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Now reading: This LOFAR 'video' may have helped researchers discover how lightning forms 37 comments
This LOFAR 'video' may have helped researchers discover how lightning forms
Published Dec 30, 2021 | Jeremy Gray
Lightning is a widespread atmospheric event. Per the Met Office in the UK, there are three million flashes of lightning every day on Earth, or about 44 strikes per second. Despite this, scientists haven't been able to conclude how exactly lightning forms inside a thundercloud. That could be changing though, with the help of new video recorded by a team of researchers.
In 2018, a very important lightning bolt flashed overhead the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) radio telescope array in the Netherlands. These telescopes made detailed recordings that were just recently processed. A new paper due to be published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, outlines what triggers lightning.
'It's kind of embarrassing. It's the most energetic process on the planet, we have religions centered around this thing, and we have no idea how it works,' said Brian Hare, a lightning researcher at the University of Groningen and a co-author of the new research paper. 'People have been sending balloons, rockets and airplanes into thunderstorms for decades and never seen electric fields anywhere near large enough,' said Joseph Dwyer, a physicist at the University of New Hampshire and a co-author on the new paper. 'It's been a real mystery how this gets going.' Dwyer has been studying lightning for 20 years.
The LOFAR 'superterp'. This is part of the core of the extended telescope located near Exloo, Netherlands. Photo by LOFAR / ASTRON, used under CC BY 3.0
For such a common phenomenon, and one that has been seriously studied for hundreds of years, how did it take so long to gather good data? Clouds are opaque, for starters, and even advanced cameras have struggled to see through the clouds and witness lightning forming. Scientists have ventured into the storm to try to figure out. However, 'For a long time we really have not known what the conditions are inside a thunderstorm at the time and location that lightning initiates,' added Dwyer.
Dwyer and the rest of the team employed LOFAR. The radio telescope network is typically used to investigate distant galaxies and stars, but it's also well-suited to lightning observation. When there are thunderstorms overheard, LOFAR can't observe deep space, so it's instead tuned to detect the radio pulses that originate in lightning flashes.
It's not the first time radio detectors have been used for observing lightning, but LOFAR is state-of-the-art and can is much faster, about 200 times faster, than previously-used instruments. It can also map lightning in three dimensions. 'The LOFAR measurements are giving us the first really clear picture of what's happening inside the thunderstorm,' said Dwyer.
As a lightning bolt forms, it produces millions of radio pulses. To turn this huge collection of data from thousands of LOFAR antennas into a 3D image required sophisticated algorithms. After analyzing the data from August 2018, the team determined that the radio pulses supported one of two leading theories about how common types of lightning form. The new observations support the idea that lightning starts with ice crystals inside the cloud. As Quanta Magazine puts it, 'It starts with clusters of ice crystals inside the cloud. Turbulent collisions between the needle-shaped crystals brush off some of their electrons, leaving one end of each ice crystal positively charged and the other negatively charged. The positive end draws electrons from nearby air molecules. More electrons flow in from air molecules that are farther away, forming ribbons of ionized air that extend from each ice crystal tip. These are called streamers.'
Each crystal tip produces 'hordes of streamers,' and these streamers continue to branch off repeatedly. The streamers heat up the surrounding air, which then pulls electrons from air molecules, and thus a larger current flows to the ice crystals. When a streamer becomes hot and conductive enough, it becomes a leader, along which lightning can travel. Below is an animated GIF of the data recorded with the array:
'This is what we're seeing,' said Christopher Sterpka, the first author on the new paper. 'After the avalanche stops, we see a lightning leader nearby.'
Surprisingly, there's a bit of overlap between the lightning research and COVID. Recent findings observed that lightning activity dropped by more than 10% during the first few months of the ongoing pandemic. Researchers believe that this is due to lockdowns because people traveled less, and there were fewer pollutants in the atmosphere, which reduced possible nucleation sites for ice crystals.
The new research hasn't dissuaded all scientists from believing a rival theory that cosmic rays from outer space collide with electrons inside thunderstorms. Perhaps cosmic rays still play a role.
Ute Ebert, a physicist at the Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands, studies lightning initiation but wasn't involved in the new study. She notes that despite the high-resolution data provided by LOFAR, the new paper doesn't show ice crystals ionizing the surrounding air. 'Where is the first electron coming from? How does the discharge start near to an ice particle?' There's also the matter of precisely how streamers turn into leaders. Streamers become hot and conductive, but the exact series of events is not settled.
Via: Quanta Magazine
JulianLeichhardt
omg, wooow!
1 week agopermalink
John Sevigny
Try not to use obscure termos like 'LOFAR' in headlines.
2 weeks agopermalink
PhotonTrapper
Does not make any sense. Wrong transcription of the Quanta Magazine paper.
If an electron is pulled off a crystal by another crystal, one crystal becomes negative, the other positive. You don't end up with electrical dipoles. In the QM paper, it is explained that it is the bigger falling hail that rob one electron off the tiny nascent ice crystals that are rising, leading to a positive top region and a negative bottom one within the cloud.
If a crystal temporarily was to acquire a positive end and a negative end, it would balance back to neutral state almost instantly by sending the electron back where it belongs (to the positive end). And to draw an electron from nearby "air molecules", i.e. to ionized a nitrogen (N2) or oxygen (O2) molecule you would need something a lot more energetic than an ice dipole.
Arcing through air requires massive voltage differences. Here, electron would just flow freely from neutral air molecules toward a slightly charged ice crystal?
Roger Wilmot
What the the Quanta Magazine says is that the falling hail theory is the "schoolbook picture" and then goes on to say "Yet the electric fields inside clouds are about 10 times too weak to create sparks." The various quotations in the QM article suggest to me that the ice crystal - streamer - leader explanation is close to what the researchers are proposing. Perhaps read the source paper before dismissing it so readily?
One thing in the QM article that does puzzle me is the statement that the data analysis used techniques similar to those for an Apollo moon landing. Is that really the best analogy?
I actually read that paper. And that paper mentions the current theory which describes how a voltage difference is created, namely between the top and bottom of the clouds during intense updraft and ice formation, and not between either sides of a single ice crystal (which is complete ridiculous). This is based on airborne measurements.
That QM paper also notes that this voltage does not seem quite high enough to initiate arcing in air, in the same way we can artificially produce it with electrostatic Van der Graaff generators. This is assuming storm clouds electrostatic field topology are akin to Van der Graaff generator fields. Far from proven.
"Ute Ebert, a physicist at the Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands, studies lightning initiation but wasn't involved in the new study. She notes that despite the high-resolution data provided by LOFAR, the new paper DOES NOT show ice crystals ionizing the surrounding air." (capitals from me)
2 weeks ago*permalink
Thanks - from the QM "summary" and your clarifications, I think I'm beginning to understand some of the complexity. It would seem that neither the micro (ice crystal) or mega (cloud) scales provide the full explanation. And we should all be cautious when citing secondary sources.
Indeed. And to be fair to the reporter, Jeremy Gray, it is very difficult to report about complex science subjects in a way that remains easily accessible while preserving technical accuracy. These phenomenons are mostly governed by plasma physics. And plasma physics is no piece of cake.
Just like classic lighting, "ball lightning" remains to these days largely unexplained and is even more puzzling (and fascinating).
mfinley
Is there a reason the LORAR superterp is surrounded by a ring of water?
falconeyes
It looks like a measure against being flooded. I see a lot of large rain puddles outside the ring ...
Crazy Leica Fox
That's the Netherlands. Everything is surrounded by rings of water.
6 days agopermalink
CraigVMN
Now we just need a camera manufacturer to figure out how to sync a lightning strike with a camera shutter for the ultimate outdoor flash!
You mean a lightning trigger?
A7IIIer
That would be MIOPS.
M_Hector
Fascinating to see the 3-D representation! I am an avid watcher of lightning strikes on YouTube videos. When I was young, I had a very intimate experience with lightning. It either hit me or the aluminum door that I was touching, as I was walking out of our apartment. It was at that moment when I felt connected to the atmosphere as if my nervous system were extended in some way. That had to be in my head, but it began my fascination with lightning. I would someday like to have the time to work on my skills trying to photograph this more successfully. I am in awe of the high-speed photography of lightning that has been done.
Turbguy1
High altitude charged particle showers originating from cosmic rays striking the upper atmosphere are still a "good bet".
Really, this relation of Covid to lightening is very forced.
Gannon Burgett
@Ruy: It isn't though. While correlation =/= causation, it is very interesting that there was such an exact parallel between fewer people traveling and fewer lightning strikes happening—and the science behind it lines up. As noted in the article, fewer particles in the air, due to fewer people and companies outputting pollution, means less particulates for ice to form around.
zxaar
Fewer people was the reason for ice ages too. 😛
Check out for ''Volcanic Lightning''.
Steve in GA
But, the bottom line is to make sure you are not the tallest object in the field beneath a thunderstorm.
Cerridwen
Nature is marvelous. Our understanding of it is growing but still very limited. Wonderful read, thanks DPR.
GoDP
"OH! That is cool!" (Human Torch)
starbase218
In 2005 I actually did my graduation internship at an internet exchange which was located in the university's "Center for Information Technology". In that year, an IBM BlueGene/L supercomputer nicknamed STELLA was installed in that building as well. STELLA stands for "Supercomputer Technology for Linked Lofar Applications".
OpticsEngineer
thank dpreview for posting article. very interesting. I worked a bit with a lightning research group in the 1990's and it was impressive how little was understood.
snapa
It's all still completely missunderstood. No matter how much money, time and resourses are thrown away at it, like that animated GIF of the data recorded with the array above.
Also, "there are three million flashes of lightning every day on Earth, or about 44 strikes per second", how accurate is that and how was it measured?
TheRealYeats
@snapa - There are organizations with 1000's of lightning sensors around the world that compile the data, as well as weather satellites.
I once was in a Thunderstorm with multiple strikes a second. It turned night to day. Very impressive, destructive on the ground actually (apple-sized hail) and makes the 44 strikes per second worldwide credible.
Also it tells me that ice and lightning are linked, not cosmic rays.
Morris Trichon
when I studied graduate meteorology in the early 1970's the explanations for the creation of lightning strikes were very different due to the lack of sophisticated scientific equipment that can reveal the physics at play. I suspect that there is still a way to go as it seems that if it is getting down to the level of atoms and electrons that quantum mechanics will play a role in the complete understanding that has yet to be uncovered. I recommend that we stay tuned. Kudos for imaging technology for playing a role in this scientific venture.
gonzalu
Horshack
Once scientists finish with lightning maybe they can work on understanding water next:
https://www.livescience.com/3724-mystery-water.html
Keith Meinhold
Scary when you consider we make weapons of mass destruction while not fully understanding some seemingly fundamental essentials like water.
Olifaunt
Now that explanation is as clear as mud!
As a Dutch guy I can't help feeling a bit chauvinistic now. ;)
Sardonic G
Dang interesting, that's for sure
McArchive
It is, we as a spices cause lightning, yet most photographers struggle with light.
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Florida /
7 Small Towns in Florida With Outdoor Activities & Paranormal Events
Most people move to small towns for the solitude, the slower lifestyle and the charm.
Some just want to spend a bit less for property and get a bit more.
But what about moving to a town that is known for both it's outdoor activities AND its paranormal activity?
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Sherri/flickr
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Move to These Seven Small Towns in Florida If You Love the Outdoors and the Paranormal
1 7) Cedar Key, FL
2 6) Dunedin, FL
3 5) Grayton Beach, FL
4 4) Mount Dora, FL
5 3) Punta Gorda, FL
6 2) High Springs, FL
7 1) Crystal River, FL
7) Cedar Key, FL
thephotom/flickr
Cedar Key is home to kayaking, fishing boats and a cemetery that is said to be haunted.
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6) Dunedin, FL
dno1967b/flickr
This quirky little town contains two islands, Caladesi and Honeymoon.
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5) Grayton Beach, FL
photohound/flickr
This northern town is best known for its charming fishing boats, and the Point Washington State Forest.
Recently, a local townsmen said he had a paranormal experience while jogging through the forest.
He had stopped to stretch his muscles when something moved in his peripheral vision.
He saw a pale white mist, floating behind the trees as if it were following him on his route.
The Grayton resident did not believe that the spirit wished him any harm, but he did find it fairly unnerving watching it follow in his wake, as if it were a sentient spirit.
4) Mount Dora, FL
knzfan/flickr
Interested in extraterrestrials?
Then this little lake town might be the place for you.
For a number of years, many townsfolk have claimed that Mount Dora is the site of some of the most UFO sightings in the country.
Mysterious lights and strange, quiet aircraft are often seen hovering over sections of the town then quickly zooming out of sight.
Many residents find this a unique and extraordinary aspect of the town, but a handful of locals fear the worst.
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3) Punta Gorda, FL
stevefrazier/flickr
This adventurous little town is full of swamp lands, river exploration, and skydiving.
However, a recent phenomenon has been spotted in town, scaring many local residents.
Mysterious orbs of light have been witnessed, hovering over Peace River during late hours of the night.
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2) High Springs, FL
michael fromholt/flickr
Much as the name indicates, High Springs is a town best known for its beautiful, natural springs.
A majority of the town is made up adventurous locals who enjoy aquatic-related recreational activities.
However, the town is also home to a bizarre local legend.
Many sources say that High Springs is home to a cryptid that lives in the Ginnie Springs.
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Many fear that the strange animal has been the cause of drownings over the last couple of decades.
1) Crystal River, FL
stevenerat/flickr
Crystal River is town with historic charm and appeal.
Set on the river, it is known for its small fishing boats and an endless amount of surrounding wildlife.
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Whether you're a ghost chaser, a UFO enthusiast, or interested in the occult, these quaint Florida towns are more than just a charming destination.
Explore them if you absolutely dare.
But don't say that we didn't warn you…
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Baltimore Traffic Safety News: Has Proliferation of Red-light Cameras Actually Reduced Maryland's Automobile Accident Rate?
Anyone who drives here in Maryland has probably seen one or more of the nearly 200 red-light cameras dotting the landscape all around our roadways. The trend toward adding these monitor cameras has no doubt raised drivers' awareness of the ever-watchful eye of government, but it also begs the question of whether the addition of these devices has really contributed to a meaningful decrease in auto, truck and motorcycle accidents over the years.
As Maryland personal injury attorneys, I and my staff represent the victims of traffic wrecks — as well as the families of those individuals killed as a result of another person's negligence behind the wheel. As many safety experts have already stated, it is up for debate whether or not drivers and pedestrians alike have benefited in a significant way with the placement of hundreds of red-light cameras in and around the state.
According to news reports, over the past 14 years since Maryland's state legislature has approved the use of red light cameras, dozens of these electronic monitoring devices have been hard at work issuing traffic tickets for motorists accused of running red lights throughout the state. Based on information from AAA Mid-Atlantic, those nearly 200 cameras mentioned above do not include so-called speed cameras, which are also in use around the state — AAA does not have complete totals for those kinds of cameras.
Naturally, anyone who has ever seen the aftermath of a serious car, truck or motorcycle accident knows the intrinsic benefit of reducing the number and frequency of car and trucking-related wrecks in Maryland. The question some are asking is whether or not these unmanned monitoring devices are worth the trouble that some say they experience.
Some dissenting voices belong to those who have received numerous tickets via these red-light and speeding cameras. One such individual, a 29-year-old woman, believes that once people know a camera is at a location, they are scared to be ticketed and therefore slow down and/or obey traffic signals more frequently. That driver, for instance, had reportedly received one ticket a year (four red-light camera tickets and one speed camera ticket) over the past five years.
One comment that seems to be quite common regarding these cameras is that sometimes the cameras are used in locations where the speed limit changes abruptly, or where the actual speed limit is not readily obvious to drivers. These problems, among other complaints, have served to fuel the debate over automated traffic enforcement devices for the past decade and a half.
Reducing vehicle accidents as well as pedestrian injuries is a laudable goal, and advocates of red-light and speed cameras argue that these devices do, in fact, decrease accidents and save lives. Certainly, the closed-head injuries and fatal auto injury accidents that will never happen as a result of the placement of these cameras makes having them around more palatable to some.
On the other hand, opponents maintain that speed and red-light cameras at operated in what some refer to as "questionable legal territory." Furthermore, the fact that most all of these machines are operated by private companies makes there continued use a profitable venture for the companies that provide the service to local and state agencies.
For a look at how lucrative just one of these cameras has been, AAA Mid-Atlantic says that a speed camera located near a work zone along a stretch of the Capital Beltway has by itself issued more than 20,000 tickets in just three months. While experts agree that cameras such as the one mentioned here discourage speeding and thus make for safer travel through that area, others say the technology can be misused.
Speed camera opponents complain that a percentage of speed cameras are set up more as a revenue source than as a safety tool. Of course, in communities are being used more as a revenue generator rather than a tool for safety. The arguments run the gamut between the units being just another tool of taxation, to the legitimate argument that a machine should not be the sole witness against an individual in court, at least not to the extent that a device alone can prove a human being guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
Whether these cameras pose an unfair atmosphere for drivers is something that will have to be decided over time. In a complicated world, there is always room for some exception to the rule, say some. Unlike a camera, a police officer will make a judgment based on the particular situation; deciding whether or not to charge a driver with a traffic violation. The camera, on the other hand, issues tickets indiscriminately.
Red Light, Speed Cameras Remain Controversial Even as Numbers Grow, SoMd.com, December 15, 2011
Posted in: Traffic Safety


text:
10 Best Destinations With The Clearest Waters For Swimming Lovers
Whether you're a beginner or an expert (or somewhere in between), there's no denying that swimming is one of the best forms of exercise out there. Not only does it help you stay in shape and keep your body strong, but it also gives you an opportunity to explore some of the world's most beautiful locations.
Swimming is fun, it's relaxing, and it's a great way to get in shape. But where do you go if you want to swim in clear, beautiful waters?
When it comes to swimming, there's nothing like getting into the water and enjoying its refreshing effects. However, there is a big difference between swimming in clear water and swimming in murky waters. That's why we've selected some of the best destinations around the world with the clearest waters for you to enjoy your time in the sea without worrying about any dirty spots!
10. Linapacan Island, Palawan – Philippines
Linapacan Island, Palawan – Philippines
Via: www.privateislandsmag.com
Linapacan Island is a small island located in the Philippines. The island is popular among locals and tourists alike because of its clear blue waters, white sandy beaches, and pristine marine life.
The island offers snorkeling and diving opportunities for those who love to swim with sea creatures such as manta rays and turtles. It's also a great place to relax on the beach listening to the sound of crashing waves as you soak up some sun.
The island is also home to the famous white sand bar. The bar is a natural phenomenon that forms when sea currents push sand from the bottom of the ocean up onto the surface, creating a smooth strip of land where water meets land.
Page 1 of 10 Prev


Competition for the attention of travelers is intense, and effective content marketing is now crucial for every company and organization. Signal Custom Content has nearly 20 years' experience in travel media and a global network of contributors ready to provide you with engaging content, created to the highest editorial standards, about destinations and travel experiences. In the process, we will connect you to new clients and strengthen the loyalty of existing ones.


The whole world seems gone crazy for crypto currencies in general and Bitcoins in particular, whose value continued for months to go up restless being at the moment I write this article around 13,808 US dolallars for a Bitcoin (updating: 14,305 US dollars a few hours later the pubblication of this article, ed).
Please note that even if although I always deal with topics related to the most interesting geek technologies, nd blockchain (on which crypto currencies are based) surely it is, I just can't imagine to have to write an article of the craziness tied to Bitcoins, but so it is.
Remembering that 4 years ago Bitcoins touched a first historical record around 980 US dollars for Bitcoin, while 7 years ago you could have bought a Bitcoin for just 10 US dollar cents, you can have a faint idea of the speculative bubble which now distinguishes the evaluations of this cryptocurrency, which is a totally virtual currency.
Many economic players however accept Bitcoins like a real legal tender, regardless of the risk a day governments can ban the use of them, being too obvious the risk that crypto currencies in general favour on a world scale tax avoidance and money laundering.
One of the latest examples of this "irrational exuberance", which is likely to downsize even the Ponzi scheme realized by Bernie Madoff some years ago, it is the request made by the lucky owner of a Rolls Royce to be paid only in Bitcons by the possible buyer.
The singular request was made by a man of Manchester who is the owner of a Rolls Royce Ghost 2010, with less than 50 thousand kilometres, with golden body, for which he asks (on Autotrader's sit) 117,995 punds (about 156 thousand dollars) and the more days pass, the less Bitcoins will be necessary to buy the car.
Many sites already wandering: should you have Bitcoins enough, will you exchange them with this car? But probably the answer is wrong, since if you had changed a dollar in Bitcoins seven years ago now you could almost take the car home with that sum and still make the deal of your life, because even if you sell it the next day as scrap you will have back your dollar multiplied some thousand times.
So the right question is: should you have a golden Rolls Royce nearly new, would you be willing to sell it for less than 12 Bitcoins? If you wanna know how this will end, continue to follow Mondivirtuali.it, also through our account on Twitter and our fanpage on Facebook (but remember: Mondivirtuali is on Flickr, on Pinterest, on Scoop.it on Paper.li and also on Youtube too) and maybe subscribe our newsletter!


text:
Origin and domestication.
Many authorities consider the goat was the first domesticated ruminant. The main wild ancestor is still alive—the Bezoar, or Cretan Wild Goat (Capra aegagrus), which is reddish-brown in summer and gray-brown in winter. Its overall range is from India to Crete, but its numbers have been much reduced; it has disappeared from many areas, and elsewhere is very rare. A few remain in the mountain parts of Crete and an island of the Cyclades. Other wild goats from farther E have contributed to the stock, but the position is complicated. (See Zeuner, ch. 6.) All are hill animals and very sure-footed; they are browsers as much as grazers. Two factors add to the problem of dating: first, for some time the tame form did not differ markedly from the wild. Second, in many cases even experts cannot distinguish some bones of sheep and goats.
The earliest accepted evidence for domestication is from the Neolithic pre-pottery levels of Jericho, with carbon dating of 6,000-7,000 b.c. The remains of some horns show damage suggestive of close confinement. Material from N Iran is of similar age, prob. indicating an earlier origin from which both areas were supplied. Among the early goats, two types are recognized—with corkscrew and with scimitar horns. Gradually the variety increased in size, proportions, color and hair type; but the wide range of breeds now seen, esp. in Europe, is of modern origin. These show a wide range of colors, including black, white and parti-colored. The only Biblical mention of color is the spotted and speckled goats of Genesis 30. Ancient Egyp. art illustrates all these.
Uses.
The goat was first kept for its milk. The meat was eaten, normally, of young only, e.g., Judges 6:19, "Gideon...prepared a kid," the standard meal for a stranger arriving unexpectedly. Later, the kid was less highly rated. Luke 15:29ff. compares it unfavorably with the fatted calf. Goatskins became the standard material for water bottles in countries of limited rainfall, and the hair was spun and woven into cloth. It seems that the sheep was tamed fairly soon after the goat (see Sheep). Sheep began to replace goats in the areas where it could thrive, i.e. the less hilly places with better grazing, largely because it yielded much better meat, with ample fat, and wool instead of rather coarse hair. The goat was still valued as a milk-producer, but when the domestic cow became available, the goat was more and more confined to the rougher and drier areas. By the time of the patriarchs. sheep and cattle prob. greatly outnumbered goats. Milk is mentioned forty-two times in the OT; only four are specifically goats' milk, three of which refer to the prohibition against seething (boiling) a kid in its mother's milk (Exod 23:19, etc).
Damage to vegetation.
Second to man, and with man's help, goats have been the most important land-destroyers in history (see Fauna). In Mediterranean lands, they climb trees and destroy them by eating twigs and leaves. This is illustrated in ancient art. The goat is hardy, and if allowed to escape it can quickly establish itself and develop a feral race. The damage to vegetation continues, sometimes until the habitat is destroyed and, if it is an island, goats die of starvation.
Place in Biblical narrative.
Numerous references in OT and NT show that the goat was important to the Hebrews, though the range of names and total numbers are far below the sheep and cattle. Goats are spoken of only once in thousands. "The Arabs also brought...seven thousand seven hundred he-goats" (2 Chron 17:11). In most W countries, the problem of dividing sheep from goats (Matt 25:32f.) would never arise, for flocks are unlikely to mix and the two species are not easily confused. This is not so, however, in many lands around Pal., where they often run together and native breeds may be alike in size, color, and shape. The usually up-turned goat tail may be the only obvious difference. Apart from one symbolic passage (Dan 8), the goat seems to have no fig. significance, but some seventy percent of the occurrences refer to animals for sacrifice. This would seem to have been its main importance to the Hebrews (see above). In addition, goats' hair was the material woven by Heb. women to cover the Tabernacle (Exod 26:7), and it is still used in tentmaking by the Bedouin. The context of scarlet, fine linen, etc. may imply superior quality cloth, perhaps comparable to cashmere from the Kashmir goat today. It is likely that long-haired races from farther E had become established by this time. In general, little can be inferred from the context about the natural history or habits of the goat.
G. S. Cansdale, Animals and Man (1952); F. E. Zeuner, A History of Domesticated Animals (1963).
1. Names:
2. Wild Goats:
The original of our domestic goats is believed to be the Persian wild goat or pasang, Capra aegagrus, which inhabits some of the Greek islands, Asia Minor, Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, Afghanistan, and Northwestern India. It is called wa'l (compare Hebrew ya`el) by the Arabs, who in the North apply the same name to its near relative, the Sinaitic ibex, Capra beden. The last, doubtless the "wild goat" (ya`el) of the Bible, inhabits Southern Palestine, Arabia, Sinai, and Eastern Egypt, and within its range is uniformly called beden by the Arabs. It is thought by the writer that the "chamois" (zemer) of De 14:5 may be the Persian wild goat. The word occurs only in this passage in the list of clean animals. See Chamois; Deer; ZOOLOGY. Wild goats are found only in Southern Europe, Southwestern Asia, and Northeastern Africa. They include the well-known, but now nearly extinct, Alpine ibex, steinbok, or bouquetin, the markhor, and the Himalayan ibex, which has enormous horns. The so-called Rocky Mountain goat is not properly a goat, but is an animal intermediate between goats and antelopes.
3. Domestic Goats:
Domestic goats differ greatly among themselves in the color and length of their hair, in the size and shape of their ears, and in the size and shape of their horns, which are usually larger in the males, but in some breeds may be absent in both sexes. A very constant feature in both wild and domestic goats is the bearded chin of the male. The goats of Palestine and Syria are usually black (So 4:1), though sometimes partly or entirely white or brown. Their hair is usually long, hanging down from their bodies. The horns are commonly curved outward and backward, but in one very handsome breed they extend nearly outward with slight but graceful curves, sometimes attaining a span of 2 ft. or more in the old males. The profile of the face is distinctly convex. They are herded in the largest numbers in the mountainous or hilly districts, and vie with their wild congeners in climbing into apparently impossible places. They feed not only on herbs, but also on shrubs and small trees, to which they are most destructive. They are largely responsible for the deforested condition of Judea and Lebanon. They reach up the trees to the height of a man, holding themselves nearly or quite erect, and even walk out on low branches.
4. Economy:
Apart from the ancient use in sacrifice, which still survives among Moslems, goats are most valuable animals. Their flesh is eaten, and may be had when neither mutton nor beef can be found. Their milk is drunk and made into cheese and semn, a sort of clarified butter much used in cooking. Their hair is woven into tents (So 1:5), carpets, cloaks, sacks, slings, and various camel, horse and mule trappings. Their skins are made into bottles (no'dh; Greek askos; Arabic qirbeh) for water, oil, semn, and other liquids (compare also Heb 11:37).
5. Religious and Figurative:


text:
Splinter Cell Conviction Archive
Killer Game Art by Xavier Thomas
Pin It Xavier Thomas is a Canadian artist whose impressive portfolio includes games such as Assassin's Creed, Splinter Cell Conviction, Prince of Presia, and Driver. He was the Communication Art Director at Ubisoft and most of the images he was involved with were used as box art, game art, and featured in magazines. Xavier also […]
Far Cry, Assassin's Creed, and Splinter Cell – Game Art by Anthony Guebels
Pin It Anthony Guebels is a 3D digital artist who works on the details in our favorite game characters.He has worked on Splinter Cell (Conviction and Blacklist), Assassin's Creed (Brotherhood, Revelations, Black Flag), Far Cry 3, Ghost Recon: Future Soldier, and Watchdogs. He's working for Ubisoft as of the moment so there's a big chance […]


text:
Q: How to calculate currency string I am trying to calculate two variables type "String" in php.
and I try all alternative but steady amount missing values.
example:
$a = "250,000.50";
$b = "30,000.00";
echo $a - $b;

I want to return value with same format ###,###,###.## -String -Decimal -only return same format.
Note: I try all the link format currency here...use regex, sprintf, replace, etc...
but always lose a digit because the example use in format en_US or EUR.
Thanks!.

A: You can use this function for easily handle:
$a = "250,000.50";
$b = "30,000.00";
function currency($c=0){
    return preg_replace("/[^\d\.]+/iu","",$c);
}

echo number_format(currency($a) - currency($b) ,2);

A: The subtraction on strings will auto-cast the strings into numbers for you, but you have to get rid of the commas first:
$a = "250,000.50";
$b = "30,000.00";
echo str_replace(',', '', $a) - str_replace(',', '', $b);

Oh, and wrap the whole thing in number_format to get it back to the comma format:
echo number_format( str_replace(',', '', $a) - str_replace(',', '', $b), 2);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
\section{Installing MongoDB}\label{sec:installing_mongodb}
In this section we go through the steps needed for installing MongoDB server locally. MongoDB's documentation website\footnote{\url{http://docs.mongodb.org/}} includes great help on that matter. If these instructions do not work for your operating system then we suggest that you take a look at that documentation instead.

After the install you should have at least two MongoDB commands available in your shell, \texttt{mongo} and \texttt{mongod}. After the install verify that these commands are available in your shell.

\subsection{Ubuntu Linux}
For Ubuntu we can use APT (Advanced Package Tool) to install MongoDB.Open up a terminal and type in the following lines.

\begin{lstlisting}
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install mongodb
sudo update-rc.d -f mongodb remove
sudo service mongodb stop
\end{lstlisting}

The last two lines disable MongoDB to start on a boot. If you want to start MongoDB on boot, skip the last two lines.

\subsection{OSX}
We can use Homebrew\footnote{\url{http://brew.sh/}} to install MongoDB as follows.

\begin{lstlisting}
brew install mongodb
\end{lstlisting}

We can also download pre-built binaries and add them to your PATH environment variable.
\begin{lstlisting}
cd
wget https://fastdl.mongodb.org/osx/
     mongodb-osx-x86_64-3.0.6.tgz
tar xzvf mongodb-osx-x86_64-3.0.6.tgz
\end{lstlisting}

Then add the bin folder within the mongodb-osx-x86\_64-3.0.6 to your PATH variable as follows.

\begin{lstlisting}
export PATH="$HOME/mongodb-osx-x86_64-3.0.6/bin:$PATH"
\end{lstlisting}

You can add this line to your shell configuration.


Well maintained brick office building with ample parking. Great Central Triad location with easy access to I-40. Suite E is 1803 SF; Suite F is 1849 SF and is located on the second floor. Would make a great call center. May be leased together or separately. $10.00 PSF +/- for upstairs space. Total space is 3652 SF.


text:
Q: Writing a script to print a string between two patterns using regex, but the last occurrence only I'm writing a python script on my Raspberry Pi 3 that will record weights from a open source scale and place them in a database.  The scale simply records the output/readings to a file. The problem is the scale outputs a lot of data that I don't need. And each time the script runs it adds a new readout to the bottom of the file, which you can see a portion of below.  So basically what I need is the most recent weight reading which will always be on the last line of the file.
I'm kind of terrible at regex.  And despite my searching and trying I can't seem to isolate just the last weight reading.
Serial Load Cell Converter version 1.2
By SparkFun Electronics
No remote sensor found
Minimum time between reports: 791
Press x to bring up settings
Readings:
1274,2.5007,lbs,540611,

Serial Load Cell Converter version 1.2
By SparkFun Electronics
No remote sensor found
Minimum time between reports: 792
Press x to bring up settings
Readings:
1341,2.5008,lbs,540620,

Serial Load Cell Converter version 1.2
By SparkFun Electronics
No remote sensor found
Minimum time between reports: 792
Press x to bring up settings
Readings:
1321,2.5009,lbs,540643,

Last line:
    1321,2.5009,lbs,540643,
I need the value where "2.5009" is, but I can't simply match that number because it can change drastically with each added readout, as do the other numbers on the last line.  The only things that stay constant are the commas and the "lbs".

A: Maybe, this expression might extract the last value:
.*Readings:\s*[^,]*,\s*([^,]*?)\s*,

Test
import re

regex = r".*Readings:\s*[^,]*,\s*([^,]*?)\s*,"

test_str = """
Serial Load Cell Converter version 1.2
By SparkFun Electronics
No remote sensor found
Minimum time between reports: 791
Press x to bring up settings
Readings:
1274,2.5007,lbs,540611,

Serial Load Cell Converter version 1.2
By SparkFun Electronics
No remote sensor found
Minimum time between reports: 792
Press x to bring up settings
Readings:
1341,2.5008 ,lbs,540620,

Serial Load Cell Converter version 1.2
By SparkFun Electronics
No remote sensor found
Minimum time between reports: 792
Press x to bring up settings
Readings:
1321, 2.5009,lbs,540643,

"""

print(re.findall(regex, test_str, re.DOTALL))

Output
['2.5009']

If you wish to explore/simplify/modify the expression, it's been
  explained on the top right panel of
  regex101.com. If you'd like, you
  can also watch in this
  link, how it would match
  against some sample inputs.


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Starting a change effort can be really tough. Implementing the change can be even tougher. Sometimes you need a little help.
A well thought through Change Plan can help you fully understand your change, decide on the best approach for your change and help you identify the right people to help manage your change.
Terrapin Agrada's  online Change Management training course will help you to build  your own Change Plan.
The course includes a comprehensive Change Plan template available to download and use in creating  your own Change Plan to address your situation, your circumstances and the type of change you are implementing.
The first four videos set up the basics behind Change Management. Then each lecture covers a popular change model or theory to help you add to / amend / build on your Change Plan. Armed with the latest research, your Change Plan will help guide you through the pitfalls of Change Management with ease.


text:
Leslie Jordan Cause of Death
Kelsea Ballerini Dating Rumors
Watch Lisa Marie Presley's Last Interview
Chris Young Album Update
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Blake Shelton, Kelly Clarkson Uniting for Warrior Games Concert in Chicago
Mike Thiel
Mike Thiel Published: June 1, 2017
Rick Diamond (2), Getty Images
Grammy winners Blake Shelton and Kelly Clarkson are coming together for a one-night-only show at Soldier Field in Chicago in the name of military members.
The concert, part of the 2017 Department of Defense Warrior Games, will take place on July 1 and is the official kickoff for the paralympic-style competition, which hosts approximately 265 competing wounded, ill and injured service members and veterans.
"The men and women that serve and protect this country on a daily basis allow the rest of us the freedoms we enjoy," Shelton says. "I'm proud to be part of this event and root these heroes on to victory at this year's Warrior Games."
Competitors represent teams from the Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, Marine Corps and US Special Operations Command. In addition, the United Kingdom Armed Forces and the Australian Defence Force will also be represented. Athletes will participate in eight adaptive sports: archery, cycling, shooting, field, swimming, sitting volleyball, track and wheelchair basketball.
Which Country Artists Served in the Military?
"I can't wait to perform this year at the Warrior Games," Clarkson says in a statement. "Any time we can all be a part of something that lifts up and shines a light on all of these heroes that are participating is an amazing moment. ... These men and women have put their lives on the line for us and have overcome so much in the process of doing that. It will be a tremendous honor to perform for them and their families who have sacrificed so much."
The games take place June 30-July 8 at various locations throughout downtown Chicago and will be co-hosted by the U.S. Navy and the City of Chicago. This is the first time the public games will be held outside of a military installation or U.S. Olympic Training Center.
Tickets for the Shelton-Clarkson concert will be available via Ticketmaster.com starting June 6. For more information about the 2017 DoD Warrior Games, visit dodwarriorgames.com.
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Yost presents confusion as he seems to appear as two seperate men, one born 1678-1735, another born 1656-1727. The First had 5 known progeny; The second is credited with 11. The reason for this dual identity is because of the two different family studies used for Swope research, one predating the other by nearly 100 years. Three of the children in both sources clearly cross reference in side by side comparison.
Yost SWOPE as presented by G E Swope was of uncertain parentage , lived 1678-1735, had no known identified siblings, and with wife Anna Katharina Surname unknown had The Five Children mentioned as found in birth records then  held by descendants, and in which reference to the family bible then  in family possesion is made.
G E Swope mentioned "we have the birth records" of five children and referred to a family bible when he provided the birthdate of 22 Feb 1678 Sinsheim, Duchy of Baden, Germany for Yost Swope married Anna Katharina Surname Unknown . He did not expand on the information in either the birth records or the bible beyond giving the names and birthdates of the five children, neither did he transcribe the birth records nor the family bible, and what the family bible exactly contained, and who exactly was noted within it is not and will likely never be known as he noted in his first pages in "The History of the Swope Family 1696-1896" that he recieved the sad notice that it had burned in the home of the holding descendant just prior to publication of his book in 1898 along with the record of "all five birth records" . These five birth records and the family bible [the loss of which is of great disadvantage to us today] are only known of through G E Swope's mention of them, and the dates of birth correspond to children who would have been born in Germany; Although the style and source of these birth records is not divulged, one is inclined to believe them accompanying the immigrating members of the family to America but this is an inference only. He also mentioned Yost's death date, and describes the slab found 7 feet below the ground and above Yost on the event of his reinternment [along with locks of "Red Female Hair" which he implies can be assumed to be Yost's wife's] . He informs the slab read only "Y.S. 1735 ". The contemporaneous newspaper account in " The Lancaster New Era" detailing the event of Yost's reinternment and the second burial stone itself both provide birth and death dates consistent with G E Swope's notations, but one can not exclude the possibility, this being a second burial plot and the bible not having been transcribed to allow us review of the material's information, that these dates were based on oral tradition and /or secondary and not primary reference material, so we can't be sure if the dates given are in exclusion of, or perhaps substantiate, the family bible he mentioned. To further confuse matters, there is a Letter of Administrative granted to John Swoap, son of Jost Stwope, 29 January 1727 [identified by the Swope Book of Remembrance and transribed there] and an inventory of his estate ocurred in Nov of 1728 naming " Johannes son of Joste Swope of Mill, near Conestoga in the County of Chester, pator deceased, taken and appraised, the sixteenth of ye 11th month Anna Domini 1728. By we, whose name are here underwritten." [likewise identified by the Swope Book of Remembrance and transribed there] . This information strongly identifies our Johannes as son of Yost who died in 1727.
As per G E Swope [1898 publication] Yost Emigrated to America in the Spring of 1720 with his wife and 5 children. According to then prevelant family oral tradition and G E Swope's book, Yost's father [whose name was unknown] was a "burger and Burgomaster in Leimen, a town of about 2,700 inhabitants, near Heidelburg" . (The Swope Book of Remembrance states no Swope Burgomeister there could be found although they do show that the wife of Yost whom they identify was daughter of the Mayor of Duerhen). G E Swope mentions that Yost's farm, for which no deed was found for that publication ,likely was parcelled out to his daughters and lost sight of in the name change (See excerpt below .
There were no more than 5 birth records, but the reaches here are so foggy that there is no absolute implied or understood that these were felt the only children although it is implied that these are the children accompanying Yost and his wife to the New World. G E Swope mentions "we have the birth records of five children but there is no further knowledge or record of any but John" at the time that he published.
ìThere the father died; after his death, a short time, the youngest child, Yost, was born. He married in early manhood and lived in Liemen, his son John was born there in 1704. Early in 1720, Yost Swope determined to seek his fortune in the New World. He, together with his wife and five children, set sail for America in the spring of that year, and in due time safely arrived here.
In his History of the Swope Family, G E Swope transcribed the Pastoral Recommendation he states were in the hands of Adam Swope, a descendant at time of G E Swope's publication  . The entry is confusing, it seems to imply that Anna Katharina was Yostís Mother, not his wife but G. E. Swope did not address that in his narrative and presents the recommendation without comment. See Morse and McLachlin's comments  on this pastoral recommendation below the transcription provided by G E Swope.
Pentalem Ammgemen a Salutis Oceana.
After the death of her husband, a burger and Burgomaster in Liemen under Burstrasser in Kupaltz, Anna Katharine Swope was delivered of her youngest son, Yost Swope. Both were Evangelical Lutheran in religion, and received into the chuch of Christ with the rest of the beloved family. As they intend to depart for a strange land, I herewith attest to their Christian character and the life they led up to this time, having long been their pastor and spiritual adviser. As their fide pastorale, I willingly testify that the above-named Anna Katharine and her beloved son, Yost, have always been honest and pious as becomes God fearing Christians and lover of Christ and his church. And we have no knowledge of them excepting what is noble and good, naught but praise. The All-Helper be their support and guide, and bless their coming and going, and grant all their wishes with the richest blessing, both on earth and in heaven, ever partaking of the Holy Communion.
Pastor Evan. Lutheran Kirche" [Pastor Evangelische Kirchengemeinde]"
"The book [G E Swope's tome] states that the original document was in the possession of Adam Swope of Lancaster, Pennsylvania when the book was published .....This document does not match research done in Germany or the United States. Perhaps it was translated incorrectly; for this reason I would like very much to know where the original document is. Our Jost was a member of the Reformed Church, not the Lutheran Church; his wife's name was Anna Katharine, not his mother's name; his father's widow, Margaretha born Zimmerman [she could have been Jost's mother or his stepmother), died in 1695, twenty-five years before this document was written. Then who is the Jost Schwab of the document? Research in Germany appearing on page 1303 has found other Jost Schwab's living in the vicinity of Leimen at the same time that Jost and Anna Katharina Schwab were living there and having children there.....Perhaps [the Anna Katharine Swope in the document is ] the Anna Catharina Schwab, widow of Jost Schwab, the mayor of Sandhausen who married Hanss Georg Bott, the 24 of June 1706 .... Were she and her son related to Jost and Anna Katharina (Wolfhardt) Schwab, and did they accompany them to America in May of 1720? To find the meaning of this document, research continues. "


HONOLULU (AP) - Hawaii lawmakers are calling on the Department of Education to take more action to cool Hawaii's sweltering schools.
The issue was heightened when an elementary school teacher drove herself to the hospital with symptoms of heat exhaustion this week.
Rep. Sylvia Luke says the Legislature set aside $258 million for school capital improvement projects in the two-year budget that began in July. But she says the Department of Education hasn't dedicated enough of that money to air conditioning, and they really need to prioritize.
Senior Assistant Superintendent Amy Kunz says the department is working as fast as it can to improve the situation for students and staff. She says they're responding to the extremely high temperatures this year by buying and installing portable air conditioners.


Seeking English speaking players above TH5, to a very active international warring clan. We war every day and are active in clan games and Clan War Leagues.We do not tolerate hoppers and position seekers. Earn elder ship through loyalty and a good attitude. We also love donating .
We're still growing, and follow a strategy at war, which we require everyone to follow. While we're serious at war, we're a tight knit group, and love to joke around.
We are a sister clan to Fortis Draconus a level 14 clan and a good stint with us will have you their.
To wrap things up, my gamer tag is CykoPath.#2QPOYCGC. If interested please drop in and say your from the forum. Hope to meet yall soon.
Last edited by IcICleMajor; February 14th, 2019 at 01:39 PM.


text:
Embassy of Algeria in Sofia | Bulgaria > News > Information > Algeria "strongly" condemns "criminal" air strike against Libyan city of Derna
Algeria "strongly" condemns "criminal" air strike against Libyan city of Derna
November 2, 2017 ambalg Information
APS : Wednesday, 01 November 2017
ALGIERS- Algeria on Wednesday has "strongly" condemned the "criminal" air strike launched Monday by non-identified aircrafts against the Libyan city of Derna, renewing its call for "inter-Libyan inclusive dialogue."
"We strongly condemn the criminal air strike carried out on Monday 30 October 2017, by non-identified aircrafts against the city of Derna, east of Libyan" told APS, Foreign Ministry's spokesman Abdelaziz Ben Ali Cherif told APS.
The airstrike left many casualties among them children.
"We extend our sincere condolences to the families of the victims and their relatives as well as to the Libyan people and government. We also express our solidarity and strong condemnation following this heinous act, contrary to the human and moral values," he added.
"Algeria which has always called for inter-Libyan inclusive dialogue and for rejecting violence, and which has strongly supported the national dialogue process under the aegis of the UN, deems that these aggressions are unacceptable whatever their origin, since they only aggravate the situation and hinder the efforts for the crisis peaceful settlement in view to preserving Libya's unity and sovereignty," he concluded.


As a PLC programmer, you'll often be asked to do a change to an existing system. If there's a significant amount of functionality to be added, you generally get your changes ready "offline" and then do all the changes during a short window of time to minimize disruption to the production schedule.
Step 3 is much safer than just taking your modified program and doing a "download". That's mainly because when you download, you're not just downloading the program, but the memory state of the PLC as well. The PLC typically has to track things in memory (like recipe data, part tracking, data collection, sequence numbers, machine counters, etc.). If you do a download, you're going to overwrite all those values with previous values, and that can cause a lot of problems. The other thing step 3 saves you from is simultaneous changes that were done online while you were busy making offline changes.
The only other option you have is upload-change-download, but you really have to shut the machine down for the duration to make sure that the internal state doesn't change.
When I did a lot of Allen-Bradley programming, I didn't question that. It's just how it was. I remember visiting a plant one time for a service call, and the local maintenance person was a bit suspicious of what I was going to do (after all, I was a young kid who had never seen this machine before). He decided to quiz me a bit, and one of the things he asked was, "when you go online, do you download or upload?" I said "it depends," but his answer was, "you never download." I agreed that someone in a maintenance role should never need to do a download unless they're replacing a CPU, or recovering from a corrupted PLC program.
Now that I mostly do Beckhoff TwinCAT 3 programming, I realized one of the benefits are that offline changes are a breeze. It's due to the fact that TwinCAT 3 completely separates the program from the memory data. The program is stored in local files on your hard drive and compiled into a TMC file. The persistent data is stored in a different place on your hard drive.
This makes offline changes go a lot more smoothly, of course. I don't have to copy and paste my changes in while online, so it takes less time and eliminates the possibility of a copy/paste error.
This got me thinking that Allen-Bradley probably has a better way of doing offline changes that most of us just don't know about. I know that you can do an upload without uploading the memory. However, it seems like it requires you to download both the program and data at the same time. I wonder if anyone out there knows how to do better offline changes to a ControlLogix. If so, I would be interested to know that.
You should definitely have an offline test system for many good reasons. This test system should have the same operating system version as your production system and should ideally be the same hardware, though I realize that's not always feasible. It could just be an old desktop PC you have sitting around, but that's better than nothing. TwinCAT 3 is free for non-production use so you have no excuse for not having an offline test system.
Test your upgrade on the Test System First!
Never try upgrading your production system without running through a dry-run on your test system first. Get a copy of the latest TwinCAT solution from your production machine and get it running on your test system. It doesn't matter if you don't have I/O attached because the runtime will work just fine anyway. After your perform the upgrade procedure on your offline test machine, make sure you do a thorough test, including a reboot.
Upgrading the Real-time Ethernet drivers is critical. We were experiencing cases where the EtherCAT bus would just cut out on us, but only on one machine. All of our machines were upgraded to the same version, so we initially thought it must be a hardware issue. It turned out that we weren't upgrading the Real-time Ethernet driver when we upgraded TwinCAT 3 versions, so this machine had an old version of the driver loaded, and all the other machines had a newer version. After upgrading the driver, the problem went away, so upgrading the driver is a critical step.
If you find that you did lose your I/O mapping, make sure you've built all your PLC projects (which generates a TMC file) and then close TwinCAT 3 XAE down and revert your .tsproj (TwinCAT solution project) file back to the original state. Then start again at the step where you open the TwinCAT 3 solution. Now you should find that your I/O mapping is back. That's because the inputs and outputs of each PLC project are compiled into the TMC file and TwinCAT 3's system manager links I/O against that. If the file doesn't exist (or they changed the format during the upgrade) then it'll just delete the links. However, the links still exist in the original .tsproj file, so creating the TMC file and then reverting the .tsproj file will put everything back to a happy state. This is also a useful trick when you're moving the project to a new PC and you didn't bring the .tmc files along for the ride (because they're quite large).
Edit: Since writing this article, I've added a TwinCAT 3 Tutorial to this site as well.
Those of you who know me remember I've been itching to get my hands on a Beckhoff TwinCAT PLC industrial control system for a few years now, but I never found a project or customer willing to take on the risk of trying something new. Like a bunch of penguins on a cliff of ice, nobody wanted to be the first in the water.
I've recently had the opportunity to apply a TwinCAT PLC and HMI system to a relatively low-risk application, so I finally have something to share. Those of you who know me also know I don't pull my punches when I talk about products, so here's an honest review of the TwinCAT system: the good, the bad, and the ugly.
What draws you to TwinCAT is its combination of low cost with a ton of features. I can't publish prices, but I encourage you to compare prices from Beckhoff, Allen-Bradley, Omron, and others. Beckhoff offers a similar or better feature-set, with as many or more communication options than it's competitors, for significantly less money (it's real-time PC control instead of dedicated hardware). On specs it can do everything, and doesn't bend you over the table when it comes to the price.
First, Beckhoff TwinCAT PLC takes advantage of a PC CPU and memory, which means you can scale up the performance of your system for a fraction of the cost of scaling up to large PLC and PAC systems.
Secondly, if you use EtherCAT, you get to scale up your I/O sizes without as much impact on performance or price. The individual I/O slices are significantly cheaper than for other bus technologies, and the servo drives are less expensive because the bus speed is fast enough to close the loop from the PLC rather than in the device itself.
The TwinCAT System Manager DeviceNET master configuration had a bug where it wouldn't recognize EDS files where the Class value was stored as a 16 bit, rather than an 8 bit value. The EDS file was valid, according to EZ-EDS, but it wouldn't read it. Changing the value to 8-bit made it recognize the parameter. This made it hard, but not impossible, to integrate an Allen-Bradley Point I/O DeviceNET node.
I/O isn't mapped directly. You define your hardware I/O and your program I/O and then you map them.
It runs on commodity hardware. PC hardware is cheap and you can get much larger touch screens for a lot less than the cost of an equivalent PanelView. The "fieldbus" card (EtherCAT) is under $100. Even a Beckhoff EtherCAT to DeviceNET master solution is cheaper than a straight-up DeviceNET card from another manufacturer.
TwinSAFE – a Safety Controller sitting right on your fieldbus for less than a stand-alone safety controller from another vendor.
I had nothing but superb support from the local Beckhoff technical support guys during this experience. They respond to emails personally usually within a couple of hours, and they have no problem taking the two hour drive to see us if we have any issues that can't be resolved over the phone or with email. We're not a "big" customer in any way.
I've just spent about 2 weeks coming up to speed on TwinCAT, having come from an AB/Omron background, with a smattering of other PC based controllers like Phoenix Contact's Visual Logic Controller (VLC) and MultiProg (formerly PCWorx).
The ease-of-use of TwinCAT doesn't measure up to RSLogix, but it's comparable to Omron, and it blows products like PCWorx/MultiProg out of the water (I think I was using version 3 of PCWorx, and I know there's a version 5 now). Most of my issues with TwinCAT are that its ladder editor just isn't polished enough compared with RSLogix, but that's not surprising given its roots in Germany. North America tends to favor ladder logic, where Europe seems to favor instruction list, structured text, and function block diagram. It feels like the TwinCAT ladder logic editor was neglected a bit, but it is certainly workable. Comparing the TwinCAT sequential function chart editor with the RSLogix sequential function chart editor, they were actually reasonably close. I liked that I didn't have to position individual steps in TwinCAT – it just auto-arranged everything for me.
Price-wise, TwinCAT is significantly less expensive than any other serious player in the industrial automation equipment space, particularly when you start ramping up the amount of I/O and drives you need, and it has similar (and in some cases better) features to offer. It's even significantly less expensive than the Phoenix Contact solution (from my memory), and given that, there's no reason I'd ever recommend a PCWorx/MultiProg solution from Phoenix Contact. The Phoenix offering is worse and more expensive.
If you're in a position where your facility is in the market for a new automation platform, I definitely recommend including the Beckhoff TwinCAT platform in your deliberations. It hits a really unique sweet-spot on price, flexibility, and features that nobody else seems to be able to offer right now. Now that we're a few weeks in, we have a running machine, it looks like the project will be successful and I have no reservations about saying: if you don't mind learning something new, give them a try.
modularly structured Beckhoff Embedded PC equipped with a Windows XP Embedded operating system as well as a .Net framework. Via RS232, the Beckhoff PC controls the T+A components as well as managing all functions that they do not take care of. Above all, these naturally include all the typical PC tasks, such as Internet access, e-mail access and data services (such as weather forecast or newsfeeds), but also entertainment programs, such as slide shows. All [email protected] appliances are also integrated via the Ethernet interface of the Embedded system.
I question the logic of putting industrial technology in a consumer kitchen, but I must admit I'm impressed and envious. I think the real question is, does it have the "hackability" we've come to expect from industrial control systems? Can I connect to it with TwinCAT PLC and modify the functions, extend it, or tie in new systems? Somehow I doubt it. The article mentions it runs a .NET application, so in this case they're probably only using the hardware, not the Beckhoff control software.


Buffalo Trace Distillery's Eagle Rare bourbon whiskey is one of the most praised bourbons of all time — go to the awards section on Buffalo Trace's site and click "view all" to get the full picture. What could be more impressive is keeping its trademark 10-year-old age statement, a retail price below $50 and fairly widespread availability over this many years. The new Double Eagle Very Rare is none of these things.
Housed in a handmade bottle with glass eagles perched both on the bottle stopper and submerged in whiskey inside the bottle, the very literally named bottle is filled with 20-year-old brown and retains its classic 90 proof. For those unfamiliar with Eagle Rare, its made with Buffalo Trace's #1 mashbill, which contains less rye than your typical bourbon and results in a sweet and smooth drinking experience.
The Double Eagle Very Rare is the most limited version of Eagle Rare yet — followed closely by the Eagle Rare 17-year-old bottle that's a part of Buffalo Trace Distillery's Antique Collection. The first release of the new expression is limited to 299 bottles and will retail for $1,999.


Examines and supervises state-chartered banks that are not members of the Federal Reserve System. Provides information about sound banking practices.
Examines FDIC-supervised banks for compliance with consumer protection laws and the Community Reinvestment Act. Informs bankers and the public about deposit insurance and other consumer protections.


Two by two, twelve of us ran down the gangway of a catamaran on the sandy beach of the island. Our guide on the catamarans announced happily, "When you see a bear, just dig up and lock lever with the other to form a long line." The words blurred in my mind. I remember thinking, "How would blow a whistle to help us when we saw a bear?"
Laugh out loud, my husband announced, "When my wife sees a bear, she will not need to blow the whistle. The captain of the catamaran will be easy to hear her cry. "
Our guide also announced to wait patiently on the edge of the island to the catamaran to return to our on & # 39; Congress. Once again, my husband announced, "When my wife saw a bear on the island, she will walk on water to get back to the boat." Other adventurers smiled, as we all began our tour "day of wildlife."
Reflecting today on the information that describes the island tour, I'm sure I'm fat-free over the word "wildlife" and the potential of our lives are in danger, on the same day.
The rest went for a walk through the woods on the island. My husband and I went the other way. We walked the beach on the tiny island bathed in the warm sunny day in Alaska. "There is no point in placing himself in danger, if any, can be avoided," I silently said to myself.
When we went, my husband and I found one, two, and then three wonderful urchins on the unspoiled island in Alaska. Never before have I found a perfect sand dollar on the shore of any I've visited, and there we were on the island three wonderful urchins on holding Alaska.
I wrapped urchins in napkins and placed them neatly in a pocket of jeans. I said to my husband. "I'd better take care of them, because no one would believe that we have found three urchins in Alaska" I knew that this "once in a lifetime experience."
When the group returned to the catamaran for our board of & # 39; Congress, one of the adventurers asked us: "What are you guys doing?" I mentioned that we found a tree stump and three hedgehogs on our walk. Their eyes widened as they asked, "Where did you find hedgehogs?" I hear their question, but I am still delighted by what we found. I gently held urchins in my hands.
These hedgehogs are more to me now than when we found them three years ago. Our adventure, treasure transformed with & # 39 is just one of many unusual miracles, my husband and I felt; Miracles of love given to us by the creator of the universe.
Recently, I found an article in the Digest reader magazine about "How a new science thank you" can change your life. In this article, Barbara Fredrickson, a psychologist at the University of North Carolina, says, "Gratitude has the potential to change everything from its normal state, to be a gift. "
You expressed appreciation today for the unexpected gift of love, something that money can not buy?