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Home Community Theater Review: 'Hand to God' by Fredericksburg Theatre Ensemble
Review: 'Hand to God' by Fredericksburg Theatre Ensemble
Kendall Mostafavi
Fredericksburg Theatre Ensemble (fte) was established in the Spring of 2011. They're a nonprofit organization, focusing on guilty pleasures and "celebrating the art of the uncomfortable through quality community theatre productions", as they say on their website. The company uses all local talent and prides itself on their inclusiveness, inviting anyone to join in their "creative chaos."
Zechariah Beale and Heather McIntosh-Braden in 'Hand to God.' Photo by Kylie Clark.
Producing eleven shows a year, with a new show each month, fte's May production is the comedy, Hand to God. The play, written by Robert Askins, is extremely dark, with unveiled social commentary on sin, sex, and honesty. It takes place in the small town of devoutly Christian Cypress, Texas, following a mother and son and the strange evolution of a puppet named Tyrone, who is possessed by the devil.
Devon Clark directed the ridiculously hilarious but thought-provoking piece.
The set, designed by Kylie Clark and David Strong, is impressively versatile. At times being a large open room, resembling a church school room, but with movable walls that then cut the space in half to create an office or a bedroom.
The play opens with a prologue. A puppet-stand is lit mid-stage, when a puppet pops up and begins explaining, in a very broad and graphic way, how man first started living in groups and created laws and religion, to determine what was wrong and right. He ends his speech with foreboding and a twisted laugh, saying, "When I have put myself ahead of the group. When I have acted badly, in order that I may stay around the campfire all I have to do is say…the devil made me do it."
Next we see recently widowed Margery (Heather McIntosh-Braden) and her son Jason (Zechariah Beale). They are struggling to cope with their loss, and in an attempt to stay busy, Margery runs her church's puppet club, which uses puppets to teach kids about the Bible and avoiding Satan.
Sadly, the club turns out to only be attended by three kids, none of whom are enthused to be there, including her son. Jason's crush, Jessica (Susan Rearick), and troublemaker, Timmy (Josh Watson) round out the group which meets in the church basement.
McIntosh-Braden is perfect as the quintessential southern church mom, trying to keep her life (and her calm) together. Timmy constantly disrupts the class and Margery sends the other kids from the room to have a word with him. Watson as Timmy is a classic smart-ass and sexually charged kid, revealing his attraction to Margery, who flatly rejects him.
Zechariah Beale in 'Hand to God.' Photo courtesy of Fredericksburg Theatre Ensemble.
While alone, the usually introverted Jason uses his puppet Tyrone to try to impress Jessica by performing the Abbott and Costello, "Who's on First?" routine. But when Jason allows her to believe that he's the author, Tyrone comes to life, berates Jessica for not having heard of the skit, and spills that Jason is into her.
Beale does a fantastic job giving Tyrone his own voice and personality. Jason's meek nature is night and day to Tyrone's blunt crassness. But unfortunately, Jessica is scared off by the encounter and leaves.
On the drive home, a humiliated Jason expresses to Margery that he wants to quit the puppet club, resulting in a huge fight that culminates with Jason ripping Tyrone in half and Margery angrily kicking him out of the car, leaving him on the side of the road.
Beale and McIntosh-Braden work the mother-son chemistry well. The loss of the father has sent their relationship into spiraling dysfunction and the pain the characters are both in is real and touching.
The next day, no one shows up for the puppet club and the church's pastor, Pastor Greg (Trip Lloyd) attempts to comfort Margery. But his seemingly innocent friendliness turns into revealing his affection for her and wanting her in his arms. Margery gently rebuffs him, which he takes harshly and then abruptly leaves.
Finally at her limit, Margery flies into a rage. She rips a poster off the wall and flips over a chair, as Timmy enters the room. Intrigued by seeing this side of her, he joins in the destruction. Margery becomes aroused and the sexual tension escalates until the two end up pouncing each other.
The show has many moments of hilarity, but this scene in particular is side-achingly fantastic. Watson and McIntosh-Braden are incredible together, milking the absurdity of the sudden turn in their relationship with oozing lust and a touch of crazy.
That night, Jason is awoken by a self-resurrected Tyrone. Jason tries to tell the demented puppet to leave him alone, but Tyrone is persuasive and plays on Jason's weaknesses, blaming Margery for his father's demise and convincing him that Timmy has stolen Jessica. Jason finally agrees to let Tyrone stay and the two plan to tell everyone the truth about what they think.
Returning to a room in shambles, the next morning everyone is on edge. The rebuffed Pastor is shocked at the wreckage and Margery awkwardly denies knowing why the room is a mess, both leaving to gather scripts for their puppet show. Tyrone aggressively flirts with Jessica and attempts to belittle Timmy. But Timmy, feeling cocky, blurts that he had sex with Jason's mom. Tyrone goes full Satan, attacking Timmy, making the lights change (kudos to Josh Watson for his lighting design) things fly off the shelves and everyone runs out.
And that's all just in the first act.
There's much to resolve but the drama is by no means over. Talks of exorcism and the issue of Margery's affair with Timmy comes to light.
Lloyd's Pastor Greg has a transition, which he plays to a T, from rejected, wounded dog to a man of faith with staunch determination to help Margery and Jason from the demonic puppet.
There's also a puppet sex scene that makes Avenue Q look like Sesame Street and sends you into that hysterical laughter where you can no longer breathe. I should mention that Michael Colby served as Puppetry Coach for the production. Beale and Rearick do a great job for all their work, but this scene is especially outstanding.
The entire production is well thought-out down to the scene change music, which ironically come from Wee Sing Bible songs by Pamela Beall and Susan Nipp (sound design by Kylie Clark and Devon Clark). The childish innocence playing in the dark after the disturbing events of the scenes creates a mix of humor and eeriness.
Fredericksburg Theatre Ensemble has put on an amazing production that touches on topics of religion, perceived purity, and the fragile nature of relationships. And then takes a sledgehammer to them. The material is scathing and bold but not without a strong message about hypocrisy.
Hand to God is far from a family-friendly show but promises an unadulterated comedic euphoria, for those of age, proving fte to be a rare gem in the Fredericksburg area. Go for a good time. And then probably shower after.
Running Time: Two hours, with one 15-minute intermission.
Hand to God plays through May 26th, 2019 at Fredericksburg Theatre Ensemble performing at Fred's Theater, 810 Caroline Street, 4th Floor, Fredericksburg, VA. For tickets, go online.
Previous articleReview: 'Richard iii' at Synetic Theater
Next articleReview: 'Sooner/Later' at Mosaic Theater Company
Kendall is a local writer and performer. As a longtime metro area resident, Kendall has been a dedicated patron of the theater and arts' scene and, especially as a mom of three, understands the importance of supporting live entertainment and keeping the arts thriving in the community. She eagerly awaits the opportunity to experience and share more of what the area has to offer through the beauty of imagination and interpretation of art in all of its forms.
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Федір Спиридонович Муратов (, село Витязєво, тепер Анапського району Краснодарського краю Російська Федерація — , місто Охтирка Охтирського району Сумської області) — український радянський діяч, голова колгоспу Охтирського району Сумської області, Герой Соціалістичної Праці (31.12.1965). Депутат Верховної Ради УРСР 8—11-го скликань.

Біографія
Походив з грецької селянської родини. У 1939 році закінчив Нижньобаканське педагогічне училище Краснодарського краю РРФСР.

З 1939 року завідував початковою школою в Анапському районі Краснодарського краю РРФСР. Навчався в Новоросійському вчительському інституті РРФСР.

З 1941 по 1945 рік служив у Червоній армії, учасник Другої світової війни.

Член ВКП(б) з 1943 року.

У 1945—1947 роках — вчитель середньої школи, інструктор Охтирського районного комітету КП(б)У Сумської області.

У 1947—1949 роках — голова колгоспу «Комсомолець» Сумської області.

У 1949—1954 роках — директор Правдинського дитячого будинку Охтирського району Сумської області.

У 1954—1992 роках — голова колгоспу «Комсомолець» (потім — імені Григорія Петровського) міста Охтирки Охтирського району Сумської області.

У 1966 році закінчив Заочну Вищу партійну школу при ЦК КПРС.

Нагороди
 Герой Соціалістичної Праці (31.12.1965)
 два ордени Леніна (;31.12.1965)
 орден Жовтневої Революції
 два ордени Трудового Червоного Прапора
 орден Дружби народів
 орден Вітчизняної війни 2-го ст. (1985)
 медалі
 Грамота Президії Верховної Ради УРСР

Посилання
 Муратов Федір Спиридонович

Література
 Депутати Верховної Ради УРСР. 11-е скликання — 1985 р.

Учасники Другої світової війни з СРСР]
Депутати Верховної Ради УРСР 8-го скликання
Депутати Верховної Ради УРСР 9-го скликання
Депутати Верховної Ради УРСР 10-го скликання
Депутати Верховної Ради УРСР 11-го скликання

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Contrary to various claims of self-appointed ones (Ronald Weinland may be the one once associated with the old WCG getting the most coverage falsely claiming this), the Great Tribulation has not started and cannot begin in 2010.
Some criticized me when I pointed out previously that it could not start in 2008 (see Great Tribulation Will Not Begin in 2008 and James Malm Challenges COGwriter) nor in 2009 (The Great Tribulation Cannot Begin in 2009). And although there were various troubles this year, the Great Tribulation did not begin then.
Because I tried to heed Jesus' admonitions to "watch" (Matthew 24:42, 25:13; Mark 13:9, 33-37; Luke 21:36; Revelation 3:3) and to compare world events to biblical prophecies.
All should understand that before the Great Tribulation could begin that there needed to be a King of the North, a King of the South, and European military that would be quite strong (cf. Revelation 13:4).
Because of this deal not yet being made (that "he" will be the one who will become the final King of the North), there is at least 3 1/2 years (half of a prophetic week) before the Great Tribulation can begin–which means that the earliest year it could possibly begin is in 2013. And I suspect it will be a bit later than that.
Additionally, while there are the beginnings of certain organizations that will probably contribute to the rise of both the King of the North and the King of the South in 2009 (see EU Parliament to Host Seminar for the Union for the Mediterranean States Tomorrow and European empire formed yesterday, but few in America seemed to notice), they are not ready yet.
It is true that there is a new European President and that he might fulfill Daniel 11:20 (Herman Van Rompuy Takes Office Today: Might He Fulfill Daniel 11:20?), if that verse has a 21st century fulfillment (which it very well may).
However, in order to be able to destroy the United States and its Anglo-allies, the Europeans would also benefit from having their own military satellite tracking system–and while that may not be an absolute requirement, they will not have their own ready until around 2013 (see EU Approves Galileo For Military Use) or perhaps later. Additionally, Europe still has not benefited enough from its Large Hadron Colider project–which may be where it will develop a major military advantage (see September 10th is Not the End of the World), which it would seem to need to fulfill biblical prophecy (cf. Revelation 13:4). And as mentioned before, since the deal in Daniel 9:27 has not been made, it will be at least 3 1/2 years before the King of the North can stop the sacrifices.
Of course, the sacrifices must start before they stop. And while it is remotely possible that regular sacrifices will start in 2010, that is remote. But even if they do, they will not be stopped by the final King of the North in 2010 (at least not in the manner to fulfill Daniel 11:31).
As far as the King of the South goes, there simply is not a confederation of Islamic nations that work close enough together in order to be led by the King of the South. While it is true that there are two groups that ultimately may ultimately allow this (see Iraq & the King of the South and Mediterranean Union Makes Deal With Israel and Arab States)–the situation in the Middle East is not quite ready yet. The Islamic Mahdi has not yet been recognized, and while that is remotely possible to occur in 2010 (and some suspect that Barack Obama may help that, see Barack Obama in Islamic Prophecy? ), the King of the South also will not be ready militarily to fulfill prophecies such as those in Daniel 11:40.
I strongly believe that God will more powerfully use the remnant of the Philadelphia era of the Church of God to proclaim the good news of the The Gospel of the Kingdom of God and that the "short work" of Romans 9:28 will still happen–but even though the Living Church of God is busily continuing the Philadelphia-era work, and did very well in 2009 with that, it will not be able to complete this work in 2010.
And of course, since the 6000 years of God's plan apparently has several years left (see Does God Have a 6,000 Year Plan? What Year Does the 6,000 Years End?), the fact that all the other signs mentioned in this update are not ready yet (though events seem to be working towards that objective), the Great Tribulation simply cannot begin in 2010.
The end is coming. The end is soon. But the end (meaning the beginning of the Great Tribulation) will not start in 2010. Nor can the Great Tribulation start prior to 2013.
However, Jesus spoke of something that He referred to as "the beginning of sorrows" (Matthew 24:8). And this involves false religion, earthquakes, famines, pestilences, and war. And that certainly could start in 2010 (and it is remotely possible that it started in 2009). While 2010 is not going to be the start of the Great Tribulation, it certainly could be a very rocky year.
A while back, I read what is apparently supposed to be the major "nonfiction" book by Timothy LaHaye and Jerry Jenkins, the authors of the popular fiction series Left Behind.
Sadly, many millions seemingly have been deceived by this false "pre-tribulation rapture" hypothesis. And partially because of this, they will not understand the final events of the end-times until it is too late. Those Protestants who believe in a pre-tribulation rapture are essentially certain to be left behind when the true Church flees as they do not realize that the Bible clearly shows that the most faithful flee to the wilderness (Revelation 12:14-17)–and heaven is not a wilderness.
Also it should be pointed out that the Bible shows that true Christians who are not "gathered together" (Zephaniah 2:1a) with the Philadelphians "[b]efore the decree is issued" (Zephaniah 2:1b) will themselves be left behind (Revelation 12:17) as only those gathered together may "be hidden in the day of the LORD's anger" (Zephaniah 2:3).
Posted in Prophecy, Religious News | Comments Off on Will Protestants Be "Left Behind"?
"And there you shall build an altar unto Hashem your God, an altar of stones: you shall lift up no iron tool upon them. You shall build the altar of Hashem your G-d of unhewn stones." (Dvarim / Deuteronomy 27:5,6).
For many years, the Institute has been examining ways of building a model of the altar from whole stones that had not been touched by iron tools. In the end, the Institute commissioned artist Assaf Kidron of Givot Olam Farm at Itamar, Samaria, to design and create a model which conforms with the specifications described by authoritative Jewish sage Rambam (Maimonides) – one cubit wide, one cubit deep, and three cubits high.
It has been placed in the Institute's visitor center.
The rocks were collected from the Dead Sea (http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/135199).
The rest of the scripture in Deuteronomy talks about using the particular altar for burnt offerings and peace offerings.
An altar project was mentioned at COGwriter two weeks ago (see Sacrificial Altar to Be Built in Jerusalem–though it is unclear if these are the same altars as the other one is to be portable–though in the back of a flatbed truck, the above altar would be portable). Altar construction represents an important step in biblical prophecy.
For while the goal of the Temple Institute is to build another temple, only an altar is actually necessary for sacrifices to resume. For while an actual temple is not needed for sacrifices according to the Bible (Ezra 3:6) and the Temple Institute (Why is a Jewish Temple in Jerusalem Not Required?), a sacrificial altar is (Ezra 3:2-3).
And as watchers of biblical prophecy are aware, the Bible is clear that the final King of the North will stop sacrifices (Daniel 11:31) and then Christians are to flee per Jesus statements in Matthew 24:15-21 as the Great Tribulation will be ready to start.
America to be Replaced By China or Europe?
…The rise of China may in the future demand more forceful leadership in the West. Given the realities of geoeconomics it is not inconceivable that a far more dynamic leader such as German Economics Minister Karl Theodor von und zu Guttenberg might one day be in charge...If America declines, will Europe fill the vacuum, partly in response to the Chinese challenge? To some this seems unlikely but think back to the world of only a scant 10 years ago when the Anglo-American model of stakeholder capitalism stood triumphantly (and perhaps a tad arrogantly) and practically alone on the top of the heap, and how much has changed since then.
The Bible tells of the rise of the "daughter of Babylon". Babylon is place that the Europeans tend to consider is appropriate as a reference to their union. And according to biblical prophecy, the description of the future "Babylon" fits Europe much better than China (though it will apparently trade with it).
Posted in Prophecy | Comments Off on America to be Replaced By China or Europe?
2010 preview: Will a neutralino steal Higgs's thunder?
Apparently the American military considers that this type of project has major military potential, and others in the USA seem to agree. The fact that USA military wants to keep quiet about it may be a reason that CERN denies the military potential of its own project.
Those spinoffs now will invigorate the careers and labs of Europe, not the United States, pointed out Steven Weinberg, a physicist at the University of Texas in Austin, who won the Nobel Prize for work that will be tested in the new collider. Americans will work at CERN, but not as leaders, he said in an e-mail interview.
My book also discusses the destruction of the USA and certain others by the Europeans sometime after 2012. The Large Hadron Collider is discussed as one of the items that may provide the Europeans with the ability to overcome the USA's military might.
The Large Hadron Collider set one or more speed records in 2009 (Europe's Large Hadron Collider Sets Another Record, USA is Losing Lead in Physics). It is likely to set other records and help scientists learn more about physics in 2010. And this data may lead to the development of military technology of unbelievable power–but for the Europeans.
Worldwide Church of God–Canada is in the process of changing its name to Grace Communion International-Canada. In a recent survey, Canadian congregations voted 60 percent to 20 percent in favour of the change. The US branch of the church made a similar change in 2009. The denomination was founded by radio preacher Herbert W. Armstrong in 1934 and was widely considered a cult at one time but has since become accepted as a mainstream evangelical denomination.
The fact that the WCG of the USA earlier switched to GCI suggested that foreign affiliates would likely change their names as well.
Despite the fact that mainstream groups applaud WCG's changes since the death of Herbert W. Armstrong, the reality is that the new GCI is no longer a real "Church of God" and the group that was led by the late HWA was.
You are all aware by now of the attempt by a Muslim extremist to blow up a Delta airliner. The attack is believed to be in retaliation for the US bombing of an Al-Qaida stronghold in Yemen just yesterday. Thank be to God it didn't succeed. The massacre at Fort Hood and now this incident during the landing approach of the Delta airliner in Detroit shows that Muslim terrorists intend to continue to target unsuspecting Americans. It appears both Yemen and Nigeria may be implicated in this incident.
The reality is that Al-Qaida intends more terror, likes to pick dates of Western significance (yesterday being Christmas), and has no intention of stopping.
According to the Bible (Psalm 83; Daniel 11:39; etc.), the USA is going to fall–perhaps in the next presidential term. And it appears that terrorism will be one of the actions that will help it fall.
VATICAN CITY, DEC. 24, 2009 (Zenit.org).- Benedict XVI is unhurt after he was knocked down tonight as he entered St. Peter's Basilica to celebrate the Christmas vigil Mass, reports a Vatican spokesman.
There are many violent people in the world.
If you are a regular reader of this page, you know that the real reason that December 25th was chosen as "Christmas" to supposedly honor Jesus was because that date is the birthday of the sun-god Mithras (here is a related article Do You Practice Mithraism?).
So, since you probably do not celebrate it, and in most nations most of the stores are closed, other than cleaning up around the house, what can you do?
For amusement, you might want to play the Who Wants to be a Biblical Millionaire? game. It is fairly popular and my son Michael is adding questions to it all the time. Actually, if you have not played it in a while, you may be pleased to find that there are about twice as many questions as there were last year.
The game is a fun way to test your knowledge and hopefully grow in knowledge (cf. 2 Peter 3:18).
Another option would be to study more about the The History of Early Christianity. There is always more to learn and I am frequently updating articles there.
You are currently browsing the Church of God News weblog archives for December, 2009.


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A Suite Moment at MSG: Taking in a WNBA Game Thanks to SPG!
JO / June 9, 2014
I love basketball. I love deep threes, faster than fastbreaks, and of course, hardwood paroxysms, i.e. DUNKZZZZZ, son!!
I love seeing guys run past the entire opposing team.
I love seeing guys jump out of the gym.
I love poster sessions.
These are, of course, all blessings that I will never, ever receive. Jehovah, in His infinite wisdom, did not wish for me to ascend to Heaven so early in my life and so, miracle of miracles, He granted me a large behind and shoulders and then added minimal leaping ability. Down on the blocks versus basketball commoners, my funky post moves can (sometimes) take folks to church, but I'd trade my tuchus for 20 more inches on my vertical everyday of the week and twice on Sunday.
I'm sorry. That's enough about my athletic gifts. I hope you are still smiling from the above highlights which showcase the amazing athleticism constantly on display in today's NBA. I mean, Russell. . .Good. Lord.
Unfortunately, these type of plays do not reside in the women's game (LOWER THE HOOP, SRSLY), which is why I was hesitant to ever watch a WNBA game live. I didn't want to watch something devoid of fun, and the fun really starts above the hoop. However, SPG Moments had an option to redeem 500 SPG points for two tickets to a New York Liberty game at Madison Game Garden. The package specified suite access, event level seating and free food and drink, so I said "Why not?" and booked two. I didn't exactly know what the seating was going to be like, but I figured lunch and a game for the points equivalent of $5-$10 was a fair deal.
Turns out I was wrong – it was much more than fair.
I picked up the tickets at the South Concierge, which is a semi-private area to the left of the main MSG entrance.
Raised letting and all. I didn't see any watermarks, however.
The security guard scanned our tickets and we took an escalator up one floor to a private elevator that took us down to the Event Level. We then had to show our tickets to another security guard who allowed us access to a hallway with 16 different suites numbered, well, 1-16. The walls were adorned with profiles of famous athletes and, while I couldn't tell you the style, they were pleasingly visceral and brought back the memory of when John Starks dunked on the entire Chicago Bulls team.
Our suite was number 6, and as we walked in, we were greeted by our waitress/bartender/server, Seleeka. There were already 3 other guests in the suite, which was completely fine since the room was large and there were three couches and a table. The kosher food was laid out on the main table, while the other spead was on a side table. It wasn't exactly Le Bernandin, but the chicken fingers were hot, the mustard was spicy, and the pasta and salad options were very fresh.
The other guests – two guys and one girl – were also into points and miles and so we had this funny conversation:
Me: "So, why are y'all here? Do you like the WNBA or are you here because it's 500 points?"
Steve: (laughing) "500 points." He paused for a beat. "But I've been a New York Liberty fan my entire life."
Everyone, including Seleeka, cracked up and as we started talking more about our world, the suite shifted from being a place to eat and drink to a family room that happened to be at Madison Square Garden.
Beer and wine were the only spirits provided, but they were both free. We had a couple drinks and than decided to head to the game to watch the fourth quarter, since it would probably be best to actually enjoy the game in person.
If you've never sat close to the court, and I hadn't until now, it's impossible to appreciate elite basketball. It's not kindergarten anymore – these girls are big, these girls are strong and these girls are fast and yes, tough guy, you will get packed if you come down the lane with that weak stuff.
We were seated 6-7 rows up near midcourt and the game speed, in combination with the setting, served notice that this was a professional event. It was super fun to watch, even though the shooting wasn't strong.
Great seats!
For Liberty games, the upper deck is not open, concentrating all the fans and noise in the lower bowel. It got loud. The dance cam, of course, rocked since the kids in the stands were having a ball, but, worryingly, there was no Kiss Cam. Kiss Cam is probably the greatest invention for fans since the Wave, but I guess our host Jason wasn't feeling the love that afternoon.
I was, though. The seat was heavily padded and comfortable, I had a (free!) drink in my hand and I had made some new friends. Honestly, this might sound weird, but it felt like a summer pool party. The vibe was that relaxing. I didn't see overly obnoxious or drunk fans, I didn't care who won or lost and a lot of folks had their Sunday best on. It was just fun and I was kind of angry at myself for missing most of the game. We even got go on the court at the end.
We made it.
Points are cool. Points and friends are better.
The Liberty won, thank goodness, and that pulled their record to. . .Yeah, no idea. Hey, as far as I know, they are undefeated and leading their division. I can't wait to be loud and proud this Friday, cheering on my new favorite team. . . Ok, that's not true either.
But hey, and you can't tell anyone this. Pinky swear. Alright.
This might have been my favorite SPG redemption ever and I can't wait to do this again.
So will I watch a WNBA game on TV? Probably not. But, next time someone says something snarky about women hooping professionally, I'll just say, "You know what? Go see a game live. Who knows, you might have a great time."
(Watch the whole thing, it's hilarious.)
June 9, 2014 in New York, SPG, Starwood.
My Eight Resolutions for 2016!
SPG Moments at Madison Square Garden: A Suite for only 500 Starpoints!
Summer Updates
← William Worthy, First U.S. Citizen Indicted for "Coming Home," Dead at 92
Free From Speed Limits: Renting a Porsche for the Autobahn through Lufthansa First-Class! →


text:
\section{Introduction}

Diffuse light in the halos of galaxy clusters has been extensively
studied since the discovery of 'swarms of stars' between galaxies in
the Coma cluster by \citet{zwicky}. Although puzzling at the time,
diffuse stellar light is now thought to be a natural consequence of
hierarchical structure formation, which causes merging galaxies to
shed some of their stellar material \citep{willman_icl, purcell}. The diffuse light
in individual massive clusters has been the focus of many
observational studies,which find that the fraction of the total
cluster light in this component is 10-30$\%$
\citep[e.g.,][]{thuan, scheick}. By stacking $\sim$ 700
clusters, \citet{zibetti} was able to tightly constrain the diffuse
light within 500 kpc of the cluster center to be 10.9 $\pm$ 5.0 $\%$
of the total cluster light.

At the other extreme, the diffuse light around galaxies like the Milky
Way is similarly thought to arise from the tidal heating and stripping
of infalling dwarf galaxies \citep[e.g.,][]{searle,
bullock,font_stellar}. However, in this regime, the fraction is only
$\sim$ 1-2 $\%$ of the total light in the halo
\citep[e.g.,][]{chiba,yanny,law}.  Probing the intermediate halo mass
regime, that of galaxy groups, is important in order to reconcile
these two extreme regimes.

Galaxy groups are difficult to observe observationally and thus, a
study of the intragroup medium (IGM) in typical systems has not been
done. Studies of the more extreme compact groups have found a large
variation in the group to group diffuse light, ranging from 5$\%$ up
to as much as 45 $\%$ of the total light
\citep{white_light,darocha1,darocha2}.

Galaxy groups have velocity dispersions comparable to that of the most
massive galaxies within them, and as such are a prime location for the
mergers, tidal stripping and shredding which is thought to give rise
to the diffuse light. Thus, the amount of diffuse stellar mass in
galaxy groups is a direct probe of the efficiency with which infalling
galaxies are disrupted. This could have important implications for
semi-analytic models, which produce too many faint red galaxies
\citep{weinmann_semi, gilbank}.

Type Ia supernova (SNe Ia) likely result when a carbon-oxygen white
dwarf acquires additional mass from a companion star, which causes a
thermonuclear explosion. However, the exact origin of the progenitor
material is uncertain, which makes direct prediction of SN Ia rates
from stellar population modeling difficult. It is typical to
parametrize the rate and then measure the coefficients
empirically. The most common model for the SN Ia rate is the so called
A+B model, which assumes that SN Ia arise from two distinct
channels. In this model, there is a ``prompt'' component which depends
on the current star formation rate (SFR) of the host and a ``delayed''
component which traces the host's stellar mass
\citep{scannapieco,graham}. This model was motivated by the
observation that the SN Ia rate is $\sim$ 20-30 times higher in late
type galaxies than in early type galaxies of the same mass
\citep{mannucci}.

Relatively little attention has been given to SNe which may be hosted
by diffuse material within groups and clusters. But, \citet{galyam}
found that 2 of the 7 cluster SNe Ia discovered during a survey of low
redshift Abell clusters were not associated with galaxies. Recently,
\citet{sand} have begun a search of 60 X-ray selected galaxy clusters
with the expectation of finding $\sim$ 10 intracluster SNe Ia. They
identified three intracluster candidates in early data, all of which
were actually outside of R$_{200}$, implying a relative deficit of
intracluster mass at small cluster radii.

This Letter is complementary to these studies, as we constrain the
diffuse stellar mass in relatively low-mass galaxy groups, by
correlating type Ia supernovae with a large group catalogue, to
identify supernovae without a resolved galaxy host. In \textsection
\ref{data}, we discuss our supernova and group sample, as well as
introducing the derived galaxy properties we use. In \textsection
\ref{identify}, we discuss the procedure we use to identify the hosts
or lack of hosts of the supernovae. Finally, in \textsection
\ref{results}, we discuss the constraints this places on the diffuse
stellar mass in galaxy groups. Throughout this paper, we adopt, as was
done during the assembly of the group catalogue, a $\Lambda$CDM$~$ cosmology
with the parameters of the third year WMAP data, namely $\Omega_{\rm
m} = 0.238$, $\Omega_{\Lambda}=0.762$, $\Omega_{\rm b}=0.042$,
$n=0.951$, $h=H_0/(100 \>{\rm km}\,{\rm s}^{-1}\,{\rm Mpc}^{-1})=0.73$ and $\sigma_8=0.75$
\citep{spergel}.

\section{Data}\label{data}

In this Letter, we require a uniformly selected sample of SNe Ia and a
large sample of galaxy groups over a large area of the sky to find
enough hostless SNe Ia to constrain the diffuse stellar
mass. Therefore, we will examine the region of Stripe 82 in the Sloan
Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) which hosts the SDSS supernova survey.

\subsection{SDSS supernova survey}

The SDSS supernova survey was designed to identify SNe Ia at low
redshift (0.05 $<$ z $<$ 0.35) by imaging an area of 300 sq. degrees
multiple times over a period of 5 years \citep{supernova_tech}. Once
identified, the SNe Ia candidates are spectroscopically followed up and
classified \citep{supernova_follow,supernova_spect}. This has resulted
in the largest collection of supernova at low redshift. Crucially, for
our purposes, the scanning throughout the 300 sq. degrees is
very uniform, resulting in a consistent detection
threshold. For the following, we restrict our analysis to the 368
confirmed SNe Ia within 0.1 $<$ z $<$ 0.2. We note that the SDSS
supernova survey also identifies type II SNe. However, despite
being more numerous, they are are also much fainter \citep{bazin}. Thus
spectroscopic follow-up of type II SNe was limited to those at $z<0.06$,
which is below our redshift limit.

\subsection{Group catalogue}

Reliable and representative samples of galaxy groups can be found
using friends of friends algorithms in large redshift surveys
\citep[e.g.,][]{huchra,carlberg,berlind}. We use a highly complete group sample
defined by \citet{yanggroups}, who have applied their 'friends of
friends'-like algorithm to the SDSS fourth data release to produce a
sample of $\sim$ 300,000 galaxy groups with masses as low as
10$^{11.5}$ $h^{-1}~$M$_\odot$. An important aspect in the construction of this
group catalogue is the subsequent mass estimates, which are obtained by
essentially ranking groups by their total luminosity or total stellar
mass and associating these rankings with the expectations of a $\Lambda$CDM$~$
halo occupation model. We use ``Sample I'' from \citet{yanggroups}, which
exclusively uses galaxies with SDSS spectroscopic redshifts. We chose
this sample, as opposed to the other samples, which add in existing
redshifts from the literature, because we are principally concerned
with obtaining a uniformly selected population of galaxy groups. In
this Letter, we use the halo mass rankings obtained from the total
group stellar mass and restrict our analysis to groups with
masses greater than 10$^{13}$ $h^{-1}~$M$_\odot$, which leaves a final sample of
1401 groups between z=0.1 and z=0.2 within the SDSS supernova legacy
survey area. The galaxy groups have a median halo mass of 1.98
$\times$ 10$^{13}$ $h^{-1}~$M$_\odot$ and a mean value of 3.86 $\times$ 10$^{13}$
$h^{-1}~$M$_\odot$ with a standard deviation of 3.16 $\times$ 10$^{13}$
$h^{-1}~$M$_\odot$.

We make use of measurements of the stellar mass and star formation
rates of the galaxies within the main galaxy spectroscopic sample of
the SDSS. Our stellar masses are taken from \citet{kauffmann_mass},
and were determined by comparing large libraries of stellar population
models with line indices and broad band photometry. The star formation
rates we use were measured by \citet{brinchmann_sfr} using principally
H$\alpha$ emission along with continuum properties (e.g., 4000-$\AA\ $
break).

\begin{figure}
\leavevmode \epsfysize=8cm \epsfbox{figs/radi_plot.eps}
\caption{The distribution of type Ia supernovae as a function
 of distance from the group centre. The red triangles represent the
 rate of SNe Ia hosted by the sample of spectroscopic galaxies with
 the group, while black circles signify the rate of hostless SNe Ia
 within the group sample. $R_{180}$ corresponds to a distance of 0.79
 $h^{-1}~$Mpc$~$ for a group with the mean mass of our sample ( 3.86 $\times$ 10$^{13}$ $h^{-1}~$M$_\odot$).
 }
\label{radi_plot}
\end{figure}

\section{Hosted and hostless group SNe Ia}\label{identify}

Our goal is to obtain a complete sample of SNe Ia which reside within
galaxy groups in our sample. We define group membership as those SNe
Ia which are within the projected group virial radius and which are
$\pm$ 3000 km/s from the group redshift. This velocity range is larger
than the typical velocity dispersion of our groups, but is chosen to be 2
sigma of the precision with which redshifts can be derived from SNe Ia
spectral features \citep[ie. $\sim$ 1500 ${\rm km}{\rm s}^{-1}$,][]{supernova_tech,
cooper_sn}. Of the 368 SNe Ia in our complete sample, 59 are matched
to one of our galaxy groups.

We search for host galaxies of the 59 group SNe, by matching to all
group galaxies in the main galaxy sample of SDSS.  We assume a SN is
hosted if it is within a distance equal to twice the size of the
radius enclosing 90$\%$ of the galaxy's light. This radius corresponds
to a physical scale of 9--14 kpc/h for most of the galaxies in the
spectroscopic sample, and is slightly smaller for those in the
photometric sample. However, for a few of the bright group/cluster
galaxies this distance is much larger because of their extended
haloes. For this reason we have capped the search radius to be a
maximum of 40 kpc/h.  In practise, this changes the membership of just
one SNe, which is 78 kpc/h from a BCG. By matching within our search
radius and a velocity window of $\pm$ 3000 km/s, we find that 23 of
the 59 group SNe are hosted by galaxies within the main spectroscopic
galaxy sample. The spectroscopic galaxy sample only reaches a
magnitude limit of $r=17.77$, so we must extend our search for the
hosts of the remaining SNe to the photometric catalogues, which reach
95 $\%$ completeness at $r$ $\sim$ 22.2. This is an absolute magnitude
of M$_r$$\approx -15$ to $-16$ in our sample. We search for hosts of
the remaining SNe in the photometric catalogues again within our
scaled radius, and now use the photometric redshifts supplied by the
SDSS pipeline. Fourteen of the remaining 36 SNe were matched with host
galaxies using this criteria. Finally, we relax the requirement that
the galaxy photometric redshift is within the range of the SN
spectroscopic redshift, and find an additional three galaxies are
matched. This leaves us with a sample of 19 SNe with no host galaxy in
the photometric catalogue. The images of these SNe, as with the entire
sample, were visually inspected to confirm that they appeared as truly
hostless SNe. Given the limit of our photometric catalog, we might
expect that some of these 19 supernovae are actually hosted by
galaxies which are below our detection threshold. Integrating the
$r$-band luminosity function of SDSS at z $\sim$ 0.1
\citep{blanton_lstar}, only 3 $\%$ of the total galaxy luminosity is
below our detection limit. If we adopt a luminosity function typical
of rich galaxy clusters, which have a steep faint end slope
\citep{milne}, as much as 5 $\%$ of the total galaxy luminosity may go
undetected in our images. Thus, if the number of supernova scale with
luminosity, then it is likely that $\sim 2\pm 1$ of the apparently
hostless galaxies are actually hosted by very faint galaxies (all
uncertainties are $1 \sigma$). In summary, we find that of the 59
total group SNe, 23 are matched to spectroscopically confirmed galaxy,
14 are matched to galaxy via photometric redshift, and a further 3
appear associated with other galaxies. This leaves a sample of 19
apparently hostless SNe.

\section{Results} \label{results}

We are first interested in the distribution of the SNe Ia sample
within our galaxy groups. This is presented in Figure \ref{radi_plot},
in which we show the SN Ia per area per group as a function of
groupcentric distance in units of R$_{180}$ as calculated in
\citet{yanggroups}. The SN Ia counts per area decline steeply with
groupcentric distance, which indicate they are associated with the
galaxy group. Also shown is the rate of SN Ia hosted by group galaxies
within the spectroscopic sample. Given the small numbers and
uncertainty on each point, the distributions are similar. There is no
evidence that the hostless SN, and thus the diffuse stellar mass, are
distributed differently from the galaxy population.

Assuming that all 19 apparently hostless galaxies are truly hostless,
and making the simplifying assumption that the stellar population in
the intragroup medium is the same as within the group galaxies, our
measurement immediately tells us the diffuse stellar mass represents
$\sim 32^{+4}_{-3}$ per cent of the total stellar mass in these
groups, where the quoted statistical uncertainty is the $1\sigma$
confidence limit.  We now explore the systematic uncertainties and
consequences associated with this measurement.

\subsection{Upper limit on the diffuse group stellar mass}

As discussed above, without a definite model of the origin of SNe Ia,
the conversion of a SNe number count into the underlying stellar mass
is uncertain. Therefore, we first try to derive the ${\it maximum}$
diffuse stellar mass possible given the population of hostless SNe
Ia. First, we will assume that the 22 supernova without a
spectroscopic or photo-z confirmed host are true descendants of diffuse
group stellar mass. This includes the 19 supernova with no apparent
host as well as three which appear to be located within galaxies, but
whose galaxies have photometric redshifts inconsistant with both the
SN redshift and the redshift of the group. To obtain a robust upper
limit we here further assume that there is no contribution from faint,
undetected hosts. It is worth pointing out that this is also an upper
limit because it is much easier to detect SNe Ia in hostless
environments, where the contrast is high, than it is for those which
occur in galaxies. We will assume that the remaining 37 supernova
occur within galaxies.

We now need to derive a relation between the stellar mass and the
number of resulting ``delayed'' supernova. To do this, we must
accurately know the stellar mass and star formation rate of a
population of galaxies. We will use our sample of galaxies which are
spectroscopically confirmed and which are within our groups. Using the
stellar masses of \citet{kauffmann_mass} we find that the
spectroscopic sample of galaxies in our 1401 groups has a total
stellar mass of 6.55 $\times$ 10$^{14}$ $h^{-1}~$M$_\odot$ and, using the star
formation rates of \citet{brinchmann_sfr}, the total star formation
rate is 2.62 $\times$ 10$^{4}$ $h^{-1}~$M$_\odot$/yr. We can now use the empirical
relation of \citet{dilday}, which was derived from the SDSS supernova
survey, to find out how many of the 23 SNe in the spectroscopic sample
are ``prompt'' SN and how many are ``delayed''. \citeauthor{dilday}
finds that the supernova rate, r, is given by,
r=A$\rho$+B$\dot{\rho}$, where $\rho$ is the stellar mass,
$\dot{\rho}$ is the star formation rate, A=2.8$\pm$1.2 $\times$
10$^{-14}$ SNe M$^{-1}_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ and B=9.3$^{+3.4}_{-3.1}$
$\times$ 10$^{-4}$ SNe M$^{-1}_\odot$. Using this formula, we find
that 43$^{+18}_{-16}$ $\%$ of 23 SNe are ``delayed'' and 57
$^{+16}_{-18}$ $\%$ are ``prompt''. So, we see that there are
9.9$^{+4.1}_{-3.9}$ ``delayed'' SNe (=43$^{+18}_{-16}$ \% $\times$23),
which arise from an underlying stellar mass of 6.55 $\times$ 10$^{14}$
$h^{-1}~$M$_\odot$. Thus, we have the relation that 1 delayed SN arises from an
underlying stellar mass of 6.62$^{+3.92}_{-3.54}$ $\times$ 10$^{13}$
$h^{-1}~$M$_\odot$. We will us this relation throughout the rest of the paper to
relate the stellar mass to a quantity of delayed SNe.

The diffuse stellar mass is expected to be relatively old, as the
intragroup mass is not expected to be able to form stars in-situ. Any
star formation which results from the stripping of gas from galaxies
will occur near the galaxy, and likely would appear as if it was
hosted by that galaxy \citep{sun, sun2}. Indeed, the intracluster
light observed to date has been universally old \citep{zibetti}. So,
it is reasonable to assume that there exist no ``prompt'' supernova in
the intragroup mass, particularly since we are here after a robust
upper limit on the diffuse stellar mass.  Thus, we can conclude that
the diffuse component hosts at most 22 ``delayed'' SN, and we can use
the relation found above that 1 ``delayed'' SN arises from a stellar
mass of 6.62$^{+3.92}_{-3.54}$ $\times$ 10$^{13}$ $h^{-1}~$M$_\odot$, to see that
the total stellar mass in the diffuse component is $\leq
1.46^{+0.86}_{-0.73}$ $\times$ 10$^{15}$ $h^{-1}~$M$_\odot$. Therefore, the total
diffuse stellar mass per group is $\leq
1.04^{+0.61}_{-0.52}\times10^{12}$$h^{-1}~$M$_\odot$, or $\leq
2.69^{+1.58}_{-1.34}$\% of the halo mass, given the average halo mass
per group of 3.86 $\times$ 10$^{13}$ $h^{-1}~$M$_\odot$.  Taking the upper limit
allowed by the statistical uncertainty, our robust upper limit on the
fraction of total mass that occurs in the diffuse stellar component is
$4.3$\%.  In Figure \ref{mass_plot}, we show these upper limits in two
bins of halo mass.  We discuss the implications of this in
Section~\ref{sec-discuss}.

\begin{figure}
\leavevmode \epsfysize=8cm \epsfbox{figs/intercluster_mass.eps}
\caption{The measurements of intragroup stellar mass for our sample,
  assuming no prompt component of SN. The thick black line with the
  arrow represent our upper limits, while the dots are the best
  estimate after accounting for a contribution from possible host
  galaxies below the survey magnitude limit. Also shown are three
  equality lines where the intragroup stellar mass equals 0.03
  (dot-dashed line), 0.02 (dashed line) or 0.01 (dotted line) of the
  total halo mass.  }
\label{mass_plot}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Best estimate of the intragroup mass}

We have presented a robust upper limit on the quantity of intragroup
stellar mass in galaxy groups.  We now attempt to make a more
realistic calculation of the contribution from undetected host
galaxies, to arrive at an estimate of the actual mass.

In the previous section, we assumed all 22 hostless SN were actually
associated with the diffuse mass. However, three of these appear to be
associated with photometric galaxies, which have inconsistent
photometric redshifts.  From their proximity to these galaxies we
think it is more likely that the photometric redshift is incorrect,
and these are really ``hosted'' SN, within the group.  Moreover, we
have argued that for typical groups up to 5 $\%$ of the group galaxy
light is expected to be in unresolved hosts. Therefore, if stellar
light scales as stellar mass, we would expect $\sim$ 2 of the remaining
19 apparently hostless SNe to be ``delayed'' SNe hosted in unresolved
galaxies.

However, while the ``delayed'' SN rate should only depend on the total
stellar mass, galaxies which are strongly star forming will have a
greater ``prompt'' component than galaxies within our spectroscopic
sample. To estimate this effect, we must adopt a scaling between the
stellar mass and star formation rate. As low mass galaxies are usually
uniformly star forming, we assume that the low mass galaxies double
their stellar mass in a Hubble time
(e.g. SFR=$\frac{M/M_\odot}{10^{10} yr}$). Using the relation of
\citeauthor{dilday}, we find that the number of prompt SN is equal to
$9.3/2.8=3.3$ times the number of delayed SN, so that $\sim$ 6 of the
hostless SNe are likely due to ``prompt'' explosions in unresolved
galaxies. Taken together, this means only $\sim$ 11 of our hostless
SNe are likely true intragroup SNe. Again, we assume that all true
intragroup SNe are ``delayed'' SNe, because the intragroup mass is
uniformly old. Therefore, we can use the previous scaling which stated
that 1 ``delayed'' SN arises from a stellar mass of
6.62$^{+3.92}_{-3.54}$ $\times$ 10$^{13}$ $h^{-1}~$M$_\odot$, to find that a total
mass of 7.28$^{+4.31}_{-3.89}$ $\times$ 10$^{14}$ $h^{-1}~$M$_\odot$ is in the
diffuse component.  On average, this corresponds to
$5.20^{+3.08}_{-2.78}$ $\times$ 10$^{11}$ $h^{-1}~$M$_\odot$ per group,
representing a fraction 1.32$^{+0.78}_{-0.70}$ \% of the total halo
mass.  The black points in Figure \ref{mass_plot} shows the final best
estimate of the diffuse stellar mass in two bins of halo mass, after
all the corrections discussed above. The diffuse stellar fraction is
statistically indistinguishable in the two mass bins, with $\sim
1.3^{+0.73}_{-0.65}$ $\%$ in the lowest mass groups, and
$1.2^{+0.62}_{-0.56}$ $\%$ for the more massive systems.

\begin{figure}
\leavevmode \epsfysize=8cm \epsfbox{figs/total_mass.eps}
\caption{Total stellar mass in our sample of groups. This includes the
 diffuse intragroup mass measured in this paper added to the stellar
 mass of galaxies in the same sample as determined by
 \citet{yangstellar}. The dashed lines represent lines of constant
 total stellar fraction,
 f$_*$=$\frac{\rm{Total~Stellar~Mass}}{\rm{Total~Halo~ Mass}}$. Our
 sample indicates the stellar fraction these groups is $\sim$
 0.02-0.04.  }
\label{totmass_plot}
\end{figure}

A potential systematic error in our results could occur if the SDSS
supernova pipeline and/or spectroscopic follow-up is biased towards
finding SNe without hosts. The first issue, that of the finding
algorithm, was explored by \citet{dilday}, who found that the pipeline
uncovers $>$ 98 $\%$ of SNe Ia to a redshift of 0.2.  Even if the
completeness were only 95$\%$ and entirely biased toward hostless SN
(i.e. assuming the 5$\%$ missed SN are associated with galaxies), our
result on the amount of mass in diffuse form would only change from
1.32$\%$ to 1.17$\%$.  Regarding the spectroscopic follow-up,
\citet{supernova_follow} state that essentially all of the z$<$0.15
type Ia SNe were spectroscopically followed up, and our results are
unchanged if we restrict just to this sample.  Thus we conclude that
neither of these selection affects have a significant affect on our
results.

\section{Discussion and Conclusions}\label{sec-discuss}

We have measured the diffuse stellar mass in galaxy groups using the
rate of hostless SNe Ia. We find that 1.32$^{+0.78}_{-0.70}$ $\%$ of
the total halo mass of a group is in the form of this diffuse
intragroup stellar mass. Although many numerical predictions exist for
the mass of the diffuse intragroup material, they are usually stated
as a fraction of the total stellar mass. To obtain this measure we
will use the stellar mass functions of \citet{yangstellar}, which were
measured for the same sample of groups we use. They find that the
stellar mass function of the group galaxies is well approximated by a
log-normal distribution for the central galaxy and a modified
Schechter function for the satellite population. Integrating these
functions over all galaxies reveals that the fraction of stars in
galaxies is $\sim 1.5$ \% of the halo mass for groups in our mass
range\footnote{A very similar result is obtained if we use the total
stellar mass within the spectroscopic sample, and include a small
correction for the stellar mass below the spectroscopic
limit.}. Therefore, $\sim$ 47$^{+16}_{-15}$ $\%$ of the stellar mass
in our groups is in the diffuse component.This is significantly higher
than the estimates of \citet{purcell}, who use Press-Schechter
formalism along with analytic models for the disruption and stripping
of halos to estimate that $\sim$ 20 $\%$ of the stellar mass is in a
diffuse form. It is also significantly larger than that seen in the
most massive clusters, which is more typically about 10$\%$
\citep{zibetti}.

In Figure \ref{totmass_plot}, we show the total stellar mass as a
function of halo mass for our sample. This shows that, with the
uncertainty, the total stellar fraction in our groups is
0.028$^{+0.011}_{-0.010}$, with a robust upper limit of $0.058$.  We
find some tension with a previous measurement by \citet{baryon_cens}
of the stellar fraction in a few similar sized groups. They found
$\sim$ 6$\%$ of the total halo mass was in some form of stars in these
sized groups, while massive clusters have stellar fractions of only
$\sim$ 0.02.  Our robust upper limit on the stellar fraction is
actually just consistent with their measurement, but this conservative
limit would imply that there is almost three times as much stellar
mass in the IGM as in the galaxies; not only is this almost certainly
unreasonable, it is also much higher than \citet{baryon_cens}
themselves find.  In fact, the fraction of stellar mass we find in the
IGM ($\sim 47$ per cent) is in reasonable agreement with their study;
the difference in our result is in the stellar mass fractions
themselves, as evident in \citet{yangstellar}.  Since it is expected
that clusters are formed from the buildup of groups \citep{berrier,
mcgee_accretion} and given that mergers do not destroy stellar mass,
\citet{balogh_buildup} showed that a group stellar fraction as high as
found by \citet{baryon_cens} was incompatible with the low stellar
fractions in clusters, and argued that the halo masses of the
\citet{baryon_cens} groups were underestimated. The lower measurement
of the group stellar fraction from this work and \citet{yangstellar}
supports this conclusion.

We conclude, therefore, that despite the significant contribution from
intragroup stars, the stellar mass fraction in groups is not
significantly larger than in massive clusters.  This suggests that the
low gas fraction in groups \citep[e.g.][]{Vik+06,Sun+09} cannot likely
be explained via an extraordinarily high star formation efficiency.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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DON'T FORGET TO CHECK YOUR BIRD'S WATER!
Fresh, clean water should always be available. If a water bottle is used, the water should be changed daily and the tip should be checked daily to be sure it is working. Dehydration is a serious problem that can occur within a day or two if water is unavailable.


Founded in 1976, the Chinese Dance Workshop (CDW) is registered as a charitable and non-profit organization and is managed by a dedicated team of young professionals on a voluntary basis. Its major goal is to preserve and promote, in Canada, the rich cultural heritage of Chinese dance by providing a forum for training and by presenting works at professional standards to the public.
To achieve this goal, students at the Chinese Dance Workshop are taught by professional teachers and choreographers from China and Hong Kong who have, amongst them, many years of teaching experience. Through these classes, the students not only acquire the beautiful art form, but also the discipline and a respect towards life itself.
Over the years, the Chinese Dance Workshop has engaged in and continues to be involved in many out-reach programs and has performed at numerous cultural and community events. Periodically, the Chinese Dance Workshop initiates full-scale productions at professional venues and theatres.
Its appearances at these events broaden public accessibility to Canada's multicultural heritage as well as expand the traditional arts audience.


First, let's discuss what LED light therapy is! LED light therapy is a process that emits infrared lights on your face in different wavelengths or spectrums. These bright light-emitting diodes send low-level light energy into the deeper layers of the skin and trigger certain reactions in your skin cells. These reactions happen at the dermis layer of the skin. Your dermis layer converts the light into a fuel of sorts that the cells then use to do its job in healing the skin. But what kind of reactions will you get in the skin? That is determined by what light we are using!
Red light LED stimulates cellular activity, including fibroblasts that produce collagen, which gives young skin its plump look. It also increases blood flow to the skin and capillaries on the face. This promotes healing and rejuvenation. Red light is also believed to target oil glands to reduce cytokines, which cause inflammation and play a role in chronic acne. Red light can help to soothe acne by improving circulation and inflammation through heat transfer. Red light can also be used in conjunction with blue light to treat acne.
Blue light LED works by killing Propionibacterium acnes, the bacteria the lives below the surface of the skin and is responsible for acne. The blue light is able to generate a high energy form of oxygen that attacks the bacteria in the skin. It is also said to help reduce excessive oil production in the skin by causing the oil glands to shrink in size.
Have you experienced the amazing benefits of LED light therapy yet? We offer both Red and Blue Light LED Therapy here at Soma Medical Spa. Give us a call to ask about adding LED light therapy to your upcoming facial!


The Open Network Foundation wants to let programmers take control of computer networks.
Most data networks could be faster, more energy efficient, and more secure. But network hardware—switches, routers, and other devices—is essentially locked down, meaning network operators can't change the way they function. Software called OpenFlow, developed at Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley, has opened some network hardware, allowing researchers to reprogram devices to perform new tricks.
Off switch: This visualization shows network traffic when traffic loads are low and switches (the large dots) can be turned off to save power.
Now 23 companies, including Google, Facebook, Cisco, and Verizon, have formed the Open Networking Foundation (ONF) with the intention of making open and programmable networks mainstream. The foundation aims to put OpenFlow and similar software into more hardware, establish standards that let different devices communicate, and let programmers write software for networks as they would for computers or smart phones.
"I think this is a true opportunity to take the Internet to a new level where applications are connected directly to the network," says Paul McNab, vice president of data center switching and services at Cisco.
Computer networks may not be as tangible as phones or computers, but they're crucial: cable television, Wi-Fi, mobile phones, Internet hosting, Web search, corporate e-mail, and banking all rely on the smooth operation of such networks. Applications that run on the type of programmable networks that the ONF envisions could stream HD video more smoothly, provide more reliable cellular service, reduce energy consumption in data centers, or even remotely clean computers of viruses.
The problem with today's networks, explains Nick McKeown, a professor of electrical engineering and computer sciences at Stanford who helped develop OpenFlow, is that data flows through them inefficiently. As data travels through a standard network, its path is determined by the switches it passes through, says McKeown. "It's a little bit like a navigation system [in a car] trying to figure out what the map looks like at the same time it's trying to find you directions," McKeown explains.
With a programmable network, he says, software can collect information about the network as a whole, so data travels more efficiently. A more complete view of a network, explains Scott Shenker, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the University of California, Berkeley, is a product of two things: the first is OpenFlow firmware (software embedded in hardware) that taps into the switches and routers to read the state of the hardware and to direct traffic; the second is a network operating system that creates a network map and chooses the most efficient route.
Some OpenFlow research projects require just a couple hundred lines of code to completely change the data traffic patterns in a network—with dramatic results. In one project, McKeown says, researchers reduced a data center's energy consumption by 60 percent simply by rerouting network traffic within the center and turning off switches when they weren't in use.
This sort of research has caught the attention of big companies, and is one reason why the ONF was formed. Google is interested in speeding up the networks that connect its data centers. These data centers generally communicate through specified paths, but if a route fails, traffic needs to be rerouted, says Urs Hoelzle, senior vice president of operations at Google. Using standard routing instructions, this process can take 20 minutes. If Google had more control over how the data flowed, it could reroute within seconds, Hoelzle says.
Cisco, a company that builds the hardware that routes much of the data on the Internet, sees ONF as a way to help customers build better Internet services. Facebook, for example, relies on Cisco hardware to serve up status updates, messages, pictures, and video to hundreds of millions of people worldwide. "You can imagine the flood of data," says McNab.
Future ONF standards could let people program a network to get different kinds of performance when needed, says McNab. Building that sort of functionality into Cisco hardware could make it more appealing to Internet services that need to be fast.
The first goal of the ONF is to take over the specifications of OpenFlow, says McKeown. As a research project, OpenFlow has found success on more than a dozen campuses, but it needs to be modified so it can work well at various companies. The next step is to develop easy-to-use interfaces that let people program networks just as they would program a computer or smart phone. "This is a very big step for the ONF," he says, because it could increase the adoption of standards and speed up innovation for network applications. He says the process could take two years.
In the meantime, companies including Google, Cisco, and others will test open networking protocols on their internal networks—in essence, they'll be testing out a completely new kind of Internet.


Auto transportation quotes change all the time. A route that costs $800 may go down to $700 in a few days. However, there are some places where the price of moving your car remains always on the low side. These are areas which are major hubs for carriers and have a lot of traffic and demand.
Cities like these are few but they still exist. Their routes are different from the others and shipping quotes are determined by multiple factors, including the distance and type of trawler used to move your vehicle. However, on a per-mile basis, it will be difficult to find lower shipping rates than what these places offer.
Los Angeles is arguably the most popular area for car shipping, chiefly because of its huge size and immense sprawl. The Greater Los Angeles Area comprises almost 19 million people. The beautiful, hip and happening southern California region is also known for its scenic beauty, lovely weather and arts and culture, thereby making it an attractive area for people to relocate to.
As a result, this place has become very popular with carriers. Between its location, accessibility and high population density, Los Angeles has become a major hub for commercial carriers, transport networks and customers. There are dozens of major truckload carrier companies based in Los Angeles, so prices are considerably lower both when moving your vehicle into and out of the city.
Regardless of where you are shipping your car from, Los Angeles remains one of the least expensive places in the United States for car transportation.
Like Los Angeles and the Greater Los Angeles area, Houston is also a very popular and affordable destination among car carriers because of its location and ease of access. The city is also the most populous area of Texas, U.S.'s largest state and has the fourth-highest population density in the entire country.
Houston is not the only Texan city which is popular amongst car trawler companies. The neighboring cities of Dallas, Austin, San Antonio and Fort Worth also generate a lot of demand and also offer low shipping quotes.
The city of New York is very popular with auto transportation companies because of its size. However, unlike the aforementioned Houston and Los Angeles, New York City isn't quite as popular a place to move into, primarily because of its extremely high prices, property value and rent. Hence, most shipping companies tend to see people and their cars moving out of the city rather than in. Still, the city is so huge that it sees a lot of traffic and shipping opportunities over there.
Miami is the hot place to be (literally) for snowbirds and coast-to-coast shippers. Though by no means the largest city in Florida, Miami is the anchor to a sprawling and busy metropolitan area. Many people who come to Miami don't usually plan on living there long-term but opt to reside in its neighboring urban city district. However, due to its beachy vibe and location, it witnesses much more traffic than places like Jacksonville. That's why, the city and its neighboring regions experience a lot of incoming cars and have economical shipping services.
Additionally, it is a very accessible place and you can easily go to places if you use the interstate proper. Due to this, it is very popular with carriers.
Again, like New York, Chicago experiences more millennials moving out of the city rather than moving in. However, it is still a large city and has several popular shipping hubs. One of the biggest advantages to Chicago is that it is close to Indianapolis, the third-most popular city in the Midwest.
Chicago is also very easily accessible and you can conveniently get around the city, thanks to the network of highways that run across it. Therefore, it is very easy and affordable to ship cars to and from Chicago.
No matter where you want go, Haul Match can help you out and get you the best shipping quotes in the market. Simply fill the online form and find out in just a few minutes how much you have to pay to move your car across the country.


Lizzie is a lovely friendly little kitten with a beautiful plush calico medium length coat.
Lizzie is used to other cats and is terrific with children. She's quiet but playful and when not sleeping in laps she's exploring the house and playing with her sister Midnight (also available).
Lizzie will fit easily into most homes. To meet this gorgeous girl please contact us.


Black Cohosh: Help for Hot Flashes?
Black cohosh is one of the most well studied supplements for menopause. It's made from the root of the North American black cohosh plant. Several studies have found it helps -- especially with hot flashes -- when compared to placebo (a fake treatment). But other studies haven't found a benefit. One warning: Don't use it if you have liver problems.
Flaxseed and flaxseed oil may help some women with mild menopause symptoms. It's a good source of lignans, which tend to balance female hormones. Not all studies have shown these benefits in relieving hot flashes, though.
Bone loss can become a serious problem once hormone levels drop after menopause. It's crucial to get enough calcium. Women under 51 need 1,000 milligrams of calcium a day. Women 51 and older need 1,200 milligrams a day.
Tip: It's best to get your calcium from food. If you need supplements to fill the gap, take smaller doses with food during the day (no more than 500 mg at a time). You'll absorb it better.
Many women use red clover hoping that its natural plant estrogens will ease their menopause symptoms. So far, though, the research results have been mixed.
Despite early concern, recent studies have not shown an increase in uterine cancer when women took red clover for 3 months. But it's always best to talk to your doctor if you're concerned.
Vitamin D is just as important as calcium for bone health. Without vitamin D, your body can't absorb calcium. Most adults need 600 IU daily. Those 71 and older need 800 IU per day. Vitamin D is in many foods and supplements, but there's another source: the sun.
Tip: You may have heard that your body produces vitamin D when exposed to sun. That's true, but even small amounts of sun can lead to skin damage. It's best to focus on food and use supplements if you don't get enough in your diet.
Pills and creams made from certain species of wild yam are popular alternatives to hormone therapy for menopause. Some of the natural compounds in these yams appear similar to estrogen and progesterone, but it's possible they are not active in people. So far, clinical studies have not found that they ease menopause symptoms.
A few studies have found evidence that the different types of ginseng might help improve quality of life during menopause. Ginseng has been shown to boost mood and improve sleep. But so far, studies haven't found that either American or Korean ginseng helps with physical symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes.
St. John's wort is a well-known treatment for mild depression. But it might also have a special benefit for women during menopause. There's some evidence -- particularly when combined with black cohosh -- that St. John's wort can improve mood and smooth the mood swings tied to menopause.
Natural levels of DHEA hormone drop in our bodies after age 30. Some small studies have found that DHEA supplements ease menopause symptoms such as low libido and hot flashes. The evidence is mixed. Other studies have found no benefit. There is some concern that long-term use or high doses of DHEA may raise the risk of breast cancer.
Dong quai has been used in Chinese medicine as treatment for women's health for thousands of years. But research in recent times hasn't found evidence to back this up. One study of dong quai to determine its effects on hot flashes during menopause found no benefits. Because dong quai may have some risks, including cancer when taken long-term, check with a doctor before using it.
Menopausal women in the U.S. are over eight times more likely to have hot flashes than women in Asian countries. Could the soy in the Asian diet explain the difference? Possibly. Studies have found soy to be modestly effective in relieving hot flashes.
Soy foods (such as soy nuts and tofu) and phytoestrogen supplements -- estrogen-like compounds found in some plants -- are sometimes used to relieve mild hot flashes. The research isn't conclusive, though.
All supplements have potential side effects.
Supplements and herbs may interact with some medicines you take. They could boost or negate a medicine's effect. Or the interaction could cause other problems.
Some herbs can cause allergic reactions.
(9) © BSIP / Phototake -- All rights reserved.
Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, Third Edition, 2009.
The North American Menopause Society. Menopause.org: "Do Mother Nature's Treatments Help Hot Flashes?", "NAMS 2011 Isoflavones Report."
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center web site, "About Herbs: Flaxseed."
Medical News Today: "Flaxseed Is King but Won't Help Menopausal Symptoms, Breast Cancer."
Office of Dietary Supplements web site, "Calcium," "Vitamin D."
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies: "DRIs for Calcium and Vitamin D."
American Dietetic Association. EatRight.org: "Calcium."
National Academies.org: "IOM Report Sets New Dietary Intake Levels for Calcium and Vitamin D to Maintain Health and Avoid Risks Associated with Excess."
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center: "Cancer Information: About Herbs, Botanicals & Other Products."
Komesaroff, P.A. Climacteric, June 2001; vol 4 (2): pp 144-50.
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database web site: "Menopause," "Black Cohosh," "Wild Yam," "Ginseng, Panax," "Soy," "Red Clover," "DHEA."
Natural Standard Patient Monograph, "St. John's Wort," "Natural Medicines in the Clinical Management of Menopausal Symptoms," "Wild Yam," "Soy," "Flaxseed and Flaxseed Oil," "Menopause," "Vitamin D."
Holick, M. New England Journal of Medicine, 2007; vol 357: pp 266-281.
Casey, C. American Family Physician, 2010; vol 81: pp 745-748.


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We have all your glass needs covered.
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Brendan McFarlane (born 1951) is an Irish republican activist. Born into a Roman Catholic family, he was brought up in the Ardoyne area of north Belfast, Northern Ireland. At 16, he left Belfast to train as a priest in a north Wales seminary. He joined the Provisional IRA in 1969.

Early years
McFarlane was brought up in a strongly religious Catholic family in the republican Ardoyne area of North Belfast. He served as an altar boy at the local church, and at the age of 17 joined a missionary school in Wales, where he began training to become a priest. McFarlane joined the Provisional IRA when he was 18 years old, following the outbreak of The Troubles, after he had witnessed the violent disturbances first-hand in 1969.

Bayardo Bar attack

In 1976, McFarlane was sentenced to life imprisonment in connection with the Bayardo Bar attack on Aberdeen Street in the Protestant Shankill Road district of Belfast, which killed five people (three men and two women) and injured 60 more on 13 August 1975. In a 1995 House of Lords debate, Gerry Fitt, formerly the SDLP MP for West Belfast, alleged that McFarlane had machine-gunned three pedestrians who were passing by the Bayardo as it was blown up. The bar was attacked because it was allegedly frequented by members of the loyalist Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF). The IRA initially denied it had carried out the attack. The attack occurred against a background of severe sectarian violence. The IRA killed 88 Protestant civilians in similar attacks in 1974–76, in reprisal for loyalist attacks on Catholics, which killed 250 civilians in the same period.

According to journalist Peter Taylor, the attack was carried out by the IRA in retaliation for the UVF's ambush of the Dublin-based Miami Showband on 31 July 1975 which had resulted in the shooting deaths of three bandmembers. One of the five people killed in the Bayardo attack was UVF man, Hugh Harris.

Maze Prison – hunger strikes and escape
McFarlane attempted to escape from the Maze Prison dressed as a priest in 1978. When the bid failed, McFarlane's Special Category Status was withdrawn, and he joined the dirty protest in the H-Blocks.

His nickname "Bik" was acquired after the name of a famous Biscuit company MacFarlane Lang, now known as United Biscuits. Fellow prisoner and author of Blanketmen: An Untold Story of the H-Block Hunger Strike, Richard O'Rawe, described McFarlane as "six feet tall and full of bonhomie", a "great singer" possessing a "striking character". O'Rawe also said that McFarlane was an avid supporter of Gaelic football.

He was Provisional IRA Officer Commanding in the Maze during the 1981 Irish hunger strike in which 10 republicans died. He took over from Bobby Sands in March 1981. Asked why, Sands is said to have replied: "Because you will let me die." He later described 1981 as, "probably the worst year of my life. Despite the political gains, the loss of that year is always with me."

McFarlane went on to lead the Maze Prison escape, the mass break-out of 38 republican prisoners from the Maze in 1983 in which a prison officer died of a heart attack. Fifteen IRA men were caught in the vicinity of the prison, four were captured later that day, 19 got away, with three never being recaptured. Immediately following the escape, McFarlane and other prisoners commandeered a remote farmhouse near Dromore, County Down, and held the family inside hostage. Although he took a map and compass, and other items from the premises, none of the family members, which included two small children and a baby, were harmed. He and the other former escapees made their way across the Irish border and went on the run.

After the break-out, McFarlane resumed his IRA activities. In December 1983, he is alleged to have kidnapped supermarket executive Don Tidey in a bid to ransom him to raise money for the IRA. The kidnap was one of spate of kidnappings and robberies ordered by the IRA Army Council in the early 1980s to raise funds. Tidey was taking his 13-year-old daughter to school when he stopped at what he believed to be a Garda Síochána checkpoint. A gun was put to his head and he was bundled into a waiting car. A few days later his photograph was sent to Associated British Foods, and this was followed by a phone call demanding an IR£5 million ransom.

The Gardaí eventually tracked Tidey and his kidnappers – four in all – to Derrada Wood in Ballinamore, County Leitrim on 16 December 1983. In the subsequent shoot-out, following which Tidey made his escape, a trainee Garda and an Irish Army soldier (Gary Sheehan and Patrick Kelly) were killed.  Tidey's kidnappers escaped.

On 16 January 1986, McFarlane was recaptured in the Netherlands along with fellow escapee Gerry Kelly, and subsequently extradited to Northern Ireland, and released on parole from the Maze in 1997. By 1993 he had become the longest serving prisoner in the Maze.

Kidnapping charges

In 1998, McFarlane was first charged in the Republic of Ireland with Tidey's kidnapping, but he challenged this on the basis that Gardaí had lost a number of exhibits containing fingerprints – the central evidence in the case. The Irish Supreme Court ruled in March 2006 that the trial could proceed.

The Gardaí based the Tidey charges on items recovered from the kidnap site, including a milk carton and a plastic container, on which fingerprints were discovered. Although the items went missing from Garda headquarters during renovation work, the fingerprints had been photographed and a forensic analysis done.

McFarlane was due to stand trial on 3 October 2006. However his legal team launched a second judicial review in May 2006, on the grounds that McFarlane could not get a fair trial due to "systematic delays in bringing the prosecution". This held up his trial until the Irish High Court ruled on the issue on 8 December 2006. However, McFarlane's representatives appealed this decision in turn. Their appeal was finally dismissed on 6 March 2008, and the trial opened in Dublin on 11 June 2008 only to collapse on 26 June when the Garda evidence was ruled inadmissible.

In September 2010, McFarlane was awarded compensation following a European Court of Human Rights ruling. The court found the proceedings relating to the kidnapping of supermarket executive Don Tidey had been "unreasonably long". The Irish government was ordered to pay 5,400 euro in damages within three months and 10,000 euro in legal costs.

Other activity
In August 2004, Gerry Adams suggested that the IRA might disband to prevent its existence being used as an excuse to delay a power-sharing agreement which would include republicans. An IRA delegation including McFarlane then met with the Provisional IRA South Armagh Brigade to discuss Adams' remarks in an attempt to avoid a rift between the groups.

He is now a member of Coiste na n-Iarchimí ("the Ex-Prisoners' Committee"), a welfare organisation for republican ex-prisoners.

Sinn Féin describes him as a voluntary worker, and he has been a vocal supporter of the party's political stance, appearing beside both Gerry Adams and Gerry Kelly at rallies and reiterating former prisoners' support for the direction the party is taking. In 2017, McFarlane canvassed for Kelly and Carál Ní Chuilín in the 2017 Assembly elections, along with Sinn Féin's deputy leader, Michelle O'Neill.

McFarlane has formed a band, Tuan, which is a regular on the Irish republican entertainment circuit. He also performs quite regularly in the Hatfield House, a popular bar in the Holylands district of Belfast. McFarlane sang the closing song at Sinn Féin's St. Patrick's Day Online Concert in 2021.

McFarlane has also shown solidarity with the radical Basque nationalist movement and has been interviewed in the Basque and Spanish press on the subject of the Basque peace process and the proposed release of ETA prisoners. He has described the ETA prisoners as having been engaged in a, 'legitimate struggle' similar to that of Irish republicans.

Personal life
He is married with children and lives in North Belfast.

Cultural References
In the 2017 film Maze dramatising the 1983 prison break, directed by Stephen Burke, McFarlane was portrayed by actor Tim Creed.

References

1951 births
Escapees from British detention
Irish republicans imprisoned under Prevention of Terrorism Acts
Living people
Paramilitaries from Belfast
Place of birth missing (living people)
Prisoners accorded Special Category Status
Provisional Irish Republican Army members


Welcome to the weekend. Ready or not, the holidays are upon us. Maybe you are out buying gifts, or staying in and making cookies. Whatever you're doing, we have some great journalism for you.
Psychiatric advance directives allow patients with serious mental illness to specify the treatment they want if they become too sick to say so.
Practical or luxe, quirky or classic, these gifts will send just the right message to the people you are oh-so-grateful for this year. Sort by interest or price, or browse until you've checked everyone off your list (and maybe discovered a few gifts for you, too).
The former first lady's long-awaited memoir, "Becoming," recounts with insight, candor and wit her family's trajectory from the Jim Crow South to Chicago's South Side and her own improbable journey from there to the White House.
'Clueless' was Amy Heckerling's masterpiece. Is she done with it? As if.
Ms. Heckerling, the pioneering director behind "Fast Times at Ridgemont High," is turning "Clueless" into a musical. Will she finally get her due?
He tried to make his dog an Instagram celebrity. He failed.
Becoming an influencer is hard, as our columnist found out when he tried creative photography, consultations and even bots to propel his food-obsessed corgi to fame.
While Samuel Issiah Williams studies information science at Cornell, he must search campus events for his next meal. Mr. Williams's story is part of the 107th annual campaign of The New York Times Neediest Cases Fund, which is underway and ends in January 2019.


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Retirement Homes in St Louis, Missouri
We found 23 results for retirement homes in St Louis, Missouri. The costs per day of retirement home care in Missouri range from $20 to $124, with a median cost running about $46. The monthly expense averages roughly $1,375 and ranges between $602 and $3,729. On a yearly basis, the mean cost is about $16,500, which is below the national average of $23,100.
Retirement home living costs in St Louis, MO can range from about $1,006 per month up to $4,675 per month, with an average cost of approximately $2,019 per month. That equates to an annual cost of about $24,222.
St Louis, Missouri Retirement Home Costs
St Louis is a large city in Missouri. It is located within St. Louis County. It is the biggest city in Missouri. While the city itself includes 927,396 inhabitants, the surrounding area contains a population of 133,682. Residents who are over 55 constitute approximately 26% of the total community.
St Louis has a good SeniorScore™ of 78. The city's median household income is $51,000 ($30,000 on a per capita basis), compared to the average of $43,000 for the state of Missouri. The median housing price in St Louis is $172,500, which is somewhat higher than the Missouri average of $153,000. St Louis has a high unemployment rate of around 10.71%.
St Louis has mild mean temperatures, with comfortable winters and calm summers. The city receives average levels of rainfall annually. St Louis has a very high crime rate, very good water quality ratings, and very poor air quality ratings in relation to other American cities.
To see information on the SeniorScore™ for St Louis, MO, please visit senioradvice.com/seniorscore/senior-living-in-st-louis-mo.
More About St Louis, Missouri
Nazareth Living Center
2 Nazareth Ln
Located at 2 Nazareth Ln in St Louis, Missouri, Nazareth Living Center is a 52 room senior community. The facility is in a primarily middle class area, with a median per-family income of $73,782. With roughly 54,000 poeple ...
Aperion Care Hidden Lake
11728 Hidden Lake Dr
Aperion Care Hidden Lake is located nearby the Riverview area of St Louis, Missouri. It is a 67 bed senior care community. The encompassing area is heavily populated, with around 21,000 residents in the 63138 zip code. ...
Bethesda Dilworth
9645 Big Bend Blvd
Bethesda Dilworth is a 314 room senior community. It is located at 9645 Big Bend Blvd in St Louis, Missouri. With around 39,000 poeple living in the 63122 zip code, the encompassing area is densely populated. It ...
Village North Retirement Community
11160 Village North Dr
Village North Retirement Community is a 52 bed senior housing facility located in St Louis, Missouri. With an average family income of $33,226, the community is in a mostly lower income area. It has a dense population, with ...
1630 Des Peres Rd Ste 290
Bethesda Health Group is a nursing facility located as 1630 Des Peres Rd Ste 290 in St Louis, Missouri. The community is in a largely well-to-do area, with an average household income of $128,552. With around 18,000 poeple ...
Les Chateau North and West
1330 Chouteau Ave
Les Chateau North and West is situated within the Peabody Darst Webbe area of St Louis, Missouri. It is a 102 unit senior care facility for residents over the age of 62. With a median household ...
Richmond Terrace
1633 Laclede Station Rd
Richmond Terrace is a senior housing community situated within the Franz Park neighborhood of St Louis, Missouri. The facility is in a predominantly middle class area, with an average per-household income of $63,023. With roughly 10,000 people residing ...
Great-West Retirement Services
100 N Tucker Blvd Ste 100
Great-West Retirement Services is a senior housing community situated in the Downtown area of St Louis, Missouri. With about 4,000 individuals residing in the 63101 zip code, the encompassing area is sparsely populated. It is a generally middle ...
Allen Market Lane Apartments
1201 Allen Market Ln
Situated within the McKinley Heights neighborhood, Allen Market Lane Apartments is a senior community in St Louis, Missouri. The facility is in a largely middle class area, with an average per-family income of $35,656. With roughly 20,000 people ...
230 S Brentwood Blvd Ste 100
Situated around the Wydown-Skinker neighborhood, Bethesda is a senior care community in St Louis, Missouri. With a median family income of $79,072, the community is in a mostly wealthier area. It has a medium-density population, with around 19,000 ...
212 S Central Ave Ste 301
Allegro is a senior community located nearby the Wydown-Skinker area of St Louis, Missouri. The community is in a mostly wealthier area, with an average household income of $79,072. It has a medium-density population, with approximately 19,000 individuals ...
Mercy Seat Apartments
4452 Washington Blvd Apt 111
Mercy Seat Apartments is situated within the Lewis Place neighborhood of St Louis, Missouri. It is a 43 bed senior housing facility. The facility is in a mostly lower income area, with a median per-household income of $32,420. ...
Senior Services Unlimited
6651 Chippewa St Ste 207
Senior Services Unlimited is a senior community situated within the Lindenwood Park area of St Louis, Missouri. The neighboring area is heavily populated, with about 28,000 individuals residing in the zip code of 63109. With an average family ...
HDC Retirement Villa
4578 Cote Brilliante Ave
Located within the Lewis Place area of the city, HDC Retirement Villa is a senior housing community in St Louis, Missouri. With about 14,000 people residing in the zip code of 63113, the neighboring area has a medium-density population. ...
Living Independently Home Care
1945 Driftway Dr
Living Independently Home Care is a senior care community located as 1945 Driftway Dr in St Louis, Missouri. The encompassing area has a dense population, with around 37,000 people residing in the zip code of 63114. It is ...
Bevo Place Apartments
4635 Ridgewood Ave Apt 726
Located in the Bevo Mill neighborhood, Bevo Place Apartments is a senior community in St Louis, Missouri. The neighboring area has a dense population, with roughly 45,000 poeple living in the zip code of 63116. With an average ...
Regina Cleri Senior Housing
10 Archbishop May Dr
Situated close to the St. Louis Hills area of the city, Regina Cleri Senior Housing is a senior care facility in St Louis, Missouri. The community is in a largely middle income area, with an average family income of ...
Oasis Residential Care Facility
1916 New Jamestown Rd
Oasis Residential Care Facility is a senior care community located as 1916 New Jamestown Rd in St Louis, Missouri. The facility is in a largely middle class area, with an average household income of $35,129. With roughly 21,000 ...
Monarch Retirement Living
11565 New London Dr
Located at 11565 New London Dr, Monarch Retirement Living is a senior housing facility serving St Louis, Missouri. The community is in a largely affluent area, with an average household income of $106,212. With roughly 22,000 poeple living ...
Halls Ferry Manor
8725 Halls Ferry Rd Apt 101
Halls Ferry Manor is a senior housing facility situated within the Baden neighborhood of St Louis, Missouri. With approximately 12,000 people residing in the 63147 zip code, the surrounding area has an average population density. It is a ...
Friendship Village
12777 Pointe Dr Apt 311
Friendship Village is a senior housing community located as 12777 Pointe Dr Apt 311 in St Louis, Missouri. With a median household income of $84,909, the community is in a largely affluent area. It has a sparse population, ...
Saddler Residential Care Facility
730 Hodiamont Ave
Saddler Residential Care Facility is a 22 bed senior care facility. It is located in the Skinker-DeBaliviere area of St Louis, Missouri. The encompassing area has a dense population, with about 21,000 residents in the 63112 zip code. ...
Central Residence
5143 Waterman Blvd
Central Residence is a 41 bed senior community situated in the DeBaliviere Place area of St Louis, Missouri. The neighboring area has a dense population, with roughly 23,000 residents in the zip code of 63108. It is a ...
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