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WORLD HORSE WELFARE SHOP
Every purchase will ensure we can continue to help & support horses
that are in need, both in the UK and around the world
Helping horses for over 90 years
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When our founder Ada Cole witnessed a procession of work-worn British horses unloaded at the docks of Antwerp and whipped for four miles to slaughter, she was determined to stop the appalling cruelty of these journeys. Ten years later our campaign succeeded, and more than 90 years on World Horse Welfare is still driven by the same desire to stop unnecessary suffering, using a practical approach and scientific evidence to deliver lasting change across the full spectrum of the horse world.
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Maya Angelou to visit York College Feb. 4
Sarah Chain
How do you summarize the career of Maya Angelou? She's a legend. From "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings" to her Pulitzer Prize for the screenplay of "Georgia, Georgia," Angelou has long been a respected name in literature.
Now, on Feb. 4, York College will present "An Evening with Maya Angelou" in the Collegiate Performing Arts Center on campus, 441 Country Club Road, Spring Garden Township.
Free tickets for the 5 p.m. event are required and will be available beginning Jan. 31. There is a limit of two per person. For details, call 717-815-1239 or email cab@ycp.edu.
Read the full story from ydr.com.


Today is the last day of the #BloggingAtoZ challenge for April 2016. That means today's letter is "Z". For the past year, I have been trying new things and discovering new things I want to try. Zentangling is one of those things I want to try. It is a way of drawing using structured patterns. Many, many years ago, I believe I tried doodling in such a manner. Unfortunately, I do not have any of those early endeavors to share with you. I have been spending time participating in various blog challenges and during one of those challenges, I came across the blog of someone who was doing zentangles. When I saw their work, I was intrigued about the idea. I began investigating and found there are numerous resources for learning how to zentangle. This includes websites, courses and books on Amazon. For example, here is a book for beginners on Amazon.
There are sites to find zentangle instructions along with sites to find zentangles to color. If all goes well, maybe in the near future I will be able to share some zentangles of my own with you.
So what does the letter "z" bring to mind for you? I would love to hear from you. I hope you have enjoyed my Blogging A to Z series. Now it is time to keep writing for the #Write365 challenge.


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RAW (Natural Born Artists) is at it again giving shine to underground artists. Dream Circle will be doing a set, so get your tickets now and support the underground arts!
Featuring 26 local NYC artists!
ART GALLERY: Featuring: Dumb Won!, Paul Morado, Lisa Mohar, Arber, MBrag, Michael Apice, Yelena Zivkovich, B.I., Natalie del Villar, Paola Wolff, Olivia Callender, Isabelle O, Madness Photography, Matt Tucker Photography, Steve Giralt, Tom Birardi, Kenny BuenaVida, Robert James Hughes, and Stained Heart.


[LONDON] Gene banks are missing more than half the wild relatives of the world's most important food crops — which potentially harbour traits for higher yields, and resistance to disease and climate change — according to a study.
Scientists looked at 29 staple crops, including rice, wheat and potato, and found that around 240 of their 450 wild relatives need collecting and placing in gene banks. They published their findings on the Crop Wild Relatives website last week (22 July).
The five crops most at risk are eggplant, potato, apple, sunflower and carrot. Countries with the most threatened wild relatives include Bolivia, China, Ecuador, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Mexico, Mozambique, Peru and South Africa.
Over the next three years, a global network of partners led by the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, based in the United Kingdom, will collect these relatives across the 30 countries where they have been identified. It will prioritise cereal crops important for Africa, including sorghum and finger millet.
The seeds will then be placed in long-term, back-up storage at Kew's Millennium Seed Bank in London. The project will also make seeds available to researchers and plant breeders across the world so they can identify useful characteristics, and begin the 15 to 20-year process of developing improved crop breeds.
"We realise that crop wild relatives are essential for us to adapt to climate change," Jonas Mueller, international projects coordinator at Kew, tells SciDev.Net. "We need to give crops the means to defend themselves."
Over the past 10,000 years farmers have bred many useful traits out of crops, creating breeds that are often unsuited to new climatic conditions and that lack the rich genetic diversity of wild crops.
"Food crops are currently bred to a specific climate, but these conditions will change in the future," Mueller says. "The wild relatives of today's crops can help current crop varieties adapt."
The wild varieties may also be threatened by climate change, changes in land use and urbanisation, he adds.
For Mueller and his team, "farming communities in developing countries are the ultimate beneficiaries of this whole undertaking. I think it's an example of how science can help developing countries."
One aspect of this is that in some cases, the breeding of improved crops will take place in the countries where crops are grown, so there will be more immediate benefits for the countries, he says.
The study was carried out by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and the Global Crop Diversity Trust in partnership with Kew's Millennium Seed Bank and in collaboration with agricultural research institutes worldwide. It is part of a larger project, 'Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change', funded by the Norwegian government until 2019.
Could crop ancestors feed the world?


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Q: Why I need additional step when cloning if branch name is 'main' In the past, when the default branch is 'master' when creating a repository, cloning will auto pull/fetch the files in the branch.
However after I change git global init.defaultBranch to 'main', cloning require additional steps to actually get the file:
git fetch
git pull origin main

If I want to push to the repo, the first time I have to do the following:
git push --set-upstream origin main

Those steps are not required when I was using 'master'. How can I make it automatic again?
PS: I am using gitea as git repo server.

A: The default branch that is checked out when cloning is determined by the remote repo. But you can change it when cloning too.
To change your default branch in gitea set the DEFAULT_BRANCH parameter.

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Резно́й переулок — переулок в Петроградском районе Санкт-Петербурга. Проходит от Большой Зелениной до Резной улицы.

История
На плане 1829 года обозначен как Речной переулок, возможно, назван по реке Малой Невке, вдоль которой проходит переулок.

Современное название известно с 1849 года в форме Резной переулок № 2, название возникло в результате искажения фамилии домовладельца фон Ризена. После переименования Резного переулка № 1 в Резную улицу, принял форму Резной переулок.

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

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Az analitikus filozófia bizonyos, a 20. század elejétől kifejlesztett filozófiai alapvetések gyűjtőfogalma. Ezen alapvetések egy olyan irányzatot jelenítenek meg, mely elsősorban az ideális nyelvvel vagy a mindennapi nyelv analízisével foglalkozott.

Az analitikus filozófia a gondolkodás és a nyelvhasználat analízise, voltaképp a spekulatív filozófia bírálata. Az irányzat korai befolyással bíró képviselői közel álltak a logikai empirizmushoz. A metafizikai fogalmakkal szembeni kétely jellemezte őket. Legkésőbb a 20. század közepe óta használnak analitikus eszközöket egyre inkább a filozófia minden ágában. Főbb képviselői: Bertrand Russell (1872–1970), G. E. Moore (1873–1958), valamint a húszas-harmincas években működő Bécsi Kör filozófusai.

Ami az elméleti alapokat illeti, a kontinentális filozófiától ma már szinte lehetetlen elhatárolni. Ezen filozófiai rendszerek módszerei terén is vitatottak a határok.

Az Egyesült Államokban, az Egyesült Királyságban, Kanadában, Ausztráliában és Új-Zélandon az egyetemi filozófiaintézetek túlnyomó többsége analitikus beállítottságúként határozza meg magát.

Fogalma

Az analitikus filozófia a 19. század utolsó évtizedeiben létrejött, mára az angolszász országokban az akadémikus filozófia legelfogadottabb, reprezentatív képviselőjének tartott filozófiai irányzat. Az analitikus filozófia elnevezés onnan származik, hogy képviselői kezdetben a filozófiai és természettudományos gondolkodás és nyelvhasználat elemzését (vagyis analízisét) állították tevékenységük központjába. Az irányzat a második világháború végétől különösen az Egyesült Államokban, Angliában és Skandináviában vált népszerűvé.

Tartalmilag, témája szerint az "analitikus filozófia" kifejezés több, bizonyos szempontból rokon és egymást kiegészítő filozófiai elmélet összefoglaló neve: a tudományos pozitivizmusé, a logikai empirizmusé, a logikai atomizmusé, a logicizmusé és a nyelvfilozófiáké. Általában elmondható, hogy az analitikus filozófia tárgya hagyományosan a nyelv és a gondolkodás, főként ebben (és módszereiben, tárgyalásmódjában, stílusában) különbözik a filozófia többi ágától és irányzatától: például az esztétika különféle irányzataitól, a dialektikus materializmustól, a fenomenológiától stb.

Módszerei, stílusa főként abban különböznek a többi filozófiai ágtól és irányzattól, hogy nagy fokú szigorúság, a nyelvi kétértelműségek kínos buzgalommal történő kerülése (és, különösen a korai időkben, az ilyeneket tartalmazó természetes nyelvek "lebecsülése" is), a részletekre való gondos odafigyelés és diszkusszió jellemzi. Ebben hasonlít arra a tudományágra, amelyből eredt és amelyet leginkább a tudományok eszményképének tart: a matematikára, különösen pedig a matematikai logikára.

A nyelvanalízis módszere

Gottlob Frege munkássága az analitikus tradíció egyfajta programjává vált. Alapvető megközelítését az 1879-es Begriffsschrift (Fogalomírás) c. munkájában így foglalja össze:Ha a filozófia egyik feladata, hogy megtörje a szavak emberi szellem feletti hatalmát a fogalmi kapcsolatokról kialakított szóhasználatban gyakran szinte elkerülhetetlenül fellépő torzítások leleplezése révén, továbbá a gondolatoknak a pusztán a nyelvi kifejezőeszközök természetét megragadó részétől való megszabadítása révén, úgy Fogalomírásom ezen célokkal bővítve a filozófusok számára egy hasznos munkaeszközzé válhat.
Frege tehát művében a nyelvről mint munkaeszközről és a gondolatok közvetítő eszközéről beszél, melynek rendezetlenségét nagyrészt a mindennapi nyelv strukturálisan meghatározott homályosságához kapcsolja. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz egyik gondolatára építve dolgozott a kortársak által lehetetlennek tartott, minden zavartól és kétértelműségtől mentes ideális nyelv mamutvállalkozásán. Ebben a tudományos ismereteket – műveiben elsősorban a logika és az aritmetika ismereteit – precízen, pontosan kell megfogalmazni, továbbá úgy, hogy a beszélgetőpartnerek között félreértés ne fordulhasson elő. Ezt a hagyományt, mely Wittgenstein híres "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" (1921) c. műve mellé állítható, az ideális nyelv filozófiájának nevezzük, mert a logika és a matematika eszközeivel próbál egy kétértelműségektől mentes, konzisztens formális nyelvet létrehozni, melyben a nemnyelvi valóságra való utalásnak is egyértelműen meghatározhatónak kell lennie. Bertrand Russell és Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970) is ezt a célt követték filozófiai koncepcióikkal.

A terv azonban megbukott, amikor lehetetlennek bizonyult egy olyan formális nyelv létrehozása, mely annyira átfogó és annyira széleskörű kifejezőeszköztárral rendelkezik, mint a beszélt hétköznapi nyelv. Idővel elvi kritikák is érték a tervet, mely arra utalt, hogy a logika egy túlságosan korlátozott eszköz ahhoz, hogy az emberi beszédet teljesen felölelje. G. E. Moore nyomdokain haladva először Ludwig Wittgenstein kései, 1953-as "Filozófiai vizsgálódások" c. művében és az oxfordi Gilbert Ryle vetették el a nyelv és a filozófia zavaraitól való megtisztítása céljából egy tisztán logikai formális nyelv létrehozatalának gondolatát. Ehelyett a mindennapi nyelv elemzését és kritikai leírását propagálták ígéretesebb filozófiai módszerként.

A két tradíciót az egyszerű, érthető beszéd és az ellenőrizhető kijelentésekkel kísért, részletes munka megbecsülése egyesíti. Az analitikus filozófia ilyen értelemben inkább módszertani alapállás mint probléma- vagy eszmespecifikus iskola, míg a nyelvanalízis mint egy "prima philosophia" az analitikus filozófiai irányzatok között értendő.

Története

Kialakulása

Előfutárai és korai művelői, mint Gottlob Frege és Bertrand Russell, elsősorban matematikusok és logikatudósok voltak, és a matematika alapjainak vizsgálata során találkoztak azzal a kérdéskörrel, miképp viszonyul a nyelv és a logika a megismeréshez és az igazsághoz. Különösen Frege művei és Ludwig Wittgenstein fő műve, az 1921-es "Tractatus logico-philosophicus" tartoznak az analitikus filozófia közvetlen alapítószövegei közé.

Másképp mondva, a "Mik a matematika alapjai?" általános kérdés felvetődése – mely a nemeuklideszi geometria felfedezése és a valós függvények vizsgálata során felbukkant ellentmondások miatt nagyon is fontossá vált a matematikusok számára ez időszakban – rengeteg olyan konkrétabb, partikulárisabb kérdést nyitott meg, melyek megválaszolása váratlan nehézségekbe ütközött.
 Mit jelent, hogy egy matematikai objektum létezik vagy nem létezik?
 Egyáltalán mit jelent, hogy egy elvont dolog (mint például egy ország, a "ló" fogalma, egy "hétfejű sárkány", általában valami nem kézzelfogható dolog) létezik vagy nem létezik?
 Mik a helyes és mik a helytelen érvelés és bizonyítás ismertetőjelei? (Ez nem is csak a matematika számára fontos kérdés!)
 És így tovább.

Ezek a rejtélyek lényegében véve máig megoldatlanok (ld. még a matematikafilozófia c. linket).

Ezen problémák napvilágra bukkanása a nyelvnek a valóság leírásában, a gondolkodásban és megismerésben betöltött szerepére irányította a filozófia figyelmét. Az analitikus filozófusok egyik törekvése a valóságnak a nyelv és a logika szempontjából, a nyelv- és gondolkodásleírás (szemiotika, formális logika) eszközeivel való leírása (analízise) volt, azaz a nyelv és a logika filozófiai vizsgálata. Később pedig, minthogy a matematika akkoriban igen sikeres, befolyásos és divatos tudománynak számított, és sok filozófus a tudomány minta- és példaképét látta benne, a filozófia tudományát próbálták meg egzaktabbá tenni a nyelvleírás és a logika eszközeivel.

Korszakai

Napjainkig tartó fejlődése során az analitikus filozófia három, egymással párhuzamosan is létező alapvető változatban jelentkezett.

A logicista őskorszakot az 1800-as évek második fele és a huszadik század első néhány évtizede jelentette, említettük Frege, Russel és társaik nevét.

A szimbolikus analista korszak. Az első, az 1950-es évek első feléig domináló irányzat az optimizmus korának gyermeke: az analitikus filozófusok elsősorban Frege, Russel és a korai Wittgenstein nyomdokain haladva a szimbolikus logikára irányították a figyelmüket, a logikai elemzés filozófiai lehetőségeit hangsúlyozva. Ennek az alirányzatnak legismertebb képviselői az ún. Bécsi Kör tagjai, mint Wittgenstein, Carnap, vagy a matematikafilozófus Gödel.

A "naturális" analista irányzat Az első, optimista korszak végén napvilágra került ellentmondások (a naiv halmazelméleten és logikán belül felbukkant paradoxonok, Gödel nemteljességi tételei stb.) azonban megrengették a matematika tudományának épületét, megingatták vagy módosították az addigi eredményeket. Az analitikus filozófia második, az 1970-es évek első feléig uralkodó változatában a néhány korábbi tanítását visszavonó és a nyelv társadalmi szerepét hangsúlyozó kései Wittgenstein hatására az analitikus filozófusok mindinkább eltávolodnak a formalista módszertől, a hétköznapi nyelvhasználat különböző módjainak nyelvi elemzését és e nyelvhasználatban megtestesülő bonyolult fogalmi összefüggések feltárását tekintve a filozófia központi feladatának.

A "mentális" analista irányzat Az analitikus filozófia legújabb fejlődési stádiumában pedig a kortárs megismerés- és nyelvpszichológia hatására a nyelvhasználat analíziséről a nyelv által kifejezett, de a nyelvnél alapvetőbb realitásnak tekintett mentális világ elemzésére helyeződik hangsúly. Az újonnan megszülető tudatfilozófiai megközelítések révén az analitikus filozófia napjainkra tematikáját és módszertanát tekintve nyitottabbá válik és közeledést mutat más filozófiai hagyományok felé.

Újabb fejlemények
Egy, a bemutatott tendenciákat folytató fiatalabb generáció mellett az 1980-as évek óta léteznek filozófusok, akik bizonyos analitikus filozófusok beszédkoncepcióját és nyelvanalízissel kapcsolatos módszertani orientációját kritizálják. Az egyik gyakori vádpont a nyelv és a gondolkodás történelmi hátteréről és kulturális beágyazottságáról való megfeledkezés (lásd posztanalitikus filozófia, kontinentális filozófia).

Amennyiben az analitikus filozófiát egy, a kezdetektől egy sajátos irányzatra felépített tradícióként értelmezzük, úgy általános irányvételét kritikusan szemlélhetjük. Az egyes tartalmi kérdésektől eltekintve ezen irányzatra bizonyos tendenciák jellemzőek. Ezen tendenciák, tulajdonságok léte nem minden filozófus számára egyértelmű, mégis elsősorban újabban képezik kritikai elemzés alapját. Az is vita tárgya, hogy a kontinentális filozófiát le lehet-e határolni az analitikus filozófiától utóbbi tulajdonságai miatt, ill. hogy van-e ennek értelme.

Filozófiatörténeti háttér

Gilbert Harman egyszer azt írta irodája falára, hogy: "History of Philosophy: Just say no!" ("Filozófiatörténet: Mondj rá egyszerűen nemet!"). Harman a valóságban azonban egy jóval kevésbé provokatív álláspontot képvisel. A felhívás ugyanakkor úgy is értelmezhető, hogy az analitikus filozófia néhány radikális képviselője a filozófiatörténettel való mindennemű foglalkozást feleslegesnek tartott és elutasított.

A korai analitikus filozófusok ilyen elutasításainak egyik oka az volt, hogy szerintük a beszédkritikai fordulattal régi fogalmak bizonyos tekintetben meghaladottá váltak, mivel olyan metafizikai spekulációkba bonyolódtak, melyek a filozófiai alapkérdések megvilágítása szempontjából hátrányosnak bizonyultak. Az utóbbi néhány évtizedben az analitikus filozófiában legkevésbé jártas filozófusok kötődnek még mindig ehhez a dogmához. Fennmaradt azonban egy gyakran megvalósuló munkamegosztás a rendszerszintű és kifejtő jellegű kutatási súlypontok között. Még ha a filozófiatörténetet nem is a rendszerszintű megközelítésre hátrányosként fogják fel, akkor is inkább meghagynák főleg vagy kizárólag a szakemberek számára. Ezenkívül sok analitikus filozófus a kultúra- és tudománytörténet témái helyett a természet- és társadalomtudományok aktuális elméleteivel és állításaival foglalkozik.

Ezzel szemben sok történeti szemléletű filozófus a filozófiatörténetnek a mindig jelenlévő szisztematikus filozófia számára meglévő különleges relevanciáját hangsúlyozza. Ezt a német, ill. az egész kontinentális filozófiai akadémiai hagyomány mindig is hangsúlyozta.

Richard Rorty például egy olyan filozófus, aki először analitikus filozófiát tanult és releváns témákban publikált, majd kb. 1967-től egyre inkább olyan tézisek és módszerek mellett kötelezte el magát, melyeket inkább kontinentális filozófusok képviselnek. Rorty, aki 1998-ban a Stanford komparatisztikai fakultására váltott, kései felszólalásaiban az akadémikus- és különösen az analitikus filozófia sok alapelvétől eltávolodott és a történelmi szövegekkel való komolyabb foglalkozásra buzdított: "Az anglo-amerikai filozófia minden narratívát megismételt, melyet elutasított elolvasni. Nekünk azonban szükségünk van minden segítségre, melyhez hozzájuthatunk, hogy kitörhessünk abból az időkapszulából, melybe fokozatosan bezárjuk magunkat."

A filozófiatörténeti kutatási súlypontok elvetése ugyanakkor az analitikus filozófia tradicionális, ill. jelenlegi iskoláihoz való hozzárendelésnek nem szükséges és nem elégséges kritériuma.

Források

További információk
 Sulinet az anal. fil.-rál (tömör és áttekintő összefoglaló)
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 Kelemen János az analitikus és antianalitikus filozófia látszólagos (?) ellentétéről
 Kelemen János: Nyelvfilozófiai tanulmányok. (kézirat, pdf)
 Forrai Gábor írása: Milyen lesz az analitikus filozófia a 21. században?
 Fabrice Pataut interjúja Michael Dummettel
 Kínában is felfedezték?
 Filozófia.lap.hu
 Eszes-Tőzsér: Mi az analitikus filozófia?

Források:
 Magyar Virtuális Enciklopédia
Wittgenstein, Ludwig: Filozófiai vizsgálódások (ford., utószó Neumer Katalin; 2. jav. kiad.), Atlantisz Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1998 (Mesteriskola),
 Vekerdi László: Tudás és tudomány. Typotex, Bp., 1994.
 Reuben Hersh: A matematika természete. Typotex, 2000.

Filozófiai irányzatok


Episode 29 (Josephus Flavius) – The Ancient Macedonians Were Not Greeks!
Flavius is the most known ancient Jewish writer. He was born around the year 36 in Jerusalem, which means just a few years after Jesus Christ was crucified. His real name was Yosef Ben Matatiah andhe descended from a royal and clerical Judaic family. He was a member of the Pharisees and was a well-known member of the Jewish society. Even though he had Roman friends, he participated in the Jewish rebellion against the Roman reign, after which he was imprisoned. The Roman emperor Vespasian freed him, and as gratitude, Joseph took his family name – Flavius. He spent his last days in Rome, writing about the history of the Jews. His works include "Jewish Antiquates" which he wrote in 20 tomes, and "Flavius Josephus Against Apion", a work in which he opposed the Hellenistic historians of the time, who mockingly wrote about the Jews. He even wrote his autobiography. Flavius (even though he was a Jew and a Pharisee), as a historian, left extraordinary historical data for the activities of Jesus Christ, and left testimonies about the activities of St. John the Baptist. Josephus Flavius left a lot of valuable information about the life of the Macedonians in the Holy Land, not only from the time when they completely ruled Palestine (after being conquered by Alexander the Great of Macedon), but from much later as well.
"Judas… left behind him a glorious reputation and memorial, by gaining freedom for his nation, and delivering them from slavery under the Macedonians." (SOURCE: "Jewish Antiquities", XII, 11,2).
"…The nation of the Jews recovered their freedom when they had been brought into slavery by the Macedonians.. .(SOURCE: "Jewish Antiquities", XIII, 1,1).
Flavius wrote that the Jews were"under the government of the Mace-donians" (meaning the Seleucids) in his 19th book ("Jewish Antiquities", XIX, 6,2), but in many other places as well.
"When Bacchides heard this, and was afraid that Jonathan might be very troublesome to the king and the Macedonians, as Judas had been before him, he sought how he might slay him by treachery." (SOURCE: "Jewish Antiquities", XIII, 1,2).
"When this Onias saw that Judea was oppressed by the Macedonians and their kings, out of a desire to purchase to himself a memorial and eternal fame he resolved to send to king Ptolemy and queen Cleopatra, to ask leave of them that he might build a temple in Egypt like to that at Jerusalem…"(SOURCE: "Jewish Antiquities", XIII, 3,1).
All of this information is very important especially because in a lot of world encyclopedias and other works it is untruthfully written that the Seleucids supposedly spread "Greek culture and language" in their state, that they built "Greek cities" etc. It is true that their state had a lot of elements from various countries, including the Greek, but that doesnot mean that they were "Greeks". Besides, we can see from the testimonies that Flavius himself made the Jews completely aware that they were under Macedonian (and not Greek) slavery.
"Simon… freed the Jews from the dominion of the Macedonians, after one hundred and seventy years of the empire (of Seleucus)". (SOURCE: "War of the Jews", I, 2,2).
"But Simon, who was made high priest by the multitude, on the very first year of his high priesthood set his people free from their slavery under the Macedonians…" (SOURCE: "Jewish Antiquities", XIII, 6,7).
So, this is another affirmation made by Flavius about the ethnic Macedonian character of the Seleucids, even 200 years after the Macedonians firstly moved into the Holy Land!
In his book "Flavius Josephus Against Apion", Flavius mentions the Macedonians as citizens of the Egyptian city Alexandria. In the second part (6), he writes that:"Grecians and Macedonians who were in possession of this city…".
"The Jews also obtained honours from the kings of Asia when they became their auxiliaries; for Seleucus Nicator made them citizens in those cities which he built in Asia, and in the lower Syria, and in the metropolis itself, Antioch; and gave them privileges equal to those of the Macedonians and Greeks, who were the inhabitants…" (SOURCE: "Jewish Antiquities", XII, 3, 1).
Practically, Josephus Flavius is another ancient historian, whose works oppose the modern Greek propaganda.


Trading activity was light during Friday's first round of the NHL Entry Draft, but there was some more activity as the 30 teams completed the final six rounds.
The Atlanta Thrashers traded a fourth-round pick (No. 95) to the Los Angeles Kings for two fourth-round picks (Nos. 117 and 120) and a seventh-round pick (No. 203). Atlanta also traded a sixth-round pick (No. 177) in the 2009 Draft to Chicago for a fifth-round pick in 2010.
The Calgary Flames traded the negotiating rights to defenseman Jordan Leopold and a third-round pick in the 2009 Entry Draft to Florida for the negotiating rights to defenseman Jay Bouwmeester.
The Dallas Stars traded a sixth-round pick (No. 189) in the 2009 Draft to the San Jose Sharks for a sixth-round pick in the 2010 Draft.
The Edmonton Oilers traded the rights to forward Kyle Brodziak and a sixth-round pick in the 2009 Draft to the Minnesota Wild for fourth- and fifth-round picks. Edmonton also traded a seventh-round pick (No. 191) in the 2009 Draft to the Ottawa Senators for a sixth-round pick in 2010.
The Los Angeles Kings traded center Brian Boyle to the New York Rangers for a third-round pick in the 2010 Draft. The Kings also sent a third-round pick in the 2009 Draft (No. 74) to the Calgary Flames for third-round (No. 84) and fourth-round (No. 107) picks. Los Angeles also traded fourth-round (No. 107) and fifth-round (No. 138) picks to the Florida Panthers for Florida's third-round pick in 2010.
The Nashville Predators traded a fifth-round pick (No. 148) in the 2009 Entry Draft to Tampa Bay for a fifth-round pick in 2010. Nashville also traded a seventh-round pick (No. 202) in the 2009 Draft to St. Louis for a seventh-round pick in 2010.
The New York Islanders traded a second-round pick (No. 56) in the 2009 Draft to the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for a third-round pick (No. 62) and a fourth-round pick (No. 92). The Islanders also traded a third-round pick in the 2009 Draft to the Phoenix Coyotes for a third-round pick in the 2010 Draft.
The Pittsburgh Penguins traded goaltender Chad Johnson to the New York Rangers for a fifth-round pick in the 2009 Draft. Pittsburgh also traded a seventh-round pick (No. 211) in 2009 to the Montreal Canadiens for a sixth-round pick in 2010.
The Phoenix Coyotes traded defenseman Brandon Prust to the Calgary Flames for defenseman Jim Vandermeer. Phoenix also traded a seventh-round pick (No. 187) to Vancouver for the rights to defenseman Shaun Heshka.
The Washington Capitals traded defenseman Sami Lepisto to the Phoenix Coyotes for a fifth-round choice in the 2010 Draft.


text:
Q: Delete incoming/outcoming edges from Object I have several classes:

*

*City (Vertex)

*Route (Vertex)

*has_route (Edge between City and Route).

When I deleted the "has_route" class from the Database, the City's records are still has empty values of deleted "has_route" class in "IN" and "OUT" fields.
This is very strange for me, cause I do not have the edge class in the database anymore, but I still can see it when I'm querying the data.
Screenshot of empty link on the data

What should I do to not seeing the deleted fields on my data?


text:
Raw News
Russian Federation Ministry of Economic Development
MIL-OSI Russia: Make a toy from air plasticine and learn the secrets of animators: what else you need to do before the New Year
Photo by M. Denisov. Mos.ru
Libraries and cultural centers have prepared a festive online program for adults and children. From December 17 to December 30, on the Internet sites of institutions, it will be possible to take part in creative master classes, attend music concerts and performances, and play quests.
What secrets do animators keep, why do the Spaniards eat a dozen grapes for the New Year, and how to properly set the festive table? The capital's libraries and cultural centers are offered to learn about this and many other things in December. They prepared New Year's online lectures, master classes and quests for the whole family.
"From 17 to 30 December, more than 30 virtual festive events will take place on the official websites of the institutions, as well as on their YouTube channels and pages in social networks. We invite children, their parents, as well as grandparents to attend creative workshops, listen to festive concerts and performances, go through funny quests and come up with entertaining games themselves. Some events will be broadcasted live in social networks, others will be shown in recording, "- said the press service of the Moscow Directorate for the Development of Cultural Centers
Metropolitan Department of Culture.
On the first day of the festive online program, December 17, at 12:00 on the Atom club page in the social network Facebookthe audience will be awaited by an expert on modern etiquette Elena Vervitskaya. She will tell you about the rules for setting the New Year's table, share ideas on how to spend time entertainingly with her family on a holiday. For example, create a Christmas album with plans and wishes.
Cultural center "Meridian" invites to watch cartoons. official websiteOn December 20, at 20:00, New Year's animated films will be shown, the characters of which are preparing for the holiday. Among them are the cartoons "Fir Trees" (directed by Rim Sharafutdinov, 2017), "Holiday" (directed by Nina Bisyarina, 2015), and "Star" (directed by Svetlana Andrianova, 2014). Film critic Alena Sycheva will tell you more about the animators who created these films and new trends in animation.
The next day, December 21, at 18:00 at Instagram account the site "MosART" of the cultural center "Ivanovsky" will begin the online quest "Snow Slides". Both children and adults can play it. The participants of the quest will perform interactive New Year's tasks, solve puzzles and ciphers, overcome intellectual barriers. The winner will receive a prize from the cultural center.
You can learn about the traditions and history of celebrating the New Year and Christmas in different countries on December 23. At 19:00, culturologist Yulia Milovich-Sheralieva will go live on Instagram account Central City Youth Library named after M.A. Svetlova. She will tell you that Bali celebrates two new years. One in winter, on the night of December 31 to January 1, and the other most often in spring. The date is based on the Balinese calendar and depends on the phase of the moon. Also, at the online lecture, you will be able to find out why in Spain on New Year's Eve it is imperative to eat a dozen grapes while the clock strikes and why tangerines, Olivier and champagne are so often on holiday tables in Russia.
The Cultural Center "Druzhba" invites everyone to a master class on creating New Year's toys from airy plasticine. This is a plastic colored mass that hardens quickly. By weight, crafts made from it can be compared with foam. Because of this, airy plasticine is sometimes also called light. Anna Nazarova, an artist and head of the arts and crafts studios of the cultural center, will make Christmas decorations together with the audience. Live broadcasts will be held on December 25 at 12:00 on social media pages "In contact with", Facebookand "Instagram".
The next day, December 26, at 12:00, the Zagorye cultural center will show the online performance The Snow Queen by the Moscow creative team Your Theater On the Outskirts. The famous fairy tale about Kai and Gerda can be watched by the whole family on YouTube channel cultural center.
Library-reading room named after A.S. Pushkin invites music lovers on December 30 at 19:00 to visit his YouTube channel… There will be an online acoustic concert of Alexei Vdovin – a poet, musician, leader of the rock groups NedRa and Vdovin & Tabor, a participant in many festivals such as Invasion, Wild Mint and others. On New Year's Eve, Alexey, together with accordion player Alexander Somov, will perform songs of his own composition from different years, dedicated to winter and New Year.
Full schedule and links to events can be found on the site "Online. Bibliogorod".
Where did Gogol want to live and how Catherine II rebuilt the Kremlin: museums invite to online lecturesSpace weekend: VDNKh opens a cycle of educational online lectures
The Online.Bibliogorod portal was created by the Moscow Directorate for the Development of Cultural Centers of the Department of Culture. This electronic resource with access to information content of libraries and cultural centers was launched in April.
The portal menu consists of 11 sections, such as "Electronic Resources", "Book Recommendations", "Online Activities", "Videos", "Live Interviews", "Meetings with Writers", "Contests and Promotions", "Anniversary Writers "," Library of Publishers "," Travel Library "," Quests for Children ". On the site you can read works for free, watch performances, concerts and lectures, take part in master classes.
EDITOR'S NOTE: This article is a translation. Apologies should the grammar and or sentence structure not be perfect.
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text:
Okap z Kurtyną – jaskinia, a właściwie schronisko, w Dolinie Kościeliskiej w Tatrach Zachodnich. Wejście do niej położone jest w zachodnim zboczu Wąwozu Kraków, w jego górnej części, naprzeciw Żlebu Trzynastu Progów, na wysokości 1323 metrów n.p.m. Jaskinia jest pozioma, a jej długość wynosi 8 metrów.

Opis jaskini
Jaskinię tworzy niewielka i niska sala, do której można się dostać z półokrągłego, obszernego otworu wejściowego przez leżące za nim duże wanty tworzące jakby kurtynę. Stąd nazwa jaskini.

Przyroda
W jaskini można spotkać nacieki grzybkowe. Ściany są suche, brak jest na nich roślinności.

Historia odkryć
Brak jest danych o odkrywcach jaskini. Pierwsi zbadali ją oraz sporządzili plan i opis J. Nowak i J. Ślusarczyk w 2005 roku.

Przypisy

Jaskinie polskich Tatr
Jaskinie Tatr Zachodnich


Located along the Tanjong Pagar district that will be redeveloped into a vibrant commercial and residential waterfront hub in the future comes a luxurious 99-year leasehold condominium developed by GuocoLand Limited. Clermont Residence has 64-storeys and 181 exclusive apartments. It is part of the Tanjong Pagar Centre's mixed development of commercial and residential spaces. It is located at the Wallich Street in District 02 and is accompanied by the Guoco Tower's 38-storey office building and the Clermont Singapore's luxury business hotel making it one of the best in the country. Facilities includes the Residents Lounge, Infinity Pools, Dipping Pools, Pool Deck, Jacuzzi, Landscaped Lawns, Sky Gym, Sky Gardens, BBQ Areas, Formal Dining Room, Theatreette, Glass Observation Air Decks and a whole lot more that will bring excitement for the future well deserving residents.
Clermont Residence is directly connected to the Tanjong Pagar MRT station and is also conveniently connected to major expressways like the Ayer Rajah Expressway (AYE), Central Expressway (CTE) and East Coast Parkway (ECP) giving the residents access throughout Singapore. Food and shopping centres such as China Square, Icon Village, Amoy Street Food Centre, Marina Bay Link Mall are nearby while landmarks are just within a short drive away in the Orchard Road, Raffles Place, Chinatown and Sentosa.
Luxurious apartments and hotel and premiere offices and retail spaces are a complete package as this tallest mixed use development definitely is one of the perfect place to call home located at the prestigious neighbourhood of Tanjong Pagar. Contact +6561000135 to schedule a showflat preview or visit the Clermont Residence website for more information.


text:
Click to call (TOLL FREE)
Airlines Contact Detail
We're their next door neighbor. (yes, really.)
Home / Google Customer Service 1(878) 201-5055 Technical Support Number
Google Customer Service Number
Contact Number: +1802-267-7989 (Talk to human)
Emergency Call Any Time: Average Wait: 10-15 mins — Mon-Thurs: 7am – 7pm PT Fri: 7am – 6pm PT
Support Number* : +1(878) 201-5055 (Talk to human)
Call Time: Average Wait: 1 min (24 hours, 7 days), also available on Holidays.
For online help: Customer Support
Company URL: https://www.google.com/
Useful tools number to call: 1-802-455-4069 Call via web
Google Technical Support Number
Do you want to get instant solutions to resolve the diverse problems of Google or its related services? And looking for an effective way to fix the problems? If yes, then you can directly contact the support team of Google which is the only option to get the best in class assistance on all sorts of issues. Google account that has been regarded as the leading email service provider bestows the extraordinary service to the users. Google is a best search engine that is used for traversing the useful information. It offers excellent services to its users. The prominent services offered by Google are Docs, Drive, Gmail and many others. These services help users to finish their task in a well-mannered way. You can use all the Google services if you have created an account on Google.
Google is best known for offering the pertinent and impeccable features but there are many users who confront plenty of practical issues when using their Google account for multiple purposes which are a very common thing among the users. It is always better to fix the technical issues with the help of effectual customer support which is provided by the experts. It provides excellent customer support. You can contact them by helpline number, live chat and email support. Sometimes, the user faces issues such as login errors that always make them worry until the problem gets resolved. If you have any query, then you can call on Google phone number for better assistance. Follow the below mentioned ways in order to contact the Google support.
Connect via phone call:
One of the simplest methods to contact customer support team of Google.
In this method, you just need to call on the Google phone number and get the 24/7 customer support on all sorts of issues.
The provided customer assistance is cost-effective and also gives quick solutions.
Connect via live chat:
This is the simplest and fastest approach to keep in contact with the customer representatives on the off chance that you can't connect with them through a call.
The customer can do online chat with the customer representatives of Google and they will offer the required arrangements during chat and you can fix your issues rapidly.
Connect via email support:
It is another approach to contact the customer representative where you simply need to send an email and they will hit you up with the important help.
This strategy takes additional time yet it is powerful when you can't contact the customer representative utilizing the helpline numbers.
Through Google Support Page:
If you are reliable enough in fixing the problem by yourself, then you must go to the Google support page, where you will see all the required services and fixing-techniques by which you can rectify your issues.
Benefits of Google customer support:
Google technical support has so many benefits for their users. We can call on the support number and can share all your issues and problems that are always present to help. If you have any issue, you can contact me on Google help number. Few of the benefits of expert help are given below.
Simple and fast response to fix the problems.
Easy and worthwhile solutions to your problems.
Google experts who are highly well-resourced with appropriate tools.
Certified persons are present to solve your issues.
After following the above given ways, one can simply contact a customer representative in a highly-simple manner. If you still have any kind of query or need assistance, then you can directly contact the Google customer support for reliable and prompt assistance. We have an outstanding customer support team which are expert in their domain and have a lot of technical expertise to resolve the issue in a quick span of time. Moreover, you can even visit the Google desk to resolve all your problems.
Google is the most visited website and the most profitable company that is known to provide top-class services to its users. It is because of the amenities it has provided, that this has become the most reliable one nowadays. It has put its hands in everything and has left everyone behind. But like everything, sometimes users face glitches in Google too but the customer service of Google is the most remarkable one.
Google customer service has always been doing a commendable job providing solutions to the problems faced by the users. It is for this reason that users are now not so worried about their problem knowing that there is someone who will listen to their problem and will give a quick resolution to them. Well, let us see the ways of contacting the experts.
How can you get in touch with Google experts?
Now that the users are facing the problem with the services, they can get in touch with the experts in the following mentioned ways:
Google Support Number: The first option of contacting the executives is by calling on the toll-free number and getting the problem resolved by talking to the experts. We assure you that they are the best persons for providing you the aid for all your queries.
Live chat: You can also get in touch with them by doing the live chat and asking for the resolution to the problem hand to hand. They can give you tips on what can be done for the solution as early as possible.
Support page: If you are the one facing an issue, you can look for that particular query on the support page. You will find many frequently asked questions there where you can look for your query in those questions. You can search for your query in the search bar if you are unable to find it.
Email: You can also drop an email to the technical support page. The executives will get in touch with you by replying to that email with the solution to the problem.
Technical support also provided:
Google technical support is also provided by the executives of Google who are experts in giving technical support. They are keen to endow clients with maximum satisfaction. The number can be accessed from anywhere around the world. So, you will not feel lost in your problem as the experts will be there to guide you.
How the help will be provided?
Well, talking about the queries and issues that users might be facing, Google help desk is the best answer for all. If you are frustrated and need assistance, you are completely free to call them any time of the day as their services are active 24*7. We provide you with the assurance that your problem will be solved as soon as possible.
HOW TO GET THE SERVICES OF GOOGLE SUPPORT TEAM?
What Google was Originally Called. Back sometime in the late '90s, Larry Page and Sergey Brin were two graduate students at Stanford. They had been working on a search engine and had given it the name BackRub.
Google is a search engine that started development in 1996 by Sergey Brin and Larry Page as a research project at Stanford University to find files on the Internet. Larry and Sergey later decided the name of their search engine needed to change and decide upon Google, which is inspired from the term google.
Google Inc. American search engine company, founded in 1998 by Sergey Brin and Larry Page that is a subsidiary of the holding company Alphabet Inc. More than 70 percent of worldwide online search requests are handled by Google, placing it at the heart of most Internet users' experience.
Why the Google Service is known as the best of its customer?
A friend in need is a friend indeed' this proverb is apt for customer service and when it comes to helping Google users, customer service is always there to help users, no matter what issue the user has, whether a minor or major one, Google customer service lets every user cross all hurdle in their pathway of smooth functioning of Google service and provides you multi-channeled accessibility. Moreover, if you're a new Google user, you must aware of some facts that will unfold in this article as you go thoroughly. So fasten your seat belt and get ready to take a tour of Google support phone number.
HOW CAN YOU CONTACT THE LIVE PERSON OF GOOGLE?
Committed to delivering a number of services, Google Care always provides these services with excellent support and user-friendliness. Now, the question that strikes in the mind is how? Well, it has a support team with the employees having a remarkable record in providing the best services and are very dedicated to delivering a hassle-free environment to the Google users. Besides, without any delay, the customer support team does not let you wait to access your service and give you the solutions for all your queries within the least possible time.
Sometimes applications also stop working or can create a problem. So, if you are facing an issue with Google and thinking of contacting the live person, we are there to help you with the procedure.
Now, if you are thinking about how to contact Google Live Person, then is the best toll-free number to get right to the agent of Google. You can call on this number to resolve your issues and you can also be assisted for your query. The issues and the queries include upgradation of the account information, complaints, refund, recovering the accounts. Also, if you are facing the issue that you have been charged suspiciously, you can call on this number. The call is answered by their robotic phone menu system or IVR and it is open 24/7. It has not been made clear till now that what is the best way to contact the Google representative. The Google customer service representative is always available for you.
You can also call the customer support team by calling on the phone number for their Adwords support department. The next favourite option that people use to contact the live person of Google is contacting on the number for support.
The customer support of Google is always available in order to rectify the issue and resolve the queries. They can also provide them relevant tips related to usage. Follow up and reminders are common if you contact the customer support of Google.
Hence, you need not to worry or panic at the time when you are facing the problems and don't know what to do.
Has Google changed 2020?
First Core Update Since COVID-19
The last core update was launched in the second week of January 2020. COVID-19 has changed what people need from Google's search results
HOW TO GOOGLE SUPPORT DELIVERS ITS SERVICE?
HOW DO I GET A PICTURE DELETED FROM GOOGLE IMAGES?
WHAT ARE THE SERVICES DELIVERS BY THE CUSTOMER SUPPORT OF GOOGLE?
Google Account configuration tips.
Google Account deletion tips.
Google Account recovery tips.
Attachments download related tips.
Account storage recognition related tips.
Email receiving or sending related tips.
Draft preparation related tips.
Contact management related tips.
Password changing related tips.
Also provide video tutorials to resolve various account related issues. ( Source: https://www.youtube.com/user/Googlehelp)
Keep your Google account save by this video.
Video Source: www.youtube.com
WHEN GOOGLE DELIVERS ITS SUPPORT SERVICES?
It is of no importance at what time you need help, Google Support is accessible around the clock if you have an issue in the middle of the night, don't bother, you are just one call away from getting customer service. With its 24*7 accessible helpline, you will be delivered with a complete satisfactorily service and a reliable solution through its highly skilled and experienced professionals.
WHAT ARE THE PROMISES GOOGLE SUPPORT USUALLY DO IN DELIVERING THE SERVICES?
Google support team promises trusted and secured resolutions to all your technical or non-technical glitch while accessing the Google services. By the data of customer support that has been delivered throughout the years of its operations, it has maintained almost 100% customer satisfaction. The customer service also promises to deliver support within the least possible time at any time of the day or night. Besides, this is the place where you would find official customer service information of Google.
HOW TO AVAIL THE SERVICE OF GOOGLE SUPPORT?
Google Care understands your convenience and hence it takes care of your comfort this is why it provides its services through different ways. If you are looking out for help from Google Care all you need is dialing the helpline number which is a completely toll-free number available around the clock. However, making it even easier technical team is also getable by chat Google support, not only chat but when it comes to resolving the issue, the team delivers remote technical support as well. Apart from this, you may feel like registering your concern, you can do that on the forum help rather than making a phone call on the helpline phone number.
DIAL GOOGLE SUPPORT PHONE NUMBER TO RESOLVE YOUR ISSUES
Used by billions of people, Google is one of the tech giant which is also the most visited website and preferred search engine across the world.
According to Google Technical support, It's users have faced many issues related to blow services:
Gmail.
How do I find my Gmail address?
To begin the recovery process, visit the Google Account Recovery page, which you can find by visiting the standard Gmail Sign-in page and then clicking "Forget email?" When you arrive at the page, the first thing you'll be asked for is your email address or phone number.
Google Play Store Support.
How do I find my Google Play Store Suppor?
Google Play Store is the official Google store where you can download apps. It contains thousands of free or commercial softwares. It's the safest place to download apps, but there's still room for improvement from Google. Play Store is Google's official source for Android apps and downloads.
What is YouTube and how does it work?
YouTube incorporates features that let businesses promote their videos to people who might be interested in them, targeting customers by demographics, topics or interests. Advertisers pay each time someone views their video.
Hangouts.
What is Hangouts and how does it work?
Google Hangouts is a unified communications service that enables text, voice, or video chats, either one-on-one or in a group. Hangouts is built into Google+, Gmail, YouTube, and Google Voice, plus there's Hangouts apps for iOS, Android, and the web.
Google Drive.
How to use Google Drive
Step 1: Go to drive.google.com. On your computer, go to drive.google.com.
Step 2: Upload or create files. You can upload files from your computer or create files in Google Drive.
Step 3: Share and organize files. You can share files or folders, so other people can view, edit, or comment on them.
How do I use Google Blogger?
Visit Blogger. Go to blogger.com from any web browser.
Log into your Google account. Under the sign-in box, type in your Gmail email address and password.
Click "New blog." You'll find this under your Blogs section on the dashboard. ...
Enter a blog Title.
Create your Address.
Pick a Template.
Create your blog.
What is the use of Google +?
Google+ is Google: Uniting services and people who use them.
Google+ encourages you to promote Google's services for them. Google calls the "social layer" of their services, augmenting many other services such as the Play Store, Gmail, and, of course, Search.
Calender.
What is Google calendar and how does it work?
Created by the multi-billion dollar corporation Google, the Google Calendar application allows users to create personal or public calendars after signing up for a Google account. The accounts are free, and Google stores the calendars within its cloud computing system.
Are you unable to send or receive messages on Hangouts? If yes, then these steps will help you:
Turn on the cellular data on your mobile device and ensure that you have a strong signal.
If the WiFi signal is weak or not working, restart the WiFi on your mobile device.
Sign out of the Hangouts app and restart it on your mobile device.
If the aforementioned steps don't help you out in resolving your issue, feel free to dial Google Customer Support Phone Number to avail the following advantages:
24 X 7 and 365 days anytime availability.
100 % Customer Satisfaction from the technical team.
Basic Troubleshooting steps for the issues related with Google.
Cost effective service from the technical team.
Faster resolutions of the issues.
Immediate response of your queries.
Expert help from the technical team of Google.
Fixing the specialized bugs of Google.
CONFIGURE THE IMAP AND SMTP SETTINGS FOR YOUR GOOGLE MAIL ACCOUNT
Before proceeding, let us focus on some questions like what is the difference among POP3, IMAP, and SMTP? How one can configure IMAP and SMTP settings for the Gmail account? Well, if you know the answers to all questions, then, it's impressive but you don't, then, you must. This article will help you to get understand the configuration process of IMAP and SMTP settings. IMAP is one of the most versatile features offered by Gmail and is the most preferred servers which lets its users access their Gmail messages on another email service providers. Not only this but you can also access your email account o multiple devices without much of a stretch.
These steps will help you to configure the IMAP and SMTP settings of Gmail on another email client:
Step 1: Turn on the IMAP on the Gmail by going to Gmail Settings.
Step 2: For the Incoming Mail Server i.e. IMAP, enter imap.gmail.com as the server settings.
Step 3: Select yes to require SSL authentication.
Step 4: Enter 993 under SSL Port.
Step 5: For Outgoing Mail Server, enter smtp.gmail.com under server settings.
Step 6: Select yes to require SSL, TLS, along with the authentication.
Step 8: Enter 587 under TLS Port.
Step 9: Enter your complete email address under username, and your Gmail password under the password.
In case, you are not able to configure the IMAP and SMTP settings of Gmail by following the steps mentioned above, then contact the Google Support Team for further help.
PEOPLE ALSO ASK BELOW QUESTIONS TO GET HELP
How do I call Google for help?
What is the phone number for Google?
What is the customer service number for Google?
How do you contact Google?
How can I contact Google by phone?
How To Use Google Drive and Google Forms?
How To https //g.co/recover For Contact?
KNOW WHY GMAIL IS REGARDED AS THE BEST SERVICE PROVIDED BY GOOGLE
In recent years of its services, Google has introduced a number of services such as Books, Software, YouTube, Maps, Picasa, Store, Search, Dashboard. And all the services have their own execution domain which act independently and developed by the finest engineers from all over the world associated with Google. Also, several customers make a call on the phone number in the wake of the knowledge about which is the best service among all the Google services.
WHY IS GMAIL REGARDED AS THE BEST SERVICE PROVIDED BY GOOGLE?
When Gmail was launched in 2004, no one has imagined that it will become so popular and will overtake the popularity among all the Google products. But it does. With the passage of time and all the revolutionary features, it has brought itself at the top of the list. So here are a few pointers highlighting why Gmail is different from other email services.
Gmail offers attachment reminder to its users
Here is no significance of dots in Gmail id
Export contact into Excel
Gmail allows its users to add multiple accounts
Gmail allows its users to convert the emails into PDF
Mark Important Mails Using Gmail Star Functionality
Easy archiving of emails
Gmail offers updated desktop notification
Auto-forwarding of certain messages
Gmail enables its users to delete all emails at once
DOES GMAIL ALLOW ITS USERS TO TRACE AN UNKNOWN EMAIL SENDER?
As it is not that much easy as it seems to get information about unknown email sender. It needs high-end search engine services like Pipl and Spokeo. Though Pipl has quicker response to the query search than Spokeo both are genuine search engines. On the other hand, Knowem is one of a kind search engine, it lets you find the username available on social media networking sites.
Hence using Facebook.com and Knowem.com would be beneficial and reliable source to gather the required information. And there is no doubt, for this purpose, Facebook is the best option with its quickest and accurate results.
DOES GMAIL GIVE SPAM FILTERING FACILITY?
Yes, it does. Gmail lets its users filter out all the unwanted emails with its exclusive quality filtering. Once a user activates filters on their account, there is no chance to get any spam messages on the Gmail account. Moreover, the activation process of filter on Gmail is quite easy to perform one can do it easily and can avail this astonishing feature. Besides, you may get complete information by dialing Gmail customer service helpline number.
What are different types of algorithm?
Algorithm types we will consider include:
Simple recursive algorithms.
Backtracking algorithms.
Divide and conquer algorithms.
Dynamic programming algorithms.
Greedy algorithms.
Branch and bound algorithms.
Brute force algorithms.
Randomized algorithms.
DOES GMAIL ALLOW ITS USERS FOR VOICE CHAT?
Obviously, yes, it offers Google Talk which is a chat service which lets you voice chat and video chat. And to provide this feature across the world, Google customer service has introduced this service with Gmail. You can find it on the left-hand side of the Gmail homepage. And also, you may get information about the people who are available to get in touch with you on Google Talk.
DOES GMAIL OFFER HELPLINE SERVICES?
Gmail management is managed by highly experienced experts and provides the finest helpline number. And the team Gmail customer support is comprised of dedicated and passionate team executives which are recruited after a set of test and exams. And the tech support team has been always appreciated by the customers for its outstanding support service through marvelous track records and professionalism. Because each and every member of the support team is trained under the supervision of a qualified specialist. So when you need, we are there.
Check out the new add-ons available in Google
Add-ons, as you might be aware, are a personalized extension of Google application which includes Sheets, Gmail, and Docs. These add-ons are developed using Apps Script. In simple words, these add-ons help in increasing productivity by adding useful features to Google applications. Further, for the users who are wondering what they can do using these add-ons, read this article further.
Uses of add-ons in Google
User can add a personalized feature to Google applications.
Helps in boosting productivity to the maximum
Further, the user can add custom interfaces to easily switch between the tabs when working on multiple applications at once.
Further, for the users who are not aware, Google currently offers its users with Gmail add-ons and editor add-ons which are only available for Docs, Google Forms, Google Sheets, and Slides.
And as per the recent new, Google has introduced some latest add-ons for their users which will help them in enhancing their performance. So, in case, if you are looking for the recent updates in Google add-ons, then here you will be provided with the required information.
How Google Works Algorithm?
Google's algorithm does the work for you by searching out Web pages that contain the keywords you used to search, then assigning a rank to each page based several factors, including how many times the keywords appear on the page. Google references this index when a user enters a search query.
What is Google algorithm?
PageRank (PR) is an algorithm used by Google Search to rank web pages in their search engine results. PageRank was named after Larry Page, one of the founders of Google. PageRank is a way of measuring the importance of website pages.
Latest add-ons available for Google applications
Sort Range Plus
For the users who always look for the options for conditional formatting of cells, Sort Range Plus is an add-on that one can try to sort the ranges using colors. Further, this add-on is beneficial for grouping the items and changing its order making it easier for the users to perform their work.
Slides Randomizer
Do you also wish your slides to be randomized then, Slides Randomizer is an add-on that you should definitely try out. By using this add-on the user can easily shuffle every time the users use the slide deck.
By using this add-on the user can easily search and add new hyperlinks to your existing files from Google Drive.
Response Editor
For the users who have created a form and wish to make some changes in it then, Response Editor is an add-on they should definitely try out. By using this add-on, the user can easily edit the responses and get a URL which they can share with the respondent and collaborator.
Insert icon for sheets
By using this add-on the user can easily add customized icons to their sheets. And the best part you can also choose the color and size of the icons before adding them to your sheets. Hence, these were the few latest add-ons available for Google applications that one can try out to make their work easier and less-time consuming.
Can you tell me ?how to recover google data from email. please help you to how to fix or recover loss data.
Gorage Hoope
Does Google have a live chat support?
I forget my email password & username, can I recover my Gmail account? if yes please help asap...
Very informative blog! Thanks for the information.
Such a useful and informative blog. Thanks for help
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text:
Rockets pit their six game winning streak against champions elect
Mens Team Press Releases
Reading Rockets (14-7) will look to extend their six game winning streak this weekend as they take on the favourites for the NBL Division One title in the shape of National Trophy winners Team Solent Kestrels (17-3) on Saturday evening at Bohunt School, 5pm tip-off. The Rockets recorded two vital wins in the hunt for a top four finish in the division and home court advantage in the play-off quarter finals by beating Leicester Warriors in overtime on Saturday night 105-102 before returning to Reading and capturing a 109-87 victory against Derby Trailblazers. After their recent National Trophy success, Team Solent Kestrels are also one of the form teams in the league having won their last seven games and 13 out of the last 14 in league play. The two teams have met three times already this season in the National Cup, National Trophy, and league with Saturday's visitors in charge of the series 3-0 having captured an 89-67 win in the quarter-final of the National Cup, a 93-78 victory in the National Trophy, and a 70-59 success in league play most recently.
Rockets Head Coach Manuel Peña Garcés was pleased to see his team pick up two important wins against two very competitive teams but knows continued work is needed at the defensive end after a duo of high scoring affairs. The Reading play-caller said,
Last weekend we showed some really good character, discipline, and application to get two crucial wins as the regular season draws to a close and I am really pleased with how the players overcame some adversity in both games. Their behaviours have continued to be very good but now we must focus on specific areas starting with defence and how we apply ourselves to this and our tactics during each game. Application and clarity are key at this time of the season especially when you are preparing to play one of the league's best teams."
Team Solent have been excellent this season and Coach Matt (Guymon, Team Solent Kestrels' Head Coach) has done an exceptional job in only their second year back in the league and we know Saturday's game will be a very hard fought encounter. They have strength and depth at every position but in our last game against them we did a much better job and I believe that with that and our improved performances we have a great chance of securing another win. It is going to be tough and we are really going to need our fans at Bohunt but it should be a really exciting game and we cannot wait to play!
Rockets go into Saturday's match-up hoping for some better news on the injury front to their Under 19 trio. Forward Alex Drincic has been out of action with tendonitis in his foot but returned to training earlier this week and should be available to play but will be a game time decision. Spaniard Adrian Nosa Castillo is still carrying an ankle injury and will also be assessed before the weekend with his Under 18 team also in action on the same day but it's likely the 6'4 forward will miss out. His fellow countryman Iñigo Perez Baena will also be a game time decision after corrective surgery on a broken nose. The recently turned 18 year old had manipulation on his injured nose he sustained in an Under 18 game two weeks ago but is keen to play heading into the final few weeks of the season.
After losing five out of six games before their current six game winning streak, the Rockets will be looking to put their mid-season blip behind them as the regular season comes to crunch time with both teams vying for slightly different objectives in the next three games but with all to play for with the post season approaching.
#2017-2018 #division1 #NBL #rockets #Supporters
← Rockets looking to pick up two more wins in hunt for a top four finish
TIP time for this weekends match →


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text:
\section{Introduction}

Since the launch of the XMM-Newton and Chandra satellites
\citep{XMM,Chandra}, measurements of the X-ray emission from hot gas
in clusters of galaxies have achieved unprecedented levels of accuracy
and depth. However, the physical origin of the scaling relations between
observable quantities, such as the luminosity of the X-ray emitting
gas and its temperature, remain only partly understood.

There are currently a number of surveys \citep{Romer, Schwope,
Pierre} in progress with the potential to greatly expand our
understanding of the processes that define correlations such as the
luminosity-temperature (L-T) relation of clusters. For this potential
to be realised we require a sound theoretical basis upon which to
work. To this end, numerical hydrodynamical simulations have become
indispensable tools and continue to grow in size and complexity
\citep{Pearce, Kay07, Faltenbacher} but they have to date lacked
a sufficiently large dynamic range in mass. In this work we use a
hydrodynamical model of a large volume that contains over a hundred galaxy
clusters. For the first time we are able to study the evolutionary
processes within a cosmological context as we have hundreds of well
resolved objects spanning a large dynamic range
rather than the more typical handful \citep{Rowley} (hereafter R04),
or idealised models \citep{Ritchie,Poole}.

This paper is organised as follows: in the remainder of this section
we summarise the work done to date on defining the physical processes
that define the shape of the L-T relation. Then, in section
2, we give an account of the simulations we have undertaken, explain
how our cluster sub-sample was selected and how the properties of
these clusters were derived.  Section 3 details our results before we
discuss their implications and conclude in section 4.

X-rays are chiefly emitted from the hot gas in clusters via thermal
bremsstrahlung (for dark matter halos more massive than $10^{14}
h^{-1} {\rm M_\odot}$ their temperature is typically above $2{\rm
keV}$). For such a homologous population \citet{Kaiser} showed that
simple scaling relations were expected between bulk properties such as
the mass, temperature and luminosity.  Observational work subsequently
found that the properties of X-ray clusters where indeed related but
the slopes of the relations were not those derived by Kaiser.

\citet{Kaiser} assumed that galaxy clusters were self-similar entities
and that therefore only a single property, such as the mass, was
required in order to describe the other bulk properties. Such a
homology results in an L-T relation with a power-law slope of
2. However, as figure~\ref{obsdata} demonstrates, X-ray observations
of clusters with a median redshift of $\sim 0.07$
found that the slope was closer to 3 \citep{Markevitch,Arnaud,Wu99,
Xue,Horner,Mulchaey, Osmond} and perhaps became even steeper
on group scales \citep{Helsdon}.

\begin{figure*}
\begin{minipage}{150mm}
\begin{center}
\opt{bw}{
\includegraphics[angle=0, width=\textwidth]{figs/bw_obsdatafinalwkey}
}
\opt{col}{
\includegraphics[angle=0, width=\textwidth]{figs/obsdatafinalwkey}
}
\caption{
Compilation of low-redshift observed group and cluster X-ray
luminosities within $r_{500}$ compared to their emission-weighted
temperature. $r_{500}$ is a radius enclosing an overdensity of
500. The small points are the simulated groups and clusters used in
this work. The data was taken from variously: \citet{Markevitch,Arnaud,Wu99,
Helsdon,Xue,Horner,Mulchaey,Osmond}.}
\label{obsdata}
\end{center}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure*}

Hydrodynamical simulations performed in the absence of cooling or any
additional heat sources other than compression and shock heating have
long been known to reproduce the self-similar hierarchy well
\citep{ENF,NFW}. Unfortunately they do not reproduce either the slope
or the normalisation of the observations, producing clusters that are
too bright for any given temperature, even at the bright end.
Following this work, simulations with limited physics within a
cosmological volume have been used in an attempt to reconcile the
apparent discrepancy between theory and observation regarding the
slope of the L-T relation \citep{Pearce, Muanwong,
Bialek,Borgani02}. These models showed that a simple cooling or
preheating scheme was sufficient to match the simulated L-T relation
to that observed at redshift zero.  More recently \citet{Kay07} investigated
the effects of feedback on the X-ray properties of clusters in hydrodynamical
simulations, and demonstrated that their results were in good agreement with
both the observed scaling relations and structural properties (e.g. entropy
and temperature profiles), particularly for cool-core clusters.

\citet{Balogh06} investigated the role that preheating, cooling and
concentration of the halo profile can have on the scaling
relations. They found that, for a realistic range of halo
concentrations, the scatter generated was minimal in comparison with
observed values. Variations in the cooling time of the gas in the
centre of clusters could account for much of the scatter but is
limited by the age of the universe and so could not explain the whole
range. Finally, varying feedback from supernovae and AGN could explain
the entire range, but required an order of magnitude difference in
energy injection to cover the whole envelope.  Their result implies
that it is processes in the cores of clusters that are primarily
responsible for driving the scatter in the scaling relations. This
confirms earlier work by \citet{Fabian, Markevitch} and
\citet{McCarthy}.  \citet{Kay07} identify the scatter with strong cool
core clusters, and expect the scatter to be smaller at high redshift
due to the diminished prevalence of such systems.  Nowadays, the
general consensus is that the scatter is largely due to the strength
of the X-ray core. In this work, which includes strong preheating,
X-ray cores are absent. This allows us to study the shape of the
relation without the additional complication of a large intrinsic
scatter.

In this work we will use a sample of halos identified from the full
simulation volume. With these we will show that because mergers tend to move clusters
up the L-T relation they extend it beyond the point where the most
massive, relaxed clusters are expected to lie. Thus many of the
brightest, most luminous objects are ongoing or recent merger events
which (as R04 point out) may be difficult to resolve
observationally if they are close to the peak of the merger. In
addition, because we have many closely spaced outputs we can track the
motion of each of our clusters on the L-T plane, allowing us to define
a ``mean merger'' vector. As this vector is not perfectly
parallel to the L-T relation but rather falls slightly below it, a
gentle roll in the relation naturally arises.

\section{The simulations}
\label{sims}

The simulation used in this work is part of the Millennium Gas
Simulations \citep{Pearce07}. This sequence of hydrodynamical
simulations all have the same volume as the Millennium Simulation
\citep{Springel} as well as utilising the same amplitude and phase for
the initial perturbations.  The cosmological parameters for both the
Millennium Simulation and the gas counterparts were: $\Omega_\Lambda =
0.75, \Omega_M = 0.25, \Omega_b = 0.045, h = 0.73, n = 1$, and
$\sigma_8 = 0.9$, where the Hubble constant is characterised as $100h
{\rm km s^{-1} Mpc^{-1}}.$ These cosmological parameters are
consistent with recent combined analyses from {\it WMAP} data
\citep{Spergel} and the 2dF galaxy redshift survey \citep{Colless}.
The simulation volume is a comoving cube of linear size $500
h^{-1}{\rm Mpc}$ containing $500$ million dark matter particles and
$500$ million gas particles. Their masses are $1.422\times
10^{10}h^{-1}{\rm M_\odot}$ and $3.12\times 10^{9}h^{-1}{\rm M_\odot}$
respectively. The simulation includes radiative cooling of the gas,
with the metalicity set at a constant value of $0.3 {\rm Z_{\odot}}$,
similar to that observed within the intra-cluster medium
\citep{Sarazin} and preheating. The preheating is implemented in a
similar way to \citet{Borgani}: at redshift $4$ the whole volume is
heated to $200 {\rm keV/cm^{2}}$, a value chosen such that the
resulting L-T relation at redshift $0$ matches observations. Star
particles are formed from cold, dense gas particles when a temperature
threshold ($2\times10^{4}$ K), a density threshold ($\rm{n}_H = 4.18
\times 10^{-27}$ g.cm$^{-3}$ and an overdensity threshold ($100$ times
critical) are all passed, but the process of converting gas to stars has
no effect on the thermal dynamics of the system, other than to make the
particles collisionless.  The effect of the preheating in this simulation is so
extreme as to prevent any further star formation since redshift $4$.

\subsection{Sample selection}
\label{sampleselect}

At redshift zero the entire volume was processed to obtain a set of
friends-of-friends halos with a linking length of $ 0.2$ times the mean
interparticle separation. Within each of these halos the most bound
particle was found and used as the centre for a spherical over-density
calculation that extended to $r_{200}$, a radius enclosing an
over-density of 200 times the cosmic mean. The analysis presented in
this work is for a fixed radius of $r_{500}$ (the radius enclosing an
over-density 500 times the the cosmic mean density), roughly $0.59 \times
r_{200}$ for NFW halos \citep{NFW97} of typical concentration. Within
this radius we calculate the bolometric luminosity and the emission
weighted temperature assuming a standard \citep{Sutherland} cooling
function for a uniform metalicity gas of $0.3 {\rm Z_\odot}$.

Three sub-samples were selected from the top, bottom and median of the
L-T relation. We refer to the sample of clusters that are more
luminous and/or cooler than expected as coming from the top of the
relation, with conversely under luminous, hot clusters coming from the
bottom. We also select a control sample of clusters from close to the
median of the relation. The clusters were selected such that the range
of masses within each sample spanned the entirety of the available
relation. We only consider objects containing more than 1000 particles
and that are at least two virial radii away from any larger
neighbour. This ensures a meaningful estimate of the cluster bulk
properties.

Once selected at redshift zero, each of our 108 clusters was traced
backwards in time until their mass dropped below our imposed
resolution threshold of 1000 particles.  The final locations of the
selected clusters on the L-T plane are shown on figure~\ref{sample},
where the high scatter clusters are indicated by open circles, low scatter by open squares
and the control sample by filled circles. The
full sample is shown faintly in the background, together with our
fitted median relation indicated by the line.  Once the mass
accretion histories of the sample had been extracted a small amount of
smoothing was introduced in order to remove merger induced ringing in
the cluster mass.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\opt{bw}{
\includegraphics[angle=0, width=250pt]{figs/bw_samplenobin}
}
\opt{col}{
\includegraphics[angle=0, width=250pt]{figs/samplenobin}
}
\caption{The clusters selected for further analysis: the high and low scatter
 samples are shown as open circles and squares respectively, above and below the line which
 indicates our fitted mean relation. The control clusters are shown as
 solid circles. The underlying faint points show the full sample
 at redshift $0$. }
\label{sample}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\opt{bw}{
\includegraphics[angle=0, width=15cm]{figs/bw_ltlow}
}
\opt{col}{
\includegraphics[angle=0, width=15cm]{figs/ltlow}
}
\caption{X-ray evolution in the L-T plane of $9$ of the
low-scattered clusters ranked by final mass. In each of the nine frames the L-T relation at
redshift zero is defined by a sample of clusters (background points) whilst
the track showing the evolution of each cluster is shown as the dark
line.
To the bottom right of each panel the evolution in the L-T plane for each
cluster (long dashed line) and the mean of the control sample
members of similar mass (short solid line)
between a redshift of $0.5$ and $0$.  }
\label{llt}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\opt{bw}{
\includegraphics[angle=0, width=15cm]{figs/masslow}
}
\opt{col}{
\includegraphics[angle=0, width=15cm]{figs/masslow}
}
\caption{Mass accretion history for the 9
low-scattered clusters whose L-T evolution was shown in figure~\ref{llt}.
The lighter line is the mass accretion history
for the mean of similar mass clusters in the control sample
whereas the darker line shows the history of the
individual cluster. Bold sections demote periods when the cluster is
undergoing a merger as defined in section 3.3 below.
The mass of the cluster at each expansion factor
is normalised by its final mass, labelled as ``scaled mass''. Also
plotted is a horizontal dotted line to show when a cluster has
assembled 70\% of its final mass.  }
\label{lm}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}

\section{Halo properties}

\subsection{Low-scattered halos}

The L-T histories of nine low scattered halos ranked by final mass are
shown in figure~\ref{llt}, with their respective mass accretion
histories given in figure~\ref{lm}. The dark track in the L-T plane
follows the history of each object from redshift 1.5 to the present
day. The background points
show the location of the entire sample of clusters in the L-T plane at
$z=0$. To the bottom right of each panel are two additional
vectors. The short line shows the mean evolution of the control sample
between $z=0.5$ and the present. The other longer line shows the
evolution of each particular group over the same redshift
interval. While the control sample moves slightly up in luminosity and
down in temperature, 8 of the 9 low scattered clusters move
dramatically to larger luminosities and temperatures, nearly parallel
to the spine of the L-T relation. This is in agreement with the trend
noticed by R04.  Figure~\ref{lm}, which shows the corresponding mass
accretion histories for these objects demonstrates that 8 of the 9 low
scattered objects are in the process of an ongoing major merger and
are much hotter and brighter than would be typical for objects of
their mass. In each of these panels merger events are denoted by the
bold sections of line.
The masses at redshift 1.5 are significantly lower than
expected in all bar one case, (the mean mass accretion history for
objects of each mass is indicated by the dotted line on
figure~\ref{lm}).

\subsection{High-scattered halos}

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\opt{bw}{
\includegraphics[angle=0, width=15cm]{figs/bw_lthigh}
}
\opt{col}{
\includegraphics[angle=0, width=15cm]{figs/lthigh}
}
\caption{L-T evolution for $9$ of the high-scattered sample. The
symbols and lines have the same meaning as in figure~\ref{llt}.}
\label{hlt}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\opt{bw}{
\includegraphics[angle=0, width=15cm]{figs/masshigh}
}
\opt{col}{
\includegraphics[angle=0, width=15cm]{figs/masshigh}
}
\caption{Mass accretion histories for the high-scattered clusters in
figure~\ref{hlt}. The lines have the same meanings as in figure~\ref{lm}.
}
\label{hm}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}

Figures~\ref{hlt} \& \ref{hm} show the L-T evolution and mass
accretion histories for nine of the high scattered clusters.  These
nine halos end up significantly above the mean relation and as can be
seen from their L-T tracks in figure~\ref{hlt} eight of the nine (all
except panel e) slightly lose temperature rather than gain temperature
along with the mean of the control sample. The mass accretion history
makes it clear why this is the case: all bar panel (e) assemble their
final mass early, with significantly more mass in place at $z=1.5$
than that collected by the control sample. The object in panel (e) has
just undergone a merger.  We conclude, as did \citet{Balogh06}, that
high-scattered objects are in general early forming with consequently
slightly more concentrated dark matter profiles resulting in slightly
more luminous objects at a particular final mass.

\subsection{Properties of mergers}

As discussed in the previous section the motion of an object on the
L-T plane during a merger is a significant driver behind finding it
below the mean L-T relation at any given mass, particular at the
high-mass end.  To explore this further we extracted a sample of
mergers from the mass accretion histories of the clusters used
previously in this work. In order to distinguish a merger from gradual
accretion we require that a cluster gains significant extra mass over
a short period of time. Specifically we define a merger in the
following way:

\begin{itemize}
\item A growth in mass through the merger event of at least 15\%
of the cluster's final mass.
\item A ratio of at least $1$:$4/3$ between the mass before the merger
and the mass at the peak of the merger.
\item The mass accretion rate must exceed 14\% of the final mass per Gyr.
\end{itemize}

Merger events automatically identified using this procedure are shown
on the mass accretion history figures~\ref{lm} \& \ref{hm} as the bold
sections of the lines.  The peak of a merger is considered to be the
point at which the cluster's mass is greatest. As the dark matter
halos subsequently pass through each other the final mass is usually
below this value.  As can immediately be guessed by simply comparing the
number of bold line sections in figures~\ref{llt} \& \ref{hlt}
the mean number of mergers undergone by clusters in
the low-scattered sample is over three times higher than clusters in
the high-scattered sample.

By identifying the location on the L-T plane of each object at the start
and peak of each merger we can produce a ``cricket score'' diagram
(figure~\ref{mergefit}), where each line denotes the motion on the L-T
plane due to one merger. As the merger timescale is short the net
drift of the relation is small while the merger is ongoing. As can be
clearly seen, the net effect of a typical merger is to move an object
up the relation and on average slightly below it. This tendency for
mergers to fall below the mean relation is further evidenced by the
large number of ongoing mergers present amongst the low-scattered
objects.

Interestingly, an ``average merger'' vector, indicated by the
dotted line on figure~\ref{mergefit}, closely parallels the slope of
the very high mass clusters. The tendency for mergers to boost
clusters along, but at a slight angle to, the relation also drives a
slight roll that is found at the high mass end of the L-T relation.

\section{Discussion}

This work examines the physics that underlies the spine of the X-ray
L-T relation. Due to our strong preheating prescription our halos do
not have strong cores and as such do not reproduce the large scatter
in the observed L-T relation, allowing us a clear window into the
basic physics.  We intend to examine the physical origin of the
observed scatter in future work \citep{Gazzola} where a more
physically motivated energy feedback prescription will be used and
bright cooling cores are present. Preheating schemes such as the one
used here are well known to accurately reproduce the slope and
normalisation of the L-T relation as a whole \citep{Pearce, Muanwong,
Bialek,Borgani02}.  The model we have implemented also accurately
reproduces the mean location of halos on the L-T plane at the present
day but in a much larger volume than has typically been used
previously.  In the real world bright cooling cores will further
complicate matters but the processes discussed here which relate to
the outer halo properties will underlie these, with the variation in
core properties leading to a scatter about the relation discussed
here.

By identifying mergers using the mass accretion histories of our
objects and matching these episodes to the motion of each object on
the L-T plane we have derived a ``mean merger'' vector in this plane.
This vector lies largely parallel to the cluster L-T relation, as
previously noted by RO4. At any particular time the mass function of
the dark matter haloes present within a volume will be exponentially
truncated at the high mass end above some characteristic mass scale. The
large boost generated during a merger will produce points on the L-T
plane appearing to lie above this characteristic mass, where there
should be few objects. We therefore expect the majority of the
brightest objects to be experiencing ongoing mergers, although they
may be difficult to identify if they are close to their peak.

The mean merger vector we have derived is not exactly parallel to the
L-T relation but rather lies slightly below it. This behaviour leads
to all bar one of our low-scattered objects being obvious recent or ongoing
merger events (figure~\ref{lm}). We also note that at the high mass
end the vast majority of our haloes lie below the mean relation shown
on figure~\ref{sample}. The fact that the mean merger vector lies
slightly below the mean relation provides a natural explanation for
the slight curvature evidenced in the simulated relation.

In summary, while it is straightforward to reproduce the observed
slope and normalisation of the X-ray luminosity--temperature relation
using a simple preheating scheme, such a scheme does not reproduce the
observed scatter. As a preheating model includes the full underlying
framework of the hierarchical build up of structure bulk mergers are
not significant drivers of this scatter. Mergers can, however, produce
objects that are brighter and hotter than would be expected from the
cluster mass as merger events drive objects along the L-T relation
towards the bright end. We find that a typical merger track does not
exactly parallel the L-T relation but rather lies slightly below it,
leading to a prevalence of recent or ongoing merger events on the
low-scattered side of the relation. This process also leads to a
slight curvature of the mean relation at the high mass end.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\opt{bw}{
\includegraphics[angle=0, width=250pt]{figs/bw_meanmerg}
}
\opt{col}{
\includegraphics[angle=0, width=250pt]{figs/meanmerg}
}
\caption{Relative motion on the L--T plane during each of the mergers
  defined in section 3.3. Each line represents a single merging
  event. The long dashed line indicates the mean L--T relation whereas
  the dotted line indicates the mean merger direction.
}
\label{mergefit}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section*{Acknowledgements}
The Millennium Simulation referred to in this paper was carried out by
the Virgo Supercomputing Consortium at the Computing Centre of the
Max-Planck Society in Garching.  The Millennium Gas Simulations were
carried out at the Nottingham HPC facility, as was the analysis
required by this work.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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