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Full-Time MBA Admissions
Learn more about requirements, deadlines, and financial aid
FTMBA Quick Links
Have questions? Need advice? Just want to talk Tribe sports? Schedule time with Amanda or Josh for a personalized Information Session at your convenience.
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Tuition, Scholarships, Financial Aid
Our mission is to help you decide if the William & Mary Full-Time MBA program is the right fit for you. From the first time you connect with our Admissions Team throughout the entirety of the admissions process, we strive to learn about your background and your goals.
Our objective is to create a cohort that reflects diversity in thought, experience, and culture. To achieve this, we carefully evaluate each applicant's academic and professional accomplishments, interpersonal and communication skills, motivations, goals, and other relevant credentials.
In addition to the basic requirements, we select students who are intellectually curious, collaborative, and focused. Together with our top-ranked faculty and exclusive Executive Partners program, our students experience a personally and professionally rewarding program.
Application Requirements and Deadlines
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Major General James Wright Applicants
Admission to the Mason School Full-Time MBA program requires completion of the following steps:
Please create your application with an email that is easily accessible for the entire year. We encourage applicants to use a personal email address-- do not use a work or school email address.
Unofficial transcripts are sufficient for the MBA Admissions Team to initially review your application and make an admission decision. Official transcripts are not required to submit your application but will be required later in the admissions process.
Our online application does not work with Internet Explorer. We suggest using Firefox, Chrome, or Safari.
GMAT/GRE
For the 2021-22 application cycle, the Full-Time MBA Admissions Committee will allow a waiver of the GMAT/GRE and requirements, no waiver request is needed. Our Admissions Committee will consider a variety of factors in our decision-making process. Indicators of academic and professional achievement include: academic history, advanced degrees, designations and licensures, professional or internship experience, resume, recommendations, and admissions interview. If you have already taken a GMAT or GRE, indicate your score and include a copy of the unofficial score report. We will review your application using your unofficial score. You are welcome to have your official test score report sent directly to the William & Mary, Raymond A. Mason School of Business Full-Time MBA Program.
GMAT Institution Code: 9DDX725
GRE Institution Code: 6987
Global Candidates
For the 2021-22 application cycle, the Full-Time MBA Admissions Committee will allow a waiver of the TOEFL/IELTS requirements, no waiver request is needed. Our Admissions Committee will consider a variety of factors in our decision-making process. Indicators of academic and professional achievement include: academic history, advanced degrees, designations and licensures, professional or internship experience, resume, recommendations, and admissions interview to assess communication skills. You are welcome to have your official test score report sent directly to the William & Mary, Raymond A. Mason School of Business Full-Time MBA Program. Applicants who have completed a degree in the United States, or in an English-speaking country, or who have lived/worked full-time in an English-speaking country for the past two or more years are exempt from taking a language assessment.
TOEFL Institution Code: 6987
IELTS/PTE: Request from the vendor to have your scores to be sent to William & Mary
Ms. Toni Sturdivant
Office of MBA Admissions
William & Mary
101 Ukrop Way, Miller Hall, Ste. 1049
Get in touch with our Reves Center for International Students
Reves Center for International Students
Emily Bailey | (757) 221-3567
Access the Online Application Form
Each candidate is required to create an account and submit an application form.
A non-refundable application fee of $100 is required of all applicants. The fee is payable by credit card, personal check, cashier's check drawn from a U.S. bank or subsidiary, or wire transfer. Active-duty military, veterans and those who have served in humanitarian organizations such as the U.S. Peace Corps, AmeriCorps, etc. are eligible for an application fee waiver. Please contact MBA Admissions to receive a waiver prior to submitting your online application.
Please ensure that you are using a personal, easily accessible email address. Do not use a work or school email address when creating your online application.
Upload Transcripts
We require a scanned copy of the transcripts from every college or university you have attended. Transcripts for study abroad programs or transfer credits are not required if the course and grade are included on the transcript of the degree-granting institution. If your transcripts are in languages other than English, also submit translated versions. It is helpful to request official transcripts in advance of submitting your application, but it is not required. Unofficial transcripts are sufficient for our initial evaluation and admissions decision.
Once admitted, you will be required to provide an official transcript from each of the colleges and universities you have attended as a registered student. Official transcripts should arrive in a sealed envelope with the signature of the Registrar across the seal. Do not open official transcripts. Official transcripts can also be submitted electronically to Toni Sturdivant (toni.sturdivant@mason.wm.edu) via your institution's electronic vendor and using secure portals. A transcript sent directly by the applicant will not be accepted as official.
Submit Two Recommendations
Your recommender should be someone who can provide specific and relevant information about your intellectual and professional abilities, performance, and motivation to pursue an MBA degree.
If one of your recommenders is not able to complete the recommendation letter online, a recommendation form may be submitted by mail. The form can be found in the supplemental application forms section of the online application.
Write Essays
We require a response to the first essay question and offer you the opportunity to submit an optional personal statement.
At the top of each page, please put your full name and a complete statement of the question being answered.
Why is an MBA the next logical step towards achieving your short-term and long-term professional goals? Why is the William & Mary MBA the right program for you? (approx. 800 words)
Optional: Is there any additional information that you would like to share with the Admissions Committee which would be helpful in reviewing your application? (approx. 250 words)
Upload Professional Resume
Most of William & Mary MBA candidates will have obtained several years of post-undergraduate professional experience. However, the impact a candidate has made on an organization, growth in responsibility over time, leadership experience and other factors are all considered when evaluating experience.
Candidates with limited professional experience must be strong in other aspects of their MBA application, including academic performance, demonstrated leadership achievement and campus or community involvement, and possess clearly articulated goals to offset the lack of experience.
We encourage you to limit your resume to two pages - one page resumes are preferred.
Interview with the Admissions Team
An interview is the last step of the Admissions process. Interviews are offered by invitation only to candidates whose applications have passed through an initial evaluation. We encourage you to conduct the interview in person in conjunction with a campus visit, but we understand that this is not possible for all candidates. For applicants unable to meet in person, interviews are also offered via phone, Skype, Facetime, Google Hangouts, or in select cities around the world.
All students admitted to graduate programs at the Raymond A. Mason School of Business must have a conferred bachelor's degree from an accredited institution prior to matriculation.
The Full-Time MBA Admissions team welcomes inquiries from and interactions with prospective students in all stages of the admissions application process. Find out how to connect with us.
Key Application Deadlines
Application Due
Admissions Decision
Enrollment Deposit
1 November 1, 2021 January 7, 2022 February 11, 2022
2 January 3, 2022 February 25, 2022 April 8, 2022
3 March 7, 2022 April 22, 2022 May 20, 2022
4 May 2, 2022 June 3, 2022 June 24, 2022
5 July 15, 2022 Rolling Rolling
This program is an exclusive partnership between William & Mary and the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). It has been tailored with an intensity meant to match the pedigree of Army leaders, and requires admission to the university and final approval from the military.
Application deadlines for Summer 2022 MGJW cohort:
July 30, 2021 Request to Compete due to HRC
September 7-10, 2021 HRC Selection Panel convenes
October 16, 2021 HRC Notification to candidates
November 12, 2021 W&M MGJW MBA application for admission deadline
December 17, 2021 W&M MGJW MBA decision notification to candidates
Not earlier than June 28, 2022 MGJW MBA Candidates report to campus
July 5, 2022 MGJW MBA Classes begin
Admissions@mason.wm.edu
William & Mary Office of MBA Admissions
Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795
Full-Time MBA Tuition, Scholarships and Financial Aid
Our advantage as a top-ranked "public ivy" means that you receive an exceptional education for an affordable price. Living in historic Williamsburg, Virginia allows you to enjoy a lower cost of living compared to programs in major metropolitan areas, while experiencing a historic and culturally rich community.
Scholarships and Assistantships
Alumni Referral Program
Tuition and fees for one year are outlined below. Please note that several expenses are one-time expenses and are not incurred during the second year of the program. The cost of a laptop, books and supplies will vary greatly depending on individual needs.
If you are currently serving as active duty military or think that you might qualify for in-state residency, please visit the William & Mary Domicile site to determine if you are eligible for Virginia residency for tuition purposes.
2020-2021 Tuition & Expenses
Tuition & Fees $34,926 $45,916
Room/Board (estimated) $8,330 $8,330
Computer/Software (estimated) $3,500 $3,500
Miscellaneous (transportation, medical, etc.) $3,000 $3,000
Books & Supplies (estimated) $1,900 $1,900
Orientation Program Fee (one-time non-refundable expense) $550 $550
MBAA Dues (one-time expense) $300 $300
W&M MBA Accounting & Quantitative Boot Camp (one-time expense) $450 $450
* If you are an international candidate, please account for a one-time expense of $130 for International Student Orientation and an additional $65 per semester for ongoing International Student Services.
Every new entering student is automatically considered for merit-based scholarships, leadership awards and graduate assistantship.
McGlothlin Scholars
This designation includes a two-year scholarship that covers Full-Time MBA tuition. McGlothlin Scholars are students that have demonstrated academic excellence and strong leadership skills and have the capability to become extraordinary contributors to our program.
Mason Scholars
This designation includes a two-year scholarship that covers Full-Time MBA tuition. Mason Scholars are expected to contribute to our program through leadership and community service, and to inspire excellence in others.
Beta Gamma Sigma Scholarship
This prestigious award includes a two-year scholarship that covers Full-Time MBA tuition for a candidate who was inducted into the Beta Gamma Sigma Society (BGS) and who demonstrates outstanding professionalism and leadership potential. All BGS members will be considered for the award at the time of admission, please indicate BGS Membership on your resume. BGS Scholarship recipients will be required to present their membership certificate upon enrollment. While only one BGS Scholarship will be granted per academic year, all BGS members are encouraged to apply and are eligible to compete for all generous merit-based awards available at the Mason School.
Peace Corps' Paul D. Coverdell Fellows Program.
Returning Peace Corps Volunteers (RPCVs) are eligible for the Paul D. Coverdell Fellows Program. This program will provide scholarship support ranging from half to full tuition, based on merit qualifications. Coverdell Fellows will be required to participate in an internship per the guidelines on the Peace Corps Website. To redeem, contact the Admissions Office prior to submitting your electronic application. Coverdell Fellows are still eligible for additional scholarship funding & Graduate Assistant opportunities beyond the 50% baseline support.
Pickering Graduate Fellowship
More information on Fellowship
Rangel Graduate Fellowship
PROSPANICA: The Association of Hispanic Professionals
Several scholarships per academic year will cover part or full tuition. Applicants must be U.S. residents or permanent residents and have minimum GPA of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale (or equivalent) from either a bachelor's or master's degree. Preference may be given, but is not limited to, students of Hispanic heritage or students with a demonstrated commitment to the Hispanic community.
Graduate Assistantships (GAs) offer students an excellent opportunity to work closely with a faculty member on valuable research or on projects with administrative units in the Raymond A. Mason School of Business. Some of these assistantships may permit out-of-state and international students to pay tuition at the in-state level, which is a substantial cost savings. A modest research stipend accompanies most assistantships. Although assistantship designations are made at the time of admission, they typically take place only in the students' second year of the Full-Time MBA program.
William & Mary graduates now have the opportunity to share the MBA experience with friends, family, co-workers, and peers, and help them receive a $10,000 scholarship for the Full-Time MBA program.
To participate in this new program, William & Mary alumni need only to refer and endorse a candidate for admission and encourage them to apply. If the candidate is admitted to the full-time program, they will receive a scholarship of $5,000 each year for the two years of the program. That is $10,000 in tuition!
Students who are referred and apply will receive a $10,000 Alumni Referral Scholarship upon acceptance into the program.
Participating alumni can refer up to three students per academic year.
Admitted students may only receive one Alumni Referral Scholarship per year, regardless of the number of referrals they receive.
Admitted candidates may be eligible for additional merit-based scholarships and graduate assistantships.
To be eligible for the scholarship award, the alumni referral must be received before the student submits an application.
Submit your referral here.
For questions about the referral program, contact Kim Sperling, Senior Director of Development & Alumni Engagement for MBA Programs at (757) 221-7848 or Kimberly.sperling@mason.wm.edu.
For questions about MBA Full-Time Admissions, candidates are invited to contact Amanda Barth, Assistant Dean of MBA Admissions at Amanda.Barth@mason.wm.edu or at (757) 221-2944.
Many students utilize loans to finance a portion of their MBA education. Loan eligibility for U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents is determined by the information provided on the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), which is submitted to the U.S. Department of Education. Entering U.S. MBA students submitting their FAFSA to the Department of Education before March 1 will be given first priority in determining loan eligibility.
Loans for International Students
International applicants interested in student loan programs should investigate private loan programs in their home countries as well as in the U.S. William & Mary's Office of Financial Aid has information available on their website for private loans for international students who have access to a qualified co-signer.
William & Mary has strong partnerships with Prodigy Finance, MPower Finance and FIDERH. We encourage international candidates to explore global loan-funding through these organizations.
For questions related to Financial Aid, please contact the Business School's Financial Aid Counselor at William & Mary's central financial aid office.
Jennifer Meier
Senior Assistant Director Counselor for business school graduate students Student Loans
jmmeie@wm.edu | (757) 221-2426
"I thought the environment at William & Mary was one that was focused on dedication and innovation and entrepreneurship. There was also quite a collaboration among teams that resonated well with me, and so I was immediately drawn in once I was admitted to the program."
Chad Chadbourn
Full-Time MBA Admissions Stats
Average GMAT
InternationaI
Average Professional Experience
Full-Time MBA FAQs
How do I determine which application deadline to choose?
Our application deadlines are grouped into four admission rounds so that we can craft a truly diverse cohort of MBA candidates. While we recommend applying early, we encourage you to select a round that allows you ample time to prepare your best application package. Rounds 1 - 4 provide the greatest opportunity for admission and scholarship consideration, however, we typically use later rounds to round out our talented class.
Can I submit the GRE in lieu of the GMAT?
Yes, we have been accepting the GRE for years and welcome candidates the opportunity to submit a GRE score. There is no difference in our evaluation of the two standardized assessments as we feel that both tests are valid in helping to predict academic success.
Do you require professional work experience?
While we recommend gaining a few years of professional work experience, we do reserve seats in the class for our "early career professionals" - candidates who have less than 1 year or no work experience. For strongest admissions consideration, we encourage our early career professionals to have demonstrated internship experience and/or high academic or leadership experience.
What should I know about the interview process?
Interviews are offered by invitation from the Admissions Committee based on a successful first evaluation of your candidacy. The interview should be treated formally and professionally. The session is offered on-campus, by phone, Skype, FaceTime or Google Hangouts. There is no penalty for taking a virtual interview, as our candidate population is global and we understand that not everyone can make it to campus. A member of the Admissions Committee will conduct your official interview and questions will focus on your academic history, professional experience, MBA career goals, leadership and personal ability to contribute to our rich and diverse learning community.
Are application fee waivers available?
Application fee waivers are available on an individual basis. Please contact us at admissions@mason.wm.edu for assistance.
Do my international transcripts need to be translated into English?
Yes, if your transcript from an international institution is recorded in a language other than English, you do need to work with an expert credential evaluation service like World Education Services to have your transcript translated.
Do international transcripts need to be evaluated by a credential evaluation service if they are in English?
No, if your academic transcripts are in English, our Admissions Committee is very familiar with global universities and grading standards. We will assess your academic records based on our knowledge and experience.
Do you offer a waiver for standardized English language exams (TOEFL, IELTs, etc.)?
We offer a waiver for standardized English language exams for candidates who have completed a degree within the United States, who have earned a university degree in an English-speaking country, or who have lived in an English-speaking country for the past two or more years. We also waive the standardized English language assessment requirements for candidates who meet both of the following two achievements:
Achieve a GMAT result in the 60th percentile or better in the Verbal section of the exam,
Achieve a GMAT result of 5.0 or better on the Analytical Writing Assessment (AWA) section of the exam.
Which exam should I take the TOEFL, IELTS or PTE?
Please research the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL), the International English Language Testing System (IELTS), or the Pearson Test of English (PTE) and determine the exam format that is most comfortable to you. On average, incoming students score 100 (Internet-based), 250 (computer-based), or 600 (paper-based) on the TOEFL and a 6.5 on the IELTS. The TOEFL and IELTS scores are valid for 2 years. We consider the TOEFL, IELTS, or PTE score along with GMAT scores in the verbal and AWA sections, essays and the interview to determine a candidate's language readiness to compete in and contribute to the William & Mary MBA community.
Do you offer loans for international candidates?
Who do I contact regarding my I-20 processing?
Enrolled and Deposited candidates will receive a message from iStart that will contain the instructions for applying for your I-20. Please read the message carefully and make sure to submit the required information accurately. If you have additional questions about the I-20 process, please contact our liaison on the Reves Center, Emily Bailey (Immigration Specialist). For additional information, please visit I20 Requests for New Admits.
How do I pay my tuition deposit to accept my seat in the MBA class?
Online: If you haven't already done so please create your WMuserid and password. You will need your student ID number beginning with "93" which is printed on your myWM form received via email shortly after your admission letter.
Visit my.wm.edu and click on the Banner link to log into your student account.
Click on the "Student" link and then select "Student Account."
Choose the option marked "eServices" and click continue. This will open a new window where you will complete your payment online. You will need to select the eDeposits option from the top horizontal menu.
From the drop-down menu, select the correct term (Fall 2022) and then choose the option "MBA Deposit Full-Time $1693".
Complete your payment online. There is an additional 2.85% fee charged to those paying by credit card. Note that only American Express, VISA, MasterCard and Discover are accepted.
For international students, please visit pay.flywire.com to begin the payment process. Flywire allows you to pay securely from almost any country and any bank, generally in your home currency.
By Mail: Please remember to include the student's full name and student ID number on the memo line to ensure the payment is credited to the proper student account. Please make your check or money order payable to William & Mary, and mail it to the following address:
Regular Mail
Overnight Express or Courier Service
How do I apply for scholarships, leadership awards or graduate assistantships?
Admitted candidates are automatically considered for all scholarships, leadership awards and graduate assistantships at the time the Admissions Committee is making a final decision on their candidacy. All scholarship support is based on merit which includes a variety of characteristics such as professional work experience, leadership, academic history and more. The Admissions Committee works diligently to provide financial support for as many candidates as possible through the process.
Admitted MBA candidates should connect with the University's Office of Financial Aid to explore financial aid opportunities. The Direct Grad PLUS Loan is specifically for graduate/professional students and is designed to help bridge the gap between the financial aid awarded and the cost of attendance. Upon admission, please contact the Office of Financial Aid directly at aid@wm.edu or 757-221-2420, located in 208 Blow Memorial Hall.
How do I determine if I am eligible for Virginia residency for tuition privileges?
To be eligible for in-state status, an individual (or the parent, legal guardian or spouse who provides financial support) must demonstrate residence in Virginia and an intent to remain in Virginia indefinitely to establish domicile in Virginia then maintain domicile in Virginia for at least 12 months preceding the first day of classes. Your primary purpose in moving to Virginia must have been to establish yourself as a resident of Virginia, not to attend school. All applicants for admission to William & Mary, both new and re-entry, who seek Virginia in-state tuition rates, must complete an Application for Virginia In-State Tuition Privileges. Application to determine Physical Residency/In-State Tuition (pdf). The Code of Virginia provides for appeals. More information on the appeal process at William & Mary can be found here.
What are the graduate tuition and fees for the 2021-2022 academic year?
Graduate tuition and fees for the 2021-2022 academic year for in-state residents is $34,748. For out-of-state residents and global candidates, $45,738. A complete breakdown of tuition, fees and cost of living is available above in the tuition tab. Please note that the program is two years and that tuition and fees slightly increase from year to year. The final tuition and fees rate is determined by the Board of Visitors each year in June.
Enrolled Candidates
How do I register for 1st year MBA or MGJW classes?
Due to the lock-step nature of our 1st year, Module 1 core curriculum, entering MBA and MGJW candidates do not need to register for classes. Registration for the first semester will be completed by the MBA Program team. For a sample schedule of the 1st year experience, please explore our Curriculum page.
Am I required to carry student health insurance and/or what are my options at W&M?
Due to the extremely high cost of health care in the United States and the importance of adequate health insurance coverage, the University requires all full-time undergraduate and graduate students admitted Fall 2006 or after and all F-1 and J-1 international students to have health insurance coverage throughout the school year as a condition of enrollment. Every academic year, these students must either elect to enroll in or waive out of the W&M-sponsored Student Insurance Plan to comply with this requirement. Falsifying or misrepresenting insurance information is a violation of the Honor Code and will be reported.
The University sponsors a comprehensive Student Insurance Plan, provided by UnitedHealthcare Student Resources, that is compliant with the Affordable Care Act and is categorized as a Platinum plan. More information regarding student insurance can be found on the Student Health Center site.
Where should I live? On- or off-campus? With or without a roommate?
The Office of MBA Admissions is an excellent resource for recommending housing accommodations on and off-campus. Please refer to your personal VIP page for the most up-to-date information. If you wish to live on-campus, the Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans Graduate Complex, commonly referred to as the Grad Complex, is located at 713 S. Henry Street. Located next to the Law School, residents live in two, three or four bedroom apartments. Each resident has a private bathroom and shares the living room, dining area, and kitchen. If you are interested, please review current Rates for Grad Complex Doubles, Triples and Quads and submit an Online Application for residency. Please also refer to the W&M Off-Campus Housing Listing Service to find housing, roommates, and educational resources about living off-campus. Finally, please feel welcome to use your Admitted Student W&M MBA Class Facebook Page to post roommate requests and to find additional postings. Williamsburg is a very safe and friendly living and learning community.
Interested in exploring other MBA opportunities at William & Mary? Compare our other MBA modalities here.
Explore MBA Options
Unless otherwise constrained by law, William & Mary is committed to providing an environment for its students that is free from discrimination based on any personal factor unrelated to qualifications or performance such as race or color, citizenship, national origin or ethnicity, ancestry, religion or creed, political affiliation or belief, age, sex or sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, disability, marital status, pregnancy status, parental status, height, weight, military service, veteran status, caretaker status, or family medical or genetic information. (Full non-discrimination notice available online at http://www.wm.edu/compliance/discrimination.)
NOTICE OF AVAILABILITY OF ANNUAL SECURITY REPORT
Information about campus safety and security may help you in your decision to apply. The most recent Campus Security and Fire Safety Report for the College of William & Mary, including the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, is available on William & Mary's website for review. This report is required by federal law and contains policy statements and crime statistics. Three years' worth of statistics are included for certain types of crimes that were reported to have occurred on campus, in or on off-campus building or property owned or controlled by the university or on public property within or immediately adjacent to the campus. This report is available online at: http://www.wm.edu/clery/report or you may request a paper copy in person or to be mailed to you at no expense from the Office of Compliance & Equity, James Blair Hall, Suite 101, Williamsburg, Virginia, 23185, 757.221.3146.
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Current: Blue Reflection: Second Light (PS4) A Surprising Sequel That Fails To Live Up To Expectations
Blue Reflection Blue Reflection: Second Light Blue Reflection: Second Light Review GUST Studios Koei Tecmo Review
Blue Reflection: Second Light (PS4) A Surprising Sequel That Fails To Live Up To Expectations
Garri Bagdasarov / November 8, 2021
Embargo: MONDAY, NOVEMBER 8 @ 3PM PT / 6PM ET
Blue Reflection: Second Light PS4 review – Blue Reflection Second Light is a surprising sequel that I never thought would get the light of day. Developed by Gust and Koei Tecmo, the Blue Reflection franchise focuses on female high school students dealing with trauma. Whether it's physical or mental trauma, the girls band together to deal with their issues in the form of a magical world full of demons that manifest their negative feelings.
Blue Reflection: Second Light PS4 Review
A Story Of Love, Friendship, And The Bonds We Build Together
Second Light serves as a departure from the original title, which saw the girls juggling school life and battling in a magical world. Instead, the sequel transports the girls to a different world where they're trapped with no memories of their past life and must recover their memories and find a way out.
This applies to the entire cast except for our main character, Ao, who is the only girl who has been able to retain her memories.
The game's story starts slow, but it does grow into an exciting mystery. What was happening to these girls, and why were they being transported to a mysterious new land? The narrative is expanded by a phone program that provides information about the world but hides something to keep the girls trapped in this location.
The girls reside in a school that acts as their home base, and most of the extra activity the game provides takes place here. Crafting, cooking and school expansion are just some of the activities you'll participate in.
Every Activity Provides Rewards And Upgrades For Your Characters
Everything you do requires materials that you can scavenge and acquire from defeating enemies. Cooking allows you to make items that restore your health and cure status ailments. You can also make additions to the school by crafting various buildings and additions. These are worth building because they not only unlock new side quests, "Dating" segments, but most importantly, they provide permanent stat boosts to party members.
Dating is another essential aspect of the game, but it's less dating and more like hanging out. As you build up your relationship with the girls, Ao can go on Dates with them. This essentially just has you learning more about how each girl is feeling and dealing with the circumstances. There are parts where you can start a romantic relationship. These moments are unique and open up the characterization.
As your relationships build, you'll unlock requests. Completing these requests give you not only new times and craftable blueprints but also increase Talent levels. As the girls' Talent levels increase, they gain points that can upgrade stats like increasing Attack power and unlocking new skills.
The characters are the most vital part of Second Light, and learning about each one was a joy. Each of the ten girls is full of personality, and each one is so unique and different. I loved the interaction with each one of them. The confident academic constantly trying to help you improve your life skills or the shy cook who wants to do nothing but cook and eat food all day.
Each Location Is Designed Based On Each Of The Titles Characters Memories and Interests
Each character plays an essential part in the story as the various lands and locations you visit are based on fragments of their memories. Each site is unique and different from the last and focuses on each one of the girls. As you explore these worlds, you'll find crafting and cooking materials as well as memory fragments for the girls' world you're exploring.
Each location is drastically different, from mountain villages and shrines to small towns and large cityscapes. The game takes you to plenty of unique places. Exploration sees you sliming up rooftops, walking across planks, crawling under buildings, and sneaking around powerful enemies.
Sneaking allows you to view the vision cone your enemies on the field, allowing you to creep up on them or avoid them altogether. It's also the only way to launch a preemptive strike on your enemies.
Complicated Mechanics Makes Combat More Difficult Then It Needs To Be
Combat is where the game falters the most. Second Light's battles are overly complicated for no real reason. What makes it even worse is that it utilizes a turned-based active time battle system. The first issue comes from the game's controls. Each of the three battle members are mapped to the X, L2, and R2 buttons, and it took me a long time to get acquainted with the layout. Thankfully you can also set your L2 and R2 party members to fight automatically.
As more party members join your team, you can set them as supports. The supports are mapped to the square button, allowing you to use items with them and switch out party members. The supporting character has their active time system that you have to watch out for, and worse is even when you active anything with them, like switching out a character, you have to wait until their next turn before they jump in.
All of this is happening simultaneously, so there are many things you constantly have to pay attention to, especially during boss fights. It also doesn't help that the camera continually shifts and shows all the effects and attacks, which adds to the distractions. Another aspect of combat that drags it down is the Ether system.
Each attack or ability you use uses up a certain amount of Ether. After you attack, you'll gain another level to the Ether bar. As the Ether bar increases, you'll gain access to more skills that use up more Ether. If you want to use these more powerful abilities, you have to wait for the bar to fill up, leaving you open to multiple attacks. The payoff is that you can attack multiple times with one character or save up for a super-powerful attack.
Second Light Retains Its Unique Art Style For Better Or Worse
Like the first game, your characters can transform a more powerful attack maiden giving them access to new attacks and drastically increasing their stats. This takes at least three complete combat rotations and only happens when you have built up a certain amount of Ether.
Chances are you'll never really see these transformations until you reach a boss, but even then, it still takes so long that the boss may be more than halfway dead, so you don't get to enjoy the transformations as much as you did in the previous title.
Graphically, the game hasn't been improved much from the first game. It has a unique style that utilizes bright, vibrant colors with intense lighting, but it causes a problem because everything looks murky. Objects that are only fifty feet away are fuzzy and look like mirages. Maybe it's by design, but it feels like the game has a hard time rendering objects.
The soundtrack is also not very memorable, and the voice acting is Japanese only, and there is a lot of dialogue. As such, if you don't have a lot of patience, you'll have some trouble moving on.
Blue Reflection: Second Light is a second chance for the franchise, but it just doesn't stick the landing in any of its RPG elements, much like its predecessor. I enjoyed the downtime in the game where I got to hang out and build on my parties relationships while expanding on my school and watching it grow, but unfortunately, the combat drags the experience down.
Blue Reflection: Second Light release on November 8, 2021 For PS4, Nintendo Switch, and PC.
Review code provided by PR
It's a shame that Blue Reflection: Second Light couldn't live up to the expectations it set for itself. Though the story and characters development is good, the game is held back by overly complicated combat mechanics that seem to make encounters harder and longer when they didn't need to be. With the franchise now two games deep, I have to wonder if a third entry will ever get the light of day and if so, will GUST Studios finally be able to get the formula right.
Scarlet Nexus Developers Would Want To Make A More Mature Sequel, Given The Chance
David Carcasole / January 28, 2022
Scarlett Nexus doesn't have any kind of sequel confirmed, but the developers behind the first one would like to do a more mature game, given the chance.
PS4, PS5 Play To Earn NFT Games – Can You Get Them?
Michael Harradence / January 28, 2022
Are there PS4, PS5 play to earn NFT games available? NFTs are quickly becoming popular among gaming companies, but what about on PS4 & PS5?
Evil Dead: The Game Has Been Delayed Again, Release Now Set For May
Evil Dead: The Game has been delayed again, this time into early spring, in May by developer Boss Team Games and Saber Interactive.
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The Ranson Community Gardens are comprised of three geographically separate community gardens that includes a 60 ft X 40 ft tunnel, twenty or so local family maintained, raised vegetable gardens and a pollinator flower garden located beside the tunnel, and a vegetable and herb garden located at Third St which is remote from the other gardens. Rainwater is collected from large rainwater troughs on the rear side of the massive Ranson Civic Center building and gravity fed to the water storage system located at four separate locations. The stored water is then pumped to the vegetable and pollinator gardens by the solar driven electrical water pumps on-demand. The irrigation system is backed-up by the Ranson Municipal Water System should the rainwater/solar electricity system run dry or fail.
The Community Gardens use rainwater and solar generated electricity to irrigate the vegetables and pollinators. The solar panels are located at the three community gardens and are electrically interconnected. All solar panels are connected to separate marine batteries that store the electricity. The system operates at 12 volts, dc, (total 340 watts). There are also three control and monitoring centers with voltage and amperage monitors at the three gardens. Because the system operates at 12V, it is harmless to people and animals and can be easily routed wherever needed, including a projected fountain at the Third St garden.
Six water pumps are used for irrigating the crops that use soaker hoses and the standard garden hose. Five of the six are located near the water tanks at the gardens, including inside the tunnel. At these locations tanks are filled through gravity-fed water from the Civic Center. The sixth pump is located at the central control center behind the Civic Center and pumps the water on-demand underground 500 ft to the Third St location where the water can be stored or routed for direct crop irrigation. The pump is controlled remotely from the Third St. garden. The Third St location is diagonally across from the playground and beside the Baha'i Center.
Once installed the rainwater and solar Irrigation system is self-maintaining through the use of controllers at the batteries that maintains fully charged batteries and prevents overcharging. Monitors at the three primary gardens show the system voltages and amperages at a glance, and the level of stored water is easily monitored through both semi – transparent and open (with grid-covered) water storage tanks.


Generals and LASERWORLD Team Up!
The Generals are proud to welcome LASERWORLD to the family for the 2014 season! LASERWORLD will be making its presence felt inside Riverside Stadium in a big way! They will be the official sponsor of the Victoria Generals Baseball Card set, Victoria Generals poster schedules, and be a part of something so big...that you'll have to wait till opening day to find out! LASERWORLD is located on 310 E. Larkspur and is perfect for people of all ages! Stop by the Victoria Generals office to get a buy one get one pass and see just how much fun LASERWORLD is!


1973 – The National Collegiate Athletic Association hands the University of Southwestern Louisiana (now the University of Louisiana at Lafayette) men's basketball program the death penalty for two seasons for over 100 violations of NCAA rules, many of which are termed "egregious".
Emperor Guangwu, courtesy name Wenshu, was an emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty, restorer of the dynasty in AD25 and thus founder of the Later Han or Eastern Han. He ruled over parts of China at first, and through suppression and conquest of regional warlords, Liu Xiu was one of the many descendants of the Han imperial family. He established his capital in Luoyang,335 kilometers east of the former capital Changan and he implemented some reforms aimed at correcting some of the structural imbalances responsible for the downfall of the Former/Western Han. His reforms gave a new 200-year lease on life to the Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwus campaigns featured many able generals, but curiously, he lacked major strategists. That may very well be because he appeared to be a brilliant strategist, he often instructed his generals as to strategy from afar. This was often emulated by emperors who fancied themselves great strategists, unique among emperors in Chinese history was Emperor Guangwus combination of decisiveness and mercy.
He often sought out peaceful means rather than bellicose means of putting areas under his control, Liu Xiu was the sixth generation descendant of Emperor Jing of the Former Han. He was the son of Liu Qin, magistrate of Nandun county, Liu Qin was the son of Liu Hui, vice governor in charge of military affairs for Julu commandery. Liu Hui was the son of Liu Wai, governor of Yulin commandery, Liu Wai was the son of Liu Mai, known posthumously as Marquess Jie of Chongling. Liu Mai was the son of Liu Fa, known posthumously as Prince Ding of Changsha, the prince of Changsha was a brother of Emperor Wu, a famous emperor of the Former Han, and he was the son of Emperor Jing. Liu Qin was married to the daughter of one Fan Chong, Liu Qin died early, and the brothers were raised by their uncle Liu Liang. Liu Yan was ambitious, and ever since Wang Mang usurped the Han throne in 8 and established the Xin dynasty, Liu Xiu, in contrast, was a careful man who was content to be a farmer. However, his brother-in-law Deng Chen, the husband of his sister Liu Yuan, in 22, with virtually the entire empire rebelling against Wang Mangs incompetent rule, Liu Yan prepared his rebellion.
Oswald was King of Northumbria from 634 until his death, and is venerated as a saint, of whom there was a particular cult in the Middle Ages. After eight years of rule, in which he was the most powerful ruler in Britain and it would, however, be anachronistic to refer to a Northumbrian people or identity at this early stage, when the Bernicians and the Deirans were still clearly distinct peoples. Oswalds mother, was a member of the Deiran royal line whom Æthelfrith apparently married as part of his acquisition of Deira or consolidation of power there. Oswald was apparently born in or around the year 604, since Bede says that he was killed at the age of 38 in 642, Æthelfriths acquisition of Deira is believed to have occurred around 604. Æthelfrith, who was for years a successful war-leader, especially against the native British, was killed in battle around 616 by Raedwald of East Anglia at the River Idle. This defeat meant that a member of the Deiran royal line, became king of Northumbria, Oswald.
Oswald thus spent the remainder of his youth in the Scottish kingdom of Dál Riata in northern Britain and he may have fought in Ireland during this period of exile. It has been considered that Oswald is one of the three Saxon princes mentioned in the Irish poem Togail Bruidne Dá Derga, being named as Osalt in that work. Oswalds brother Eanfrith became king of Bernicia, but he was killed by Cadwallon in 634 after attempting to negotiate peace, Oswald, at the head of a small army, met Cadwallon in battle at Heavenfield, near Hexham. Before the battle, Oswald had a cross erected, he knelt down. He prayed and asked his army to join in, adomnán in his Life of Saint Columba offers a longer account, which Abbot Ségéne had heard from Oswald himself. Oswald, he says, had a vision of Columba the night before the battle, in which he was told Be strong, behold, I will be with thee. Oswald described his vision to his council and all agreed that they would be baptised, in the battle that followed, the British were routed despite their superior numbers, Cadwallon himself was killed.
The Bar Kokhba revolt was a rebellion of the Jews of the Roman province of Judea, led by Simon bar Kokhba, against the Roman Empire. Fought circa 132–136 CE, it was the last of three major Jewish–Roman wars, so it is known as The Third Jewish–Roman War or The Third Jewish Revolt. Some historians refer to it as the Second Revolt of Judea, not counting the Kitos War, the revolt erupted as a result of ongoing religious and political tensions in Judea following on the failure of the First Revolt in 66−70 CE. The Church Fathers and rabbinic literature emphasize governor of Judaea Rufus role in provoking the revolt, in 132, a revolt led by Bar Kokhba quickly spread from Modiin across the country, cutting off the Roman garrison in Jerusalem. Roman Governor Rufus unsuccessfully engaged the early phase of the uprising, Rufus is last recorded in 132, the first year of the rebellion, whether he died or was replaced is uncertain, but Gargilius Antiques is recorded as the Roman Prefect of Judea during the conflict.
Initial rebel victories over the Romans established an independent state of Israel over parts of Judea for over two years, as Bar Kokhba took the title of Nasi. Simon bar Kokhba, the commander of the revolt, was regarded by many Jews as the Messiah, who would restore their national independence. This setback, caused Roman Emperor Hadrian to assemble a large scale Roman force from across the Empire, the Roman army was made of six full legions with auxiliaries and elements from up to six additional legions, which finally managed to crush the revolt. The Bar Kokhba revolt resulted in the depopulation of Judean communities. According to Cassius Dio,580,000 Jews perished in the war and many died of hunger. In addition, many Judean war captives were sold into slavery, the Jewish communities of Judea were devastated to an extent which some scholars describe as a genocide. Roman casualties were considered heavy - XXII Deiotariana was disbanded after serious losses, in addition, some historians argue that Legio IX Hispanas disbandment in the mid-2nd century could have been a result of this war.
In an attempt to erase any memory of Judea or Ancient Israel, Emperor Hadrian wiped the name off the map, the Bar Kokhba revolt greatly influenced the course of Jewish history and the philosophy of the Jewish religion. Despite easing the persecution of Jews following Hadrians death in 138 CE, Jewish messianism was abstracted and spiritualized, and rabbinical political thought became deeply cautious and conservative. The Talmud, for instance, refers to Bar Kokhba as Ben-Kusiba and it was among the key events to differentiate Christianity as a religion distinct from Judaism. Although Jewish Christians regarded Jesus as the Messiah and did not support Bar Kokhba, after the First Jewish–Roman War in 70 CE, the Roman authorities took measures to suppress the rebellious province of Judea. Instead of a procurator, they installed a praetor as a governor and stationed an entire legion, tensions continued to build up in the wake of the Kitos War, the second large-scale Jewish insurrection in the Eastern Mediterranean, the final stages of which saw fighting in Judea.
Penda was a 7th-century King of Mercia, the Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is today the English Midlands. He repeatedly defeated the East Angles and drove Cenwalh the king of Wessex into exile for three years and he continued to wage war against the Bernicians of Northumbria. The etymology of the name Penda is unknown, Penda of Mercia is the only monarch with this name, but a number of Mercian commoners with the same name are on record. Suggestions for etymologies of the name are divided between a Celtic and a Germanic origin. The names of members of a Northumbrian brotherhood are recorded in the ninth century Liber vitae Dunelmensis, the name Penda occurs in this list and is categorised as a British name. John T. Koch noted that, Penda and a number of royal names from early Anglian Mercia have more obvious Brythonic than German explanations. These royal names include those of Pendas father Pybba, and of his son Peada and it has been suggested that the firm alliance between Penda and various British princes might be the result of a racial cause.
Continental Germanic comparanda for the name include a feminine Penta and a toponym Penti-lingen, Penda was a son of Pybba of Mercia and said to be an Icling, with a lineage purportedly extending back to Wōden. The Historia Brittonum says that Pybba had 12 sons, including Penda, besides Eowa, the pedigrees give Penda a brother named Coenwalh from whom two kings were said to descend, although this may instead represent his brother-in-law Cenwalh of Wessex. The time at which Penda became king is uncertain, as are the circumstances, another Mercian king, Cearl, is mentioned by Bede as ruling at the same time as the Northumbrian king Æthelfrith, in the early part of the 7th century. It is possible that Cearl and Penda were dynastic rivals, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Penda became king in 626, ruled for 30 years, and was 50 years old at the time of his accession. Furthermore, that Penda was truly 50 years old at the beginning of his reign is generally doubted by historians, the idea that Penda, at about 80 years of age, would have left behind children who were still young has been widely considered implausible.


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text:
Did the UN Create Israel? https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2021/08/did-the-un-create-israel/
On May 14, 1948, Israel's founders wanted to emphasize to the world that while the Jewish people had been born in the Land of Israel, its state was the adopted child of the United Nations.
August 10, 2021 | Martin Kramer
About the author: Martin Kramer is a historian at Tel Aviv University and the Walter P. Stern fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. He served as founding president at Shalem College in Jerusalem.
An early Israeli aircraft during the War of Independence in 1948. Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images.
This is the fifth installment in the historian Martin Kramer's series on how Israel's declaration of independence came about, and what the text reveals about the country it brought into being. Previous installments can be seen here.—The Editors
"Our tragedy is that we always have to explain ourselves." Thus complained Mordechai Ben-Tov of the left-wing Mapam party, quoting Chaim Weizmann, at a meeting of the People's Administration on May 13, 1948, the day before the prospective Jewish state was to declare its independence. The purpose of the meeting was to debate the declaration's latest draft.
In Hebrew, this sort of "explaining" is sometimes called hasbarah—justifying one's actions in an effort to win hearts and minds. David Ben-Gurion, presiding over the May 13 meeting, approached the declaration as at least in part an exercise in such hasbarah, and said so explicitly:
This has to be a document that includes profound, encompassing, and fundamental Zionist hasbarah, both for the Jews—because there are still many Jewish doubters—and for the non-Jews who are not our haters. There's no place for juridical argumentation—the document has to set forth political assumptions.
Given the weight that would later be borne by the declaration—it would come to be referred to as Israel's domestic "identity card" and even as a source of law—these words might seem surprising. But Ben-Gurion couldn't have known that the declaration would serve so many unintended purposes. The next day, only hours before independence was officially proclaimed, he would again urge his Zionist partners not to get tied up in details—because this was just a declaration:
There is no one among its drafters who thinks it's the height of perfection. But the purpose was to give just those things that in our opinion provide a basis for what we'll do today, for the people of Israel, world opinion, and the UN. We're declaring independence, nothing more. This isn't a constitution.
Indeed, in light of that purpose, much of the drafting revolved around what sorts of statements and justifications worked best for external audiences. One justification, discussed in last month's installment, was the identification of Eretz-Israel as the birthplace of the Jewish people. Ben-Gurion made sure that was included, albeit in a national rather than a religious form. This left three other rationales: first, the past sufferings of the Jews during their millennia of life in exile from the land; second, the modern achievements of the Yishuv, the Jewish community in Palestine; and third, the licenses issued by the international community over preceding decades in the form of the Balfour Declaration of 1917, the 1922 League of Nations' conferral of the mandate of Palestine on Great Britain, and above all the United Nations "partition resolution" of November 1947.
Each of these justifications had some use, and some merit. But the declaration had to be brief, and choices had to be made. Those choices said much about the sensibilities of the drafters; they also said a great deal about the politics of that specific moment in time.
A hierarchy of claims
Let's begin with the sufferings of the Jews, starting with their dispersal after the Roman destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple in 70 CE and climaxing most recently in the Holocaust.
In the earliest drafts, these sufferings loomed large. The first, drawn up by the lawyer Mordechai Beham, had been much influenced by the American Declaration of Independence, whose "list of [King George III's] abuses and usurpations" takes up more than two-thirds of that document. Beham's draft, for its part, catalogued "the destruction of our Holy Temple in Jerusalem" by the Roman legions, the banishment of the Jews into exile and "the loss of life and property at the hands of their many oppressors such as no people has been called upon to endure since time began," and finally the "cruel extermination of one third of our people" in the Holocaust.
Later drafters cut most of this, leaving only the mention, from pre-modern history, of the Jews' forcible exile from their land and, from modern history, of "the catastrophe which recently befell the Jewish people—the massacre of millions of Jews in Europe." And both of these disasters would be portrayed mainly as backdrops. Even though the Jews were exiled, the people "in every successive generation . . . never ceased to pray and hope for their return . . . and for the restoration of their political freedom." As for the contemporary remnant of Jewry in Europe, the survivors of the Holocaust, they, too, "never ceased to assert their right to a life of dignity, freedom, and honest toil in their national homeland."
But would this rationale, however persuasive for Jews, also persuade the world? Even if in the past Jews had been exiled, persecuted, and most recently exterminated, did this necessarily point to the requirement of a Jewish state? It is often said that the Holocaust led to the creation of Israel, but Ben-Gurion warned that minds less favorably disposed might draw a wholly different conclusion: the people for whom a Jewish state had been designed were gone, so where was the need for such a state now, especially since creating it would mean provoking Arab rage? Therefore, Ben-Gurion said, important as it was to emphasize "historic rights," and to evoke the Holocaust, it was not enough.
Moreover, even as the drafters were shifting from one rationale to another, in Washington the Truman administration was backtracking. The State Department argued that dividing the land, as proposed by the UN, was unworkable, and that the League of Nations mandate, due to expire on May 14, should be replaced instead by a UN trusteeship. To dissuade Americans on this front, the Zionists would need more than a catalogue of historical rights and grievances; they would need a different rationale.
In the latest draft, the work of Moshe Shertok (later Israel's first foreign minister), that two-part rationale became clear: first, there was a Yishuv in place that was ready for statehood and primed to fight for it; second, a prime element in the UN's November 1947 partition resolution was the grant of an "irrevocable" license for a Jewish state.
The case for the self-sustaining capacity of the Yishuv was made strongly in a paragraph hailing the "pioneers, immigrants, and defenders" who
made deserts bloom, revived the Hebrew language, built villages and towns, and created a thriving community controlling its own economy and culture, loving peace but knowing how to defend itself, bringing the blessings of progress to all the country's inhabitants, and aspiring toward independent nationhood.
This was a fairly straightforward claim, and it had the added virtue of echoing the findings of the UN commission (UNSCOP) that, in recommending partition in 1947, approvingly described the Yishuv as "a highly organized and closely-knit society which, partly on a basis of communal effort, has created a national life distinctive enough to merit the . . . title of 'a state within a state.'" Moreover, Shertok's draft claimed, during World War II the Yishuv had, "by the blood of its soldiers and its war effort, gained the right to be reckoned among the peoples who founded the United Nations." By rights, then, one might argue that, having fielded soldiers in a "war effort," the Yishuv should have already been recognized as a state—and as a founding member of the UN itself!
All in all, perhaps the most forceful single argument for the Jewish state was the fact that by 1947 the Yishuv, in the words of Abba Eban, had become "too large to be dominated by Arabs, too self-reliant to be confined by tutelage, and too ferociously resistant to be thwarted in its main ambition."
As for the UN's "license," the argument on its behalf was based on the dramatic vote, still fresh in memory, that had taken place on November 29, 1947 at a meeting of the United Nations in its then-headquarters in Flushing Meadows, New York. Then and there the General Assembly, by a two-thirds majority, recommended a plan for "Independent Arab and Jewish States" and a "Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem," to be implemented two months after the British evacuation but no later than October 1, 1948.
Zionist diplomacy had worked full-bore to secure this "partition resolution," as it came to be called, while the Arabs had tried to stop it. And when the resolution passed, the Yishuv hailed it as the greatest Zionist achievement since the Balfour Declaration of 1917. So it is still remembered; even today, Israel works hard to remind the world that in November 1947 the UN licensed the establishment of a Jewish state. But in April and May 1948, things looked different, and there was a debate among the leadership of the Yishuv over whether, and to what extent, the UN resolution could actually be relied upon.
Needless to say, Ben-Gurion and many others harbored deep reservations about key aspects of the UN plan. According to it, Jerusalem, home to 100,000 Jews, a sixth of the Yishuv, would be placed under some sort of international regime, while the dream of a state in all of Palestine would have to be shelved since half of the country was slated to become an Arab state. Although the mainstream Zionist leadership formally accepted the plan in its totality, the general attitude was well expressed by Ben-Gurion years later:
We were resigned in 1947 to receiving the rump end of Palestine in accordance with the United Nations settlement [that is, the partition plan]. We didn't think that settlement very fair since we knew that our work here deserved a greater assignment of land. We didn't, however, press the point and prepared to abide scrupulously by the international ruling come the day of our independence.
Indeed, since the passing of the UN resolution, much had happened to weaken the Yishuv's commitment to it. The Arabs, following their own rejection of the plan, had launched a civil war against the Jews, in the course of which the Jews soon got the upper hand—to the extent of taking areas allotted to the Arab state that had become bases for Arab attacks on the Yishuv. Most notably, this included Jaffa, just minutes from the Tel Aviv meeting place of the People's Administration.
Matters were thus in flux, and some thought it might even be possible to step back from total acceptance of the UN plan. True, in any declaration of independence it would have to be mentioned—since, of all the justifications for declaring the Jewish state, the UN vote was accepted by, and carried the greatest weight in, the outside world. But could it be invoked in such a way as to legitimize the Jewish state but not bind the state to all of the plan's provisions? In particular, there was the issue of the map that accompanied the plan: would it be possible to get out of the straitjacket it placed on Israel's freedom of maneuver?
On these points, much can be learned by examining successive drafts of the declaration. From the beginning, so strong was the attachment to the UN resolution that early drafts not only regularly invoked it but referred to it explicitly as a "partition" plan and pledged explicitly to uphold its accompanying map. But by May 12, two days before the declaration, the People's Administration reopened discussion. Did the Jewish state need to be declared, for instance, in the framework of the plan? Although that was the formula most likely to win international recognition, it also posed a dilemma by implying acceptance of the map. On the other hand, a declaration that the state was established simply on the basis of the plan could raise objections by implying a diminished commitment to the map. In brief, should the Jews seek to reassure the international community that they weren't bent on expansion, or prepare the case for possible additions of territory?
In April, the jurist Felix Rosenblueth, a member of the People's Administration who would later become Israel's first minister of justice, had assumed responsibility for overseeing the draft declaration. In the May 12 session, he now insisted that the state be declared "in the framework" of the UN partition plan—and that its borders be defined accordingly. As a matter of law, he contended, "it is impossible not to treat borders." Anticipating discussion, he had distributed in advance a proposed draft declaring "a free, sovereign Jewish state in the borders set forth in the resolution of the UN General Assembly of November 29, 1947."
Bechor-Shalom Sheetrit, a lawyer and judge (and future minister of police), supported Rosenblueth with a legal argument of his own:
Regarding borders, I agree with Rosenblueth. It's not credible to declare an authority without defining its scope. This can draw us into complications. . . . What the state publishes is the law in the territory of the state. . . . When a state arises, it declares the limits of its borders.
In previous installments I've noted that Ben-Gurion hadn't devoted a great deal of time to the People's Administration discussions. But he had to stay engaged, precisely because he couldn't rely on others to appreciate the full political implications of their formulas. For better or worse, the drafting had been turned over to lawyers, and the result was exactly the kind of overly-lawyered thinking that he was on guard to check. As he saw it, Rosenblueth's team was about to confine the state to the same geographical straitjacket from which it had already managed to wriggle free, and to throw away the hard-earned gains of weeks of battle, not to mention the prospect of gaining a foothold in Jerusalem.
In a rebuttal described by one witness as "trenchant," Ben-Gurion now took strong exception to the arguments of Rosenblueth and Sheetrit. "If we decide not to say 'borders,'" he asserted plainly, "then we won't say it." Nor was there any legal requirement to specify them. To illustrate, he drew a compelling comparison:
This is a declaration of independence. For example, there is the American Declaration of Independence. It includes no mention of territorial definitions. There is no need and no law such as that. I, too, learned from law books that a state is made up of territory and population. Every state has borders. [But] we are talking about a declaration [of independence], and whether borders must or mustn't be mentioned [in one]. I say, there is no such law. In a declaration establishing a state, there is no need to specify the territory of the state.
Ben-Gurion went farther. The UN, having done nothing to implement its plan, and the Arabs, having declared war on Israel, had effectively torn up the UN map; in these circumstances, expansion beyond the partition borders would be entirely legitimate:
Why [should we] not mention [borders]? Because we don't know [what will happen]. If the UN stands its ground, we won't fight the UN. But if the UN doesn't act, and [the Arabs] wage war against us and we thwart them, and we then take the western Galilee and both sides of the corridor to Jerusalem, all this will become part of the state if we have sufficient force. Why commit ourselves?
Ben-Gurion then did something unusual for him: he called for a vote. "Who favors including the issue of the borders in the declaration?" Four raised their hands. "And who is opposed?" Five. "Resolved," read the minutes, "not to include the issue of the borders in the declaration."
It was the narrowest of margins, and one vote could have tilted it the other way. What prompted Ben-Gurion to call for a vote is a matter of conjecture, but clearly he regarded the issue as of cardinal importance and probably also thought he had to break the momentum built by Rosenblueth, a formidable legal authority.
Nor had Rosenblueth's been a lone voice. The Jewish Agency had reassured foreign governments that the new state wouldn't deviate from the partition map, and its officials, as the U.S. consul in Jerusalem reported the following day, "have steadfastly maintained their intention to remain within the UN boundaries." If this "intention" were to make its way into Israel's foundational document, it would be impossible to amend later.
Where exactly might the Jewish state seek to adjust the borders stipulated by the partition plan? Ben-Gurion mentioned inclusion of the western Galilee and the Jerusalem corridor, but these were only two examples. In recalling his rationale in later years, he would emphasize its more general character:
I said: let's assume that during a war we capture Jaffa, Ramlah, Lydda, the Jerusalem corridor, and the western Galilee, and that we want to hold onto them. Well, it just so happens that we did take these places!
In brief, Ben-Gurion wanted the vote as a license to incorporate any strategically vital territory seized in a war with an Arab aggressor.
In the early afternoon of May 14, with little time left before the release of the declaration, Ben-Gurion presented the final draft for approval by the People's Council, a larger body than the People's Administration. Mention of borders had disappeared from the draft, but since the decision to omit them had been carried by a narrow vote, there was some chance that the issue might now become a last-minute bone of contention. To forestall the possibility, Ben-Gurion placed an unexpected spin on the May 12 decision:
There was a proposal [in the People's Administration] to determine borders. And there was opposition to this proposal. We decided to sidestep this question (I use this word deliberately), for a simple reason: if the UN upholds its resolutions and commitments and keeps the peace and prevents bombing and implements its resolution forcefully—we, for our part (and I speak on behalf of the entire people), will respect all of its resolutions. Until now, the UN hasn't done so, and the matter has fallen to us. Therefore, not everything obligates us, and we left this issue open. We didn't say "No to the UN borders," but we also didn't say the opposite. We left the question open to developments.
This was a masterstroke of wording. In fact, the question of whether to commit the new state to the partition borders hadn't been sidestepped at all; it had been decided by a vote, albeit a vote that replaced certainty with ambiguity. Until May 12, the state-in-waiting had been committed to the partition map. After May 12, that commitment depended on the UN's doing something it should have done but hadn't done and likely wouldn't do. Ben-Gurion had created a new consensus—"of the entire people"—suggesting that the partition map might be revised. And so, when he read out the declaration later that day, the borders had gone missing.
There's an American aspect to this part of the story. The world had been led to expect that Israel would fill only the space on the map allotted to it by the partition plan. Washington was no exception; as Jewish statehood drew near, the U.S. government sought reassurances.
Thus, on May 13, Eliahu Epstein (later Eilat), the Jewish Agency's "ambassador" to Washington, received a phone call from Clark Clifford, special counsel to President Truman and a keen supporter of Zionism. Clifford was working to persuade Truman to recognize the Jewish state immediately upon its birth. He instructed Epstein to write the president formally with this request.
Clifford would later recall emphasizing to Epstein the particular importance of the new state's claiming "nothing beyond the boundaries outlined in the UN resolution of November 29, 1947, because those boundaries were the only ones which had been agreed to by everyone, including the Arabs, in any international forum." This was an odd claim, since the Arabs hadn't accepted a Jewish state in any borders; but the demand being placed on Israel was clear enough, and in his letter to the president Epstein duly wrote that Israel was being declared "within frontiers approved by the [UN] General Assembly." Washington's de-facto recognition of the state followed almost immediately.
In reality, as we've seen, the state of Israel hadn't been declared in any borders. This would later give critics a basis on which to claim that the United States had been misled into recognizing the state based on a false representation. But in writing his letter Epstein wasn't aware that Ben-Gurion had shifted Israel's position. On May 14, Tel Aviv was totally absorbed in the political and practical preparations for the declaration, and Epstein had no contact with Shertok, who was his superior. He would apologize to Shertok that same day, but only for writing to Truman on his own initiative.
So Israel received Washington's recognition as a state without borders, although Washington may well have assumed otherwise. Within a week, however, the declaration's lack of a reference to borders had been noticed and was causing trouble at the UN—and Abba Eban, then representing the new state's interests at the world body, anxiously urged that the omission be rectified. On May 24, he sent a message to Shertok from New York:
Ambiguity in [independence] proclamation regarding frontiers much commented [upon by] delegations and exploited [by] opponents, possibly delaying recognition and restricting those received. We urge official statement defining frontiers [of] Israel in accordance with November [1947 UN] resolution.
This, from the man who would become Israel's most famous champion in the world. Needless to say, Eban's plea fell on deaf ears—fortunately so, as most Israelis today would agree. By the end of the 1948-1949 war, Israel's territory had grown from the share allotted to it under the partition plan—55 percent of mandatory Palestine—to 78 percent: that is, by nearly 50 percent. The additional territory included west Jerusalem, a corridor leading to Jerusalem, the southern approaches to Tel Aviv including Jaffa, Lydda, and Ramlah, the whole of the Galilee, and parts of the Negev.
The "partition" dilemma
It might be thought that while the declaration didn't commit Israel to borders, it did commit Israel to the principle of partition itself. Recall that according to the UN plan there were to be two states, one Jewish and one Arab, and an economic union between them.
The pertinent article in the declaration reads as follows:
THE STATE OF ISRAEL is prepared to cooperate with the agencies and representatives of the United Nations in implementing the resolution of the General Assembly of the 29th November, 1947, and will take steps to bring about the economic union of the whole of Eretz-Israel.
This article, too, had undergone revision. As late as Shertok's May 13 draft, the UN plan was being described by its official name: "Plan of Partition of Palestine with Economic Union." In the session that day, Ben-Gurion insisted on deleting the reference to partition. "Why should we mention partition?" he asked pointedly, and so that word, too, disappeared. The declaration does emphasize that the UN had "passed a resolution calling for the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel," and even insists that this decision was "irrevocable." But from this alone one might conclude that the General Assembly had voted in favor of only one state, a Jewish one, which by itself would pursue the economic union of the whole country.
Why was Ben-Gurion adamant about omitting the words "partition plan"—a plan he had supported back in 1937 when it was recommended by a British Royal Commission and again ten years later in the November 1947 UN resolution? The reason was simple: to make the declaration acceptable to the Revisionist right, whose representatives might resist signing a document with the word "partition" in it. And they were indeed sensitive to that word and its connotations. In the People's Council meeting on the morning of the declaration, the Revisionist representative Herzl Rosenblum, also known as Vardi, spoke up to register his ongoing worry. Despite the fact that everything possible had been done to avoid mentioning partition, the declaration, he said, still promised to "take steps to bring about the economic union of the whole of Eretz-Israel." Could not this be construed as acceptance of partition? After all, what was to be unified, if not two separate entities? To mention "economic union" was thus to imply acceptance of "the principle of partition."
Shertok gave a peculiar answer:
It's one or the other: either we rest on the UN decision, or we don't. If we do rest on it, we have to rest on all of its principal parts. In the [1947] resolution, there is an explicit condition: for the Jewish state (and the Arab state) to earn UN recognition, it must be clear that it is prepared to enter into an economic union.
In fact, however, Ben-Gurion's position was precisely the opposite of "either one or the other." To him, rather, Israel could play up UN recognition of the Jewish right to a state while pretty much ignoring the map and finessing the union. The latter was especially easy to do since in any case no Arab state had been established. And indeed, as we see today, the economic integration of the whole country doesn't require that there be two states.
The UN's limited role
In the May 13 meeting of the People's Administration, some of the members complained that Shertok's draft was too full of justifications. Mordechai Ben-Tov of Mapam, who (as we saw early on) complained about the Jewish impulse to "explain ourselves," thought that "so much detail . . . weakens a declaration" and that "it would be better if it were shorter." In particular, he didn't like all of the references to international decisions:
It makes no sense in this historic moment to base everything on this or that provision of the [League of Nations] mandate or the UN resolution. Our historic right drowns in a multitude of passages, and I don't find an expression of the natural right of a people to a free life in our homeland.
Rabbi Judah Leib Fishman, quoting the Talmud, agreed: "Only that which is unclear requires many proofs."
Ben-Gurion also agreed that Shertok's draft was too long, and that night he cut it. But his changes were mostly stylistic; he was careful to leave in place the core justifications, including the references to the UN plan. In fact, the world body appears in no fewer than six separate paragraphs of the declaration.
Later, Ben-Gurion would claim that the UN had done nothing to establish the state, that it came into existence by force of arms alone, and that the UN resolution was a dead letter—"void," as he put it in 1949 when he moved Israel's capital to Jerusalem. But that was after the war. On May 14, 1948, Israel's founders wanted to emphasize to the world that while the Jewish people had been born in Eretz-Israel, its state was the adopted child of the United Nations. Israel had a "natural and historic" right to exist, and that right had been recognized by the world.
Nothing made this point more clearly than the crucial passage of the declaration:
By virtue of our natural and historic right and on the strength of the resolution of the United Nations General Assembly, we hereby declare the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as the State of Israel.
Does this suggest that the United Nations "created" the state of Israel? Hardly; if it were within the power of the UN to create states, an Arab state would have arisen in 1948 alongside Israel. After all, the Arabs of Palestine possessed exactly the same recognition of their rights and the same license to act as did the Jews. The difference, to revert to the term invoked by the UN Special Committee on Palestine, was that the Arabs didn't constitute a "state within a state."
I have made much use in this series of the protocols of the People's Administration and the People's Council. Both were established by the Zionist Executive in order to bring together all factions in a nascent government and parliament. The Jews had made common cause, and with it created the institutions needed to translate their rights and recognition into statehood. The Arabs of Palestine had nothing comparable. Indeed, their elites were already in full flight from the country.
The most impressive part of the Israeli declaration is perhaps the simplest: "We, members of the People's Council . . . " Through these representatives, who affixed their signatures in tidy alphabetical order on the proclamation that created the state, the new Israeli people spoke as one.


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High school football | Wrapping up Friday's regional semifinals
In a matchup where scoring chances were limited by strong defense, Groveport took advantage of the biggest break Friday night in a tight rematch against Olentangy Liberty in a Division I football regional semifinal at Gahanna.
The fourth-seeded Cruisers surrendered what had been a one-score lead in the third quarter on a long pass, but a 19-yard punt by the top-seeded Patriots gave them the ball at the Liberty 20-yard line to set up what proved to be the winning score.
>> Scores and schedule for high school football regional semifinals
Five plays after the punt, Groveport's Emmanuel Anthony scored on a 2-yard run with 6:25 left and the Cruisers went on to a 13-7 victory.
Groveport (10-2) will compete for a regional title for the first time when it faces second-seeded Pickerington Central next Friday at a neutral site.
Liberty, which had beaten the Cruisers 21-14 on Sept. 27, finished 10-2.
"It's unbelievable," Groveport senior defensive lineman Jasiyah Robinson said. "They beat us in the regular season, so we knew it was revenge week. We knew what we had to do and just got it done."
Liberty tied the score at 7 with 1:44 left in the third quarter when quarterback Corbin Parrish hit A.J. Rausch for a 71-yard touchdown pass.
Groveport scored the only touchdown of the first half with 1:55 left in the first quarter on a 4-yard run by Jalil Underdown. That capped a 13-play, 66-yard drive that came after the Cruisers took over on downs at their 34.
DUBLIN COFFMAN 42, WHITMER 17: Bryon Threats ran for 208 yards and two touchdowns and Connor Mathews added 119 yards and a pair of scores as Dublin Coffman (10-2) defeated Whitmer (10-2) in a Division I regional semifinal at Findlay. Jameel Williamson returned the opening kickoff 83 yards for a touchdown and the Shamrocks held a 21-3 edge at halftime. Coffman piled up 394 rushing yards. Jared Banks led the Panthers with 121 rushing yards and two touchdowns.
SPRINGFIELD 37, DUBLIN JEROME 14: Jeff Tolliver rushed for 144 yards on just 11 carries with two touchdowns, helping top-seeded Springfield (11-1) to a Division I regional semifinal win over Dublin Jerome (9-3) at Marysville. Springfield amassed 278 yards on 40 carries.
OLENTANGY 31, ANTHONY WAYNE 21: Olentangy used dominant offensive play to anchor a running game that produced 216 yards and went on to upset second-seeded Whitehouse Anthony Wayne (11-1) in a Division II regional semifinal at Tiffin Columbian. Landon Johnson rushed for 95 yards and two touchdowns, Ethan Hand and Trent Maddox each added touchdown runs and quarterback Trent Maddox completed 14 of 21 passes for 155 yards as Olentangy (7-5) controlled the clock in the second half. The Braves advanced into the regional final against top-seeded Toledo Central Catholic (12-0).
HARRISON 42, DESALES 7: Connor Kinnett accounted for all six touchdowns as Harrison (11-1) thumped DeSales (9-3) in a Division II regional semifinal at Miami Trace. Kinnett completed 17 of 25 passes for 227 yards and three touchdowns. He also rushed for 68 yards and three scores for the Wildcats, who led 21-7 at halftime. Quintell Quinn led the Stallions with 97 rushing yards and a touchdown on 19 carries.
LA SALLE 35, WALNUT RIDGE 7: La Salle (10-2) scored 35 unanswered points in the first half to rout Walnut Ridge (11-1) in a Division II regional semifinal at Bellbrook.
HARTLEY 35, GRANVILLE 13: Jalan January churned out 407 rushing yards and three touchdowns on 28 carries as top-seeded Hartley (11-1) ran past Granville (10-2) in a Division III regional semifinal at Watkins Memorial. The Hawks piled up 463 rushing yards. Doak Buttermore ran for 44 yards and two touchdowns for the Blue Aces.
JONATHAN ALDER 38, JACKSON 13: Jackson Izzard had 11 catches for 155 yards and two touchdowns, and Garret Proxmire rushed for 172 yards and three TDs on 30 carries to lead Jonathan Alder (12-0) to a Division III regional semifinal win over Jackson (11-1) at Teays Valley. Jonathan Alder outgained Jackson 371-176 yards. Alder quarterback JT Keith completed 18 of 23 passes for 181 yards and two scores.
MECHANICSBURG 48, GRANDVIEW 7: Mechanicsburg (10-2) scored 22 points in the first quarter and 20 in the third to beat the Bobcats (7-5) in a Division VI regional semifinal at Hilliard Darby. Grandview's score came late in the fourth on a 3-yard TD pass from Luke Lachey to Max Mott.


NEW YORK—Phillips de Pury's Design department is having a couple of auctions this week—"Design" and "Design Masters." Furniture, lighting and distinct home accessories from the "Design" sale have been on exhibit in Chelsea since Dec. 7. Today is the last day to view the rare items before the Dec. 14 auction.
The lighting stands out among the 152 lots. A pair of mid-century Gio Ponti ceiling fixtures are like an illuminated installation and several of the pendant lights are essentially hanging sculptures.
"Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend I," circa 2009, a large ceiling light by Matali Crasset.
Pair of chandeliers, 1971, from Cinema Mediolanum, Milan, by Studio BBPR – Gian Luigi.
Set of six sconce-style light fixtures, model no. 413, circa 1931-1935 by Venini.
In background on wall, pair of ceiling lights, circa 1955 by Gio Ponti.
Rare and early ceiling light, model no. 2070, circa 1959 by Gino Sarfatti.
"Sputnik," circa 1950s, ceiling light by Gino Sarfatti.


As ever in the term limits era, the makeup of the Republican House majority is set to shift in terms of personnel, if not necessarily in degree of dominance.
As the very House-inflected Rep. Matt Gaetz seeks to take over his father Sen. Don Gaetz's spot in the Legislature's upper chamber, a Walton County commissioner has filed to replace him in his deeply conservative District 4 seat.
Commissioner Wayne Harris filed paperwork to run on June 10, according to the Florida Division of Elections. Harris is currently serving out his second term at the county level, which he said he always intended to be his last.
"I want some new blood to come in and take over," Harris recently told the Northwest Florida Daily News.
To say that HD 4 favors Republicans would be like saying the Kim family does well in Pyongyang precincts — the seat is the most Republican by voter registration (57.5 percent) in the entire state, and many Democrats there vote for GOP candidates, too. Mitt Romney took 73 precent of the vote there in 2012.
The district is home to the Eglin Air Force Base, one of the nation's largest military installations.
So far Harris' is the only hat in the ring to replace the younger Gaetz.
Republicans figure to retain possession of a House seat of some import along the Space Coasts, too, if by less gaudy margins: the race to succeed term-limited Rep. Ritch Workman in Brevard County's HD 52 continues to heat up as GOP candidate Monique Miller becomes the third 'R' to join the race.
Brian Hodgers and Robert VanVolkenburg had previously opened campaign accounts and continue to pursue the seat, which breaks down 46/29/22 along Republican, Democratic and no-party lines.
So far Hodgers leads the way in fundraising, with nearly $80,000 in the bank between campaign contributions and loans, with VanVolkenburg reporting just shy of $15,000.


text:
Q: Wildcard SSL Cert producing error on Facebook.Stackoverflow.com
Possible Duplicate:
Better HTTPS support for Stack Exchange sites

Found a wildcard error with Facebook.stackoverflow.com, thought you should know!

A: SSL on Stack Overflow is not supported at this time.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Ligustrum ovalifolium is a vigorous privet that can be grown as a hedge or screening. Small oval bright green leaves provide dense cover over the stems and clusters of white flowers smother the plant in summer which are followed by small shiny round black fruits in autumn. Height 301cm+. Supplied in a 7.5-10 litre pot.
Ligustrum ovalifolium is a vigorous privet that can be grown as a hedge or screening. Small oval bright green leaves provide dense cover over the stems and clusters of white flowers smother the plant in summer which are followed by small shiny round black fruits in autumn. Height 301cm+. Supplied in a 3 litre pot or a 7.5-10 litre pot.


One of the projects, Smart (4G) mobile broadband and augmented reality technologies for tele-rehabilitation of after stroke Patients in Community Settings, is a collaborative project with our Faculty.
The interdisciplinary proposal brings together the necessary blend of leading supervisory expertise in areas of wireless and mobile health technologies (Prof. Istepanian and Dr. Philip) and leading experts in stroke rehabilitations (Dr.Jones) together with NHS clinical collaborators (St. George's Medical school).
This interdisciplinary project is suitable for a graduate in Life Sciences, Health and social care, Information and Computing Technologies or equivalent degree.


We just learned this week the Jeff Hermann of the Fairfax Co bike program is leaving. Jeff has done great work over the past several years on behalf of cyclists in the county. He works with the bicycle program manager, Charlie Strunk, to implement the bike program. He was the leader of the Tysons Bicycle Master Plan process and was leading the countywide planning effort.
Jeff has accepted a new position with the Fairfax DOT Site Analysis Section, which means he'll be reviewing new development applications to ensure they comply with county regulations. Jeff will be greatly missed. He was dedicated to the job and was an active cyclist who knew about cyclists' concerns firsthand. He also did an excellent job overseeing the bicycle master planning process.
The good news is that he will bring that understanding of bicycling issues to his new job, ensuring that bicycle facilities are included in new develop projects that he reviews, which include those in the Tysons area. Good luck to Jeff in his new job.
We've heard that his position will be announced soon.


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Shia LaBeouf's Net Worth in 2020
Jothi Venkat
What is Shia LaBeouf"s net worth?
Country of Origin: United States of America
Source of Wealth: Professional Actor
Shia LaBeouf is an American actor, filmmaker, and performance artist who is best known for his role as Louis Stevens in the Disney Channel series 'Even Stevens'.
LaBeouf received a Young Artist Award nomination for his role. Since then, he has appeared several times on the big screen in movies including 'Transformers', "Fury', 'Disturbia', 'Honey Boy' and 'The Tax Collector'.
As of 2020, Shia LaBeouf's net worth is estimated to be $25 million.
Shia LaBeouf was born on the 11th of June, 1986, in Los Angeles, California. His father is a Vietnam War veteran and his mother is a clothing jewelry designer and a dancer.
LaBeouf had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony and was baptized in the Angelus church. His first name is from Szaja, the Polish version of the Hebrew Yeshayahu, meaning "God is salvation."
Shia LaBeouf started his acting career in 1998 when he starred in an episode of the series 'Caroline in the City.' He was cast in several episodes of series such as 'Jesse', 'Suddenly Susan', 'Touched by an Angel', and 'The X-Files' throughout 1999.
His rose to fame came when he starred as Louis Anthony Stevens in 'Even Stevens'. The role catapulted him to instant stardom.
LaBeouf finished working for the series in 2003.' Having appeared in 66 episodes, his role in the series was his longest at the time.
The same year, he was also seen in the TV film adaptation of the series 'Evan Stevens.' The TV film was titled 'The Even Stevens Movie.' In 2005, he was starred alongside Keanu Reeves in the film 'Constantine'.
Throughout his career, he has starred in movies such as Nymphomaniac', 'Fury', 'Man Down', 'American Honey', and 'Borg vs McEnroe'.
As of 2020, Shia LaBeouf's net worth is $25 million.
Here are the best highlights of Shia LaBeouf's career:
Disturbia (Movie, 2007)
Transformers (Movie, 2007)
Fury (Movie, 2014)
Honey Boy (Movie, 2019)
The Tax Collector (Movie, 2020)
Favorite Quotes From Shia LaBeouf
"The big thing for actors is the level of commitment. So, if you know something's already happened, there's not a whole lot of whys and hows that go down. You just innately commit 'cause it happened. It does help with commitment." – Shia LaBeouf
"I became a Christian man in a very real way. I could have just said the prayers that were on the page, but it was a real thing that really saved me. And you can't identify unless you're really going through it. It's a full-blown exchange of heart, a surrender of control." – Shia LaBeouf
"There is no grand strategy. My sensibilities push me in a certain direction. Other actors have different sensibilities. That's all. I think it really is that simple. There's no grand strategy. There are so many variables that I have no control over. I sign on to movies I want to watch, as a fan." – Shia LaBeouf
"I want my audience to know me for my work, not because of who I'm dating or what drugs I'm on or what club I went to." – Shia LaBeouf
"The problem with college is that there's a tendency to mistake preparation for productivity. You can prepare all you want, but if you never roll the dice you'll never be successful." – Shia LaBeouf
"If you asked an 18-year-old what they want to do with their life, and the options are 'Transformers' or Lars von Trier, he's probably shipping out for 'Transformers.' If you ask a 26-year-old what he wants to do, 'Transformers' or Lars von Trier, he'd probably pick Lars von Trier. So, my sensibilities are changing as I change." – Shia LaBeouf
View our larger collection of the best Shia LaBeouf quotes!
2 Awesome Lessons From Shia LaBeouf
Now that you know all about Shia LaBeouf's net worth, and how he achieved success; let's take a look at some of the best lessons that we can learn from him:
1. Talent
Talent is a fictitious word that some people have created to label things. Work on your talent.
2. Can't Buy Respect
You can't buy back your respect or your career. You only get one.
Shia LaBeouf is an incredible actor who the leading role in the popular 'Transformers' film series.
He is also known for his directorial skills and he made his debut with a short film named 'Let's Love-Hate'. LaBeouf is regarded to be one of the best actors in Hollywood.
As of 2020, Shia LaBeouf's net worth is estimated to be roughly $25 million.
What do you think about Shia LaBeouf's net worth? Leave a comment below.
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