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Wireless LAN Specifications
Wireless Local-Area Networks, known as Wireless LAN or simply WLAN technology, provide network connections over microwave links typically around 2.4 and 5 GHz. Most of what is called WLAN today is based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards and marketed as Wi-Fi.
Another general family of wireless network technology is based on digital mobile telephony, carrying IP networking over the worldwide mobile telephony internetwork. Look here for an example of mobile IP networking in Bulgaria, where in 2011 they had the third-fastest Internet service in the world.
WLAN Development
The U.S. Federal Communications Commission released the 2.5 GHz ISM band for unlicensed use in 1985. (that is, the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical radio bands used by microwave ovens, medical diathermy, and industrial RF heating)
By 1991 NCR and AT&T developed an 802.11 precursor, intended for use by cash register systems. The technology was called WaveLAN and provided 1 and 2 Mbps data rates.
802.11b was the first widely accepted wireless networking standard. It appeared around 1999. 802.11b uses the 2.5 GHz band and provides about 11 Mbps data rate. It is divided into channels that are 22 MHz wide and spaced every 5 MHz with significant overlap.
Only channels 1 through 11 are allowed in the U.S. and similarly regulated nations, including all of North America and parts of Central and South America. Channels 1, 6, and 11 are used in these regions, as they are the only way to used three non-overlapping channels. European nations commonly use channels 1, 5, 9, and 13, four channels with some overlap.
Channel 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Start 2.401 2.406 2.411 2.416 2.421 2.426 2.431 2.436 2.441 2.446 2.451 2.456 2.461 2.473
Center 2.412 2.417 2.422 2.427 2.432 2.437 2.442 2.447 2.452 2.457 2.462 2.467 2.472 2.484
End 2.423 2.428 2.433 2.438 2.443 2.448 2.453 2.458 2.463 2.468 2.473 2.478 2.483 2.495
Since 802.11b and 802.11g use the shared 2.4 GHz ISM band, they may suffer interference from microwave ovens, cordless telephones, cordless headphones, and Bluetooth devices. DSSS and OFDMA (that is, Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum and Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access) helps to limit the interference.
802.11a and 802.11g came out next, in 2003. They use the 5 GHz band, with at least 23 non-overlapping channels. Their modulation schemes provide data rates of 54 Mbps.
802.11n appeared in 2008. It provides data rates from 72 to 600 Mbps.
802.11ac appeared in 2014, providing single spatial streams with link speeds up to 866 Mbps. The 802.11ac standard specifies up to 8 spatial streams, meaning that a single user could get a total data rate of 6.97 Gbps.
The other standards, c-f, h, and j, are amendments that extend the scope of existing standards, and in some cases make corrections.
802.11ax appeared in 2019. It can provide up to almost 10 Gbps data rates.
Wi-Fi and WiMAX Characteristics
Standard Frequency Max data rate, Mbps Spectrum sharing Modulation
802.11 (Wi-Fi) 802.11a 5.15–5.825 GHz
54 OFDMA BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
802.11b 2.4–2.5 GHz
11 DSSS CCK
802.11g 2.4–2.5 GHz
54 OFDMA BPSK, QPSK, CCK
Wi-Fi 4 2.4–2.5 GHz
5.15–5.825 GHz 72–600 OFDMA 64-QAM
Wi-Fi 5 5.15–5.825 GHz
500–1100 OFDMA BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM
802.11ad 47–66 GHz
6760 SC, OFDMA BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
802.11af 54–88 MHz
470–596 MHz
27–569 SC, OFDMA BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM
802.11ah 900 MHz
1–16 SC, OFDMA BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
Wi-Fi 6(e) 2.4–2.5 GHz
5.15–5.825 GHz
5.925–7.125 GHz 1201 OFDMA BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, 1024-QAM
Bluetooth 802.15.1 2.4–2.484 MHz 1–3 FHSS GFSK, DQPSK, 3DPSK
802.16 (WiMAX) 802.16d Licensed:
2.5, 3.5 GHz
Unlicensed:
5.2, 5.8 GHz 70 OFDMA BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
802.16e 2.3, 2.5, 3.3, 5 GHz 70 SOFDMA BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
At 5 GHz, devices in the US may operate at 5.250–5.350 GHz and 5.470–5.725 GHz. In Europe, 5.150–5.725 GHz is used.
5G wireless networks use millimeter-wave frequencies, up to 71 GHz, see these 5G frequency band tables.
Digital Mobile Telephone Specifications
System Band, MHz Uplink, MHz Downlink, MHz Channel Number Regions of Use
GSM 400 450 450.4 — 457.6 460.4 — 467.6 259 — 293 Tanzania
GSM 850 850 824.0 — 849.0 869.0 — 894.0 128 — 251 USA, Canada, many other countries in the Americas.
GSM 900
(P-GSM) 900 890.0 — 915.0 935.0 — 960.0 1 — 124 Europe, Middle East, Africa, most of Asia, Brazil, Falklands, St Pierre & Miquelon, some Caribbian countries
(E-GSM) 900 880.0 — 915.0 925.0 — 960.0 975 — 1023
(0, 1 — 124) Europe, Middle East, Africa, most of Asia
GSM R
(R-GSM) 900 876.0 — 915.0 921.0 — 960.0 955 — 973
(0, 1 — 124,
975 — 1023) Europe, Middle East, Africa, most of Asia
(DCS 1800) 1800 1710.0 — 1785.0 1805.0 — 1880.0 512 — 885 Europe, Middle East, Africa, most of Asia, Brazil, Uruguay, some Caribbian countries
(PCS 1900) 1900 1850.0 — 1910.0 1930.0 — 1990.0 512 — 810 USA, Canada, many other countries in the Americas.
Wireless Frequency and Encryption Specifications
Technology Frequency (US) Encryption
GPRS (2G) GSM 850/1900 MHz GEA2/GEA3/GEA4
EDGE (2G) GSM 850/1900 MHz A5/4, A5/3
UMTS (3G) HSDPA/USUPA 850/1700/1900 MHz USIM
LTE (4G) 700–2600 MHz SNOW stream cipher
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access
SOFDMA Scalable Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access
BPSK Binary Phase-Shift Keying
QPSK Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
CCK Complementary Code Keying
OpenBSD notebook with Linksys WPC55AG WLAN card. Its Atheros chipset is capable of 802.11i/WPA2 security.
A Soviet Багта-50 rotary-dial telephone from around 1955, which I have interfaced to the mobile telephony network.
The RF spectrum Networking Fundamentals and Terminology WPA2 / 802.11i Secure Wireless Networking Wide-Area Network (WAN) Specifications TCP/IP configuration commands for Linux/UNIX, macOS, Windows, and Cisco IOS How to program Cisco and 3Com Ethernet switches How to break in, initialize, and configure a Cisco router Cisco Catalyst Ethernet Switch Disassembly and Repair Network and Telecommunication Cables Back to the networking page
Horst running in a terminal window, sniffing packets and observing wireless network activity.


text:
\\ Home Page : Storico (invert the order)
Di seguito tutti gli interventi pubblicati sul sito, in ordine cronologico.
Abnormal levels of the body's natural painkillers may be the reason stress-prone individuals tend to experience more severe pain than others, according to new research.
By Admins (from 15/02/2014 @ 04:07:54, in en - Science and Society, read 1222 times)
Heightened pain in individuals who are stressed, anxious or depressed is widely recognized by scientists. While the link between mood and pain perception is poorly understood, genetic factors have long been thought to play a part.
Now researchers have connected a stress-prone genetic background with a dampened response of endocannabinoids – natural chemicals that act to decrease pain – in a region of the brain called the rostral ventromedial medulla. The region is known to play a role in regulating pain.
Dr David Finn, of the Galway Neuroscience Centre and the Centre for Pain Research at the National University of Ireland (NUI), shared his thoughts on the new findings in this press release.
"The link between emotionality and pain is fascinating and highly complex. This research suggests a key role for the brain's endocannabinoid system in a genetic background prone to heighted stress or negative emotion."
He adds that the findings could lead to new treatments of pain and stress-related psychiatric disorders.
The study, published online in the journal PAIN, pinpointed CB1 receptors in the rostral ventromedial medulla as a site of action for the brain's cannabinoid painkillers. CB1 receptors are also activated by THC in marijuana and a responsible for the drug's psychoactive effects.
Previous studies have also shown a pain-relieving effect of CB1 receptors in this region of the brain. However, Dr. Finn's study was the first to link irregular endocannabinoid activity in the rostral ventromedial medulla to genetic stress factors.
The authors conclude that reversing the irregular activity may "represent a useful and novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of patients with pain that is exacerbated by negative affect or co-morbid with stress-related psychiatric disorders."
The study received funding from the Science Foundation Ireland
Source: LeafScience.com
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Researchers are trying to find alternatives for treating patients who have trouble breathing during sleep.
By Admins (from 14/02/2014 @ 07:04:20, in en - Global Observatory, read 1174 times)
Instead of wearing a mask every night, studies suggest a pill made from chemicals in marijuana could also do the trick.
Sleep scientists at the University of Illinois at Chicago have spent years studying dronabinol – an FDA-approved pill containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) – as a potential treatment for sleep apnea.
Earlier last year, they showed that it could significantly reduce the occurrence of apneas, or pauses in breathing, in a small group of patients – and without causing other sleep disruptions.
Research associate Michael Calik, PhD explains that the challenge has been finding a drug that can treat sleep apnea without creating new problems.
"Sleep apnea research has been going on for 30+ years. The main reason why we've always reached obstacles regarding finding a drug form to treat sleep apnea has been: when you try to treat sleep apnea, usually you will have other effects on sleep quality."
However, scientists are keen on finding a treatment regimen that will be easier to follow than the current 'gold standard': a CPAP mask. Currently, there is no treatment for sleep apnea in drug form.
"Adherence to CPAP is bad. To pop a pill just before bed, the adherence would be a lot better and it could be a lot easier for people to stick on it. That's the goal."
Recently, Dr. Calik co-authored a study that identified how dronabinol works to reduce apneas during sleep, through its action on cannabinoid receptors in the peripheral nervous system. The findings were published this month in the journal Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology.
"What we found was a minimum of 100 ìg injections per nodose ganglia were able to totally attenuate or abolish apnea within rats."
Dr. Calik says the findings add "proof that what we saw a couple years ago with systemic injections of dronabinol was happening extensively at the peripheral nervous system."
Sleep apnea is thought to be caused by a loss of muscle tone in the upper airway during sleep, explains Dr. Calik. THC, on the other hand, seems to increase this tone.
While the only study in humans was a proof of concept trial, he notes that dronabinol has already been approved to treat other conditions.
"Dronabinol has been on the market for already two decades, if not more. It's used to treat vomiting and nausea in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy."
Dr. Calik says the next step is to hopefully extend the results through a larger study and to figure out more precisely how cannabinoid mechanisms interact with the peripheral and central nervous systems when it comes to sleep apnea.
The research received funding from the National Institutes of Health
Marijuana can offer a wide range of benefits to patients with cancer, as a recent study from Israel found.
Most recognize medical marijuana to be helpful for cancer patients in some way or another.
Yet marijuana's legal status has prevented researchers in many countries from providing thorough evidence. Instead, scientists are limited to studying the effects of chemicals isolated from marijuana (called cannabinoids), which misses the full picture.
Thankfully, cannabis research is taking off in Israel, where medical marijuana is legal.
Just last year, a study involving 200 cancer patients found medical marijuana use led to "significant improvements" across "all" cancer and cancer treatment-related symptoms.
Here's a list of 10 ways that marijuana seemed to help these patients during their battle with cancer:
1. Nausea and Vomiting
Marijuana may be best known for its ability to reduce nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy.
It's so effective that a pill form of THC (Marinol) has been approved by the FDA for treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting since 1985.
Along with nausea, patients undergoing chemotherapy often find it hard to maintain normal weight. Thankfully, marijuana has been shown to not only relieve nausea, but stimulate appetite as well.
For patients with cancer, marijuana can help improve food intake and prevent unhealthy loss of weight.
3. Mood
Cancer patients often suffer from mood disorders such as depression.
While it's no secret that marijuana makes users feel good, research seems to explain why. As many studies have found, chemicals in marijuana appear to have significant anti-anxiety and antidepressant effects.
4. Pain
Another well-known effect of marijuana is pain relief.
And while its benefits seem to span a range of chronic pain disorders, studies show that marijuana can help reduce pain in cancer as well.
Patients with cancer often suffer from sleep problems, including difficulty falling asleep and maintaining sleep.
On the other hand, sleepiness is one of marijuana's most commonly reported side effects. THC has also been shown to improve sleep in patients undergoing chemotherapy.
6. Fatigue
Cancer-related fatigue can also cause patients to feel sleepy during the day.
Interestingly, marijuana seems to help patients combat daytime fatigue, while at the same time helping patients get to sleep at night. It's multi-faceted effect on sleep may depend on the strain of marijuana and the balance of cannabinoids that they contain.
7. Sexual Function
Sexual dysfunction is a common, yet lesser known effect of cancer and cancer therapies.
While findings are inconsistent, marijuana has a long history of use as an aphrodisiac, dating back at least 3,000 years to ancient India.
8. Constipation
Chemicals in marijuana help regulate the digestive system and have been suggested as a treatment for a wide range of bowel disorders.
While marijuana seems to help by reducing bowel movements in inflammatory bowel disorders, it appears to have an opposite effect in constipation.
Itching can be a side effect of various cancers as well as various cancer treatments.
While the underlying causes of itching in cancer patients vary, marijuana seems to help some patients deal with this irritating symptom.
Perhaps the most promising (and controversial) benefit of marijuana in cancer is the treatment of cancer itself.
While preclinical studies have long supported the ability of marijuana to kill cancer cells and stop the disease from spreading, the medical community argues that human research is lacking.
Still, studies in cell culture and animal models continue to show evidence of a cancer-fighting effect. So much so that major cancer organizations – including the U.S National Cancer Institute and Cancer Research UK – have large sections of their website dedicated to the role of cannabis and cannabinoids in fighting cancer.
Dr. Sean McAllister, of the California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, is hoping to start human trials involving cannabidiol (CBD) as a treatment for breast cancer. His research shows that CBD can fight breast cancer in cell cultures and rodent models.
Unfortunately, no timeline on human studies has been set.
A new cannabis-based drug made by GW Pharmaceuticals has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for two separate trials involving children with epilepsy.
The drug is made from purified cannabidiol (CBD) – a non-psychoactive compound in marijuana – and is being marketed under the name Epidiolex, reports O'Shaughnessy's.
So far, the FDA has approved two Investigational New Drug studies of Epidiolex for pediatric epilepsy, which are being led by Orrin Devinsky, MD, at the NYU School of Medicine, and Roberta Cilio, MD, PhD, at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Each will involve 25 children with epilepsy, and other studies are awaiting approval.
If all goes as planned, GW Pharmaceuticals' Chairman Geoffrey Guy, MD, expects more studies to begin within months.
"In the coming months, if the FDA is comfortable about how things are going, there will be a number of senior epileptologists in major university centers throughout the U.S., each treating a couple of dozen patients with various epilepsies."
GW Pharmaceuticals is best known for its cannabis-based spray called Sativex, which is approved in over 20 countries for the treatment of multiple sclerosis symptoms.
However, the company has spent recent years developing a drug for epilepsy. Preclinical studies sponsored by the company show that CBD, along with a related cannabinoid called CBDV, have the potential to reduce epileptic seizures. Anecdotal reports also suggest that CBD-rich cannabis extracts could be effective in treating epilepsy in children.
Unlike Sativex, Epidiolex is a liquid medicine that can be administered with a syringe dropper. According to the company, the drug contains more than 98 percent CBD, along with trace amounts of other cannabinoids.
It is also THC-free, which will ensure that children are not getting high from the medicine.
Dr. Guy says if early results are positive, the FDA could speed up the clinical trial process
According to Dr. Guy, the FDA process came after parents of epileptic children began contacting the company in late 2012 hoping to obtain CBD. Since GW Pharmaceuticals was already working with the FDA on trials of Sativex, the company decided it made sense to seek research approval for Epidiolex.
Dr. Guy told O'Shaughnessy's that he expects the trials to provide a better understanding of "what cannabidiol does in these different children groups, what benefit we can see, and how the results can best be measured."
The clinical trial process will likely take a number of years to complete. However, Dr. Guy says if the drug shows promise in Phase I trials, the FDA could speed up the transition into Phase III.
GW Pharmaceuticals announced the start of clinical trials of the epilepsy drug in the UK.
Source: O'Shaughnessy's via LeafScience.com
A non-psychoactive chemical in marijuana may be able to control symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, according to new research out of Brazil.
Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the major compounds found in marijuana, but lacks the high caused by THC. Previous studies suggest that it can be used to combat anxiety and other obsessive-compulsive behaviors.
While research has mostly involved simple animal models, a team led by Dr. Francisco Guimarães of the University of Sao Paulo's School of Medicine decided to test cannabidiol in rats that were given mCPP – a drug that blocks the effects of traditional OCD treatments.
Interestingly, even at low doses, CBD was able to reverse the obsessive-compulsive behavior caused by mCPP. Published in the journal Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology, the authors conclude that the study adds support to "a possible anti-compulsive effect of CBD."
Serotonin levels were traditionally thought to play a dominant role in OCD. On the other hand, while researchers are still unsure of how CBD works to reduce obsessive-compulsive symptoms, a number of studies suggest that activation of CB1 receptors may be responsible.
Thus, the authors of the latest study say that both systems may interact to provide relief from the disorder.
"These results suggest that the serotonergic and cannabinoid systems interact to control repetitive behaviors, although the precise nature of this interaction is not clear."
And it's not just the CBD in marijuana that seems to help. In a study published in 2011, researchers were able to reduce obsessive-compulsive behavior in rats by treating them with a synthetic cannabinoid similar to THC.
Although human studies still need to be done, scientists believe that cannabinoids could be used to manage OCD in the future.
The study was published ahead of print and sources of funding were not reported
New research suggests the body's cannabinoid system may underlie pain relief from joint mobilization therapy. Scientists hope that targeting this system can enhance the therapy's benefits in the future.
Joint mobilization is a common physiotherapy technique used to treat musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction, especially following surgery. It involves stimulating the joints through passive movements and can be applied to joints in areas such as the ankle or spine.
While the technique has been shown to reduce pain in clinical studies, scientists are still trying to figure out how it works.
Using mouse models of postoperative pain, a team from Brazil, led by Dr. Adair Santos of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, showed for the first time that naturally occurring cannabinoids are involved with the pain-relieving effects of joint mobilization. Their findings were published online in the journal Neuroscience.
"This study represents the first direct demonstration of the role of the endocannabinoid system on the antihyperalgesic effect of ankle joint mobilization."
By blocking cannabinoid pathways (CB1 and CB2 receptors), the researchers found that the pain-relieving effects of joint mobilization could be reversed. However, pain relief seemed to last longer when the mice were treated with a drug that stopped the breakdown of the body's own cannabinoids.
According to the authors, the findings are consistent with data from human subjects which show that joint mobilization increases blood levels of anandamide – a natural cannabinoid that mimics the activity of THC.
While more research is necessary, the authors conclude that drugs which inhibit the breakdown of cannabinoids like anandamide could be used to enhance the benefits of joint mobilization in the future.
The study received funding from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Fundação de de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Estado de Santa Catarina (FAPESC), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brazil
While marijuana has been shown to relieve symptoms of multiple sclerosis, scientists are finding that it may even protect the nervous system from further damage.
By Admins (from 09/02/2014 @ 07:07:39, in en - Global Observatory, read 987 times)
In a new study, researchers from Israel's Tel Aviv University and the Weizmann Institute of Science found that CBD and THC helped reverse MS-like diseases in mice by preventing inflammation in the brain and spinal cord. Their results were published in the Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology.
Study co-author Dr. Ewa Kozela explained how inflammation affects MS in a recent press release.
Inflammation is part of the body's natural immune response, but in cases like MS it gets out of hand. Our study looks at how compounds isolated from marijuana can be used to regulate inflammation to protect the nervous system and its functions.
The researchers conducted experiments on immune cells isolated from paralyzed mice and found that CBD and THC could inhibit inflammatory responses by acting directly on immune cells. Scientists in the U.S. have achieved similar results using synthetic chemicals that mimic the effects of marijuana.
In many countries, marijuana-based treatments, such as Sativex, are already been prescribed to manage symptoms like pain and spasticity (muscle stiffness). However, recent studies seem to indicate that cannabis may even slow the disorder itself.
Though more research needs to be done in humans, Dr. Kozela believes cannabis has significant promise.
When used wisely, cannabis has huge potential. We're just beginning to understand how it works.
Israel is one of a growing number of countries that have legalized medical marijuana and has conducted extensive research on the medicine. Approximately 12,000 patients have a license to use medical marijuana in the country.
The study received funding from the Dr Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation and the Israeli Ministry for Absorption in Science
New research out of the UK may explain why chemicals from marijuana offer protection in various models of Parkinson's disease.
Parkinson's is more common among the aging population and is marked by a widespread loss of dopamine-producing cells in the brain.
However, investigators from the Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry at University of Plymouth say that numerous studies have found cannabinoids to protect cells from Parkinson's-related damage.
Cannabinoids such as delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] are neuroprotective in animal and cell culture models of Parkinson's disease.
In the latest study, the team, led by Camille Carrol, Ph.D, identified a mechanism that appears to underlie these benefits.
Using established cell models, Dr. Carrol and colleagues found that THC could activate a specific pathway (PPAR-y) which previous studies have linked to protection in Parkinson's models. Activation of PPAR-ã is believed to increase the viability of cells by boosting mitochondria production.
The findings will appear in the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry.
Delta9-THC induces PPARy dependent mitochondrial biogenesis, a mechanism that may be beneficial for the treatment of PD [Parkinson's disease].
The study also helps to explain the results of Dr. Carrol's previous work, which found THC to have a direct effect against cell injury in Parkinson's through its ''neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic'' activity.
While current treatments for Parkinson's cannot slow the progression of the disease, researchers have managed to slow the death of dopamine cells in animal models of Parkinson's using both THC and CBD.
But human trials need to be conducted before cannabinoid-based therapies may be used in clinical settings.
Sources of funding were not reported
Results from a 3-year clinical study confirm for the first time that THC can help patients with anorexia nervosa gain weight.
By Admins (from 07/02/2014 @ 05:01:06, in en - Science and Society, read 922 times)
While marijuana is known to increase appetite, the study was the first to confirm the effectiveness of its main chemical, THC, in patients with the eating disorder.
Anorexia nervosa affects women more often than men and is caused by an irrational fear of gaining weight, leading to restricted food intake and excessive weight loss.
Researchers at the Center for Eating Disorders at Odense University Hospital in Denmark monitored 24 women with severe, long-lasting anorexia nervosa who were given synthetic THC pills (dronabinol) as part of a randomized controlled crossover trial.
The findings were released last month in the International Journal of Eating Disorders.
Dronabinol therapy was well tolerated. During four weeks of exposure it induced a small but significant weight gain in the absence of severe adverse events.
Patients were split into two groups and received 4 weeks of daily dronabinol and placebo in succession, with a 4 week break for washout in between.
On average, patients gained 0.73kg more during the 4 weeks of dronabinol treatment compared with 4 weeks of receiving placebo. While only a modest improvement, the authors suggest that a longer treatment period might produce more significant benefits.
Side effects were not officially measured, but the authors noted minimal adverse reports. Results from the one year follow-up also confirmed the safety of THC therapy.
Weight records collected up to one year after the end of the trial showed that the participants continued to improve their nutritional status without developing addiction or withdrawal symptoms, suggesting that dronabinol was safe in these patients with longstanding AN [anorexia nervosa].
According to the authors, the latest study was the first in over 30 years to investigate THC's potential in anorexia nervosa. Previous studies on THC and weight gain have only involved patients suffering from anorexia caused by diseases such as cancer and AIDS.
However, because of the small sample size of the study, the authors say that larger studies are needed before THC can be widely recommended as a treatment for anorexia nervosa.
The study was published ahead of print and supported independently by the Center for Eating Disorders, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital
New research from Colorado shows that a large portion of back pain sufferers are turning to medical marijuana for relief.
The study found that 19% of a group of 184 patients at a Colorado spine center were using marijuana to manage their pain. Among those who used marijuana, 89% of patients said it greatly or moderately relieved their pain and 81% said it was equally or more effective than opiate painkillers.
Study co-author Michael Finn, MD presented the findings at the North American Spine Society's annual meeting.
While the study wasn't designed to evaluate whether marijuana was truly effective or not, Dr. Finn told MedPage Today that the results warrant further research.
Given that one in five patients are using it, there is a real need to look at more.
Dr. Finn says the best evidence for marijuana as a painkiller comes from studies on MS and rheumatoid arthritis. However, research on back pain is still lacking.
Most of the patients in the study were suffering from degenerative disc problems, which usually leads to neuropathic pain – a difficult-to-treat pain caused by nerve damage.
On average, patients who used marijuana reported taking it no more than one or two times a day. Smoking was the most popular form of ingestion, followed by oral preparations and using a vaporizer.
83% of those who took marijuana were also taking other medications – mostly painkillers.
Dr. Finn says the next step is to evaluate marijuana based on the type of spine pain and the amount taken. But he's also concerned about how marijuana may interact with opiates due to the number of patients taking both.
Marijuana and Opiates: Is Both Better?
In 2011, researchers at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) published the first human study to investigate the interaction between marijuana and opiate painkillers.
The study included a group of 21 chronic pain sufferers and found that using a combination of vaporized marijuana and opiates (morphine or oxycodone) seemed to offer greater pain relief than either on their own.
Lead author Donald Abrams, MD explains that while patients reported the most relief after taking both treatments, the amount of opiates in the blood stream seemed to decrease when marijuana was present.
This, he suggests, could indicate that opiates and cannabis work synergistically to fight pain.
Dr. Abrams says while a larger study needs to be done to confirm what they found, the current body of evidence leads him to believe that marijuana is effective against many forms of pain.
I'd recommend it to anybody with pain, the research has already been done there.
Dr. Abrams' previous research also supports the effectiveness of vaporized cannabis in HIV-associated neuropathic pain.
Source: MedPageToday via LeafScience.com
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Gibraltar had 'positive' meeting with Iran over seized Grace 1 tanker

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Anne Applebaum, is a journalist and prize-winning historian with a particular expertise in the history of communism and the experience of post-communist "democratization" in the Soviet Union and central Europe. She was recently appointed Professor in Practice at the London School of Economics Institute of Global Affairs, where she runs Arena, a program on disinformation and 21st century propaganda, and built the Transformation Lab, a program focused on the political and economic transformation of individual countries.
From 2011-2015 she ran the Transitions Forum at the Legatum Institute in London, focussing on new threats to democracy. Among other projects, she ran a two-year program examining the relationship between democracy and growth in various countries; created the Future of Syria and Future of Iran projects; commissioned research on corruption in several countries; and, together with Foreign Policy magazine, created Democracy Lab, a website which focuses on countries in transition to, or away from, democracy.
Anne is a weekly columnist for the Washington Post and the author of several books, including Gulag: A History, which won the 2004 Pulitzer Prize for non-fiction and Iron Curtain, which won the 2013 Cundill Prize for Historical Literature. She held the Phillipe Roman visiting chair in International History at the LSE, and has lectured at other universities, including Yale, Harvard, Columbia, Oxford, Cambridge, Humboldt and Heidelberg.


text:
6 deaths and 1,863 new infections with the Corona virus
Today, Friday, the Minister of Health, Mai Al-Kaila, reported that 6 deaths, 1,863 new infections with the Corona virus, and 470 cases of recovery were recorded during the last 24 hours.
In the daily report on the epidemiological situation, Al-Kaila indicated that the new deaths were recorded in the governorates of Nablus (1), Jenin (1), Salfit (1), and the Gaza Strip (3).
She said that the new infections were recorded as follows: "Tulkarem 184, Qalqilya 88, Nablus 278, Salfit 49, Jenin 78, Jerusalem suburbs 11, Ramallah and Al-Bireh 93, Tubas 21, Hebron 34, Jericho and Al-Aghwar 2, Bethlehem 4, Gaza Strip." 1021".
Al-Kaila added that the new cases of recovery were distributed as follows: "Tulkarem 38, Qalqilya 7, Nablus 117, Salfit 5, Jenin 37, Ramallah and Al-Bireh 37, Tubas 12, Hebron 6, Jericho and Al-Aghwar 11, and the Gaza Strip 200."
She indicated that the recovery rate from the Corona virus in Palestine reached 94.8%, while the percentage of active infections was 4.1%, and the death rate was 1.1% of the total infections.
The Minister of Health pointed out that there are 38 patients in intensive care rooms, while 105 patients are being treated in Corona centers and departments in hospitals in the West Bank, including 6 patients on artificial respirators.
With regard to the citizens who received anti-Coronavirus vaccines, their total number in the West Bank and Gaza Strip reached 809,305, including 450,197 who received the two doses of the vaccine.
Wounded by bullets and gas, the occupation in the clashes in northern Gaza
Despite the pressures, a Palestinian people´s insistence on holding onto the land
Erdogan orders charges on American goods up to 140%
The US Congress passes the $ 40 billion funding bill for Israel, and AIPAC praises
"International Criminal" Israeli escalation is a crime under the Rome Statute
Arrest campaign in the West Bank
Settlers attack the town of Huwara
Israeli occupation forces arrest 14 citizens from Jerusalem and the West Bank
The occupation arrested 10 citizens during separate raids in the West Bank
Settlers protest at Kerem Abu Salim crossing to prevent Gaza truck entry
Brussels warns Beijing that human rights are a "key element" of the European Union
UN official: The destruction in Gaza is massive and widespread
The European Union begins its campaign to vaccinate its population against Covid-19
British Trade Union Confederation: The Israeli annexation step is rejected and establishes an apartheid system
Commission 302 calls on the United Nations to cancel the decision to partition Palestine
The arrest of a man infiltrating inside the British Buckingham Palace
A "portable" device that detects infection with the Coronavirus five minutes
Attacks and arrests in the West Bank
Corona: 8 deaths and 661 new infections
Children´s kindergartens in Gaza are on the verge of abyss due to the fuel shortage crisis


text:
Загальна декларація прав людини (ЗДПЛ) — декларація, прийнята Генеральною Асамблеєю ООН 10 грудня 1948 року в Паризькому палаці Шайо. Декларація стала результатом безпосереднього досвіду Другої світової війни і представляє перше глобальне вираження невід'ємних прав, які мають усі люди. Повний текст опублікований Організацією Об'єднаних Націй на її вебсайті.

Декларація складається з 30 статей, що лягли в основу наступних міжнародних договорів, регіональних документів із прав людини, національних конституцій тощо. Міжнародний законопроєкт з прав людини складається з Всесвітньої декларації прав людини, Міжнародного пакту про економічні, соціальні і культурні права і Міжнародного пакту про громадянські і політичні права та двох факультативних протоколів до неї. У 1966 році Генеральна Асамблея прийняла два докладні договори, які завершують Міжнародний законопроєкт про права людини. В 1976 році, після того як договори були ратифіковані достатнім числом окремих націй, законопроєкт набув статусу міжнародного правового акта.

Історія

Попередники
Під час Другої світової війни союзники взяли чотири свободи — свободу слова, свободу віросповідання, свободу від страху і свободу від злиднів — як свої основні цілі війни. Статут Організації Об'єднаних Націй «знову підтвердив віру в основні права людини, гідність та цінність людської особи» і передав законопроєкт в комісії всіх членів-держав, щоб забезпечити «додержання прав людини і основних свобод для всіх, незалежно від раси, статі, мови чи релігії».

Коли по Другій світовій війні злочини нацистської Німеччини стали відомими світовій громадськості, склався консенсус щодо того, що Статут ООН недостатньо чітко визначає права, про які йдеться. Виникла потреба прийняття загальної декларації, яка б уточнила перелік прав людини, щодо яких діяли б положення Статуту ООН.

Створення та розробка
Декларація введена в експлуатацію в 1946 році і була розроблена протягом двох років Комісією з прав людини. Комісія складалася з 18 членів різних національностей та політичних поглядів. Загальна декларація прав людини, Редакційний комітет під головуванням Елеонори Рузвельт, яка була відома своєю правозахисною діяльністю.

За дорученням генерального секретаря ООН підготовку проєкту Декларації очолив канадець Джон Пітерс Гамфрі. Незадовго до того, як його призначили директором Відділу прав людини ООН. Для роботи над підготовкою документа, що спочатку мислився як міжнародний законопроєкт про права була утворена комісія з прав людини.

Британські представники були вкрай розчаровані, що пропозиція мала моральне, але не юридичне зобов'язання.  (І його не було, поки в 1976 році Міжнародний пакт про громадянські і політичні права не набули чинності, надаючи юридичний статус найбільшій декларації).

Членство в комісії за задумом мало представляти все людство. До комісії ввійшли представники Австралії, Бельгії, Білоруської Радянської Соціалістичної Республіки, Чилі, Китайської Республіки, Куби, Єгипту, Франції, Індії, Ірану, Лівану, Панами, Філіппін, Сполученого Королівства, Сполучених Штатів Америки, Радянського Союзу, Уругваю та Югославії.  До відомих членів комісії входили Елеонора Рузвельт зі США (яка була головою), Рене Кассен з Франції, Чарльз Малик з Лівану, П.К Чанг з Республіки Китаю, і Ганза Мехта з Індії. Хамфрі впровадив початковий проєкт, який став робочим текстом комісії.

Проєкт був внесений на обговорення комісії з прав людини економічної і соціальної Ради, третього Комітету Генеральної Асамблеї, перш ніж бути поставленим на голосування. В ході цих обговорень було зроблено багато поправок і пропозицій державами-членами ООН.

Згідно Алана Карлсона в Глобалізації сімейних цінностей про сімейні фрази в декларації були результатом впливу християнсько-демократичного руху на Касині і Маліку.

Прийняття
Загальна декларація прав людини була прийнята Генеральною Асамблеєю ООН 10 грудня 1948 з 50 голосами «за». Голосів «проти» не було, а 8 делегацій утрималися: Білоруська РСР, Чехословаччина, Польща, Українська РСР, Радянський Союз, Югославія, Південна Африка та Саудівська Аравія).. Гондурас і Ємен — як члени ООН на той момент — не голосували або утрималися. Положення в Південній Африці можна розглядати як спробу захистити свою систему апартеїду, яка явно порушувала низку статей Декларації. Стриманість делегації Саудівської Аравії  було викликано, насамперед, двома статтями  Декларації: Стаття 18, яка говорить, що кожен має право «змінювати свою релігію або переконання»; і стаття 16, на рівних правах шлюбу. Шість комуністичних країн утрималися, вважаючи, що Декларація не пішла досить далеко  в засудженні фашизму і нацизму. Елеонора Рузвельт віднесла стриманість з радянського блоку до статті 13, за умови, що право громадян на виїзд з своїх країн. , яка надавала право громадянам покидати їхні країни.

За декларацію проголосували: Афганістан, Аргентина, Австралія, Бельгія, Болівія, Бразилія, Бірма, Канада, Чилі, Китай, Колумбія, Куба, Данія, Домініканська Республіка, Еквадор, Єгипет, Сальвадор, Ефіопія, Франція, Греція, Гватемала, Гаїті, Ісландія, Індія, Іран, Ірак, Ліван, Ліберія, Люксембург, Мексика, Нідерланди, Нова Зеландія, Нікарагуа, Норвегія, Пакистан, Панама, Парагвай, Перу, Філіппіни, Таїланд, Швеція, Сирія, Туреччина, Сполучене Королівство, Сполучені Штати Америки, Уругвай і Венесуела.

Незважаючи на значну роль канадця Джона Гамфрі в підготовці Декларації, канадський уряд спочатку утримався при голосуванні за прийняття проєкту, однак проголосував за остаточний варіант.

9 грудня громадянин світу Ґеррі Девіс та його «Рада солідарності» зібрала на Зимовому велодромі 20 тис. парижан. «Рада солідарності» закликала до створення світового уряду, внаслідок чого країни комуністичного блоку утрималися при голосуванні, а не проголосували «проти». Хоча ідея світового уряду та демонтажу нації вигідна транснаціональним компаніям. Елеонора Рузвельт писала:
 Ґеррі Девіс, юнак, який в Парижі як громадянин світу […] зумів отримати підтримку деяких інтелектуалів і навіть отримав телеграму від Альберта Ейнштейна, в якій говорилося, що ООН ще не досяг миру. ООН, звісно, огранізована не для того, щоб досягти миру. Це повинні зробити самі уряди. Але ООН покликана зберегти мир, і, на мою думку, робить це дедалі краще щодня […] Під час пленарного засідання Генеральної Асамблеї цей юнак намагався виголосити промову з балкону щодо того, наскільки некомпетентна ООН у вирішенні поставлених перед нею завдань. Наскільки краще було б, якби пан Девіс організував свою урядову організацію і започаткував міжнародний всесвітній уряд. Усі, хто пристав би до нього, довідалися б, що в них немає національності, а тому, не турбуючись про інтереси окремих країн, усі разом розвинули б… почуття цілковитої співпраці між усіма народами й готовність прийняти закони, затверджені їхнім надурядом.

Структура
Структуру «Загальної декларації» запропонував Рене Кассен у другому варіанті проєкту. Кассен працював із першим варіантом, підготовленим Джоном Гамфрі. На організацію документа вплинув Кодекс Наполеона. Вона починалась із преамбули, де були окреслено загальні засади.

Кассен порівнював Декларацію з портиком грецького храму із фундаментом, східцями, чотирма колонами і фронтоном. Статті 1 та 2 закладають фундамент, наголошуючи на принципах гідності, свободи, рівности й братерства. Сім абзаців преамбули проголошують причини виголошення «Декларації» і є сходинками до неї. Основний текст «Декларації» формує чотири колони. Перша колона (ст. 3-11) проголошує права індивіда, такі як право на життя й заборону рабства. Друга колона (ст. 12-17) проголошує права індивіда в громадянському й політичному суспільстві. Третя колона (ст. 18-21) проголошує духовні, публічні й політичні свободи, такі як свободу віросповідання й свободу асоціацій. Четверта колона (ст. 22-27) визначає соціальні, економічні й культурні права.

За моделлю Кассена останні три статті Декларації утворюють водограй, що зв'язує всю структуру в одне ціле. Ці статті присвячені обов'язкам індивіда перед суспільством і накладають заборону зловживання правами на шкоду тій меті, яку заклала в них Організація Об'єднаних Націй.

День прав людини

Прийняття Загальної декларації — це важливе міжнародне святкування, яке щорічно відзначається 10 грудня, та називається Днем прав людини або Міжнародним днем прав людини. Святкування відбувається у осіб, громадських і релігійних організацій, правозахисних організацій, парламентів, урядів та Організації Об'єднаних Націй. Зазвичай святкування кожної десятої річниці супроводжує кампанія з популяризації знань про людські права й «Декларацію». 60-та річниця, що відзначали 2008 проходила під гаслом «Гідність і справедливість для всіх нас».

Значення і юридичні наслідки

Значення
Книга рекордів Гіннеса описує Декларацію як світовий «Найбільше перекладений документ». В його преамбулі, уряди взяли зобов'язання на себе і на своїх людей на прогресивні заходи, щоб забезпечити загальне та ефективне визнання і дотримання прав людини, викладених у Декларації. Елеонора Рузвельт підтримала прийняття декларації у вигляді декларації, а не як договір, оскільки вона вважала, що Декларація буде мати той же самий вид впливу на глобальне суспільство як Декларація Незалежності США впродовж існування Сполучених Штатів. У цьому вона мала рацію. Хоч вона і не є юридично обов'язковою, Декларація була прийнята і вплинула на більшість національних конституцій, починаючи з 1948 року.  Вона також служить основою для зростаючого числа національних законів, міжнародного права, законів і договорів, а також для зростаючого числа регіональних і субнаціональних та національних інститутів захисту і заохочення прав людини.

Юридична сила
В той час, як не сам договір, Декларація була прийнята для цілей визначення сенсу слів «основних свобод» і «прав людини», що містяться в Статуті Організації Об'єднаних Націй, які є обов'язковими для всіх держав-членів. З цієї причини, Загальна Декларація є основним установчим документом Організації Об'єднаних Націй. Крім того, багато юристів-міжнародників вірять, що Декларація є частиною звичаєвого міжнародного права і є потужним інструментом у застосуванні дипломатичного та морального тиску на уряди, які порушують будь-яку з її статей. У 1968 Міжнародна конференція Організації Об'єднаних Націй з прав людини повідомила, що Декларація «являє собою зобов'язання для членів міжнародного співтовариства» для всіх людей. Декларація послужила основою для двох обов'язкових пактів ООН про права людини: Міжнародного пакту про громадянські і політичні права та Міжнародного Пакту про економічні, соціальні та культурні права. Принципи декларації викладені в міжнародних договорах, таких, як Міжнародна Конвенція про ліквідацію всіх форм расової дискримінації, міжнародна Конвенція про ліквідацію всіх форм дискримінації щодо жінок, Конвенція Організації Об'єднаних Націй про права дитини, Конвенція Організації Об'єднаних Націй проти катувань, і багато інших. Декларація, як і раніше широко цитується урядами, ученими, адвокатами і конституційними судами, та особами, які звернулися до її принципів, щоб  захистити свої визнані права.

Реакція

Похвала
Всесвітня декларація отримала похвалу від ряду знатних людей. Ліванський філософ і дипломат Чарльз Малик назвав її «міжнародним документом першої важливості», у  той час як Елеонора Рузвельт — перша голова Комісії з прав людини з розробки проєкту декларації сказала, що вона «цілком може стати міжнародною Великою хартією вольностей для всіх людей повсюди». У своїй промові 5 жовтня 1995, папа Іван Павло II назвав Декларацію «однією з вищих виразів людського сумління нашого часу». У заяві від 10 грудня 2003 року від імені Європейського Союзу, Марчелло Спатафора заявив, що Декларація «ставить права людини в центр принципів та зобов'язань, що визначають відносини в міжнародному співтоваристві».

Критика

Ісламські країни
Однак, в 1948 році, Саудівська Аравія утрималися від голосування з приводу ратифікації декларації, стверджуючи, що вона порушила закони шаріату.  Пакистан — який підписав декларацію — не згоден і критикував Саудівську позицію.  У 1982 році, іранський представник при Організації Об'єднаних Націй, Саід Раяє-Хорассані, сказав, що Декларація була «світським розумінням іудео-християнської традиції», які не могли бути реалізовані без конфлікту з мусульманами шаріату. 30 червня 2000 року, члени організації Ісламської  Конференції (зараз Організація ісламського співробітництва) офіційно прийняла рішення підтримати Каїрську Декларацію про права людини в Ісламі, альтернативний документ, який говорить, що люди мають «свободу і право на гідне життя відповідно до Ісламського шаріату», без будь-якої дискримінації за ознакою «раси, кольору шкіри, мови, статі, релігійних переконань, політичних поглядів, соціального статусу чи інших міркувань». Туреччина — світська держава з переважно мусульманським населенням підписала декларацію в 1948 році.

Низка вчених у різних галузях висловили заклопотаність, що нібито Декларація має упередженість на користь Заходу. До них належать Ірен Ах, Абдулазіз Сахедіна, Ріффат Хассан, і Фейсала Кутті.

Хассан стверджує: «Що повинен зазначити для тих, хто підтримав загальну декларацію прав людини, щоб стати вищим, або підошвою, моделлю, хартією рівності і свободи для всіх людей, це те, що дало  Західне походження і спрямованість цієї декларації, за "універсальність" припущень, на яких вона базується, — принаймні є проблематично і підлягає сумніву. Крім того, твердження про несумісність концепції прав людини і релігії взагалі або конкретної релігії, такі як Іслам, повинно бути розглянуто об'єктивно.»

Ірен Ах стверджує, що одне рішення — це підійти до питання з точки зору порівняльної (описової) етики.

Кутті пише: «сильним аргументом може бути те, що нинішнє формулювання з міжнародного права людини представляє собою культурну конструкцію, в якій західне суспільство знаходить себе легко навіть в домашніх умовах … Важливо визнати і оцінити, що  інші суспільства можуть мати однакові дійсні альтернативні концепції прав людини.» З іншого боку, інші писали, що деякі з цих «культурних аргументів» можуть зайти так далеко, щоб підірвати саму природу людської свободи і вибору, захист яких є метою декларації ООН. Наприклад, типові версії шаріату забороняють мусульманам залишити Іслам під страхом смертної кари. Ісламський вчений-правознавець Фейсал Кутті вважає, що існуючі закони про богохульство в мусульманських країнах насправді є неісламськими і є спадщиною колоніального панування. Мохсен Хареді, Ісламський вчений, стверджує, що мусульманські країни мають свої власні погляди шаріату і богозневаги і це є внутрішніми проблемами  цих країн.

За іронією долі, ряд ісламських країн, що станом на 2014 рік є одними з найбільш стійких до втручання ООН у внутрішні справи, відіграли неоціненну роль у створенні декларації, з такими країнами, як Сирія і Єгипет, які були переконаними прихильниками універсальності прав людини та прав країн на самовизначення.

«Право відмовитися вбивати»
Такі групи, як «Міжнародна амністія» і Міжнародне об'єднання противників війни виступали за «право відмовитися вбивати», щоб воно було додано до Загальної декларації. Конференція міжнародного об'єднання противників війни заявила, що право на відмову від військової служби є в першу чергу похідною від — але ще не явні у статті 18 Загальної декларації прав людини: право на свободу думки, совісті і релігії.

Заходи були прийняті в рамках Організації Об'єднаних Націй, щоб зробити це право більш явним, але — до дати (2015) — ці кроки були обмежені менш важливими документами Організації Об'єднаних Націй. Шон МакБрайд — помічник Генерального секретаря Організації Об'єднаних Націй і лауреат Нобелівської премії миру — сказав: «..До прав, закріплених у Загальній декларації прав людини, ще одне, можливо, з актуальності, додасться. Це 'право відмовити вбити'…»

Американська антропологічна асоціація
Американська антропологічна асоціація розкритикувала Загальну декларацію прав людини, поки вона перебувала у своєму редакційному процесі. ААА попередила, що документ буде визначати міжнародні права з точки зору Західного зразку, що було б несправедливим до країн поза цією Асоціацією. Вони далі стверджували, що Захід в історії колоніалізму і Євангелікалізму зробив їх проблемним моральним представником для решти світу.

Вони запропонували три ноти для розгляду з базовим поняттям культурного релятивізму: «1. Індивід реалізує свою особистість за допомогою своєї культури, отже, повага індивідуальних відмінностей тягне за собою повагу до культурних відмінностей», «2. Повага до відмінностей між культурами підтверджена науковим фактом, що не було виявлено методики якісної оцінки культури.», і «3. Моральні норми і цінності по відношенню до культури, з якої вони випливають, так що будь-яка спроба сформулювати постулати, які ростуть з переконань або моральних кодексів однієї культури  до такої ж міри зменшує придатність будь-якої Декларації прав людини до людства в цілому.»

Бангкокська Декларація
Напередодні Всесвітньої конференції з прав людини, що відбулася у 1993 році, міністри з азійських держав прийняли Бангкокську Декларацію, підтверджуючи прихильність урядів своїх країн принципам Статуту Організації Об'єднаних Націй і Загальної декларації прав людини. Вони виклали свою точку зору взаємозалежності та неподільності прав людини і наголосили на необхідності універсальності, об'єктивності й невибірковості прав людини. Однак, в той же час, вони підкреслили принципи суверенітету і невтручання, закликаючи приділяти більше уваги економічним, соціальним і культурним правам, зокрема, право на економічний розвиток цивільних і політичних прав. Бангкокська Декларація вважається знаковим вираженням перспектив азійських цінностей, яка пропонує розширену критику прав людини — універсалізм.

Організації, що сприяють Загальній декларації прав людини

Міжнародна Федерація з прав людини
Міжнародна федерація з прав людини (МФПЛ) — безпартійна, не сектантська і не залежить від уряду, і її основним мандатом є заохочення поважати всі права, які закріплені у Загальній декларації прав людини, Міжнародному пакті про громадянські і політичні права і Міжнародному пакті про економічні, соціальні і культурні права.

Міжнародна амністія
У 1988 році, Режисер Стівен Р. Джонсон і 41 міжнародних аніматори, музиканти, і виробники створили 20-хвилинний ролик для «Міжнародної амністії», щоб відсвяткувати 40-ву річницю Загальної декларації прав людини. Метою відео було втілити в життя 30 статей Декларації.

«Міжнародна амністія» відзначає День прав людини та 60-річчя Загальної декларації у всьому світі організованою подією «Fire Up!».

Унітарсько-Універсальська Служба Комітету
Унітарсько-Універсальська служба Комітету (УУСК) є некомерційною, не сектантською організацією, чия діяльність по всьому світу керується Унітарсько-Універсальськими цінностями і Загальною декларацією прав людини. Вона працює, щоб забезпечити допомогу в разі лиха, та сприяння правам людини і соціальної справедливості по всьому світу.

Громади квакерів при Організації Об'єднаних Націй і Американський Комітет друзів на службі
Бюро Квакерів при Організації Об'єднаних Націй і Американський Комітет друзів на службі працює над багатьма проблемами стосовно прав людини, включаючи підвищення якості освіти на основі Загальної декларації прав людини. Вони розробили навчальну програму, щоб допомогти ознайомити школярів з загальною декларацією прав людини.

Американська Бібліотечна Асоціація
У 1997 році рада американської бібліотечної Асоціації (АБА) схвалила статтю 19 Загальної декларації прав людини. Разом зі статтями 19, 18 та 20 , які також принципово прив'язані  до Загального права АБА про свободу вираження і бібліотечного законопроєкту про права. Цензура, втручання в приватне життя і перешкода думок є порушенням прав людини, на думку АБА.

Див. також

 Конвенція про захист прав людини і основоположних свобод
 Покоління прав людини
 Американська конвенція з прав людини
Декларація прав людини і громадянина (Франція, 1789)
 Африканська хартія прав людини і народів 1981
 День прав людини

Джерела та література
 О. В. Задорожній. Загальна декларація прав людини // Українська дипломатична енциклопедія: У 2-х т. /Редкол.:Л. В. Губерський (голова) та ін. — К: Знання України, 2004 — Т.1 — 760с. ISBN 966-316-039-X
 М. Кармазіна. Загальна декларація прав людини // Політична енциклопедія. Редкол.: Ю. Левенець (голова), Ю. Шаповал (заст. голови) та ін. — К.: Парламентське видавництво, 2011. — с.263 ISBN 978-966-611-818-2
 А. Ю. Мартинов. Загальна декларація прав людини 1948  //
 А. Ю. Мартинов. Загальна декларація прав людини 1948  //
 Загальна декларація прав людини на сервері Верховної Ради України
 Міжнародні стандарти прав людини  — О. Зайчук, Н. Оніщенко. Теорія держави і права, підручник, Київ, Юрінком Інтер-2006
 Міжнародні стандарти прав людини у правовій системі України

Література
Міжнародні стандарти прав людини //

Виноски

Права людини
Правознавство
Договори і конвенції ООН
Декларації
Резолюції Генеральної Асамблеї ООН
Події 10 грудня
Грудень 1948
Глобальна етика

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


But what if you want to catch up on your amiibo collecting ahead of Super Smash Bros. Ultimate's arrival next month? Well then you'll need this, of course - an enormous box with 63 amiibo inside.
Included in the collection is the entire roster of characters from Super Smash Bros. Wii U and 3DS, plus the first handful of new fighters added to Super Smash Bros. Ultimate - Inkling, Ridley, King K. Rool and Piranha Plant.
The special box will launch via Amazon Japan on 7th December and include a special poster - lovely. The downside? Only 50 of these boxes will be made available.
There's no word if this box will release outside of Japan.


text:
Available until 14 March 2022
Symphony No. 1, "Spring"
Jukka-Pekka Saraste, principal conductor in Cologne for over a decade, knows Schumann like the back of his hand.
The latter's first symphony came into existence in an unusual way: In late January of 1841, Schumann threw himself into his work with a feverish sort of energy. In just four days, he had plotted out an entire symphony; writing the score itself took just three more weeks. Schumann's diary reads: "My symphony has given me many moments of happiness and I have more than once thanked the benevolent spirit that helped me complete this magnum opus so effortlessly and in such short time."
R Schumann Symphony No 1 "Spring"
Jukka-Pekka Saraste conductor
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By Jean Sibelius
The Lark Ascending
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Cello Concerto
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Robinson Iron's artisans and craftsmen have been creating and casting innovative designs for buildings, gardens and homes since 1946, amassing a significant variety and number of products. We welcome you to our PRODUCTS' pages and have conveniently sorted the categories for you to easily browse and find your perfect pieces. Click on any category shown at the left to immediately review products and specifications, including many that are available through our online shop. Thank you for visiting our PRODUCTS' pages.


text:
France introduces new law to crack down on 'impulse buying' of pets
Anyone who wants to buy a cat or dog in France will now have to sign a document confirming they understand the responsibility they are about to take on, in an attempt to prevent 'impulse purchase' of pets who are later abandoned.
Published: 20 July 2022 14:04 CEST
(Photo: Brandon Bell / Getty Images via AFP)
Nearly 100,000 animals are abandoned in France every year, and the cost of living crisis has prompted fears that figure may rise.
A law passed in November 2021 to cut down on the number of pet abandonments came into effect this week when it was published in France's Journal Officiel, at the start of the summer period when, traditionally, the number of pets dumped by their owners rises.
Abandoning a pet is punishable by law. Penalties have been increased to a maximum of three years in prison and a €45,000 fine, compared to two years in prison and a €30,000 fine previously.
But the new law also provides for the introduction of a 'certificate of commitment' and better supervision of online ads in order to put an end to impulse purchases of pets, notably cats, dogs and horses.
The law introduces would-be owners to sign a "certificate of commitment and knowledge", which will now be issued before any animal can be purchased or adopted. This certificate will specify the needs of the animal and commit the new owner to respect them.
There is also a new seven-day "cooling-off" period before the owner can take possession of the animal, to avoid impulse pet purchases.
A foster contract is also being created for foster families who take care of a pet for a short period. This contract must include information on "the physiological, behavioural and medical needs of the entrusted animal", as well contact details of the owners and the duration of the placement.
Online adoption adverts will have to follow stricter rules. "Offers must be presented in a specific section which must include awareness and information messages relating to the act of acquiring an animal," a press release from the Ministry of Agriculture stated.
And they will give rise to a systematic verification, before publication, in order to ensure "the validity of the registration of the animal on the national identification file". Only "verified adverts" can be posted.
For horses, the decree is more precise and stipulates that "any person holding a horse for purposes other than professional … must attest to their knowledge of the needs of the animal and the responsibilities which are incumbent upon them".
By signing the certificate of commitment, the future owner must bear in mind "the financial and logistical implications" and be able to guarantee the well-being of the animal.
Additional obligations, in addition to physiological and medical needs, relate to the traceability and identification of the horse.
ANIMAL WELFAREPETSLIVING IN FRANCE
Rob - 20 July 2022 at 16:38 CEST
These initiatives mean nothing without effective enforcement. France already has some 'good in theory' laws in place to prevent abandonment and uncontrolled breeding of animals but these have had precisely zero impact due to the complete lack of enforcement of existing laws. Whilst I salute any effort to improve the lot of animals I remain pessimistic about this particular one.
Property tax, water rationing and visa tips: 6 essential articles for life in France
Plans to create 'car-share only' lanes on French motorways
This week's must-reads from the Local include a piece on new rules for property owners, measures to reduce water consumption, tips for Brits applying for post-Brexit visas, plus food labels, comics and holidays.
Published: 29 January 2023 08:27 CET
In 2023 there is an additional requirement for anyone who owns property in France – they must fill in a one-off Déclaration d'occupation, stating whether their property is their main residence or a second home. From the rules for non-residents to second-home owners, we answer your questions…
New French property tax declaration – your questions answered
France's environment minister Christophe Béchu has announced a series of measures to reduce French people's water consumption, as the country grapples with rising temperatures and more frequent droughts.
So what's in store and how could you be affected?
Water limits, apps and leaks: How France plans to deal with future droughts
Now that Britain is out of the EU, just how much harder is the process of moving to France from the UK after Brexit? We asked our British readers to share their tips for applying for visas as 'third country nationals' – here's what they said;
'Be ready to wait': Your tips for getting a French visa post-Brexit
From home-made to made in France, organic to artisan, AOP to Red Label – French food and drink products have a bewildering array of different labels and quality marks – here's what they all mean.
Bio, artisan and red label: What do French food and drink labels really mean?
One in four books sold in France is a 'bande-dessinée' (comic book), The Local explores France's enduring love affair with this art form.
Bande dessinée: Why do the French love comic books so much?
And finally, a question we all need to know the answer to, if only so we know when the shops are likely to be shut. You would think it would be a simple question – but the answer depends on the year, the region and your job. We explain.
Reader question: How many public holidays does France have?


Inspired by marathon runners, the Nike Viale sneakers offers a light feel and sharp, modern look. Not forgetting speed. The all mesh upper allows the forefoot to breath, while a synthetic leather strap adds style. Studs around a notched channel in the outsole improve stability and traction and when retracting the heel tab, hidden branding is revealed.


INCENSe's second Open Call has just been launched, beginning a process that will end with 28 startups being rewarded with up to 150,000 euros of funding. Small or medium enterprises or web entrepreneurs working on cleantech projects that are based on FIWARE technology can apply online at www.incense-accelerator.com. Their proposals should fit in the following categories: Energy Efficiency & Home Automation, Renewable energy, Renewable Forecasting Solutions, Smart Grids, Energy Storage, Advanced Diagnostic & Automation Solutions, e-Mobility or Digitalization of Energy through ICT.
INCENSe can offer eight million euros of total investment, and it will both accelerate and provide support services to cleantech startups. The winners will have the unique opportunity to develop their ideas jointly with leading energy and business incubation players Enel, Endesa, Accelerace and Funding Box.
The 14 startups already selected in the previous Open Call launched in October have started their accelerator programmes and begun development of their projects with the support of INCENSe partners. On June 8th, the first INCENSe Camp began in Rome with a kick off meeting that was followed by an intensive three-day workshop aimed at honing their business skills.
INCENSe is creating a network of startups, ideas and projects, and during the camp the startups also had the opportunity to discuss and look at new projects that they could potentially carry out together.
Co-funded by the European Commission, INCENSe is the only cleantech and energy accelerator belonging to the European FIWARE Accelerate programme. With an overall budget of 80 million euros, the programme will help European startups to develop products and services that use FIWARE internet-based, open-source technologies. Information on this technology can be found at www.fiware.org.


Weapon Schematics have 1 to 5 Perks, depending on the rarity. Common has 1, Uncommon has 2, and so on up to Legendary which has 5. Weapon Perks come in 3 rarities: Common (Grey), Rare (Blue), and Legendary (Orange). This is a complete list of all current Weapon Perks, though some rarities may be missing, marked as a Question Mark (?). These are all confirmed, and none are guessed. This list be helpful when calculating dps and your ideal perks when perk rerolls are released.
If you have a Weapon Schematic that has a Weapon Perk type or rarity not listed above, please add it to the list to allow everyone to have equal knowledge.


A case recently referred to the High Court has highlighted the importance of a properly drafted restrictive covenant.
In Bartholomews Agri Foods Limited v Thornton, a Judge ruled that the company could not enforce the terms of an agreement it had tried to implement many years previously.
There were two main reasons for the covenant being rejected.
The first was that the agricultural merchants had attempted to impose the terms and conditions on Mr Thornton when he joined the firm as a trainee almost 20 years ago.
At the time he had no clients and it wouldn't have been appropriate to apply these restrictions.
Although the employee had subsequently been promoted through the company's ranks, it was the original restrictive covenant that his bosses had attempted to rely on.
In addition, the High Court had concerns that the scope of the document was simply too wide. The wording suggested that Mr Thornton should have been prevented from carrying out work for any of the firm's clients upon his departure, regardless of whether he had had any previous dealings with them. This was deemed wholly unreasonable.


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Ireland training calendar
Investors in People again
We help organizations improve performance by investing in people. We're thrilled to be recognized for doing the same with our people
Launched in 1991, Investors in People (IIP) is a national standard for people management.
The Myers-Briggs Company has achieved this standard in every assessment since first applying for it in 2007. We're delighted to have achieved it again.
Head of HR for Europe at The Myers-Briggs Company, Will Cleare, said, "It's a great result. It shows that, through our people, we improve the way we operate as a business."
The framework behind the IIP Standard is based on nine key indicators of high performance. The route to accreditation requires continuous improvement and benchmarking against the best.
"Given our line of work, it's reassuring for clients to see that we're as committed to putting people development into practice as they are," added Will. "We don't just talk the talk!"
Investors in People was established in 1991. It started as a government project but is now a not-for-profit community interest company. The IIP Standard tests the alignment between people management and an organization's ambition, and so drives improved business performance
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Maple Ridge Burrards Cole Porter (left) and Garrett McIntosh fend off Victoria Shamrocks offender Mike Triolo during action at the Q Centre in a previous season. (Black Press file photo)
New 'Rocks ready to roll this weekend at The Q Centre
Shamrocks host the New Westminster Salmonbellies
Rick Stiebel/News Staff
Two key additions to the Victoria Shamrocks are set to make their marks in front of the home crowd this weekend.
Victoria native Marshall King is expected to see his first action of the season on Friday when the Shamrocks host the New Westminster Salmonbellies at 7 p.m. at The Q Centre in a game presented by Get in the Loop.
King has just completed his National Collegiate Athletic Association season in Philadelphia with the Drexel University Dragons. He placed third on the team in scoring, with 24 goals and 25 assists in 24 games.
READ ALSO: Shamrocks announce new screens in The Q Centre for 70th season
Graeme Hossack, the National Lacrosse League defensive player of the year for 2018, is also set to make his home debut. Hossack made his presence felt on both sides of the floor in his first game Sunday, although Victoria lost 9-5 to the Maple Ridge Burrards.
The Shamrocks annual Alumni game, presented by Slegg Building Materials, gets underway this Sunday, (June 16) with a tailgate party at 4 p.m. The game, against the Maple Ridge Burrards at 6 p.m., provides an opportunity to avenge the recent loss.
Season memberships are available for $125, with single-game tickets starting at $18. Visit victoriashamrocks.com or call 250-478-ROCK (7625) for merchandise and more information.
rick.stiebel@
goldstreamgazette.com
Seventh Heaven: Blues beat Bruins 4-1 to win Stanley Cup
VIDEO: Raptors say they're simply staying in the moment as Game 6 approaches
Victoria hotel awards couples for baby-making with Valentine's freebie
Have a baby nine months after your stay and enjoy 18-year Valentines deal
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Hotel San Marco is to be found at Lucca, near to the ancient city walls and the historic town centre. Opened in 1992, it was completely refurbished in 2010 and combines tradition and innovation creating a warm, welcoming atmosphere where guests can feel entirely at home.
The rooms of the hotel are comfortable and well-equipped with all modern accessories. Each room is, in its own way, unique, as each is named for a famous Luccan person either from a historical or cultural point of view. Rooms for both smokers and people with ambulatory difficulties are available upon request.
A relaxing and comfortable stay, a home from home, is assured by the professionalism and cordiality of our staff, either if you are here to come to admire the beauty that Lucca and Tuscany offer or if you are here on business.
"Outstanding, as always. Overall organization and friendliness of the staff, plus the outstanding location."


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Jeffrey Carter
Posted on February 19, 2016 by TinaFebruary 19, 2016
Originally posted 28 Aug 2009, the day after Jeffrey Carters funeral.
Jeffrey Carter 2006
My relationship with my grandfather really developed over the last six years. Our family had gradually lost contact, and while researching my family tree I came across some details suggesting that my grandfather was still alive. Through other family contacts I tracked him down and he was reunited with the majority of us. In the process I found out a lot about my grandfather and what his life had been like up until the day that we saw him again.
Grandpa was born in Manildra in 1924. His family had lived in Manildra for a long time and all his childhood memories are centred around growing up there. One of his most precious memories was of his father bringing home his first truck. Grandpa's father was so proud of his new green 1928 Chevy truck and always kept it clean and shiny. Grandpa/ Jeffrey was about four at the time and thought he would help his father keep the new truck clean, so on the day it arrived as the rest of the family were celebrating, grandpa went out to clean it. It had been raining the day before so he used the water from the puddles near-by to wash the truck. He cleaned as high as he could reach, all the way around including the chrome and the emu on the front of the truck. Then he went inside as the truck dried. It was a few hours later as the family was saying goodbye to those that came to visit that they went outside to see the truck covered in muddy smears as high as a five year old boy could reach.
Being from a relatively poor family grandpa did not go onto high school. He moved to Sydney where his mother had moved before him and got work. At first he worked in a biscuit factory in Ashfield but during the war lots of workers that were considered to be doing non-essential work were moved onto other jobs. Grandpa was one of these and he was moved onto a condenser factory. As he was quite a pernickety man this didn't really appeal to grandpa, in his own words "it was to oily". However even here he saw the opportunity for a bit of a lark.
One of the workers who went by the name of Mick was known for going into the toilets for a nap each day. So one day they ran a copper wire to the toilet seat and attached it to a couple of condensers. Its not known how many volts hit Mick that day but apparently it was the last time he sat down at a toilet before checking around the bowl.
Not long after this grandpa went to war. Aside from a large amount of training he saw fighting in New Britain. It was here that he was injured by a daisy cutter, so called because they flew low and when they exploded they would trim the grass around them with the shrapnel with which they were loaded. The advice from older and wiser soldiers was not to drop when these came near as it was better for them to damage your legs than your face and head. Grandpa adhered to this advice and had reason to be glad. His leg was damaged badly but he lived to tell the tale.
Jeffrey Carter WW2
On leaving the war it was not long before grandpa married a girl that had written to him for some of the war. He always claimed that the three best things he ever did was as a result of that marriage, his daughters Sharon, Lyn and Narelle.
Unfortunately Jeffrey and Shirley's marriage didn't work out and so they separated. Grandpa later married the woman who was probably the love of his life, Mary. Together they travelled and spent many years together. During this time grandpa's career took him into the corrective services, first as a prison officer and later as a senior facilities manager. Grandpa loved this work as it gave him many opportunities to go to courses to educate himself and to better his own situation. Grandpa thought that education was incredibly important and even if he could not have the formal education that he wanted he didn't see this as a reason to stop learning. This was a characteristic that he showed throughout his life and his daughter Sharon attributes her love of classical music and history to evenings spent with him, as a young girl when her mother and sisters had gone to bed.
Jeffrey Carter and great grand-daughter
In later years as we got to know him, my grandfather would talk about his memories of his children and what they had been like when they were little. Of my mother he remembered a train trip when they played a game called mouse trap. The idea was to hit the others hand. My mother was very exuberant about the way she played this game and ended up giving my grandfather a blood nose. Auntie **** he remembered as gregarious and chatty never sitting still and always ready to go off and see the neighbours. I think that much of this is still characteristic of Auntie Lyn and like my grandfather I rely on her to keep me up to date with all the goings on in her side of the family. Auntie **** was much younger when my grandfather left, but he still had memories of her that he liked to share. One of his most fond memories was of taking her into a shop and looking around as he heard laughter to see her parading around in one of the wigs. (Names removed of people still alive).
My grandfathers memories of his life are very special to me and I am really glad that we were able share them and others. He was able to see his family grow to include not just his three daughters and seven grandchildren but also five great grandchildren. He loved to go out with me and my family and tell everyone that I was his grand daughter and to introduce them to his great grand children. I am sorry that he didn't live long enough to hear that his family is growing even more and that another great grandchild is due. He would have been very excited by this news.
Posted in Carter Family Tagged Grandfather Carter, Jeffrey Carter, Shirley Carter permalink
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Omar Al-Bashir led a military coup in 1989 against Sudan's democratically elected leader, Prime Minister Sadeq al-Mahdi. Once in power, Bashir dissolved Parliament and banned all political parties. He named himself the new prime minister and chief of state. Four years later, the unstoppable military leader was appointed President of Sudan.
Bashir took power during the Second Civil War of Sudan, in which Southern rebels fought against the government based in Khartoum. Bashir's coup d'etat and subsequent military build-up reignited the conflict that had started in 1983. The war finally ended in 2005, after displacing more than 4 million Sudanese civilians, who fled to other countries to avoid the violence.
The government's effort to establish Islamic law in Sudan helped spark the country's Second Civil War. Bashir has maintained close ties with other Islamic countries, including Iran. In 2006, he met with Iranian president Mahmud Ahmadinejad in Tehran. The two leaders blame the United States for causing strife in the Middle East.
Under Bashir's rule, the Darfur region of Sudan continues to be the site of a violent power struggle between the military and rebels. The United Nations says the conflict, which Bashir launched in 2003, has left more than 200,000 civilians dead and more than 2.5 million homeless. The ongoing genocide has sparked protests across the globe.
In September 2006, Bashir held a news conference at the UN after the organization proposed deploying 17,000 peacekeeping troops to Darfur. Bashir rejected the proposal on the grounds that it was an attempt to re-colonize his country.
During a private papal audience in 2007, Pope Benedict XVI implored Bashir to agree to a ceasefire in Darfur. Bashir made no public statement about his meeting with the Pope, but he routinely denies any hand in the ethnic and religious genocide. In fact, he blames international aid groups for exaggerating the conflict as a ploy to raise funds.
Bashir is not only responsible for a staggering number of civilian deaths in Darfur and other regions, he rules Sudan with an iron grip. Although the 64-year-old dictator denies that his country supports international terrorism, the United States labeled Sudan a terror training ground as early as 1993.
Protesters campaigning for Omar al-Bashir's indictment demonstrate outside the Sudanese embassy on March 4, 2009, in London. The International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant for al-Bashir on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity in the troubled Sudanese region of Darfur.
Al-Bashir returned to Darfur in March 2009 in a show of defiance to the international court. He accused Western countries of trying to divide Sudan, and vowed the International Criminal Court would never touch him.


Well I need to call it "Finished".
But its Fun! And you know. It let you expand your horizons!
So be nice. Play with it.
I'm not responsible for any harm. Really.
If anyone else is in need of a Phaser Template that allows you to use ES6 and comes with some Phaser states (Boot, Preload, Mainmenu and Game) and a single cursor-key-movable sprite, then here you go!
Fifteen minutes after the theme announcement, my friend Ben Homan walks through my front door. Not really my front door, I'm just a subletter. But this is a first. Normally he ignores our instructions to walk in without knocking. The first time, he texted me from the driveway.
Jesse Kooner walks in, also unannounced, bearing frozen pizza. Before he can even kick his shoes off, I loudly explain the theme: a never-before-seen tie between "growing" and "two-button controls".
Jesse has no laptop. I dig out an old one from my closet. I plug it in and start working on a few Windows updates. 72 to be exact.
Meanwhile, we decide which technology to use. Jesse's less code-focused skillset leads him to prefer Unity, while Ben wants to use the weekend as an opportunity to become more familiar with Node.js. We decide on Node.js. Jesse will provide creative input and artwork.
My roommates, a brother and sister, arrive home from an apparently underwhelming Christmas light show. The concept of a game jam is foreign to them, but they're good sports. We spend a half hour playing QWOP with them.
Multiplayer. Otherwise, what's the point of Node.js?
Probably 2D due to the limited timeframe. Although Jesse is more comfortable working in 3D.
Jesse originally suggested doing this competition a few weeks ago, when he wanted to create a mash-up of "Cookie Clicker" and a tower defense game. He resurrects the idea now, only halfway joking.
Ben likes the idea of a multiplayer vine growing game. I'm partial to a text-based social game about growing a social media brand. No one commits to anything yet.
Ben is not a big gamer, so I pull up a few famous HTML5 games on his laptop. Cursors.io. Agar.io. 2048. This last one interests me in particular, as it involves growing numbers.
I'm pitching Ben and Jesse on a multiplayer version of 2048. I envision a free-roaming world filled with numbered tiles to collect. Instead of collapsing numbers together against the edges of the board, players would find walls and structures within the world to collapse their numbers against.
How can two or more games of 2048 occur simultaneously on the same board? In normal 2048, the player controls all tiles on the board. We decide to give each player a unique color, and allow them to assimilate unclaimed, grayed-out tiles.
What happens when tiles from two players meet? We decide that whoever moves first gets to own the resulting collapsed tile from a move.
How do players traverse through the world? We toss around the idea of procedural generation, but eventually decide on hand-crafted, linear levels linked together via portals.
This raises the question: how do the portals work? And what happens to a player's tiles once they exit a level?
Top right corner: our confidence that we'll actually finish the thing.
We've eaten two pizzas. We have a Git repository and a Slack instance which is ultimately only used to test out amusing Slackbot responses.
Although the game is 2D, we decide on a 3D art style with an orthographic projection, to allow Jesse to use his skills in Maya LT, which he promptly installs on my old laptop.
Ben works on the server with Node.js, while I start on the client with Three.js.
Ben heads home first, then Jesse. I pass out on my bedroom floor.
You can see we're already struggling with the name.
I wake to find Ben working in the kitchen. He spends the morning building boiler plate for the server, while I work out some Three.js details.
I return from a run just in time to catch Jesse pulling up with donuts. After lunch, he and I spend the next few hours working out a pipeline between Maya and Three.js.
I tweet our first screenshot, featuring colorized instances of Jesse's tree model displayed in a horribly distorted orthographic projection.
Without the server API to code against, I run out of things to do on the client. Ben finishes the data model, but he has trouble conceptualizing the rules for player movement. I haul my laptop over to indulge in some good old-fashioned pair programming.
Break for dinner. Burritos. Jokes.
Jesse continues modelling. With the basic API done, I start working to make the client consume it. Ben works on an image loader. We want to design the levels in GIMP.
Ben takes off. I've got player movement, animations, and tile numbers done.
Multiplayer works. Jesse and I play a few games against each other. It's fun! It's a game! We work out some issues with the level loading code and try to get an interesting level loaded.
Problem: it's pretty easy for one player to gain the upper hand and quickly assimilate all the tiles on the board, making it impossible for other players to move and grow.
Solution! Players should only control tiles within a certain radius of their "center". Outlier tiles are grayed out, free to be picked up by other players.
Fix implemented. Jesse heads home and I turn in.
Tweet another screenshot before heading to church.
At this point, I'm having an existential crisis about the name. I fire off a few panicked texts about it.
Ben and I are back to the grindstone. Jesse arrives with sandwiches and more donuts! Ben adds a cool username feature, but we eventually axe it to keep things simple.
Tweaks and bug fixes all day. Ben works on the level format, while Jesse lays out some levels in GIMP.
More polish. I put in Jesse's cloud models and a "connecting" spinner.
We finally brainstorm a name: Tile Risers. Jesse whips up a logo in Maya. We go through seven iterations before everything lines up in our janky export pipeline.
I spin up a Digital Ocean droplet, allocate an S3 bucket, commit the production URLs, and start filling out the submission form.
Time's up! Fortunately, we have another hour to submit. I later found out I misread the rules, and we actually had a whole extra 24 hours. At any rate, we were done. I commit two small bug fixes after submission, which is within guidelines.
Three.js is easy and fun.
ES5 causes a lot of pain by continuing silently when we ask it to do ridiculous things like "compare an object to an integer".
Ludum Dare is a blast and you should do it.
Play Tile Risers, view the source, and vote for it!


Glen and Janet taped Jesus Christ, Superstar, the one that was released in April through PBS.
They invited us to come over and watch, so there we were tonight, watching Sara Bareilles, John Legend, Alice Cooper and Brandon Victor Dixon (of Hamilton fame).
With music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Tim Rice, the 1970 rock opera is an interpretation of the Gospels' accounts of the last week of Jesus' life, with a larger emphasis on the conflict and struggles between Jesus and Judas Iscariot.
Janet, Glen and Rebecca know every song and the lyrics to every song. Three out of four people in the room with that kind of interest in the show is pretty good.
The first musical that Webber wrote was Joseph and the Technicolour Coat. Tonight's taping was pretty spectacular -- the costuming, the orchestra on-stage, the beautiful harmonies. And good company.


Continuing our series about medical negligence, this post looks at the doctrine of "informed consent" as it relates to health care providers. If a medical professional undertakes any procedure or course of treatment without obtaining informed consent from their patients, they may be liable for certain negative outcomes, even if the procedure is performed properly and without negligence.
Before a doctor or other medical professional can legally undertake any treatment of a patient, they must disclose any known material risks associated with that treatment generally, as well as any risks that may arise that are specific to the patient and their condition. Although they do not need to detail every possible risk, those potential outcomes which are extremely serious, or more than a mere possibility, should be disclosed. Patient specific risks rely on communication between doctor and patient, and the patient should be candid and honest about their health history and any other questions or concerns. Doctors should also disclose potential alternatives to the recommended treatment, and their corresponding risks.
A patient must have capacity to give consent. Very young children, mentally ill or incapacitated individuals may be unable to grant consent on their own behalf.
In order to provide truly informed consent, a patient must have all necessary information that a reasonable person would require to make a decision about their own care. The information should be accurate, impartial, and true to the best of the doctor's knowledge.
Where a treatment provider has failed to obtain informed consent, they may be liable for medical malpractice, even where the treatment or procedure in question was not performed negligently.
If a material risk was not disclosed, and resulted in damage, the patient may succeed in a claim where they can show that they would not have pursued the treatment in question had they known of the risk in advance.
If you did not get a full and complete disclosure of material risks before undergoing treatment, or were given incomplete, inaccurate or biased information by your treatment provider, you may have grounds for a medical negligence claim. At Derfel Injury Law, our experienced lawyers can provide timely and practical advice about medical and other professional negligence matters, and help you determine whether to proceed with a legal claim.
You can contact us online or call 416-847-3580 to make an appointment.


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Il gioco Arbor raccontato da una neomamma durante una testimonianza di tre mesi: Single Case Study
Ribolzi, Sara (2021) Il gioco Arbor raccontato da una neomamma durante una testimonianza di tre mesi: Single Case Study. Bachelor thesis, Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana.
Ribolzi Sara.pdf - Published Version
Introduction This Bachelor Thesis tackles the risk of play deprivation among adults and, in particular, among new mothers. Although studies have confirmed this to be a basic human need and its role in wellbeing, adults tend to abandon games and fun, retaining other duties such as work. Every year there are about 87'000 new mothers throughout Switzerland and about 2'495 new-borns in canton Tessin. They struggle with a period of transition from being a woman to a mother, where their own routine is suddenly changed, and the time usually spent for themself is now spent for a baby. Play is used for the baby and no more for themselves. Obviously, such a drastic behavioral change can cause occupational disbalance and reduced wellbeing. To manage this phenomenon Martina and I built a play named "Arbor" tailored to new mothers. Outcome: throughout my Bachelor's, I thoroughly studied the playfulness among new mothers, based on theoretical models and an occupational therapy interpretation. With this thesis I investigated the type of influence Arbor could have on a swiss new mother, particularly on her playfulness. Methods This Bachelor Thesis wants to grasp the experience of the new mother during a 3-months interaction with Arbor trough a qualitative research. The data were gathered with a semi-structured interview and 2 self-assessments (SMAP; APTS) translated by me. The self-assessments were filled in by the new mother on the first and last meeting, in order to have pre-post data. I performed 6 interviews, which I transcribed and coded after recordings. Results Since Arbor was given to the new mother for a 10-weeks case study, she completed 13 handcraft projects, with an average of 1,3 projects per week. Before the study, the participant had an average of 0 time spent on play for herself. Arbor was used as a 3D diary where past, present and future events of the participants were drawn. The pleasure coming from the interaction with Arbor, experienced by the participant, are linked to the narrative, explorative, sensory, expressive and distractive pleasure. Arbor was included in the participant's routine and environment. The participant witnessed her own transition from woman to mother, by disclosing her new daily tasks, rest and active time, time management skills and leisure activities. The results from the questionnaires are not significant. Conclusion Play is one of the eight occupational areas from the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA). Interventions in this area can contribute to occupational balance. Occupational transitions tackle occupational balance and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) of the person. In the new mothers' population, the transition comes from the birth of the child. The inclusion of Arbor in the ADLs of a new mother improves her engagement in play. Nevertheless, this is the first study of Arbor and the occupational therapy playfulness approach in the new mother population. Future research works are needed. Keywords: Play, Playfulness, New mothers, Motherhood, Mothers' leisure, Occupational therapy, Occupational transitions, Occupational balance, Lifespan
Dipartimento economia aziendale, sanità e sociale > Ergoterapia