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Project acronym CAPSAHARA
Project CRITICAL APPROACHES TO POLITICS, SOCIAL ACTIVISM, AND ISLAMIC MILITANCY IN THE WESTERN SAHARAN REGION
Researcher (PI) Francisco Manuel Machado da Rosa da Silva Freire
Host Institution (HI) CENTRO EM REDE DE INVESTIGACAO EM ANTROPOLOGIA
Summary This project proposes an analysis of the reconfigurations established in the socio-political vocabulary of the western Saharan region – southern Morocco, Western Sahara and Mauritania – from the "post-empire" to the contemporary period. The project should produce an analysis of 1) the social and political structures shared in the region, 2) the local variations of those structures, based on case studies, 3) their specific configurations, based on social markers such as gender, age, and class, 4) the use of those structures in different historical periods. All these will be under theoretical and ethnographic scrutiny in order to achieve its main goal: 5) to understand the recent articulation of the social and political structures of the Western Saharan region, with broader and often exogenous political vocabularies. The methodology used in this project is based on readings associated with different social sciences, with a particular focus on anthropology, history, and political science. The members of the research team, with experience and linguistic competence in the different geographies involved in this project, are expected to conduct original field enquiries, enabling a significant enhancement of the theoretical and ethnographic knowledge associated with this region. The project's main goal is to analyse the types of interplay established between pre-modern socio-political traditions and contemporary political expression and activism, in a particularly sensitive – and academically disregarded – region. Its effort to integrate a context that is usually compartmentalized, as well as to put together a group of researchers generally "isolated" in their particular areas of expertise, geographies, or nations, should also be valued. The project's results should enable the different contexts under study to be integrated into the wider maps of current scientific research, providing, at the same time a dissemination of its outputs to an extended audience.
This project proposes an analysis of the reconfigurations established in the socio-political vocabulary of the western Saharan region – southern Morocco, Western Sahara and Mauritania – from the "post-empire" to the contemporary period. The project should produce an analysis of 1) the social and political structures shared in the region, 2) the local variations of those structures, based on case studies, 3) their specific configurations, based on social markers such as gender, age, and class, 4) the use of those structures in different historical periods. All these will be under theoretical and ethnographic scrutiny in order to achieve its main goal: 5) to understand the recent articulation of the social and political structures of the Western Saharan region, with broader and often exogenous political vocabularies. The methodology used in this project is based on readings associated with different social sciences, with a particular focus on anthropology, history, and political science. The members of the research team, with experience and linguistic competence in the different geographies involved in this project, are expected to conduct original field enquiries, enabling a significant enhancement of the theoretical and ethnographic knowledge associated with this region. The project's main goal is to analyse the types of interplay established between pre-modern socio-political traditions and contemporary political expression and activism, in a particularly sensitive – and academically disregarded – region. Its effort to integrate a context that is usually compartmentalized, as well as to put together a group of researchers generally "isolated" in their particular areas of expertise, geographies, or nations, should also be valued. The project's results should enable the different contexts under study to be integrated into the wider maps of current scientific research, providing, at the same time a dissemination of its outputs to an extended audience.
Project acronym COMPCON
Project Competition under (niche) construction
Researcher (PI) Sara NEWBERY RAPOSO DE MAGALHÃES
Host Institution (HI) FCIENCIAS.ID - ASSOCIACAO PARA A INVESTIGACAO E DESENVOLVIMENTO DE CIENCIAS
Summary Interspecific competition is arguably the best interaction to address how individual trait variation and eco-evolutionary feedbacks shape species distributions and trait evolution, due to its indirect effects via the shared resource. However, a clear understanding of such feedbacks is only possible if each contributing factor can be manipulated independently. With COMPCON, we will address how individual variation, niche width, niche construction and the presence of competitors shape species distributions and trait evolution, using a system amenable to manipulation of all these variables. The system is composed of two spider mite species, Tetranychus urticae and T. ludeni, that up- and down-regulate plant defences (i.e., negative and positive niche construction, respectively). Tomato mutant plants with low defences will be used as an environment in which niche construction is not expressed. Furthermore, tomato plants will be grown under different cadmium concentrations, allowing quantitative variation of available niches. Using isogenic lines, we will measure individual variation in niche width, niche construction and competitive ability. Different combinations of lines will then be used to test key predictions of recent theory on how such variation affects coexistence with competitors. Subsequently, mite populations will evolve in environments with either one or more potential niches, in plants where niche construction is possible or not, and in presence or absence of competitors (coevolving or not). We will test how these selection pressures affect niche width, niche construction and competitive ability, as well as plant damage. Finally, we will re-derive isogenic lines from these treatments, to test how evolution under different scenarios affects individual variation in niche width. COMPCON will shed new light on the role of competition in shaping eco-evolutionary communities, with bearings on disciplines ranging from macro-ecology to evolutionary genetics
Interspecific competition is arguably the best interaction to address how individual trait variation and eco-evolutionary feedbacks shape species distributions and trait evolution, due to its indirect effects via the shared resource. However, a clear understanding of such feedbacks is only possible if each contributing factor can be manipulated independently. With COMPCON, we will address how individual variation, niche width, niche construction and the presence of competitors shape species distributions and trait evolution, using a system amenable to manipulation of all these variables. The system is composed of two spider mite species, Tetranychus urticae and T. ludeni, that up- and down-regulate plant defences (i.e., negative and positive niche construction, respectively). Tomato mutant plants with low defences will be used as an environment in which niche construction is not expressed. Furthermore, tomato plants will be grown under different cadmium concentrations, allowing quantitative variation of available niches. Using isogenic lines, we will measure individual variation in niche width, niche construction and competitive ability. Different combinations of lines will then be used to test key predictions of recent theory on how such variation affects coexistence with competitors. Subsequently, mite populations will evolve in environments with either one or more potential niches, in plants where niche construction is possible or not, and in presence or absence of competitors (coevolving or not). We will test how these selection pressures affect niche width, niche construction and competitive ability, as well as plant damage. Finally, we will re-derive isogenic lines from these treatments, to test how evolution under different scenarios affects individual variation in niche width. COMPCON will shed new light on the role of competition in shaping eco-evolutionary communities, with bearings on disciplines ranging from macro-ecology to evolutionary genetics
Project acronym CROME
Project Crossed Memories, Politics of Silence: The Colonial-Liberation Wars in Postcolonial Times
Researcher (PI) Miguel Gonçalo CARDINA
Host Institution (HI) CENTRO DE ESTUDOS SOCIAIS
Summary Colonial-Liberation Wars generate plural memories, conflicting evocations and persisting amnesias. The project's main challenge is to produce innovative knowledge about the memories of the wars fought by the Portuguese state and pro-independence African movements between 1961 and 1974/5. The approach chosen is simultaneously diachronic and comparative, inasmuch as it contrasts changes that took place between the end of the conflicts and nowadays, regarding how wars, colonial pasts and anticolonial legacies have been remembered and silenced in Portugal, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde and São Tomé and Principe. The key hypothesis is that wars - as pivotal moments that ended the cycle of Empire in Portugal and started the cycle of African independences in the former Portuguese colonies - triggered memorialisation and silencing processes which had their own historicity. CROME is divided into two strands. The first one, named 'Colonial Wars, Postcolonial States', looks at the role played by the states under consideration in mobilising, articulating and recognising the past, but also in actively generating selective representations. 'Memory as a battlefield' is the second strand, which will highlight distinct uses of the past and dynamics between social memories and individual memories. The project intends to demonstrate how wars gave rise to multiple memories and conflicting historical judgements, mostly in Portugal, but also to examine how the specific nature of the (post-)colonial histories of each African country has generated different ways to summon war memories and (anti-)colonial legacies. CROME will, thus, put forward a ground-breaking perspective in terms of colonial-liberation war studies, and will be instrumental in dealing with such traumatic experience, for its comparative approach might help overcoming everlasting constraints still at play today, caused by the historical burden European colonialism left behind.
Colonial-Liberation Wars generate plural memories, conflicting evocations and persisting amnesias. The project's main challenge is to produce innovative knowledge about the memories of the wars fought by the Portuguese state and pro-independence African movements between 1961 and 1974/5. The approach chosen is simultaneously diachronic and comparative, inasmuch as it contrasts changes that took place between the end of the conflicts and nowadays, regarding how wars, colonial pasts and anticolonial legacies have been remembered and silenced in Portugal, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde and São Tomé and Principe. The key hypothesis is that wars - as pivotal moments that ended the cycle of Empire in Portugal and started the cycle of African independences in the former Portuguese colonies - triggered memorialisation and silencing processes which had their own historicity. CROME is divided into two strands. The first one, named 'Colonial Wars, Postcolonial States', looks at the role played by the states under consideration in mobilising, articulating and recognising the past, but also in actively generating selective representations. 'Memory as a battlefield' is the second strand, which will highlight distinct uses of the past and dynamics between social memories and individual memories. The project intends to demonstrate how wars gave rise to multiple memories and conflicting historical judgements, mostly in Portugal, but also to examine how the specific nature of the (post-)colonial histories of each African country has generated different ways to summon war memories and (anti-)colonial legacies. CROME will, thus, put forward a ground-breaking perspective in terms of colonial-liberation war studies, and will be instrumental in dealing with such traumatic experience, for its comparative approach might help overcoming everlasting constraints still at play today, caused by the historical burden European colonialism left behind.
Project acronym Des.solve
Project When solids become liquids: natural deep eutectic solvents for chemical process engineering
Researcher (PI) Ana Rita CRUZ DUARTE
Host Institution (HI) NOVA ID FCT - ASSOCIACAO PARA A INOVACAO E DESENVOLVIMENTO DA FCT
Summary Sugars, aminoacids or organic acids are typically solid at room temperature. Nonetheless when combined at a particular molar fraction they present a high melting point depression, becoming liquids at room temperature. These are called Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents – NADES. NADES are envisaged to play a major role on different chemical engineering processes in the future. Nonetheless, there is a significant lack of knowledge on fundamental and basic research on NADES, which is hindering their industrial applications. For this reason it is important to extend the knowledge on these systems, boosting their application development. NADES applications go beyond chemical or materials engineering and cover a wide range of fields from biocatalysis, extraction, electrochemistry, carbon dioxide capture or biomedical applications. Des.solve encompasses four major themes of research: 1 – Development of NADES and therapeutic deep eutectic solvents – THEDES; 2 – Characterization of the obtained mixtures and computer simulation of NADES/THEDES properties; 3 – Phase behaviour of binary/ternary systems NADES/THEDES + carbon dioxide and thermodynamic modelling 4 – Application development. Starting from the development of novel NADES/THEDES which, by different characterization techniques, will be deeply studied and characterized, the essential raw-materials will be produced for the subsequent research activities. The envisaged research involves modelling and molecular simulations. Des.solve will be deeply engaged in application development, particularly in extraction, biocatalysis and pharmaceutical/biomedical applications. The knowledge that will be created in this proposal is expected not only to have a major impact in the scientific community, but also in society, economy and industry.
Sugars, aminoacids or organic acids are typically solid at room temperature. Nonetheless when combined at a particular molar fraction they present a high melting point depression, becoming liquids at room temperature. These are called Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents – NADES. NADES are envisaged to play a major role on different chemical engineering processes in the future. Nonetheless, there is a significant lack of knowledge on fundamental and basic research on NADES, which is hindering their industrial applications. For this reason it is important to extend the knowledge on these systems, boosting their application development. NADES applications go beyond chemical or materials engineering and cover a wide range of fields from biocatalysis, extraction, electrochemistry, carbon dioxide capture or biomedical applications. Des.solve encompasses four major themes of research: 1 – Development of NADES and therapeutic deep eutectic solvents – THEDES; 2 – Characterization of the obtained mixtures and computer simulation of NADES/THEDES properties; 3 – Phase behaviour of binary/ternary systems NADES/THEDES + carbon dioxide and thermodynamic modelling 4 – Application development. Starting from the development of novel NADES/THEDES which, by different characterization techniques, will be deeply studied and characterized, the essential raw-materials will be produced for the subsequent research activities. The envisaged research involves modelling and molecular simulations. Des.solve will be deeply engaged in application development, particularly in extraction, biocatalysis and pharmaceutical/biomedical applications. The knowledge that will be created in this proposal is expected not only to have a major impact in the scientific community, but also in society, economy and industry.
Project acronym ECM_INK
Project Cells-self Extracellular Matrices-based Bioinks to create accurate 3D diseased skin tissue models
Researcher (PI) Alexandra Margarida PINTO MARQUES
Host Institution (HI) UNIVERSIDADE DO MINHO
Summary It has been recognized that growing cells within 3D structures reduces the gap between 2D in vitro cell cultures and native tissue physiology. This has been paving the way for the development of reliable 3D in vitro cell-based platforms with major impact in the reduction/elimination of animal experimentation, diseases modelling and drug development. So far, the many strategies that have been followed to bioengineer in vitro 3D human tissue models mostly rely on the random culture of cells within a 3D structure without reflecting the compositional and structural complexity of the native tissues. Recently proposed bioprinting technologies that allow accurate and high speed deposition of various cells and matrices at high resolution, have therefore great potential in the development of physiologically reliable 3D in vitro tissue models by recreating the different microenvironments/microfunctionalities found in each tissue. Nonetheless, among the components required for bioprinting, bioinks in particular have demanding requirements and much has still to be done regarding their intrinsic formulation to lead cell behaviour and support specific functionalities. ECM_INK intends to tackle this issue by developing cells-self extracellular matrices-based bioinks to create accurate and pathophysiological relevant 3D in vitro diseased skin tissue models. The development of cell phenotype-driven bioinks will generate complex microenvironments comprising varied cell types within matrices that were specifically designed to attain a particular response from each one of those cell types. The use of cells from patients suffering from chronic, genetic and neoplastic skin diseases represents a major advantage that will be reflected in the accuracy and functionality of the respective 3D in vitro models. The ultimate confirmation of their potential will be complete after validation using animal-free approaches reinforcing the intrinsic relationship of ECM_INK with the 3Rs policy.
It has been recognized that growing cells within 3D structures reduces the gap between 2D in vitro cell cultures and native tissue physiology. This has been paving the way for the development of reliable 3D in vitro cell-based platforms with major impact in the reduction/elimination of animal experimentation, diseases modelling and drug development. So far, the many strategies that have been followed to bioengineer in vitro 3D human tissue models mostly rely on the random culture of cells within a 3D structure without reflecting the compositional and structural complexity of the native tissues. Recently proposed bioprinting technologies that allow accurate and high speed deposition of various cells and matrices at high resolution, have therefore great potential in the development of physiologically reliable 3D in vitro tissue models by recreating the different microenvironments/microfunctionalities found in each tissue. Nonetheless, among the components required for bioprinting, bioinks in particular have demanding requirements and much has still to be done regarding their intrinsic formulation to lead cell behaviour and support specific functionalities. ECM_INK intends to tackle this issue by developing cells-self extracellular matrices-based bioinks to create accurate and pathophysiological relevant 3D in vitro diseased skin tissue models. The development of cell phenotype-driven bioinks will generate complex microenvironments comprising varied cell types within matrices that were specifically designed to attain a particular response from each one of those cell types. The use of cells from patients suffering from chronic, genetic and neoplastic skin diseases represents a major advantage that will be reflected in the accuracy and functionality of the respective 3D in vitro models. The ultimate confirmation of their potential will be complete after validation using animal-free approaches reinforcing the intrinsic relationship of ECM_INK with the 3Rs policy.
Project acronym HyLEF
Project Hydrodynamic Limits and Equilibrium Fluctuations: universality from stochastic systems
Researcher (PI) ANA PATRICIA CARVALHO GONÇALVES
Host Institution (HI) INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO
Summary A classical problem in the field of interacting particle systems (IPS) is to derive the macroscopic laws of the thermodynamical quantities of a physical system by considering an underlying microscopic dynamics which is composed of particles that move according to some prescribed stochastic, or deterministic, law. The macroscopic laws can be partial differential equations (PDE) or stochastic PDE (SPDE) depending on whether one is looking at the convergence to the mean or to the fluctuations around that mean. One of the purposes of this research project is to give a mathematically rigorous description of the derivation of SPDE from different IPS. We will focus on the derivation of the stochastic Burgers equation (SBE) and its integrated counterpart, namely, the KPZ equation, as well as their fractional versions. The KPZ equation is conjectured to be a universal SPDE describing the fluctuations of randomly growing interfaces of 1d stochastic dynamics close to a stationary state. With this study we want to characterize what is known as the KPZ universality class: the weak and strong conjectures. The latter states that there exists a universal process, namely the KPZ fixed point, which is a fixed point of the renormalization group operator of space-time scaling 1:2:3, for which the KPZ is also invariant. The former states that the fluctuations of a large class of 1d conservative microscopic dynamics are ruled by stationary solutions of the KPZ. Our goal is threefold: first, to derive the KPZ equation from general weakly asymmetric systems, showing its universality; second, to derive new SPDE, which are less studied in the literature, as the fractional KPZ from IPS which allow long jumps, the KPZ with boundary conditions from IPS in contact with reservoirs or with defects, and coupled KPZ from IPS with more than one conserved quantity. Finally, we will analyze the fluctuations of purely strong asymmetric systems, which are conjectured to be given by the KPZ fixed point.
A classical problem in the field of interacting particle systems (IPS) is to derive the macroscopic laws of the thermodynamical quantities of a physical system by considering an underlying microscopic dynamics which is composed of particles that move according to some prescribed stochastic, or deterministic, law. The macroscopic laws can be partial differential equations (PDE) or stochastic PDE (SPDE) depending on whether one is looking at the convergence to the mean or to the fluctuations around that mean. One of the purposes of this research project is to give a mathematically rigorous description of the derivation of SPDE from different IPS. We will focus on the derivation of the stochastic Burgers equation (SBE) and its integrated counterpart, namely, the KPZ equation, as well as their fractional versions. The KPZ equation is conjectured to be a universal SPDE describing the fluctuations of randomly growing interfaces of 1d stochastic dynamics close to a stationary state. With this study we want to characterize what is known as the KPZ universality class: the weak and strong conjectures. The latter states that there exists a universal process, namely the KPZ fixed point, which is a fixed point of the renormalization group operator of space-time scaling 1:2:3, for which the KPZ is also invariant. The former states that the fluctuations of a large class of 1d conservative microscopic dynamics are ruled by stationary solutions of the KPZ. Our goal is threefold: first, to derive the KPZ equation from general weakly asymmetric systems, showing its universality; second, to derive new SPDE, which are less studied in the literature, as the fractional KPZ from IPS which allow long jumps, the KPZ with boundary conditions from IPS in contact with reservoirs or with defects, and coupled KPZ from IPS with more than one conserved quantity. Finally, we will analyze the fluctuations of purely strong asymmetric systems, which are conjectured to be given by the KPZ fixed point.
Project acronym INVISIBLE
Project Advanced Amorphous Multicomponent Oxides for Transparent Electronics
Researcher (PI) Elvira Fortunato
Host Institution (HI) FACULDADE DE CIENCIAS E TECNOLOGIADA UNIVERSIDADE NOVA DE LISBOA
Call Details Advanced Grant (AdG), PE8, ERC-2008-AdG
Summary Imagine having a fully transparent and flexible, foldable, low cost, displays or at the glass window of your home/office, a transparent electronic circuit, do you believe on that? Maybe you are asking me if I am writing science fiction. No I am not. In fact this is a very ambitious objective but is tangible in the framework of this project due to the already acquired experience in the development of transparent thin film transistors using novel multifunctional and multicomponent oxides that can behave as active or passive semiconductor materials. This is an interdisciplinary research project aiming to develop a new class of transparent electronic components, based on multicomponent passive and active oxide semiconductors (n and p-types), to fabricate the novel generation of full transparent electronic devices and circuits, either using rigid or flexible substrates. The emphasis will be put on developing thin film transistors (n and p-TFTs) and integrated circuits for a broad range of applications (from inverters, C-MOS like devices, ring oscillators, CCDs backplanes for active matrices, biossensor arrays for DNA/RNA/proteins detection), boosting to its maximum their electronic performances for next generation of invisible circuits. By doing so, we are contributing for generating a free real state electronics that is able to add new electronic functionalities onto surfaces, which currently are not used in this manner and that silicon cannot contribute. The multicomponent metal oxide materials to be developed will exhibit (mainly) an amorphous or a nanocomposite structure and will be processed by PVD techniques like rf magnetron sputtering at room temperature, compatible with the use of low cost and flexible substrates (polymers, cellulose paper, among others). These will facilitate a migration away from tradition silicon like fab based batch processing to large area, roll to roll manufacturing technology which will offer significant advantages
Imagine having a fully transparent and flexible, foldable, low cost, displays or at the glass window of your home/office, a transparent electronic circuit, do you believe on that? Maybe you are asking me if I am writing science fiction. No I am not. In fact this is a very ambitious objective but is tangible in the framework of this project due to the already acquired experience in the development of transparent thin film transistors using novel multifunctional and multicomponent oxides that can behave as active or passive semiconductor materials. This is an interdisciplinary research project aiming to develop a new class of transparent electronic components, based on multicomponent passive and active oxide semiconductors (n and p-types), to fabricate the novel generation of full transparent electronic devices and circuits, either using rigid or flexible substrates. The emphasis will be put on developing thin film transistors (n and p-TFTs) and integrated circuits for a broad range of applications (from inverters, C-MOS like devices, ring oscillators, CCDs backplanes for active matrices, biossensor arrays for DNA/RNA/proteins detection), boosting to its maximum their electronic performances for next generation of invisible circuits. By doing so, we are contributing for generating a free real state electronics that is able to add new electronic functionalities onto surfaces, which currently are not used in this manner and that silicon cannot contribute. The multicomponent metal oxide materials to be developed will exhibit (mainly) an amorphous or a nanocomposite structure and will be processed by PVD techniques like rf magnetron sputtering at room temperature, compatible with the use of low cost and flexible substrates (polymers, cellulose paper, among others). These will facilitate a migration away from tradition silicon like fab based batch processing to large area, roll to roll manufacturing technology which will offer significant advantages
Project acronym MEDEA-CHART
Project The Medieval and Early Modern Nautical Chart: Birth, Evolution and Use
Researcher (PI) Joaquim Filipe FIGUEIREDO ALVES GASPAR
Summary Of all the technical and scientific developments that made possible the early modern maritime expansion, the nautical chart is perhaps the least studied and understood. This fact is very surprising as it was through those charts that the newly discovered world was first shown to the amazed eyes of the European nations. Although the History of Cartography is a well-established academic discipline and old charts have been examined for many years, their detailed technical study is still in its infancy. What is the origin of the pre-Mercator nautical chart, how charts evolved technically over time and how they were used at sea are all critical questions that remain to be answered. I intend to approach these challenges in a truly interdisciplinary way, by using innovative and powerful tools as a complement to the traditional methods of historical research: analytical cartometric methods, numerical modelling and the examination of the manuscripts through special lighting. By applying these tools to a large sample of charts of various periods and origins, I aim to unveil hidden graphic content related to their construction and use, to characterize their main geometric features, to establish meaningful connections with contemporary navigational methods and exploration missions, and to numerically simulate their construction by taking into account the explanations given in the textual sources. The effectiveness of those techniques has already been demonstrated in my previous studies, such as in the solution of an historical enigma which had been alive for more than a century: the construction of the Mercator projection, in 1569. Now, I propose to handle a broader and more complex set of questions, which has eluded the historians of cartography for even a longer period. The clarification of these issues will have a ground-breaking impact, not only in the strict field of the History of Cartography, but also in the context of the intellectual history at large.
Of all the technical and scientific developments that made possible the early modern maritime expansion, the nautical chart is perhaps the least studied and understood. This fact is very surprising as it was through those charts that the newly discovered world was first shown to the amazed eyes of the European nations. Although the History of Cartography is a well-established academic discipline and old charts have been examined for many years, their detailed technical study is still in its infancy. What is the origin of the pre-Mercator nautical chart, how charts evolved technically over time and how they were used at sea are all critical questions that remain to be answered. I intend to approach these challenges in a truly interdisciplinary way, by using innovative and powerful tools as a complement to the traditional methods of historical research: analytical cartometric methods, numerical modelling and the examination of the manuscripts through special lighting. By applying these tools to a large sample of charts of various periods and origins, I aim to unveil hidden graphic content related to their construction and use, to characterize their main geometric features, to establish meaningful connections with contemporary navigational methods and exploration missions, and to numerically simulate their construction by taking into account the explanations given in the textual sources. The effectiveness of those techniques has already been demonstrated in my previous studies, such as in the solution of an historical enigma which had been alive for more than a century: the construction of the Mercator projection, in 1569. Now, I propose to handle a broader and more complex set of questions, which has eluded the historians of cartography for even a longer period. The clarification of these issues will have a ground-breaking impact, not only in the strict field of the History of Cartography, but also in the context of the intellectual history at large.
Project acronym POLITICS
Project The politics of anti-racism in Europe and Latin America: knowledge production, decision-making and collective struggles
Researcher (PI) Silvia RODRIGUEZ MAESO
Call Details Consolidator Grant (CoG), SH3, ERC-2016-COG
Summary The main objective of POLITICS is to innovate knowledge on anti-racism that brings about a greater understanding of how historically rooted injustices are being challenged by institutions and grassroots movements. Considering the centrality and mutual influence of Europe and Latin America in the global processes of racial formation, POLITICS will develop an inter-disciplinary and comprehensive approach towards two core goals: (a) the analysis of processes of knowledge production about 'race' and (anti-)racism in the spheres of (inter)national governmental politics, State universities and grassroots movements; (b) the examination of diverse paths of denunciation and collective mobilisation against everyday racism concerning police practice and representations in the mass media. POLITICS embraces a multilevel analysis and information-oriented selection of case-studies in three interrelated research streams: (i) Global, regional and state-sponsored political frameworks and public policies; (ii) Cultures of scholarship and the study of racism and (post)colonialism at State universities; (iii) Tackling everyday racism: processes of denunciation, political mobilisation and case-law concerning police practice, and racist representations in the media and mass media. The research challenges the shortcomings of evaluative comparisons and the selection of research contexts enables interrogating the relations between the global, national and local levels. They include the Organisation of American States, the European Union and national and local politics in Brazil, Peru, Portugal and Spain. Qualitative research and data collection engage with race critical theories, critical discourse analysis and participatory methods that consider power/knowledge at their core. POLITICS will unravel the configuration of different notions of dignity, justice and equality resulting from anti-racist struggles and policy interventions and their significance for envisaging decolonial horizons.
The main objective of POLITICS is to innovate knowledge on anti-racism that brings about a greater understanding of how historically rooted injustices are being challenged by institutions and grassroots movements. Considering the centrality and mutual influence of Europe and Latin America in the global processes of racial formation, POLITICS will develop an inter-disciplinary and comprehensive approach towards two core goals: (a) the analysis of processes of knowledge production about 'race' and (anti-)racism in the spheres of (inter)national governmental politics, State universities and grassroots movements; (b) the examination of diverse paths of denunciation and collective mobilisation against everyday racism concerning police practice and representations in the mass media. POLITICS embraces a multilevel analysis and information-oriented selection of case-studies in three interrelated research streams: (i) Global, regional and state-sponsored political frameworks and public policies; (ii) Cultures of scholarship and the study of racism and (post)colonialism at State universities; (iii) Tackling everyday racism: processes of denunciation, political mobilisation and case-law concerning police practice, and racist representations in the media and mass media. The research challenges the shortcomings of evaluative comparisons and the selection of research contexts enables interrogating the relations between the global, national and local levels. They include the Organisation of American States, the European Union and national and local politics in Brazil, Peru, Portugal and Spain. Qualitative research and data collection engage with race critical theories, critical discourse analysis and participatory methods that consider power/knowledge at their core. POLITICS will unravel the configuration of different notions of dignity, justice and equality resulting from anti-racist struggles and policy interventions and their significance for envisaging decolonial horizons.
Project acronym TREND
Project Transparent and flexible electronics with embedded energy harvesting based on oxide nanowire devices
Researcher (PI) Pedro CANDIDO BARQUINHA
Summary The Internet of Things is shaping the evolution of information society, requiring an increasing number of objects with embedded electronics, sensors and connectivity. This spurs the need for systems where summing to performance and low cost, multifunctionality has to be assured. In this context, TREND aims to take transparent electronics into as-of-yet unexplored levels of integration, by combining on flexible substrates transparent and high-speed nanocircuits with energy harvesting capabilities, all based on multicomponent metal oxide nanowires (NWs). For this end, sustainable and recyclable materials as ZnO, SnO2, TiO2 and Cu2O will be synthesized in different forms of heterostructured NWs, using low-temperature and low-cost solution processes. For precise positioning, NWs will be directly grow on flexible substrates using seed layers patterned by nanoimprint lithography. This will be crucial for integration in different nanotransistor structures, which will be combined into digital/analog nanocircuits following planar and 3D approaches. Energy will be provided by piezoelectric nanogenerators with innovative structures and materials. Final platform of nanocircuits+nanogenerators will make use of NW interconnects, bringing a new dimension to the systems-on-foil concept. The research will be carried out at FCT-UNL, in a group pioneering transparent electronics. My PhD on oxide materials/devices and proven expertise on circuit integration, oxide nanostructure synthesis and nanofabrication/characterization tools will be a decisive contribute to the implementation of the proposal. TREND is an ambitious multidisciplinary project motivating advances in materials science, engineering, physics and chemistry, with impact extending from consumer electronics to health monitoring wearable devices. By promoting new ideas for practical ends, it will contribute to place Europe in the leading position of such strategic areas, where sustainability and innovation are key factors.
The Internet of Things is shaping the evolution of information society, requiring an increasing number of objects with embedded electronics, sensors and connectivity. This spurs the need for systems where summing to performance and low cost, multifunctionality has to be assured. In this context, TREND aims to take transparent electronics into as-of-yet unexplored levels of integration, by combining on flexible substrates transparent and high-speed nanocircuits with energy harvesting capabilities, all based on multicomponent metal oxide nanowires (NWs). For this end, sustainable and recyclable materials as ZnO, SnO2, TiO2 and Cu2O will be synthesized in different forms of heterostructured NWs, using low-temperature and low-cost solution processes. For precise positioning, NWs will be directly grow on flexible substrates using seed layers patterned by nanoimprint lithography. This will be crucial for integration in different nanotransistor structures, which will be combined into digital/analog nanocircuits following planar and 3D approaches. Energy will be provided by piezoelectric nanogenerators with innovative structures and materials. Final platform of nanocircuits+nanogenerators will make use of NW interconnects, bringing a new dimension to the systems-on-foil concept. The research will be carried out at FCT-UNL, in a group pioneering transparent electronics. My PhD on oxide materials/devices and proven expertise on circuit integration, oxide nanostructure synthesis and nanofabrication/characterization tools will be a decisive contribute to the implementation of the proposal. TREND is an ambitious multidisciplinary project motivating advances in materials science, engineering, physics and chemistry, with impact extending from consumer electronics to health monitoring wearable devices. By promoting new ideas for practical ends, it will contribute to place Europe in the leading position of such strategic areas, where sustainability and innovation are key factors.


Digital versions of event schedules are frequently tucked deep into clunky mobile apps and poorly-optimized websites, making it difficult to find out when an event-goer's favorite act goes on, or at which stage. Often times performances are listed alphabetically, or based off of their popularity rather than according to their time and location. While this format might make sense for someone casually browsing the occasion's offerings at home, this type of information architecture is painfully inefficient for the patron who is in attendance at the event. Discerning which exact performances are occurring currently, or which are coming up next across various locations becomes a problematic endeavor. Having endured similarly frustrating experiences with many event and festival's mobile offerings, Assembly Line Technologies set out to create a convenient way for attendees to get information regarding schedules and set times.
Assembly Line Technologies has nullified this clunky user experience with the Set Times Festival Schedule Webapp; a fully responsive website that allows users to both plan their movements before an event on a desktop or tablet, while also providing an extremely usable experience on a smartphone during the event. Combined with support for touch gestures, the Set Times Festival Schedule Webapp provides a seamless mobile experience; an essential convenience when the user is in the middle of a large crowd attempting to navigate a large event space. Users can swipe between stages/locations to see a consistent chronological listing of performances; a scrolling indicator even helps to highlight which events are currently in progress. Users can even customize their experience with intuitive features such as double tapping on a performer to highlight them as a personal favorite. Most importantly, the interface is completely web accessible so that patrons do not have to be bothered with downloading an application via an overburdened cell network; Assembly Line Technologies made a point to develop a low-weight webpage that is both effective and quick to load.


Huy Tran currently works at Liberty Mutual Insurance in their Catastrophe Research and Development Group, which looks at modeling losses and managing risk from natural catastrophes like hurricanes, earthquakes, and tornadoes. At Liberty Mutual, he is also a founding member and community co-chair on the leadership team for their Asian-American employee resource group LEAAP, Leading and Empowering Asian-American Professionals. He graduated with a dual degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2011 and then earned his MBA in 2012, both from Northeastern University.


Today, the Don Bosco Prep school community celebrated Mass together before the Thanksgiving Break. Mass was celebrated by Fr. Paul Chu, SDB, who preached that gratitude is the best attitude to have! We should be grateful for all of the things we are given throughout the year and especially during this Thanksgiving season.
At the end of Mass Fr. Paul announced the results of this year food drive and the school was able to raise 18,246 pounds of food for those in need! 48 turkeys and hams were also collected. A great effort from the entire community! A special thank you to the Norris-McMahon '22 family who donated 3,000 pounds of food, and the Hamon '22 family who donated 2,000 pounds as well.
Lastly, before our students were dismissed they got to watch a preview of this year's play, Clue! Students dressed in their costumes and performed a teaser for their peers!
Thank you to everyone who donated to this year's Food Drive! Have a happy and healthy Thanksgiving!


The search for content has always been a thorny task for sports bars and restaurant operators. By content we mean any activity, programming or engagement you deliver to your guests while they visit your restaurant. Most operators have the programming part on lock down, but how do they do when it comes to alternative forms of content?
Most of the operators served by The Daily Rail and SportsTV Guide pretty much leave it at that. However, we believe not having a plan for alternative content is a fatal error in any restaurant, bar and grill. Whether you want to deliver custom messages to your guests through digital signage like CHIVE TV or provide obscure games that only streaming sports can deliver, understanding alternate content can be a real difference maker for your business.
To address the aforementioned dearth of knowledge, we compiled a few options to expand your understanding of alternate content. These concepts have varying barriers to entry and some have demonstrably better returns than others. We leave it to you to divine which might work for you.
You own something and you keep giving it away. What, you ask? Well, eye-balls, of course. Each time a guest watches an advertisement on the TV channels you show, those eye balls — and that guest's attention — is going to someone else's benefit. That's why digital signage is so valuable as alternate content. For example, with CHIVE TV you can add a proprietary content channel, but also add your own messages in between segments. Digital signage, like CHIVE TV, provides you a method to promote your internal marketing programs, inform guests about the goings on at your place and provide them with amazing, family friendly content.
If your operations has more than a few TVs, there is a place for CHIVE TV's funny and entertaining programming. This type of internal signage also delivers a real return on investment. Just consider that operators that installed CHIVE TV saw a 19% increase in traffic after they started streaming the content. Increased traffic means increased revenue.
Consequently, if you are looking for alternate content, CHIVETV is the kind of content that will deliver both entertainment and a return on the investment. The basic CHIVE TV channel and content is free.
Traditional cable/satellite delivered TV is the most pervasive form of content in the restaurant industry. You all understand, and effectively manage that — or so you think. Let's take DIRECTV, for example. Many of you have no idea if you are buying the right content. Consequently, we strongly encourage you to contact your DIRECTV dealer and ask them to do an audit of your account. Review your subscription with them once a year. You can better plan your content expense this way and make sure you aren't paying for things you don't need — and conversely, not missing programming you could profit from.
We have discussed this subject many times on The Rail and on the SportsTV Guide. You will know, by now, we believe that streaming sports is the future of all sports programming. However, to be clear, the future is now! For example, there are 20-30 streaming-only NCAA football games each week. Also, up and coming leagues, like Major League Lacrosse (MLL), are only available out of market as streaming. This content is relevant to your guests, and, in many cases, free or inexpensive. We have published several blogs that outline why you should be onboard with streaming sports and what content is out there for you to access.
Even at its most basic, you can leverage this content to ensure you can serve college alumni groups and create viewing parties for them. The only complicated part is getting a browser-enable device on to your A/V system. After that it's as simple as looking at your Streaming Events Tab on your SportsTV Guide to see what's available and access a link directly to it. We are committed to giving you the information and look forward to you making streaming sports work for your business.
Truth be told, the mobile revolution never came in the form most operators had hoped. Remember the frenzy to create your own app and the assertion you couldn't survive without it? Yah, well that passed pretty quickly. That's not to say that mobile isn't a relevant platform to d eliver entertainment. The real problem here is that most mobile-based experiences that you can provide are expensive and have very little demonstrable return on investment (ROI). From trivia games that require expensive subscriptions to a jukebox accessed via a guest's mobile device (that returns revenue at no cost to you), mobile can provide terrific entertainment options for your guests to enjoy.
However, if it doesn't return, you'll want to be very careful. The one thing we can assure you is that no small chain or independent operator should rush into a mobile solution unless they are clear on what their goals are and how they will be achieved by your choice. Absent that, you may not want to even bother with mobile entertainment and just focus on how your TVs can deliver to your guests.
Content choices are complicated once you get past the most basic sports TV programming. We suggest you focus directly on the return that any investment you make in alternative content will deliver. If that number doesn't make sense then don't do it. A metric like an increase in dwell times of 16% delivered by CHIVETV is pretty compelling and can clearly be understood as a powerful improvement. It's actually OK to ask the platform to explain/justify their proposition and demonstrate their value as a return on investment.


text:
Should have gone to Novadata's Driver Eyesight Evaluation record book
With much reporting in the media of drivers being found with defective eyesight when driving, Novadata has launched a simple solution for Operators in the form of its new Driver Eyesight Evaluation record book.
"It is the Operator Licence holder's responsibility to ensure that their drivers are safe to drive," says Novadata's Paul Andrews, who helped develop the product. "However, most don't have a formal process for demonstrating that this has been checked. We designed our new record book to provide a simple framework for evaluating the driver's vision, ensuring that it is satisfactory enough for them to be driving; and it creates a robust audit trail of evidence that the O Licence holder has checked that the driver's eyesight is up to acceptable driving standards."
The new book provides a framework for conducting the kind of simple eyesight check used by driving test examiners, ensuring that the driver can read a licence plate made after 1 September 2001 from a distance of 20 metres. The Driver Eyesight Evaluation record book, which contains sufficient sheets for 25 separate checks, provides space for the number plate used for the test to be logged, so that its date suitability can be confirmed, plus the driver's signature and date of the test.
The company representative conducting the check then records the outcome as satisfactory or unsatisfactory and also signs and dates the form. In addition, the form provides space to record the deadline by which the next evaluation must be conducted.
If the outcome is unsatisfactory, the simple check provides grounds on which to ban the driver from driving a company operating vehicle until their eyesight has been corrected by new prescription glasses or contact lenses.
"Ensuring that the driver can see well enough to drive safely sounds obvious," says Andrews, "yet we talk to so many Operators who aren't aware that they are responsible for checking this. Those who are aware often don't know how to go about evaluating and recording the result. This simple new product provides this process for them, helping to protect both driver and Operator and safeguarding the all-important O Licence."
The Driver Eyesight Evaluation record book is available now.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Inspire Planning Solutions Ltd was part of a multi-disciplinary team that obtained planning permission for the redevelopment of this existing Mosque site to provide a new purpose built facility.
The proposal was to enhance this cultural community infrastructure, through the removal of the current single storey structure a replacement facility that would provide a range of services. Through the preparation of a comprehensive and wide-ranging Planning, Transport and Design & Access Statement, we covered all relevant planning matters. This included a Travel Survey that demonstrated that the development would have no detrimental effect on the road conditions or on the living conditions of the neighbouring residents. The application proposed a well-designed development in an acceptable location.
The redevelopment of this site successful gained planning permission, and is currently on-site, under construction.


Spirits In My House - a Memory of Barking.
I used to live with my dad in the mid 70's at 210 b Ripple Rd. Ii used to be terrified of a fair haired girl who seemed to wait for me on the landing just below the top flat where we lived, she wore victorian clothes, I felt her often in my bedroom too! Francine Hodges, nee Solomons.
A memory shared by Francine Hodges on Mar 6th, 2012. Send Francine Hodges a message.


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text:
Homofobia no Brasil ainda é um problema presente e constante, havendo estatísticas compiladas pelo Grupo Gay da Bahia (GGB) que sugerem que o Brasil é o país com a maior quantidade de registros de crimes homofóbicos do mundo, seguido pelo México e pelos Estados Unidos.

De acordo com o GGB, um homossexual é morto a cada 28 horas no país por conta da homofobia (assassinatos e suicídios) e cerca de 70% dos casos dos assassinatos de pessoas LGBT ficam impunes. Segundo um estudo feito pela Universidade de São Paulo em 2014, sete em cada dez homossexuais brasileiros já sofreram algum tipo de agressão, seja física ou verbal. O país teve 650 assassinatos homofóbicos ou transfóbicos em 2012 e 2013 e concentra metade do total de homicídios de transexuais do mundo, de acordo com o relatório de diversas agências internacionais como a Transgender Europe e Trans Respect Versus Transphobia Worldwide.

Segundo o professor Luiz Mott, fundador do GGB e membro do departamento de antropologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, a homofobia é uma "epidemia nacional". Ele assevera que o Brasil "é o campeão mundial em assassinatos de homossexuais, sendo que a cada três dias um homossexual é barbaramente assassinado, vítima da homofobia." Para a advogada Margarida Pressburger, membro do Subcomitê de Prevenção da Tortura da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), o Brasil ainda é "um país racista e homofóbico." A Anistia Internacional apontou em relatório divulgado em 2015 que a pressão político-religiosa no país tende a bloquear o avanço de leis que poderiam proteger minorias de serem discriminadas, especialmente em relação aos homossexuais. No entanto, apesar do cenário pouco amigável para pessoas LGBT no país, uma pesquisa realizada pelo Pew Research Center mostrou que 65% da população brasileira considera que a homossexualidade deve ser aceita pela sociedade.

Histórico

Período colonial
Com a chegada dos portugueses, passa a valer no território brasileiro as ordenações, que classificavam a sodomia como o "mais torpe, sujo e desonesto pecado".

Era contemporânea

No Brasil, manifestações homofóbicas são por vezes registradas, sendo muitas delas violentas. Em 2010, uma publicação homofóbica de um jornal estudantil de farmácia da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) que incitava estudantes a atirarem excrementos humanos a homossexuais e oferecia em troca bilhetes grátis para uma festa Também foi considerada homofóbica por movimentos LGBT a psicóloga Rozângela Alves Justino, que atende no Rio de Janeiro, punida pelo Conselho Federal de Psicologia por tentar "curar" pessoas homossexuais que procuravam seu consultório. A classificação oficial da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) de 1990 e a resolução específica do Conselho Federal de Psicologia do Brasil (CFPB) de 1999, excluem a tipificação de patologia à homossexualidade.

Crianças e adolescentes estudantes sofrem com discriminação e preconceito tanto por parte de estudantes, quanto de professores e diretores das escolas. Estudo realizado em 501 escolas detectou que 80% dos alunos gostariam de manter algum tipo de distanciamento de portadores de necessidades especiais, homossexuais, pobres e negros. 17,4% relataram ter conhecimento de alunos vítimas de bullying devido à sua homossexualidade. O Ministério da Educação passou a financiar projetos para ajudar as escolas a lidarem com o problema da homofobia.

Em 2010, o então deputado federal Jair Bolsonaro se envolveu em polêmicas ao declarar ser a favor de dar surras em crianças e adolescentes que tenham tendências homossexuais, se colocando como defensor da "família tradicional". Segundo o deputado: "O filho começa a ficar assim meio gayzinho, leva um 'couro', ele muda o comportamento dele. Olha, eu vejo muita gente por aí dizendo: ainda bem que eu levei umas palmadas, meu pai me ensinou a ser homem." A fala de Bolsonaro repercutiu negativamente entre defensores dos direitos humanos e associações de defesa dos direitos LGBT. A ABGLT defendeu que Bolsonaro fosse processado por sua postura discriminatória. A Câmara dos Deputados do Brasil procurou punir o deputado, alegando que ele não poderia participar da comissão de direitos humanos por defender violência contra crianças e homossexuais. Em reunião da Comissão dos Direitos Humanos da Câmara, Bolsonaro manteve todas as declarações; na ocasião, ele também foi defendido pelo deputado Fernando Chiarelli (PDT-SP). O parlamentar, que era membro do Progressistas naquele momento, já se manifestou contra o casamento homossexual, classificando-o como "ridículo" e "horroroso". Petições pela cassação de Bolsonaro e de repúdio às falas do parlamentar foram realizadas na internet. Uma petição da Avaaz contava com cerca 81 mil assinaturas em 9 de abril de 2011.

Em maio de 2011, com o reconhecimento da união estável de casais homossexuais pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, Jair Bolsonaro se envolveu em novas polêmicas de teor homofóbico. Segundo o portal Terra, Bolsonaro afirmou que o "próximo passo vai ser a adoção de crianças (por casais homossexuais) e a legalização da pedofilia", forçando uma associação entre pedofilia e homossexualidade. As falas de Bolsonaro foram ironizadas por internautas no Twitter, que comemoravam a decisão do STF. Em julho de 2011, Bolsonaro disse, ao ser perguntado sobre o projeto de lei 122, em entrevista à revista Época, que "a maioria dos homossexuais é assassinada por seus respectivos cafetões, em áreas de prostituição e de consumo de drogas".

Em maio de 2014, o Conselho Regional de Psicologia do Paraná cassou o registro profissional de Marisa Lobo por charlatanismo. Marisa Lobo foi acusada de fundamentar suas práticas profissionais em dogmas religiosos, oferecendo cura para uma doença que não existe. A polêmica começou em 2012 quando Marisa Lobo participou de uma audiência pública na Câmara dos Deputados para debater o Projeto de Decreto Legislativo nº 234/11, de autoria do deputado João Campos de Araújo (PSDB-GO), que propunha a modificação da resolução do Conselho Federal de Psicologia (CFP 01/99)  que proíbe profissionais da Psicologia de qualquer ação que favoreça a patologização de comportamentos ou práticas homoeróticas. Em 1990 a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) retirou a homossexualidade da classificação internacional de doenças. A Associação Brasileira de Psiquiatria manifestou-se contra a discriminação já em 1984, e em seguida o Conselho Federal de Psicologia deixou de considerar a homossexualidade um desvio. Em 1999 o Conselho Federal de Psicologia estabeleceu normas de conduta para a categoria, determinando que psicólogos não poderão oferecer cura para a homossexualidade, visto esta não ser um transtorno, e evitarão reforçar os preconceitos sociais existentes em relação aos homossexuais como portadores de qualquer desordem psíquica.

Características

Violência

Em abril de 2009, o Grupo Gay da Bahia (GGB) divulgou seu levantamento sobre os casos verificados em 2008, apontando que no último ano foram assassinadas 190 pessoas no Brasil, sendo 64% gays, 32% travestis e 4% lésbicas, um aumento de 55% sobre os números de 2007, mantendo o país como o que mais registra crimes de natureza homofóbica. O levantamento também conclui que o risco de uma travesti ser assassinada é 259 vezes maior que um gay. Desde que iniciou a pesquisa, em 1980, o grupo já registrou  assassinatos. A pesquisa realizada pelo GGB também indicou que a maioria das vítimas tinha idade entre 20 e 40 anos e que 80% dos homossexuais foram mortos dentro de casa. Também de acordo com a pesquisa, o Nordeste é a região brasileira com o maior número de crimes homofóbicos registrados, sendo os estados da Bahia, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte e Alagoas os que mais registraram crimes homofóbicos no Brasil em 2007.

Deve-se ter em conta, contudo, que nem todos os crimes motivados por homofobia podem ser identificados, pois em alguns casos a orientação sexual da vítima é mantida em sigilo. Assassinatos motivados por discriminação contra esse segmento da sociedade são especialmente graves por conterem a variável da discriminação internalizada. Assim, em tese, podem ser considerados crimes de caráter hediondo, tais como quaisquer outros crimes provenientes de conduta discriminatória. É preciso também ter em mente que nem todas as manifestações homofóbicas resultam em violência letal, podendo ocorrer agressão física, agressão verbal ou atitudes silenciosas de discriminação motivados pela orientação sexual.

Acredita-se que um índio homossexual da tribo dos Tupinambá foi a primeira vítima de homofobia no Brasil. O caso ocorreu em 1612 com a chegada de uma embarcação francesa no Maranhão liderado pelo frade capuchinho Yves d'Évreux. Os tupinambás formavam a maior nação indígena do Brasil, entre eles, os "tibiras", termo da língua tupi para descrever os índios homossexuais que executavam tarefas atribuídas às mulheres e faziam papel sexual passivo. Com a justificativa de "purificar a terra de suas maldades", os franceses determinaram a busca e captura de índios tibira e um deles, que havia fugido, foi julgado, batizado e condenado a morte. Em 2016, uma lápide, onde se lê: "1.º caso de Homofobia do Brasil", foi inaugurada pelo governo do Maranhão em homenagem ao índio Tibira, na Praça Marcílio Dias, no centro de São Luís.

Em 2010, jovens homossexuais foram violentamente agredidos na Avenida Paulista, em São Paulo. Em novembro do mesmo ano, o jovem Douglas Igor Marques foi baleado, sem motivo aparente, por um sargento do exército brasileiro após sair da Parada do Orgulho Gay do Rio de Janeiro.

Na madrugada do dia 11 de janeiro de 2014, o corpo de Kaique Augusto dos Santos, de 17 anos, foi encontrado sob o Viaduto Nove de Julho, no Centro de São Paulo. A polícia registrou este caso como suicídio, mas parentes da vítima afirmam que Kaique foi agredido por um ou mais homofóbicos, já que ele era assumidamente homossexual e havia saído de uma festa gay.

Religião

Alguns dos fomentadores da homofobia no Brasil têm surgido no meio eclesiástico de diversas denominações religiosas. No entanto, não há unanimidade sobre o assunto dentro desses grupos e ao mesmo tempo que tem surgido igrejas chamadas de "inclusivas".O surgimento dessas igrejas éuma resposta à exclusão de pessoas com base na orientação sexual, realizada por algumas igrejas com maior número de fiéis e influência. Dentro das próprias denominações evangélicas e em diversos níveis da hierarquia católica existem simpatizantes dos direitos dos homossexuais.

Alguns movimentos pára-eclesiásticos, ou seja, criados para servirem às igrejas, mas geralmente sem bandeira denominacional, também têm promovido conceitos contrários aos homossexuais e têm feito esforços para contrariar a inclusão dos mesmos, tais como são, propondo que a homossexualidade pode e deve ser alterada. Alguns exemplos desses grupos são a Exodus International, o G.A. (Grupo de Amigos), o Ministério Deus se Importa, o Movimento Pela Sexualidade Sadia (MOSES), grupo brasileiro que propõe ser possível reverter o comportamento homossexual, dentre outros.

No entanto, Sérgio Viula, um dos fundadores do MOSES e ex-pastor batista, concedeu uma entrevista à revista Época afirmando que os movimentos que prometem uma reversão da orientação sexual de uma pessoa são falsos e que tais tratamentos não funcionam. Desde que assumiu sua homossexualidade,Viula se divorciou de sua esposa, deixou o ministério e a igreja, e tornou-se ateu (não necessariamente nesta ordem).Para ajudar nestas questões,ele mantém blog no qual continua dando apoio aos direitos civis dos homossexuais, combatendo ideias homofóbicas, denunciando posturas e dogmas antigays, e compartilhando ideias que estimulem a autonomia, a auto-estima e o orgulho de gays, lésbicas, travestis, transexuais e bissexuais, assim como compartilhando suas vivências com seu parceiro Emanuel Silva. Tal entrevista repercutiu amplamente, contribuindo para a ampla rejeição do projeto de lei apresentado por Édino Fonseca, pastor da Assembléia de Deus e então deputado estadual no Rio de Janeiro,em que recursos públicos poderiam ser transferidos para tratamentos da chamada "cura gay" .

Outro caso que tornou-se notório no Brasil foi o da psicóloga Rozangela Justino, evangélica e militante antigay que apóia organizações como a Exodus, por exemplo. Ela foi punida pelo Conselho Federal de Psicologia do Brasil por prometer cura aos homossexuais, valendo-se da credibilidade que suas credenciais de psicóloga lhe conferiam.

Um estudo publicado no ano de 2010 pela Universidade de Brasília, indicou que o ensino religioso no Brasil promove a intolerância religiosa e o preconceito, incluindo a homofobia. Segundo Débora Diniz, responsável pela pesquisa, "(o)s livros usam de generalizações para levar a desinformação e pregar o cristianismo". A pesquisadora é também diretora do Instituto de Biotécnica, Direitos Humanos e Gênero, uma organização que pesquisa sobre questões como bioética, direitos humanos e igualdade de gênero.

Sobre o tema, o ex- deputado federal Jean Wyllys, em carta publicada no blog Brasília, eu vi, do jornalista Leandro Fortes, apela a "defesa da Dignidade Humana (...) princípio soberano da Constituição Federal e afirma:

Esforços de combate à homofobia

Ao lutar pela visibilidade, a homofobia também tende a crescer, como o aumento de número de casos de ataques a homossexuais ocorridos em São Paulo após cada edição da Parada do Orgulho LGBT. Segundo Luiz Mott, no seu livro Causa Mortis: Homofobia, a homofobia é danosa mesmo quando não explicitamente manifestada, uma vez que as pessoas podem inrustir seu preconceito sem exteriorizar os motivos como acontece com o racismo. Numa eventual lei contra a homofobia, Mott explica que ela não seria coibida totalmente, criando uma tensão nos relacionamentos cotidianos, gerando discriminação sutil como acontece com os negros no Brasil. A proposta de lei, ainda segundo Mott, mesmo que aprovada teria o grande desafio de superar os valores da sociedade tradicional, e somente a conscientização na sociedade é capaz de transformar a realidade do homossexual no país.

Em 2004, o Ministério da Saúde, dentro de suas ações de combate a AIDS, criou o programa "Brasil sem Homofobia". Marta Suplicy, enquanto Ministra do Turismo, defendeu que se desenvolvam ações para que o país possa ser conhecido "com homofobia zero e sem pessoas com medo de ser homossexual".

Em fevereiro de 2011, foi lançado pelo governo do Brasil o número de telefone "Disque 100" para denunciar atos homofóbicos.

Legislação atual

No Brasil, além da Constituição de 1988 proibir qualquer forma de discriminação de maneira genérica, várias leis estão sendo discutidas a fim de proibirem especificamente a discriminação aos homossexuais. A Constituição Federal brasileira define como "objetivo fundamental da República" (art. 3º, IV) o de "promover o bem de todos, sem preconceitos de origem, raça, sexo, cor, idade, ou quaisquer outras formas de discriminação". A expressão "quaisquer outras formas" refere-se a todas as formas de discriminação não mencionadas explicitamente no artigo, tais como a orientação sexual, entre outras.

No estado de São Paulo, a lei estadual 10.948/2001 estabelece multas e outras penas para a discriminação contra homossexuais, bissexuais e transgêneros. São puníveis pessoas, organizações e empresas, privadas ou públicas (art. 3º). A lei proíbe, em razão da orientação sexual (art. 2º): violências, constrangimentos e intimidações, sejam morais, éticas, filosóficas ou psicológicas; a vedação de ingresso a locais públicos ou privados abertos ao público; selecionar o atendimento; impedir ou sobretaxar a hospedagem em hotéis ou motéis, assim como a compra, venda ou locação de imóveis; demitir do emprego ou inibir a admissão. A lei também pune quem "proibir a livre expressão e manifestação de afetividade", se estas forem permitidas aos demais cidadãos. As penalidades são as seguintes (art. 6º): advertência; multa de 1000 a 3000 Ufesp (unidade fiscal), ou até 10 vezes mais para grandes estabelecimentos; suspensão ou cassação da licença estadual de funcionamento; além de punições administrativas (art. 7º) para as discriminações praticadas por servidores públicos estaduais no exercício de suas funções.

Criminalização

A criminalização da homofobia no Brasil não existe, apesar de ter existido o PLC 122/06, arquivado em 2015. Esse projeto de lei foi criado em 2006 e aprovado pela Câmara dos Deputados do Brasil em 2008. Em dezembro de 2010, estava pendente no senado brasileiro. O projeto teve até o apoio da presidente Dilma Rousseff. O Projeto de Lei da Câmara (PLC) 122/2006 propunha a criminalização dos preconceitos motivados pela orientação sexual e pela identidade de gênero, equiparando-os aos demais preconceitos já objeto da Lei 7716/89. Esse projeto foi iniciado na Câmara dos Deputados, de autoria da deputada Iara Bernardi e que ali tramitou com o número 5003/2001, que na redação já aprovada propunha, além da penalização criminal, também punições adicionais de natureza civil para o preconceito homofóbico, como a perda do cargo para o servidor público, a inabilitação para contratos junto à administração pública, a proibição de acesso a crédito de bancos oficiais, e a vedação de benefícios tributários.

Segundo pesquisa telefônica conduzida pelo DataSenado em 2008, com 1120 pessoas de todas as cinco regiões do Brasil, 70% dos entrevistados são a favor da criminalização da homofobia no país. A aprovação é ampla em quase todos os segmentos, no corte por região, sexo e idade. Mesmo o corte por religião mostra uma aprovação de 54% entre os evangélicos, 70% entre os católicos e adeptos de outras religiões e 79% dos ateus. Entre aqueles entre 16-29 anos, 76% apoiaram o projeto. Ainda de acordo com a pesquisa, as pessoas com melhor nível de escolaridade tendem a ser mais favoráveis ao projeto de lei - 78% das pessoas com ensino superior e 55% das pessoas com o 4º ano da escola.

A lei contra o preconceito já coíbe discursos de ódio referentes a raça, religião e origem mas não os referentes a orientação sexual. Especialistas entrevistados pela Folha de S.Paulo, entre eles personalidades notáveis como o ministro do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), Marco Aurélio Mello, foram unânimes ao afirmar que o projeto de lei não fere o princípio de liberdade de expressão e é plenamente constitucional. Recentemente, o ministro Ayres Britto do STF, em entrevista à Folha, afirmou que é favorável à criminalização da homofobia, como já ocorre com outros discursos de ódio. Especialistas brasileiros defendem a imediata aprovação de leis que criminalizem a homofobia.

No entanto, para algumas entidades cristãs (católicas e protestantes) o projeto fere a liberdade religiosa e de expressão. O texto prevê cadeia (até 5 anos) para quem publicamente criticar homossexuais com base em sua orientação sexual

Decisão do STF
Em 13 de junho de 2019 o Supremo Tribunal Federal julgou uma Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade por Omissão  (ADO 26), enviada à Corte em 2013 pelo PPS (Partido Popular Socialista), e o Mandado de Injunção (MI 4733), que foi protocolado em 2012 pela Associação Brasileira de Gays, Lésbicas, Bissexuais, Travestis, Transexuais e Intersexos (ABGLT).

Segundo as ações, o artigo 5º da Constituição Federal de 1988 determina que qualquer "discriminação atentatória dos direitos e liberdades fundamentais" seja punida criminalmente. A justificativa usada pelos responsáveis para entrar com as ações é que, ao não legislar sobre a homofobia e a transfobia, deputados e senadores estariam se omitindo inconstitucionalmente, por "pura e simples má vontade institucional". O STF determinou que o crime de racismo seja enquadrado nos casos de agressões contra pessoas LGBT (lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, transexuais e travestis) até que uma norma específica seja aprovada pelo Congresso Nacional.

Aceitação na sociedade

Segundo pesquisa do Datafolha, de 2018, uma ampla maioria dos brasileiros respondeu que "a homossexualidade deve ser aceita" pela sociedade (74%), contra 18% que responderam que deve ser "desencorajada" e 8% disseram "não saber". Foi o maior nível de aceitação da pesquisa histórica: em 2013, os números eram de 67% pela aceitação, 25% pelo desencorajamento e 7% não sabiam.

O nível de aceitação da homossexualidade entre os brasileiros apresenta variações regionais. Os brasileiros que mais consideram que a homossexualidade deve ser aceita são os da Região Sul (80%), seguidos pelos do Sudeste (74%), do Nordeste (73%), do Centro-Oeste (72%) e do Norte (65%). O grau de aceitação também é maior entre os mais jovens (84% entre os que têm 16 a 24 anos); entre os mais escolarizados (82% dos que têm ensino superior) e entre os mais ricos (82% entre os que recebem mais de dez salários mínimos). A aceitação fica abaixo da média entre os brasileiros mais velhos (64% com 60 anos ou mais); menos escolarizados (67% com ensino fundamental), mais pobres (72% com ganhos de até dois salários mínimos) e evangélicos (57%). Entre os católicos, a aceitação é de 80%.

Ver também
Homofobia
Crime de ódio
Ataques contra homossexuais em São Paulo em 2010
Dia Internacional contra a Homofobia
Direitos LGBT no Brasil
Racismo no Brasil

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Brasil Sem Homofobia - Ministério da Saúde
Dados estatísticos sobre homofobia no Brasil - Secretaria de Direitos Humanos da Presidência da República
Plano Nacional de Promoção da Cidadania e Direitos Humanos de LGBT
Conselho Nacional de Combate à Discriminação
Disque 100
Não Homofobia!
Associação Brasileira de Gays, Lésbicas, Bissexuais, Travestis e Transexuais
Grupo Gay da Bahia

LGBT no Brasil
História LGBT do Brasil
Homofobia
Discriminação no Brasil

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Singing the glory, grime and grimness of Prague and its history
By Favel Parrett
September 4, 2020 — 4.00pm
The Golden Maze
Richard Fidler
ABC Books, $39.99
The first time I met Richard Fidler was in the back of a car on the way to a winery event for the Adelaide Writers' Week. Pretty quickly we started talking about Prague – about the books we were trying to write. Mine, about my grandparents, and Fidler's, a sweeping biography of the city. We talked non-stop for the whole journey, and could have talked for hours more if we had had the chance.
Prague's famous Charles Bridge, named after King Charles IV. The foundation stone was laid in 1357. Credit:
I remember thinking that trying to write a biography of a city with such a complicated history was a huge task, and I was very grateful I was only trying to write a novel [There Was Still Love] set in 1980. But I knew that if anyone could pull it off, it would be Fidler. During our conversation, his intense passion for the city was palpable. When he talks about Prague, his eyes light up and the words spill out, painting a vision of what he is describing. His is a 30-year-old love affair that is still running strong.
''I first came to the city in the dizzying aftermath of that revolution [of 1989]. Prague was grimy and run down after decades of neglect, but I thought at the time it was the most beautiful and strangest city in the world and I still feel that way,'' he said to one journalist.
I understand exactly what he means. I didn't go back to Prague while I was writing my novel because I wanted to remember the wonder I felt that first time. That experience of discovery, of excitement, a strange feeling of coming home, because in many ways I have known Prague all of my life. But, the truth is, in many ways – we all know Prague – a city of dark fairytales and Good King Wenceslas and Golem and stone statues that come to life at night. A city active in our collective unconscious.
And a city beautifully brought to life by Fidler in The Golden Maze. One of the most moving parts of his book is the chapter set in 1990, just after the Velvet Revolution, when as a 25-year-old he shares many pilsners with a young Czech soldier well after midnight. ''Jan paused for a moment, held me by the shoulders again, and repeated in a softer voice this time, 'Please. Listen to me Richard: Australia, Czechoslovakia, America, Russia, one world, please, one world'.''
The iron doors to the Kingdom of Forgetting were finally open, and young people like that Czech soldier drinking with Fidler (and my own cousin in the city) finally felt like they could be a citizen of the world again.
Fidler's passion and love for the ancient city infuses every word, pours off every page, and if you've never been interested in Prague, it will find a way into your heart after reading this book.
It's almost impossible to sum up the whole of this biography in a short review, a book that covers an immense amount of ground – from a witch at the end of the 4th century BCE, to the Velvet Revolution at the end of 1989 – and everything in between, including two world wars and a thousand kings. But what makes this biography sing is the careful attention to particular details and stories that pull the threads of history together to weave the tapestry that is Prague.
Fidler draws us into the very atmosphere of that history – no observing from afar with dead facts and dates on a page. The times, the places and the people are vibrant, arresting and breathing. The Golden Maze gives us a brilliant living history of Prague, told through stories alive with hundreds of voices chiming in. This is the magic and power of this work.
I've known Prague since I was a small child because of my beloved grandma's flat. It was Prague. And I know that if she were still alive, my grandma would put a copy of The Golden Maze on her mantelpiece, with her other treasured possessions, just under the large framed tapestry of the magical city far away – with bridges and a river and a castle and a dark sky. A city of fairytales and secrets and hope. A city that Richard Fidler captures the very essence of in his book.
''Walk down from Wenceslas Square, through the Old Town, across the stone bridge, and imagine all these things vanishing behind you as you pass. Walk up the hill towards the castle. Then it too vanishes and there is nothing there, only a grassy bluff overlooking the bend of a river and a dark forest. On the headland a priestess whispers, I see a city…''
Favel Parrett's most recent novel, There Was Still Love (Hachette), won the Indie Book of the Year award and was shortlisted for the Stella Prize.


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She is survived by daughters Kathleen Lundgren, Debora Criner, and Pamela Sande; sons Greg Allen Werden and Mark Craig Werden; 11 grandchildren and 31 great-grandchildren; five nephews; and numerous cousins. Joan will be remembered also by all her daughters-in-law, sons-in-law, extended family, and friends.
A memorial service was held Aug. 12, 2012, at Community Bible Church, 45672 Limestone St. in Concrete.


text:
Ове Бальтазар Бёггильд (; 1872—1956) — датский учёный: геолог, минералог и кристаллограф.

Автор многих трудов.

Биография
Родился 16 мая 1872 года в местечке Jetsmark близ города Brønderslev в семье Carl Andreas Holtved Bøggild и его жены Marie Sophie Fischer.

Учился в школе Aalborg Katedralskole в Северной Ютландии в 1890 году, изучал природоведение, получил степень Cand.mag. в 1896 году и в этом же году стал работать в качестве помощника минералогического музея Копенгагенского университета. С 1904 года также работал доцентом Датского технического университета, где читал лекции. В 1912 году стал профессором минералогии, одновременно заняв должность директора , проработав в нем до 1942 года.

Ове Бальтазар Бёггильд изучал гренландские минералы, проводил исследования на Фарерских островах, в Гренландии и в Датской Вест-Индии. Также работал в Европе и Канаде. Он был членом Комиссии по управлению геологическими и географическими исследованиями в Гренландии с 1913 года и стал членом Королевской датской академии наук в 1919 году. Являлся членом Королевского физикографического общества в Лунде (Швеция).

Из многочисленных минералогических и кристаллографических работ важнейшими являются: Mineralogia Groenlandica (1905),  а также Krystallografi og Mineralogi и Den vulkanske Aske i Moleret (1918).

Умер 13 ноября 1956 года в Копенгагене.

Литература
 Dansk biografisk leksikon, tredje upplagan, band 3 (1979), sid. 127.
 Иностранные члены Российской академии наук XVIII−XXI вв.: Геология и горные науки. / Отв. редактор И. Г. Малахова. М.: ГЦ РАН, 2012. − 504 с. ISBN 978-5-904509-08-8 (эл. версия).

Примечания

Ссылки
 BØGGILD O.B. Professor
 BØGGILD, Ove Balthasar

Учёные Дании
Минералоги Дании