Essay Cigarette Smoking Injurious Health. Why is smoking bad for you?
IELTS Essay Topic: Smoking is injurious to health and therefore should be banned.
It is a true fact to consider that smoking has detrimental impact on our health. Considering this, there are some analysts who hold an opinion that the smoking should be banned completely. While others consider that smoking should not be band completely. This essay will assert both sides of the contentions before deducing reasonable conclusion.
There is factor where argument in favour of banning the consumption of smoking could be supported. First and foremost, health issues could be a significant factor. It is generally seen that smoking may contras several deadly diseases. For example lung cancers, mouth cancer etc. The fact could be demonstrated by recent conducted survey in Australia has found that 85% of smokers were contracted, issues of lung cancers.
There are some groups who are in favour not banning smoking completely, in spite of views discussed above regarding prohibiting smoke completely. Relaxation could be a substantial reason behind the opponent's viewpoint. It may be defined as for people who smoke, it is best way for them to get relax for their stress. According to the recent statistic in the world has found more than 60% of them who smoked for mitigate their family stress.
The smoking has so many detrimental effects that there is no double it is a curse for the human civilization. It not only harms the person who smokes, rather it causes serious problems to the passive smokers. The health hazards of smoking is limitless and therefore every effort should be taken from an individual to quite it immediately and the authority should impose restrictions of producing, selling and purchasing of cigarettes.
In last, undoubtedly, it is a useless conversation whether smoke should be banned completely or not; however, as far as I am concerned, smoking must be banned completely to make the environment clean for healthy nation.
Despite the warnings given by doctors about the ill-effects of smoking, people continue to smoke. Smokers are addicted to it, and even if they want to, they cannot refrain from picking up a cigar or cigarette and puffing away. Some youngsters smoke for the sake of society and some feel that would make them appear liberated and broadminded.
In the beginning, a teenager may take a few puffs from his friend's cigarette; then comes a time when it becomes an indispensable part of his life. Several puffs lead to the formation of a habit. Soon smoking begins to affect the health of the smoker. He becomes a chain-smoker. This smoke is toxic and the nicotine in the cigarette is known to cause cancer. It is ironic that despite the fact that every smoker is aware of the ill effects of smoking, he does not give it up.
Tobacco companies are doing very well all over the world. Every packet of cigars or cigarettes has a warning inscribed in it: cigarette smoking is injurious to health." Yet the smoker never reads this warning and even if he reads it he never pays heed to it.
The government raises the price of tobacco every year. This is usually done to discourage people from smoking. Yet smokers continue to be slaves of this habit and often spend a substantial part of their earnings on cigarettes. Cigarette advertisements lure people into smoking and most active smokers cause a great deal of harm to passive smokers as well. Smokers force the members of their family to bear the ill effects of the smoke that they exhale. Smoking can be stopped by a strong will power and every person has the capacity to give it up once he sets his mind at doing so.


Rapid economic growth in Asia has gone hand in hand with increased savings. Yet, many people remain unbanked and savings are often invested abroad. If Asia is to continue to grow, governments must explore ways to better mobilize domestic finance and increase financial access. One way is through postal savings. This book (i) explains the benefits of postal savings, (ii) presents strategies ranging from a simple model of postal savings to full-fledged banking services, (iii) assesses national regulations, (iv) studies the challenges and opportunities arising from new technologies such as fintech, and (v) recommends ways to promote postal savings in developing Asia.
technologies such as fintech, and (v) recommends ways to promote postal savings in developing Asia.
José Anson is an economist at Universal Postal Union.
Matthias Helble is a senior economist and co-chair, Research, at the Asian Development Bank Institute.


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Home AHL Ontario Reign split Weekend in Cleveland
Ontario Reign split Weekend in Cleveland
Duck and Hound
Cleveland, OH- It turns out that the Reign needed a visit to Cleveland to finally post a win.
Ontario took their third road trip this season to Ohio, where they played back to back against the Monsters. Just two seasons ago, the two teams were fighting for the Western Conference Championship and a chance at the Calder Cup. They entered this weekend with the 29th and 30th power play and penalty kill as well as a reputation for being unable to score.
Friday night, both teams had an offensive explosion as they combined for 11 goals. The Reign, however, were only very briefly in the game. They came out flat and uninterested, as they tend to do after a week off, giving up three goals in the first period. Jack Campbell seemed to not be able to track or even see the puck, at one point giving up on a play to complain to the ref only to have the Monsters put a goal in. Campbell was pulled after the first period in favor of Cal Peterson.
The change gave the Reign a little bit of life and they were able to put together some pressure, causing the Monsters to take penalties. Their first goal came off of an odd bounce, but it was the power play goal by Kevin Gravel that broke their special teams drought. It would be supplemented by another power-play goal from Michael Mersch later on in the game to pull the power play out of the AHL basement. The Reign would also pick up a short-handed goal to give them four on the night. It wouldn't be enough, however, as the Monsters were able to put three more past Peterson & one in an empty net to keep the Reign winless.
Saturday night, the Reign came out like a team with their entire season on the line. The Monsters were back on their heels, chasing the puck and taking penalties. The Reign's power play continued their redemption tour, picking up 2 early goals. The second period saw them start to back off, however, and the Monsters were able to pick up a power-play goal of their own, bringing them within one. The Reign left the third period up to Campbell to win. He was already having a solid game, a bounce back from the previous evening, but had to find another level to keep the Reign's first lead of the season. All told, he stopped 34 of 35 shots, 15 in the last frame alone to earn the Reign's first victory of the season.
The Good: Sean Walker had two goals for over the weekend and was one of the better players for the team. Michael Mersch was also beginning to look like his old self, creating scoring chances, blocking shots & scoring himself. Jack Campbell had a good answer for Friday night's poor performance, making sure the Reign did not fall to 0-7.
The Bad: Michael Mersch took a puck to the upper body early in the game on Saturday night & had to be helped off of the ice. He would return a few minutes later & score what would become the game-winning goal. However, he left the game again in the second and did not return. As the Reign's leading scorer, they can ill afford to lose his services for any length of time.
The Ugly: Ontario is still having problems after any amount of time off. They are also struggling to play more than one good period. They earned their first win by the grace of two early goals and a strong performance by Campbell alone.
The Reign return home to Citizens Business Bank Arena to host San Jose on Wednesday night and then take on San Diego in a weekend home and home series Friday and Saturday.
Jack Campbell
Michael Mersch
Sean Walker

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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La  est une ancienne communauté de communes française, située dans le département des Ardennes et la région Champagne-Ardenne.

Elle a fusionné avec la Communauté de communes de la Région de Signy-le-Petit pour former, le 31 décembre 2013, la nouvelle Communauté de communes Ardennes Thiérache.

Histoire

Territoire communautaire

Géographie

Composition
Elle était composée des communes suivantes :
Antheny
Aouste
Aubigny-les-Pothées
Blanchefosse-et-Bay
Bossus-lès-Rumigny
Cernion
Champlin
Estrebay
Flaignes-Havys
Girondelle
Hannappes
L'Échelle
La Férée
Le Fréty
Lépron-les-Vallées
Liart
Logny-Bogny
Marby
Prez
Remilly-les-Pothées
Rouvroy-sur-Audry
Rumigny
Vaux-Villaine

Notes et références

Annexes

Voir aussi
Intercommunalités des Ardennes

Sites Web

Thiérache Ardennaise

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Recruiting New Talent to Utilities
Recruiting new talent on all levels within the utilities industry is going to be critical in the next few years in order for the industry to thrive. But the game has changed.
Ty McCuiston, Human Resources Manager at Anixter, explains that the recruitment strategies that worked well in the past are no longer enough. He cites three main areas that can strengthen recruitment efforts: training, referrals and retention.
Training in the Era of Internships and Bootcamps
Many utilities work closely with colleges and trade schools to offer internships and other work arrangements for students. "It's a great way to find talent long before they've graduated," explains McCuiston. "Ideally those who intern will stay on or return for full employment after they graduate."
Traditional apprentice programs for lineman and other skilled trade positions also remain important but they aren't the silver bullet one might assume. Companies, like Commonwealth Edison Company (ComEd), with thriving apprentice programs still only hire about half of program graduates.1
Plus, the ways in which utilities must attract potential workers into the apprentice programs have dramatically changed. "The industry has started using marketing terms like 'bootcamps' to help sell these intensive training programs," reflects Bill Pettit, VP of Strategic Sourcing at Anixter. "We've never done that type of marketing before, but it seems to resonate with the younger generations."
Others are learning it's never too early to recruit. National Grid representatives in Massachusetts visit with middle school students during October's "Careers in Energy Week" to get a head-start on encouraging the next generation of the energy workforce. In order to meet the increasing demands of a 21st-century grid, says National Grid President Marcy Reed, "We [first] need to get students and others interested in STEM education and in solving the challenges ahead."2
Employee Referral Programs
Perhaps one of the biggest changes in the new battle for skilled talent is the dawn of formal employee referral programs. New hires sourced through referral programs produce 25 percent more profit for their companies than new hires sourced via other means.3 McCuiston explains that these programs usually offer monetary incentives (sometimes thousands of dollars) to employees who refer a friend or colleague who is then successfully hired.
"Happy employees are your best referral sources," McCuiston says. "Only, it's important to make referring friends easy and valuable for them." First, be sure the job listings can be easily shared on social media. Second, be sure the steps are clearly and simply laid out, including how and when the referral source will be rewarded.
Don't Forget Retention
Just as important--if not more so--as good recruiting practices are great retention efforts.
"Not only do tactics like internships and referral programs help attract great talent but they've been known to increase retention rates as well," McCuiston says, adding that employment screening methodologies like The Predictive Index can even further strengthen hiring decisions. "Employee turnover is incredibly expensive and time-consuming, so finding the right fit is more important than simply filling a position."
Learn more about Anixter's offerings for the utility industry
1. HR.BLR.com
2. Millbury-Sutton
3. Recruiter.com


I don't really believe Mitt Romney is an alien from another planet. Truth be told, I don't really believe my fellow Ohioan, John Boehner is an alien either although with his orange hue he puts on a convincing show, certainly. I do watch both men with a certain degree of fascination not because I think they might secretly be aliens but because they say and do the most interesting things, Mitt Romney in particular.
On some level I really do think I understand what Mr Romney is saying. Rather than simply believe that he's angling for the vote of those 90-95% of Americans he cites in this quote I think underneath it all he really believes this is right and true. He really does believe that the poor have the "safety net" and that the rich are fine. There is something comforting about that statement on its surface. The poor have a safety net and the rich are fine. It's the 90-95% of Americans who need help and he assures us he is the man who can help us.
Still, something sticks in my gut about this. Something if off, here. It could be that my bleeding heart liberal streak rising to the surface again, I'll allow for that, so rather than cite graphs and studies about whether or not it's true that poor have a safety net and the rich are fine I will simply ask, is that where we want to live?
Now, I'm not a politician or an economist and my brain and intelligence fall solidly in the "average" category. I run on intuition more than intellect. I am the Counselor Troi to your Captain Picard. This statement by Mr Romney, this mindset, gets my Counselor Troi sense tingling.
For me it strikes a chord of separation, a chord of segregation. It is easy to look at spreadsheets and studies and make statements that group people together in this way. "The poor" are in this part of the pie chart, "the rich" are in another part of the pie chart and the big red wedge in the middle, well, that's "everyone else." These divisions are, for the most part, financial I suppose. The very rich don't often send their children to schools with the very poor…the average people end up in average neighborhoods, putting their kids in average schools. So it makes sense that Mr Romney would want to focus on raising up average schools, putting money into average neighborhoods, finding jobs for average americans. I don't deride this plan, I think he has a point here, those in the big red wedge ARE suffering, they have no safety net and they have no wealth in offshore accounts somewhere to fall to if business is bad.
It's the mindset of separation that sticks to me, the thinking that because the poor are very poor they are not "us" and because the rich are very rich they are also not "us." And because the extremes stop being the "average" and because most of us end up in the big red wedge in the middle we may start to simply accept that what the very rich and the very poor do has little impact on the rest of us. Out of sight, out of mind. Different rules. Different lives. What can we possibly have in common and why should we care?
At this point you can feel free to label me a Socialist. I don't identify as a Socialist but you can feel free to place your labels wherever you like because this next statement may lend itself to this supposition. That can't be helped, I guess.
For Mr Romney to say that he wants to focus on this large percentage of the "us" is indeed a good selling point for his bid to become president. To offer us better jobs and lower taxes is appetizing indeed and yet I have to wonder if in the end it becomes more of the same old story, robbing Peter to pay Paul as it were. And in this case, failing to mention that the 95% are both Peter and Paul.
This entry was posted in Ordinary Time, Politics-ish, random musings and tagged john boehner, middle class, mitt romney, poor, president, socialist, very rich by mrsmetaphor. Bookmark the permalink.
I LOVE what Mrs. Metaphor has written here.
These comments made by Romney are the epitome of American individualism. We, in America, like to think of ourselves as being able to make it on our own, being individuals whose decisions are based around the ever important "me, myself, and I." We have completely lost sight of the idea of community.
This is, especially and unfortunately, true in the church. How do we, as the church, stand up against "rugged individualism?" Should we (I would say yes)?
Thanks for posting a great blog, Mrs. Metaphor!


Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) has been widely studied in fiber and short-range wireless communications, which is concerned as a new dimension of the electromagnetic wave. The OAM wave can provide additional multiplexing and higher spectrum efficiency besides the traditional dimensions, such as time, frequency, space, power, coding domain etc. Although OAM was originally proposed in optical transmission, the electromagnetic wave transmission with OAM in radio frequency also invokes a great interest, especially in the background of large capacity requirement of 5G and beyond mobile communications in the microwave and millimeter wave band. For example, 100Gbps transmission with 11 OAM channels multiplexed in 28GHz has been reported by NTT in May 2018. In order to realize more promising applications of OAM waves, the theoretical and experimental researches have never been interrupted. In recent years, some exciting results of OAM wave generation and transmission have been reported, such as OAM multiplex transmission aiming 1 Tbps, OAM transmission more than 100 km, OAM index modulation, OAM coding, OAM FSO etc., which lays the theoretical and experimental foundations. However, the outstanding features still lead to the difficulty in antenna design and long distance transmission, such as beam divergence, phase singular point, energy divergence etc. The workshop is expected to be held with the discussion of the state-of-the-art research on electromagnetic wave transmission with OAM and potential applications.


Liberia Earning Too Little From Iron Ore | Liberian .
Poverty in the Midst of Plenty includes a compact menu of recommendations for the Government of Liberia, mining companies and local and .
With not much else to do, thousands of disaffected young men in the border region between Liberia and Cote D'Ivoire have turned to illegal gold mining – a dangerous, draining profession with scant reward and potentially devastating consequences.
Aureus Mining starts gold production in Liberia in .
Aureus Mining Inc. has survived the Ebola crisis to produce its first gold in Liberia, the West African country that had no gold mine until the Canadian company arrived.
Mining job seekers found in Liberia - save your resume searches for future reference. New resumes loed in Liberia are added daily on Careermine.
Liberia Mining Companies News – Mining Industry Today. Liberia Mining Companies News Service from EIN News. Questions? +1 202-657-5157 Email Form.
Whether you are fresh from college or highly experienced, there are exciting opportunities available within our company. We are a fast growing iron ore mining company with many job and personal development opportunities for forward thinking and dedied job seekers. ArcelorMittal, Liberia is committed to equal employment opportunity.
Incubex Minerals COO Dr John Bristow talks to Mining Weekly Online's Martin Creamer on South African-born Steve Haggerty's promising diamond discovery for Youssef Diamond Mining Company in Liberia.
Mining in Liberia Overview MBendi . Oct 10, 2016 A profile of Mining in Liberia with directories of companies, people, are gold and diamonds, although .
The New Liberty Gold Mine . The key asset in Avesoro Resources' portfolio is the New Liberty Gold Mine, which is Liberia's First and largest commercial gold mine.
France's Bureau of Geological and Mining Research (BRGM) and the Agency for State Participation (EPA) will be shareholders in Compagnie National des Mines de France (CMF). According to the company, CMF's exploration activities will focus on specialty metals including Lithium, Germanium, Tungsten, Antimony and rare earths in former .
Sesa Goa Iron Ore, a Vedanta Group company is engaged in exploration, mining and processing of iron ore. The company was founded in 1954, as Scambi Economici SA Goa.
List all the mining companies operating in liberia and what mountain each company drilling Products As a leading global manufacturer of crushing, grinding and mining equipments, we offer advanced, reasonable solutions for any size-reduction requirements including, List all the mining companies operating in liberia and what mountain each company drilling, quarry, .
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The illicit mining and export of diamonds remains widespread. In early 1999, the government estimated that there were 5,000 unlicensed and 1,000 licensed mines in Liberia. The government does not have the resources to tackle the problem of unlicensed mines.
liberia mining companies australia List of SILVER mining companies with access to company profiles, projects, resources and reserves and technical analysis.
List of companies, suppliers, distributors, importers, exporters, dealers, manufacturers in Sierra Leone .
List of GOLD mining companies. - 24hGold. List of GOLD mining companies with access to company profiles, projects, resources and reserves and technical analysis.
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The Company has defined a number of exciting new gold prospects in these areas. Basawa Project Loion Map, Liberia Image of gold in soil over the Bafawehn Gold Trend, Basawa Gold Project, Liberia.
Our work in Liberia represented the first Greenfield mining project undertaken by ArcelorMittal, which was established in 2006 following the merger of .
In Liberia, one of AIM listed companies, Sable Mining, succeeded in ... which contains a list of some of the most powerful people in Liberia. List of companies of Liberia - Wikipedia Liberia is a country on the West African coast.


Someone Help! They stole all the money and got away!
No problem young lad. I lay the egg of justice, I peck at the face of evil, I cluck during the darkest of nights for I am The Human Chicken.
I wondered what ever happened to TKITH's The Chicken Lady... she had a son, how precious!


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NSC working to improve UG's sporting capacity
GUYANA, GINA, Monday, January 30, 2017
The National Sports Commission (NSC) and international weightlifting coach, Dr. Kyle Pierce, are working towards the formulation of a sports programme for the University of Guyana. The programme will be one that is recognised regionally.
Director of Sports Christopher Jones
In 2016, Dr. Pierce conducted a 'strength and conditioning' training programme in Guyana which saw several sport persons receiving certificates of participation.
Director of Sports, Christopher Jones said that Dr. Pierce expressed an interest in establishing a programme at the University of Guyana that would train persons and issue them with a certificate that would be recognized regionally.
Over the years, the University of Guyana has produced athletes of exceptional standards. In 2016, three students were awarded scholarships to study in Jamaica at the University of the West Indies (UWI) Mona Campus. The scholarships were awarded due to the exceptional performance they demonstrated while representing the University at athletics meets at the UWI
Jones noted that the sports programme will see the NSC exploring ways to upgrade the ground on the Turkeyen campus.
According to the Sport Director, the National Sports Commission will be working along with UG to complete their lawn tennis court. Jones pointed out that the construction of the court started some years ago but remains incomplete due to the lack of funds.
In the 2017 National Budget, the sum of $978.180M was allocated for sports development.
By: Isaiah Braithwaite
CATEGORIES GovernmentMinistry of EducationNews
TAGS 2017GINANational Sports CommissionUniversity of GuyanaUniversity of the West Indies


A team of scientists has discovered that Basking Sharks – a species often considered languid and docile – can 'jump' to the same heights, and with the same speed, as Great White Sharks. A research group used video analysis of both species to estimate vertical swimming speeds at the moment of leaving the water. They also fitted a Basking Shark with a device which allowed them to record speed and movement, with the results showing that they can match their famously strong and speedy cousin.
Good numbers of Basking Sharks are found off the shores of Cornwall, Ireland and Scotland in the summer months (Green Fire Productions).
The fitted device recorded one Basking Shark accelerate to the surface from a depth of 28 m in just over nine seconds, and 10 tail beats, breaking the water at nearly 90 degrees. The shark cleared the water for one second, peaking at a height of 1.2 m above the surface. To achieve this, the shark displayed a six-fold increase in tail beat frequency and attained a top speed of approximately 5.1 m/s – more than twice as fast as the average competitor in the Olympic men's 50 m freestyle swim.
Footage shot from boats and the land were used for the video analysis, and they showed both shark species breaching at similar speeds. The Basking Shark videos were recorded at Malin Head, Co Donegal, Ireland, with the Great White Shark footage obtained in South Africa. The latter was done as the sharks predated Cape Fur Seal decoys.
The research team comprised Queen's University Belfast, University of Roehampton, Trinity College Dublin, University of Cape Town, Irish Basking Shark Study Group and the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. Lewis Halsey, a reader in the Department of Life Sciences at the University of Roehampton and one of the scientists involved, said: "The results of the research put the Basking Shark in a new athletic light.
"While there are no recorded incidents of them being of danger to swimmers or small boats, unlike the Great White Shark, we now know they do have an impressive ability to swim at great speeds and jump clear of the water."
Basking Sharks are typically observed moving slowly at the water surface as their feed, their large fins extremely obvious above the water (Antony Stanley).
Johnston, E M, Halsey, L G, Payne, N L, Kock, A A, Iosilevskii, G, Whelan, B, & Houghton, J D R. 2018. Latent power of basking sharks revealed by exceptional breaching events. Biology Letters, 14 (9): 20180537 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0537.


Naveed Ahmed and Volker John. Adaptive time step control for higher order variational time discretizations applied to convection–diffusion–reaction equations. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 285:83–101, 2015.
S. L. Campbell, V. Hoang Linh, and L. R. Petzold. Differential-algebraic equations. 3(8):2849, 2008. revision #91199.
W Ehlers. A single-surface yield function for geomaterials. Archive of Applied Mechanics, 65(4):246–259, 1995.
Christer Ericson. Real-Time Collision Detection (The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Interactive 3-D Technology). Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA, 2004.
Stefan Heusermann, Karl-Heinz Lux, and Reinhard Rokahr. Entwicklung mathematisch-mechanischer Modelle zur Beschreibung des Stoffverhaltens von Salzgestein in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit und der Temperatur auf der Grundlage von Laborversuchen mit begleitenden kontinuumsmechanischen Berechnungen nach der Methode der finiten Elemente. Fachinformationszentrum Energie, Physik, Mathematik Karlsruhe, 1983.
Stefan Heusermann, Olaf Rolfs, and Uwe Schmidt. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of solution mined storage caverns in rock salt using the LUBBY2 constitutive model. Computers & Structures, 81(8–11):629 – 638, 2003. K.J Bathe 60th Anniversary Issue.
Olaf Kolditz, Thomas Nagel, Hua Shao, Wenqing Wang, and Bauer Sebastian. Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical Processes in Fractured Porous Media: Modelling and Benchmarking – From Benchmarking to Tutoring. Springer International Publishing, 2016.
Olaf Kolditz. Non-linear flow in fractured rock. International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, 11(6):547–575, 2001.
T. Nagel, U.-J. Görke, K. M. Moerman, and O. Kolditz. On advantages of the kelvin mapping in finite element implementations of deformation processes. ArXiv e-prints, May 2016.
Francesco Parisio and Lyesse Laloui. Plastic-damage modeling of saturated quasi-brittle shales. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 93:295 – 306, 2017.


At Passing Love Notes, I believe that your special love note should be as unique as you ... your personality, your passion, your dream.
Although all of my projects are custom, you can view my portfolio to see my favorites.
I begin all my creations with YOU. I want to learn about you and will design a concept with your unique imprint.


About a year ago I started making naturally leavened, also known as sourdough bread. This amazing bread requires a starter, which contains natural yeast and beneficial bacteria. The dough is wet and sticky, and handling it takes some practice. Also, it takes much longer to make compared to bread made with baker's yeast. In this day and age of instant gratification, commercially produced, chemically-enhanced, fortified white bread, I want to show you a better way, a natural way.
While learning to make this bread, I discovered sourdough's many health benefits and it seemed only natural to use the least processed ingredients I could find. I use only certified organic flour, which I buy from a small, but fabulous company called Great River Organic Milling in Wisconsin. If you truly want to make phenomenal bread I encourage you to check them out. Their products are also available on Amazon.
Scientists theorize that bread has been with us for 30,000 years, although the first written record of bread appeared 6000 years ago. It is thought that bread was responsible for mankind's leap from hunter-gatherers to an agricultural society.
Let's Talk Science: The process of making bread is all about fermentation. Most grain is indigestible unless it has been fermented. The microorganisms required for fermentation are already on the grain and in our environment. All you have to do is grind the grain into flour, add water, mix and let the mixture sit until large colonies of yeast and bacteria grow. As these microorganisms use the nutrients of the grain as a food source, CO2 and alcohol are produced. This process is called fermentation. After fermentation the only thing left is to apply heat and there you have it. BREAD! It truly is a miracle of our species.
During fermentation of the dough, several things happen that make this bread healthier. Components in the flour are broken down making vitamins and minerals available for absorption. Also, gluten is broken down to a more digestible form. Any bread produced with baker's yeast, whether made at home or commercially produced, takes only a couple hours to make and does not have the same nutritional value as fermented bread. That is the reason commercially produced breads are fortified with vitamins. Even commercially produced sourdough is most likely flavored and not actually naturally leavened bread.
Now, let's make some bread!
Sourdough starter is nothing more than equal amounts of flour and water by weight, mixed together and left at room temperature for a few days. It takes 15-30 days before the population of yeast and bacteria in the starter is large enough to make bread. We're talking 50 million yeast and 5 billion bacteria per teaspoon of starter. Feed the starter one to two times a day by discarding a portion then add more flour and water in equal amounts by weight.
Since natural yeast is on the grain, I mill my own flour to make a starter. However, you can use any kind of flour. In fact, once my starter is strong and active, I switch to using organic all-purpose flour. Also, starters from all over the world may also be purchased online to make many styles of bread.
The bacteria in the starter, called lactobacilli, produces lactic acid and acetic acid which act as a natural preservatives and gives sourdough its distinctive flavor.
If the starter is left at room temperature, it must be fed one to two times a day. Or the starter can be refrigerated for up to two weeks between feedings. I pull my starter out of the refrigerator a day or two before I make bread and allow it to come to room temperature, then feed it a few times to freshen it up.
Helpful Hints: Do not use chlorinated water for your starter or your bread. I use drinking water that I purchase from the water store. Keep the top of the canning jar, inside and out, meticulously clean. When the starter dries it's like glue. If the cheese cloth comes in contact with the starter you'll tear holes in it trying to get it un-stuck.
I weigh out all the ingredients the night before, then six to eight hours before making bread, I take a portion of the active starter, equal amounts of flour and water, mix them in a bowl, and cover. This is called a "poolish" in some circles. It is essentially another starter that you can use to make the bread. The amount of poolish needed depends on how much bread will be made. See recipe below.
The proportion of bacteria to yeast in the starter determines how sour the bread will be. Discarding less of the starter when feeding and/or feeding less often promotes a larger population of bacteria. Also, if you use the starter rather than making a poolish, or use larger amounts of starter per batch, your bread will be more sour. I discard most of the starter when feeding, which makes it less sour.
The poolish or starter should be at its peak of activity when used to make bread. It will be full of bubbles and will float in water when ready.
I use a system called Bakers Percentages to determine the amount of water and salt to use for each recipe. Sourdough is generally a 70-85% hydration. This is calculated by adding up the total weight of dry flour and multiplying it by the percentage desired. The poolish doesn't count because it is a 1:1 ratio of flour to water or 100% hydration. For the formula above, the total weight of dry flour is 2020 grams. 2020 X .85 = 1717 grams of water. I round up to 1720 grams.
For the salt I add up the total amount of dry flour as well as the poolish. 2% salt is the standard for most bread making. 2220 X .02 = 44.4 grams of salt rounded to 44 grams.
With all ingredients weighed out and the poolish or starter ready to go, it's time to make the dough. I use an 8 quart stainless steel bowl for mixing. First, I add 1670 grams of the water and 200 grams of the poolish to the bowl, then stir until the starter has mostly dissolved. Then I add all the flour and mix with a rubber spatula until the dough comes together. I finish mixing using a wire dough whisk until there is no dry flour and all lumps have disappeared. Then I place the dough into a food grade plastic bucket with a tight fitting lid and let the dough rest for 40 minutes.
This rest period, called autolyse, allows the flour to absorb the maximum amount of water. Enzymes that break down starch into simple sugars are activated and gluten begins to form.
Helpful Hints: Natural yeast works best at around 80 degrees Fahrenheit. Depending on the temperature of my kitchen, I will often warm the water before mixing the dough. If my kitchen is 70 degrees, I'll warm the water to about 90 degrees. After mixing, the dough will be very close to 80 degrees. This helps jump start the yeast.
Add the salt and the remaining 50 grams of water when the autolyse period is complete. Do this by evenly sprinkling the salt over the top of the dough, then add the water. Incorporate the salt into the dough by poking holes from top to bottom in several places, as well as along the side of the bucket. Once most of the salty water has been incorporated into the dough, it's time to start kneading.
Knead the dough by reaching down the side of the bucket with a wet hand, grab the bottom of the dough, stretch it up and fold it over onto itself. Turn the bucket a quarter of a turn and repeat. Do this for 3-5 minutes. (See video).
Helpful Hints: Don't worry if the dough falls apart after adding the water. Just keep kneading and it will come back together.
Kneading the dough develops gluten strands. The gluten forms an elastic mesh throughout the dough that traps the CO2 produced during fermentation, creating thousands of bubbles. This makes the dough rise and gives bread its structure and texture.
Knead the dough every 30 minutes for the next 5-6 hours. As the dough develops and begins to rise, knead less aggressively to avoid tearing the gluten strands and deflating the dough. Also, each time the dough is kneaded, you will feel it stiffen and become firmer. This is when the dough should be grabbed from the top rather than from the bottom of the bucket, stretched to the other side and held in place for a few seconds. If it isn't held in place it will spring back to its original location.
"Proofing" is a term for letting the dough rise. With this bucket method, you are kneading and proofing at the same time.
Kneading and proofing times are dictated by the starter. At 75-80⁰ F., my starter takes about 6 hours to reach peak activity. It stays active for about an hour, then starts to go dormant as its food supply dwindles. From start to finish, I get my loaves into the oven within 6-8 hours. A good point of reference for this is the starter. Feed your starter as soon as the dough is mixed. Just as the starter becomes very active and doubles in size, it will be time to divide the dough into loaves.
Helpful Hint: An overly long proofing period breaks down too much of the gluten and the bread won't rise.
When the dough has come close to doubling in size, it's time to divide it into loaves. You can divide by eye or by weight for a more consistent loaf. The weights don't have to be exact, just close.
Kneading the dough one last time helps release it from the sides of the bucket. Lay the bucket on its side. When most of the dough has released from the top side, gently lift the bucket, turn it upside down and tilt it to release the rest of the dough.
Divide into loaves, and using a bench scraper form each loaf into an even round. Sprinkle loaves lightly with flour and cover with a clean towel. Let them rest for thirty minutes.
This is called a "bench rest." During this time, the dough continues to proof and a skin begins to develop on the top of the loaf. When the dough is folded and the loaves are shaped, this skin creates an internal structure which helps maintain the shape of the loaf during the final proofing and baking.
In the video I show a couple different ways to fold and shape the loaves. The process starts immediately after the thirty minute bench rest and is done one to three times at 15 minute intervals. Begin by lightly flouring the top of the loaf, then use a bench scraper to turn it upside down. Make the folds, ending with the loaf right side up. Lastly, use the bench scraper to push the loaf along the work surface from several different directions to stretch and firm up the sides. Cover with a towel and repeat with each loaf.
After shaping, the loaves are placed in baskets for the final proofing. I use ratan baskets, but towel lined bowls work just as well. Generously flour the baskets or towels, if using towel lined bowls, before placing the loaves, upside down, into them. Allow the loaves to proof in the baskets for 30-45 minutes.
The first 20 minutes of baking the loaves are critical. Steam is necessary to keep the outside of the loaves pliable and to super heat the air that causes the loaves to spring up. This is termed "oven spring" and, for the home baker, is produced by cooking the loaves in lidded pots. I prefer a cast iron combo cooker.
Place the pots in the oven and preheat to 490 ⁰ F. Allow 30-40 minutes for the pots to heat up. Using parchment paper will make it easier to transfer the loaves from the baskets to the pots.
First, turn the loaf out of the basket and onto the parchement paper. Next, score the top of the loaves with a sharp knife or razor. The razor used by bakers is called a "lame." Scoring the loaves will help with oven spring. Remove the bottom part of the pot from the oven and place it on the burner closest to you. Using the parchment paper, place the loaf into the pot. Immediately place the lid on the pot and put into the oven. Repeat with the remaining loaves.
After 20 minutes, the loaves should be doubled in height and lightly browned on top. The top of each loaf should be firm enough to support its own weight when turned out of the pot. If the loaf flattens, the cooking time inside the pot needs to be increased.
Helpful Hints: To preserve heat, keep the oven door closed as much as possible. Close the door immediately after removing or placing something into the oven.
Step 9: Finish Baking the Loaves.
After 20 minutes, reduce the oven temperature to 475 ⁰ F, remove the loaves from the pots and place on parchment lined baking sheets. Return the loaves to the oven and bake for 15-20 minutes or until the loaves are a rich brown color. Remove the bread from the oven, place on a cooling rack and let cool for 2 hours. The bread can be stored in plastic bags which will soften the crust or left out a crispy crunchy crust. By the way, this bread makes excellent toast!
Step 10: What's Bread Without Butter?
With a food processor, using a spiral blade at high speed, butter can be made in about 30 minutes. In the photos you can see the process of cream changing to whipped cream, then changing color, then getting grainy and turning yellow, then all of a sudden BUTTER!
Once the cream separates into butter and buttermilk, which takes 15-18 minutes, pour off the buttermilk and place the clumps of butter in a large mixing bowl. Add very cold water (non-chlorinated, refrigerated) and knead the butter to remove more of the buttermilk. When the water turns cloudy pour it out. Repeat 2-3 times or until the water remains clear. The more buttermilk that is removed, the longer the butter will keep.
Once rinsed, add salt to taste, mix, and the butter is ready to slather onto your freshly baked, naturally leavened and healthy bread!
At this point I would like to mention the book that got me started, Tartine Bread by Chad Robertson. This is a wonderful book written exclusively for those wanting to make sourdough bread at home.
Forkish, K. (2012). Flour Water Salt Yeast. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press.
Hamelman, J. (2013). Bread. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reinhart, P. (2016). The Bread Baker's Apprentice. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press.
Robertson, C. (2010). Tartine Bread. San Francisco: Chronicle Books.
Wood, E. W. (2011). Classic Sourdoughs. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press.
Great instructabe. I love leavened bread.
But since you called it science of sour though, you should not have included this "Could there be a connection between bread produced with baker's yeast and the increase of gluten intolerance we see today?"
Correlation is not causation. And this is how wrong information spreads around. When trying to educate people (as all intractable do), there is a responsibility to those who are teaching to do it accurately.
Thank you for your comment. I will take it under consideration for any future Instructables I may create.
Corey, I noticed you didn't say "causation," you said "connection." Connection implies correlation, not necessarily causation. We don't know yet what is causing all of the gluten intolerance; theories abound. You had every right to ask this question.
Thanks for sharing this! My family actually owns a sourdough bread company and make bread all the time! If you want to take a look at how we make ours check us out! https://www.facebook.com/KainosBreadCompany/ I'm not trying to advertise or anything but if you want ideas for recipes or docking ideas please feel welcome to take a look!
One last thing, If there is something I should be doing differently or if you have any suggestions please feel free to share. If I'm ever in NH I will most definitely be checking out your bread. Thanks again.
Thank you so much! Your breads are beautiful! What do you use to bake them in?
"It takes 15-30 days before the population of yeast and bacteria in the starter is large enough to make bread." Divide this by 10, no one needs to wait a whole month.
They will wait a month if they choose to make traditional sourdough bread. Or, if they are lucky they can acquire a mature sourdough starter from a friend. Thanks for the comment.
The ingredients are flour, water, room temperature, natural yeast and beneficial bacteria. The natural yeast is in the flour and the beneficial bacteria is all around us.
The process is to mix equal amounts of flour and water by weight and let sit at room temperature for 2-3 days. It will start to smell funky and may develop some bubbles.
The next step is to feed the starter by discarding at least half of the flour/water mixture and stir in equal amounts of flour and water. Let the mixture sit at room temperature for another 1-2 days. You should start to see more bubbles and the starter may start to smell like "barn yard" or "dairy farm". If you're from the mid-west you'll know what I'm referring to.
As the starter becomes more active and bubbly, begin feeding it more often until you're feeding one to two times a day. Watch the starter. Become aware of how the starter reacts after feeding. As it becomes more active it will start to double in size and the funky smell will change to the scent of fresh bread.
Just be aware that it may take a month before the starter is mature enough to make bread. Once the starter is mature, it can be refrigerated and fed every 2-4 weeks.
Another option is to buy a starter or culture online. This is a great option for making many different styles of ethnic bread.
I bake bread for 25 years now. Most is yeast leavened with slow fermentation. From time to time i do sourdoughs. (i worked with cultures i ordered and self cultured doughs) I think it's time for some sourdough again. The bulk fermentation with gluten development in a bowl or bucket is pretty neat.
Thanks for the comment and I agree, I should have mentioned the acetobacteracereae family. It is so important in so many foods. I'm looking forward to viewing your future instructables.
I've been looking for an instructable like this for a while. Can't wait to try it, thank you!
Thanks for the comment and let me know if you have any questions.
Amazing! I have had a sourdough starter continuously since 1974. It was given to me by a high school friend. Her source of the starter had been in the family for over 100 years. This starter began with flour, milk and sugar. I now feed it when I see that the "hooch" is the same depth as the starter in the container. I throw in some flour and just a bit of sugar and stir. This starter makes the most wonderful cinnamon breakfast rolls. It's a dough with added baking powder, no rising. The flavor is amazing!
Wow! I remember that starter! One of my sisters brought some home from school back in the 70s and it made wonderful sweet rolls. I can't believe you still have yours and I sure would like to try one of your cinnamon rolls!
I don't know if the legend of the starter being over 100 yrs old was true or not. This is not the Amish Friendship Bread kind of starter. I have never seen anything like it. I know when I attempted to make bread, I failed miserably. But after reading your excellent missive, I know why. I was trying to make sour dough bread the same way one makes regular yeast bread. One of these days I will attempt using your method. I have to admit, my standby bread recipe where I let my Kitchenaide do the majority of the work with the mixing and the kneading makes an awesome bread. I use half water half buttermilk. The flavor is divine!
If you are ever in Indiana, contact me so we can meet and I will give you some starter! Unless you know of a good way to ship it!
Thank you for your very generous offer. If I'm ever in Indiana I will contact you and hope you have a cinnamon roll with my name on it. Some of your starter though... Gosh, I don't know what to say.


text:
Ekholms län var ett slottslän i nordvästra delen av landskapet Västergötland för riksborgen Ekholm. Det fanns under drottning Margaretas regeringstid (1389-1412) och upphörde efter att borgen raserats i slutet av 1400-talet.

Länet omfattade Väne, Bjärke, Flundre och Vardbo (Valbo), på Dal, samt åtminstone delar av Åse och Viste.

Källor
Carl Gustaf Styffe, Skandinavien under unionstiden: Ett bidrag till den historiska geografien (andra upplagan, 1880) sidan 106
Slottslän i Sverige
Västergötlands historia


What do a car's windshield wiper, a robot arm, some lamps (including desk lamps and dental office lamps), a human finger and a carpenter's ruler have in common? All of these items consist of sticks or rods that are hinged to enable rotation with respect to one another. Where is the mathematics?
On its face, the idea of a linkage is natural and straightforward: one is given a collection of (straight) sticks which are pinned (hinged) to one another at their ends. In the simplest case the hinged rods form a path. We see something like a linkage in our car (its windshield wiper, though the rods are not connected at the ends here but at an interior point of one of the rods), on our desk, and on the arm used in helping to assemble the International Space Station. The study of linkages, in part for applications reasons, was initiated in the 19th century. The work was in response to problems which involved the machinery that was being developed as part of the Industrial Revolution. As a simple example, contemplate the question of how one would guarantee that a point move along a straight line? When I want to draw a straight line segment I use a ruler, but how does one manufacture a ruler with a straight edge? At first glance it may not be apparent how this is related to linkages, but there is a connection.
These web essays are designed for those who have already discovered the joys of mathematics as well as for those who may be uncomfortable with mathematics.


Use every available asset in your job search, including people; network with your peers and ask them about their own job searches. In doing this, you are taking advantage of the knowledge and experience of others, who have done the work that can influence your own job hunting success. Seek out this knowledge and learn from the experiences of others.
Back in college there were men I knew who would always shadow other men at parties. The first man would typically spend his entire evening drinking and talking to a woman he met at the party. At some point he would have had too much to drink and would start losing his focus. At that point, the shadow would appear, talk to the girl and, oftentimes, end up going home with her. Since the woman was usually also a little drunk at this point, she was not processing if she liked the shadow as much, and she was discounting the fact that she really did not know him at all.
There was a guy in my fraternity known as The Shadow, who did this all the time. Then, when I moved to California, there was a girl who worked for our company whom the other employees started calling The Shadow, to my astonishment. In sororities, fraternities, and, indeed workplaces all across America, there are shadows–people who let others do all the work and then sweep in at the last moment and steal the show.
Shadowing is not only popular on the party scene; it is also popular in business, in nature, and in the job search market.
Several years ago, I was doing some work outside my office and one of my employees came down to talk to me. He was a writer.
I walked into the employee's office and took a seat at his desk. The computer in his office was on and right in front of me was some correspondence between him and another writer in our office. They were comparing leads for other writing jobs and sharing job search information. The correspondence was quite in depth and went into detail about the location of the other employer, the pay of the job, and so forth. Since the correspondence was right in front of my face, I was naturally intrigued and could not help staring at it. As I spoke with the caller, I absorbed what I saw on the computer screen.
I was, of course, disappointed by the fact that the employee was interested in looking for another job, since he had been working in our company for years. After my initial shock wore off, I realized that something interesting was going on, and I started to consider the massive advantages we can gain by comparing notes and collaborating with others when we are looking for job opportunities. The two employees had been interviewing and looking at other jobs. Each was telling the other about good places to apply, poor places to apply, jobs that seemed to be one thing but were not, and so forth. It was as if they had doubled up in order to achieve the most effective job search possible for both of them.
There is a huge advantage in working with others to help find jobs. The other person you are working with will pound the pavement and do a lot of the work for you, as you share the load. You do not necessarily need to apply to every job, interview with every employer, and research every position yourself to get the best result. There can be real drawbacks in being self-sufficient in your job search, and not collaborating with others. The more people you know who are looking for jobs, the more you should pool all your information together, because the information everybody has can be of great value to the entire group.
The pilot fish's relationship with sharks is a mutualist one; the pilot fish gains protection from predators, while the shark gains freedom from parasites.It was often said by sailors that sharks and pilot fish share something like a "close companionship"; there were even tales of this fish following ships which had captured "their" shark for up to six weeks and showing signs of distress in its absence.
This relationship between the pilot fish and the shark is an example of two species collaborating to achieve an outcome. The pilot fish are smart: They let the shark do all of their work for them. You should be smart in your job search as well. Why should you spend all of your time tracking down jobs and learning about employers when there is a faster and much more effective way to do this? You can get other job seekers to do the work for you. When you get other job seekers to do work for you, you can tap into all the pavement pounding, research, and trial-and-error that the other job seekers have done. Think about how much time you may have spent looking for a job. If you can let others do all this work for you, you will do much better in your job search.
If you know of others who are looking for jobs in your industry, the smartest thing you can possibly do is to contact these people and talk to them about their job search. If you do this and nothing more, you will do incredibly well.
I had an intensely private attorney acquaintance who, at one time, decided to move from another market to Los Angeles. Since I was actively involved in the legal recruiting market and this person was an excellent attorney, I could have easily helped him move to a high-paying and reputable law firm in Los Angeles. However, the person did not want to "network" with me or other recruiters, and decided to pursue his job search all on his own, without letting others know anything about what he was doing. This attorney, who had been making $180,000 a year before he moved to Los Angeles, ended up taking a job for around $110,000 a year.
"The job market is really bad. There were not a lot of ads in the paper and this was the best job I was able to get," he later told another acquaintance of mine.
The paper? I was incredulous when I heard this. Most legal employers had stopped advertising their jobs in the paper more than a decade ago. The jobs were, instead, listed in online publications and other areas. This person had been so private about his job search, though, that he did not even know any of this. Had the person been aware of this, he could have easily gotten a job paying $180,000 a year, or possibly more. However, because he was not able to network with others, and to obtain valuable and current information about the market, he accepted a job that offered well below his market potential. The few times I saw the attorney over the following years I told him some stories that illustrated the importance of having good information when searching for a job–just to get him thinking. The attorney stayed with his lower-paying job for several years before eventually moving on to a better job. I think (but do not know) that he probably followed my advice the next time he looked for a job.
In your job search, you must make use of each and every asset available to you. It is important to be strategic and to take advantage of the experience and knowledge of others. Remember that others often possess the knowledge and have done the work that can help make you successful in your own conquest. Seek out this knowledge, and learn from the experiences of others. Then use this information to the best of your ability, and you will find success.


text:
allmediascotland...Your key to the media > General Media > Media in the Press 30.11.10
Media in the Press 30.11.10
By Administrator in General Media, Media News · November 30, 2010 · No comments
THE comments made by Peter Kearney, the director of the Scottish Catholic Media Office, bemoaning anti-Catholic sentiment in Scotland again occupy the main media focus.
As allmediascotland reported yesterday, Kearney, in an article in the Sunday Times Scotland, has said that Scottish Catholics suffer from a "deep, wide and vicious" hostility. Kearney's claims came in the wake of an alleged offensive email about the Pope, sent by now former head of refereeing at the Scottish Football Association, Hugh Dallas – who stepped down from the position last week.
Today's Scotsman (page 9) polls several high-profile Catholic's reactions to Kearney's remarks, among them journalists.
Says The Scotsman's assistant editor, Frank O'Donnell: "Draw a vertical line through Scotland's Central Belt and that will explain why half think anti-Catholicism is fiction and the other half live with its irritating drumbeat. In the east, I have never consciously experienced bigotry."
Scottish columnist and award-winning blogger, Joan McAlpine, also shares her views. McAlpine writes: "I do not think anti-Catholicism is rife in Scotland and believe the enthusiasm surrounding the Pope's visit, at every level of society, proves that to be the case."
Elsewhere, The Scottish Sun (page 8) reports that The Church of Scotland has backed Kearney's remarks. Spokesperson, Reverend Ian Galloway, is quoted, saying: "The Church of Scotland wants to see Scotland rid of every last vestige of sectarianism."
Meanwhile, the Daily Record reports that England's 2018 World Cup bid could be harmed by the BBC's Panorama programme, screened last night. The documentary alleges that three top FIFA official took bribes from a sports marketing company in exchange for lucrative World Cup rights.
Writes reporter Martyn Ziegler: "England's 2018 World Cup bid leaders fear the programme could further harm their chances of winning the tournament later this week."
Adds Ziegler: "The programme is likely to be criticised over the timing of the screening as the allegations have nothing to do with World Cup votes."
A Panorama spokesperson is quoted, saying: "The programme is in the public interest and shows that some FIFA executives involved in making decisions about the 2018 bid have a history of taking bribes."
Staying with the Record (page 7), popular X Factor contestant Wagner Carrilho has been banned by the show's bosses from interviews on TV and radio. The Brazilian singer, who was eliminated from the hit show last Sunday, was set to appear on ITV's Daybreak and had a number of other TV and radio interviews set-up, all of which were cancelled.
Writes reporter Mickey McMonagle: "Simon Cowell and other senior X Factor figures are thought to fear him overshadowing the contestant ahead of next week's semi-final."
A 'backstage source' is quoted, saying: "He was effectively gagged from doing any media. No other contestant had this treatment this series."
Elsewhere, top Scottish chef, Tom Kitchin, has found himself in 'hot water' over his treatment of a contestant on the BBC's popular Masterchef programme. The Scottish Daily Mail (page 25) reports that Kitchin's allegedly harsh treatment of cooking hopeful, Ben Piette, on the popular show drew a number of complaints from viewers.
Writes Peter Laing: "Ben Piette was reduced to tears after Mr Kitchin shouted at him for stopping to take a drink while cooking, and threatened to make him pay after over-cooking some scallops."
Staying with the Mail (page 64), Sky is planning to expand its news coverage by making a move into the Arabic market. Writes the Mail: "BSkyB is to launch a new Arabic language 24-hour news channel for the Middle East and North Africa by 2012."
And finally, it may be St. Andrews day, but Scottish sporting pride could well have taken a dent. The Herald's sports section (page 1) points out that the shortlist for the BBC's prestigious Sports Personality of the Year award features no Scottish contenders.
Writes reporter Henry McCall: "Scots are notable by their absence. Andy Murray, the world No.4 tennis player who reached a grand slam final and two prestigious Masters series titles, was overlooked, as was the IndyCar champion Dario Franchitti and the WBO super-featherweight champion, Ricky Burns."
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text:
// Code generated by sbt-mavgen. Manual edits will be overwritten
package scavlink.message.ASLUAV

import scavlink.message._
import scavlink.message.enums._

/**
 * Voltage and current sensor data
 * @param adc121VspbVolt Power board voltage sensor reading in volts
 * @param adc121CspbAmp Power board current sensor reading in amps
 * @param adc121Cs1Amp Board current sensor 1 reading in amps
 * @param adc121Cs2Amp Board current sensor 2 reading in amps
 */
case class SensPower(adc121VspbVolt: Float = 0, adc121CspbAmp: Float = 0, adc121Cs1Amp: Float = 0, adc121Cs2Amp: Float = 0)
extends Message {
  val _id = 201
  val _name = "SENS_POWER"
  val _bundle = Bundle.ASLUAV
  override def toString = "SENS_POWER" + " adc121VspbVolt=" + adc121VspbVolt + " adc121CspbAmp=" + adc121CspbAmp + " adc121Cs1Amp=" + adc121Cs1Amp + " adc121Cs2Amp=" + adc121Cs2Amp
}

/**
 * Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) sensor data for solar module power performance tracking
 * @param mpptTimestamp MPPT last timestamp
 * @param mppt1Volt MPPT1 voltage
 * @param mppt1Amp MPPT1 current
 * @param mppt1Pwm MPPT1 pwm
 * @param mppt1Status MPPT1 status
 * @param mppt2Volt MPPT2 voltage
 * @param mppt2Amp MPPT2 current
 * @param mppt2Pwm MPPT2 pwm
 * @param mppt2Status MPPT2 status
 * @param mppt3Volt MPPT3 voltage
 * @param mppt3Amp MPPT3 current
 * @param mppt3Pwm MPPT3 pwm
 * @param mppt3Status MPPT3 status
 */
case class SensMppt(mpptTimestamp: Long = 0, mppt1Volt: Float = 0, mppt1Amp: Float = 0, mppt1Pwm: Short = 0, mppt1Status: Byte = 0, mppt2Volt: Float = 0, mppt2Amp: Float = 0, mppt2Pwm: Short = 0, mppt2Status: Byte = 0, mppt3Volt: Float = 0, mppt3Amp: Float = 0, mppt3Pwm: Short = 0, mppt3Status: Byte = 0)
extends Message {
  val _id = 202
  val _name = "SENS_MPPT"
  val _bundle = Bundle.ASLUAV
  override def toString = "SENS_MPPT" + " mpptTimestamp=" + mpptTimestamp + " mppt1Volt=" + mppt1Volt + " mppt1Amp=" + mppt1Amp + " mppt1Pwm=" + mppt1Pwm + " mppt1Status=" + mppt1Status + " mppt2Volt=" + mppt2Volt + " mppt2Amp=" + mppt2Amp + " mppt2Pwm=" + mppt2Pwm + " mppt2Status=" + mppt2Status + " mppt3Volt=" + mppt3Volt + " mppt3Amp=" + mppt3Amp + " mppt3Pwm=" + mppt3Pwm + " mppt3Status=" + mppt3Status
}

/**
 * ASL-fixed-wing controller data
 * @param timestamp Timestamp
 * @param aslctrlMode ASLCTRL control-mode (manual, stabilized, auto, etc...)
 * @param h See sourcecode for a description of these values...
 * @param hRef
 * @param hRefT
 * @param pitchangle Pitch angle [deg]
 * @param pitchangleref Pitch angle reference[deg]
 * @param q
 * @param qRef
 * @param uElev
 * @param uThrot
 * @param uThrot2
 * @param aZ
 * @param airspeedref Airspeed reference [m/s]
 * @param spoilersengaged
 * @param yawangle Yaw angle [deg]
 * @param yawangleref Yaw angle reference[deg]
 * @param rollangle Roll angle [deg]
 * @param rollangleref Roll angle reference[deg]
 * @param p
 * @param pRef
 * @param r
 * @param rRef
 * @param uAil
 * @param uRud
 */
case class AslctrlData(timestamp: Long = 0, aslctrlMode: Byte = 0, h: Float = 0, hRef: Float = 0, hRefT: Float = 0, pitchangle: Float = 0, pitchangleref: Float = 0, q: Float = 0, qRef: Float = 0, uElev: Float = 0, uThrot: Float = 0, uThrot2: Float = 0, aZ: Float = 0, airspeedref: Float = 0, spoilersengaged: Byte = 0, yawangle: Float = 0, yawangleref: Float = 0, rollangle: Float = 0, rollangleref: Float = 0, p: Float = 0, pRef: Float = 0, r: Float = 0, rRef: Float = 0, uAil: Float = 0, uRud: Float = 0)
extends Message {
  val _id = 203
  val _name = "ASLCTRL_DATA"
  val _bundle = Bundle.ASLUAV
  override def toString = "ASLCTRL_DATA" + " timestamp=" + timestamp + " aslctrlMode=" + aslctrlMode + " h=" + h + " hRef=" + hRef + " hRefT=" + hRefT + " pitchangle=" + pitchangle + " pitchangleref=" + pitchangleref + " q=" + q + " qRef=" + qRef + " uElev=" + uElev + " uThrot=" + uThrot + " uThrot2=" + uThrot2 + " aZ=" + aZ + " airspeedref=" + airspeedref + " spoilersengaged=" + spoilersengaged + " yawangle=" + yawangle + " yawangleref=" + yawangleref + " rollangle=" + rollangle + " rollangleref=" + rollangleref + " p=" + p + " pRef=" + pRef + " r=" + r + " rRef=" + rRef + " uAil=" + uAil + " uRud=" + uRud
}

/**
 * ASL-fixed-wing controller debug data
 * @param i321 Debug data
 * @param i81 Debug data
 * @param i82 Debug data
 * @param f1 Debug data
 * @param f2 Debug data
 * @param f3 Debug data
 * @param f4 Debug data
 * @param f5 Debug data
 * @param f6 Debug data
 * @param f7 Debug data
 * @param f8 Debug data
 */
case class AslctrlDebug(i321: Int = 0, i81: Byte = 0, i82: Byte = 0, f1: Float = 0, f2: Float = 0, f3: Float = 0, f4: Float = 0, f5: Float = 0, f6: Float = 0, f7: Float = 0, f8: Float = 0)
extends Message {
  val _id = 204
  val _name = "ASLCTRL_DEBUG"
  val _bundle = Bundle.ASLUAV
  override def toString = "ASLCTRL_DEBUG" + " i321=" + i321 + " i81=" + i81 + " i82=" + i82 + " f1=" + f1 + " f2=" + f2 + " f3=" + f3 + " f4=" + f4 + " f5=" + f5 + " f6=" + f6 + " f7=" + f7 + " f8=" + f8
}

/**
 * Extended state information for ASLUAVs
 * @param ledStatus Status of the position-indicator LEDs
 * @param satcomStatus Status of the IRIDIUM satellite communication system
 * @param servoStatus Status vector for up to 8 servos
 * @param motorRpm Motor RPM
 */
case class AsluavStatus(ledStatus: Byte = 0, satcomStatus: Byte = 0, servoStatus: Vector[Byte] = Vector.fill(8)(0), motorRpm: Float = 0)
extends Message {
  require(servoStatus.length <= 8)
  val _id = 205
  val _name = "ASLUAV_STATUS"
  val _bundle = Bundle.ASLUAV
  override def toString = "ASLUAV_STATUS" + " ledStatus=" + ledStatus + " satcomStatus=" + satcomStatus + " servoStatus=" + servoStatus + " motorRpm=" + motorRpm
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Velîka Hlumcea (în ) este o comună în raionul Iemilciîne, regiunea Jîtomîr, Ucraina, formată din satele Luka, Malohlumceanka și Velîka Hlumcea (reședința).

Demografie

Conform recensământului din 2001, majoritatea populației comunei Velîka Hlumcea era vorbitoare de ucraineană (%), existând în minoritate și vorbitori de alte limbi.

Note

Veliîka Hlumcea
Veliîka Hlumcea, Iemilciiîne
Veliîka Hlumcea, Iemilciiîne, Jiîtomiîr


text:
The Orbán government should not block Ukraine's NATO and EU integration
May 4, 2018 1:32 pm·
The conflict between Hungary and Ukraine is getting out of control. The Orbán Government's retaliatory blocking of Ukraine's NATO and EU integration have met unanimous criticism.
The dispute between Hungary and Ukraine began over the so-called Language Law. Ukraine's Parliament passed legislation to promote the use of the Ukrainian language. Western Ukraine has a multi-ethnic population, among them ethnic Hungarians. The Polish and Romanian minorities have negotiated and received concessions; Hungary (with local lobbyists) has not been willing to compromise. Budapest gave an ultimatum and are linking the matter to Ukraine's Euro-Atlantic integration efforts. On April 24, Budapest vetoed a planned session of the NATO-Ukraine Commission for the third time (!) and also vetoed the invitation of Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko to the next NATO summit in July.
Hungary's NATO partners are stunned. NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg called on Hungary and Ukraine to resolve the language dispute as soon as possible to ensure that the meeting of the Ukraine-NATO Commission will be held at the NATO summit in Brussels this July. Stoltenberg was exceedingly polite noting that "Hungary is a highly-valued ally" that "contributes to NATO collective defense," but also adding that Ukraine is a "partner" of NATO and a "victim of Russian aggression."
Poland is also fed up with Hungary's behavior and suggested leaving Orbán out of the negotiations. Jacek Czaputowicz, Polish Foreign Minister said that it is necessary to conduct "less formal" meetings with Kyiv and Brussels. "We will probably find a solution, another, less formal form so that Ukrainians could take part in the discussion," he stated.
According to Romania, the language row between Hungary and Ukraine is no justification for blocking the Ukraine-NATO dialogue. State Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania Danut Neculaescu said that his government considers it necessary to continue the dialogue with Ukraine in a multilateral format, particularly within NATO, despite the unresolved dispute under Article 7 of the education law. (Read about Romania's response here.)
Ukraine's Euro-Atlantic integration is a primary goal of the community of ethnic Hungarians living in the Ukraine. It will provide new opportunities for all the communities of Zacarpathia; yet the Orbán Government, represented by some ethnic Hungarian lobbyists, is working against the integration.
Hungarian American Coalition members in Ukraine. Second left is Mr. Brenzovics, Ms. Andrea Lauer (in the middle), Dr. Ildikó Orosz and Mr. Zsolt Szekeres.
Recently The Hungarian American Coalition, a US non-profit organization, honored Dr. Ildikó Orosz, leader of the Ferenc Rakoczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian Institute located in Beregovo, Ukraine. Before the event the Coalition issued a statement that Dr. Orosz would not be able to come to the US. She had to remain in Ukraine "because the Ministry of Education in Kiev scheduled an important accreditation meeting on exactly the days of her scheduled trip to Washington."
The award was presented to another ethnic Hungarian official, Dr. Lászlo Brenzovics, president of the Cultural Alliance of Hungarians in Transcarpathia and a Member of the Ukrainian Parliament.
Mr. Brenzovics (with award) in Washington, on his left Edith Lauer and Governor George Pataki. They presented the award.
Mr. Brenzovics described the hardships faced by the Hungarian minority and claimed that new Language Law threatens "the language and citizenship rights of national minorities." He thanked the Coalition for their lobbying activities and for organizing a series of meetings for him this week with U.S. officials in Washington, DC.
Mr. Brenzovics is a member of the Ukrainian Parliament under his Ukrainian name Brenzovych Vasyl Ivanovich. He received his mandate from the party called Petro Poroshenko Bloc, the same party which sponsored and signed the disputed Language Law.
Mr. Brenzovics is a member of the party Petro Poroshenko Bloc.
Political doubletalk is common in Eastern-Europe and politicians willingly "adjust" their rhetoric to satisfy audience expectations. Not surprisingly Mr. Brezovics, a close ally of Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, delighted the pro-Orbán audience of the Hungarian American Coalition in Washington D.C.
Mr. László Brenzovics and Prime Minister Viktor Orbán.
I find it extremely distasteful that in a Hungarian language interview Mr. Brenzovics is trying to connect the language issue faced by the Hungarian minority in Ukraine to anti-Semitism while he has never raised his voice against the Orbán Government's institutionalized anti-Semitism and Holocaust falsification. (Read here in Hungarian.)
Recently ethnic Hungarians demonstrated in Zacarpathia. Their concern was not the Language Law but the poor quality of roads. The fact is the majority of the ethnic Hungarian minority is bilingual (in many cases trilingual) and have little problem conducting official business the Ukrainian (or Russian) language. The Language Law effects only a small portion of the ethnic Hungarian population and a negotiated compromise is certainly possible.
The Orbán government's posturing is contrary to the interests of the Ukrainian ethnic Hungarian community. It stirs up ethnic conflict in the region and openly supports Russian President Putin's aspirations in Ukraine.
Letter to the Editor: It's high time to remove the rose-coloured glasses concerning Ukraine
The Hungarian American Coalition is honoring Orbán's lobbyist in Ukraine, Ildikó Orosz
Hungarian language education in peril in Ukraine — And echoes in Québec
Tags: Foreign Policy, Ildikó Orosz, László Brenzovics, NATO, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Viktor Orbán
Norbert says:
Mr. Lázár,
You said: "The fact is the majority of the ethnic Hungarian minority is bilingual (in many cases trilingual) and have little problem conducting official business the Ukrainian (or Russian) language."
It's interesting that you mention that, although everyone knows that most do speak Ukrainian as well, yet, the Ukrainian government is still pushing ahead with the language law. The Ukrainian government claims that many minorities including the Hungarian, cannot speak Ukrainian adequately or in a fairly basic manner or not at all.
I have been following this development in Ukrainian English news sources and that's what they claim.
The Hungarian government is right to block this, while the Ukrainian minority in Hungary would not be forbidden to speak Ukrainian at any school level if they would have schools. Obviously, it is a very small minority in Hungary approx. 3000 who are dispersed within the country, hence why they do not have schools. If we look at the German minority which I belong to, one of the larger ethnic groups, we can learn/speak German from kindergarten all the way to University level (The Andrássy University Budapest – Andrássy Gyula German Speaking University Budapest/Andrássy Gyula Deutschsprachige Universität Budapest). Of course, we have to learn Hungarian as well. In Ukraine the problem is, they want to abolish Hungarian education after primary school. That is where the problem lies, NOT that, the Ukrainian government is asking ethnic Hungarians from having to learn Ukrainian.
You can follow my twitter account on European minority issues: https://twitter.com/eurominorities
András B. Göllner says:
The Orbán government is engaged in the same kind of fishing expedition in the Ukraine, as the Antall government was engaged in Croatia, during the civil war in Yugoslavia, or Horthy, during WWII on the side of Hitler. Trained Hungarian white-supremacists like Mr. Almássy fought in the Ukraine on behalf of Russia, and Russia has dangled the carrot of returning to Hungary lands that belonged to her prior to WWI. This is what this case is all about. A desire to carve up the helpless carcass of Ukraine with Russia's assistance. (Please see here: http://hungarianfreepress.com/2017/07/07/andras-gollner-replies-to-ferenc-almassy-on-creatures-from-the-budapest-hills/
Instead of following Canada's good example of helping to protect the Ukraine's territorial integrity (Chrystia Freeland should be congratulated) , the Hungarian government has elected to serve as Putin's Trojan Horse within the Western alliance, and for her own selfish reasons.
The Hungarian American coalition should be ashamed of itself for supporting a strategy perfected by a regime (the Horthy regime, that declared war on the US). Mr. Lázár should be congratulated for focusing some attention on this disgusting game. The language laws of Ukraine are no different than the language laws of Quebec, which is a part of Canada. Why the double standards? Next thing, Mr. Pataki and his coalition friends will begin to lobby for the exclusion of Canada from NATO?
"Instead of following Canada's good example"
Perhaps it is Ukraine which should have followed Canada's good example in regards to respect for its historical French minority. In fact, if they would do half as much in this regards, there would be no problems. They might have even avoided the civil war in the East, with the ethnic Russians, who obviously will be supported by mother Russia.
You should be the one who should be ashamed of yourself for siding with the Ukro-Nazis, against the ethnic Hungarian minority. I guess using your and Mr. Lazar's arguments, we should imprison women who dare to scratch the face of their rapists, while being attacked.
BTW, the way you turned the Canadian situation around, by focusing on Quebec's law, instead of Canada's bilingual law, which was meant to protect the French historical minority, is pure cynicism to say the least! Quebec's law within the context of Ukraine, would in fact impose exclusive Hungarian language use within a small region in Western Ukraine, which ethnic Hungarians are not even dreaming of demanding. They are only demanding a fraction of the rights enjoyed by the French minority in Canada. Twisted and perverse!
Trying to think very hard whether there is any difference between author's reasoning here that in effect puts blame on the victims, and the logic that leads to the practice of putting women who are raped in prison, in parts of Muslim world. Honestly cannot think of any difference!
Sure, he distorts, makes some arguments, attempts to link the fact that much of the Western world is with Ukraine, with trying to claim that Hungarians are wrong to stand up for basic minority rights, simply because much of the Western world is not with them. But they (Western World) were also with Ukraine when they corralled dozens of ethnic Russians into a building in Odessa and burned them to death. Says a lot more about the ethics and morals of Western World than it does about Hungary, which is on the right side of this issue, on moral grounds!
The bearded ones who put women in prison for being raped often find social and political consensus as well! Are they any different from the Western World's suport for the Ukro-Nazis and their brutal assault on minorities and their basic rights? Mr. Lazar needs to grow a beard and come out already! I suppose if some time in the near future some ethnic Hungarians will be coraled in a building & burned to death, he will blame Hungarians for it. How dare they stand up for their rights? How dare a rape victim scratch the face of the rapist?
Romania a puppet chameleon will side with anyone to continue eating their …..Mamaliga…….
Ukraine murdered its Jewish citizens throughout Karpathia from Bergszasz to Ulm – now they are getting a dose of reality…. surprise!!!
Erland says:
Kick Hungary out of Nato and EU, same with all regimes that goes in an anti democratic direction. They are free to cozy back up with Russia.
"Kick Hungary out of Nato and EU, same with all regimes that goes in an anti democratic direction. "
You mean like Germany with its anti-democratic social media censorship law?
https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/14/germany-flawed-social-media-law
Or do you really mean any country that is not on board with the globalist agenda?
Bendeguz79 says:
on May 5, 2018 at 12:51 am
Hands off Ukraine and or any other country on Earth.
This is all BS.
Hungary demands that Ukraine be forced to teach Hungarian language in public schools in Ukraine. Have they lost their mind? Just in case they might have had any to lose?
As long as everybody in Ukraine has their basic human tights guaranteed,or at least observed, may be Hungary should do observe and guarantee the rights of every one as well in Hungary.
NO special privileges to any one, or any groups !
What Hungary is demanding is far less that rights the Swedish minority in Finland, the Basques, Catalans in Spain, the Germans in Italy, The French in Canada and so on and so on and so on enjoy. It is considered relatively normal, decent and common-sense in most civilized and even some less-civilized countries to respect the rights of historical minorities to preserve their heritage, culture and not impose that of the majority on them. The one that is out of his/her mind is most definitely you!


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text:
Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home, Baron Home of the Hirsel, KT (* 2. Juli 1903 in Mayfair, London, England; † 9. Oktober 1995 in Berwickshire, Schottland, von 1951 bis 1963 14. Earl of Home) war ein britischer Politiker und von 1963 bis 1964 Premierminister des Vereinigten Königreichs. Douglas-Home gehörte der Conservative Party an. 1951 erbte er den Titel 14. Earl of Home, auf den er 1963 verzichtete.

Douglas-Home war das bis heute letzte Mitglied des House of Lords, das zum Premierminister berufen wurde, legte jedoch (wie vor seiner Ernennung angekündigt) kurz danach seinen Adelstitel und damit seinen Sitz im House of Lords nieder, um sich einer Nachwahl zum House of Commons zu stellen. Zudem war Douglas-Home bis heute der letzte Premierminister, der nach Ende seiner eigenen Amtszeit dem Kabinett eines seiner Nachfolger angehörte; er amtierte zwischen 1970 und 1974 als Außenminister in der Regierung von Edward Heath.

Leben

Politischer Aufstieg
Douglas-Home wurde in Mayfair, London, als ältester Sohn des schottischen Peers Charles Douglas-Home, 13. Earl of Home, geboren und führte als dessen Heir apparent seit 1918 den Höflichkeitstitel Lord Dunglass. Sein Bruder war der Dramatiker William Douglas-Home. Nach seiner Ausbildung am Eton College und am Christ Church College der Universität Oxford, wurde er 1931 als Abgeordneter der Konservativen Mitglied des Parlaments. Er wurde 1937 zum parlamentarischen Staatssekretär von Premierminister Neville Chamberlain berufen und dadurch 1938 in München aus nächster Nähe zum Zeugen der späten Versuche, einen großen Krieg durch Verhandlungen mit Adolf Hitler zu vermeiden. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg war Douglas-Home aufgrund einer plötzlich aufgetretenen Tuberkulose in der Wirbelsäule, die ihn mehrere Jahre lang fast nur liegend und mit Stützverband leben ließ, untauglich für den Militärdienst. Nach seiner Genesung nahm er ab 1943 wieder an Sitzungen des Unterhauses teil und äußerte sich unter anderem kritisch zu den Verhandlungen der Konferenz von Jalta. 1945 wurde er parlamentarischer Privatsekretär im britischen Auswärtigen Amt. Bei der Unterhauswahl am 5. Juli 1945 verlor er seinen Parlamentssitz; 1950 eroberte er ihn zurück. Als er den Sitz seines Vaters im House of Lords erbte und zum 14. Earl of Home wurde, war er 1951 gezwungen, seinen Sitz im House of Commons aufzugeben. Von 1957 bis 1960 war Douglas-Home Führer des Oberhauses. 1960 wurde er zum Außenminister berufen. 1962 wurde er zum Ritter des Distelordens geschlagen.

Die wesentlichen Ereignisse seiner Zeit als Außenminister waren der Bau der Berliner Mauer sowie die Kubakrise, in der er die Position der USA mit Nachdruck unterstützte. Ein zentraler Erfolg von Douglas-Homes diplomatischer Tätigkeit war der Vertrag über das Verbot von Atomwaffentests im Jahr 1963.

Premierminister
1963 trat der konservative Premierminister Harold Macmillan unerwartet zurück, als eine ärztliche Diagnose ihm fälschlicherweise aufgrund Prostata-Krebs keine Hoffnung auf Gesundung einräumte. Zu dieser Zeit gab es keine festgelegten Regeln in der Conservative Party für die Wahl eines Nachfolgers. Obwohl der stellvertretende Premierminister Rab Butler der Favorit der Mehrheit der konservativen Parlamentsmitglieder war, bevorzugten Macmillan und einige elder statesmen Douglas-Home. Einige gaben an, nicht in ein Kabinett Butler oder des anderen potentiellen Kandidaten, Quintin Hogg, eintreten zu wollen. Hinzu kam das öffentliche Image der möglichen Nachfolger: Butler wurde von Macmillan selbst als ungeeignet eingeschätzt und galt als farblos und entscheidungsschwach, während Hogg als sprunghaft und eitel angesehen wurde und sich zu offensichtlich um das Amt des Parteiführers bewarb, was in der Öffentlichkeit damals als würdelos bzw. vulgär galt. Hingegen war Douglas-Home als integer und seriös bekannt und hatte kaum Gegner in der Partei. Dies ließ ihn als idealen Kompromisskandidaten erscheinen.

Der scheidende Premierminister Harold Macmillan unterrichtete die Königin Elisabeth II. über die Ansichten der Honoratioren der Partei. Obwohl die Königin keine Verpflichtung hatte, seinen Rat zu akzeptieren, folgte sie inhaltlich Macmillans Argumentation und ernannte den Earl of Home zum Premierminister. Für Douglas-Home, erster britischer Premierminister, der im 20. Jahrhundert geboren war, war es praktisch unmöglich als Premier weiter dem Oberhaus anzugehören (es wird zum Teil angenommen, dass bereits Lord Curzon in den 1920er Jahren wegen seiner Position im Oberhaus nicht zum Premierminister berufen wurde). Er nutzte den kurz zuvor verabschiedeten Peerage Act 1963, um am 23. Oktober 1963 auf seine Earlswürde (nebst nachgeordneten Peerstiteln) zu verzichten. Statt seines Peerstitels führte er fortan das Adelsprädikat "Sir", das ihm als Ritter des Distelordens zustand. Durch den Verzicht verlor er seinen Sitz im House of Lords und konnte sich bei einer Nachwahl im sicheren schottischen Wahlkreis Kinross & West Perthshire einer Wahl zu stellen. Er gewann die Abstimmung deutlich.

Die Regierung war nach dreizehn Jahren ununterbrochener konservativer Regierung und mehrerer Skandale zu sehr beschädigt, um zu überleben, und die Unterhauswahlen am 15. Oktober 1964 wurden durch die Labour Party und der neuen Führung von Harold Wilson gewonnen. Während dieses Wahlkampfs tat Douglas-Home seinen berühmtesten Ausspruch: Wilson stichelte immer wieder, dass Douglas-Home als 14. Earl of Home kein Mann des Volkes sei. Dessen Antwort: "Soweit es den vierzehnten Earl betrifft, denke ich, dass Mr Wilson, wenn Sie darüber nachdenken, der vierzehnte Mr Wilson ist." (As far as the fourteenth earl is concerned, I suppose Mr Wilson, when you come to think of it, is the fourteenth Mr Wilson.) In Anbetracht des schlechten Zustands der konservativen Regierungspartei galt das Wahlergebnis (Labour gewann nur eine knappe Mehrheit von vier Sitzen) als durchaus respektabel, sodass Douglas-Home, der in der Partei hohes Ansehen genoss, zunächst Partei- und Oppositionsführer blieb.

Nach seiner Amtszeit
Douglas-Home sorgte 1965 für eine Änderung des Verfahrens für die Wahl des Parteiführers, der von da an durch die Mitglieder der Parlamentsfraktion gewählt wurde. Als er im Juli 1965 zurücktrat, wurde Edward Heath zu seinem Nachfolger gewählt. Während der folgenden Jahre war Douglas-Home loyal zu Heath, der innerparteilich vor allem von rechts (u. a. von Enoch Powell) unter Druck gesetzt wurde. Als Heath 1970 Premierminister wurde, kehrte Douglas-Home ins Außenministerium zurück. Die erfolgreichen Beitrittsverhandlungen mit der Europäischen Gemeinschaft waren sein größter Erfolg.

1974 kehrte er aus dem Unterhaus wieder ins Oberhaus zurück, als er mit dem Titel Baron Home of the Hirsel, of Coldstream in the County of Berwick (benannt nach seinem Familiensitz The Hirsel im Süden Schottlands), zum Life Peer erhoben wurde. Nach der Niederlage der Heath-Regierung gegen Harold Wilson in den beiden Wahlen 1974 (28. Februar und 10. Oktober 1974) zog sich Douglas-Home aus der ersten Reihe der Politik zurück, aber fuhr mit Interventionen aus dem Oberhaus bis in seine Neunziger fort. Douglas-Home war der am drittlängsten lebende britische Premierminister nach Harold Macmillan und James Callaghan.

Mitgliedschaften
1953 wurde er zum Mitglied der Royal Society of Edinburgh gewählt.

Ehe und Nachkommen
Seit 1936 war er mit Elizabeth Hester Alington (1909–1990) verheiratet. Mit ihr hatte er drei Töchter und einen Sohn, David, der ihn 1995 als 15. Earl of Home beerbte.

Autobiographie
 The way the wind blows. An autobiography. Collins, London 1976, ISBN 0-00-211997-8.

Literatur
 .
 D. R. Thorpe: Alec Douglas-Home. Sinclair-Stevenson, London 1996, ISBN 978-1-84275-191-6.

Weblinks

 SPIEGEL-Gespräch mit dem britischen Außenminister Sir Alec Douglas-Home (1971)

Einzelnachweise

Douglashome, Alec, 14 Earl Of Home
Britischer Premierminister
Außenminister (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Lord President of the Council
Ritter des Distelordens
Home of the Hirsel, Alec Douglashome, Baron
Mitglied des House of Lords
Abgeordneter des House of Commons (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Parteiführer der Conservative Party
Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Politiker (Schottland)
Person (London)
Mitglied der Royal Society of Edinburgh
Brite
Geboren 1903
Gestorben 1995
Mann
Bilderberg-Konferenz


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