The constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respected this right in practice; however, the law includes restrictions that at times inhibited the activities of some religious groups.
There was no change in the status of respect for religious freedom during the period covered by this report. The Government continued to uphold its earlier decisions to deny some groups registration. In March 2006 a court ordered the State Service for Religions (SSR) to register the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons); however, the SSR appealed the ruling. In the separatist region of Transnistria, which is not controlled by the Government, authorities continued to deny registration to and harassed a number of minority religious groups.
The generally amicable relationship among religious groups in society contributed to religious freedom; however, disputes among different branches of the Christian Orthodox faith continued, and there were some reports of Baptists and Jehovah's Witnesses experiencing harassment from local town councils, as well as from Orthodox priests and adherents.
The U.S. government discusses religious freedom issues with the Government as part of its overall policy to promote human rights. Specifically, the U.S. embassy raised concerns at the highest levels of the Government regarding the persistent registration difficulties faced by some religious groups.
The country has an area of approximately thirteen thousand square miles, and its population, including Transnistria, is an estimated 3.9 million. The Migration Department estimates that between 500 thousand and one million citizens have left the country to work abroad since independence in 1991. Common destination countries include Russia, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Greece, the United Kingdom, and Ireland.
The predominant religion was Christian Orthodox. More than 90 percent of the population nominally belonged to either of two Orthodox denominations. According to the SSR, the Moldovan Orthodox Church (MOC) had 1,255 parishes, and the Bessarabian Orthodox Church (BOC) included 219 parishes. The BOC was formed in 1992 by priests who broke away from the MOC. It was officially recognized in 2002. In addition followers of the Old Rite Russian Orthodox Church (Old Believers) made up approximately 3.6 percent of the population. The True Orthodox Church of Moldova continued to be refused registration. The religious traditions of the Orthodox churches are entwined with the culture and patrimony of the country. Many self-professed atheists routinely celebrate religious holidays and observe Orthodox practices if local tradition and the occasion demand.
Adherents of other faiths included Roman Catholics, Baptists, Pentecostals, Seventh-day Adventists, Muslims, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'is, Jews, followers of Reverend Moon, Molokans (a Russian group), Messianic Jews (who believe that Jesus was the Messiah), Lutherans, Presbyterians, Hare Krishnas, and some other charismatic Christian and evangelical Christian groups. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) had two congregations, with an estimated 250 members. According to the most recent statistics from the Israeli cultural center in Chisinau, the Jewish community had approximately twenty-five thousand members, including fifteen thousand in Chisinau; 2,500 in Balti and surrounding areas; 1,600 in Tiraspol; one thousand in Bender; and four thousand in small towns.
Foreign missionaries represented many faiths and denominations.
The constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respected this right in practice; however, the law on religions (adopted in 1992 and amended in 1999 and 2002) contains restrictions that inhibited activities of unregistered religious groups. The law provides for freedom of religious practice, including each person's right to profess in any form his or her religion. It also protects the confidentiality of the confessional, allows denominations to establish associations and foundations, and states that the Government may not interfere in the religious activities of denominations. The law specifies that "in order to organize and function," religious organizations must be registered with the Government. Unregistered groups may not own property, engage employees, or obtain space in public cemeteries in their own names.
There is no state religion; however, the MOC receives favored treatment from the Government. The Metropolitan of Chisinau and all Moldova is issued a diplomatic passport. Other high-ranking MOC officials also reportedly have diplomatic passports.
The procedures for registering a religious organization are the same for all groups. To register, a religious organization must present a declaration of creation, by-laws, and an explanation of its basic religious beliefs to the SSR. The SSR enters the religious organization into the register of religions within thirty working days. At the request of the SSR, a court can annul the recognition of a religious organization if it "carries out activities that harm the independence, sovereignty, integrity, and security of the Republic of Moldova, public order, or is connected with political activities." The law also prohibits religious organizations from including in their by-laws any provisions that would violate the constitution or any other laws.
The Government has recognized and registered twenty-one religious organizations, many of which have subentities throughout the country. Although amendments to the law on religions adopted in 2002 were intended to simplify the registration process and make it essentially automatic, the SSR continues to deny registration to the Spiritual Organization of Muslims, the Central Muslim Spiritual Board of Moldova, and the True Orthodox Church of Moldova. Beginning in 2000, the Mormons tried repeatedly to register with the SSR. On March 28, 2006, the Chisinau Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the Mormons and ordered the SSR to register the church. On May 25, 2006, the SSR appealed the decision to the Supreme Court of Justice. By the end of the period covered by this report, the appeal had not come before the court.
In 1999 an amendment to the law on religions legalized proselytizing; however, the law explicitly forbids "abusive proselytizing," which is defined as an attempt to influence an individual's religious faith through violence or abuse of authority. During the period covered by this report, the authorities did not take legal action against any individual for such proselytizing.
A draft of the law on religions, introduced in 2002, was revised to remove numerous restrictive measures. The Council of Europe reviewed the draft law, which passed its first reading in Parliament on December 22, 2005. By the end of the period covered by this report, the law had not come before Parliament for a second reading.
By the end of the period covered by this report, the 2003 law on combating extremism had not been used against any religious groups or opposition organizations.
The criminal code permits punishment for "preaching religious beliefs or fulfillment of religious rituals which cause harm to the health of citizens, or other harm to their persons or rights, or instigate citizens not to participate in public life or in the fulfillment of their obligations as citizens." No organization was prosecuted under this code during the period covered by this report.
Article 200 of the administrative offenses code prohibits any religious activities of registered or unregistered religious groups that violate current legislation. The article also allows the expulsion of foreign citizens who engage in religious activities without the consent of authorities. In 2004 the Spiritual Organization of Muslims reported being fined under the article for holding religious services in a location registered to a charitable organization. The Government charged that its activities were not in line with the stated activities and purposes of the charitable organization. Foreign volunteers from the Mormon Church have also been charged under this article with working illegally for an unregistered religious organization.
Foreign missionaries may enter the country for ninety days on a tourist visa. They experience the same bureaucratic difficulties in obtaining residence permits and customs clearances as other foreign workers who wish to stay in the country for longer periods.
On April 6, 2006, the law on entry and exit was amended by Parliament, limiting the stay of foreigners to ninety days in a six-month period. However, foreign missionaries may obtain an "immigration certificate" and residence permit from the National Bureau for Migration if they can demonstrate that they are locally employed. This amendment proved problematic for missionaries who were working in the country on a volunteer basis.
According to the law on education, "moral and spiritual instruction" is mandatory for primary school students and optional for secondary school and university students. Some schools offer religion courses, but enrollment depends on parental request and the availability of funds. There are a number of theological institutes, seminaries, and other places of religious education.
Two public schools and a kindergarten are open only to Jewish students; in Chisinau one kindergarten has a special "Jewish group." These schools receive the same funding as other state schools and are supplemented financially by the community. However, Jewish students are not restricted to these schools. Total enrollment for Jewish schools was approximately 550.
The law provides for restitution of property that was confiscated during successive fascist and Soviet regimes to politically repressed or exiled persons. This regulation also extends to all religious communities; however, in practice the MOC has been favored over other religious groups. The MOC has recovered nearly all of its property, and in cases where property was destroyed, the Government offered alternative compensation. The recovered property included churches, schools, hospitals, orphanages, and administrative properties. Property disputes between the Moldovan and Bessarabian Orthodox churches have not been resolved. According to Jewish community representatives, there was no consistent restitution being undertaken on their behalf in the country, nor were there any ongoing restitution claims by individuals.
The authorities in Transnistria also impose registration requirements that negatively affect religious groups and have denied registration to some groups. In 2004 the Transnistrian Supreme Soviet considered a new draft law on religions, which reportedly contained numerous contentious provisions. However, it abandoned the initiative in 2005, after the Orthodox bishop of Tiraspol and some legislators objected strongly to the draft; the 1995 law on religions remains in force.
The law on religions contains restrictions that inhibit the activities of unregistered religious groups, and the Government continued to deny registration to some groups.
Unregistered religious organizations are not permitted to buy land or obtain construction permits for churches or seminaries. In some cases, members of unregistered religious groups held services in homes, nongovernmental organization (NGO) offices, and other locations. In other cases, the groups obtained property and permits in the names of individual members. Individual churches or branches of officially registered religious organizations are not required to register with local authorities; however, a branch must register locally in order to carry out legal transactions and receive donations.
In February 2004 the Supreme Court overturned the Government's 2001 decision that made the MOC the successor to the pre-World War II Romanian Orthodox Church for purposes of all property ownership. In April 2004 the Supreme Court rescinded its ruling, in response to an appeal submitted by the Government. The Bessarabian Orthodox Church (BOC), which regards itself as the legal and canonical successor to the pre-World War II Romanian Orthodox Church, contested the latter decision and in May 2004 submitted the case to the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), where it awaited examination at the end of the reporting period. The issue has political as well as religious overtones, since it raises the question of whether the Orthodox Church should be oriented toward the Moscow patriarchate (as is the MOC) or the Bucharest patriarchate (as is the BOC). In June 2005 the Government rejected a BOC request for the return of property and archives, arguing that the law provides no mechanism for doing so.
On April 13, 2006, in a dispute over control of a local church, the BOC priest and some parishioners in the city of Floresti reportedly were assaulted by local police and members of the MOC when they tried to enter the church. In March 2005 the Supreme Court had ruled in favor of the Floresti BOC and ordered local authorities to recognize its registration; however, local officials continued to refuse the BOC access to the church. In March 2006 the BOC appealed to the ECHR.
In January 2006 the Government launched a public campaign for donations to renovate the historic Curchi monastery, which is administered by the MOC. By the end of the reporting period, approximately $750 thousand (lei 10 million) had been collected, in addition to in-kind donations. Parliament was selected as the "primary patron" of the monastery, and it passed a bill granting tax exemption to the renovation effort. Opposition parties criticized the bill, arguing that it contravened the constitution and was discriminatory toward other religious groups.
There was no change in the status of efforts to register the Church of the True Orthodox-Moldova, a branch of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad (ROCA), and it remained unregistered.
The Mormons continued to face bureaucratic obstacles to registration, including their fourth and most recent application in November 2005. The church filed a lawsuit against the SSR in December 2005, and on March 28, 2006, the Chisinau court of appeals ruled in favor of the Mormons and ordered the SSR to register the church. The SSR was presented with the court's ruling on May 10 and appealed the decision to the Supreme Court of Justice fifteen days later. The case is still pending examination by the Supreme Court, whose decision was expected to be final. In August 2004 two American citizens volunteering for a charitable organization registered by the Mormons were charged with, and convicted of, working illegally for an unregistered religious organization. In September 2004 the court of appeals overturned that decision and dropped all charges.
The SSR refused registration on numerous occasions to both the Spiritual Organization of Muslims and the Central Muslim Spiritual Board of Moldova (the latter is associated with the Central Muslim Spiritual Board of Russia and CIS states). The Spiritual Organization of Muslims filed its most recent application for registration on June 28, 2005, and was immediately refused. In February 2006 the court of appeals upheld the SSR decision. On June 28, 2006, the Supreme Court of Justice ordered the rehearing of the case by the court of appeals. At the end of the period covered by this report, the lawsuit filed by the Central Muslim Spiritual Board of Moldova against the SSR for failing to register the Spiritual Organization of Muslims was under review by the court of appeals.
There has been no resolution in the case of the halted construction of a Baptist church in Capriana, despite Baptist appeals to both district and central authorities.
The Jehovah's Witnesses have reported several instances of interference in construction or renovation of houses of worship. In 2004 the Comrat mayor's office refused to issue a construction permit for a house of worship, and the village council of Saratenii Vechi voted to annul a previously issued urban-planning certificate and construction permit, in order to stop the renovation of a house of worship there. In April 2006, at the insistence of the local Orthodox community, authorities in the village of Farladeni terminated a contract with Jehovah's Witnesses for rental of a public building to use as a place of worship.
Authorities in Transnistria used registration requirements and other legal mechanisms to restrict the religious freedom of some religious groups. Evangelical religious groups meeting in private homes reportedly were told that they do not have the correct permits to use their residences as venues for religious services.
The Transnistrian authorities developed a textbook in 2000 that is used at all school levels, which reportedly contains negative and defamatory allegations regarding the Jehovah's Witnesses.
As noted in previous reports, the Jehovah's Witnesses in Transnistria filed suit against the Office for Religions and Cults (ORC) there for repeatedly refusing to accredit their religious leaders. In 2004 the Tiraspol City Court ruled to limit the activities of the Jehovah's Witnesses to the city of Tiraspol and to annul its 1997 registration. However, the court also rejected the Tiraspol city prosecutor's 2002 request to prohibit the group's activities altogether, and ruled that the ORC must reexamine the Jehovah's Witnesses' application for accreditation of their leaders.
In 2004 the Tiraspol city prosecutor notified the Jehovah's Witnesses that the group would need to reregister and obtain accreditation for its leaders in order to continue their activities; however, the ORC continued to refuse to issue accreditation. In early 2005 the Jehovah's Witnesses filed an appeal with the Supreme Court of Transnistria; however, it refused to examine the case, referring the Jehovah's Witnesses back to the Tiraspol city prosecutor. In June 2005 the ORC again refused to grant the Jehovah's Witnesses documentation required for registration, and in August 2005 the group sued the ORC. On June 21, 2006, the Tiraspol City Court was scheduled to consider the community's complaint regarding the inaction of the Transnistrian "presidential administration" and issue an opinion so that the group might be registered. However, the hearing was postponed due to the repeated failure of administration representatives to appear.
The Baptist community in Transnistria submitted an application for registration in 2004, which remained under review at the end of the reporting period.
The Spiritual Organization of Muslims reported continued harassment by the police and new problems with the Ministry of Justice during the period covered by this report. Since 2004 police have often shown up at the group's Friday prayers, which are held at the offices of the local Islamic organization Calauza, to check participants' documents and take pictures. In 2004 police detained several members following a raid and deported three Syrian citizens for not having proper legal residence documents. Authorities claimed the religious services were illegal because the organization and its meeting place were not properly registered. In March 2005 Calauza received a letter from the Ministry of Justice demanding that it stop the propagation of an unregistered cult. On May 19, 2006, police filmed attendees during Friday prayers and tried to bring charges of administrative violations, but the court dismissed the charges as unfounded.
In 2004 the Mormons reported that police showed up at one of their religious services, which are held at the offices of their humanitarian assistance organization. The police took video and pictures of the service and questioned several participants about their activities.
In January 2005 the Jehovah's Witnesses community in Domulgeni began proceedings to register as a legal entity. In November 2005 the community filed a complaint with the Balti court of appeals against the Floresti Raion district council chairman for his refusal to consider their application and won the case. The district council appealed the decision to the Supreme Court of Justice. On April 5, 2006, the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Balti appeals tribunal and ordered that a new trial be held.
The Jehovah's Witnesses and Baptists have reported numerous instances of being charged administrative fines. In several cases local police fined the group for failing to provide proper security for the group's meeting place, including barring the doors and windows and setting up a twenty-four-hour watch, despite the fact that no such requirements exist in law. In each case the charges were dropped on appeal to the courts.
The Jehovah's Witnesses in Transnistria have reported that officials levied administrative fines and made unjust arrests of its members. In all reported cases the charges were dropped on appeal to the Supreme Court. In 2004, at the Lipcani-Tighina border crossing, a border guard seized literature from two Jehovah's Witnesses, but the material was returned after they filed a complaint with the head of the border guard unit in Tiraspol.
The generally amicable relations among religious groups in society contributed to religious freedom. The dispute between the Moldovan and the Bessarabian Orthodox churches continued during the reporting period. With the exception of the incident in Floresti, members of the two churches generally did not interfere with each others' freedom to worship.
Baptists and Jehovah's Witnesses in various areas complained that local town councils impeded their ability to practice their religions freely. They reported physical and verbal abuse by townspeople, instigated by local Orthodox priests.
In the village of Rosietici, the Baptists have attempted to receive the proper documents and build a church for several years but have been repeatedly refused them by local authorities. In the village of Hijdieni, the Baptists were refused permission to renovate a building they had purchased, and villagers tried to vandalize the structure.
In 2004 Jehovah's Witnesses in the village of Saratenii Vechi began renovating a house for a place of worship. As they worked on the building, eighty local townspeople, along with the village priest and mayor, marched to the construction site, and threatened and insulted the workers. Later that week, some reportedly returned, forcibly entered the building, and verbally and physically abused the Jehovah's Witnesses present.
There were a few reports of negative press articles about non-Orthodox religious groups. The Jehovah's Witnesses have been the target of articles criticizing their beliefs and legitimacy, and Baptists in Transnistria claimed press reports about their religion had been negative.
On May 3, 2005, six tombstones were destroyed in the Jewish cemetery in Chisinau. Three young men, two from Chisinau and one from Tiraspol, were arrested in connection with the vandalism. The motives for the vandalism were not clear, and the Jewish community stated that it did not believe that the incident was an act of anti-Semitism. In November 2005 another twenty-five tombstones in the same cemetery were destroyed. The police did not find the perpetrators, and the local Jewish community did not describe the incident as an act of anti-Semitism.
There was no progress in the investigation into several anti-Semitic acts that took place in Transnistria in 2004, when more than seventy tombstones were desecrated in the Jewish cemetery in Tiraspol and unknown persons attempted to set the Tiraspol synagogue on fire. Transnistrian authorities believed the same persons perpetrated the attacks.
In 2003 unknown persons destroyed eight tombstones in a Jewish cemetery in Balti. However, according to a leading rabbi in Chisinau, it was not clear whether anti-Semitism motivated the incident.
The U.S. government discusses religious freedom issues with the Government as part of its overall policy to promote human rights. U.S. embassy officers have met with leaders and legal representatives of many religious organizations to discuss registration, restitution, and other problems organizations have had with the authorities. The embassy raised concerns at the highest levels of the Government regarding the persistent registration difficulties of some religious groups. The embassy sent diplomatic notes to the Government expressing concern about continued delays in registering some groups as well as others being blocked from constructing houses of worship. During the period covered by this report, an embassy officer met with the head of the SSR to discuss the continued difficulties of some organizations in obtaining official registration. An embassy representative maintains regular contact with religious leaders throughout the country.
The U.S. ambassador met with leaders of the major religious organizations, including the MOC, BOC, Catholic Church, and the Jewish community. Embassy employees maintain contact with most of the resident American missionaries. The embassy has supported the activities of religious and secular groups, and has funded several NGO projects to promote tolerance and understanding in society.


Greg Clarke has over 25 years experience working in the arts and events industries as a festival director, chief executive, producer, performer and artist. Greg was most recently the Director and CEO of the Adelaide Fringe, directing the 2011 - 2015 festivals.
Prior to this Greg was Head of Events at the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority and from 2000 -2007 was Senior Producer at the Sydney Opera House. Greg has also held management positions at the Australia Council and Belvoir St Theatre.
In 2012 Greg was named the 25th most influential person in the arts in Australia by The Australian newspaper through his leadership of the Adelaide Fringe. His ability to continuously think outside the square and create clever strategies and bold new initiatives increased both the audiences and the profile of the event, cementing the Adelaide Fringe as the largest arts festival in Australia.
As Head of Events for the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority, he developed a love of the outdoor public spectacle presenting festivals with attendance figures in the hundreds of thousands in two of Sydney's major tourism precincts, Darling Harbor and The Rocks.
As Senior Producer at the Sydney Opera House, Greg developed his extensive knowledge of the Australian and International arts scenes having programmed across multiple art forms including theatre, dance, physical theatre, comedy, film, visual arts, music, contemporary circus and cabaret.
He has a commitment to presenting the work of Australia's leading Aboriginal artists having produced the Message Sticks Indigenous Arts Festival for 5 years at the Sydney Opera House and developing key indigenous events at the Adelaide Fringe.
Greg also has a passion for commissioning and creating unique 'theatrical adventures' that cross cultures and art forms. Highlights include Kaidan with choreographer Meryl Tankard and drumming group Taikoz for the Sydney Festival, Firewater featuring a burning boat that rose out of Sydney Harbor for the inaugural Vivid Festival, the 30th Birthday concert of the Sydney Opera House featuring film projections and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra and the street ballet The Sirens.
Recently returned to Sydney, Greg has co-founded the design, art and events company the Art Engineers.


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Daniel G. Tenen, M.D.
More Within Research Faculty Research Faculty
Daniel Tenen Lab, Hematology/Oncology Division
Harvard Institutes of Medicine Room 954
Dr. Tenen's laboratory focuses on transcription factors and gene regulation, and their relationship to differentiation. The laboratory has characterized transcription factors which play a role in the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into different specific lineages, with particular focus on myeloid (granulocyte and monocyte) differentiation in normal and leukemic cells. The laboratory has isolated and characterized regulatory elements of genes which are expressed at different stages of myeloid differentiation, including CD34, a stem cell specific gene expressed only in the earliest hematopoietic progenitors, as well as two master transcription factors which are regulators of myeloid development: the Ets factor PU.1, and C/EBP alpha. Our studies have demonstrated a role for PU.1 and C/EBP alpha in the myeloid specific expression of a number of important myeloid genes, including the three myeloid CSF (GM, M, and G) receptors, and expression and knockout studies of PU.1 and C/EBP alpha show they play a major role in development of specific myeloid lineages. Current efforts in the laboratory focus on understanding regulation, signal transduction pathways, and interacting partners of PU.1 and C/EBP alpha, and their role in stem cells. We have now identified mutations and specific abnormalities in expression and function of C/EBP alpha and PU.1 in specific subtypes of myeloid leukemias, and a major effort in our laboratory is now focused on further characterization of the role of C/EBP alpha and PU.1 in leukemogenesis, as well as developing drugs and other therapies specifically aimed at C/EBP alpha and PU.1. We are also studying conditional knockouts of PU.1 and C/EBP alpha to study their function in the adult animal, as well as knock-downs resulting from targeted disruption of their regulatory regions. Other projects directed at leukemogenic mechanisms include models of murine leukemia using inducible expression of translocation fusion proteins, such as the Bcr-Abl protein. Our long term goals are to understand the abnormalities seen in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), in which differentiation of myeloid blasts is blocked, and to use these myeloid promoters as tools to drive lineage and stage specific expression of heterologous genes in recipient ES cells and transgenic mice, as a step toward gene therapy applications. A related project in the lab is studying the role of transcription factors, including C/EBP alpha and FoxA2, in normal lung differentiation, as well as in lung cancer. Other basic studies are investigating the role of noncoding antisense RNAs in gene regulation. Techniques in the laboratory include analysis of regulation, function, and signaling of transcription factors, transgenic and knockout studies, and gene therapy applications.
Tenen DG. Disruption of differentiation in human cancer: AML shows the way. Nature Rev. Cancer 3:89-101, 2003.
Rosenbauer F, Wagner K, Kutok JL, Iwasaki H, Le Beau MM, Okuno Y, Akashi K, Fiering S, Tenen DG. Acute myeloid leukemia induced by graded reduction of a lineage-specific transcription factor, PU.1. 2004: Nature Genet. 36:624-630.
Zhang P, Iwasaki-Arai J, Iwasaki H, Fenyus ML, Dayaram T, Owens BM, Shigematsu H, Levantini E, Huettner CS, Lekstrom-Himes JA, Akashi K, Tenen DG. Enhancement of hematopoietic stem cell repopulating capacity and self-renewal in the absence of the transcription factor CCAAT Enhancer Binding Protein ?. 2004: Immunity 21:853-863.
Iwasaki H, Somoza C, Shigematsu H, Duprez EA, Iwasaki-Arai J, Mizuno SI, Arinobu Y, Geary K, Zhang P, Dayaram T, Fenyus ML, Elf S, Chan S, Kastner P, Huettner CS, Murray R, Tenen DG, Akashi K. Distinctive and indispensable roles of PU.1 in maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells and their differentiation. 2005: Blood 106:1590-1600.
Steidl U, Steidl C, Ebralidze A, Chapuy B, Han HJ, Will B, Rosenbauer F, Becker A, Wagner K, Koschmieder S, Kobayashi S, Costa DB, Schulz T, O'Brien KB, Verhaak RGW, Delwel R, Haase D, Truemper L, Krauter J, Kohwi-Shigematsu T, Griesinger F, Tenen DG. A distal single nucleotide polymorphism alters long-range regulation of the PU.1 gene in acute myeloid leukemia. 2007: J Clin Invest 117:2611-2620.
Huang G, Zhang P, Hirai H, Elf S, Yan X, Chen Z, Koschmieder S, Okuno Y, Dayaram T, Growney JD, Shivdasani RA, Gilliland DG, Speck NA, Nimer SD, Tenen DG. PU.1 is a major downstream target of AML1 (RUNX1) in adult mouse hematopoiesis. 2008: Nature Genet 40:51-60.
Key aims:
Dr. Tenen's laboratory focuses on gene regulation and its relationship to differentiation. Some key projects include:
Identification of key target genes in leukemia and lung cancer. Among these include transcription factors such as PU.1 and C/EBP alpha, genes which themselves are critical for normal blood development, and not infrequently mutated or downregulated in leukemia.
Development of novel therapies for leukemia and lung cancer based on these key target genes. These include studies of the effects of all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on gene regulation and differentiation, various tyrosine kinase inhibitors currently being used in clinical studies, such as inhibitors of the BCR/ABL and FLT3-ITD kinases, as well as developing novel drug screens to identify new compounds capable of inducing leukemic cell differentiation based on altering gene regulation function. Finally, current efforts also include novel studies of manipulation of gene expression using micro RNA and alteration of naturally occurring antisense RNAs.
Basic studies understanding gene regulation in hematopoietic cells, including hematopoietic stem cells. These studies are also aimed at developing novel ways of manipulating gene expression in stem cells. Finally, these studies include comparison of mechanisms in both normal and leukemic stem cells, with the ultimate aim of understanding differences between normal and leukemic stem cells as a basis for targeted cancer stem cell therapy.
Biosketch:
Daniel G. Tenen is Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, as well as Director of the Blood Program of the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Director of the Cancer Biology Program at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical School, co-Director of the Harvard Medical School Hematology Training Grant, and Distinguished Visiting Professor at the National University of Singapore. His research efforts have focused on transcription factors, gene regulation, and their role in normal differentiation and cancer. His research contributions have included establishing the role of transcription factors in differentiation of myeloid cells and the role of disruption of these pathways in leukemia and lung cancer. He was born and raised in Los Angeles and received his B.A. from the University of California at Los Angeles in 1967. He subsequently moved to Boston, received his M.D. degree from Harvard Medical School in 1975. He completed training in Internal Medicine at Brigham & Women's Hospital and Medical Oncology at Dana Farber Cancer Institute, and his research training as a postdoctoral fellow in David Livingston's laboratory at Dana Farber Cancer Institute. He established his own independent laboratory at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical School, Harvard Medical School, in 1984.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"Refractory corrosion by slag under an applied voltage" by Brian J. Monaghan, Sharon Nightingale et al.
Monaghan, BJ, Nightingale, SA, Dong, Q & Funcik, M, Refractory corrosion by slag under an applied voltage, Materials Science & Technology 2006, p 29-38, USA: AIST.
The effect of an applied voltage on the dissolution rate of MgO refractory in two steelmaking type slags has been investigated. It was found that the MgO corrosion in a CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 based slag proved insensitive to an applied voltage over the voltage range –0.5 to 0.3V. The corrosion rate of the dense MgO in a CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3-FeO-MgO slag showed a maximum corrosion rate at –0.45V. This effect has been explained by considering the consequences of an applied voltage on the rate of Marangoni flow at the slag-refractory-gas interface and in turn, the flow effect on the rate of the mass transfer controlled MgO dissolution reaction.


I love a London wedding! As a wedding photographer, I come across lots of different venues. Some of the best venues in London are hidden gems that are interesting and unique, rich with their own personalities. Brides can be concerned with the cost of a wedding, but a London wedding doesn't have to cost the Earth! In this post I want to highlight a few venues that are both quirky and affordable. You might not have heard of these places, but I consider them among my favourites!
Wimbourne House is a funky and unique wedding venue in the heart of East London. It is a super stylish, urban setting with a large open floor plan and beautiful old windows. Since it is normally a photo studio, it is bathed in amazing, natural light and features a variety of diverse backgrounds like white washed walls and exposed brickwork. Interesting vintage pieces are dotted around the venue like vintage bikes, pommel horses and a barber's chair. Guests can lounge on the leather sofas or chill out on bean bags outside on the large roof terrace. The terrace has stunning views of the city and the urban landscape surrounding the studio. This venue would be a stylish backdrop for your wedding day.
For more inspiration, take a look at Nicola and Lloyd's wonderful summer wedding photographed at Wimbourne House.
The Londesborough in Stoke Newington is a wonderful London pub with great food and a relaxed atmosphere. This cosy venue is awash with colour, decorated with quirky artwork and other eclectic items. The staff are very friendly and helpful. There is even a cute little court yard! The Londesborough is a fantastic place for a London wedding with beautiful light and great character – and is just a short walk away from Stoke Newington Town Hall.
If you would like to see more, take a look the photographs taken at Sally and Toby's colourful London wedding at The Londesborough.
West Reservoir Centre is a fantastic canvas to personalize and decorate. Originally a water filter house on the side of the reservoir, this architectural delight is flooded with natural light and offers super–high ceilings and beautiful views. The outdoor terraces overlook the reservoir, but inside, the original water processing equipment gives this space a cool, industrial feel. As an added bonus, there is a dedicated events team to look after you! This laid-back and low-key venue is also very close to Manor House tube making it convenient for guests.
Take a look at Rachel and James' relaxed wedding celebration I photographed at West Reservoir Centre.
Book lovers and academics, rejoice! What better place for your wedding than a real campus? Queen Mary University is located in the heart of East London and makes for an elegant and unique ceremony and reception venue. Your wedding can happen right on the University campus where lecture halls double as event venues. Imagine your wedding breakfast in the impressive Octagon Room, which was once home to the college library. Colourful books line the walls and the domed ceiling makes for a very inspiring atmosphere. Enjoy cocktails on the Queen's Building lawns with a stunning Victorian clock tower in the background. The closest tube is Mile End, making this a convenient choice for both a civil ceremony and reception.
For more inspiration, here is a wedding I photographed at this quirky venue.
One Friendly Place is a truly unique wedding venue. Set over four floors, this restored spice warehouse boasts high ceilings, bare brick walls and quirky artefacts around every corner. There are cosy sofas dotted around, a vintage portrait of the Queen decorates the delightfully crumbling walls and there are table football tables available for your guests to have a match on. If your are looking for an industrial chic and charming wedding venue, One Friendly Place may just be the right space for you.
To get a feel for One Friendly Place, take a look at this wedding I had the pleasure of photographing.
I hope you have found this post useful and that it has helped you in your search for a London wedding venue.
To help you with your wedding planning, you might want to check out my other Tips for Brides and Grooms.


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Q: Why is $X^2 + Y + 1$ indecomposable? We have defined "indecomposable" as follows:
Definition: Let $R$ be a commutative ring. We say that $p \in R$ is indecomposable if $p$ is not invertible in $R$ and if the implication $p = a \cdot b \implies a$ or $b$ is invertible, holds for all $a,b \in R$.
Example: Let $K[X]$ be the ring of polynomials over the field $K$. Then $aX+b$ with $a,b \in K$ and $a \neq 0$ is indecomposable since:
If $aX + b = P \cdot Q$ with $P, Q \in K[X]$ we have that $deg(aX + b) = 1 = deg(P) + deg(Q)$. So either $P$ or $Q$ is constant and therefore invertible in $K[X]$.
Question: How can I apply a similar argument in the case of $K[X,Y]$ and the polynomial $X^2 + Y + 1$?

A: If $X^{2}+Y+1=PQ$ with $P,Q\in K\left[X,Y\right]$, then $\deg_{Y}\left(P\right)+\deg_{Y}\left(Q\right)=1$ because $K\left[X\right]$ is an integral domain. Let's say $P$ has degree $1$ in $K\left[X\right]\left[Y\right]$, then $P=RY+S$, with $R,S\in\left[X\right]$. We get $X^{2}+Y+1=RQY+SQ$, so $RQ=1$ and $SQ=X^{2}+1$. In particular $Q$ is invertible.

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text:
[Herald interview] Yu Jun-sang is ready for show about death
Veteran actor delves into the feeling of loneliness in Tim Burton film-inspired comedy musical
By Im Eun-byel
Published : Jun 9, 2021 - 16:47 Updated : Jun 9, 2021 - 16:48
Yu Jun-sang (CJ ENM, Sejong Center)
"Beetlejuice" tells a fun, humorous and exciting story about loneliness and death, said actor Yu Jun-sang who plays the eponymous character in the Korean-language version of the musical.
Yu, who deftly moves between the small screen, the silver screen and the stage, plays the iconic Beetlejuice character, a green haired ghost who has been in existence for 9.8 billion years and is obsessed with life.
Wishing to befriend a couple who recently became ghosts in an accidental death, he tries to scare away the people who come to move into their old house. But in the process, he grows close with the newcomers' daughter, Lydia, a girl who is obsessed with death.
"This is the story of a ghost, something that we have not experienced before. He has been alone for nearly 10 billion years and he is simply lonely," Yu said during a press event held Tuesday at the Sejong Center.
"I am lonely, too. I believe the depth of loneliness would be the same for everyone. I think life is very lonely. It is a great pleasure to deliver a story about loneliness that is so much fun," he said.
Beetlejuice's loneliness means he has a lot of lines. He speaks rapidly so that he can say everything he wants to when encountering other ghosts or humans, Yu explained
"I did not know that it would be this difficult. Wearing a mask while rehearsing, I feel lightheaded after one dancing session," he said.
"It took time as I have to build the character with details. I woke up in the middle of the night, mumbling the lines again and again," Yu said. "But at a certain point, I felt that the character and I had begun to match up. Now, I am just eager to go onstage."
While preparing for the show, Yu did not watch the original Tim Burton film released in 1988. He had seen the iconic film in the past, but did not watch it again it specifically for the show.
"The musical has its own story. Unlike the original film, Lydia and I become best friends," Yu said. "In the show, Lydia grows up, and so does Beetlejuice."
The musical had its Broadway premiere in 2019, following a pilot run a year earlier. The Korean staging marks the showing of the first licensed version of the musical.
"The original production team is excited about the Seoul run. There are features that were not staged in the Broadway show version, they said," Yu said. "It is going to be a 'Beetlejuice' that can only be watched in Korea."
Yu, with more than 20 years of acting, is a big name stage actor who has been starring in hit musical productions such as "The Days," "Frankenstein," "The Three Musketeers" and more.
Actor Yu Jun-sang in makeup as Beetlejuice (Yu's Instagram account)
"(Amid the COVID-19 pandemic), we are realizing how precious each show is. It is an amazing thing to have the opportunity to go on stage, I believe. This show production for 'Beetlejuice' was more intense and incredible than ever before," he said.
Yu and stage actor Jung Sung-hwa play the Beetlejuice character.
The Korean-language licensed version of the musical is set for its Seoul run from June 18 to Aug. 7 at the Sejong Center for the Performing Arts.
Tickets cost from 70,000 won-150,000 won.
By Im Eun-byel (silverstar@heraldcorp.com)


The British Transport Police officer had witnessed the man begging and asked him to leave the station, but he refused to leave.
After this the officer tried to arrest him, but he again refused.
In the process of trying to get the beggar to leave the station, the officer fell down a flight of stairs and broke some ribs as well as suffering other, more minor injuries at the station in Tottenham, Haringey .
Police arrested a 29-year-old man from Enfield on suspicion of causing grievous bodily harm with intent, and released him on bail until May 1.
British Transport Police are looking to speak with anyone who may have recorded footage of the incident on their phones to come forward with "key evidence" that may help their investigation.
They are also keen to speak with any witnesses who saw the incident at Seven Sisters station on Saturday, April 6 at 8.10am.
Anyone who can help is asked to contact the BTP by calling 0800 40 50 40.


Sherman Avenue began commercial operation in 1991 and is operated as a peaking unit. Calpine acquired the facility in 2010 as part of its purchase of the Conectiv Energy assets. The combustion turbine is equipped with water injection and continuous emissions monitoring systems for emissions monitoring and control. This unit can be operated locally or via remote control. A 1,600 horsepower engine-driven gas compressor boosts natural gas line pressure for combustion in the turbine.


text:
Paul Edward McLean, MBE (born 12 October 1953) is an Australian former rugby union player. He played rugby for Queensland and Australia in the 1970s and 1980s, He is a former president of the Queensland Rugby Union, Australian Rugby Union, and an inductee into the Australian Rugby Union Hall of Fame. From 2009 to 2015 he was Chief Executive Officer for Savills (Australia & New Zealand), overseeing the Australasian operations of the multinational real estate services provider.

Family and early life
Paul McLean born in Ipswich, Queensland to Bob and Irene McLean. He attended St Edmund's College in Ipswich and Nudgee College in Brisbane. McLean played for the Ipswich Rangers, before joining Brothers in Brisbane, which was his local rugby club for the rest of his playing career.

Seven members of the McLean family have represented Australia in rugby union or rugby league. His grandfather Doug McLean Sr. and uncle Doug McLean Jr. were dual code internationals who played for the Wallabies and Kangaroos. His uncle Bill captained the Wallabies in the wake of World War II and his uncle Jack toured with the Wallabies in 1946. His brother Jeff and cousin Peter also played for the Wallabies.

Rugby career
McLean made his debut for the Queensland rugby team in 1973, and quickly progressed to make his Wallaby debut the following year against the All Blacks. He made 31 career test appearances between 1974 and 1982.

He was a world-class goal kicker and at his prime there was no better tactical kicker in the game. He was also a gifted runner and passer when he took those options although later in his career critics were regularly calling for Mark Ella's more obvious running game to be brought into the Wallaby side. McLean played mostly at fly-half for the Wallabies but on some occasions was shifted to fullback or centre to make way for fly-half rivals Tony Melrose, Ken Wright and Mark Ella.

McLean captained Australia on one occasion, leading the team to a 22–9 win against Fiji in Suva in 1980. In his 1982 farewell season, McLean reached 1,000 points for Queensland in his 100th and final game. He also scored 21 points against Scotland in his final Test match, which was the Australian individual record at that time.

Brisbane newspaper journalist Hugh Lunn recorded the following on McLean's career in The Australian:

On the day of McLean's final game for Queensland, the main grandstand at Ballymore was named the McLean Stand in honour of the contributions from the McLean family to Queensland rugby and Australian rugby.

Post-rugby
After retiring from playing rugby, McLean took up a position as sales manager in the Brisbane office of Ansett in 1982 was promoted to state manager within a year. He later moved into commercial real estate with FPD Savills as Director of Agency & Commercial Leasing. Paul became Queensland Managing Director in 2002 and then Chief Executive Officer for Savills Australia & New Zealand in 2009, overseeing operations and employing more than 1000 staff. In April 2016, Paul stepped down as CEO to focus on the Queensland and New Zealand businesses, and growing the Savills presence in these markets.

For six years from late 1999 to 2005, McLean was president of the Queensland Rugby Union. From 2005 to 2009 he was president of the Australian Rugby Union, later renamed Rugby Australia. McLean was inducted into the Australian Rugby Union Hall of Fame in 2011. He became chairman of Rugby Australia as an interim appointment to replace Cameron Clyne in February 2020 ahead of an annual general meeting the following month, and was replaced in May 2020 by Hamish McLennan.

He is also a Director of Youngcare, a charitable organisation that works to create choice in care and housing options for young Australians with high care needs.

References

Bibliography

Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire
Australian rugby union players
Australian rugby union captains
Australia international rugby union players
Living people
1953 births
Paul
Rugby union fly-halves
Rugby union players from Ipswich, Queensland

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text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
The  parton distribution functions (PDFs) represent the probability densities
to find a parton in the proton carrying a momentum fraction $x$ at a squared energy scale and
 are an essential ingredient for precise knowledge of the structure of the proton.
 The factorization scale dependence of PDFs is purely perturbative and can be determined by the DGLAP evolution equations~\cite{GRIBOV197178,Lipatov:400357,ALTARELLI1977298}.
 However, the dependence on the momentum fraction is non-perturbative and it has to be extracted from experimental measurements.
 Deep inelastic scattering (DIS) data from HERA~\cite{h12015combination} are core of any PDF extraction,
 covering a big part of the kinematic phase space, with the Bjorken $x$  down to $x <~ 10^{-5}$
    and the negative four-momentum-transfer squared $Q^2$ up to $50000$ GeV$^2$.

With the start of LHC data taking, more and more $pp$ data is included in the global QCD analyses to improve
determination of parton distributions in the proton.
Jet and $t\bar{t}$ production cross sections can provide new constrain on gluon distribution.
The production of W or Z bosons at the LHC is used in particular to improve the knowledge of valence distributions.
These data are also indirectly sensitive to the strange quark distribution.
The direct constrains on the strange sea is coming from the LHC measurements of W+charm cross sections.
All these data are now used in PDF determinations of various collaborations, like
CT18~\cite{CT18}, MSHT20~\cite{Bailey2021}, NNPDF4~\cite{Ball2022}, ABMP~\cite{Alekhin_2017}, JR \cite{Jimenez_Delgado_2014},
and CJ \cite{Accardi_2016}.

The xFitter~\cite{alekhin2015herafitter,bertone2017xfitter} is an open-source platform that
allows to extract PDFs and to assess the impact of new data.
A variety of theoretical predictions for different processes together with a large number of existing methods for
determining the proton and nuclear PDFs and model parameters (like the strong coupling or quark masses)
are available in the modular structure of xFitter.
It is extensively used by the CMS and ATLAS collaborations to study the impact of their data in determination of parton densities.
Some examples are given here~\cite{Aaboud_2017,Aaboud_2017_2,ATLASepWZVjet20,Khachatryan_2017,cmsWc13,cmsJets_2021}.

\section{Analysis setup}
\label{sec:1}

\subsection{Theoretical framework}
\label{ssec:2-1}
In this paper, the xFitter version 2.0.0 is used to estimate
the impact of the CMS inclusive low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet cross section measurement
at $\sqrt{s} = 8$~TeV~\cite{Khachatryan_2017} on the PDFs and their uncertainties.
A PDF fit at next-to-leading order (NLO) is performed, using the HERA DIS cross
sections~\cite{h12015combination}, and the
jet cross sections~\cite{Khachatryan_2017}.
In xFitter the parton distributions are evolved using the DGLAP equations
at different orders in QCD,
as implemented in the QCDNUM program~\cite{Botje_2011}.  The heavy-quark contributions are treated
using the \mbox{generalised-mass} variable-flavour number \mbox{Roberts-Thorne}
scheme ~\cite{Thorne_1998,Thorne_2006,Thorne_2012}.
Here the charm and beauty quark masses are model parameters and are fixed to $m_c = 1.46 \pm 0.04$~GeV
and $m_b = 4.3 \pm 0.1$~GeV, respectively, following the newest estimates from
HERA~\cite{HERAPDF2.0JetsNNLO}.
The theoretical predictions for the cross sections of jet production are calculated at NLO
by using the NLOJET++ program~\cite{Nagy_2002,Nagy_2003} as implemented into the FASTNLO package~\cite{britzger2012new}.
The factorisation and renormalisation scales are set to the four-momentum transfer ($Q$) for the DIS
processes i.e,  $\mu_f =\mu_r = \sqrt{Q^2}$ and to the jet $p\mathrm{_T}$ in case of the CMS jet cross sections.
The PDF extraction is done using a $\chi^{2}$ minimization method, as implemented in
MINUIT~\cite{JAMES1975343} framework.
In the results presented here a cut on minimum $Q^2$ of the HERA data, $Q^2_{min} \ge 7.5~\mathrm{GeV^2}$, is required.
Also all figures presented in this study, excluding Fig.~\ref{fig:1} are done using xFitter.

\subsection{Jet data}
\label{ssec:2-2}
In this paper the CMS inclusive jet measurement at 8 TeV~\cite{Khachatryan_2017} is considered.
It includes two sets of jet data, one of which is named high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ and the other is low-$p\mathrm{_T}$.
The $p\mathrm{_T}$ ranges considered in  the low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ and
high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet analyses are $21-74$~GeV and $74-2500$~GeV, respectively.
These double-differential inclusive jet cross sections are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:1}~\cite{Khachatryan_2017}.
The data included in the high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet measurement are collected using six single-jet triggers in
the high-level trigger system requiring at least one jet in the event with jet
$p\mathrm{_T} > 40, 80, 140, 200, 260,$ and 320 GeV, while events for
the low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet analysis are selected online in an unbiased way by triggering the low average number of $pp$ interactions per bunch crossing, or pileup.

\begin{figure}[h!tb]
\begin{center}
 \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{Figures/Figure_1.pdf}
  \caption{CMS double-differential inclusive jet cross sections at 8 TeV~\cite{Khachatryan_2017} shown as function of jet $p\mathrm{_T}$. The low-$p\mathrm{_T}$  data are represented by open points and the high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data by filled points.}
\label{fig:1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The infrared and collinear safe anti-$k\mathrm{_T}$ jet clustering algorithm~\cite{Cacciari2008} is used to reconstruct jets
with a distance parameter of $R = 0.7$.
The inputs to the jet clustering algorithm are the four-momentum vectors of particle-flow objects.
Individual particles (leptons, photons, charged and neutral hadrons) are reconstructed with the particle-flow technique~\cite{cmspf0} which combines the information from several sub-detectors.

In order to account for various experimental effects, the raw jet $p\mathrm{_T}$ spectra are corrected.
The reconstructed jet energy is calibrated with correction factors derived using real data, via a $p\mathrm{_T}$-balancing method in dijet and in photon-jet events,
as well as from MC simulations~\cite{cmspf1,cmspf2}.
The jet energy scale (JES) correction is applied to the jet four-momentum vector as a multiplicative factor.
It depends on the $\eta$ and $p\mathrm{_T}$ of the jet.
The JES corrections are different for both analyzes, especially in $p\mathrm{_T}$-dependent components.
This also contributes to fluctuations in the transition between the low- and high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet regions.
Although this causes some discontinuity to be observed in the measured values, both analyzes are generally compatible
in terms of total experimental uncertainties.
Since the initial part of the 2012 low pileup data sample was used in the low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet analysis, there is no JES time dependence and the pileup-related corrections are negligible.
Systematic uncertainty sources for the high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ and low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet data sets are treated as correlated,
except for those with the pileup-related corrections and JES time dependence which are assumed to be uncorrelated.

The high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet data set has already been used
in a global QCD analysis in the CMS publication~\cite{Khachatryan_2017} to extract parton densities and $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$.
This analysis illustrated that the high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet cross sections provide important constraints
on the gluon distributions in a new corner of kinematic phase space.

\subsection{Parameterisation}
\label{sec:param}

In the QCD analysis we use the approach of HERAPDF~\cite{h12015combination}, where
the PDFs of the proton, $xf$, are parameterised at the starting scale
$\mu^2_{\rm f_{0}} = 1.9$ $\mathrm{GeV^{2}}$ in a general way as
\begin{equation}
 xf(x) = A x^{B} (1-x)^{C} (1 + D x + E x^2)~.
\label{eqn:pdf}
\end{equation}
Here $x$ is the fraction of the proton's momentum taken by the struck parton
in the infinite momentum frame.
The parameterisations for the following PDFs are used: the gluon distribution, $xg$,
the valence quark distributions, $xu_v$, $xd_v$, and
the $u$-type and $d$-type anti-quark distributions,
$x\bar{U}$, $x\bar{D}$. We assume that $x\bar{U} = x\bar{u}$ and
$x\bar{D} = x\bar{d} +x\bar{s}$ at the starting scale $\mu^2_{\rm f_{0}}$.

The nominal parameterisation used in the studies presented here is
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:xgpar}
xg(x) &=   & A_g x^{B_g} (1-x)^{C_g} - A_g' x^{B_g'} (1-x)^{C_g'}  ,  \\
\label{eq:xuvpar}
xu_v(x) &=  & A_{u_v} x^{B_{u_v}}  (1-x)^{C_{u_v}}\left(1+D_{u_v}x+E_{u_v}x^2 \right) , \\
\label{eq:xdvpar}
xd_v(x) &=  & A_{d_v} x^{B_{d_v}}  (1-x)^{C_{d_v}} , \\
\label{eq:xubarpar}
x\bar{U}(x) &=  & A_{\bar{U}} x^{B_{\bar{U}}} (1-x)^{C_{\bar{U}}}\left(1+D_{\bar{U}}x\right) , \\
\label{eq:xdbarpar}
x\bar{D}(x) &= & A_{\bar{D}} x^{B_{\bar{D}}} (1-x)^{C_{\bar{D}}}\left(1+E_{\bar{D}}x^2\right) .
\end{eqnarray}

As can be seen from Eq.~\ref{eq:xgpar} the gluon distribution, $xg$, is an exception from Eq.~\ref{eqn:pdf},
from which an additional term of the form
$A_g'x^{B_g'}(1-x)^{C_g'}$is subtracted\footnote{In this analysis,
$C_g'$ is fixed to $C_g' = 25$~\cite{Martin:2009iq}, following~\cite{h12015combination}.}.
$A_{u_v}, A_{d_v} and A_g$ are the normalisation parameters constrained
by the momentum sum rule and the quark-number sum rules.
The $B_{\bar{U}}$ and $B_{\bar{D}}$ parameters were set as equal,
$B_{\bar{U}}=B_{\bar{D}}$.
The strange quark distribution is taken
as an $x$-independent fraction, $f_s$, of the $d$-type sea,
$x\bar{s}= f_s x\bar{D}$ at $\mu^2_{\rm f_{0}}$.
Here $f_s=0.4$ and additionally
$A_{\bar{U}}=A_{\bar{D}} (1-f_s)$.

The final parameterisation, so the parameters appearing in Eqs.~\ref{eq:xgpar}--\ref{eq:xdbarpar}
were selected using the so-called "parameterisation scan"~\cite{h12015combination}.
First fit with all $D$ and $E$ parameters and $A_g'$ set to zero was performed (10 free parameters).
Then we included in the fit  other parameters one at a time and we looked at the improvement of the  $\chi^2$ of the fits.
We stopped the procedure when no further improvement in  $\chi^2$ was seen.
This gave a $16$-parameter fit.

\subsection{Uncertainties}
\label{SS:3-1}

The way of estimating the experimental, model and parameterisation uncertainties of the PDFs was chosen as in
the HERAPDF method.
To assess experimental uncertainties the Hessian method based on the $\Delta\chi^2=1$ is used.

The model uncertainty includes variation of the $Q^2_{min}$ cut value,
the values of the starting scale, the heavy quark masses and $f_s$,
following the HERAPDF2.0 analysis~\cite{HERAPDF2.0JetsNNLO}.
The only difference is for the $Q^2_{min}$ cut value, which is larger in the present analysis.
It was varied between 5 and 10 GeV$^2$.
To obtain the model uncertainty, we added in quadrature, separately for positive and negative deviations,
the differences between the nominal fit and the fits corresponding to the variations described above.

The parameterisation uncertainty is defined as an envelope of the results
obtained by changing the starting scale $\mu^2_{\rm f_{0}}$ to 1.6 and 2.2 $\mathrm{GeV^{2}}$,
and by adding, one at a time, extra $D$ and $E$ parameters in the polynomials of Eqs.~\ref{eq:xgpar}--\ref{eq:xdbarpar}.

The total uncertainty is given by adding in quadrature
the experimental, the model and the parameterisation uncertainties.

\section{Results}
\label{SS:results}

\subsection{Estimation of $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ }
\label{S:alphas}

A simultaneous QCD fit of PDFs and  $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ was performed using HERA DIS and CMS jet data.
The experimental, model and parameterisation uncertainties of $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ were estimated as described above.
To evaluate the scale uncertainty on $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ the renormalisation and factorisation
scales were varied up and down by a factor of two and $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ estimated from each such fit.
The maximal positive and negative deviations on $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ (with exclusion of the two extreme combinations
of the scales) were taken as the scale uncertainty.
The uncertainties were assumed to be 100\,\% correlated between bins and data sets.\\

For the PDF fit including low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ and high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet data at 8 TeV, the measured $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ is
\begin{align}
\alpha_s(M_Z^2) = 0.1199 &\pm  0.0011~(exp)~^{+0.0007}_{-0.0004}~(model) \nonumber & ~^{+0.0002}_{-0.0005}~(param)
~^{+0.0032}_{-0.0011}~(scale). \nonumber
\end{align}

We also performed fits with $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ as a free parameter for low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ and high-$p\mathrm{_T}$
jet data only (using the same parameterisation). The results are summarised below.\\

For the PDF fit including high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet data, the measured $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ is
\begin{align}
\alpha_s(M_Z^2) = 0.1218 &\pm 0.0021~(exp)~^{+0.0004}_{-0.0006}~(model) \nonumber
& ~\pm 0.0004~(param)~^{+0.0025}_{-0.0009}~(scale).\nonumber
\end{align}

For the PDF fit including low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet data, the measured $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ is
\begin{align}
\alpha_s(M_Z^2) = 0.1178 &\pm 0.0029~(exp)~^{+0.0006}_{-0.0020}~(model) \nonumber
& ~\pm 0.0011~(param)~^{+0.0028}_{-0.0012}~(scale).\nonumber \\
\end{align}

\begin{table*}[h]
\begin{center}
\caption{Total and partial $\chi^2$ for the HERA and CMS data included in the PDF fits.}
\label{tab:1}
\begin{tabular}{c|ccc}
\hline
 & & CMS 8 TeV jet data & \\
             & high-$p\mathrm{_T}$&     low-$p\mathrm{_T}$           & high- + low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ \\
             & $\alpha_s(M_Z^2) = 0.1218$ & $\alpha_s(M_Z^2) = 0.1178$ & $\alpha_s(M_Z^2) = 0.1199$\\
\hline
Total $\chi^2/\rm{NDF}$               & 1410/1207 & 1307/1102  &  1583/1270\\
\hline
  Data sets         & &$\chi^2/\rm{NDP}$    &  \\
\hline
HERA                 & 1159/1056 & 1141/1056  & 1162/1056 \\
\hline
high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data                             &                &       &         \\
 $0.0 < |y| < 0.5$          &    43/35       &       &   46/35  \\
 $0.5 < |y| < 1.0$          &    31/34       &       &   40/34 \\
$1.0 < |y| < 1.5$          &    36/32       &       &   41/32  \\
$1.5 < |y| < 2.0$          &    43/28       &       &   60/28  \\
$2.0 < |y| < 2.5$          &    15/21       &       &   16/21  \\
$2.5 < |y| < 3.0$          &    4/18       &       &    5/18 \\
\hline
low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data                             &                &       &         \\
$0.0 < |y| < 0.5$          &           &   6/9    &   9/9  \\
$0.5 < |y| < 1.0$          &           &  18/9   &   45/9  \\
$1.0 < |y| < 1.5$          &           & 12/9       &   16/9  \\
$1.5 < |y| < 2.0$          &           & 11/9  &  12/9   \\
 $2.0 < |y| < 2.5$          &           & 12/9       &  11/9   \\
$2.5 < |y| < 3.0$          &           & 12/9  &   14/9  \\
 $3.2 < |y| < 4.7$          &           & 11/9   &   11/9  \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table*}

Here the large model uncertainty comes from the fit where the $Q^2_{min}$ value of the DIS HERA data was set to 5 GeV$^2$ and the large experimental uncertainty is connected with the larger statistical uncertainties of the low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data set.
In all fits with free $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$, as expected, the largest uncertainty comes from investigating the scales.
Here the expectation is that available in the future at next-to-next-to leading order calculation for these jets would bring this uncertainty down, as for example shown in~\cite{cmsJets_2021}
or~\cite{HERAPDF2.0JetsNNLO}.

The total $\chi^2$ per number of degrees of freedom (NDF) and the partial
$\chi^2$ per number of data points (NDP) for the data included in the fits described above are listed in Table~\ref{tab:1}.
Looking at the estimated values of $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ and the $\chi^2$ values in Table~\ref{tab:1}, we can see that there is a small tension between the low- and high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet data sets.
The largest difference in the partial $\chi^2$ values for the fit with both low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ and high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet data sets can be observed in two $|\eta|$ bins: $1.5 < |\eta| < 2.0$ for the high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jets and $0.5 < |\eta| < 1.0$ for the low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data.
For other $|\eta|$ bins, the partial $\chi^2$ values are rather similar.
We have conducted a study where the parameterisations for the PDF fit was established for each of these jet data sets separately
This does not influence the $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ value much; there is a similar pattern of partial $\chi^2$ values.

As a cross check, we also used different published parameterisation in QCD global fits to estimate $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$.
The HERAPDF2.0 parameterisation and the one used in the CMS QCD analysis of the high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet
data~\cite{Khachatryan_2017} were taken.
The HERAPDF2.0 parameterisation has two less parameters than the one used in this analysis, $D_{u_v}$ and $E_{\bar{d}}$.
On the other hand, the parameterisation from Ref.~\cite{Khachatryan_2017} has three additional parameters: $E_g$,  $D_{d_v}$ and $D_{\bar{d}}$.
The values of $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ resulting from these fits are summarised in Table~\ref{tab:2}.
The shown uncertainties are experimental only. The values are consistent within the uncertainties.
The largest deviations are observed for the parameterisation from Ref.~\cite{Khachatryan_2017},
however for our fit with both the high- and low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data all three additional parameters are negative at the starting scale.
This is not a physical behavior and should be avoided. In this particular case it resulted in the gluon distribution going slightly
below 0 around $x = 1$ and in strange wiggles at large $x$ for the sea distributions: total sea $\Sigma$,
anti-down quark $\bar{d}$ and strange sea.

\begin{table*}[ht]

\begin{center}
\caption{Values of $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ for fits with high- and low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data for different parameterisation discussed in the text.}
\label{tab:2}
\begin{tabular}{c|ccc}
\hline
\hline
used data & low- and high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ & high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ &  low-$p\mathrm{_T}$\\
\hline
parameterisation: & & $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$  (exp. uncert.)& \\
\hline
 this paper& $0.1199 \pm 0.0011$ & $0.1218 \pm 0.0021$ & $0.1178 \pm 0.0029$\\
\hline
 HERAPDF2.0~\cite{h12015combination}& $0.1211 \pm 0.0011$ & $0.1232 \pm 0.0013$ & $0.1177 \pm 0.0025$\\
\hline
 from~\cite{Khachatryan_2017} & $0.1176 \pm 0.0014$ & $0.1192 \pm 0.0015$ & $0.1201 \pm 0.0030$\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\end{table*}

\section{QCD fits with fixed $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$}
\label{S:4}

Since the $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ values fitted to the separate data sets are different, we also performed the PDF fits including separately low- and high--$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet data,
with $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ set to the optimal fitted value.
Figure~\ref{fig-pdfs-10} shows a comparison of valence quarks, gluon and sea distributions at the scale of 10 GeV$^2$ for the three fits described above.
The uncertainties are experimental only.
The valence quarks and the sea are very well compatible within the uncertainties. The difference in the gluon distribution comes from the difference in $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_2a.pdf}
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_2b.pdf}
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_2c.pdf}
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_2d.pdf}
\caption{Comparison of the valence quarks, gluon and sea distributions for the fits with both low- and high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data,  high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data only and low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data only, at the scale of $10$~GeV$^{2}$.}
\label{fig-pdfs-10}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{fig-gluon-low+high} shows the gluon distributions at the scale of 10 $\mathrm{GeV^{2}}$, with the total uncertainty, for the PDF fits with both low- and high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet data included.
Figure~\ref{fig-gluon-low-high} shows the same distribution for the fits with only low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ and only high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet data included.
The colors indicate the experimental (red), model (yellow) and parameterisation (green) uncertainties. The dominant uncertainties are the experimental and model ones.
There is not much difference in the experimental, model, and paramaterisation uncertainties of the fits.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_3.pdf}
\caption{Gluon distribution for the fit with both low- and high-$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ data at the scale of $0$~GeV$^{2}$.}
\label{fig-gluon-low+high}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_4a.pdf}
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_4b.pdf}
\caption{Gluon distribution for the fit with low- and high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data only at the scale of $10$~GeV$^{2}$.}
\label{fig-gluon-low-high}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Impact on the accuracy of the gluon distribution determination}
\label{ss:comparison}

To assess the impact of the low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet data on the gluon distribution,
the distributions and uncertainties of two PDF fits are compared,  with and without these data,
using  the  same  parameterisation  described  in
Eqs.~\ref{eq:xgpar}-\ref{eq:xdbarpar} and for fixed $\alpha_s(M_Z^2) = 0.1199$.
The central values of all parton distributions in those two fits are consistent within experimental uncertainties.
The relative total uncertainties for these two QCD fits are compared for the gluon PDF in Fig.~\ref{comparison}
for the scale of $m^2_W$, displayed for the logarithmic and linear $x$ scale,
the latter to enhance the high-$x$ region.
There is a small reduction of the uncertainties for the distribution from high+low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ fit
with respect to the one obtained without
the low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data around $x \approx 10^{-3}$.
The reduction is more pronounced for large $x > 0.1$,
where one expects the low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data to have the largest impact.
This is a good example of employing LHC jet data in a global QCD analysis.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_5a.pdf}
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_5b.pdf}
\caption{Comparison of the relative total uncertainties for the gluon distribution at linear (left) and logarithmic (right) scale
for $x$ with and without the low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jets data for the scale of $m^2_W$.}
\label{comparison}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Comparison to data}
\label{SS:4-2}

Here we show how the predictions obtained using these fits compare to the experimental 8 TeV jet data used in the PDF analysis. The figures are done using xFitter and therefore the final predictions are represented by the dashed lines which correspond to the predictions after shifting them with the nuisance parameters that are the systematic uncertainties in the fit.

Figure~\ref{data1} shows comparison of the high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data with the theoretical predictions for two fits with $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ fixed to 0.1210, including high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data only and high+low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data.
Figure~\ref{data2} shows comparison of the low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data with the theoretical predictions for two fits with $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ fixed to 0.1210, including low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data only and high+low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data.
The overall description is reasonable. Some differences can be observed for some $\eta$ bins between the quality of both fits - as already seen from Table~\ref{tab:1}.

\section{Summary}

In the analysis described in this paper we have extracted the proton parton distribution functions (PDFs) at next-to leading order in perturbative quantum chromodynamics using the HERA inclusive cross sections and the CMS inclusive differential jet cross section data measured at center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV.
The jet cross sections included the measurements at high and low jet $p_T$, and at forward rapidities.
A simultaneous fit of proton PDFs and the strong coupling $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ was performed using the xFitter open source platform, as well as a global QCD fits with $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ values fixed.
The experimental, model and parameterisation, as well as the  theoretical scale uncertainties were evaluated.
The jet data were compared to the theory predictions and they agree well.
A small tension between the low- and high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ jet data sets was observed.
To asses the impact of low-$p_T$ jet measurements on the determination of the gluon distribution,
PDF fits obtained with both low- and high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data and with only
high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data were compared.
In the fit including the low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data a sizable reduction of the uncertainties for the gluon distribution was observed, in particular in the large-$x$ region $x > 0.1$.
\label{S:5}

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_6a.pdf}
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_6b.pdf}
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_6c.pdf}
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_6d.pdf}
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_6e.pdf}
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.45\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_6f.pdf}
\caption{Comparison of the high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data with the theoretical predictions for two fits with $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ fixed to 0.1210, with high-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data and high+low-$p\mathrm{_T}$ data.}
\label{data1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.35\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_7a.pdf}
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.35\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_7b.pdf}
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.35\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_7c.pdf}
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.35\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_7d.pdf}
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.35\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_7e.pdf}
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.35\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_7f.pdf}
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.35\linewidth]{Figures/Figure_7g.pdf}
\caption{Comparison of the low-$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ data with the theoretical predictions for two fits with $\alpha_s(M_Z^2)$ fixed to 0.1210, with low-$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ data and high+low-$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ data.}
\label{data2}
\end{figure}
\clearpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Recognizing our people through storytelling.
What a year it's been for FitFam and its people! From incredible personal performances and achievements to country-wide growth and recognitions, there's quite a lot to celebrate! Here's a roundup of everything that's happened at FitFam over the last 365 days.
Robert Yan: How I built impactful leadership skills with FitFam.
Bobby Wilson: From rolling burritos in Charleston, South Carolina to dropping burpees in Shanghai, China.


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Ian J. Ramirez
About Ian J. Ramirez
Ian Ramirez is an internationally trained opera singer who has sung across the globe from Portland, Oregon to Stuttgart, Germany. He has sung with Opera Stuttgart, Portland Opera, the Marlboro Music Festival, the Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra, and Musica Sacra of Cincinnati, among others.
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In his spare time, Mr. Ramirez operates a private voice studio, sings as tenor soloist in The Woodlands United Methodist Church choir, and serves on the boards of Interfaith Young Professionals and the International Live Events Association Houston Chapter.
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Masters degrees in Drawing offer advanced training in artistic techniques for producing images using a range of utensils such as ink, pencil, charcoal etc.
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Select a public limited company listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX). Go to the website of your company. Then go to the Investor Relations section of the website. This section may be called, �Investors�, �Shareholder Information� or similar name.
In this section, go to your firm�s annual reports and save to your computer your firm�s latest annual reports consecutively for last three years. For example, these may be dated 30 June 2016 or 31 March 2017. Do not use your firm�s interim financial statements or their concise financial statements. Please read the financial statements (balance sheet, income statement, statement of changes in owner�s equity, cash flow statement) very carefully. Also please read the relevant footnotes of your firm�s financial statements carefully and include information from these footnotes in your answer.
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The Blog – Page 6 – Joe McClane | Catholic: Author, Speaker, Evangelist & More!
We will discuss how and why we form our conscience. We will also discuss the 5 non-negotiable issues we can not ignore this november.
The Handmaid of the Lord, the intercessor of salvation history!
There is a pattern in scripture that repeats itself all throughout salvation history. One that I think will help shed some light upon the Mother of Jesus, serving as the "Handmaid of the Lord." You may have noticed this before, especially if you have gone through the covenant mediators in salvation history. When a key figure commits grave sin, he allows that sin into his home and it always has devastating affects upon his family. Case in point… when Adam chose to save his skin, and forgo his and his brides souls', by cowering to the threats of the ancient serpent and partaking in the forbidden fruit, he opened wide the door of destruction and allowed his sin in to wreck havoc upon his marriage, and his children (c.f. Gen.3).
Two Hearts Fused Into One!
Often, as I pray, kneeling before Mass, I close my eyes and envision Jesus, crowned with thorns, standing before me in white and golden vestments. We are together, in a darken room, almost a corridor of sorts, and I am staring at Him intently, longing for His forgiveness. I can see His thorns, prominently on top of His head , looking almost regal, like a mighty King. I can see His lips being swallowed up by His shaggy beard, and even His rough, wounded hands, but never can I see His eyes! His eyes are always covered by the shadows of the darken room, seeming to hide from me.
Well IF (noticed I tried to use a big IF) that's true, then it would seem to me that St. Paul must have missed a whole bunch of memos from the home office. I mean if I were St. Paul, and I was the "consumate Protestant", rejecting the Catholic Church, holding up doctrines such as "the bible alone", "faith alone" , "once saved always saved", "there is no purgatory", "the Eucharist is only a symbol", "pastors are free to marry" and so many others… then I would have NEVER written verses that seemed to suggest anything to the contrary of my beliefs.
The Holy Eucharist: the source and the summit of the Christian faith!