Regeln aufzustellen – und deren Einhaltung (als Teil der Qualitätssicherung) zu überprüfen.

Normierung / Standardisierung ist ein wesentlicher Aspekt von Qualität. Siehe auch Programmierstil.

Kritik und Weiterentwicklungen

Ende der 1960er und in den 1970er Jahren waren 'Top-down-Vorgehensweise, schrittweise Verfeinerung und modulare Programmierung' Diskussionsthemen zur Softwareentwicklung. Insbesondere die Vorschläge von Edsger W. Dijkstra zur strukturierten Programmierung wirken bis heute, konnten aber schon damals innerhalb von normierten Programmen realisiert werden. Einer schrittweisen Verfeinerung vor allem der Blöcke E, H und J stand die normierte Programmierung nicht im Wege. Die elementaren Grundstrukturen waren z. B. in COBOL umsetzbar, ein "GO TO"-freies Programm mit normierter Programmierung war möglich, das Blockkonzept war also auch mit Sprachen wie COBOL und PL/I, ja sogar mit Assembler möglich. Allerdings wird die Lesbarkeit der Programme bis heute von manchen Programmierern kritisiert, im Besonderen wenn der Quellcode von NP-Generatoren erzeugt wurde und z. B. ungewohnte Feld- und Prozedurbezeichnungen, zum Teil sogar "GO TO"-Befehle enthielt.

Der Ansatz der 'Normierten Programmierung' wird auch durch die Tatsache bestätigt, dass viele Reportgeneratoren und Datenbank-Auswertungssprachen strukturell nahezu identische Konstrukte verwenden: Der Benutzer kennt und definiert hier z. B. Listenkopf und -Fuß (entsprechend Programmvorlauf und -Ende), Gruppenkopf und Gruppenfuß (entsprechend Gruppenvorlauf und Gruppennachlauf) für mehrere, hierarchisch definierte Gruppenstufen. Die Einzelzeile (auch Detailbereich genannt) zeigt Informationen über den einzelnen Datensatz, was der Einzelverarbeitung entspricht.

In ihrem vollen Umfang enthält das Schema der normierten Programmierung Teilfunktionen, die unter gewissen Umständen überflüssig sein oder vereinfacht implementiert werden können. So kann z. B. im Block 'Satzfreigabe' die Auswahl des nächsten zu verarbeitenden Datensatzes entfallen, wenn nur ein Eingabebestand vorliegt.

Siehe auch
  Gruppenwechsel – eine vereinfachte Darstellung der Gruppenwechselverarbeitung.

Softwarearchitektur


It took an extra day than scheduled, but at the end of four days of split pots, scooped pots, and wheels, Calen McNeil has emerged as the victor, taking home his first gold bracelet, and $277,274 for first place. McNeil and the runner up, Can Kim Hua, ended play heads-up last night, and returned today to battle it out for the bracelet.
Hua started the day with just five and a half big bets, but he quickly won a handful of pots to take a 2:1 chip lead over McNeil. From there, the two exchanged the lead multiple times for the near three hours of Day 4 play, until McNeil was finally able to pull away from Hua. On the last hand of the day, Calen McNeil raised it up, and Can Kim Hua made the call. The flop came , and Hua bet right out. McNeil raised it up, and Hua called. The turn brought the , and the rest of the money got in the middle.
McNeil celebrated a bit prematurely when he saw the cards, thinking that Hua was drawing dead. However, he could still catch a six or a jack on the river for a straight. McNeil was able to fade the river, the , and him and his rail erupted in celebration.
Congratulations again to McNeil, who beat out a stacked final table that included Todd Brunson, Stephen Chidwick, John Monnette, and Tony Ma, amongst others. McNeil has no plans to relax or celebrate however, as he has said that he will be hopping right into the 5 PM $5,000 Omaha Hi-Lo Event and try to go for back-to-back bracelets. We will keep track of his progress there. Thanks for tuning in, and make sure to check out all the other events going on today!
Calen McNeil raised it up, and Can Kim Hua made the call. The flop came , and Hua bet right out. McNeil raised it up, and Hua called. The turn brought the , and the rest of the money got in the middle.
It was a valiant effort for Hua, who finished one spot short of his goal, but $171,577 is a nice consolation prize.
Can Kim Hua raised from the button, and Calen McNeil called. The flop came , and McNeil checked to Hua, who instantly bet. After 30 seconds of thought, McNeil asked Hua how much he had left. When he got the total, he announced raise, and Hua picked his cards up, shook his head, and tossed them away, dropping him to under one million.
After Can KIm Hua lost a checked down pot, and limp folded the next one, he is down to 1.125 million, which is less then four big bets right now.
Calen McNeil called from the button, and Can Kim Hua checked. The flop came , and both players checked. The hit the turn, and Hua fired out. McNeil called, and the same thing happened when the hit the river. Hua announced "six," and McNeil shot back with "queen," showing for a better three of a kind.
Hua mucked, and he is back down to just over two million, which means that once again, the lead has switched.
The two players have returned, and we are back to play.
Hua vs. McNeil for the Title!


Fossils of Mesozoic vertebrates are rare in Scotland, particularly specimens of marine reptiles such as plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs. We describe a suite of ichthyosaur fossils from the Early to Middle Jurassic of Skye, which to our knowledge are the first ichthyosaurs from Scotland to be described and figured in detail. These fossils span approximately 30 million years, from the Sinemurian to the Bathonian, and indicate that ichthyosaurs were a major component of Scottish marine faunas during this time. The specimens include isolated teeth that could represent the most northerly known occurrences of the widespread Sinemurian species Ichthyosaurus communis, a characteristic component of the famous Lyme Regis faunas of England, suggesting that such faunas were also present in Scotland during the Early Jurassic. An associated humerus and vertebrae from Toarcian–Bajocian-aged deposits are named as a new genus and species of basal neoichthyosaurian, Dearcmhara shawcrossi. The taxonomic affinities of this taxon, which comes from a critical but poorly sampled interval in the fossil record, suggest that non-ophthalmosaurid neoichthyosaurians dominated European assemblages around the Early–Middle Jurassic boundary, and were later replaced by ophthalmosaurids, whose radiation likely took place outside Europe. Many of these specimens were collected by amateurs and donated to museum collections, a co-operative relationship essential to the preservation of Scotland's fossil heritage.
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On this page you'll find a collection of useful links that are worth a visit. Most of these are local attractions and services based in or close to Llanberis, Snowdon. You can walk to all of them from the Gwynedd Hotel!
The National Slate Museum, Llanberis, Snowdonia. As seen on BBC2's 'Fred Dibnah's Made In Britain'. See the story of slate at this living museum. Visit a terrace of quarrymen's houses, a stunning 3D presentation and the giant waterwheel. There are also daily slate splitting demonstrations and admission is FREE!
The Electric Mountain & Dinorwig Power Station, Llanberis, Snowdonia. Take a guided tour to Dinorwig Power Station hidden deep in a mountain cavern. An amazing insight into a pumped storage station. There is also a visitors centre where the tour starts.
BBC Northwest Wales is a BBC web site designed for people interested in this beautiful part of the country. It contains bags of information about the area including local news, traffic, webcams and places to visit. You'll even find us, the Gwynedd Hotel amongst it's places of interest to visit!
Snowdoniaguide is a useful site full of information about the Snowdonia National park. It covers the major peaks, beaches and villages of the area as well as events happening in the area. Some great pictures too!