text:
\section{Introduction}
Magnonics, the study of using spin waves as the information carrier \cite{lachance2019hybrid,kimel2019writing}, has become an emerging research field owing to recent progresses on advancing their coupling to other excitations including microwave photons \cite{zhang2014strongly,zhang2015magnon,li2019strong,harder2018level}, phonons \cite{zhang2016cavity,matthews1962acoustic,woods2001magnon,holanda2018detecting}, and optical photons \cite{hisatomi2016bidirectional,osada2018brillouin,haigh2016triple,haigh2018selection,kusminskiy2016coupled,zhang2016optomagnonic,osada2016cavity,kimel2019writing}. Compared with its phononic and electronic counterparts which typically operate at the fixed frequencies, magnonic devices possess the advantage of large frequency tunability from megahertz to hundreds of gigahertz \cite{gundougan2015solid,jobez2014cavity}. Such devices have been demonstrated in a broad range of applications, including microwave memory \cite{zhang2015magnon}, non-reciprocal devices \cite{wang2019nonreciprocity,zhang2020broadband,zhu2020magnon}, controllable logic gates \cite{rao2019analogue,chumak2015magnon,chumak2014magnon}, and radio-frequency-to-optical transducers \cite{hisatomi2016bidirectional,zhu2020waveguide}.

 In previous demonstrations, microwave signals are typically used for exciting magnons. However, optical manipulation of spins has recently emerged as a key aspect for the further development of many magnonic applications such as high density magnetic storage technology, ultrafast magnonic devices, and optically-interconnected information processing \cite{garello2014ultrafast,li2013femtosecond,stanciu2007all,braggio2017optical}. Non-thermal excitation of spin populations has been demonstrated on various materials in the study of optical helicity-driven magnetization dynamics via the inverse Faraday effect (IFE) \cite{kimel2005ultrafast,choi2017optical,hansteen2005femtosecond,garello2014ultrafast,stanciu2007all}. By utilizing the effective magnetic field created by intense circularly or linearly polarized laser pulses, the precession of magnetizations can be controlled into new equilibrium states, thus allowing coherent control of magnons by lights \cite{satoh2012directional,kanda2011vectorial}. So far, such experiments have mainly been performed on bulk materials and un-patterned thin films with a magneto-optic pump-probe apparatus \cite{kimel2005ultrafast,li2013femtosecond,stanciu2007all}. The lack of both optical and magnonic mode confinement results in weak magneto-optical interactions, thus, requiring high-intensity ultrafast laser pulses on the timescale of the sub-picosecond to achieve optical manipulations \cite{sheng1996inverse,raja1995room,horovitz1998inverse}. The realization of such ultrafast lasers are typically bulky and expensive. At the same time, the experimental requirements for the laser peak power are typically higher than megawatt level \cite{kimel2005ultrafast,li2013femtosecond,stanciu2007all}. To lower such barriers,  optomagnonic cavities with strong confinement are key to realize low power optical access for the magnon manipulation \cite{kusminskiy2019cavity}.

Considerable progresses have been made in recent years to develop micro/nano-patterned magnonic structures for efficient manipulation of magnons in the microwave domain \cite{chumak2014magnon,zhu2017patterned,krysztofik2017ultra,heyroth2019monocrystalline}, however, their applications in the optical domain are lacking. On the other hand, optical manipulation and detection of magnons has been limited in bulky structures such as highly-polished bulk spheres of yttrium iron garnet (YIG)  \cite{hisatomi2016bidirectional,osada2018brillouin,haigh2016triple,zhang2016optomagnonic,osada2016cavity} and un-patterned film surfaces \cite{demokritov2001brillouin,sebastian2015micro,demokritov2007micro,baba2019optical}, while the explorations for the micro-patterned optomagnonic devices are still missing. So far, the achieved magneto-optical interactions in existing studies remain weak because it is challenging to simultaneously fulfill both of the following two factors: the geometry engineering to localize both optical and magnonic energies in a small interaction volume with large field overlap, and the resonance enhancement to boost up the effective light-magnon interaction length.

In this work, we present integrated optomagnonic waveguides with enhanced coupling between optical lights and magnons and demonstrate IFE under continuous-wave (cw) operation. The optomagnonic waveguides are nanofabricated in a single crystalline ferrimagnetic yttrium iron garnet on gadolinium gallium garnet (YIG-on-GGG) thin film, which support single transverse mode of magnons. At the same time, the waveguides enable strong confinement of both optical and magnonic energies with orders of magnitude reduction of mode volume compared to previously demonstrated YIG devices. Moreover, the waveguides support low-loss Fabry-P\'erot cavity modes of both optical and magnonic resonances along the longitudinal direction, boosting up the effective interaction length between light and magnons. Resulting from the enhanced magneto-optical interaction, generation of gigahertz-frequency coherent magnons are realized by low-power ($\sim$1 mW) linearly-polarized cw lights via IFE. The optically generated magnons can be directly picked up with an \emph{rf} antenna while preserving the phase coherence. Our device offers the advantage of reduced power requirement for optical control of magnonic devices, and provides a chip-scale, low-cost platform for magnon-based signal processing \cite{lachance2019hybrid}.

\begin{figure*}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width= 142mm]{fig0_v4.pdf}
\caption{Integrated optomagnonic waveguide. \textbf{a}. The schematic of the integrated optomagnonic waveguide. The single crystalline YIG ridge waveguides are patterned on the GGG substrate, which simultaneously confine optical photons and magnons. \textbf{b}. A schematic cross-section of YIG-on-GGG ridge waveguide. \textbf{c}. The simulated normalized electric field distribution of the optical mode. \textbf{d}. The simulated normalized magnetic field distribution of the magnon mode at the cross-section view, indicating the confinement of magnons in the YIG-on-GGG ridge waveguide.
}
\label{figure1}
\end{figure*}

\section{Optomagnonic Waveguides}
The single-transverse-mode magnonic waveguide is at the core of an optomagnonic circuit to confine and route magnons. To induce strong light-magnon coupling, such waveguide structures should also have low optical losses and high optical index contrast to localize the optical photons in the same geometry, forming the photonic waveguide. Additionally, to achieve direct microwave readout of the magnon signals in the waveguide, the optomagnonic circuit is required to have low microwave absorption as well.

\begin{figure*}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width= 96mm]{fig1_v8.pdf}
\caption{Light-magnon interaction in a planar waveguide. \textbf{a}. {Inverse Faraday effect} in a bulk magnetic material: a circularly polarized light pulse causes the magnetization to process at a tilt angle. \textbf{b}. Interacting light and spin waves in an optomagnonic ridge waveguide. Two coherent linearly-polarized cw lights (TE \& TM) are sent to the device via the cleaved optical fibers, forming the effective circularly-polarized light when propagating along the waveguide as a result of the polarization beating, which creates an oscillating fictitious magnetic field along the $z$ axis and excites magnons. The magnon signals are read out electrically by coupling to a \textit{rf} cavity antenna. \textbf{c}. Illustration of the spatial distribution of the beat note between two coherent and orthogonally polarized cw lights. The top panel represents the electric field distribution along with $z$ axis when TE and TM standing wave lights have same intensity but slightly different effective refractive indices, and the bottom panel shows the total intensity change as a relation of the propagating length.
}
\label{figure2}
\end{figure*}

Based on these criteria, the single crystalline YIG-on-GGG thin film stands out as a promising candidate for building such optomagnonic waveguides. First, YIG has low optical loss (0.13 dB/cm) \cite{wood1967effect} and high optical refractive index ($\mathrm{n_{YIG}}$ $=$ 2.19) at telecom c-band. Therefore, it has a high refractive index contrast with respect to the GGG substrate ($\mathrm{n_{GGG}}$ $=$ 1.94) and air ($\mathrm{n_{air}}$ $=$ 1), allowing strong confinement for the optical field. Second, single crystalline YIG has low Gilbert damping factor ($\alpha_\textrm{YIG} \sim$ $3\times10^{-5}$) \cite{sun2012growth, sparks1964ferromagnetic} with the ferromagnetic resonance linewidth on the level of several megahertz \cite{zhang2014strongly,zhang2015magnon}. Additionally, YIG is an insulator with minimal absorption for microwave signals, which drastically eases the integration with microwave readout circuits.

Figures \ref{figure1}(a) \& (b) illustrate the optomagnonic waveguide design. An array of YIG ridge waveguides is patterned on the GGG substrate. The cross-section view shows that the YIG ridge waveguide consists of two layers: the narrow strip layer on the top and the wide slab layer at the bottom. Such a structure is designed for the following reasons. First, both transverse optical and magnonic modes are supported in such a dual layer ridge waveguide. The transverse magnon mode has the maximal field intensity at the center, dramatically boosting up the magneto-optical coupling strength by maximizing the field overlap among magnonic and optical modes. Second, the effective refractive indices of the two fundamental optical modes within such a structure are very similar to each other, resulting into cavity-enhanced IFE when both optical input lights are on-resonance. Additionally, the dual layer waveguide confines the optical field of the transverse modes mainly at the center of the bottom slab layer, reducing the scattering loss introduced by sidewall etching.

Both optical and magnonic mode profiles are simulated using finite element method via COMSOL Multiphysics \cite{rychly2015magnonic,mruczkiewicz2014observation}, as shown in the Fig. \ref{figure1}(c) \& (d). For the magnon mode, the lateral confinement is achieved by harnessing the magnonic-index-contrast in the ridge waveguide. The fundamental transverse magnon mode is effectively a half-$\lambda$ resonance with the maximal intensity at the center of the cross section. The center YIG strip at the top layer induces additional magnonic-index contrast, leading to further localizations for the magnon mode. In particular, only one transverse magnon mode can be excited and read out electrically in our experimental configuration, because higher order transverse modes with even larger wave vector $k$ is out of the excitation and readout bandwidth ($\sim2\pi$ $\times$ 250 MHz) of the resonant antenna.

For the optical mode, only the fundamental transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM) modes are supported and well-localized at the center of the etched ridge due to optical-index-contrast. In a Faraday active material, the magneto-optical interaction strength is written as \cite{kusminskiy2019cavity}
\begin{equation}
   G_{\mathrm{TE,TM},\gamma} = -\frac{i\theta_{\mathrm{F}}\lambda_{\mathrm{n}}}{4\pi}\frac{\varepsilon_{\mathrm{o}}\varepsilon_{\mathrm{r}}}{2\hbar}\int{d\mathrm{\mathbf{r}}} \cdot \mathrm{\delta\mathbf{m_{\gamma}(r)}} \cdot [\mathrm{\mathbf{E}^*_{\mathrm{TE}}(\mathbf{r})}\times{\mathbf{E}_{\mathrm{TM}}(\mathbf{r})}],
\label{equationm1}
\end{equation}
where $\delta\mathrm{\mathbf{m_{\gamma}(r)}}$ and $\mathrm{\mathbf{E}_{\mathrm{TE(TM)}}}$ are the quantized magnon magnetization and optical electric fields, respectively. $\theta_{\textrm{F}}$ is the Faraday rotation coefficient, $\lambda_{\mathrm{n}}$ $=$ $\lambda_{\mathrm{o}}/n$ with $n$ being the optical refractive index and $\lambda_{\mathrm{o}}$ being the vacuum wavelength, and  $\epsilon_{\mathrm{r}}$ is the material relative permittivity (Detailed derivation can be found in Appendix A).

The magneto-optical coupling strength is limited by a suppression factor $\eta$ among the magnon, optical TE, and optical TM modes, proportional to the integral in the Eq.\,(\ref{equationm1}). To quantify this effect, we defined the $\mathrm{V_M}$, $\mathrm{V_{TE}}$, and $\mathrm{V_{TM}}$ as the mode volume of the magnon, optical TE, optical TM modes, respectively. (Detailed derivations can be found in Appendix A.) At the same time, the overlap volume between magnonic and optical modes are defined as $V_{\mathrm{MO}}$ ($V_{\mathrm{MO}} < \mathrm{min\{\mathrm{V_{M}} ,\mathrm{V_{TE}}, \mathrm{V_{TM}\}}}$, Appendix A).

\begin{equation}
    \eta \approx \frac{V_{\mathrm{MO}}}{\sqrt{{{V_\mathrm{M}}{{V_\mathrm{TE}}}}{{V_\mathrm{TM}}}}}.
\label{eq_fo}
\end{equation}
From Eq. (\ref{eq_fo}), we see that the MO coupling is limited by the smallest achievable mode volume for all three participating modes. In this device configuration, we have $V_{\mathrm{TE}} \approx V_{\mathrm{TM}} \geq V_{\mathrm{MO}}$, the coupling strength is approximately proportional to $1/\sqrt{V_{\mathrm{M}}}$, favoring the smaller magnonic mode volume. Thus, the highly confined magnonic transverse mode greatly reduces the $\mathrm{V_M}$ by around three orders of magnitude compared with the YIG sphere experiments utilizing  uniform Kittel modes \cite{zhang2016optomagnonic, osada2016cavity}. Both optical and magnonic fields are strongly localized in a small volume with maximal overlap, desired for the strong magneto-optical interactions and optical generation of gigahertz-frequency magnons via {IFE} \cite{kusminskiy2019cavity}.

\begin{figure*}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width= 145mm]{fig2_v7.pdf}
\caption{Characterization of the magnonic waveguide. \textbf{a}. The cross-sectional view of the ridge waveguide. \textbf{b}. The top-view scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the magnonic waveguide (zoomed-in at the center of the ridge waveguide). \textbf{c}. Schematic of the coplanar \emph{rf} circuit for electrical excitation and readout of magnons. The yellow area is the copper layer, which also covers the backside of the circuit, with the rest white area being the high-dielectric constant substrate. The microstrip cavity (dashed box) supports a microwave half-$\lambda$ resonant mode, which can effectively couple with magnon modes. The bottom plot in the dashed box shows the magnetic field distribution of the \emph{rf} cavity half-$\lambda$ microwave mode resonates at $\sim$2$\pi \times$8.45 GHz, showing the maximized \emph{rf} magnetic field intensity at the center of the \textit{rf} cavity, overlapping with the magnonic waveguide. \textbf{d.} The simulated magnon modes spatial magnetization distribution, indicating the spin wave modes formed along the waveguide length direction. \textbf{e.} The microwave reflection spectrum when the waveguide is magnetized perpendicularly with $\sim$ 4700 Oe static magnetic field. Only the modes with odd mode number are measured because of the effective non-zero coupling with the microwave $rf$ cavity. \textbf{f.} Dispersion relation of the spin wave in the YIG magnonic waveguide. Blue squares and purple triangles are the experimentally extracted dispersion and magnon linewidth. Solid line is calculated dispersion.
}
\label{figure3}
\end{figure*}

\section{Inverse Faraday Effect}

Previous studies of IFE involve the generation of an effective quasi-static axial magnetic field by circularly polarized light radiation propagating through a bulk Faraday-active material \cite{sheng1996inverse,raja1995room,horovitz1998inverse}. As illustrated in the Fig. \ref{figure2}(a), for Faraday-active materials with isotropic magneto-optical properties, optically induced magnetization is written as $\mathbf{m_{\mathrm{F}}}$ $=$ $-i{\chi}\mathbf{E} \times \mathbf{E^{*}}$ \cite{van1965optically,mikhaylovskiy2012ultrafast}, where $\mathbf{E}$ is the complex electric field of the incident light, and $\chi$ is the magneto-optical susceptibility proportional to the material Faraday rotation coefficient \cite{pershan1966theoretical}. Such optically induced axial magnetic field will cause the perturbation to magnetizations within the sample, resulting into the procession of the magnetic moments and effective excitation of spin waves. Equation \ref{equationm1} also implies the need of a non-trivial polarization of the optical field to obtain a finite magneto-optical coupling term.

As opposed to commonly used impulsive methods, our demonstration employs two phase-coherent cw lights, as illustrated in Fig. \ref{figure2}(b). The two lights with orthogonal polarizations (TE \& TM) have slightly different frequencies ($\omega_{\mathrm{TM}}$ $=$ $\omega_{\mathrm{TE}}$ $+$ $\delta{\omega}$). The device is magnetized perpendicularly via a static magnetic field $\mathrm{\mathbf{H}}$. When propagating in the waveguide, the TE and TM-polarized lights have different effective refractive indices ($\mathrm{n_{TE}}$ $\neq$ $\mathrm{n_{TM}}$), leading to the temporal beating which in turn induces axial magnetization oscillation at \textit{rf} frequencies. In the Fig. \ref{figure2}(b), the blue curve shows the trace of the total electric vector when the waveguide length is set to be one polarization beat length $l_{\mathrm{{beat}}}$ $=$ $\frac{\lambda}{|\mathrm{n_{TE}-n_{TM}}|}$, demonstrating the effective elliptically-polarized light formed in the waveguide due to the polarization spatial beating \cite{huan2000realization,shevchenko2019interference}. Correspondingly, in the Fig. \ref{figure2}(c), the upper panel plots the normalized individual electric field distributions of TE and TM standing waves with different effective refractive indices as a relation of the propagation length within the waveguide. The bottom panel shows the total optical intensity change as a relation of the propagation length.  Note that the generation of the optically induced \textit{rf} magnetization does not require the length of the waveguide to be longer than the $l_{\mathrm{{beat}}}$. The $\mathrm{\mathbf{m_{F}}}$ is along the $z$ axis with $\mathrm{\mathbf{m_{F}}}(x,y,z)$ $=$ $\frac{V}{2{\pi}c}\frac{\lambda}{n}\sqrt{I_\mathrm{{TE}}(x,y)I_\mathrm{{TM}}(x,y)}\mathrm{cos}[(\omega_{\mathrm{TE}}-\omega_{\mathrm{TM}})t - \frac{2\pi}{\lambda}(n_\mathrm{{TE}}-n_\mathrm{{TM}})z] {\widehat{\mathbf{z}}}$, where $V$, n, $\lambda$ are the Verdet constant, material refractive index, operating wavelength, respectively \cite{raja1995room,van1965optically}. $I_\mathrm{{TE(TM)}}(x,y)$ is the optical intensity which has the spatial dependence, and $n_\mathrm{{TE(TM)}}$ is the effective refractive index of the TE(TM) light in the waveguide. It can be seen that $\mathbf{m}_\mathbf{{F}}$ oscillates at the frequency difference between TE and TM lights (${\omega_{\mathrm{beat}}} = \omega_{\mathrm{TE}} - \omega_{\mathrm{TM}}$), which perturbs the magnetic moments aligned along the $y$ axis.

When the frequency of the optically induced oscillating magnetization matches the magnon mode frequencies ($\omega_{\mathrm{beat}}$ $\approx$ $\omega_{\gamma}$), spin waves are excited via IFE. Instead of using an optical probe as in typical impulsive implementations \cite{kimel2005ultrafast,PhysRevB.78.104301}, here we design a \textit{rf} cavity antenna which can couple with the selected magnon modes in the YIG waveguide and read them out in the microwave domain with high extraction efficiency.

Figures \ref{figure3}(a) \& (b) show the optical micrograph and scanning electron micrograph (SEM) images of the fabricated YIG ridge waveguide at the cross-section view and top view, respectively. These waveguide structures are patterned based on our fabrication techniques that not only are compatible with the standard semiconductor fabrication processes but also guarantee excellent surface finish and controllable optical dispersion (see Appendix B). The SEM image is taken when zoomed-in at the center 1.2-$\mu$m-tall confinement step, showing a very smooth surface finish which minimizes the optical loss. The device is diced with a length of 4.2 mm, and careful surface polishing is applied for both facets to minimize both optical and magnonic scattering losses. Before studying the magneto-optical interaction, we first characterize the waveguide magnon resonances via the microwave reflection measurement. As shown in  Fig. \ref{figure3}(c), a \textit{rf} coplanar microstrip cavity is used to couple with the waveguide magnonic modes. The \textit{rf} microstrip antenna is patterned on the PCB circuit and supports a half-$\lambda$ microwave mode resonates at $\sim$ $2\pi$ $\times$ 8.444 GHz with the external coupling rate and intrinsic decay rate being $\kappa_{\mathrm{e,e}}/2\pi$ $=$ 165 MHz and $\kappa_{\mathrm{e,i}}/2\pi$ $=$ 85 MHz, respectively. Such microwave mode has maximized \textit{rf} magnetic field at the center of the microstrip cavity, which facilitates efficient excitation of the magnon modes when the waveguide is aligned and positioned at the center of the \textit{rf} microstrip.

\section{Magnonic Modes Characterization}

While the magnonic waveguide is designed to support a single mode in the transverse direction, magnons are allowed to propagate along the waveguide longitudinal direction to form standing waves bounded by the waveguide facets. To further understand the longitudinal magnon modes within the magnonic waveguide, we perform finite-element simulations to derive the spatial dependence of the mode field distributions using COMSOL Multiphysics \cite{mruczkiewicz2013standing,mruczkiewicz2014observation,rychly2015magnonic}. Here, the waveguide is magnetized perpendicularly, thus, forward volume magnetostatic waves (FVMSWs) are supported in the thin film configuration \cite{stancil2009spin,chen2018spin}. Due to the geometrical confinement, standing wave modes are formed along both transverse ($x$ axis) and longitudinal ($z$ axis) directions. With the length of the waveguide being approximately 4.2 mm, for the longitudinal confinement, multiple standing wave magnon modes can be formed by FVMSWs with \emph{free spectra range} (FSR) around $2\pi$ $\times$ 7.3 MHz. Field distributions for the modes with odd mode numbers are simulated and plotted in the Fig. \ref{figure3}(d) (mode number $m$ $=$ 1, 3, 5, ...). Noticeably, only odd modes can have a finite coupling strength with the \textit{rf} antenna during the microwave reflection measurement and readout of the optically-generated magnon signals, as the even modes have cancelled coupling strengths with the antenna microwave cavity field.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width= \linewidth]{fig3.pdf}
\caption{Experimental characterization of the photonic waveguide. \textbf{a}. The optical transmission spectra of the waveguide are experimentally measured when the polarization of the input cw lights is aligned at TE, (50\% TE $+$ 50\% TM), TM, respectively. \textbf{b}. The simulated electrical field distributions of the TE and TM polarized fundamental modes, showing very similar mode profiles ($n_{\mathrm{TE}} = 2.1829$, $n_{\mathrm{TM}} = 2.1827$, $l_{\mathrm{beat}} = 7.6$ mm). \textbf{c}. The calculated electric field vector of optical mode at the $x-y$ plane when propagating along the waveguide longitudinal direction, showing the pattern of elliptically-polarized light due to the polarization spatial beating between TE and TM light. Each plot considers 200 $\mu$m propagation distance.}
\label{figure4}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width= 151mm]{fig4_v7.pdf}
\caption{Readout of the {inverse Faraday effect} generated magnons. \textbf{a}. The experimental setup. (FPC: fiber polarization controller; SSBM: single sideband modulator; WP: waveplate; DUT: device under test; VNA: vector network analyzer.) \textbf{b \& c}. The magnitude and phase of the measured optically generated magnon signals. (Input local oscillator optical power: 5 mW, VNA output power: 1 mW) \textbf{d}. The optical pump power dependence of the optically generated magnon measured via the $rf$ cavity antenna \textbf{e}. Linear optical power dependence,  measured (scatter) and fitted (line). }
\label{figure5}
\end{figure*}

The microwave reflection spectrum is measured by tuning the magnon resonances within a coupling bandwidth of \textit{rf} antenna ($2\pi$ $\times$ 250 MHz). From Fig. \ref{figure3}(e), four magnon resonances are clearly observed with different $k_{{l}}$ vectors in the longitudinal direction ($k_{{l}}$ $=$ $m\pi/l$). The magnon dispersion relation is extracted and plotted in the Fig. \ref{figure3}(d). Here, the theoretical dispersion relation is calculated for the FVMSW using equation $\omega = \sqrt{{\omega_{\mathrm{o}}}\big[{\omega_{\mathrm{o}}} + {\omega_{\mathrm{m}}} (1 - \frac{1 - e^{-k_{l}d}}{k_{l}d}) \big]}$, where $\omega_{\mathrm{o}} = {\gamma}(H - H_{\mathrm{d}})$, $\omega_{\mathrm{m}} = {\gamma}4{\pi}M_{\mathrm{s}}$ \cite{stancil2009spin,zhang2016superstrong}, and $\gamma = 2\pi \times 2.8$ MHz/Oe is the gyromagnetic ratio. $H$ is the static bias magnetic field, $H_{\mathrm{d}} \approx 1750$ Oe is the demagnetizing field of YIG, and $4{\pi}M_{\mathrm{s}} = 1750$ G is the saturation magnetization of single crystalline YIG. $d$ is the waveguide thickness.

\section{Optical Modes Characterization}

Next, we characterize the photonic performance of the optomagnonic waveguide. The ridge waveguide geometry localizes the optical fields at the center of the etched strip, and supports fundamental  transverse TE \& TM modes. The waveguide facets are polished to ensure low optical loss and then deposited with high reflection metallic mirrors, forming a waveguide Fabry-P\'erot cavity that produces a series of TE \& TM resonances. These two types of modes have similar cross-sectional intensity distributions, as shown in the Fig. \ref{figure4}(b), resulting in slightly different effective refractive indices and FSRs.

In Fig. \ref{figure4}(a), the optical transmission spectra are measured by rotating the polarization of the input cw light. The results clearly show that the TE and TM modes resonant at slightly different frequencies. At around 1520.23 nm, the frequency difference between the adjacent TE and TM modes is measured to be $\sim$ $2\pi$ $\times$ 8.45 GHz, matching the magnon resonant frequencies. With the effective refractive indices difference, when coherent TE and TM lights are sent to these two adjacent modes,  polarization beating occurs while propagating in the waveguide and then generates the cavity-enhanced optically-driven \textit{rf} magnetization. In Fig. \ref{figure4}(c), based on the simulated effective refractive indices, the electric field vector is plotted in the $x-y$ plane as a relation of the propagation distance, when the coherent TE \& TM lights of equal intensity oscillating at 1520.23 nm and 1520.16 nm, respectively, are launched into the waveguide. The calculated result shows the evolution of the input light from linearly-polarized state to elliptically-polarized state due to the beating.

\section{Optical Excitation of Magnons}

Finally, we demonstrate the generation of magnons by coherent optical lights, and incorporate the efficient microwave frequency readout of the generated magnon signals. The experimental setup is shown in the Fig. \ref{figure5}(a). The waveguide device is biased via a static magnetic field in the out-of-plane configuration, with magnon modes corresponding to the measurement results shown in the Fig. \ref{figure3}(e) \& (f). A cw laser light source at 1520.23 nm (TE mode resonant wavelength) is used to generate the coherent TE and TM lights. After passing through optical filters, an optical polarizer is used to ensure the linear polarization of the input light.

In order to use two coherent lights with tunable frequency differences to generate \textit{rf} optically-induced magnetization, a single-sideband modulator (SSBM) is used in our experiment. The local oscillator (pump light from the laser diode) and the modulated single sideband have the identical polarization after the modulator, resulting into net zero $m_{\mathrm{F}}$. Thus, we use a half-$\lambda$ waveplate to rotate the polarization axis of both local oscillator and modulated sideband to $\pi/4$ relative to both TE and TM electric field directions, leading to half-TE and half-TM linear polarization for both lights. The YIG waveguide is inherently an excellent Fabry-P\'erot filter with polarization selection capabilities. Therefore, the local oscillator is set at the frequency of waveguide TE resonant mode ($\omega_{\mathrm{TE}}$), and the SSBM is modulated at the frequency $\delta{\omega}$. Once $\delta{\omega}$ is tuned to equal the frequency difference between the TE mode and its adjacent TM mode, the modulated sideband frequency will match the waveguide TM mode resonant frequency ($\omega_{\mathrm{TM}}$ $=$ $\omega_{\mathrm{TE}}$ $+$ $\delta{\omega}$, $\delta{\omega}$ $=$ $\omega_{\mathrm{beat}}$). Due to the filtering effect of the Fabry-P\'erot waveguide modes, only the TE-component of the local oscillator and the TM-polarized sideband lights can efficiently couple into the waveguide, successfully generating the \textit{rf} magnetization $m_{\mathrm{F}}$. When the output modulation frequency $\delta{\omega}$ from the VNA matches the magnon mode frequencies, the magnons can be excited in the waveguide and couple to the \textit{rf} antenna, then fed into the VNA to obtain the transmission spectra.

Owing to the strong mode confinement and large field overlap between magnons and photons, the magneto-optical coupling strength is greatly enhanced compared to the previous studies in  bulk YIG samples \cite{hisatomi2016bidirectional,osada2016cavity,zhang2016optomagnonic}. For the lowest order magnon mode ($m=1$), the single-photon magneto-optical coupling strength $G_{\mathrm{TE,TM,1}}/2\pi$ is analytically obtained by integrating over the whole volume (Appendix A) to be 8.15 Hz. The photon-number-enhanced magneto-optical coupling strength is proportional to the square root of the intra-cavity photon number, written as $g = \sqrt{n_{\mathrm{c}}}G$. With 5 mW TE pump light, the photon-number-enhanced magneto-optical coupling strength is calculated to be $g_{\mathrm{TE,TM,1}} = 2\pi \times 10.84$ kHz. As shown in the Fig. \ref{figure5}(b), the optically-generated magnon signal is measured electrically via the VNA transmission measurement. The transmission peak corresponds to the contribution from the first three magnon modes ($m$ $=$ 1, 3, 5). For this ridge waveguide device, because the waveguide length (4.2 mm) is shorter than the polarization beat length ($\sim$ 7.6 mm), all the odd number magnon modes can be excited with non-zero coupling strength. If the waveguide length is longer than the polarization beat length, phase match conditions are required for different magnon modes, as some modes will have the cancelled coupling with the optical beat field.

Figure \ref{figure5}(d) plots the power of measured IFE-generated magnons ($\mathrm{P_{rf}}$) when optical pump power is increased. In the frequency range where magnon modes exist, $\mathrm{P_{rf}}$ increases with the optical pump power. Meanwhile, the transmission outside of the magnon resonance is at the background level. In the Fig. \ref{figure5}(e), we study the dependence of excited magnon on the input optical pump power before the optical polarizer. The linear dependence is clearly manifested and consistent with the inverse Faraday effect model.

Interestingly, the transmission spectrum does not inherit the discrete mode feature as show in the microwave reflection measurement (Fig. \ref{figure3}(c)). This can be explained by the fact that the longitudinal magnon modes are closely compacted in the frequency domain, with their FSR ($\sim2\pi$ $\times$ 7.3 MHz) similar to the resonant linewidth ($\sim2\pi$ $\times$ 3.5 MHz). At the same time, the optical mode linewidth is much wider ($\sim2\pi$ $\times$ 1 GHz). Therefore, magnons can be effectively generated in the detuned scenario $\omega_{\mathrm{beat}} \approx \omega_{\mathrm{\gamma}} \approx 2\pi \times 8.45$ GHz. Due to existence of multiple magnon modes, at certain optical beating frequency $\omega_{\mathrm{beat}}$, the generation of magnons is assisted by the adjacent modes. Such collective addition smooths the transmission spectrum, as shown in Fig. \ref{figure5}(b), without the discrete feature. This also explains why the optically excited magnon signal is peaked at the third magnon mode ($m$ = 3), instead of the fundamental mode where the largest coupling strength is observed with a \textit{rf} drive (Fig. \ref{figure3}(e)). The phase response shown in the Fig. \ref{figure5}(c) clearly maintains the coherence between the optical drive and the generated magnons.

\section{Discussion}

In conclusion, we establish a planar optomagnonic waveguide architecture based on a single crystal YIG-on-GGG material platform. Low loss single-transverse-mode magnonic and photonic waveguide has been demonstrated. The engineered YIG ridge waveguide localizes and routes both magnons and optical photons in a small interaction volume, achieving a significant improvement in magneto-optical interaction strength with respect to the state-of-the-art demonstrations \cite{osada2016cavity,hisatomi2016bidirectional,zhang2016optomagnonic,PhysRevLett.121.199901}. Such improved performance enables the coherent optical control and generation of magnons with milliwatt-level low power cw optical photons via the inverse Faraday effect. Remarkably, in this experiment, the optically excited magnons can be read out coherently through the electrical channel, linking both optical and microwave domains in a waveguide device platform. This integrated optomagnonic structure demonstrates a key building block for on-chip low-power optically controllable magnonic circuits, opening doors for many applications such as magnon-based information transducer and non-reciprocal devices.

\section*{Funding}
We acknowledge funding from National Science Foundation (EFMA-1741666). H.X.T acknowledge support from a previous DARPA MTO/MESO grant ( N66001-11-1-4114), an ARO  grant (W911NF-18-1-0020) and Packard Foundation.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
The authors acknowledge fruitful discussions with the team members of the EFRI Newlaw program led by Ohio State University: Andrew Franson, Seth Kurfman, Denis R. Candido, Katherine E. Nygren, Yueguang Shi, Kwangyul Hu, Kristen S. Buchanan, Michael E. Flatt\'e, and Ezekiel Johnston-Halperin. The authors thank M. Power and M. Rooks for the assistance in device fabrications.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


TV presenter Fern Britton has revealed that exercise has helped her during her struggle with depression.
She added that since taking up cycling, she has not had to take antidepressants for several years, although she wouldn't hesitate to go back on them if her mental health deteriorated.
It's not the former This Morning host has spoken out about her long-term battle with depression, revealing previously that she has been suffering with the illness since her twenties.
Fern has experienced a number of traumatic events over the years, including a sexual assault at age 21, which she didn't report because she felt in some way it was her own fault, and several gruelling rounds of IVF in her late 30s, as well as an extremely public divorce.
Happily, during her first marriage to TV executive Clive Jones, Fern managed to have twin sons, Jack and Henry, through IVF, and also conceived a daughter, Grace, naturally – but this wasn't the end of her tribulations.
The pair had a difficult divorce, and Fern, who later remarried and had another daughter, Winifred, with second husband Phil Vickery, says that this was an especially 'bleak' time for her. At her lowest, the mum-of-four even contemplated committing suicide.
Fern with second husband Phil Vickery. 'I'd rather spend my time with him than anybody else,' she says.
Fern is now feeling much more positive, but she is also realistic about managing her depression in the future.
If you have been affected by Fern's story or need help with depression, visit www.mind.org.uk for information and support.


text:
Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources remove filter
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources remove filter
Biological Diversity remove filter
Environment & Natural Resources Trust Fund (77)
Goodhue (16) remove filter
Statewide (61) remove filter
Arts Access (8)
Biological Diversity (77) remove filter
Cultural Heritage Preservation (1)
Education/Outreach (52)
Natural Areas and Habitat (140)
Natural Resource Information and Planning (69)
Restoration/Enhancement (19)
Minnesota Department of Administration
Minnesota Department of Transportation
Minnesota State Colleges and Universities
Science Museum of Minnesota
Assessing Contaminants in Minnesota's Loons and Pelicans - Phase 2
Over a three-month period in 2010, approximately five million barrels of oil was spilled into the Gulf of Mexico causing extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats and resulting in significant losses in fish and wildlife populations. A number of Minnesota's migratory bird species spend parts of their lives in the areas impacted by the spill and impacts on their populations in the state could become evident over time.
Assessing Contaminants in Minnesota Loons and Pelicans - Phase III
Assessing Techniques for Eliminating Contaminants to Protect Native Fish and Mussels
Biological Control of Garlic Mustard
Garlic mustard is a non-native, invasive plant species that is severely threatening native plant communities and degrading wildlife habitat in forest and riparian zones throughout the state. The plant is considered the highest priority species for development of long-term management solutions such as biological control, which involves using natural enemies of a non-native species from its native region to control or reduce the impact of the species in the areas where they are invasive.
Connecting Students with Watersheds through Hands-On Learning
Minnesota Trout Unlimited
Controlling Terrestrial Invasive Plants with Grazing Animals
Hiawatha Valley Resource Conservation & Development, Inc.
Terrestrial invasive plants such as buckthorn, wild parsnip, garlic mustard, and others are becoming widespread threats throughout many sites in Minnesota. Present chemical and mechanical control methods tend to be costly, effective only in the short-term, or have other negative environmental impacts. However, an alternative practice of using grazing animals for invasive species management is used successfully in many parts of the western United States.
Creating a Statewide Wetland Bird Survey
Audubon Minnesota
Detection and Monitoring of Asian Carp Populations
Asian carp pose a real and serious threat to Minnesota's aquatic ecosystems. While there are a few instances of individual carp being found in Minnesota waters, including the Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers, it is not presently believed that there are significant established populations in the state. In order to quickly and effectively respond to threats posed by Asian carp in the future, though, detailed information about the fish themselves is needed.
Emerging Issues Account
Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources
Endangered Bats, White-Nose Syndrome, and Forest Habitat
Golden Eagle Survey
National Eagle Center
HCP VI - Campaign for Conservation - Acquisition and Restoration (2n/4f)
Overall Project Outcome and Results
The Nature Conservancy's (TNC) 2009 work program focused on 6 habitat restoration projects totaling 3,664 acres (3,118-ENRTF funds; 546-other funds). Additional details, beyond the short summary below, are found in the more detailed reporting provided for each project.
HCP VI - Shoreland Protection Project - Conservation Easements (3a)
Minnesota Land Trust
HCP VI - Fisheries Land Acquisition (4b)
This project focused on the acquisition of habitat linkages that provided environmental protection of the shoreline and riparian zone, exhibited a high risk of development, supplied angler access, and afforded management access necessary for implementing habitat improvement projects.
Project goals were to protect 120 acres (1.4 miles of lake and stream shoreline) with the help of partner and other state funding. Partner funding includes donations of land value and cash.
HCP VI - Project Coordination, Mapping & Data Management - 1a
Duties assigned to the project coordinator under this work program and as outlined and approved by the Habitat Conservation Partnership were to:
HCP VI - Partners for Fish and Wildlife (2b)
HCP VI - Shallow Lake Enhancement (2c)
The objective of this project was to accelerate Ducks Unlimited (DU) bio-engineering assistance to help agencies design and construct enhancement projects on shallow lakes for waterfowl using water control structures. DU biologists and engineers provided technical assistance to Minnesota DNR, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, and private landowners around shallow lakes with a goal of:
HCP VI - Shallow Lake Assessment & Management (2d)
DNR spent $140,689 to continue on-site field investigations to accelerate management of shallow lakes and adjacent wetland complexes and support the accomplishments of Ducks Unlimited through HCP 2c and 3c. Temporary field personnel (1 full time and up to 6 temporary) documented shallow lake habitat occurrence and quality. Habitat surveys were conducted on 171 lakes within seven HCP project areas. The lakes surveyed totaled over 82,831acres. The surveys were distributed more broadly than in the past with:
HCP VI - Wildlife Areas Management (2g)
HCP VI - Fisheries Habitat Restoration (2h)
HCP VI - Bluffland Restoration/Set Out Seedlings (2i)
National Wild Turkey Federation
This project contained two types of habitat enhancement that resulted in the enhancement of a total of 72 acres of habitat.
HCP VI - Lakescaping for Wildlife & Water Quality (2j)
HCP VI - Prairie Management (2k)
HCP VI - Shallow Lake Easements (3c)
The objective of this project was to accelerate Ducks Unlimited (DU) efforts to help improve and protect shallow lakes managed for waterfowl. To protect shallow lakes, DU worked with private shallow lake shoreline landowners to secure permanent conservation easements on managed shallow lakes prioritized by DU for their importance to waterfowl and threat of development. The goal was to permanently protect at least 200 shallow lake shoreland acres.
HCP VI - Wetlands Reserve Program (3d)
HCP VI - Critical Lands Conservation Initiative - Acquisition (4a)
Pheasants Forever, Inc.
HCP VI - Critical Lands Protection Program - Acquisition (4c)
The Trust for Public Land
HCP VI - Professional Services (4i)
This project focused on paying professional services related to the conveyance of habitat corridor lands to the DNR by HCP partners. Parcels acquired from HCP partners will be placed in public ownership and administered as State Wildlife Management Areas.
Project goals were to pay professional services as parcels are conveyed to DNR by nonprofit HCP partners. During this appropriation only Pheasants Forever (PF) projects were conveyed to DNR.
Impacts of Estrogen Exposure on Minnesota's Shallow Lake Wildlife
Endocrine-disrupting contaminants such as environmental estrogens have been found and studied in large lakes and streams and shown to exist at concentrations that have adverse effects on wildlife. However, very little is known about the sources and effects of environmental estrogens in small, shallow lakes. Preliminary data suggests that these compounds are present in shallow lakes and have an effect on the survival and reproduction of wildlife. Researchers at the University of St.
Integrated, Operational Bird Conservation Plan for Minnesota
Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR)
Measuring Hydrologic Benefits from Glacial Ridge Habitat Restoration
Red Lake Watershed District
Since 2000, a diverse group of partners has been collectively working in northwestern Minnesota on one of the largest prairie-wetland restorations in the world. Spanning 22,000 acres and adjacent to an additional 16,000 acres of public and private conservation land, the goal of the Glacial Ridge Project has been to demonstrate whether large-scale habitat restoration is a viable way to reduce flooding and improve water quality. Prior to beginning restoration efforts on the project, a comprehensive baseline hydrologic study of the area was completed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).
MeCC V - Critical Land Protection Program (3.1)
Project Outcome and Results
In its Critical Lands Protection Program, The Trust for Public Land (TPL) used $380,000 ENRTF funds to secure fee title on 21.63 ENRTF acres of 402 total acquired acres. TPL conveyed these lands to public agencies for permanent protection. Individual project successes include the following:
MeCC V - Protect Significant Habitat by Acquiring Conservation Easements (3.2)
MeCC V - Mapping and Coordination (1.1)
The Metro Conservation Corridors (MeCC) Partnership completed its fifth phase of work to accelerate protection and restoration of remaining high-quality natural lands in the greater Twin Cities metropolitan area. Work was accomplished by strategically coordinating and focusing conservation efforts within a connected network of critical lands that stretches from the area's urban core to its rural perimeter, including portions of 16 counties.
MeCC V - Restore & Enhance Significant Watershed Habitat (2.3)
Friends of the Mississippi River
MeCC V - Restore & Enhance Significant Habitat (2.5)
Great River Greening
MeCC V - Grants for Restoration, Acquisition, Easements, and Other Conservation Tools (2.6/3.4/4.1)
MeCC V - Metro SNA Acquisition, Restoration & Enhancement (2.7/3.6)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
HomeCinemaMasalaSandeep Aur Pinky Faraar Most Probably to release in June; Details Inside
Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar Most Probably to release in June; Details Inside
April 16, 2022 Kiran Masala 0
Fans of Arjun Kapoor and Parineeti Chopra suffered twin blows in recent times. A film starring these actors, Namaste England, released last year during Dussehra but bombed badly. And their other film, Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar, was indefinitely delayed. It was initially scheduled to release on August 3, 2018 but was shockingly postponed to March 1, 2019. Then again it was postponed with no indication as to when it'll finally come out. However, it seems like the wait is about to get. For Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar is most probably going to come out in June this year.
Says our source, "The producers, Yash Raj Films, have most probably decided to release this film in the third or fourth week of June, after the big Eid release, Salman Khan-starrer Bharat, will be out on June 5. The producers are even thinking of April or May. If they get a window in these two months, they might plan to hit the screens earlier. But mostly, they are eying June."
There might be a wise reason why this film, ready for a long time, will come in June and not before. A trade source asserts, "Arjun Kapoor and Parineeti Chopra's reputation and box office standing took a huge beating due to Namaste England. Not to forget, Arjun's previous films like Mubarakan, Ki & Ka and Tevar weren't big hits. Parineeti meanwhile too had a bad phase. Yes, Golmaal Again worked but she got limited credit for its super-success." This source continues, "By June, Arjun Kapoor-starrer India's Most Wanted would be out, on May 24. On the other hand, Parineeti Chopra-starrer Jabariya Jodi releases on May 17. Both these films look good and should work, thereby improving their track record. Hence, June will be right time for Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar to come and cash in on the possible successes of India's Most Wanted and Jabariya Jodi. Also, April is overcrowded with even the Hollywood biggie Avengers: Endgame releasing on April 26. Then the holy month of Ramzan will commence in May. And not to forget, both the actors have a film each in May."
Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar is directed by Dibakar Banerjee and is a story of a man and a woman who represent two completely different Indias. The film went on floors in November 2017 and was shot in Delhi, border villages in Uttarakhand called Jhulaghat and Pithoragarh, etc. The film did pique interest after Arjun's look as Haryanvi cop and Parineeti's corporate look was unveiled. But the long postponement of the film along with Namaste England's debacle dented the buzz. It remains to be seen if India's Most Wanted and Jabariya Jodi work their magic and make things easy for this Dibakar Banerjee directorial.
Many in trade and industry have begun to wonder if the indefinitely delay implies that something is wrong with the film or that it's not made upto the mark. The trade source however argues, "Nothing can be said as of now. Didn't Yash Raj Films put Dum Laga Ke Haisha on hold as well for a long time, finally releasing it at an opportune time? In fact, it came out a month after lead actor Ayushmann Khurrana had delivered his career's biggest flop, Hawaizaada. But on the other hand, another YRF delayed flick was Bank Chor. It didn't really go the Dum Laga Ke Haisha way and was out of cinemas and also public memory, in no time! So it's best not to jump to conclusions. The trailer and songs would give a clearer idea."
Also Read: Makers of Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar are considering a different release date
Click HERE to view more.
Rajiv Rai to franchise Gupt, one of the best suspense thrillers in Indian cinema!
Amitabh Bachchan expresses Anger over women being discriminated for being Hepatitis B patients


text:
Q: Is it possible to apply the same condition as color encoding for legend My source code is following
  "transform": [

    {
      "window": [
        {
          "op": "rank", "field": "Value", "as": "_rank"
        }
      ],
      "sort": [
        {
          "field": "Value",
          "order": "descending"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "encoding": {
    "color": {
      "field": "_rank",
      "condition": {
        "test": "datum._rank>5",
        "value": "grey"
      }
    },
    "x": {
      "field": "Week",
      "type": "nominal",
      "axis": {
        "labelAngle": 0
      }
    },
    "y": {
      "field": "Value",
      "type": "quantitative",
      "axis": {
        "grid": false
      }
    }
  },
  "layer": [
    {
      "mark": {
        "type": "bar",
        "tooltip": true
      }
    },
    {
      "mark": {
        "type": "text",
        "align": "center",
        "baseline": "middle",
        "dx": 0,
        "dy": -5,
        "tooltip": true
      },
      "encoding": {
        "text": {
          "field": "Value"
        }
      }
    }
  ]

I put a condition for the color encoding to show anything but top5 to show in different colors and any values that are not top5 should be grey.
"color": {
  "field": "_rank",
  "condition": {
    "test": "datum._rank>5",
    "value": "grey"
  }
}

It is all good for the bars but the legends don't generate with the same conditions.
Is it possible to extend the same top5 logics for the legend's color as well? i.e. anything <5 are grey in color (each) in legend and everything else is the same color as the condition (currently this part is getting generated)
Editor

A: The legend colors will reflect the color scale that you specify, and not reflect conditions.
The easiest way to do what you want is likely by setting the range for your color scheme; for example:
{
  "data": {"url": "data/cars.json"},
  "mark": "point",
  "encoding": {
    "x": {"field": "Horsepower", "type": "quantitative"},
    "y": {"field": "Miles_per_Gallon", "type": "quantitative"},
    "color": {
      "field": "Origin", "type": "nominal",
      "scale": {"range": ["purple", "#ff0000", "teal"]}
    }
  }
}

You'll have to modify the specified colors based on how many color categories you have in your data.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


New technology could tackle a growing problem for automotive, construction and other major industries - how to recycle composite plastics.
Forthcoming legislation sets increasingly stringent targets for recovery of composite materials, used for highly-engineered components such as car bumpers and fascias. The high tech plastics are lightweight and durable, but difficult to recycle, which is a major problem as the European End-of-Life Vehicle directive requires manufacturers to recycle 85% of plastics, rubber and glass by 2006 and 95% by 2015.
Scientists from the University of Leeds, UK, working with partners from British industry, have come up with a new solution that could aid manufacturers and save growing quantities of composite waste going to landfill. Composites are converted into their original constituents - oil and fibre - which can be recycled. The process could open up new applications for advanced composites by making recycling possible.
The two year research project formed part of a major waste minimisation initiative backed by government and industry. The WMR3 LINK programme (Waste Minimisation through Recycling, Recovery and Re-use in Industry) is spearheading new ways to clean up the environment and make better use of resources.
The new recycling process combines pyrolysis and physical separation. Composites are broken down into gas, oil, a small amount of carbon and fibre. Recycled oil and fibre can both be reprocessed into composite plastics. The Leeds University team are experts in pyrolysis and have worked for a number of years on different waste streams, including tyres and plastics.


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In association with the International Commission of Jurists
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For the Biden Presidency, Promoting Human Rights in Asia Aligns Well with US Strategic Interests
[Gregory S. Gordon is a Professor of Law at the Chinese University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law.] From a foreign policy perspective, many see the passing of the US executive mantle from Donald J. Trump to Joseph R. Biden as a chance to revive America's badly tarnished brand on the international stage. In seemingly ego-driven fits and starts, and almost...
Gregory Gordon | 0 Comments
Using Collectivity to Ban Nuclear Weapons: An Analysis of the Protection of Humanity by the TPNW
[Vanessa Sant'Anna Bonifacio Tavares is a PhD candidate in Interdisciplinary International Studies (IIS) at the Vienna School of International Studies. The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect any official position.] In about 90 days, the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) shall enter into force, proscribing nuclear weapons use, threat of use, testing, development, production, possession,...
Vanessa Sant'Anna Bonifacio Tavares | 0 Comments
The Legality of a SADC Intervention in Cabo Delgado in the Absence of Mozambican Consent
[Marko Svicevic is a post-doctoral research fellow at the South African Research Chair in International Law, University of Johannesburg.] Introduction The growing insurgency in Mozambique continues to worry its neighboring states and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) alike. Known as Ansar al-Sunna, the insurgency first arose in 2017 in Mozambique's northern province of Cabo Delgado. By July 2019, it had pledged allegiance...
Marko Svicevic | 0 Comments
The EC's Guidance on the Facilitation Directive – Ending the Criminalisation of NGO-led SAR Operations?
[Malcolm Wu is an LL.M. candidate at the London School of Economics and Political Science.] Introduction As highlighted by Mudukuti and Gauci and Karageorgiou, the criminalisation of NGOs and human rights defenders (HRDs), notably within the context of search and rescue operations (SAR), has been on the rise in the EU since its migration crisis in 2015. A substantial role in this controversy belongs to the broadly-drafted Facilitation Directive 2002/90/EC which renders...
Malcolm Wu | 0 Comments
The Oxford Statement On International Law Protections Against Foreign Electoral Interference Through Digital Means
[Dapo Akande, Antonio Coco, Talita de Souza Dias, Duncan B. Hollis, Harold Hongju Koh, James C. O'Brien and Tsvetelina van Benthem.] Election insecurity constitutes a dangerous global threat. Thirteen prominent intelligence experts stated, in a brief filed in U.S. federal court, that: "Over the last several years, evidence has emerged that Moscow has launched an aggressive series of active measure campaigns to interfere...
Dapo Akande, Antonio Coco, Talita de Souza Dias, Duncan B. Hollis, Harold Hongju Koh, James C. O'Brien and Tsvetelina van Benthem | 0 Comments
Digital Emblems: The Protection of Health Care Facilities in the Cyber Domain in the Age of Pandemics
[Adriano Iaria is a Humanitarian Advocacy Officer for the Italian Red Cross and a faculty member of the Master's course in Intelligence and Security for Link Campus University in Rome, Italy. The views, thoughts, and opinions expressed in the text belong solely to the author, and not necessarily to the author's employer, organization, committee or other group or individual.] Last May, in the midst of the ongoing...
Adriano Iaria | 0 Comments
Some Remarks on the US Withdrawal from the INF Treaty
[Maria Xiouri is a Lecturer in Law at the University of Bedfordshire.] On 2 August 2019 the US Secretary of State, Michael Pompeo, announced that the US withdrawal from the Treaty on the elimination of the intermediate-range and shorter-range missiles signed on 8 December 1987 between the US and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ('INF Treaty') took effect.This post briefly analyses the factual and legal background...
Maria Xiouri | 0 Comments
The Final Frontier of Cyberspace: Ensuring that Submarine Data Cables are Able to Live Long and Prosper (Part II)
[Tamsin Phillipa Paige is a Lecturer at Deakin Law School. Douglas Guilfoyle is an Associate Professor at UNSW Canberra and Rob McLaughlin is a Professor at the Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources & Security, University of Wollongong.] In Part One of this blog series we considered the ways in which international law addresses severing submarine data cables outside armed conflict,...
Tamsin Phillipa Paige, Douglas Guilfoyle and Rob McLaughlin | 0 Comments
The Final Frontier of Cyberspace: Ensuring that Submarine Data Cables are Able to Live Long and Prosper (Part I)
[Tamsin Phillipa Paige is a Lecturer at Deakin Law School. Douglas Guilfoyle is an Associate Professor at UNSW Canberra and Rob McLaughlin is a Professor at the Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources & Security, University of Wollongong.] In early 2008 careless mooring of a ship off the coast of Egypt, to avoid inclement weather, broke a submarine data cable and caused an internet...
AI Partnership for Defense is a Step in the Right Direction – But Will Face Challenges
[Lena Trabucco is a Research Assistant at the Centre for Military Studies at the University of Copenhagen. She is also a PhD candidate at Northwestern University and the University of Copenhagen.] On September 16, 2020, the US Defense Department (DoD) announced the launch of the AI Partnership for Defense – a multi-national partnership which will "engage military and defense organizations from more than...
Lena Trabucco | 0 Comments
Three Reasons Why the International Community Should Engage with the Situation in Belarus
[Agata Kleczkowska is an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Law Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, Poland.] Introduction On 9 August 2020, presidential elections were held in Belarus, governed since 1994 by Alexander Lukashenko. This time, however, Belarusians did not believe in the overwhelming victory of the authoritarian president, and, certain of the victory of the opposition leader, Svetlana Tikhanovskaya, began mass...
Agata Kleczkowska | 0 Comments
Climate Change: A Threat to International Peace & Security?
[Mark Nevitt is an Associate Professor at Syracuse University College of Law and affiliated faculty with Syracuse University's Institute for Security Policy & Law and a former lawyer in the United States Navy.] Is the climate-security century upon us? If so, what are the implications for international legal governance and institutions? In his recent Opinio Juris essay, based on his provocative and meticulously researched article, Atmospheric Intervention, Professor Martin argues...
Mark Nevitt | 0 Comments
Events and Announcements: 17 January 2021
An Intersectional Approach to Colombian Transitional Justice and COVID-19
Non-Compliance with Humanitarian Agreements
Events and Announcements: 9 January 2021 (Updated)
International Law is Clear: the U.S. Must Stay Lisa Montgomery's Execution
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text:
2019 Mercedes GLC/GLE – everything we know so far
By Andy Enright, 10 Jul 2018 Car News
Stuttgart's super-popular SUVs are set for a refresh. Here's the inside scoop
It's been a mere four years since Mercedes-Benz revealed the GLC and GLE ranges of SUVs, and Stuttgart is now in the final phases of bringing us updated versions of its most popular midsized all-paw haulers.
And it's not just the usual midlife facelift of grille, lights and upholstery. In the case of the GLE, Benz is going a good deal further. The reason? The GLE might seem a mere three years old, but it's worth remembering that it was effectively a facelift of the W166 M-Class, launched way back in 2011. Back in 2015, Mercedes also introduced the GLE Coupe alongside the wagon, offering a sharp-suited alternative to BMW's X6.
Read next: 2018 Mercedes-Benz GLE spy pics
The new W167 version of the GLE has been spied testing in the US and will ride on Mercedes' Modular High Architecture (MHA) platform for SUVs, this chassis set to underpin the forthcoming GLC and GLS utility vehicles. The mechanical options shouldn't come as any great surprise, with the volume models being powered by Mercedes' latest inline four and six cylinder engines, although it remains to be seen whether the GLE 63 version will carry over the twin-turbo 4.0-litre V8 or migrate to a hybrid version of the M256 inline six. Both diesel and plug-in hybrid options are being developed although there's no indication at present whether these will be offered in Australia. Expect a nine-speed automatic and all-wheel drive to be the default drivetrain configuration.
The cabin has come in for a rethink. Mercedes recently released sketches of the new GLE's fascia and it hinges around the MBUX infotainment system with twin 12.3-inch digital displays integrated into one wide sweep across the dash. Benz's interior design boss, Hartmut Sinkwitz, claimed that this provided a cleaner look, as opposed to the separate clocks and freestanding display screen seen in recent models.
Read next: Mercedes-Benz E-Class All-Terrain revealed
"We wanted to integrate the panel more seamlessly. It provides a greater feeling of sturdiness," said Sinkwitz. The infotainment functions are supported by a new multi-function steering wheel with no fewer than 18 controls, including a pair of touch-sensitive pads on the wheel's spokes, as well as a bigger touchpad on the centre console that replaces the COMAND-era rotary dial.
We'll get to learn more about the GLE at the Paris motor show at the start of October, with deliveries set to arrive in Australia in Q2 2019. The reason we know so much about what the GLE's control systems are going to look like? Well, we've seen them in the forthcoming GLC facelift. That will largely focus on delivering a cosmetic refresh, with a revised grille, lights and bumpers, but the cabin also includes the touch pad and a 10.25-inch free-standing central screen.
Mercedes-Benz GLE350
Are electric vehicles suitable for the average Aussie commute?
By David Bonnici | 08 Sep 2020
Australia is a big country, but Census figures show most Aussies could travel to and from work all week before having to charge their EVs
2021 Mercedes-Benz GLC 300e PHEV review
By David Bonnici | 28 Nov 2020
Mercedes-Benz's excellent GLC 300 mid-sized SUV is now available with batteries included, but is it an improvement? We'll find out during the next month.
Plug-in hybrid vehicles on sale in Australia
PHEVs offer electric commuting minus the 'range anxiety' but can be a cheaper emissions-free option than full EVs
Jeep mulls new models and EVs in push for world domination
By David Bonnici | 04 Jun 2018
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles chief Sergio Marchionne has big plans for the US-based utility brand
2018 Mercedes-AMG GLC63 S pricing and features
2019 Jaguar i-Pace: 9 things you should know
2018 Hyundai i30, Elantra and Tucson Trophy editions arrive
Speeding drivers to receive warnings rather than fines
Citroen reveals C5 Aircross SUV


Next Why Are We So Hard on Ourselves?
Awesome! I've watched it 5 times!!! I am sure I will watch it more. Thank you so much for sharing this, Anica!
awesome! Wow – timelapse makes it look so fast and easy – glad you explained that practicing and numerous times are needed 🙂 How long did it actually take? Thanks so much for sharing Anica!
Wow! can you slow down the video a bit next time?


If you're affected by redundancy plans at work your employer must consult you. This can include when you're not at risk of redundancy yourself – for example if your working hours change.
You'll usually have a face-to-face meeting with your manager or the person leading the redundancy changes. The meeting can take place over the phone if you both agree to it and there is a clear need, for example if you work remotely.
By law they must meet you at least once. They might need to meet you more than once to make sure they can respond to your suggestions or requests.
The consultation is a chance for your employer to talk about the changes they're planning and why you're at risk of redundancy.
Your employer does not have to make the changes you suggest. They do need to show that they've listened to you, considered your ideas and tried to come to an agreement.
You can appeal against redundancy if you believe your employer has not consulted you fairly.
If your employer is making more than 20 people redundant within 90 days in a single establishment it's known as a 'collective redundancy'. There are set rules for collective redundancies which your employer must follow.
They must consult staff representatives – for example trade unions – as well as speak to you individually.


Recommended TF and the Currency pairs: H4, EUR/USD, GBP/USD. At the time of appearance of the signal, indicator will show window with alarm. Indicator works on every account MT4/MT5 (cent, micro, standard, ecn) This indicator has function to send mail notification if new buy/sell signal occurs.
Recommended TF and pairs: M30-H4, EUR/USD, GBP/USD, USD/CAD. At the time of appearance of the signal, indicator will show window with alarm. Indicator works on every account MT4/MT5 (cent, micro, standard, ecn) This indicator has function to send mail notification if new buy/sell signal occurs.
Recommended TF and pairs: M15, EUR/USD, GBP/USD, USD/JPY. At the time of appearance of the signal, indicator will show window with alarm. Indicator works on every account MT4/MT5 (cent, micro, standard, ecn) This indicator has function to send mail notification if new buy/sell signal occurs.
Recommended TF and pairs: M15, EUR/USD, GBP/USD, USD/JPY. At the time of appearance of the signal, indicator will show window with alarm. Indicator works on every MT4/MT5 account (cent, micro, standard, ecn) This indicator has function to send mail notification if new buy/sell signal occurs.
Recommended TF and pairs: M15-H1, EUR/USD, GBP/USD, USD/JPY. At the time of appearance of the signal, indicator will show window with alarm. Indicator works on every account MT4/MT5 (cent, micro, standard, ecn) This indicator has function to send mail notification if new buy/sell signal occurs.
At the time of appearance of the signal, indicator will show window with alarm. Indicator works on every account MT4/MT5 (cent, micro, standard, ecn) This indicator has function to send mail notification if new buy/sell signal occurs.
Recommended TF and pairs: M5-M15, EUR/USD, GBP/USD, USDJ/JPY, USD/CAD, GOLD, DAX, SP500 and more pairs.
Risk Warning: Before deciding to participate in the Forex market, you should consider your investment objectives, experience and risk. By using our products, services we do not assume any liability for any losses incurred when trading. Everything you do through our service, it can be manually or automatically, is at your own risk.


10 Nov Accusations that Rajiv Gandhi, then the Prime Minister, had taken tens of millions of dollars in bribes from a Swedish arms manufacturer. I tried to wrestle free, the familiarity of marriage telling me he wouldn't choke me. His fingers pressed tighter, proving me wrong. My ears heard a distant white. 12 May Grand jury sought in case that includes alleged attempt to bribe US Sen. Reid tried to choke Gordon, and agents pulled the future senator off.
Why should I give you a present? The report was based on a survey of countries. 30 May and attempting to choke Gordon, before startled agents pulled him off. "I was so angry with him for thinking he could bribe me," Reid said. 26 Mar TI has said that a CPI score of under 50 signals prevalent bribery, a lack of punishment for corruption, and public institutions that do not respond. 12 May Grand jury sought in case that includes alleged attempt to bribe US Sen. Reid tried to choke Gordon, and agents pulled the future senator off.


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text:
In chemistry, vinylidenes are compounds with the functional group C=CH2. An example is 1,1-dichloroethene (CCl2=CH2) commonly called vinylidene chloride.  It and vinylidene fluoride are precursors to commercially useful polymers.

Monomers and polymers
Vinylidene chloride and fluoride can be converted to linear polymers polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).  The polymerization reaction is:

 n CH2=CX2   →    (CH2−CX2)n

These vinylidene polymers are isomeric with those produced from vinylene monomers.  Thus polyvinylene fluoride from vinylene fluoride (HFC=CHF).

Vinylidene complexes
Although vinylidenes are only transient species, they are found as ligands in organometallic chemistry.  They typically arise by the protonation of metal acetylides or by the reaction of metal electrophiles with terminal alkynes.  The complex chloro(cyclopentadienyl)bis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium readily forms such complexes:
CpRu(PPh3)2Cl  +  RC2H  +  KPF6   →    [CpRu(PPh3)2(=C=C(H)Ph]PF6  +  KCl

Gas-phase existence of vinylidenes
Featuring divalent carbon, vinylidenes are unusual species in organic chemistry. They are unstable as solids or liquids but can be generated as stable dilute gases.  The parent member of this series is methylidenecarbene.  With the formula :C=CH2), it is a carbene.

IUPAC nomenclature
In IUPAC nomenclature, 1,1-ethenediyl describes the connectivity >C=CH2.  The related species  ethenylidenes have the connectivity =C=CH2.

See also
 Vinylene group, −CH=CH−
 Methylene group, −CH2−
 Vinyl group, −CH=CH2

References

Functional groups

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Will multiprocessing be a good solution for this operation? while True:

    Number = len(SomeList)

    OtherList = array([None]*Number)

    for i in xrange(Number):
        OtherList[i] = (Numpy Array Calculation only using i_th element of arrays, Array_1, Array_2, and Array_3.)

'Number' number of elements in OtherList and other arrays can be calculated seperately.
However, as the program is time-dependent, we cannot proceed further job until every 'Number' number of elements are processed.
Will multiprocessing be a good solution for this operation?
I should to speed up this process maximally.
If it is better, please suggest the code please.

A: It is possible to use numpy arrays with multiprocessing but you shouldn't do it yet.
Read A beginners guide to using Python for performance computing and its Cython version: Speeding up Python (NumPy, Cython, and Weave).
Without knowing what are specific calculations or sizes of the arrays here're generic guidelines in no particular order:

*

*measure performance of your code. Find hot-spots. Your code might load input data longer than all calculations. Set your goal, define what trade-offs are acceptable

*check with automated tests that you get expected results

*check whether you could use optimized libraries to solve your problem

*make sure algorithm has adequate time complexity. O(n) algorithm in pure Python can be faster than O(n**2) algorithm in C for large n

*use slicing and vectorized (automatic looping) calculations that replace the explicit loops in the Python-only solution.

*rewrite places that need optimization using weave, f2py, cython or similar. Provide type information. Explore compiler options. Decide whether the speedup worth it to keep C extensions.

*minimize allocation and data copying. Make it cache friendly.

*explore whether multiple threads might be useful in your case e.g., cython.parallel.prange(). Release GIL.

*Compare with multiprocessing approach. The link above contains an example how to compute different slices of an array in parallel.

*Iterate

A: Since you have a while True clause there I will assume you will run a lot if iterations so the potential gains will eventually outweigh the slowdown from the spawning of the multiprocessing pool. I will also assume you have more than one logical core on your machine for obvious reasons. Then the question becomes if the cost of serializing the inputs and de-serializing the result is offset by the gains.
Best way to know if there is anything to be gained, in my experience, is to try it out. I would suggest that:

*

*You pass on any constant inputs at start time. Thus, if any of Array_1, Array_2, and Array_3 never changes, pass it on as the args when calling Process(). This way you reduce the amount of data that needs to be picked and passed on via IPC (which is what multiprocessing does)

*You use a work queue and add to it tasks as soon as they are available. This way, you can make sure there is always more work waiting when a process is done with a task.


The Fellowship was fortunate enough to obtain a copy of PATHFINDER #1 from Dynamite Entertainment. Jim Zub writes, and Andrew Huerta draws.
A group of Varisia's adventurers have stumbled across a bit of a goblin problem near the city of Sandpoint. Not only are these goblins attacking in the daytime, they also appear to be infected by something rather nasty. So when the team finds a large concentration of the foul creatures, quick action is needed. Will our heroes measure up to the challenge?
The first thing I noticed in this issue is its pacing; this book is non-stop action and movement. It uses some of that action in introducing characters (which is essential in a first issue), but it does so in a way that doesn't slow the manic pace. It uses combat banter to characterize (and a tavern brawl, too), and very nice art to keep the action flowing (including just a little gore). Overall I think this is a solid introduction to what should be a thrill ride of a title.
Fantasy roleplaying games now have yet another very good comic adaptation here. As a fan of both, I'm excited about this title.
PATHFINDER #1 is available now at your FLCS or by order from dynamite.net.


The season is long and exhausting–it can be easy to forget or simply miss some trends on your own squad throughout the year. Get your mind right by reexamining your team's tendencies, strengths and weaknesses to iron out any potential kinks for the postseason.
Ultimately, what transpires in the playoffs will define your season. You would do anything to ensure your team is completely prepared and playing at its peak. Assist will help you maximize your postseason potential.
See firsthand what Assist can do for you. Now is the perfect time to get in–with our end-of-season pricing, breakdowns are just $20 each.
A California High School was able to scout opponents weeks in advance and put together more complete game plans.
Imagine having the ability to not only scout next week's opponent, but to be able to peer further into the future. What if you could start preparing for an opponent a few weeks out so your game plan was fully constructed before each contest?
That was the reality for Saugus High School (Calif.) and head coach Jason Bornn last season thanks to Hudl Assist. Hudl broke down the opponent game video, allowing Saugus to scout weeks in advance and deliver in-depth reports to their players much earlier than before.
Assist saved the Saugus staff of the repetitive tasks that come with tagging each game, such as down and distance, ODK and hash. Eliminating those task from the coaches' workload freed them up to dive deeper into the breakdowns and develop stronger game plans.
"It allows us to get all that stuff ahead of time so when we get into game week, we can focus in on the formation and plays as opposed to all the tedious data that needs to be put in," Bornn said. "It allows us to spend our time watching the actual film itself and find out the actual strengths and weaknesses of each opponent instead of using that same time to tag.
Bornn also uses Assist to break down Saugus' game and scout his own team, finding weaknesses or areas that can be improved.
And because Assist saves the staff so much time, Bornn only requires his assistants to be in the office six days a week, giving them a precious day off to relax or spend time with their families.
Want to start experiencing the time-saving benefits of Assist for yourself? Get started today.
A California high school uses instant replay to review plays in seconds and make game-altering coaching decisions.
Alex Pierce openly admits it — he didn't see the adjustment when it happened.
Neither did the other coaches at Los Osos High School (Calif.) in their game against Silverado last season. But because they had instant replay, one assistant in the press box noticed Silverado's punt return scheme left them open to a fake. He delivered the message to Pierce on the sidelines, and the head coach grabbed an iPad to check it out for himself. On the next fourth down, Los Osos caught Silverado napping and executed a perfect fake punt.
"That was an in-game adjustment that I wouldn't have made previously," Pierce said.
This is just one example of the difference Hudl Sideline made for Los Osos. With iPads in the press box and on the sidelines, the Grizzlies picked up on some tendencies and mistakes that were being made in real-time.
Pierce constantly catalogues plays in his brain to check at halftime, and if the situation needs to be immediately addressed, he finds an iPad to review it. The assistant coaches gather with players when they come off the field and go over what happened in the previous series.
Pierce pairs Sideline with Hudl Assist to truly maximize his coaching capabilities. Assist saves the Los Osos staff time by breaking down the data and getting it to them days earlier than they had it previously, allowing Piercehim to get started on his game plans earlier in the week.
Once Friday night arrives, his players are better prepared to make whatever on-the-fly adjustments Sideline uncovers.
"We dive a little deeper into third-down tendencies and down-and-distance tendencies and blitz recognition and those types of things as opposed to spending the first couple of hours putting in data," Pierce said. "Now we're spending the first couple of hours looking at third down or formation recognition.
See how Sideline can be a game-changer for your team.
Compare your team's performance to the nation's best high school football programs to help you craft your game plan. Our analysts have compiled all the performance metrics from our Hudl Assist data to bring you a comprehensive look at what winning teams are doing.
Check out our national high school performance report to see how your team stacks up.


text:
2021 SEGAL CENTER AWARDS for Civic Engagement in the Arts
Since the outbreak of the Corona Pandemic, the Segal Theatre Center has presented a series of public talks during The Time of Corona with over 300 artists and institutions from over 50 countries. The aim of the initiatives presented were to introduce artistic projects and concepts that develop a new perspective on social and institutional developments in the field of art, especially performance art.
TheTheatreTimes.com's International Online Theatre Festival is the second-place winner of the Culture Online International Award for "Best Online Project."
TheTheatreTimes.com's International Online Theatre Festival is the second-place winner of the Culture Online International Award for "Best Online Project." In 2021, a total of 452 projects were submitted from more than 20 countries.
Mia at Here: Arts Center
Part of Staging Breast Cancer Trilogy, MIA is a multi-media installation in two parts, repeated symmetrically.
Reshaping the Art World: An Experiment in Collaborative Change-making
RESHAPE is an experimental, collaborative, bottom-up process that creates instruments for the transition towards a fairer arts ecosystem, more in tune with the evolution of society. At the heart of this research is a process involving 40 artists and art workers from across Europe and the Southern Mediterranean, engaged in collaborative work relating to major challenges of today's arts sector.
New PAJ Title: Timelines: writings and conversations by Bonnie Marranca
Timelines turns to subjects that include the catastrophic imagination, cultural history, landscape and writing, as well issues of beauty, emotion, and the spiritual in art. Bonnie Marranca extends her longtime interests in theatre, visual arts, media, dance, and drama to the work of Joan Jonas, Caryl Churchill, Meredith Monk, Raimund Hoghe, Dick Higgins, Etel Adnan, and others in the thirty-four pieces in the volume from the last dozen years. A chapter entitled "Performance and Drawing" focuses on this special art practice. "Writing in the Landscape" explores new text and image approaches to short-form critical writing. There are also personal reflections on the recent loss of Carolee Schneemann, Maria Irene Fornes, and Sam Shepard.
IOTF 2021: THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL ONLINE THEATRE FESTIVAL
IOTF is back! Now in its third year, this year's festival showcases 33 global productions made and/or captured during lockdown as artists, theatres and audience adapted to the challenges of making work during the pandemic. As the move to digital spaces has shaped all our lives the possibilities of using this new online 'space' to engage audiences as ideas of the 'live' are refashioned.
Gob Squad News – Show Me A Good Time invited to Theatertreffen
We are so happy to announce that Show Me A Good Time has been selected for this year's Theatertreffen. Show Me A Good Time is made for streaming as well as a theatre audience. So even if theatres are closed, you'll still be able to watch.
OPEN UP! The Heritage Contact Zone Week of Contested Heritage
Why is the past still a source of conflict? The HCZ project has been exploring the impact of contested heritage on civil society for two years and will present its findings in a final conference, 'Open Up!' from 23 to 26 November 2020.
15 years of Action Hero online from 26th Nov!
Time flies when you're having fun! To celebrate, we're launching You Had To Be There: 15 Years of Action Hero, a series of online 'director's commentaries' where we share unseen footage and photos from our archives & talk about the process of making and performing the works.
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The 2016 presidential election campaign created several points of controversy among them Hillary Clinton's use of a private email account to conduct official business as Secretary of State and Donald Trumps never ending comments that raised more than a few eyebrows (whether intentional or a slip of the tongue). Whether it was a Saturday Night Live skit or a political cartoon, the world saw politics through media and art.
Since the early 1950's International maritime law requires an obligation to render assistance to those in distress at sea without regard to their circumstances, nationality, or status. Search-and-rescue (SAR) services throughout the world largely depend on international shipping to assist anyone is distress at sea. Frequent news media reports indicate that migrants and refugees often risk their lives to travel by sea in search of better living conditions, educational opportunities, gainful employment, or to avoid wartime conflicts within their own country. Acceptance, financial ramifications for the "host country", and whether or not to return these refugees has become a hot topic among political parties recently.
Karl Goetz, a world renowned engraver born in Germany, produced many medals in the early to middle 1900's that reflected the current political struggles and controversies of the world. In his most famous work, you can see parallels to today's political skirmishes. Only a handful of some of these rare, detailed, old-world craftsmanship medals survive.
Perhaps, this 1916 incident had some effect on the creation of international maritime laws. I believe that if Goetz were alive today, he would create a medal depicting the struggles of refugees. What do you think?
Newer PostDo you Own Modern High Grade Precious Metal Coins?
Older PostDon't Put all your Eggs in One Basket!


text:
Q: Server DNS not resolving on CentOS 6 i have CentOS 6 installed on VPS, where i have installed BIND and setup additional IP on VPS as well for nameservers
as ns1.domain.com and ns2.domain.com
i am unable to get the same resolved to properly work..
some troubleshoots i have done results are as follows:
[root@domain ~]# service named restart
Stopping named: .                                          [  OK  ]
Starting named:                                            [  OK  ]
[root@domain ~]# netstar -tcp
-bash: netstar: command not found
[root@domain ~]# service named status
version: 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.3
CPUs found: 2
worker threads: 2
number of zones: 16
debug level: 0
xfers running: 0
xfers deferred: 0
soa queries in progress: 0
query logging is OFF
recursive clients: 0/0/1000
tcp clients: 0/100
server is up and running
named (pid  7488) is running...
[root@domain ~]# rndc status
version: 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.3
CPUs found: 2
worker threads: 2
number of zones: 16
debug level: 0
xfers running: 0
xfers deferred: 0
soa queries in progress: 0
query logging is OFF
recursive clients: 0/0/1000
tcp clients: 0/100
server is up and running

Problem solved i have used alternate solution for this problem. Thanks for help.

A: Indeed you have iptables setup to block everything except connections to ssh and ftp (ports 22 and 21 tcp).
You'll have to allow access to your port 53 in UDP and TCP for your DNS server to be reachable from outside (obviously you can limit who can connect based on your needs). Try this:
iptables -I INPUT -m udp -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
iptables -I INPUT -m tcp -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT

After that your DNS server should be accessible from the outside, try from your client to resolve something, for example:
host google.com xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

In case this configuration is ok, you can save the firewall rules with this:
service iptables save


Just last week, I shared my amazement regarding why Kobe Bryant attracts so much hatred in the media as well as in the public eye.
After Game 5's news conference, I fully understand why Bryant's "bad guy" image has withstood the test of time.
Following the Celtics' dramatic win at the TD Garden on Sunday evening, I posed the following question to Kobe: "How confident are you in yourself as well as your team that you can head back home and win two games?"
Bryant gave me an answer, but the condescending and arrogant fashion in which he answered rubbed me the wrong way. He was very sarcastic when he said that he was not confident, an answer which sparked a chorus of chuckles from the L.A. media. Looking back at the presser, I would really like to know what was so funny, seeing that the Celtics had just beaten the Lake Show in back-to-back games. Plus, the Green are the only team to steal a win from Phil Jackson and Co. at the Staples Center in this postseason.
The realization forced me to reflect on my younger days growing up watching His Airness, Michael Jordan, maneuver his way through the media with the grace and poise of a White House presidential aide. Even if Jordan wasn't a fan of the question aimed at him, he was always politically correct and never allowed the media to know how he was actually feeling at the time. Granted, Mike's postseason record is slightly stronger than Bryant's, and he never had to deal with losses in the same way, but it's the principle behind both of their approaches that differs drastically.
Which brings me to my main point: Kobe Bryant will never be the player that Michael Jordan was.
No matter how close Kobe gets to six championship rings — even if he surpasses M.J. — he will always be known as a ball hog, a selfish player, the guy who drove the Diesel out of Hollywood. Bryant can say he doesn't want to be compared to Jordan until he's blue in the face, but the similarities are undeniable.
Kobe chews his gum like Mike, he backpedals down the court pumping his fist like Mike, he drinks Gatorade and is sponsored by Nike, just like Mike. Kobe Bryant is a product of his environment and for the last 14 seasons, his habitat has been the hardwood of the NBA. His road to stardom took a much different path than Jordan's, which could have brought about Bryant's false sense of superiority.
Although he was on the verge of greatness, Jordan wasn't the most highly touted player in the country coming out of high school. Of course, he did make a name for himself once he arrived at Chapel Hill, but he certainly didn't take Ray-J's big sister to the prom. Jordan also didn't come straight into the league and have superstar Hollywood types sitting courtside in admiration of his athletic exploits. While Kobe had Jack Nicholson and Dyan Cannon in the expensive leather seats cheering him on, Mike was lucky to get Nick Celozzi and Maury Ettleson of Chevrolet dealership fame to support the Bulls back then.
Like I always say, Kevin Garnett said it best. "Anything is possible!"


text:
More than 50 organizations and programs were awarded $418,000 in grants from the Musgrave Foundation. The award ceremony was hosted by Drury University Monday at the Findlay Student Center Ballroom.
The Musgrave Foundation distributes grants twice each year, once in the spring and once in the fall. From its inception in 1983 through 2015, the foundation has awarded grants totaling more than $14.8 million to selected charities, primarily in Greene and the immediate surrounding counties in Missouri.
The Musgrave Foundation focuses on four broad areas in awarding grants: children and senior services; health care and education; poverty, hunger and homelessness; and arts and community betterment.
For more information about the Musgrave Foundation, go to www.musgravefoundation.org


In 1938, Rudy Ruana began making knives in a small Montana shop. His family members are still hand-crafting Ruana Knives in the same shop today.
Having left the decimated family farm in North Dakota and looking for greener pastures, 1938 found Rudy Ruana in the small community of Bonner, Montana working as a mechanic and welder at a small garage. In order to help his family survive during the post depression era, Ruana began to make a few knives on the side—a skill that originated in the 1920's when he was a farrier in the cavalry, making his first knives for a couple of Native Americans in need of a better tool for skinning horses. As time passed and the reputation of Ruana's knives grew, demand became so great that Rudy began making knives full time in 1952, calling his business Ruana Knife Works.
In 1964 Ruana's son-in-law, Vic Hangas left a job with a phone company and put his artistic talents to work, joining Ruana in the business. Hangas' son Mark began working at the company in 1976. In 1983, Ruana retired at the age of 80 and sold the business to the Hangas family. In 1984 Mike Hangas joined his brother and Dad and the business was incorporated. Rudy Ruana passed away in April of 1986. He was honored by being posthumously inducted into the American Bladesmith Society Hall of Fame in 1997 and BLADE Magazine's Cutlery Hall of Fame in 2002. As of 2018, Vic, Mark and Mike Hangas have combined Ruana Knife making experience in excess of 130 years.
In an era of outsourcing and diminishing Made in America products, Ruana Knives are still handcrafted in the U. S. A. with an emphasis on quality over quantity. While a few things have changed over the years, we are still using the same methods and much of the same equipment Rudy (our father-in-law/grandfather) used. We like to have fun and enjoy all of the great things living in Montana has to offer. We work hard but also try to not take ourselves too seriously, and run our business with an emphasis on the Golden Rule. We try to give our best effort on a daily basis while maintaining Rudy Ruana's work ethic and create knives that are usable, durable, and collectible.